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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4e5066f --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #61058 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/61058) diff --git a/old/61058-0.txt b/old/61058-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 0061486..0000000 --- a/old/61058-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1091 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes on Training for Rifle Fire in Trench -Warfare, by Anonymous - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll -have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using -this ebook. - - - -Title: Notes on Training for Rifle Fire in Trench Warfare - -Author: Anonymous - -Release Date: December 30, 2019 [EBook #61058] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK RIFLE TRAINING *** - - - - -Produced by Richard Tonsing, Brian Coe, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - - _CONFIDENTIAL! - FOR USE OF OFFICERS ONLY_ - - - - - NOTES - ON - TRAINING FOR RIFLE FIRE IN TRENCH WARFARE - - - COMPILED FROM FOREIGN REPORTS - - - ARMY WAR COLLEGE - APRIL, 1917 - -[Illustration] - - WASHINGTON - GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE - 1917 - - - - - WAR DEPARTMENT, - Document No. 573. - _Office of The Adjutant General._ - - - - - WAR DEPARTMENT, - WASHINGTON, _April 24, 1917_. - -The following Notes on Training for Rifle Fire in Trench Warfare are -published for the information and guidance of all concerned. - -[2582933, A. G. O.] - -BY ORDER OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR: - - H. L. SCOTT, - _Major General, Chief of Staff_. - - OFFICIAL: - H. P. McCAIN, - _The Adjutant General_. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - TRAINING IN THE USE OF THE RIFLE FOR TRENCH WARFARE. - - -1. Training in the use of the rifle includes that of the bayonet. Fire -action is alone treated in this paper, instruction in the use of the -bayonet having already been discussed elsewhere. - -2. The rifleman in the trenches, no less than in the open, requires as -preliminary preparation the courses of individual and combat instruction -prescribed in the Small Arms Firing Manual. The object of this paper is -not to supersede any portion of this manual, but to supplement it by -stressing those features of trench rifle fire that the experience of -actual war has shown to be possessed of an importance that was not fully -appreciated when the manual was prepared. So far as rifle fire -exclusively from trenches is concerned, the importance of _individual -aimed fire_ up to the range of 400 yards is the principal feature that -has been so developed by the peculiar conditions prevailing on the -“western front” during the present European war, and the training that -needs to be stressed naturally comes under the head of “individual -instruction.” There is also a second feature, essential to efficient -_collective_ firing either from trenches or in the open, that has never -received the attention in our authorized manuals that its importance -merits, though that importance has long been recognized and has been -ably treated at the School of Musketry. It is that of the _necessity for -satisfactory working methods of describing targets_. The growth of this -necessity has been coincident with the development of fire discipline, -direction, and control. - -3. The special importance of individual aimed fire in trench warfare has -been developed in Europe during the present war in connection with what -is there termed “sniping,” which has become a specially important and -highly technical service, though it is merely a development of what has -long been known and practiced in the United States under the name of -“sharpshooting.” A consideration of some of the conditions under which -“sniping” is conducted will assist in emphasizing its importance and in -indicating the special qualifications and instruction essential to -efficiency. - -4. In modern trench warfare, as it exists in Europe to-day, each -belligerent occupies a system of trenches, of which the foremost, or -fire trenches, are frequently separated by only a few yards, and rarely -by more than four or five hundred yards. In rear of the fire trenches -there is a labyrinth of cover, approach, support, reserve, and other -trenches. Each system is strengthened by obstacles, the most formidable -and also the most common of these are the barbed-wire entanglements. -These trenches and obstacles are being continually damaged by the -opposing artillery fire, and every opportunity is seized for raiding -enemy trenches through the openings so made. One of the important -functions of the sniper is that of protecting his own trenches from -enemy raids and his comrades from fire of snipers and the prevention of -repair of enemy trenches and obstacles in order to keep the road open to -raids from his own side. To these ends he endeavors to meet with a -bullet every exposure of even a few square inches of the head or limb of -an enemy and at the same time to conserve his own life. To attain the -first object, that of hitting the enemy, requires the best possible -facilities for observation and fire, coupled with special qualities and -technical skill on the part of the sniper. The attainment of the second -object, that of conserving one’s own life, will depend largely upon the -judgment and skill displayed in selecting and concealing the position of -the firer. Each of these requirements calls for special training and for -special qualities inherent in the sniper. To the training and skill of -the expert game shot must be added the craftiness of the poacher. - -5. From the preceding paragraphs it is evident that the service of -sniping can not be conducted in a haphazard way, but, on the contrary, -requires for its efficient conduct a carefully selected, organized, -equipped, and trained personnel. - -(_a_) _Organization._—Based upon the best available information from -Europe, there should be organized in each battalion of Infantry a -“sniping” group composed of 1 noncommissioned officer and 24 privates. - -(_b_) _Qualifications governing selections._—Each member of the sniping -group should be a well-trained, intelligent, disciplined soldier; a dead -shot at short and mid ranges; brave, yet cautious; cool, observant, -patient, resourceful, and prompt. In addition to the above, the -noncommissioned officer in command of the group should be a competent -instructor in all that is included in the training of the sniper and -should possess good judgment in the selection and preparation of -snipers’ posts. - -(_c_) _Training._—In addition to the preliminary training contemplated -in (_b_), the following features should be specially developed: - -_Rifle practice._—The sniper must become expert in a broader sense than -is implied by the word as employed in ordinary marksmanship -classification. Ordinarily his target will be a small and fleeting one, -and his training should be such as to enable him to quickly and -accurately deliver a single shot at objects varying from a 4–inch -loophole at 100 yards to those the size of a man’s body at 800 yards. -The small object at short range will be the most frequent target and -indicates the most important rifle training. The character of the target -emphasizes the importance of extreme accuracy of fire, and accuracy of -fire implies, in addition to correctness of aim, correct knowledge of -range, a correct knowledge of external influences, such as light, heat, -moisture, wind, and the personal equation of the firer and the rifle. -The sniper must continually practice both with the military sights and -with the adjuncts supplied him and under conditions closely resembling -those that will obtain in actual trench work. The importance of -concealment will usually result in fire being delivered from rest, and -the handling of the rifle must not be accompanied by exposure of his -position. The soldier who has been thoroughly trained in the courses -prescribed in the Small Arms Firing Manual will have no difficulty in -improvising firing exercises with small bobbing or disappearing targets -that will develop skill along the lines indicated above. In every -exercise the judgment of the firer should be expressed as to the -influence of a cold piece, a hot piece; clouds, heat, moisture, wind; a -worn rifle; fouling; recent cleaning and oiling, or whatever existing -condition may exert an influence on the path of the bullet. The -estimation of ranges and their determination by use of range finders -should form an important part of the training of a sniper. - -_Reconnaissance_ and _scouting_.—Under this head is included all manner -of observation with a view to obtaining information. The sniper’s field -of action will be limited, but within its sphere it will be governed by -the same principles that are prescribed for reconnaissance parties and -scouts, and will include the intelligible rendering of reports. - -To this end the sniper must be trained in the reading of maps, the -making of sketches, the use of the prismatic compass, the simpler and -more common conventional signs, and the rendering of both verbal and -written reports. That the subject may not seem too large and formidable -to him, his instruction should be progressive and as simple as possible, -with due care to impress him with the necessity for everything he is -required to do. The American soldier will rarely fail to respond if he -can see the reasonableness of the demand made upon him. Let him see that -his own life and that of his comrades may depend upon the accuracy of -his knowledge of the following: - -1. The location of our own front line and that of the enemy, so far as -they are within his visual range. - -2. The location of any known or suspected enemy sniper’s posts, -machine-gun emplacements, observation posts, listening posts, command -stations, or probable routes of advance. - -3. The location and importance of dominating points in either line. - -4. The importance of being able to pick out on the ground any points of -special importance or danger indicated on sketches or maps turned over -to him, and to determine from maps drawn to scale the ranges to such -points. - -5. How to find his way by the aid of a map or sketch from his post to -any specified point in our own trenches, and back again. - -6. The importance of being able to intelligibly record and graphically -represent matters of importance to his commanding officer or to the -sniper who is to relieve him. In this connection the special importance -of exact truth in statements of fact, and of the careful separation of -matters of fact from those of mere report or conjecture, should be duly -stressed. Hearsay and conjecture are often of great importance, but -should be transmitted as such, and in the case of conjecture the reasons -therefor should be stated. - -The above are simply a few instances to suggest to the instructor how to -go about the matter of instruction. Many men will be already familiar -with the subject, and the method may be abridged, but in the case of an -entirely uninstructed man a step-by-step method of instruction must be -followed. The training should be such that it will be an entirely -natural matter for the sniper to observe and report as to: - -1. The attitude of the enemy (whether aggressive, alert, active, etc.). - -2. Description of enemy seen, uniform, arms, etc. - -3. Any new work evident; such as trenches and obstacles strengthened, -new emplacements, etc. - -4. Position of machine guns, observation posts, sniper posts, etc., -discovered. - -5. Points in our own lines found to be specially dangerous, and points -of enemy line that menace them. - -6. Routes known to be used by the enemy. - -7. Routes of patrols. - -8. Points where ammunition or supplies are believed to be dumped. - -9. Ranges to prominent or important points. This information will be -less likely to mislead if the following rules are observed: - -Carefully indicate the point from which each range is taken. - -Use prominent, easily identified landmarks as reference points. - -Indicate by whom and how ranges were determined. - -10. Report any repairs needed in trenches or obstacles. - -11. Position of suspected mines. - -6. _Equipment._—Telescopes, rather low power, are preferable to field -glasses for observation and reconnaissance. Care must be taken to render -them as inconspicuous as possible and prevent their location by the -enemy through reflection of light from the object glass. - -Telescopic periscope. - -Rifle rest.—Various sorts have been devised, usually not merely to serve -the purpose of a rest, but to expedite resumption of aim and change in -direction or elevation. - -Telescopic sights. - -Sniperscope.—(A device for aiming with the head below the line of sight. -Reports indicate that with this device the tendency is to shoot high, -and that they are only reasonably accurate up to ranges of 200 yards. -They are usually used over parapets, between sandbags. Proper adjustment -is essential and great care necessary to prevent derangement.) - -Steel helmet and mask. - -Maps, sketches, note-book, message blanks, pencils, pocket knife. - -Each post should have a range chart for use of all reliefs. - -The above is additional to the normal equipment of the soldier. - -7. _Duties of commander of sniping group_: - -(_a_) Training of snipers and maintenance of efficiency. - -(_b_) To supervise the work of his unit. - -(_c_) Responsibility for care of equipment. - -(_d_) To receive and transmit to the proper authority all information -turned over by the posts he relieves and by his own posts. - -(_e_) To select the positions for sniper’s posts and supervise the -construction of loopholes and other special arrangements when not -already provided. - -[Illustration: - - A SNIPERSCOPE. -] - -8. _Location of sniper’s posts._—Though engaged in trench warfare -snipers are not invariably located in trenches. When not so located the -sniper will avail himself of such cover as best suits his purpose. If -practicable he will so dress himself as to blend with his surroundings, -giving particular attention to his face and hands. Masks of -inconspicuous color are sometimes worn. He must study the maps and the -ground and endeavor to determine in advance good localities for -observation and good lines of approach. His line of retreat must also be -decided on as early as possible. The arts of the deerstalker and -poacher, or those practiced in our early Indian troubles will be of -great use under these circumstances, as his success will depend largely -upon his patience and cunning. Houses and other buildings should be -viewed with distrust, as they may be closely observed by the enemy. -Trees will also receive this scrutiny. The best cover will be that which -is least likely to be suspected of affording concealment for a man. - -[Illustration: - - THE SNIPER WITH TELESCOPIC SIGHT. HIS OBSERVER WITH PERISCOPE. -] - -[Illustration: - - A PREPARED SNIPER POSITION. A SNIPER USING A SNIPERSCOPE. -] - -Sniper’s positions in trenches may, according to circumstances, be -located in (_a_) the front line, (_b_) parados, (_c_) approach trenches, -(_d_) connecting trench, (_e_) dummy trench, (_f_) support trenches, or -any others affording the desired facilities. The commander must study -the terrain, the enemy’s trenches, the advantages and disadvantages of -each position considered, both with reference to facilities for -observation, fire, and concealment, and with reference to danger from -the enemy, and select that which will best serve the purpose. He must -then decide as to measures for promoting observation and concealment, -and supervise their execution and the construction of the necessary -loopholes. Loopholes may be arranged of sandbags, iron pipes, boxes, -etc. It is better to have them run obliquely rather than perpendicularly -with respect to the trench line, and a curtain should be provided to -prevent their being discovered by light showing through the hole. -Loopholes near the ground are not as readily seen as those higher up, -and those located among débris and loose earth, leaves, branches, -tumbled sods, etc., are less easily detected than those located in a -smooth slope. When constructing loopholes care should be taken to -disturb previously existing conditions as little as possible lest the -enemy observe the change and profit by the hint. Several loopholes -should be provided for each post as the discovery of one by the enemy -renders it worthless for future use, and continued use of one loophole -will sooner or later result in detection. - -The best positions are usually in rear of the first line, so placed as -to command a view of the enemy’s trenches up to at least 400 yards. This -is not always possible and the best possible must be selected. In any -case alternative positions must be arranged. Support trenches may afford -better locations than the fire trenches, but they have the objection of -increasing the range. If the post is detached an important consideration -is whether or not it can be entered or left unobserved during daylight. - -9. _Conduct of the sniper._—Snipers should work in pairs, exchanging -duties of observer every 15 or 20 minutes. They should be relieved every -two hours or oftener. It may be advantageous to relieve one every hour. - -They will never fire merely to annoy, as this will lead to disclosure of -the position, with no adequate result. They will closely examine their -shelter and see that the fire opening is so constructed as not to be -affected by the blast of the rifle. If shooting through a small aperture -in brickwork, the opening should be kept wet to prevent dust being blown -out by the discharge. Newly constructed loopholes should be left unused -for a time, so as to see if the enemy has detected it. The curtain will -always be kept in such position as to prevent light showing through. -Snipers must not be led by ruses to fire fruitlessly and disclose their -positions. Fire to kill. If a large target is discovered, do not fire if -it is possible to inform the machine guns or the artillery. Search -constantly for machine guns and snipers; smash his periscopes. - -Attacks will afford great opportunities for the sniper, as the enemy -will then not be so alert for them, being busy with other matters. Less -caution will therefore be necessary. From a position on a flank or -anywhere that he can fire without interference with our own men, he -selects the most useful targets, such as machine-gun men, officers and -noncommissioned officers, snipers, artillery observers, etc. He closely -observes the flanks, which are favorite places from which to break up an -attack, and endeavors to forestall the enemy’s fire. If the attack -succeeds, he covers the working parties during the organization of the -captured trench and watches for evidences of an intended counterattack. -If this is made, he fires on the enemy as he shows himself in the -approach trenches, picking off leaders when possible. - -Much night work for snipers will rarely be advantageous. The targets are -then practically limited to patrols and sentries, and there is great -danger of firing into our own men or being fired on by them. The flash -of the rifle will disclose the position if care is not taken to conceal -it. Avoid the enemy’s listening posts. Learn the hours at which the -enemy repairs the gaps in his obstacles or parapets and watch for him. - -10. _Description of targets._—In paragraph 2 reference was made to the -necessity for a satisfactory working system for designating or -describing targets. One of our present embarrassments lies in the -multiplicity of methods and the incident confusion in the mind of the -soldier. Another source of error lies in the tendency of men to fancy -that the _ears_ of listening soldiers take in and digest a description -as rapidly as the _eye_ can travel from point to point. The ear, as -compared with the eye, is very slow. The immediate deduction from this -is that descriptions must be shorn of all unnecessary words, and that -they must be as simple and clear as possible. It also emphasizes the -advantage of following so far as practicable fixed methods of -expression. Recruits should be taught the general plan followed in -describing targets in order that they may waste no time from lack of -comprehension of the relation of the different elements of the -description or the terms employed. - -The use of a single form will not suffice, since in some cases the -target is so evident that no mistake can be made, and the simple -designation such as “That troop of white-horse cavalry, range 1,000 -yards,” will identify it beyond all question; while in other cases the -particular target may be so obscure and liable to confusion with other -targets that a reference point and some system of coordinates must be -employed. - -In general, targets with reference to their designation will fall under -the following heads: - -(_a_) Those that stand out so plainly that there can be no possibility -of doubt as the target meant. - -(_b_) Those that are plainly visible, but are liable to be confused with -other targets of a similar nature and range. - -(_c_) Those less distinctly visible and more difficult to pick up on -account of peculiar background, confusion with other objects, etc. - -(_d_) Targets visible only through field glasses, and that may or may -not present the additional difficulties of danger of confusion with -other objects. - -Case (_a_) has already been referred to. The system consists in the -simple announcement of: 1. The objective. 2. The range. - -Ingenious people sometimes combine horizontal and vertical clock systems -in designating a target whenever possible to do so, but this is a -violation of the rule of simplicity and should never be done unless -evidently necessary. The mere fact that it is necessary or desirable to -use a reference point does not in all cases require use of both systems, -as the reference point may be so evident that no clock coordination is -necessary. When such designation _is_ necessary, the horizontal clock -face is used in coordinating the reference point and the vertical clock -face for locating the subsequent points. - -11. Instruction in target description is simple but must be thoroughly -understood. An illustration by means of case (d) will cover the entire -subject so far as necessary. - -(_a_) Explain to the recruits the use of the horizontal clock system as -a means of indicating directions. Inform them that they are, in this -system, _always_ at the center of the dial. Call out various hours and -require each recruit to extend his arm in the direction he understands -is indicated. Explain and correct errors. - -Explain the use of the vertical clock system, impressing the recruits -with the fact that in this system the _reference point_ is always at the -center of dial. Call out an hour and require the recruit to name some -object that is located on the hand of the clock at the designated hour. -A diagram on paper may be of assistance. Explain and correct errors. - -Explain to the recruit that the angle subtended by the width of one -finger at arm’s length from the eye and that subtended by the leaf of -the rear sight to his rifle at 14 inches from the eye has a chord 50 -yards long at 1,000 yards distance. The finger width and the sight leaf -thus become known as units, and either may be used in indicating -distances laterally. - -Having selected a reference point, name some object near it and require -the recruit to tell you how many units (_fingers_ or _sight leafs_) -apart they are. - -[Illustration: - - SKETCH SHOWING GERMAN FIXED RIFLE REST FOR FIRING THROUGH LOOP HOLES. - - (Captured at the Bluff.) - - NOTE.—Both lateral and horizontal movement is given and the rifle can - be very firmly clamped when the required aim is found. -] - - - CASE (B). - -[Illustration: - - HORIZONTAL CLOCK FACE SYSTEM (USED WHEN TARGETS ARE VISIBLE). -] - - ┌─────────────────────┬─────────────────────┬─────────────────────┐ - │ SYSTEM. │ EXAMPLE. │ EXAMPLE. │ - ├─────────────────────┼─────────────────────┼─────────────────────┤ - │1. Announce direction│Target 2 o’clock │Target 11 o’clock. │ - │2. Announce objective│A hostile patrol │A hostile patrol. │ - │3. Announce range │Range 1,000 │Range 900. │ - └─────────────────────┴─────────────────────┴─────────────────────┘ - - - PROCEDURE. - - 1. All look along the line pointing toward the indicated o’clock of - a horizontal clock face whose center is at the firing point and - whose 12 o’clock mark is directly perpendicular to the firing line. - - 2. Look for the objective at— - - 3. A point on this line at a distance equal to the designated range. - - NOTE.—The clock here represented must be considered as horizontal, - not vertical as shown. For the purpose of illustration perspective - was not considered. The observer occupies the center of clock. - - - CASE (C). - -[Illustration: - - VERTICAL CLOCK FACE SYSTEM (USED WHEN TARGETS ARE SMALL OR - INDISTINCT). -] - - ┌──────────────────┬────────────────┬────────────────┬────────────────┐ - │ SYSTEM. │ EXAMPLE A. │ EXAMPLE B. │ EXAMPLE C. │ - ├──────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┤ - │1. Announce the │Reference point │Reference point │Reference point │ - │ general │ at 12 o’clock │ to our right │ to our right │ - │ direction of the│ │ front │ front. │ - │ reference point │ │ │ │ - │2. Announce the │Single house │High peak │High peak. │ - │ reference point │ with 2 │ │ │ - │ (the most │ chimneys │ │ │ - │ prominent object│ │ │ │ - │ in the zone │ │ │ │ - │ indicated) │ │ │ │ - │3. Announce │Target at 8 │Target at 5 │Target at 4 │ - │ position of │ o’clock │ o’clock │ o’clock. │ - │ target with │ │ │ │ - │ respect to │ │ │ │ - │ reference point │ │ │ │ - │4. Announce the │Machine-gun │A hostile patrol│A hostile │ - │ objective │ │ │ patrol. │ - │5. Announce range │Range 1,000 │Range 900 │Range 800. │ - └──────────────────┴────────────────┴────────────────┴────────────────┘ - - - PROCEDURE. - - 1. All men look in direction indicated by 1. - - 2. Reference point is found in the indicated direction. - - 3. A clock face (vertical) is imagined centered on reference point - and look along the line through the indicated o’clock, and - - 4. Find the objective at — - - 5. ...... yards from the firing line. - - - CASE (D). - -[Illustration: - - SIGHT LEAF, FINGER, OR UNIT SYSTEM. - - (When targets are indistinct or invisible, and to define sectors.) -] - - ┌──────────────────┬────────────────┬────────────────┬────────────────┐ - │ SYSTEM │ EXAMPLE A. │ EXAMPLE B. │ EXAMPLE C. │ - ├──────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┤ - │1. Announce │Reference point │Reference point │Reference point │ - │ direction of │ at 12 o’clock │ at 1 o’clock │ at 1 o’clock. │ - │ reference point │ │ │ │ - │ using horizontal│ │ │ │ - │ clock system if │ │ │ │ - │ necessary │ │ │ │ - │2. Announce │House, with │Distant hill │Distant hill. │ - │ reference point │ fence around │ │ │ - │ │ it, on hill │ │ │ - │3. Announce │Target, 8 │Target, 8 │Target, 5.30 │ - │ position of │ o’clock 2 │ o’clock 4 │ o’clock. │ - │ target with │ units │ units │ │ - │ respect to the │ │ │ │ - │ reference point │ │ │ │ - │4. Announce the │Line of │Skirmish line, 2│Skirmish line, 2│ - │ objective │ intrenchments,│ units │ units. │ - │ │ 3 units │ │ │ - │5. Announce the │Range 900 │Range 800 │Range 1,000. │ - │ range │ │ │ │ - └──────────────────┴────────────────┴────────────────┴────────────────┘ - - NOTE.—“Units” mean 50 mils = finger = sight leaf. It is usual to - indicate in this system the point of the target nearest the reference - point. - -When he is fairly familiar with the use of the horizontal and the -vertical clock system for indicating directions, and with the use of -fingers and sight leaf for measuring lateral distances from a reference -point, work him up from simple to difficult examples of target -designation. - -With case (_d_) as an illustration, call the _direction_ of the -reference point. See that all look in the right direction. _Name_ the -reference point. Require it to be indicated on paper, _at the center of -a clock dial_. Call, “Target 8 o’clock.” Have a line drawn from the -center of the dial in the proper direction. Announce, “Four units.” Have -these estimated by fingers and with the sight leaf in the proper -direction and endeavor to then locate some object that should serve as a -check on the work. Continue similarly with the actual announcement of -the character of the target: “Skirmish line, etc.” - -It may sometimes be advantageous to indicate the range and have the -sights set before describing the target, as men frequently lose the -target while their eyes are off it in sight-setting. - -The training necessary to make a “war shot” does not stop with making -the recruits skillful in shooting. Other qualities must receive -attention and be developed. This is accomplished in his other drills. - -His development into a war shot must be systematic and progressive. In -the diagram this idea is carried out. - - +----------------+ - |Care of arms, | | - |pages 25 |-|--+ - |and 83–84. | | | - +----------------+ | - |Sighting | | | - |drills, |-|--| - |pages 25 to 35. | | | - +----------------+ |--+Gallery Practice. - |Position and | | | | - |aiming drills, |-|--| | - |pages 35 to 47. | | | | - +----------------+ | | - |Deflection | | | | - |and elevation |-|--+ | - |drills, pages | | | - |47 to 50. | | - +----------------+ |--+Known distance - |Effect of wind | | | practice. - |and advice to | | | | - |riflemen, pages |-|-----| | - |50 to 51; | | | | - |78 to 82. | | | - +----------------+ | | - |Self-control. |-|-----+ | - +----------------+ | - |Use of ground | | | | - |and cover, |-+--------+--Combat practice. +-- WAR SHOT. - |Infantry Drill | | | | - |Regulations. | | - +----------------+ | - |Estimating | | | - |distance, |-|--------| - |pages 53 to 57. | | | - +----------------+ | - |Target |-|--------| - |description. | | - +----------------+ | - |Fire | | - |discipline, | | | - |Infantry Drill |-|--------+ - |Regulations, | | - |page 65. | - +----------------+ - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES - - - 1. Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling. - 2. Anachronistic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings retained as - printed. - 3. 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If you are not located in the United States, you'll -have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using -this ebook. - - - -Title: Notes on Training for Rifle Fire in Trench Warfare - -Author: Anonymous - -Release Date: December 30, 2019 [EBook #61058] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK RIFLE TRAINING *** - - - - -Produced by Richard Tonsing, Brian Coe, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<div class='tnotes covernote'> - -<p class='c000'><b>Transcriber’s Note:</b></p> - -<p class='c000'>The cover image was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.</p> - -</div> - -<div class='box'> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c001'> - <div><i><span class='xlarge'>CONFIDENTIAL!</span></i></div> - <div><i>FOR USE OF OFFICERS ONLY</i></div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='box titlepage'> - -<div> - <h1 class='c002'><span class='xlarge'>NOTES</span><br /> <span class='small'>ON</span><br /> TRAINING FOR RIFLE FIRE IN TRENCH WARFARE</h1> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c003'> - <div>COMPILED FROM FOREIGN REPORTS</div> - <div class='c003'>ARMY WAR COLLEGE</div> - <div>APRIL, 1917</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='figcenter id001'> -<img src='images/title_page.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div><span class='small'>WASHINGTON</span></div> - <div><span class='small'>GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE</span></div> - <div><span class='small'>1917</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c001'> - <div><span class='sc'>War Department</span>,</div> - <div>Document No. 573.</div> - <div><i>Office of The Adjutant General.</i></div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-r c001'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><span class='pageno' id='Page_3'>3</span>WAR DEPARTMENT,</div> - <div class='line in2'><span class='sc'>Washington</span>, <i>April 24, 1917</i>.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c004'>The following Notes on Training for Rifle Fire in Trench -Warfare are published for the information and guidance of -all concerned.</p> - -<p class='c004'>[2582933, A. G. O.]</p> - -<p class='c004'><span class='sc'>By Order of the Secretary of War</span>:</p> - -<div class='lg-container-r'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in10'>H. L. SCOTT,</div> - <div class='line'><i>Major General, Chief of Staff</i>.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-l'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><span class='sc'>Official</span>:</div> - <div class='line in4'>H. P. McCAIN,</div> - <div class='line in8'><i>The Adjutant General</i>.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c005' /> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_5'>5</span> - <h2 class='c006'>TRAINING IN THE USE OF THE RIFLE FOR TRENCH WARFARE.</h2> -</div> - -<p class='c007'>1. Training in the use of the rifle includes that of the bayonet. -Fire action is alone treated in this paper, instruction in the use -of the bayonet having already been discussed elsewhere.</p> - -<p class='c004'>2. The rifleman in the trenches, no less than in the open, requires -as preliminary preparation the courses of individual and -combat instruction prescribed in the Small Arms Firing Manual. -The object of this paper is not to supersede any portion of -this manual, but to supplement it by stressing those features of -trench rifle fire that the experience of actual war has shown to -be possessed of an importance that was not fully appreciated -when the manual was prepared. So far as rifle fire exclusively -from trenches is concerned, the importance of <i>individual aimed -fire</i> up to the range of 400 yards is the principal feature that -has been so developed by the peculiar conditions prevailing on -the “western front” during the present European war, and -the training that needs to be stressed naturally comes under -the head of “individual instruction.” There is also a second -feature, essential to efficient <i>collective</i> firing either from -trenches or in the open, that has never received the attention -in our authorized manuals that its importance merits, though -that importance has long been recognized and has been ably -treated at the School of Musketry. It is that of the <i>necessity -for satisfactory working methods of describing targets</i>. The -growth of this necessity has been coincident with the development -of fire discipline, direction, and control.</p> - -<p class='c004'>3. The special importance of individual aimed fire in trench -warfare has been developed in Europe during the present war -in connection with what is there termed “sniping,” which has -become a specially important and highly technical service, -though it is merely a development of what has long been known -and practiced in the United States under the name of “sharpshooting.” -A consideration of some of the conditions under -which “sniping” is conducted will assist in emphasizing its -importance and in indicating the special qualifications and instruction -essential to efficiency.</p> - -<p class='c004'><span class='pageno' id='Page_6'>6</span>4. In modern trench warfare, as it exists in Europe to-day, -each belligerent occupies a system of trenches, of which the foremost, -or fire trenches, are frequently separated by only a few -yards, and rarely by more than four or five hundred yards. In -rear of the fire trenches there is a labyrinth of cover, approach, -support, reserve, and other trenches. Each system is strengthened -by obstacles, the most formidable and also the most common -of these are the barbed-wire entanglements. These trenches -and obstacles are being continually damaged by the opposing -artillery fire, and every opportunity is seized for raiding -enemy trenches through the openings so made. One of the -important functions of the sniper is that of protecting his own -trenches from enemy raids and his comrades from fire of snipers -and the prevention of repair of enemy trenches and obstacles in -order to keep the road open to raids from his own side. To -these ends he endeavors to meet with a bullet every exposure of -even a few square inches of the head or limb of an enemy and -at the same time to conserve his own life. To attain the first -object, that of hitting the enemy, requires the best possible -facilities for observation and fire, coupled with special qualities -and technical skill on the part of the sniper. The attainment -of the second object, that of conserving one’s own life, will depend -largely upon the judgment and skill displayed in selecting -and concealing the position of the firer. Each of these requirements -calls for special training and for special qualities inherent -in the sniper. To the training and skill of the expert game shot -must be added the craftiness of the poacher.</p> - -<p class='c004'>5. From the preceding paragraphs it is evident that the service -of sniping can not be conducted in a haphazard way, but, on the -contrary, requires for its efficient conduct a carefully selected, -organized, equipped, and trained personnel.</p> - -<p class='c004'>(<i>a</i>) <i>Organization.</i>—Based upon the best available information -from Europe, there should be organized in each battalion of -Infantry a “sniping” group composed of 1 noncommissioned -officer and 24 privates.</p> - -<p class='c004'>(<i>b</i>) <i>Qualifications governing selections.</i>—Each member of the -sniping group should be a well-trained, intelligent, disciplined -soldier; a dead shot at short and mid ranges; brave, yet cautious; -cool, observant, patient, resourceful, and prompt. In -addition to the above, the noncommissioned officer in command -of the group should be a competent instructor in all that is -included in the training of the sniper and should possess good -judgment in the selection and preparation of snipers’ posts.</p> - -<p class='c004'><span class='pageno' id='Page_7'>7</span>(<i>c</i>) <i>Training.</i>—In addition to the preliminary training contemplated -in (<i>b</i>), the following features should be specially -developed:</p> - -<p class='c004'><i>Rifle practice.</i>—The sniper must become expert in a broader -sense than is implied by the word as employed in ordinary -marksmanship classification. Ordinarily his target will be a -small and fleeting one, and his training should be such as to -enable him to quickly and accurately deliver a single shot at -objects varying from a 4–inch loophole at 100 yards to those the -size of a man’s body at 800 yards. The small object at short -range will be the most frequent target and indicates the most -important rifle training. The character of the target emphasizes -the importance of extreme accuracy of fire, and accuracy -of fire implies, in addition to correctness of aim, correct -knowledge of range, a correct knowledge of external influences, -such as light, heat, moisture, wind, and the personal equation -of the firer and the rifle. The sniper must continually practice -both with the military sights and with the adjuncts supplied him -and under conditions closely resembling those that will obtain -in actual trench work. The importance of concealment will -usually result in fire being delivered from rest, and the handling -of the rifle must not be accompanied by exposure of his position. -The soldier who has been thoroughly trained in the courses prescribed -in the Small Arms Firing Manual will have no difficulty -in improvising firing exercises with small bobbing or disappearing -targets that will develop skill along the lines indicated -above. In every exercise the judgment of the firer should be -expressed as to the influence of a cold piece, a hot piece; clouds, -heat, moisture, wind; a worn rifle; fouling; recent cleaning and -oiling, or whatever existing condition may exert an influence on -the path of the bullet. The estimation of ranges and their -determination by use of range finders should form an important -part of the training of a sniper.</p> - -<p class='c004'><i>Reconnaissance</i> and <i>scouting</i>.—Under this head is included all -manner of observation with a view to obtaining information. -The sniper’s field of action will be limited, but within its sphere -it will be governed by the same principles that are prescribed -for reconnaissance parties and scouts, and will include the intelligible -rendering of reports.</p> - -<p class='c004'>To this end the sniper must be trained in the reading of maps, -the making of sketches, the use of the prismatic compass, -the simpler and more common conventional signs, and the -rendering of both verbal and written reports. That the subject -<span class='pageno' id='Page_8'>8</span>may not seem too large and formidable to him, his instruction -should be progressive and as simple as possible, with due care -to impress him with the necessity for everything he is required -to do. The American soldier will rarely fail to respond if he -can see the reasonableness of the demand made upon him. -Let him see that his own life and that of his comrades may -depend upon the accuracy of his knowledge of the following:</p> - -<p class='c004'>1. The location of our own front line and that of the enemy, -so far as they are within his visual range.</p> - -<p class='c004'>2. The location of any known or suspected enemy sniper’s -posts, machine-gun emplacements, observation posts, listening -posts, command stations, or probable routes of advance.</p> - -<p class='c004'>3. The location and importance of dominating points in either -line.</p> - -<p class='c004'>4. The importance of being able to pick out on the ground any -points of special importance or danger indicated on sketches or -maps turned over to him, and to determine from maps drawn -to scale the ranges to such points.</p> - -<p class='c004'>5. How to find his way by the aid of a map or sketch from -his post to any specified point in our own trenches, and back -again.</p> - -<p class='c004'>6. The importance of being able to intelligibly record and -graphically represent matters of importance to his commanding -officer or to the sniper who is to relieve him. In this connection -the special importance of exact truth in statements of fact, -and of the careful separation of matters of fact from those of -mere report or conjecture, should be duly stressed. Hearsay and -conjecture are often of great importance, but should be transmitted -as such, and in the case of conjecture the reasons therefor -should be stated.</p> - -<p class='c004'>The above are simply a few instances to suggest to the instructor -how to go about the matter of instruction. Many men -will be already familiar with the subject, and the method may -be abridged, but in the case of an entirely uninstructed man a -step-by-step method of instruction must be followed. The training -should be such that it will be an entirely natural matter -for the sniper to observe and report as to:</p> - -<p class='c004'>1. The attitude of the enemy (whether aggressive, alert, -active, etc.).</p> - -<p class='c004'>2. Description of enemy seen, uniform, arms, etc.</p> - -<p class='c004'>3. Any new work evident; such as trenches and obstacles -strengthened, new emplacements, etc.</p> - -<p class='c004'><span class='pageno' id='Page_9'>9</span>4. Position of machine guns, observation posts, sniper posts, -etc., discovered.</p> - -<p class='c004'>5. Points in our own lines found to be specially dangerous, -and points of enemy line that menace them.</p> - -<p class='c004'>6. Routes known to be used by the enemy.</p> - -<p class='c004'>7. Routes of patrols.</p> - -<p class='c004'>8. Points where ammunition or supplies are believed to be -dumped.</p> - -<p class='c004'>9. Ranges to prominent or important points. This information -will be less likely to mislead if the following rules are -observed:</p> - -<p class='c004'>Carefully indicate the point from which each range is taken.</p> - -<p class='c004'>Use prominent, easily identified landmarks as reference -points.</p> - -<p class='c004'>Indicate by whom and how ranges were determined.</p> - -<p class='c004'>10. Report any repairs needed in trenches or obstacles.</p> - -<p class='c004'>11. Position of suspected mines.</p> - -<p class='c004'>6. <i>Equipment.</i>—Telescopes, rather low power, are preferable -to field glasses for observation and reconnaissance. Care must -be taken to render them as inconspicuous as possible and prevent -their location by the enemy through reflection of light -from the object glass.</p> - -<p class='c004'>Telescopic periscope.</p> - -<p class='c004'>Rifle rest.—Various sorts have been devised, usually not -merely to serve the purpose of a rest, but to expedite resumption -of aim and change in direction or elevation.</p> - -<p class='c004'>Telescopic sights.</p> - -<p class='c004'>Sniperscope.—(A device for aiming with the head below -the line of sight. Reports indicate that with this device the -tendency is to shoot high, and that they are only reasonably -accurate up to ranges of 200 yards. They are usually used -over parapets, between sandbags. Proper adjustment is essential -and great care necessary to prevent derangement.)</p> - -<p class='c004'>Steel helmet and mask.</p> - -<p class='c004'>Maps, sketches, note-book, message blanks, pencils, pocket -knife.</p> - -<p class='c004'>Each post should have a range chart for use of all reliefs.</p> - -<p class='c004'>The above is additional to the normal equipment of the -soldier.</p> - -<p class='c004'>7. <i>Duties of commander of sniping group</i>:</p> - -<p class='c004'>(<i>a</i>) Training of snipers and maintenance of efficiency.</p> - -<p class='c004'>(<i>b</i>) To supervise the work of his unit.</p> - -<p class='c004'><span class='pageno' id='Page_10'>10</span>(<i>c</i>) Responsibility for care of equipment.</p> - -<p class='c004'>(<i>d</i>) To receive and transmit to the proper authority all information -turned over by the posts he relieves and by his own -posts.</p> - -<p class='c004'>(<i>e</i>) To select the positions for sniper’s posts and supervise -the construction of loopholes and other special arrangements -when not already provided.</p> - -<div class='figcenter id002'> -<img src='images/i_b_010.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic002'> -<p>A SNIPERSCOPE.</p> -</div> -</div> - -<p class='c004'>8. <i>Location of sniper’s posts.</i>—Though engaged in trench warfare -snipers are not invariably located in trenches. When not -so located the sniper will avail himself of such cover as best -suits his purpose. If practicable he will so dress himself as to -blend with his surroundings, giving particular attention to his -face and hands. Masks of inconspicuous color are sometimes -worn. He must study the maps and the ground and endeavor -to determine in advance good localities for observation and -good lines of approach. His line of retreat must also be decided -on as early as possible. The arts of the deerstalker and -poacher, or those practiced in our early Indian troubles will be -of great use under these circumstances, as his success will -<span class='pageno' id='Page_11'>11</span>depend largely upon his patience and cunning. Houses and -other buildings should be viewed with distrust, as they may -be closely observed by the enemy. Trees will also receive this -scrutiny. The best cover will be that which is least likely to -be suspected of affording concealment for a man.</p> - -<div class='figcenter id002'> -<img src='images/i_b_011.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic002'> -<p>THE SNIPER WITH TELESCOPIC SIGHT. HIS OBSERVER WITH PERISCOPE.</p> -</div> -</div> - -<div class='figcenter id003'> -<span class='pageno' id='Page_12'>12</span> -<img src='images/i_b_012.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic002'> -<p>A PREPARED SNIPER POSITION. A SNIPER USING A SNIPERSCOPE.</p> -</div> -</div> - -<p class='c004'>Sniper’s positions in trenches may, according to circumstances, -be located in (<i>a</i>) the front line, (<i>b</i>) parados, (<i>c</i>) approach -trenches, (<i>d</i>) connecting trench, (<i>e</i>) dummy trench, (<i>f</i>) support -trenches, or any others affording the desired facilities. The -commander must study the terrain, the enemy’s trenches, the -advantages and disadvantages of each position considered, both -with reference to facilities for observation, fire, and concealment, -and with reference to danger from the enemy, and select -that which will best serve the purpose. He must then decide -as to measures for promoting observation and concealment, and -supervise their execution and the construction of the necessary -loopholes. Loopholes may be arranged of sandbags, iron pipes, -boxes, etc. It is better to have them run obliquely rather than -perpendicularly with respect to the trench line, and a curtain -should be provided to prevent their being discovered by light -showing through the hole. Loopholes near the ground are not -as readily seen as those higher up, and those located among -<span class='pageno' id='Page_13'>13</span>débris and loose earth, leaves, branches, tumbled sods, etc., are -less easily detected than those located in a smooth slope. When -constructing loopholes care should be taken to disturb previously -existing conditions as little as possible lest the enemy observe -the change and profit by the hint. Several loopholes should be -provided for each post as the discovery of one by the enemy -renders it worthless for future use, and continued use of one -loophole will sooner or later result in detection.</p> - -<p class='c004'>The best positions are usually in rear of the first line, so -placed as to command a view of the enemy’s trenches up to at -least 400 yards. This is not always possible and the best possible -must be selected. In any case alternative positions must -be arranged. Support trenches may afford better locations -than the fire trenches, but they have the objection of increasing -the range. If the post is detached an important consideration -is whether or not it can be entered or left unobserved during -daylight.</p> - -<p class='c004'>9. <i>Conduct of the sniper.</i>—Snipers should work in pairs, exchanging -duties of observer every 15 or 20 minutes. They -should be relieved every two hours or oftener. It may be advantageous -to relieve one every hour.</p> - -<p class='c004'>They will never fire merely to annoy, as this will lead to -disclosure of the position, with no adequate result. They will -closely examine their shelter and see that the fire opening is -so constructed as not to be affected by the blast of the rifle. -If shooting through a small aperture in brickwork, the opening -should be kept wet to prevent dust being blown out by -the discharge. Newly constructed loopholes should be left -unused for a time, so as to see if the enemy has detected it. -The curtain will always be kept in such position as to prevent -light showing through. Snipers must not be led by ruses to -fire fruitlessly and disclose their positions. Fire to kill. If -a large target is discovered, do not fire if it is possible to inform -the machine guns or the artillery. Search constantly for -machine guns and snipers; smash his periscopes.</p> - -<p class='c004'>Attacks will afford great opportunities for the sniper, as the -enemy will then not be so alert for them, being busy with -other matters. Less caution will therefore be necessary. From -a position on a flank or anywhere that he can fire without interference -with our own men, he selects the most useful targets, -such as machine-gun men, officers and noncommissioned officers, -snipers, artillery observers, etc. He closely observes the flanks, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_14'>14</span>which are favorite places from which to break up an attack, -and endeavors to forestall the enemy’s fire. If the attack succeeds, -he covers the working parties during the organization of -the captured trench and watches for evidences of an intended -counterattack. If this is made, he fires on the enemy as he -shows himself in the approach trenches, picking off leaders -when possible.</p> - -<p class='c004'>Much night work for snipers will rarely be advantageous. -The targets are then practically limited to patrols and sentries, -and there is great danger of firing into our own men or being -fired on by them. The flash of the rifle will disclose the position -if care is not taken to conceal it. Avoid the enemy’s listening -posts. Learn the hours at which the enemy repairs the gaps -in his obstacles or parapets and watch for him.</p> - -<p class='c004'>10. <i>Description of targets.</i>—In paragraph 2 reference was -made to the necessity for a satisfactory working system for -designating or describing targets. One of our present embarrassments -lies in the multiplicity of methods and the incident -confusion in the mind of the soldier. Another source of -error lies in the tendency of men to fancy that the <i>ears</i> of -listening soldiers take in and digest a description as rapidly as -the <i>eye</i> can travel from point to point. The ear, as compared -with the eye, is very slow. The immediate deduction from this -is that descriptions must be shorn of all unnecessary words, and -that they must be as simple and clear as possible. It also emphasizes -the advantage of following so far as practicable fixed -methods of expression. Recruits should be taught the general -plan followed in describing targets in order that they may waste -no time from lack of comprehension of the relation of the -different elements of the description or the terms employed.</p> - -<p class='c004'>The use of a single form will not suffice, since in some cases -the target is so evident that no mistake can be made, and the -simple designation such as “That troop of white-horse cavalry, -range 1,000 yards,” will identify it beyond all question; while -in other cases the particular target may be so obscure and liable -to confusion with other targets that a reference point and some -system of coordinates must be employed.</p> - -<p class='c004'>In general, targets with reference to their designation will -fall under the following heads:</p> - -<p class='c004'>(<i>a</i>) Those that stand out so plainly that there can be no possibility -of doubt as the target meant.</p> - -<p class='c004'>(<i>b</i>) Those that are plainly visible, but are liable to be confused -with other targets of a similar nature and range.</p> - -<p class='c004'><span class='pageno' id='Page_15'>15</span>(<i>c</i>) Those less distinctly visible and more difficult to pick up -on account of peculiar background, confusion with other objects, -etc.</p> - -<p class='c004'>(<i>d</i>) Targets visible only through field glasses, and that may -or may not present the additional difficulties of danger of confusion -with other objects.</p> - -<p class='c004'>Case (<i>a</i>) has already been referred to. The system consists -in the simple announcement of: 1. The objective. 2. The range.</p> - -<p class='c004'>Ingenious people sometimes combine horizontal and vertical -clock systems in designating a target whenever possible to do -so, but this is a violation of the rule of simplicity and should -never be done unless evidently necessary. The mere fact that -it is necessary or desirable to use a reference point does not -in all cases require use of both systems, as the reference point -may be so evident that no clock coordination is necessary. When -such designation <i>is</i> necessary, the horizontal clock face is used -in coordinating the reference point and the vertical clock face -for locating the subsequent points.</p> - -<p class='c004'>11. Instruction in target description is simple but must be -thoroughly understood. An illustration by means of case (d) -will cover the entire subject so far as necessary.</p> - -<p class='c004'>(<i>a</i>) Explain to the recruits the use of the horizontal clock -system as a means of indicating directions. Inform them that -they are, in this system, <i>always</i> at the center of the dial. Call -out various hours and require each recruit to extend his arm -in the direction he understands is indicated. Explain and correct -errors.</p> - -<p class='c004'>Explain the use of the vertical clock system, impressing the -recruits with the fact that in this system the <i>reference point</i> -is always at the center of dial. Call out an hour and require -the recruit to name some object that is located on the hand of -the clock at the designated hour. A diagram on paper may be -of assistance. Explain and correct errors.</p> - -<p class='c004'>Explain to the recruit that the angle subtended by the width -of one finger at arm’s length from the eye and that subtended -by the leaf of the rear sight to his rifle at 14 inches from the -eye has a chord 50 yards long at 1,000 yards distance. The -finger width and the sight leaf thus become known as units, -and either may be used in indicating distances laterally.</p> - -<p class='c004'>Having selected a reference point, name some object near it -and require the recruit to tell you how many units (<i>fingers</i> or -<i>sight leafs</i>) apart they are.</p> - -<div class='figcenter id004'> -<span class='pageno' id='Page_16'>16</span> -<img src='images/i_b_016.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic002'> -<p>SKETCH SHOWING GERMAN FIXED RIFLE REST FOR FIRING THROUGH LOOP HOLES.<br /><br />(Captured at the Bluff.)<br /><br /><span class='sc'>Note.</span>—Both lateral and horizontal movement is given and the rifle can be very firmly clamped when the required aim is found.</p> -</div> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c003'> - <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_17'>17</span><span class='sc'>Case (B).</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='figcenter id002'> -<img src='images/i_b_017.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic002'> -<p>HORIZONTAL CLOCK FACE SYSTEM (USED WHEN TARGETS ARE VISIBLE).</p> -</div> -</div> - -<table class='table0' summary=''> - <tr> - <th class='btt bbt blt brt c008'>SYSTEM.</th> - <th class='btt bbt brt c008'>EXAMPLE.</th> - <th class='btt bbt brt c008'>EXAMPLE.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c009'>1. Announce direction</td> - <td class='brt c009'>Target 2 o’clock</td> - <td class='brt c009'>Target 11 o’clock.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c009'>2. Announce objective</td> - <td class='brt c009'>A hostile patrol</td> - <td class='brt c009'>A hostile patrol.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='bbt blt brt c009'>3. Announce range</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>Range 1,000</td> - <td class='bbt brt c009'>Range 900.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c003'> - <div><span class='sc'>Procedure.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>1. All look along the line pointing toward the indicated o’clock of a horizontal clock face whose center is at the firing point and whose 12 o’clock mark is directly -perpendicular to the firing line.</p> - -<p class='c010'>2. Look for the objective at—</p> - -<p class='c010'>3. A point on this line at a distance equal to the designated range.</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='sc'>Note.</span>—The clock here represented must be considered as horizontal, not vertical as shown. For the purpose of illustration perspective was not considered. -The observer occupies the center of clock.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c003'> - <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_18'>18</span><span class='sc'>Case (C).</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='figcenter id002'> -<img src='images/i_b_018.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic002'> -<p>VERTICAL CLOCK FACE SYSTEM (USED WHEN TARGETS ARE SMALL OR INDISTINCT).</p> -</div> -</div> - -<table class='table0' summary=''> - <tr> - <th class='btt bbt blt brt c008'>SYSTEM.</th> - <th class='btt bbt brt c008'>EXAMPLE A.</th> - <th class='btt bbt brt c008'>EXAMPLE B.</th> - <th class='btt bbt brt c008'>EXAMPLE C.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c011'>1. Announce the general direction of the reference point</td> - <td class='brt c011'>Reference point at 12 o’clock</td> - <td class='brt c011'>Reference point to our right front</td> - <td class='brt c011'>Reference point to our right front.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c011'>2. Announce the reference point (the most prominent object in the zone indicated)</td> - <td class='brt c011'>Single house with 2 chimneys</td> - <td class='brt c011'>High peak</td> - <td class='brt c011'>High peak.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c011'>3. Announce position of target with respect to reference point</td> - <td class='brt c011'>Target at 8 o’clock</td> - <td class='brt c011'>Target at 5 o’clock</td> - <td class='brt c011'>Target at 4 o’clock.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c011'>4. Announce the objective</td> - <td class='brt c011'>Machine-gun</td> - <td class='brt c011'>A hostile patrol</td> - <td class='brt c011'>A hostile patrol.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='bbt blt brt c011'>5. Announce range</td> - <td class='bbt brt c011'>Range 1,000</td> - <td class='bbt brt c011'>Range 900</td> - <td class='bbt brt c011'>Range 800.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c003'> - <div><span class='sc'>Procedure.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>1. All men look in direction indicated by 1.</p> - -<p class='c010'>2. Reference point is found in the indicated direction.</p> - -<p class='c010'>3. A clock face (vertical) is imagined centered on reference point and look along the line through the indicated o’clock, and</p> - -<p class='c010'>4. Find the objective at —</p> - -<p class='c010'>5. ...... yards from the firing line.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c003'> - <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_19'>19</span><span class='sc'>Case (D).</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='figcenter id002'> -<img src='images/i_b_019.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic002'> -<p>SIGHT LEAF, FINGER, OR UNIT SYSTEM.<br /><br />(When targets are indistinct or invisible, and to define sectors.)</p> -</div> -</div> - -<table class='table0' summary=''> - <tr> - <th class='btt bbt blt brt c008'>SYSTEM</th> - <th class='btt bbt brt c008'>EXAMPLE A.</th> - <th class='btt bbt brt c008'>EXAMPLE B.</th> - <th class='btt bbt brt c008'>EXAMPLE C.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c011'>1. Announce direction of reference point using horizontal clock system if necessary</td> - <td class='brt c011'>Reference point at 12 o’clock</td> - <td class='brt c011'>Reference point at 1 o’clock</td> - <td class='brt c011'>Reference point at 1 o’clock.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c011'>2. Announce reference point</td> - <td class='brt c011'>House, with fence around it, on hill</td> - <td class='brt c011'>Distant hill</td> - <td class='brt c011'>Distant hill.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c011'>3. Announce position of target with respect to the reference point</td> - <td class='brt c011'>Target, 8 o’clock 2 units</td> - <td class='brt c011'>Target, 8 o’clock 4 units</td> - <td class='brt c011'>Target, 5.30 o’clock.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='blt brt c011'>4. Announce the objective</td> - <td class='brt c011'>Line of intrenchments, 3 units</td> - <td class='brt c011'>Skirmish line, 2 units</td> - <td class='brt c011'>Skirmish line, 2 units.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='bbt blt brt c011'>5. Announce the range</td> - <td class='bbt brt c011'>Range 900</td> - <td class='bbt brt c011'>Range 800</td> - <td class='bbt brt c011'>Range 1,000.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div><span class='sc'>Note.</span>—“Units” mean 50 mils = finger = sight leaf. It is usual to indicate in this system the point of the target nearest the reference point.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c004'><span class='pageno' id='Page_20'>20</span>When he is fairly familiar with the use of the horizontal -and the vertical clock system for indicating directions, and -with the use of fingers and sight leaf for measuring lateral -distances from a reference point, work him up from simple to -difficult examples of target designation.</p> - -<p class='c004'>With case (<i>d</i>) as an illustration, call the <i>direction</i> of the reference -point. See that all look in the right direction. <i>Name</i> -the reference point. Require it to be indicated on paper, <i>at the -center of a clock dial</i>. Call, “Target 8 o’clock.” Have a line -drawn from the center of the dial in the proper direction. Announce, -“Four units.” Have these estimated by fingers and -with the sight leaf in the proper direction and endeavor to -then locate some object that should serve as a check on the -work. Continue similarly with the actual announcement of -the character of the target: “Skirmish line, etc.”</p> - -<p class='c004'>It may sometimes be advantageous to indicate the range and -have the sights set before describing the target, as men frequently -lose the target while their eyes are off it in sight-setting.</p> - -<p class='c004'>The training necessary to make a “war shot” does not stop -with making the recruits skillful in shooting. Other qualities -must receive attention and be developed. This is accomplished -in his other drills.</p> - -<p class='c004'>His development into a war shot must be systematic and -progressive. In the diagram this idea is carried out.</p> - -<div class='figcenter id002'> -<span class='pageno' id='Page_21'>21</span> -<img src='images/i_b_021.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c005' /> -</div> -<div class='tnotes'> - -<div class='section ph2'> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c001'> - <div>TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - - <ol class='ol_1 c003'> - <li>Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling. - - </li> - <li>Anachronistic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings retained as printed. - </li> - </ol> - -</div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes on Training for Rifle Fire in -Trench Warfare, by Anonymous - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK RIFLE TRAINING *** - -***** This file should be named 61058-h.htm or 61058-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/1/0/5/61058/ - -Produced by Richard Tonsing, Brian Coe, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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