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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2d692ba --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #62235 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/62235) diff --git a/old/62235-0.txt b/old/62235-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index a46c88a..0000000 --- a/old/62235-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1180 +0,0 @@ -Project Gutenberg's Preserving Louisiana's Legacy, by Nancy W. Dawkins - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll -have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using -this ebook. - - - -Title: Preserving Louisiana's Legacy - Everyone Can Help - -Author: Nancy W. Dawkins - -Release Date: May 26, 2020 [EBook #62235] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PRESERVING LOUISIANA'S LEGACY *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - Department of Culture, Recreation and Tourism - Louisiana Archaeological Survey and Antiquities Commission - Anthropological Study No. 5 - - - - - PRESERVING LOUISIANA’S LEGACY - - - [Illustration: A preserved Indian mound in Pointe Coupee Parish is - surrounded by pasture and covered with vegetation.] - - April 1982 - Baton Rouge, Louisiana - - - - - STATE OF LOUISIANA - - - David C. Treen - _Governor_ - - DEPARTMENT OF CULTURE, RECREATION AND TOURISM - - Mrs. Lawrence H. Fox - _Secretary_ - - ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY AND ANTIQUITIES COMMISSION - - _Ex-Officio Members_ - - Dr. Kathleen M. Byrd _State Archaeologist_ - Mr. Robert B. DeBlieux _Assistant Secretary_, Office of Program - Development - Mr. Frank P. Simoneaux _Secretary_, Department of Natural Resources - Mr. Linton Ardoin _Secretary_, Department of Urban and Community - Affairs - - _Appointed Members_ - - Mr. William Baker - Mr. Fred Benton, Jr. - Mr. Brian Duhe - Dr. Lorraine Heartfield - Mr. Robert W. Neuman - Mrs. Lanier Simmons - Dr. Clarence H. Webb - - - - -This public document was published at an annual cost of $.30 per copy by -Division of Administration, Administrative Services, P.O. Box 44095, -Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70804 to make available to the citizens of -Louisiana through publication information about prehistoric and historic -archaeology under authority of La. R.S. 41:1601-1613. This material was -printed in accordance with the standards for printing by state agencies -established pursuant to RS. 43:31. - - - - - PRESERVING LOUISIANA’S LEGACY: - Everyone Can Help - - - Nancy W. Hawkins - Division of Archaeology - - - - - Editor’s Note - - -Louisiana’s cultural heritage dates back to approximately 10,000 B.C. -when Paleo-Indian hunters entered the region in search of Pleistocene -big game. Since that time, many other groups have settled in the area. -Each of these groups has left evidence of its presence in the -archaeological record. The Anthropological Study series published by the -Department of Culture, Recreation & Tourism provides a readable account -of various activities of these cultural groups. - -Nancy Hawkins, outreach coordinator for the Division of Archaeology, is -the author of _Preserving Louisiana’s Legacy_, the fifth volume in the -Anthropological Study series. This volume departs somewhat from the -previous ones in the series in that it does not describe a particular -group of people or archaeological sites. Rather it addresses -archaeological preservation as a whole. In this volume Ms. Hawkins -explains in general terms how an archaeologist studies the past, what -factors affect the preservation of archaeological remains, and how -government, industry, business, landowners, and other groups and -individuals can contribute to the preservation of Louisiana’s -archaeological heritage. - -We are pleased to be able to make _Preserving Louisiana’s Legacy_ -available and trust that the reader will enjoy this volume. - - Kathleen Byrd - _State Archaeologist_ - - [Illustration: Letter] - - STATE OF LOUISIANA - DEPARTMENT OF CULTURE, RECREATION AND TOURISM - OFFICE OF PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT - - DAVID C. TREEN - Governor Assistant - ROBERT B. DeBLIEUX - Secretary - MRS. LAWRENCE H. FOX - Secretary - -April 20, 1982 - -CITIZENS OF LOUISIANA - -As Louisiana’s State Historic Preservation Officer, I am pleased to introduce -Preserving Louisiana’s Legacy, the fifth volume in the Anthropological -Study series of the Department of Culture, Recreation & Tourism and the -Louisiana Archaeological Survey & Antiquities Commission. - -Through my work first in private business and more recently in local and -state government, I have become increasingly impressed with the diversity -and uniqueness of Louisiana’s archaeological remains. There is no question -that many of these archaeological sites should be preserved for the future. -They are Louisiana’s past. - -Louisiana has some of the most important sites in the United States. In -fact, one prehistoric archaeological site, Poverty Point in West Carroll -Parish, has been suggested for nomination to the World Heritage List. -This program, in which 45 nations participate, recognizes areas of outstanding -universal value to mankind. - -I am proud to live in a state with such a rich archaeological heritage, -and I hope that it can be protected for future generations. However, no -one individual or group working alone can preserve Louisiana’s legacy. -Only through the concerted efforts of government, industry, business, and -individuals can this be accomplished. This volume suggests what you can -do to preserve Louisiana’s archaeological sites. I hope you enjoy this -booklet. - -Sincerely, - -_Rob DeBlieux_ - -ROBERT B. DEBLIEUX -STATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION OFFICER - - P. O. Box 44247 Baton Rouge, La. 70804 504-342-6682 - - - - - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS - - -Illustrations for this booklet have been generously contributed by -several people. Robert Neuman, Louisiana State University, provided -photographs of Monk’s Mound (cover), a projectile point (p. 1), a vessel -from the Clarence H. Webb Collection (p. 2), a shell midden (p. 2), and -of excavation pits (p. 15). Debbie Woodiel, State Parks, gave permission -to use an illustration from her thesis (p. 5). The American Museum of -Natural History permitted reproduction of the Poverty Point site map (p. -1), and New Orleans East provided the illustration on page 13. All other -photographs are from the files at the Division of Archaeology, and have -been taken by staff archaeologists through the years. - - - - - ARCHAEOLOGY IN LOUISIANA - - -People lived in Louisiana thousands of years before the first Europeans -sailed to the New World. Because of archaeology, the history of even -these early Indians is now being described and understood. All people -leave traces of their activities wherever they cook, build houses, hold -religious ceremonies, make tools, or dump their trash. If these traces -are undisturbed, archaeologists can use them to determine who left them, -when they were left, and what activities were associated with them. -These are a few of the things archaeologists have learned about -Louisiana: - - [Illustration: Although many people refer to all stone points as - arrowheads, Indians actually made projectile points for over 10,000 - years before they ever used one on an arrow. The point pictured here - would have been used on a spear and could have killed a prehistoric - elephant, called a mastodon.] - - [Illustration: In northeastern Louisiana by 1000 B.C., Indians had - built rows of earthen ridges three-quarters of a mile across. As far - as we know, they are the earliest earthworks of their size in North - America. Some archaeologists think they were constructed as an - astronomical observatory because two gaps in the ridges line up with - the winter and summer solstice sunsets.] - - [Illustration: Contrary to present day practice, prehistoric - Louisianians preferred marsh clams over crawfish and crabs. They ate - so many clams that large piles of shells can still be found in the - marshes. Over time, the shells have become compressed, and now some - piles are almost rock hard.] - - [Illustration: Indians in Louisiana made beautiful and elaborate - pottery without ever using a potter’s wheel. This delicate water - bottle was made in northwestern Louisiana about A.D. 1400.] - - [Illustration: European missionaries and explorers who traveled in - Louisiana in the 1600s and 1700s depended on experienced Indian - traders to supply them with food, animal skins, salt, and horses. In - exchange, Europeans gave the Indians beads, crucifixes, guns, metal - pots, knives, and bells like these.] - - - - - HOW AN ARCHAEOLOGIST STUDIES THE PAST - - -Although an archaeologist can gain some information from artifacts that -have been removed from a site, much more information can be gleaned -through careful survey and excavation. During a survey, the -archaeologist examines artifacts remaining on the ground and records -large concentrations as sites. The archaeologist evaluates each site’s -size and age, and determines how it contributes to an overall -understanding of Louisiana’s past. - -No two sites exactly duplicate each other, but some are more unusual -than others. Some provide new or important information linking a group -of people with a certain location or activity for the first time. This -means that sometimes a small site, without elaborate or especially -beautiful artifacts, may be more important to the understanding of the -past than another site that is larger. An archaeologist who records an -important site will recommend protection or excavation for it. - -The archaeologist will evaluate threats to the site to determine the -possibility of preserving the site intact. Some sites must be protected -to insure that future generations can see unexcavated sites, and so that -future archaeologists with improved techniques will have sites left to -study. Even if an archaeologist excavates a site, he or she will usually -leave parts of it untouched. - -Archaeological excavation of a site is meticulous in order to preserve -every piece of information. The archaeologist photographs and draws soil -changes and artifacts as they are uncovered. This provides a permanent -record of the relationships of materials to each other and to other -parts of the site. Samples of charcoal, soil, bones, and decayed plants -are collected for laboratory analysis. - -Long months of study and interpretation follow excavations as the -archaeologist and technicians piece together the many bits of -information. Laboratory analysis may indicate what people ate, what -plants were growing around the site, and perhaps even the date the site -was used. Study of the artifacts may tell how the site was used, who -used it, and whether they were trading with other groups. - -Relationships of the remains show what parts of the site were used for -butchering game, cooking food, making tools, gardening, building houses, -burying the dead, and conducting ceremonial activities. Artifact -relationships may tell whether men and women worked in different areas, -and whether the site was used repeatedly through the years. An -archaeologist may even be able to discover very detailed information -like whether the people cooked their fish whole or in fillets, what -strains of corn they grew, and what kind of wood they used to build -their houses. This detailed understanding can result only from careful -study of a well-preserved site. - -The archaeological sites of Louisiana span the time from the arrival of -the earliest inhabitants, approximately 12,000 years ago, to the 20th -century. These sites are as important in understanding Louisiana’s past -as original journals from early explorers. Each is a unique description -of the land and people from years past. Just as a journal with all its -pages tells more than a single page out of context, a complete site -tells many times more than artifacts on a shelf or a site half-destroyed -by modern-day construction activities. - - [Illustration: Excavation of a mound site in Iberville Parish was - meticulous in order to record the relationships of materials and to - collect remains for laboratory analysis (above). Archaeologists were - able to determine that under the mound was a circular house built of - cypress and ash poles that were covered with thatch (right). Inside - were interior support posts and wooden furniture such as beds or - racks, as well as a central fire hearth and four smaller fire pits. - Honey locust seeds, persimmon seeds and bones from four kinds of - fish indicate some of the things these prehistoric people ate. - Radiocarbon dates show that the structure was being used at A. D. - 1000.] - -Everyone in Louisiana has the right to know about the state’s legacy. -The complete history of Louisiana can be recorded only through careful, -detailed excavation by individuals especially trained in archaeological -techniques. If a site is destroyed before it can be evaluated, that -information is lost forever; it is irreplaceable. Unfortunately, sites -are destroyed every day in Louisiana, both accidentally and -intentionally. - - [Illustration: 16 lv 128 - PLAN VIEW OF FEATURE THREE, LEVEL FOUR] - - Wall Trench - Embankment - Ramp - Post - Fire Hearth - - - - - MAJOR IMPACTS ON SITE PRESERVATION - - -Throughout history, the traces of people who lived before have been -altered by those who followed. Even when Indians camped in places where -their ancestors had camped, they destroyed a piece of the record of -their past. In contrast with this age-old pattern of minor alterations, -however, is the potentially devastating impact of modern-day technology. -In Louisiana today, major types of land modification include energy -exploration and development, timber cutting, agriculture, urban -expansion, waterway modification, and transportation network -construction. These are all likely to disturb archaeological sites if -they are conducted without care. - - [Illustration: Heavy machinery can destroy a site in minutes.] - -The country’s need for oil, gas, coal, and timber has accelerated the -search for these products in the past decade. As exploration crews cut -roads into otherwise inaccessible areas, previously undetected sites are -exposed and disturbed. When heavy machinery is brought in to begin -logging, drilling, or mining, sites can be gouged or crushed in a few -seconds. Unless the crews are alert, fragile archaeological sites are -destroyed before they are even recorded. In Louisiana’s coastal areas, -oil and gas production has also affected sites. Pipelines are often laid -through piles of shells because they are more stable than the -surrounding land. Unfortunately, a great many of these piles are -man-made; they are actually archaeological sites. - -Mechanized agriculture affects sites when plows turn up artifacts, -jumbling the materials. Whenever an area is cultivated for the first -time, sites may be found. In Louisiana, previously undisturbed areas -within the river valleys are now being cleared for large-scale -agriculture. Many buried prehistoric sites along old river channels -could be destroyed. Sites in cultivated fields may be damaged further if -they are plowed more deeply than in the past. Modern subsoilers can cut -three feet into the ground, disturbing even deeply buried materials. - - [Illustration: This gas pipeline in southeastern Louisiana’s marsh - was laid directly through an archaeological site.] - -Farmers often regard Indian mounds as troublesome when they occur in -areas otherwise ideal for plowing. If farmers do not recognize the value -of these mounds, they may have them removed. For example, a man in -Madison Parish sold the dirt from a large Indian mound on his land for -road fill. The ancient monument was removed so the land could be planted -with soybeans. - - [Illustration: Dirt from this mound in Madison Parish was used for a - road foundation ...] - -Population growth in Louisiana has led to rapidly expanding cities and -extended transportation networks. Modern cities are often in the same -places that Indians and early Europeans built their settlements, so city -growth is almost certain to disturb archaeological sites. As early as -the turn of the century, archaeologists were charting the destruction of -a mound group in eastern Louisiana. A city was growing up around one of -the largest groups of mounds in the Southeastern United States. In 1931, -an archaeologist wrote about the leveling of one of the mounds, a square -multi-stage one, 80 feet tall and 180 feet on each side. The dirt was -used to build the approach ramps for a bridge. Today, part of only one -mound remains, protected because of the recent cemetery on top. - - [Illustration: leaving behind only a few clumps of trees.] - -The destruction mentioned above has resulted from a lack of -understanding of the importance of these sites. It has taken -Louisianians a long time to realize the uniqueness and richness of their -state’s cultural heritage. While many people are now joining in the -efforts to conserve the remaining sites, a few continue to willfully -destroy them. - -Some individuals dig into sites in order to find artifacts that can be -sold to antiquity dealers. These looters have demolished entire Indian -villages, stealing the story of those sites from all Louisianians. Even -if the artifacts are eventually turned over to an archaeologist, most of -the information has been obliterated. Lost are the records of where the -artifacts originally came from, the relationships of the artifacts to -each other, the samples of materials for laboratory analysis, and -usually the ordinary or broken artifacts that tell the archaeologist -much, but sell for little. - - [Illustration: Looters at this archaeological site found artifacts, - but destroyed all the other information archaeologists could have - used to interpret the site.] - - [Illustration: Damaged site] - - - - - GOVERNMENT HELPS - - -Although countless sites have been destroyed in Louisiana, many other -sites have been saved by concerned individuals, companies, and -organizations. - -Our legislators have been interested enough in Louisiana’s heritage to -draft laws that help protect sites. Without a permit, it is now illegal -to dig into, alter, or take anything from a site on state or federal -land. Recent legislation calls for strict fines or jail sentences for -people collecting materials from federal lands. - -Our laws also help protect sites from those land alteration projects -that in the past destroyed so many sites. The locations of proposed -projects are now checked against archaeological records to be sure that -no known sites will be affected. If the project is a large one, or if -the area appears likely to have sites, an archaeological investigation -will be recommended to determine whether sites are in the area. - -Because of this process, approximately 400 previously undocumented sites -are now recorded and evaluated by archaeologists in Louisiana each year. -This has resulted in a more complete record of Louisiana’s -archaeological sites and a decrease in the rate of site destruction by -industry. It has also encouraged developers to think about the care of -our past early in the planning stages of their projects. - -Both federal and state governments protect archaeological sites as parks -that the public can visit. In Louisiana, the National Park Service has -included the Big Oak Island site near New Orleans as part of Jean -Lafitte National Historical Park. This site dates from the time of -Christ and was seasonally used for shellfish collecting and processing. -The Louisiana Office of State Parks also maintains two prehistoric -archaeological sites that are open to the public and that have -interpretive museums. One is Poverty Point Commemorative Area where the -state’s largest prehistoric earthworks were built 3,000 years ago, and -the other is Marksville State Commemorative Area where Indians built -mounds approximately 2,000 years ago. Archaeological investigations have -also been conducted at many of the commemorative areas associated with -18th, 19th, and 20th century history. These parks give people a chance -to learn more about archaeology and how it contributes to an -understanding of our state’s past. - - - - - BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY HELP - - -Businesses and industries are most likely to deal with archaeological -sites when they plan projects on publicly-owned lands or when projects -require permits. Many developers are sensitive to the need for -preservation of important sites and plan ahead for evaluation of the -project’s impact on these. Businesses and industries whose projects will -affect sites are proving to be creative in their responses. Sometimes, a -minor change, like moving a road 25 feet to one side, may prevent a site -from being destroyed. - -Businesses also participate in archaeology because of curiosity about -sites on their land. Some have provided food and lodging for excavators -or have given grants to archaeologists to fund field and lab work. After -analysis is completed, these companies have either donated artifacts to -a museum or have developed small displays for their employees. - -Companies are discovering that becoming involved with archaeology can -have tax advantages. If a company donates land with a site on it to a -nonprofit or governmental organization, the donation can be claimed as a -tax deduction. A company also can receive a tax benefit by sponsoring -excavation of a site either on or off its property. One southern -Louisiana company funded 25% of the cost of an excavation and counted -that as a tax deduction. The company owned the land with the site, so by -donating the artifacts, it also could claim their worth as a tax -deduction. - -A New Orleans development corporation planned a massive project with an -extremely important site in mind. The company leased land with a site on -it to the Jean Lafitte National Historical Park for $1.00 a year. Rather -than viewing the site as a liability, however, the company saw it as an -asset. Through the lease of the site, the corporation generated positive -community feelings, protected a part of our cultural heritage, and -enhanced the value of the surrounding property. The benefits to the -community and to the corporation will continue into the future. - -A Baton Rouge company also was able to use archaeology in public -relations. It developed an outstanding display about prehistoric -Louisiana for the lobby of its main building. The exhibit attracts -visitors and promotes interest not only in archaeology, but also in the -company’s services. - - [Illustration: One New Orleans developer is protecting a major site - and is advertising its decision.] - - - - - IN BUILDING - NEW ORLEANS EAST, - SOME THINGS ARE MORE SACRED - THAN THE ALMIGHTY DOLLAR. - - Once, New Orleans was rich in hidden archeological treasures. Over 600 - prehistoric sites were buried throughout the city, but almost all of - them have been destroyed in the name of progress. One of the most - valuable sites, however, has miraculously survived the city’s - development: a prehistoric village of the Tchefuncte Indian Tribe, - dating back to 500 BC. It’s called Big Oak Island and it’s located in - New Orleans East. - - In order to preserve this part of our city’s heritage, New Orleans - East has leased this 12-acre site, right in the heart of our - community, to the Jean Lafitte National Historical Park. The cost: one - dollar a year. - - Donating this valuable piece of land to the Park Service is just one - example of what makes us different from other developers. Throughout - New Orleans East, we’re leaving additional areas untouched as well, so - that in the future, residents here will have trees to enjoy, birds to - watch, and parks to play in. We’re doing all this because we want New - Orleans East to be a community that everyone in New Orleans can be - proud of. - - Building a community with this kind of concern for the environment may - not be the most profitable development plan, but, like the treasures - of Oak Island, it may very well be priceless in the years to come. - - - - - PRIVATE LANDOWNERS HELP - - -People who have archaeological sites on their land have many ways of -protecting the sites. A site covered by natural vegetation usually is -camouflaged and has limited access. As long as the owner does not clear -the land, disturbance to the site will be minimized. A site already in a -cultivated field probably will not suffer significantly from continued -plowing at the same depth. Although initial plowing altered artifact -relationships in the plow zone, the materials beneath remain well -protected. - -A landowner who is interested in protecting a site may want to have it -recognized by placing it on the Registry of State Cultural Resource -Landmarks. The Registry is established as an authoritative guide to the -state’s most important archaeological sites. Once a site is placed on -the Registry, there is an agreement between the owner and the State of -Louisiana to help protect it. This process ensures that important sites -will be recognized, preserved, and protected to the maximum extent -possible. - - [Illustration: The site in this soybean field has already been - disturbed, but probably will not suffer significantly if plowing is - continued at the same depth.] - - [Illustration: Landowners who finance excavations can receive - substantial tax benefits.] - -A landowner who is unable to protect a site because of plans to plow -deeper, cultivate an unplowed area, or do construction, should alert the -Division of Archaeology. If he gives enough advance warning, an -archaeologist may be able to evaluate the site before the changes begin. - -Recently, the tax advantages available to site owners have been -clarified. One landowner paid half of the excavation cost at a site on -his land and claimed his cost as a tax deduction. Later, he donated the -artifacts from the site and also deducted their worth, equivalent to the -entire cost of the excavation. - -Federal tax incentives also apply to the gift of an important -archaeological site to a governmental or nonprofit organization. This -donation can be either an outright gift or an easement (in which the -owner gives up certain control of the land, but retains ownership). In -either case, the transaction qualifies as a charitable contribution for -federal income tax, estate tax, and gift tax purposes. - - - - - YOU CAN HELP - - -Most archaeological sites are first discovered not by professional -archaeologists, but by ordinary people who live or work near the sites. -Usually these people do not know how to report a site to the proper -authorities. If you find a site, you can help protect Louisiana’s -heritage by letting archaeologists know about it. The Division of -Archaeology has prepared a form especially for you to use, and one is in -the center of this booklet. - - [Illustration: The first step in recording a site is plotting its - location on a U.S.G.S. topographic quad or other accurate map.] - -You should fill out the form as completely as possible, without -attempting to dig in the site. Mark its location on a map, and -photograph the site area. Try to draw the artifacts you see; you don’t -need to be an artist, just trace around them on a piece of paper and -sketch in any designs. If you find artifacts in a protected area where -they are not being disturbed, it is best not to collect them; they may -tell an archaeologist a great deal if they are left in place. If, -however, you do collect something from the site, be sure to store it -carefully with information about exactly where you found it. - -Please mail the form, map, photographs, and drawings to the Division of -Archaeology. Your information will be carefully reviewed, and added to -the permanent file stored in Baton Rouge. A staff archaeologist will -write a letter, telling you if the site has been assigned an official -state number, and possibly asking for more information. By reporting a -site, you will be helping to record the history of the state. - -If you want to learn more about Louisiana archaeology, you can enroll in -a class at a local university, visit museums, read archaeology books, or -tour one of the state archaeological commemorative areas. - -You may also want to join the Louisiana Archaeological Society (LAS). -The Society’s chapters throughout the state have monthly meetings with -programs discussing local and state-wide archaeology. The LAS publishes -a quarterly newsletter with information about current research, and an -annual bulletin with in-depth reports. Often the LAS chapters also are -involved in archaeological survey or excavation. The organization’s -members are both professional and avocational archaeologists who come -together to advance Louisiana archaeology. - -You will also find other opportunities to help protect Louisiana’s -heritage throughout the year. You can encourage your elected officials -to support legislation protecting sites. You can help friends record and -preserve sites on their land. Most importantly, you can explain to -others the importance of archaeological sites, and the reasons for -preserving them. By doing these things, you will be working with -concerned people throughout the state to preserve Louisiana’s legacy for -the future. - - - - - Your Name ______________________________ - - Your Address - ______________________________ - ______________________________ - - Your Telephone Number ______________________________ - - Date ______________________________ - - Additional Comments: - ______________________________ - ______________________________ - ______________________________ - ______________________________ - - - - - Please mail this to: - - Division of Archaeology - P. O. Box 44247 - Baton Rouge, LA 70804 - - Site Name ______________________________ - Parish ______________________________ - - Instructions for Reaching Site from Nearest Major Road - ______________________________ - ______________________________ - - Owner’s Name ______________________________ - Owner’s Address - ______________________________ - ______________________________ - - Tenant’s Name ______________________________ - Tenant’s Address - ______________________________ - ______________________________ - - Characteristics of Site: - [_] mound(s), - [_] scatter of artifacts, - [_] shell heap(s), - [_] old building(s), - [_] other ______________________________ - - General Site Description - ______________________________ - - Site Size ______________________________ - - Kinds of Artifacts: - [_] projectile points (arrowheads), - [_] stone chips, - [_] Indian pottery pieces, - [_] bones, - [_] shells, - [_] beads, - [_] pieces of old dishes, - [_] old bottles, - [_] other ______________________________ - - Estimated Number of Artifacts ______________________________ - - Present Use of Land ______________________________ - - Type of Erosion, Development, or Other Site Disturbance - ______________________________ - ______________________________ - - People Who Have Collections from the Site: - - Name ______________________________ - Address - ______________________________ - - Name ______________________________ - Address - ______________________________ - - - - -IF POSSIBLE, PLEASE ACCOMPANY THIS FORM WITH A ROAD MAP WITH THE SITE -MARKED, PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE SITE, AND SKETCHES OF REPRESENTATIVE -ARTIFACTS. - - - - - Anthropological Study Series - - - No. 1 On the Tunica Trail - by Jeffrey P. Brain - - No. 2 The Caddo Indians of Louisiana, second edition - by Clarence H. Webb & Hiram F. Gregory - - No. 3 The Role of Salt in Eastern North American Prehistory - by Ian Brown - - No. 4 El Nuevo Constante - by Charles E. Pearson, et al. - - No. 5 Preserving Louisiana’s Legacy - by Nancy W. Hawkins - - No. 6 Louisiana Prehistory - by Robert W. Neuman & Nancy W. Hawkins - - No. 7 Poverty Point - by Jon L. Gibson - - No. 8 Bailey’s Dam - by Steven D. Smith and George J. Castille III - - These publications can be obtained by writing: - - Division of Archaeology - P. O. Box 44247 - Baton Rouge, LA 70804 - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - -—Silently corrected a few typos. - -—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is a government public document, and can be freely copied and - distributed. - -—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - - - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's Preserving Louisiana's Legacy, by Nancy W. 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text-indent:0em; text-align:justify; } -span.attr { font-size:80%; font-family:sans-serif; } -span.pn { display:inline-block; width:4.7em; text-align:left; margin-left:0; text-indent:0; } -</style> -</head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -Project Gutenberg's Preserving Louisiana's Legacy, by Nancy W. Dawkins - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll -have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using -this ebook. - - - -Title: Preserving Louisiana's Legacy - Everyone Can Help - -Author: Nancy W. Dawkins - -Release Date: May 26, 2020 [EBook #62235] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PRESERVING LOUISIANA'S LEGACY *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - -</pre> - -<div id="cover" class="img"> -<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Preserving Louisiana’s Legacy: Everyone Can Help" width="500" height="769" /> -</div> -<p class="center"><b>Department of Culture, Recreation and Tourism -<br />Louisiana Archaeological Survey and Antiquities Commission -<br />Anthropological Study No. 5</b></p> -<h1>PRESERVING LOUISIANA’S LEGACY</h1> -<div class="img" id="fig1"> -<img src="images/p00.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="433" /> -<p class="pcap">A preserved Indian mound in Pointe Coupee Parish -is surrounded by pasture and covered with vegetation.</p> -</div> -<p class="center"><b>April 1982 -<br />Baton Rouge, Louisiana</b></p> -<hr class="dwide" /> -<h2><span class="small">STATE OF LOUISIANA</span></h2> -<p class="center">David C. Treen -<br /><i>Governor</i></p> -<p class="center"><b>DEPARTMENT OF CULTURE, RECREATION AND TOURISM</b></p> -<p class="center">Mrs. Lawrence H. Fox -<br /><i>Secretary</i></p> -<p class="center"><b>ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY AND ANTIQUITIES COMMISSION</b></p> -<p class="center"><i>Ex-Officio Members</i></p> -<table class="center" summary=""> -<tr><td class="l">Dr. Kathleen M. Byrd </td><td class="r"><i>State Archaeologist</i></td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Mr. Robert B. DeBlieux </td><td class="r"><i>Assistant Secretary</i>, Office of Program Development</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Mr. Frank P. Simoneaux </td><td class="r"><i>Secretary</i>, Department of Natural Resources</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Mr. Linton Ardoin </td><td class="r"><i>Secretary</i>, Department of Urban and Community Affairs</td></tr> -</table> -<p class="center"><i>Appointed Members</i></p> -<p class="center">Mr. William Baker -<br />Mr. Fred Benton, Jr. -<br />Mr. Brian Duhe -<br />Dr. Lorraine Heartfield -<br />Mr. Robert W. Neuman -<br />Mrs. Lanier Simmons -<br />Dr. Clarence H. Webb</p> -<div class="box"> -<p>This public document was published at an annual cost of $.30 per copy by Division of Administration, -Administrative Services, P.O. Box 44095, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70804 to make -available to the citizens of Louisiana through publication information about prehistoric and -historic archaeology under authority of La. R.S. 41:1601-1613. This material was printed in -accordance with the standards for printing by state agencies established pursuant to RS. -43:31.</p> -</div> -<h1 title="">PRESERVING LOUISIANA’S LEGACY: -<br />Everyone Can Help</h1> -<p class="center"><b>Nancy W. Hawkins</b> -<br />Division of Archaeology</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_i">i</div> -<h2 id="c1"><span class="small">Editor’s Note</span></h2> -<p>Louisiana’s cultural heritage dates back to approximately 10,000 B.C. -when Paleo-Indian hunters entered the region in search of Pleistocene big -game. Since that time, many other groups have settled in the area. Each -of these groups has left evidence of its presence in the archaeological -record. The Anthropological Study series published by the Department of -Culture, Recreation & Tourism provides a readable account of various -activities of these cultural groups.</p> -<p>Nancy Hawkins, outreach coordinator for the Division of Archaeology, -is the author of <i>Preserving Louisiana’s Legacy</i>, the fifth volume in -the Anthropological Study series. This volume departs somewhat from the -previous ones in the series in that it does not describe a particular group of -people or archaeological sites. Rather it addresses archaeological preservation -as a whole. In this volume Ms. Hawkins explains in general terms -how an archaeologist studies the past, what factors affect the preservation -of archaeological remains, and how government, industry, business, landowners, -and other groups and individuals can contribute to the preservation -of Louisiana’s archaeological heritage.</p> -<p>We are pleased to be able to make <i>Preserving Louisiana’s Legacy</i> -available and trust that the reader will enjoy this volume.</p> -<p><span class="lr">Kathleen Byrd</span> -<span class="lr"><i>State Archaeologist</i></span></p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_ii">ii</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p01.jpg" alt="Letter" width="543" height="800" /> -</div> -<p class="center"><span class="ss"><span class="smaller">STATE OF LOUISIANA</span> -<br /><span class="small">DEPARTMENT OF CULTURE, RECREATION AND TOURISM</span> -<br />OFFICE OF PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT</span></p> -<p class="center"><span class="ss"><span class="smaller">DAVID C. TREEN -<br />Governor Assistant -<br />ROBERT B. DeBLIEUX -<br />Secretary -<br />MRS. LAWRENCE H. FOX -<br />Secretary</span></span></p> -<pre class="small"> -April 20, 1982 -</pre> -<pre> -CITIZENS OF LOUISIANA -</pre> -<pre class="small"> -As Louisiana’s State Historic Preservation Officer, I am pleased to introduce -<span class="u">Preserving Louisiana’s Legacy</span>, the fifth volume in the Anthropological -Study series of the Department of Culture, Recreation & Tourism and the -Louisiana Archaeological Survey & Antiquities Commission. -</pre> -<pre class="small"> -Through my work first in private business and more recently in local and -state government, I have become increasingly impressed with the diversity -and uniqueness of Louisiana’s archaeological remains. There is no question -that many of these archaeological sites should be preserved for the future. -They are Louisiana’s past. -</pre> -<pre class="small"> -Louisiana has some of the most important sites in the United States. In -fact, one prehistoric archaeological site, Poverty Point in West Carroll -Parish, has been suggested for nomination to the World Heritage List. -This program, in which 45 nations participate, recognizes areas of outstanding -universal value to mankind. -</pre> -<pre class="small"> -I am proud to live in a state with such a rich archaeological heritage, -and I hope that it can be protected for future generations. However, no -one individual or group working alone can preserve Louisiana’s legacy. -Only through the concerted efforts of government, industry, business, and -individuals can this be accomplished. This volume suggests what you can -do to preserve Louisiana’s archaeological sites. I hope you enjoy this -booklet. -</pre> -<pre class="small"> -Sincerely, -</pre> -<p><b><i>Rob DeBlieux</i></b></p> -<pre class="small"> -ROBERT B. DEBLIEUX -STATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION OFFICER -</pre> -<p class="center smaller ss">P. O. Box 44247<span class="hst"> Baton Rouge, La. 70804</span><span class="hst"> 504-342-6682</span></p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_iii">iii</div> -<h2 id="c2"><span class="small">ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS</span></h2> -<p>Illustrations for this booklet have been generously contributed by -several people. Robert Neuman, Louisiana State University, provided -photographs of Monk’s Mound (<a href="#cover">cover</a>), a projectile point (<a href="#Page_1">p. 1</a>), a vessel -from the Clarence H. Webb Collection (<a href="#Page_2">p. 2</a>), a shell midden (<a href="#Page_2">p. 2</a>), and of -excavation pits (<a href="#Page_15">p. 15</a>). Debbie Woodiel, State Parks, gave permission to -use an illustration from her thesis (<a href="#Page_5">p. 5</a>). The American Museum of Natural -History permitted reproduction of the Poverty Point site map (<a href="#Page_1">p. 1</a>), -and New Orleans East provided the illustration on <a href="#Page_13">page 13</a>. All other -photographs are from the files at the Division of Archaeology, and have -been taken by staff archaeologists through the years.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_1">1</div> -<h2 id="c3"><span class="small">ARCHAEOLOGY IN LOUISIANA</span></h2> -<p>People lived in Louisiana thousands of years before the first Europeans -sailed to the New World. Because of archaeology, the history of -even these early Indians is now being described and understood. All -people leave traces of their activities wherever they cook, build houses, -hold religious ceremonies, make tools, or dump their trash. If these traces -are undisturbed, archaeologists can use them to determine who left them, -when they were left, and what activities were associated with them. -These are a few of the things archaeologists have learned about Louisiana:</p> -<div class="img" id="fig2"> -<img src="images/p02.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="337" /> -<p class="pcap">Although many people refer to -all stone points as arrowheads, Indians -actually made projectile points -for over 10,000 years before they -ever used one on an arrow. The point -pictured here would have been used -on a spear and could have killed a -prehistoric elephant, called a mastodon.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig3"> -<img src="images/p02a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="485" /> -<p class="pcap">In northeastern Louisiana by -1000 B.C., Indians had built rows of -earthen ridges three-quarters of a -mile across. As far as we know, they -are the earliest earthworks of their -size in North America. Some archaeologists -think they were constructed -as an astronomical observatory because -two gaps in the ridges line up -with the winter and summer solstice -sunsets.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_2">2</div> -<div class="img" id="fig4"> -<img src="images/p03.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="491" /> -<p class="pcap">Contrary to present day practice, -prehistoric Louisianians preferred -marsh clams over crawfish -and crabs. They ate so many clams -that large piles of shells can still be -found in the marshes. Over time, the -shells have become compressed, and -now some piles are almost rock hard.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig5"> -<img src="images/p03a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="504" /> -<p class="pcap">Indians in Louisiana made beautiful -and elaborate pottery without -ever using a potter’s wheel. This delicate -water bottle was made in -northwestern Louisiana about A.D. -1400.</p> -</div> -<div class="img" id="fig6"> -<img src="images/p03b.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="533" /> -<p class="pcap">European missionaries and -explorers who traveled in Louisiana -in the 1600s and 1700s depended on -experienced Indian traders to supply -them with food, animal skins, salt, -and horses. In exchange, Europeans -gave the Indians beads, crucifixes, -guns, metal pots, knives, and bells -like these.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_3">3</div> -<h2 id="c4"><span class="small">HOW AN ARCHAEOLOGIST STUDIES THE PAST</span></h2> -<p>Although an archaeologist can gain some information from artifacts -that have been removed from a site, much more information can be -gleaned through careful survey and excavation. During a survey, the -archaeologist examines artifacts remaining on the ground and records -large concentrations as sites. The archaeologist evaluates each site’s size -and age, and determines how it contributes to an overall understanding of -Louisiana’s past.</p> -<p>No two sites exactly duplicate each other, but some are more unusual -than others. Some provide new or important information linking a group -of people with a certain location or activity for the first time. This means -that sometimes a small site, without elaborate or especially beautiful artifacts, -may be more important to the understanding of the past than -another site that is larger. An archaeologist who records an important site -will recommend protection or excavation for it.</p> -<p>The archaeologist will evaluate threats to the site to determine the -possibility of preserving the site intact. Some sites must be protected to -insure that future generations can see unexcavated sites, and so that -future archaeologists with improved techniques will have sites left to -study. Even if an archaeologist excavates a site, he or she will usually -leave parts of it untouched.</p> -<p>Archaeological excavation of a site is meticulous in order to preserve -every piece of information. The archaeologist photographs and draws soil -changes and artifacts as they are uncovered. This provides a permanent -record of the relationships of materials to each other and to other parts of -the site. Samples of charcoal, soil, bones, and decayed plants are collected -for laboratory analysis.</p> -<p>Long months of study and interpretation follow excavations as the -archaeologist and technicians piece together the many bits of information. -Laboratory analysis may indicate what people ate, what plants were -growing around the site, and perhaps even the date the site was used. -Study of the artifacts may tell how the site was used, who used it, and -whether they were trading with other groups.</p> -<p>Relationships of the remains show what parts of the site were used -for butchering game, cooking food, making tools, gardening, building -houses, burying the dead, and conducting ceremonial activities. Artifact -<span class="pb" id="Page_4">4</span> -relationships may tell whether men and women worked in different areas, -and whether the site was used repeatedly through the years. An archaeologist -may even be able to discover very detailed information like -whether the people cooked their fish whole or in fillets, what strains of -corn they grew, and what kind of wood they used to build their houses. -This detailed understanding can result only from careful study of a well-preserved -site.</p> -<p>The archaeological sites of Louisiana span the time from the arrival of -the earliest inhabitants, approximately 12,000 years ago, to the 20th century. -These sites are as important in understanding Louisiana’s past as -original journals from early explorers. Each is a unique description of the -land and people from years past. Just as a journal with all its pages tells -more than a single page out of context, a complete site tells many times -more than artifacts on a shelf or a site half-destroyed by modern-day -construction activities.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig7"> -<img src="images/p04.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="513" /> -<p class="pcap">Excavation of a mound site in Iberville Parish was meticulous in order to record the -relationships of materials and to collect remains for laboratory analysis (above). Archaeologists -were able to determine that under the mound was a circular house built of -cypress and ash poles that were covered with thatch (right). Inside were interior support -posts and wooden furniture such as beds or racks, as well as a central fire hearth and four -smaller fire pits. Honey locust seeds, persimmon seeds and bones from four kinds of fish -indicate some of the things these prehistoric people ate. Radiocarbon dates show that the -structure was being used at A. D. 1000.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_5">5</div> -<p>Everyone in Louisiana has the right to know about the state’s legacy. -The complete history of Louisiana can be recorded only through careful, -detailed excavation by individuals especially trained in archaeological -techniques. If a site is destroyed before it can be evaluated, that information -is lost forever; it is irreplaceable. Unfortunately, sites are destroyed -every day in Louisiana, both accidentally and intentionally.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig8"> -<img src="images/p04a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="660" /> -<p class="pcap"><span class="ssn">16 lv 128 -<br />PLAN VIEW OF FEATURE THREE, LEVEL FOUR</span></p> -</div> -<dl class="undent pcap"><dt>Wall Trench</dt> -<dt>Embankment</dt> -<dt>Ramp</dt> -<dt>Post</dt> -<dt>Fire Hearth</dt></dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_6">6</div> -<h2 id="c5"><span class="small">MAJOR IMPACTS ON SITE PRESERVATION</span></h2> -<p>Throughout history, the traces of people who lived before have been -altered by those who followed. Even when Indians camped in places -where their ancestors had camped, they destroyed a piece of the record of -their past. In contrast with this age-old pattern of minor alterations, -however, is the potentially devastating impact of modern-day technology. -In Louisiana today, major types of land modification include energy exploration -and development, timber cutting, agriculture, urban expansion, -waterway modification, and transportation network construction. These -are all likely to disturb archaeological sites if they are conducted without -care.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig9"> -<img src="images/p05.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="807" /> -<p class="pcap">Heavy machinery can destroy a site in minutes.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_7">7</div> -<p>The country’s need for oil, gas, coal, and timber has accelerated the -search for these products in the past decade. As exploration crews cut -roads into otherwise inaccessible areas, previously undetected sites are -exposed and disturbed. When heavy machinery is brought in to begin -logging, drilling, or mining, sites can be gouged or crushed in a few seconds. -Unless the crews are alert, fragile archaeological sites are destroyed -before they are even recorded. In Louisiana’s coastal areas, oil and gas -production has also affected sites. Pipelines are often laid through piles of -shells because they are more stable than the surrounding land. Unfortunately, -a great many of these piles are man-made; they are actually archaeological -sites.</p> -<p>Mechanized agriculture affects sites when plows turn up artifacts, -jumbling the materials. Whenever an area is cultivated for the first time, -sites may be found. In Louisiana, previously undisturbed areas within the -river valleys are now being cleared for large-scale agriculture. Many -buried prehistoric sites along old river channels could be destroyed. Sites -in cultivated fields may be damaged further if they are plowed more -deeply than in the past. Modern subsoilers can cut three feet into the -ground, disturbing even deeply buried materials.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig10"> -<img src="images/p06.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="484" /> -<p class="pcap">This gas pipeline in southeastern Louisiana’s marsh was laid directly through an archaeological -site.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_8">8</div> -<p>Farmers often regard Indian mounds as troublesome when they occur -in areas otherwise ideal for plowing. If farmers do not recognize the value -of these mounds, they may have them removed. For example, a man in -Madison Parish sold the dirt from a large Indian mound on his land for -road fill. The ancient monument was removed so the land could be planted -with soybeans.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig11"> -<img src="images/p07.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="565" /> -<p class="pcap">Dirt from this mound in Madison Parish was used for a road foundation ...</p> -</div> -<p>Population growth in Louisiana has led to rapidly expanding cities -and extended transportation networks. Modern cities are often in the -same places that Indians and early Europeans built their settlements, so -city growth is almost certain to disturb archaeological sites. As early as -the turn of the century, archaeologists were charting the destruction of a -mound group in eastern Louisiana. A city was growing up around one of -the largest groups of mounds in the Southeastern United States. In 1931, -an archaeologist wrote about the leveling of one of the mounds, a square -multi-stage one, 80 feet tall and 180 feet on each side. The dirt was used to -build the approach ramps for a bridge. Today, part of only one mound -remains, protected because of the recent cemetery on top.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_9">9</div> -<div class="img" id="fig12"> -<img src="images/p07a.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="563" /> -<p class="pcap">leaving behind only a few clumps of trees.</p> -</div> -<p>The destruction mentioned above has resulted from a lack of understanding -of the importance of these sites. It has taken Louisianians a -long time to realize the uniqueness and richness of their state’s cultural -heritage. While many people are now joining in the efforts to conserve the -remaining sites, a few continue to willfully destroy them.</p> -<p>Some individuals dig into sites in order to find artifacts that can be -sold to antiquity dealers. These looters have demolished entire Indian -villages, stealing the story of those sites from all Louisianians. Even if the -artifacts are eventually turned over to an archaeologist, most of the information -has been obliterated. Lost are the records of where the artifacts -originally came from, the relationships of the artifacts to each other, the -samples of materials for laboratory analysis, and usually the ordinary or -broken artifacts that tell the archaeologist much, but sell for little.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_10">10</div> -<div class="img" id="fig13"> -<img src="images/p08.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="510" /> -<p class="pcap">Looters at this archaeological site found artifacts, but destroyed all the other information -archaeologists could have used to interpret the site.</p> -</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p08a.jpg" alt="Damaged site" width="800" height="515" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_11">11</div> -<h2 id="c6"><span class="small">GOVERNMENT HELPS</span></h2> -<p>Although countless sites have been destroyed in Louisiana, many -other sites have been saved by concerned individuals, companies, and -organizations.</p> -<p>Our legislators have been interested enough in Louisiana’s heritage to -draft laws that help protect sites. Without a permit, it is now illegal to dig -into, alter, or take anything from a site on state or federal land. Recent -legislation calls for strict fines or jail sentences for people collecting materials -from federal lands.</p> -<p>Our laws also help protect sites from those land alteration projects -that in the past destroyed so many sites. The locations of proposed projects -are now checked against archaeological records to be sure that no -known sites will be affected. If the project is a large one, or if the area -appears likely to have sites, an archaeological investigation will be recommended -to determine whether sites are in the area.</p> -<p>Because of this process, approximately 400 previously undocumented -sites are now recorded and evaluated by archaeologists in Louisiana each -year. This has resulted in a more complete record of Louisiana’s archaeological -sites and a decrease in the rate of site destruction by industry. -It has also encouraged developers to think about the care of our past -early in the planning stages of their projects.</p> -<p>Both federal and state governments protect archaeological sites as -parks that the public can visit. In Louisiana, the National Park Service -has included the Big Oak Island site near New Orleans as part of Jean -Lafitte National Historical Park. This site dates from the time of Christ -and was seasonally used for shellfish collecting and processing. The Louisiana -Office of State Parks also maintains two prehistoric archaeological -sites that are open to the public and that have interpretive museums. One -is Poverty Point Commemorative Area where the state’s largest prehistoric -earthworks were built 3,000 years ago, and the other is Marksville -State Commemorative Area where Indians built mounds approximately -2,000 years ago. Archaeological investigations have also been conducted at -many of the commemorative areas associated with 18th, 19th, and 20th -century history. These parks give people a chance to learn more about -archaeology and how it contributes to an understanding of our state’s past.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_12">12</div> -<h2 id="c7"><span class="small">BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY HELP</span></h2> -<p>Businesses and industries are most likely to deal with archaeological -sites when they plan projects on publicly-owned lands or when projects -require permits. Many developers are sensitive to the need for preservation -of important sites and plan ahead for evaluation of the project’s impact -on these. Businesses and industries whose projects will affect sites -are proving to be creative in their responses. Sometimes, a minor change, -like moving a road 25 feet to one side, may prevent a site from being -destroyed.</p> -<p>Businesses also participate in archaeology because of curiosity about -sites on their land. Some have provided food and lodging for excavators or -have given grants to archaeologists to fund field and lab work. After -analysis is completed, these companies have either donated artifacts to a -museum or have developed small displays for their employees.</p> -<p>Companies are discovering that becoming involved with archaeology -can have tax advantages. If a company donates land with a site on it to a -nonprofit or governmental organization, the donation can be claimed as a -tax deduction. A company also can receive a tax benefit by sponsoring -excavation of a site either on or off its property. One southern Louisiana -company funded 25% of the cost of an excavation and counted that as a tax -deduction. The company owned the land with the site, so by donating the -artifacts, it also could claim their worth as a tax deduction.</p> -<p>A New Orleans development corporation planned a massive project -with an extremely important site in mind. The company leased land with a -site on it to the Jean Lafitte National Historical Park for $1.00 a year. -Rather than viewing the site as a liability, however, the company saw it as -an asset. Through the lease of the site, the corporation generated positive -community feelings, protected a part of our cultural heritage, and enhanced -the value of the surrounding property. The benefits to the community -and to the corporation will continue into the future.</p> -<p>A Baton Rouge company also was able to use archaeology in public -relations. It developed an outstanding display about prehistoric Louisiana -for the lobby of its main building. The exhibit attracts visitors and promotes -interest not only in archaeology, but also in the company’s services.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_13">13</div> -<div class="img" id="fig14"> -<img src="images/p09.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="735" /> -<p class="pcap">One New Orleans developer is protecting a major site and is advertising its decision.</p> -</div> -<div class="box"> -<p class="center"><span class="ss">IN BUILDING -<br />NEW ORLEANS EAST, -<br />SOME THINGS ARE MORE SACRED -<br />THAN THE ALMIGHTY DOLLAR.</span></p> -<p>Once, New Orleans was rich in hidden archeological treasures. -Over 600 prehistoric sites were buried throughout the -city, but almost all of them have been destroyed in the name of -progress. One of the most valuable sites, however, has miraculously -survived the city’s development: a prehistoric village -of the Tchefuncte Indian Tribe, dating back to 500 BC. It’s called -Big Oak Island and it’s located in New Orleans East.</p> -<p>In order to preserve this part of our city’s heritage, New -Orleans East has leased this 12-acre site, right in the heart of -our community, to the Jean Lafitte National Historical Park. -The cost: one dollar a year.</p> -<p>Donating this valuable piece of land to the Park Service is -just one example of what makes us different from other developers. -Throughout New Orleans East, we’re leaving additional -areas untouched as well, so that in the future, residents here -will have trees to enjoy, birds to watch, and parks to play in. -We’re doing all this because we want New Orleans East to be a -community that everyone in New Orleans can be proud of.</p> -<p>Building a community with this kind of concern for the environment -may not be the most profitable development plan, but, -like the treasures of Oak Island, it may very well be priceless in -the years to come.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_14">14</div> -<h2 id="c8"><span class="small">PRIVATE LANDOWNERS HELP</span></h2> -<p>People who have archaeological sites on their land have many ways of -protecting the sites. A site covered by natural vegetation usually is -camouflaged and has limited access. As long as the owner does not clear -the land, disturbance to the site will be minimized. A site already in a -cultivated field probably will not suffer significantly from continued plowing -at the same depth. Although initial plowing altered artifact relationships -in the plow zone, the materials beneath remain well protected.</p> -<p>A landowner who is interested in protecting a site may want to have it -recognized by placing it on the Registry of State Cultural Resource -Landmarks. The Registry is established as an authoritative guide to the -state’s most important archaeological sites. Once a site is placed on the -Registry, there is an agreement between the owner and the State of -Louisiana to help protect it. This process ensures that important sites will -be recognized, preserved, and protected to the maximum extent possible.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig15"> -<img src="images/p10.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="561" /> -<p class="pcap">The site in this soybean field has already been disturbed, but probably will not suffer -significantly if plowing is continued at the same depth.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_15">15</div> -<div class="img" id="fig16"> -<img src="images/p10a.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="611" /> -<p class="pcap">Landowners who finance excavations can receive substantial tax benefits.</p> -</div> -<p>A landowner who is unable to protect a site because of plans to plow -deeper, cultivate an unplowed area, or do construction, should alert the -Division of Archaeology. If he gives enough advance warning, an archaeologist -may be able to evaluate the site before the changes begin.</p> -<p>Recently, the tax advantages available to site owners have been -clarified. One landowner paid half of the excavation cost at a site on his -land and claimed his cost as a tax deduction. Later, he donated the artifacts -from the site and also deducted their worth, equivalent to the -entire cost of the excavation.</p> -<p>Federal tax incentives also apply to the gift of an important archaeological -site to a governmental or nonprofit organization. This donation -can be either an outright gift or an easement (in which the owner -gives up certain control of the land, but retains ownership). In either case, -the transaction qualifies as a charitable contribution for federal income -tax, estate tax, and gift tax purposes.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_16">16</div> -<h2 id="c9"><span class="small">YOU CAN HELP</span></h2> -<p>Most archaeological sites are first discovered not by professional archaeologists, -but by ordinary people who live or work near the sites. -Usually these people do not know how to report a site to the proper -authorities. If you find a site, you can help protect Louisiana’s heritage by -letting archaeologists know about it. The Division of Archaeology has -prepared a form especially for you to use, and one is in the center of this -booklet.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig17"> -<img src="images/p11.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="700" /> -<p class="pcap">The first step in recording a site is plotting its location on a U.S.G.S. topographic quad or -other accurate map.</p> -</div> -<p>You should fill out the form as completely as possible, without attempting -to dig in the site. Mark its location on a map, and photograph the -<span class="pb" id="Page_17">17</span> -site area. Try to draw the artifacts you see; you don’t need to be an artist, -just trace around them on a piece of paper and sketch in any designs. If -you find artifacts in a protected area where they are not being disturbed, -it is best not to collect them; they may tell an archaeologist a great deal if -they are left in place. If, however, you do collect something from the site, -be sure to store it carefully with information about exactly where you -found it.</p> -<p>Please mail the form, map, photographs, and drawings to the Division -of Archaeology. Your information will be carefully reviewed, and added to -the permanent file stored in Baton Rouge. A staff archaeologist will write -a letter, telling you if the site has been assigned an official state number, -and possibly asking for more information. By reporting a site, you will be -helping to record the history of the state.</p> -<p>If you want to learn more about Louisiana archaeology, you can enroll -in a class at a local university, visit museums, read archaeology books, or -tour one of the state archaeological commemorative areas.</p> -<p>You may also want to join the Louisiana Archaeological Society -(LAS). The Society’s chapters throughout the state have monthly meetings -with programs discussing local and state-wide archaeology. The LAS -publishes a quarterly newsletter with information about current research, -and an annual bulletin with in-depth reports. Often the LAS chapters also -are involved in archaeological survey or excavation. The organization’s -members are both professional and avocational archaeologists who come -together to advance Louisiana archaeology.</p> -<p>You will also find other opportunities to help protect Louisiana’s -heritage throughout the year. You can encourage your elected officials to -support legislation protecting sites. You can help friends record and preserve -sites on their land. Most importantly, you can explain to others the -importance of archaeological sites, and the reasons for preserving them. By -doing these things, you will be working with concerned people throughout -the state to preserve Louisiana’s legacy for the future.</p> -<div class="box"> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">Your Name <input name="input1" size="30" maxlength="30" /></p> -</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">Your Address</p> -<p class="t0"><input name="input2" size="65" maxlength="65" /></p> -<p class="t0"><input name="input3" size="65" maxlength="65" /></p> -</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">Your Telephone Number <input name="input4" size="12" maxlength="12" /></p> -</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">Date <input name="input5" size="12" maxlength="12" /></p> -</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">Additional Comments:</p> -<p class="t0"><input name="input6" size="65" maxlength="65" /></p> -<p class="t0"><input name="input7" size="65" maxlength="65" /></p> -<p class="t0"><input name="input8" size="65" maxlength="65" /></p> -<p class="t0"><input name="input9" size="65" maxlength="65" /></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="box"> -<p class="center">Please mail this to:</p> -<p class="center">Division of Archaeology -<br />P. O. Box 44247 -<br />Baton Rouge, LA 70804</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">Site Name <input name="input10" size="40" maxlength="40" /></p> -<p class="t0">Parish <input name="input11" size="30" maxlength="30" /></p> -</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">Instructions for Reaching Site from Nearest Major Road</p> -<p class="t0"><input name="input12" size="65" maxlength="65" /></p> -<p class="t0"><input name="input13" size="65" maxlength="65" /></p> -</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">Owner’s Name <input name="input14" size="35" maxlength="35" /></p> -<p class="t0">Owner’s Address</p> -<p class="t0"><input name="input15" size="65" maxlength="65" /></p> -<p class="t0"><input name="input16" size="65" maxlength="65" /></p> -</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">Tenant’s Name <input name="input17" size="35" maxlength="35" /></p> -<p class="t0">Tenant’s Address</p> -<p class="t0"><input name="input18" size="65" maxlength="65" /></p> -<p class="t0"><input name="input19" size="65" maxlength="65" /></p> -</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">Characteristics of Site:</p> -<p class="t"><input class="x" name="input20" type="checkbox" /> mound(s),</p> -<p class="t"><input class="x" name="input21" type="checkbox" /> scatter of artifacts,</p> -<p class="t"><input class="x" name="input22" type="checkbox" /> shell heap(s),</p> -<p class="t"><input class="x" name="input23" type="checkbox" /> old building(s),</p> -<p class="t"><input class="x" name="input24" type="checkbox" /> other <input name="input25" size="40" maxlength="40" /></p> -</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">General Site Description</p> -<p class="t0"><input name="input26" size="65" maxlength="65" /></p> -</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">Site Size <input name="input27" size="40" maxlength="40" /></p> -</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">Kinds of Artifacts:</p> -<p class="t"><input class="x" name="input28" type="checkbox" /> projectile points (arrowheads),</p> -<p class="t"><input class="x" name="input29" type="checkbox" /> stone chips,</p> -<p class="t"><input class="x" name="input30" type="checkbox" /> Indian pottery pieces,</p> -<p class="t"><input class="x" name="input31" type="checkbox" /> bones,</p> -<p class="t"><input class="x" name="input32" type="checkbox" /> shells,</p> -<p class="t"><input class="x" name="input33" type="checkbox" /> beads,</p> -<p class="t"><input class="x" name="input34" type="checkbox" /> pieces of old dishes,</p> -<p class="t"><input class="x" name="input35" type="checkbox" /> old bottles,</p> -<p class="t"><input class="x" name="input36" type="checkbox" /> other <input name="input37" size="40" maxlength="40" /></p> -</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">Estimated Number of Artifacts <input name="input38" size="4" maxlength="4" /></p> -</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">Present Use of Land <input name="input39" size="40" maxlength="40" /></p> -</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">Type of Erosion, Development, or Other Site Disturbance</p> -<p class="t0"><input name="input40" size="65" maxlength="65" /></p> -<p class="t0"><input name="input41" size="65" maxlength="65" /></p> -</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">People Who Have Collections from the Site:</p> -</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">Name <input name="input42" size="35" maxlength="35" /></p> -<p class="t0">Address</p> -<p class="t0"><input name="input43" size="65" maxlength="65" /></p> -</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">Name <input name="input44" size="35" maxlength="35" /></p> -<p class="t0">Address</p> -<p class="t0"><input name="input45" size="65" maxlength="65" /></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="box"> -<p>IF POSSIBLE, PLEASE ACCOMPANY THIS FORM WITH A ROAD MAP WITH THE SITE -MARKED, PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE SITE, AND SKETCHES OF REPRESENTATIVE ARTIFACTS.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_22">22</div> -<h2 id="c10"><span class="small">Anthropological Study Series</span></h2> -<p class="center">No. 1 On the Tunica Trail -<br />by Jeffrey P. Brain</p> -<p class="center">No. 2 The Caddo Indians of Louisiana, second edition -<br />by Clarence H. Webb & Hiram F. Gregory</p> -<p class="center">No. 3 The Role of Salt in Eastern North American Prehistory -<br />by Ian Brown</p> -<p class="center">No. 4 El Nuevo Constante -<br />by Charles E. Pearson, et al.</p> -<p class="center">No. 5 Preserving Louisiana’s Legacy -<br />by Nancy W. Hawkins</p> -<p class="center">No. 6 Louisiana Prehistory -<br />by Robert W. Neuman & Nancy W. Hawkins</p> -<p class="center">No. 7 Poverty Point -<br />by Jon L. Gibson</p> -<p class="center">No. 8 Bailey’s Dam -<br />by Steven D. Smith and George J. Castille III</p> -<p class="center">These publications can be obtained by writing:</p> -<p class="center">Division of Archaeology -<br />P. O. Box 44247 -<br />Baton Rouge, LA 70804</p> -<h2>Transcriber’s Notes</h2> -<ul> -<li>Silently corrected a few typos.</li> -<li>Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is a government public document, and can be freely copied and distributed.</li> -<li>In the text versions only, text in <i>italics</i> is delimited by _underscores_.</li> -</ul> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's Preserving Louisiana's Legacy, by Nancy W. 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