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diff --git a/old/62235-0.txt b/old/62235-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index a46c88a..0000000 --- a/old/62235-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1180 +0,0 @@ -Project Gutenberg's Preserving Louisiana's Legacy, by Nancy W. Dawkins - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll -have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using -this ebook. - - - -Title: Preserving Louisiana's Legacy - Everyone Can Help - -Author: Nancy W. Dawkins - -Release Date: May 26, 2020 [EBook #62235] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PRESERVING LOUISIANA'S LEGACY *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - Department of Culture, Recreation and Tourism - Louisiana Archaeological Survey and Antiquities Commission - Anthropological Study No. 5 - - - - - PRESERVING LOUISIANA’S LEGACY - - - [Illustration: A preserved Indian mound in Pointe Coupee Parish is - surrounded by pasture and covered with vegetation.] - - April 1982 - Baton Rouge, Louisiana - - - - - STATE OF LOUISIANA - - - David C. Treen - _Governor_ - - DEPARTMENT OF CULTURE, RECREATION AND TOURISM - - Mrs. Lawrence H. Fox - _Secretary_ - - ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY AND ANTIQUITIES COMMISSION - - _Ex-Officio Members_ - - Dr. Kathleen M. Byrd _State Archaeologist_ - Mr. Robert B. DeBlieux _Assistant Secretary_, Office of Program - Development - Mr. Frank P. Simoneaux _Secretary_, Department of Natural Resources - Mr. Linton Ardoin _Secretary_, Department of Urban and Community - Affairs - - _Appointed Members_ - - Mr. William Baker - Mr. Fred Benton, Jr. - Mr. Brian Duhe - Dr. Lorraine Heartfield - Mr. Robert W. Neuman - Mrs. Lanier Simmons - Dr. Clarence H. Webb - - - - -This public document was published at an annual cost of $.30 per copy by -Division of Administration, Administrative Services, P.O. Box 44095, -Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70804 to make available to the citizens of -Louisiana through publication information about prehistoric and historic -archaeology under authority of La. R.S. 41:1601-1613. This material was -printed in accordance with the standards for printing by state agencies -established pursuant to RS. 43:31. - - - - - PRESERVING LOUISIANA’S LEGACY: - Everyone Can Help - - - Nancy W. Hawkins - Division of Archaeology - - - - - Editor’s Note - - -Louisiana’s cultural heritage dates back to approximately 10,000 B.C. -when Paleo-Indian hunters entered the region in search of Pleistocene -big game. Since that time, many other groups have settled in the area. -Each of these groups has left evidence of its presence in the -archaeological record. The Anthropological Study series published by the -Department of Culture, Recreation & Tourism provides a readable account -of various activities of these cultural groups. - -Nancy Hawkins, outreach coordinator for the Division of Archaeology, is -the author of _Preserving Louisiana’s Legacy_, the fifth volume in the -Anthropological Study series. This volume departs somewhat from the -previous ones in the series in that it does not describe a particular -group of people or archaeological sites. Rather it addresses -archaeological preservation as a whole. In this volume Ms. Hawkins -explains in general terms how an archaeologist studies the past, what -factors affect the preservation of archaeological remains, and how -government, industry, business, landowners, and other groups and -individuals can contribute to the preservation of Louisiana’s -archaeological heritage. - -We are pleased to be able to make _Preserving Louisiana’s Legacy_ -available and trust that the reader will enjoy this volume. - - Kathleen Byrd - _State Archaeologist_ - - [Illustration: Letter] - - STATE OF LOUISIANA - DEPARTMENT OF CULTURE, RECREATION AND TOURISM - OFFICE OF PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT - - DAVID C. TREEN - Governor Assistant - ROBERT B. DeBLIEUX - Secretary - MRS. LAWRENCE H. FOX - Secretary - -April 20, 1982 - -CITIZENS OF LOUISIANA - -As Louisiana’s State Historic Preservation Officer, I am pleased to introduce -Preserving Louisiana’s Legacy, the fifth volume in the Anthropological -Study series of the Department of Culture, Recreation & Tourism and the -Louisiana Archaeological Survey & Antiquities Commission. - -Through my work first in private business and more recently in local and -state government, I have become increasingly impressed with the diversity -and uniqueness of Louisiana’s archaeological remains. There is no question -that many of these archaeological sites should be preserved for the future. -They are Louisiana’s past. - -Louisiana has some of the most important sites in the United States. In -fact, one prehistoric archaeological site, Poverty Point in West Carroll -Parish, has been suggested for nomination to the World Heritage List. -This program, in which 45 nations participate, recognizes areas of outstanding -universal value to mankind. - -I am proud to live in a state with such a rich archaeological heritage, -and I hope that it can be protected for future generations. However, no -one individual or group working alone can preserve Louisiana’s legacy. -Only through the concerted efforts of government, industry, business, and -individuals can this be accomplished. This volume suggests what you can -do to preserve Louisiana’s archaeological sites. I hope you enjoy this -booklet. - -Sincerely, - -_Rob DeBlieux_ - -ROBERT B. DEBLIEUX -STATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION OFFICER - - P. O. Box 44247 Baton Rouge, La. 70804 504-342-6682 - - - - - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS - - -Illustrations for this booklet have been generously contributed by -several people. Robert Neuman, Louisiana State University, provided -photographs of Monk’s Mound (cover), a projectile point (p. 1), a vessel -from the Clarence H. Webb Collection (p. 2), a shell midden (p. 2), and -of excavation pits (p. 15). Debbie Woodiel, State Parks, gave permission -to use an illustration from her thesis (p. 5). The American Museum of -Natural History permitted reproduction of the Poverty Point site map (p. -1), and New Orleans East provided the illustration on page 13. All other -photographs are from the files at the Division of Archaeology, and have -been taken by staff archaeologists through the years. - - - - - ARCHAEOLOGY IN LOUISIANA - - -People lived in Louisiana thousands of years before the first Europeans -sailed to the New World. Because of archaeology, the history of even -these early Indians is now being described and understood. All people -leave traces of their activities wherever they cook, build houses, hold -religious ceremonies, make tools, or dump their trash. If these traces -are undisturbed, archaeologists can use them to determine who left them, -when they were left, and what activities were associated with them. -These are a few of the things archaeologists have learned about -Louisiana: - - [Illustration: Although many people refer to all stone points as - arrowheads, Indians actually made projectile points for over 10,000 - years before they ever used one on an arrow. The point pictured here - would have been used on a spear and could have killed a prehistoric - elephant, called a mastodon.] - - [Illustration: In northeastern Louisiana by 1000 B.C., Indians had - built rows of earthen ridges three-quarters of a mile across. As far - as we know, they are the earliest earthworks of their size in North - America. Some archaeologists think they were constructed as an - astronomical observatory because two gaps in the ridges line up with - the winter and summer solstice sunsets.] - - [Illustration: Contrary to present day practice, prehistoric - Louisianians preferred marsh clams over crawfish and crabs. They ate - so many clams that large piles of shells can still be found in the - marshes. Over time, the shells have become compressed, and now some - piles are almost rock hard.] - - [Illustration: Indians in Louisiana made beautiful and elaborate - pottery without ever using a potter’s wheel. This delicate water - bottle was made in northwestern Louisiana about A.D. 1400.] - - [Illustration: European missionaries and explorers who traveled in - Louisiana in the 1600s and 1700s depended on experienced Indian - traders to supply them with food, animal skins, salt, and horses. In - exchange, Europeans gave the Indians beads, crucifixes, guns, metal - pots, knives, and bells like these.] - - - - - HOW AN ARCHAEOLOGIST STUDIES THE PAST - - -Although an archaeologist can gain some information from artifacts that -have been removed from a site, much more information can be gleaned -through careful survey and excavation. During a survey, the -archaeologist examines artifacts remaining on the ground and records -large concentrations as sites. The archaeologist evaluates each site’s -size and age, and determines how it contributes to an overall -understanding of Louisiana’s past. - -No two sites exactly duplicate each other, but some are more unusual -than others. Some provide new or important information linking a group -of people with a certain location or activity for the first time. This -means that sometimes a small site, without elaborate or especially -beautiful artifacts, may be more important to the understanding of the -past than another site that is larger. An archaeologist who records an -important site will recommend protection or excavation for it. - -The archaeologist will evaluate threats to the site to determine the -possibility of preserving the site intact. Some sites must be protected -to insure that future generations can see unexcavated sites, and so that -future archaeologists with improved techniques will have sites left to -study. Even if an archaeologist excavates a site, he or she will usually -leave parts of it untouched. - -Archaeological excavation of a site is meticulous in order to preserve -every piece of information. The archaeologist photographs and draws soil -changes and artifacts as they are uncovered. This provides a permanent -record of the relationships of materials to each other and to other -parts of the site. Samples of charcoal, soil, bones, and decayed plants -are collected for laboratory analysis. - -Long months of study and interpretation follow excavations as the -archaeologist and technicians piece together the many bits of -information. Laboratory analysis may indicate what people ate, what -plants were growing around the site, and perhaps even the date the site -was used. Study of the artifacts may tell how the site was used, who -used it, and whether they were trading with other groups. - -Relationships of the remains show what parts of the site were used for -butchering game, cooking food, making tools, gardening, building houses, -burying the dead, and conducting ceremonial activities. Artifact -relationships may tell whether men and women worked in different areas, -and whether the site was used repeatedly through the years. An -archaeologist may even be able to discover very detailed information -like whether the people cooked their fish whole or in fillets, what -strains of corn they grew, and what kind of wood they used to build -their houses. This detailed understanding can result only from careful -study of a well-preserved site. - -The archaeological sites of Louisiana span the time from the arrival of -the earliest inhabitants, approximately 12,000 years ago, to the 20th -century. These sites are as important in understanding Louisiana’s past -as original journals from early explorers. Each is a unique description -of the land and people from years past. Just as a journal with all its -pages tells more than a single page out of context, a complete site -tells many times more than artifacts on a shelf or a site half-destroyed -by modern-day construction activities. - - [Illustration: Excavation of a mound site in Iberville Parish was - meticulous in order to record the relationships of materials and to - collect remains for laboratory analysis (above). Archaeologists were - able to determine that under the mound was a circular house built of - cypress and ash poles that were covered with thatch (right). Inside - were interior support posts and wooden furniture such as beds or - racks, as well as a central fire hearth and four smaller fire pits. - Honey locust seeds, persimmon seeds and bones from four kinds of - fish indicate some of the things these prehistoric people ate. - Radiocarbon dates show that the structure was being used at A. D. - 1000.] - -Everyone in Louisiana has the right to know about the state’s legacy. -The complete history of Louisiana can be recorded only through careful, -detailed excavation by individuals especially trained in archaeological -techniques. If a site is destroyed before it can be evaluated, that -information is lost forever; it is irreplaceable. Unfortunately, sites -are destroyed every day in Louisiana, both accidentally and -intentionally. - - [Illustration: 16 lv 128 - PLAN VIEW OF FEATURE THREE, LEVEL FOUR] - - Wall Trench - Embankment - Ramp - Post - Fire Hearth - - - - - MAJOR IMPACTS ON SITE PRESERVATION - - -Throughout history, the traces of people who lived before have been -altered by those who followed. Even when Indians camped in places where -their ancestors had camped, they destroyed a piece of the record of -their past. In contrast with this age-old pattern of minor alterations, -however, is the potentially devastating impact of modern-day technology. -In Louisiana today, major types of land modification include energy -exploration and development, timber cutting, agriculture, urban -expansion, waterway modification, and transportation network -construction. These are all likely to disturb archaeological sites if -they are conducted without care. - - [Illustration: Heavy machinery can destroy a site in minutes.] - -The country’s need for oil, gas, coal, and timber has accelerated the -search for these products in the past decade. As exploration crews cut -roads into otherwise inaccessible areas, previously undetected sites are -exposed and disturbed. When heavy machinery is brought in to begin -logging, drilling, or mining, sites can be gouged or crushed in a few -seconds. Unless the crews are alert, fragile archaeological sites are -destroyed before they are even recorded. In Louisiana’s coastal areas, -oil and gas production has also affected sites. Pipelines are often laid -through piles of shells because they are more stable than the -surrounding land. Unfortunately, a great many of these piles are -man-made; they are actually archaeological sites. - -Mechanized agriculture affects sites when plows turn up artifacts, -jumbling the materials. Whenever an area is cultivated for the first -time, sites may be found. In Louisiana, previously undisturbed areas -within the river valleys are now being cleared for large-scale -agriculture. Many buried prehistoric sites along old river channels -could be destroyed. Sites in cultivated fields may be damaged further if -they are plowed more deeply than in the past. Modern subsoilers can cut -three feet into the ground, disturbing even deeply buried materials. - - [Illustration: This gas pipeline in southeastern Louisiana’s marsh - was laid directly through an archaeological site.] - -Farmers often regard Indian mounds as troublesome when they occur in -areas otherwise ideal for plowing. If farmers do not recognize the value -of these mounds, they may have them removed. For example, a man in -Madison Parish sold the dirt from a large Indian mound on his land for -road fill. The ancient monument was removed so the land could be planted -with soybeans. - - [Illustration: Dirt from this mound in Madison Parish was used for a - road foundation ...] - -Population growth in Louisiana has led to rapidly expanding cities and -extended transportation networks. Modern cities are often in the same -places that Indians and early Europeans built their settlements, so city -growth is almost certain to disturb archaeological sites. As early as -the turn of the century, archaeologists were charting the destruction of -a mound group in eastern Louisiana. A city was growing up around one of -the largest groups of mounds in the Southeastern United States. In 1931, -an archaeologist wrote about the leveling of one of the mounds, a square -multi-stage one, 80 feet tall and 180 feet on each side. The dirt was -used to build the approach ramps for a bridge. Today, part of only one -mound remains, protected because of the recent cemetery on top. - - [Illustration: leaving behind only a few clumps of trees.] - -The destruction mentioned above has resulted from a lack of -understanding of the importance of these sites. It has taken -Louisianians a long time to realize the uniqueness and richness of their -state’s cultural heritage. While many people are now joining in the -efforts to conserve the remaining sites, a few continue to willfully -destroy them. - -Some individuals dig into sites in order to find artifacts that can be -sold to antiquity dealers. These looters have demolished entire Indian -villages, stealing the story of those sites from all Louisianians. Even -if the artifacts are eventually turned over to an archaeologist, most of -the information has been obliterated. Lost are the records of where the -artifacts originally came from, the relationships of the artifacts to -each other, the samples of materials for laboratory analysis, and -usually the ordinary or broken artifacts that tell the archaeologist -much, but sell for little. - - [Illustration: Looters at this archaeological site found artifacts, - but destroyed all the other information archaeologists could have - used to interpret the site.] - - [Illustration: Damaged site] - - - - - GOVERNMENT HELPS - - -Although countless sites have been destroyed in Louisiana, many other -sites have been saved by concerned individuals, companies, and -organizations. - -Our legislators have been interested enough in Louisiana’s heritage to -draft laws that help protect sites. Without a permit, it is now illegal -to dig into, alter, or take anything from a site on state or federal -land. Recent legislation calls for strict fines or jail sentences for -people collecting materials from federal lands. - -Our laws also help protect sites from those land alteration projects -that in the past destroyed so many sites. The locations of proposed -projects are now checked against archaeological records to be sure that -no known sites will be affected. If the project is a large one, or if -the area appears likely to have sites, an archaeological investigation -will be recommended to determine whether sites are in the area. - -Because of this process, approximately 400 previously undocumented sites -are now recorded and evaluated by archaeologists in Louisiana each year. -This has resulted in a more complete record of Louisiana’s -archaeological sites and a decrease in the rate of site destruction by -industry. It has also encouraged developers to think about the care of -our past early in the planning stages of their projects. - -Both federal and state governments protect archaeological sites as parks -that the public can visit. In Louisiana, the National Park Service has -included the Big Oak Island site near New Orleans as part of Jean -Lafitte National Historical Park. This site dates from the time of -Christ and was seasonally used for shellfish collecting and processing. -The Louisiana Office of State Parks also maintains two prehistoric -archaeological sites that are open to the public and that have -interpretive museums. One is Poverty Point Commemorative Area where the -state’s largest prehistoric earthworks were built 3,000 years ago, and -the other is Marksville State Commemorative Area where Indians built -mounds approximately 2,000 years ago. Archaeological investigations have -also been conducted at many of the commemorative areas associated with -18th, 19th, and 20th century history. These parks give people a chance -to learn more about archaeology and how it contributes to an -understanding of our state’s past. - - - - - BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY HELP - - -Businesses and industries are most likely to deal with archaeological -sites when they plan projects on publicly-owned lands or when projects -require permits. Many developers are sensitive to the need for -preservation of important sites and plan ahead for evaluation of the -project’s impact on these. Businesses and industries whose projects will -affect sites are proving to be creative in their responses. Sometimes, a -minor change, like moving a road 25 feet to one side, may prevent a site -from being destroyed. - -Businesses also participate in archaeology because of curiosity about -sites on their land. Some have provided food and lodging for excavators -or have given grants to archaeologists to fund field and lab work. After -analysis is completed, these companies have either donated artifacts to -a museum or have developed small displays for their employees. - -Companies are discovering that becoming involved with archaeology can -have tax advantages. If a company donates land with a site on it to a -nonprofit or governmental organization, the donation can be claimed as a -tax deduction. A company also can receive a tax benefit by sponsoring -excavation of a site either on or off its property. One southern -Louisiana company funded 25% of the cost of an excavation and counted -that as a tax deduction. The company owned the land with the site, so by -donating the artifacts, it also could claim their worth as a tax -deduction. - -A New Orleans development corporation planned a massive project with an -extremely important site in mind. The company leased land with a site on -it to the Jean Lafitte National Historical Park for $1.00 a year. Rather -than viewing the site as a liability, however, the company saw it as an -asset. Through the lease of the site, the corporation generated positive -community feelings, protected a part of our cultural heritage, and -enhanced the value of the surrounding property. The benefits to the -community and to the corporation will continue into the future. - -A Baton Rouge company also was able to use archaeology in public -relations. It developed an outstanding display about prehistoric -Louisiana for the lobby of its main building. The exhibit attracts -visitors and promotes interest not only in archaeology, but also in the -company’s services. - - [Illustration: One New Orleans developer is protecting a major site - and is advertising its decision.] - - - - - IN BUILDING - NEW ORLEANS EAST, - SOME THINGS ARE MORE SACRED - THAN THE ALMIGHTY DOLLAR. - - Once, New Orleans was rich in hidden archeological treasures. Over 600 - prehistoric sites were buried throughout the city, but almost all of - them have been destroyed in the name of progress. One of the most - valuable sites, however, has miraculously survived the city’s - development: a prehistoric village of the Tchefuncte Indian Tribe, - dating back to 500 BC. It’s called Big Oak Island and it’s located in - New Orleans East. - - In order to preserve this part of our city’s heritage, New Orleans - East has leased this 12-acre site, right in the heart of our - community, to the Jean Lafitte National Historical Park. The cost: one - dollar a year. - - Donating this valuable piece of land to the Park Service is just one - example of what makes us different from other developers. Throughout - New Orleans East, we’re leaving additional areas untouched as well, so - that in the future, residents here will have trees to enjoy, birds to - watch, and parks to play in. We’re doing all this because we want New - Orleans East to be a community that everyone in New Orleans can be - proud of. - - Building a community with this kind of concern for the environment may - not be the most profitable development plan, but, like the treasures - of Oak Island, it may very well be priceless in the years to come. - - - - - PRIVATE LANDOWNERS HELP - - -People who have archaeological sites on their land have many ways of -protecting the sites. A site covered by natural vegetation usually is -camouflaged and has limited access. As long as the owner does not clear -the land, disturbance to the site will be minimized. A site already in a -cultivated field probably will not suffer significantly from continued -plowing at the same depth. Although initial plowing altered artifact -relationships in the plow zone, the materials beneath remain well -protected. - -A landowner who is interested in protecting a site may want to have it -recognized by placing it on the Registry of State Cultural Resource -Landmarks. The Registry is established as an authoritative guide to the -state’s most important archaeological sites. Once a site is placed on -the Registry, there is an agreement between the owner and the State of -Louisiana to help protect it. This process ensures that important sites -will be recognized, preserved, and protected to the maximum extent -possible. - - [Illustration: The site in this soybean field has already been - disturbed, but probably will not suffer significantly if plowing is - continued at the same depth.] - - [Illustration: Landowners who finance excavations can receive - substantial tax benefits.] - -A landowner who is unable to protect a site because of plans to plow -deeper, cultivate an unplowed area, or do construction, should alert the -Division of Archaeology. If he gives enough advance warning, an -archaeologist may be able to evaluate the site before the changes begin. - -Recently, the tax advantages available to site owners have been -clarified. One landowner paid half of the excavation cost at a site on -his land and claimed his cost as a tax deduction. Later, he donated the -artifacts from the site and also deducted their worth, equivalent to the -entire cost of the excavation. - -Federal tax incentives also apply to the gift of an important -archaeological site to a governmental or nonprofit organization. This -donation can be either an outright gift or an easement (in which the -owner gives up certain control of the land, but retains ownership). In -either case, the transaction qualifies as a charitable contribution for -federal income tax, estate tax, and gift tax purposes. - - - - - YOU CAN HELP - - -Most archaeological sites are first discovered not by professional -archaeologists, but by ordinary people who live or work near the sites. -Usually these people do not know how to report a site to the proper -authorities. If you find a site, you can help protect Louisiana’s -heritage by letting archaeologists know about it. The Division of -Archaeology has prepared a form especially for you to use, and one is in -the center of this booklet. - - [Illustration: The first step in recording a site is plotting its - location on a U.S.G.S. topographic quad or other accurate map.] - -You should fill out the form as completely as possible, without -attempting to dig in the site. Mark its location on a map, and -photograph the site area. Try to draw the artifacts you see; you don’t -need to be an artist, just trace around them on a piece of paper and -sketch in any designs. If you find artifacts in a protected area where -they are not being disturbed, it is best not to collect them; they may -tell an archaeologist a great deal if they are left in place. If, -however, you do collect something from the site, be sure to store it -carefully with information about exactly where you found it. - -Please mail the form, map, photographs, and drawings to the Division of -Archaeology. Your information will be carefully reviewed, and added to -the permanent file stored in Baton Rouge. A staff archaeologist will -write a letter, telling you if the site has been assigned an official -state number, and possibly asking for more information. By reporting a -site, you will be helping to record the history of the state. - -If you want to learn more about Louisiana archaeology, you can enroll in -a class at a local university, visit museums, read archaeology books, or -tour one of the state archaeological commemorative areas. - -You may also want to join the Louisiana Archaeological Society (LAS). -The Society’s chapters throughout the state have monthly meetings with -programs discussing local and state-wide archaeology. The LAS publishes -a quarterly newsletter with information about current research, and an -annual bulletin with in-depth reports. Often the LAS chapters also are -involved in archaeological survey or excavation. The organization’s -members are both professional and avocational archaeologists who come -together to advance Louisiana archaeology. - -You will also find other opportunities to help protect Louisiana’s -heritage throughout the year. You can encourage your elected officials -to support legislation protecting sites. You can help friends record and -preserve sites on their land. Most importantly, you can explain to -others the importance of archaeological sites, and the reasons for -preserving them. By doing these things, you will be working with -concerned people throughout the state to preserve Louisiana’s legacy for -the future. - - - - - Your Name ______________________________ - - Your Address - ______________________________ - ______________________________ - - Your Telephone Number ______________________________ - - Date ______________________________ - - Additional Comments: - ______________________________ - ______________________________ - ______________________________ - ______________________________ - - - - - Please mail this to: - - Division of Archaeology - P. O. Box 44247 - Baton Rouge, LA 70804 - - Site Name ______________________________ - Parish ______________________________ - - Instructions for Reaching Site from Nearest Major Road - ______________________________ - ______________________________ - - Owner’s Name ______________________________ - Owner’s Address - ______________________________ - ______________________________ - - Tenant’s Name ______________________________ - Tenant’s Address - ______________________________ - ______________________________ - - Characteristics of Site: - [_] mound(s), - [_] scatter of artifacts, - [_] shell heap(s), - [_] old building(s), - [_] other ______________________________ - - General Site Description - ______________________________ - - Site Size ______________________________ - - Kinds of Artifacts: - [_] projectile points (arrowheads), - [_] stone chips, - [_] Indian pottery pieces, - [_] bones, - [_] shells, - [_] beads, - [_] pieces of old dishes, - [_] old bottles, - [_] other ______________________________ - - Estimated Number of Artifacts ______________________________ - - Present Use of Land ______________________________ - - Type of Erosion, Development, or Other Site Disturbance - ______________________________ - ______________________________ - - People Who Have Collections from the Site: - - Name ______________________________ - Address - ______________________________ - - Name ______________________________ - Address - ______________________________ - - - - -IF POSSIBLE, PLEASE ACCOMPANY THIS FORM WITH A ROAD MAP WITH THE SITE -MARKED, PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE SITE, AND SKETCHES OF REPRESENTATIVE -ARTIFACTS. - - - - - Anthropological Study Series - - - No. 1 On the Tunica Trail - by Jeffrey P. Brain - - No. 2 The Caddo Indians of Louisiana, second edition - by Clarence H. Webb & Hiram F. Gregory - - No. 3 The Role of Salt in Eastern North American Prehistory - by Ian Brown - - No. 4 El Nuevo Constante - by Charles E. Pearson, et al. - - No. 5 Preserving Louisiana’s Legacy - by Nancy W. Hawkins - - No. 6 Louisiana Prehistory - by Robert W. Neuman & Nancy W. Hawkins - - No. 7 Poverty Point - by Jon L. Gibson - - No. 8 Bailey’s Dam - by Steven D. Smith and George J. Castille III - - These publications can be obtained by writing: - - Division of Archaeology - P. O. Box 44247 - Baton Rouge, LA 70804 - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - -—Silently corrected a few typos. - -—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is a government public document, and can be freely copied and - distributed. - -—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - - - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's Preserving Louisiana's Legacy, by Nancy W. 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