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If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Kachina Dolls - Milwaukee Public Museum Popular Science Handbook Series #7, Sept. 1957 - -Author: Walter Bernard Hunt - -Release Date: May 30, 2020 [EBook #62286] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK KACHINA DOLLS *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - [Illustration: KACHINA DOLLS] - - - - - KACHINA DOLLS - - - BY - W. BEN HUNT - - -MILWAUKEE PUBLIC MUSEUM - - POPULAR SCIENCE HANDBOOK SERIES NO. 7 SEPTEMBER 1957 - - PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES - ©1953 MILWAUKEE PUBLIC MUSEUM - - - - - PREFACE - - - by ROBERT E. RITZENTHALER - Curator of Anthropology - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -On the sentinel-like mesas in the semi-desert land of northeastern -Arizona dwell some 3,500 of one of our most colorful Indian tribes of -today, the Hopi. Living in their traditional adobe, multi-storied -“apartment houses,” called “Pueblos,” they practice many of their old -ways and customs, and remain one of the tribes least affected by the -white man. Agriculturalists they were and agriculturalists they are, -filling the fields at the base of the mesas, raising corn, beans, and -squash, but above all, corn. In this area where land is good, but -moisture is all-important, the Hopi have developed a religion much -concerned with prayers and ceremonies to bring rain and good crops. -During the Snake Dance, for example, snakes are held in the mouths of -the dancers and then released into the desert as messengers to the gods -to inform them that the Hopi need rain. - -Less widely known to the world than the Snake Dance, but very important -to the Hopi as a spiritual means of petitioning for rain, good weather, -bountiful crops, and other blessings, is the Kachina cult. The Hopi -believe that the Kachinas are a band of supernatural beings who live in -the nearby mountains and pay visits to the villages at intervals during -the first half of each year. At these times the men don the masks and -costumes representing particular Kachinas, and perform dances and -ceremonies in their honor. By wearing these costumes the men not only -physically impersonate the Kachinas, but also assume their spirits. The -dances and ceremonies take place both in the underground chambers, -called kivas, where only men are allowed, and out on the village plazas -where all may watch. During the latter, the dancers follow the leader in -single file to the plaza where they line up facing east. The leader, at -the center, begins the singing to the rhythm of his rattle; then the -others join in, and the dancing begins. For the next song the dancers -face north, then west, after which they distribute gifts, usually a bow -and arrow for a boy and a Kachina doll for a girl. They then retire to a -secluded area to unmask, relax, and prepare for the next set of songs -and dances. - -In some of the dances 30 or 40 men will be dressed alike; in others a -variety of Kachinas participate. Besides the serious dances there are -humorous ones put on by clowns, or “mudheads” as they are popularly -called. The mudheads are distinguished by their distinctive, mud-colored -masks and provoke much laughter with their impromptu pranks and -burlesquing of both Indian and white man, and even of the Kachina -dances. - -While the term “Kachina” refers to the mythological beings, and to the -masked dancers who impersonate them, it is also used to refer to the -dolls, which are miniature but accurate reproductions of them. Kachina -dolls are made by the men to be given to the girls during the Kachina -ceremonies. Children eagerly await the Giver Kachina, the counterpart of -our Santa Claus, who wears a blue mask and carries a bundle of gifts on -his back. His arrival is announced by a herald stationed on a roof top. -He passes among the crowd distributing gifts to the children, such as -candy, bows and arrows, and the especially desired Kachina dolls. Each -girl receives at least one, and some may receive as many as a half -dozen. They are played with as dolls, often being carried about in -miniature cradles. They also, however, serve a useful purpose in -acquainting the Hopi children with the names, kinds, details of -costumes, and religious lore of the Kachinas. In a very real sense, -then, they are the educational toys of the Hopi. The dolls are never -worshipped and are not to be considered idols, but rather serve as -constant reminders of the Kachinas, especially during the summer and -fall when the Kachinas have returned to their mountain home. They are -handled and carried about the village by the girls, but for the most -part they will be seen hanging from the walls or rafters of the pueblo -rooms. - -The dolls described in this booklet are but a few of the many types. Not -even the Hopi can tell you how many different Kachinas there are, but -their number has been estimated at 250. Only about 200 are in current -use, and these change with the years as new ones are added, and others -disappear from usage. - - - - - INTRODUCTION - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -Our Southwest is a veritable treasure chest of interesting things made -by clever Indian craftsmen. Here and there, at Indian trading posts or -Indian roadside stands along the way, among the rugs, sashes, pottery, -and silver and turquoise jewelry, you will find Kachina dolls. Not too -many. Up until a few years ago they were quite scarce in the trading -posts, but could be bought at the various Hopi pueblos, where the best -ones are made. While they were originally made for their little girls, -as stated in the preface, they produced even more of them when it was -discovered that tourists prized them. And like everything else, someone -saw a chance to earn a dollar and started to manufacture them. Some -years ago the Japanese even went so far as to make them of papier-mache. -Many of them are machined and given a quick coat of paint. But you can -still buy good Kachina dolls both on the mesas and at trading posts. - -All in all the Hopi-made dolls are good, and usually when you find one a -bit worn, with a cord around its neck, you can figure that at one time -it adorned a pueblo wall. The Hopi Kachina makers take great pride in -their work. Their dolls are made out of cottonwood roots, which gives -them that sort of rough texture that is pleasing to the eye. Some of the -very old dolls have cloth and buckskin clothing to make them more -realistic, but for the most part they are made entirely of wood with the -exception of feathers and fluffs, as shown in the following pages. - -As mentioned before, there are about 250 different Kachinas, but the -Hopi do not make that many different dolls. There are certain Kachinas -that lend themselves better to carved dolls, and it is with these that -we will deal. - -Years ago, when starting out boys and girls in whittling, I made it a -practice to give them Kachina dolls to whittle, for various reasons. It -acquainted them with the feel of wood and the meaning of grain. It -taught them how to sharpen a knife, and how to use it. And best of all, -they whittled figures without having to worry about human faces, which -are the bugaboo of all whittling novices, and a lot of others, too. - -This booklet will mainly show how Kachina dolls are whittled and -painted, and to what use they can be put. This is not an ethnological -thesis, but is written for the craft-minded who like to whittle, and who -like Kachina dolls. I do not imagine that anyone will make all of the -objects listed and described, but there may be one or more of them that -you will enjoy making. - -The first thing you will need is a piece of wood. Since it would be -rather difficult to obtain cottonwood roots, our next best bet is a -piece of straight-grained soft wood. I have used sections of green, -knot-free basswood, willow, and poplar saplings or branches with good -results. A piece of wood about 1½ inches in diameter is of a proper size -to start out with. The green wood whittles easily and, due to the short -lengths and deep cuts, it is not likely to check. And of course it is -already round. - -Also, white pine, sugar pine, and basswood can usually be bought at a -lumber yard or millwork shop. It should be cut in rectangular sections -and then rounded. - -Then, of course, you will need a knife that holds an edge. A good -quality of pocket knife is best, and all the whittling I have ever done -has been with a small blade, from 1¼ to 1½ inches long. As the knife -comes from the store it is not sharp enough for whittling. So get a -small abrasive stone, and a piece of leather to strop it on, and sharpen -it until you cannot see the edge; as long as you can see a “white” line -or spot on the edge, your knife is not sharp. Thereafter, keep it sharp -at all times. - -You will also need sandpaper to sand down the knife cuts in the wood. - -Now for the part that worries most beginners: painting the dolls. If you -have a fairly steady hand, and use a good brush, this should not be too -much of a problem. I have often said that it a person can pare a potato -without wasting it, and can write fairly well, he or she can make a -Kachina doll. - -We use water colors for painting. That is what the Hopi use, and water -colors are not so messy. While any good brand of water colors will do -the trick, you will have the best success with poster or show-card -colors. They are opaque and cover better than transparent water colors. -Although many of the old Kachina makers use brushes made out of yucca -leaf stems, chewed and trimmed to the sizes required, you can pick up a -couple or three small brushes that will do a better job. Sable-hair -brushes are best, but also more expensive. - -Painting the dolls is not as difficult as one may think. Remember—you -don’t have to paint faces, and the masks are all more or less abstract -or symbolic in design. And furthermore you don’t have to do any shading -or blending. It is all flat work. - -There are two methods of painting. Most of the old-time Kachina makers -give the entire doll a coat of white paint first, and the rest is -painted over that. But usually, with good poster colors to work with, it -is easier to lay out and paint each color directly on the bare wood. The -colors dry rather rapidly and, if used rather thick (not too much -water), they will not be apt to run or bleed where colors overlap. So -don’t let the painting stop you. I have seen cub scouts make some very -nice looking dolls. - -The Indian does nothing to preserve the painted surface and the water -colors are apt to smudge and wear off. On the other hand, a glossy -surface on a doll looks awful, and is not in character. So we suggest -that you use a light spray coat or two of Krylon, or Spray-fix, or any -other crystal-clear spray, such as come in bomb cans. Krylon is a -crystal-clear plastic spray, and Spray-fix is a fixative (in a bomb can) -such as is used by artists to prevent smudging of pencil, charcoal, or -pastel drawings. But whatever you use to preserve the water color, it -should be “water white” and should not be sprayed on to impart a shiny -surface, except where stated otherwise in the following pages. - -Naturally, questions arise as to where one can get ideas for more -difficult kinds of Kachina dolls, or Kachina costumes. Here are a couple -of good books which contain such information: Hopi Kachinas, by Edward -Kemrard; Ceremonial Costumes of the Pueblo Indians, by Virginia -Roediger. - -Moreover, Kachina dolls are shown from time to time in Arizona Highways -Magazine and there are many crayon drawings of Kachinas, made by a Hopi -Indian, in the 1899-1900 Annual Report of the Bureau of American -Ethnology. - - [Illustration: PALAH’IKO MANA] - - [Illustration: HEMIS] - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - - [Illustration: PAK IOKWICK] - - [Illustration: MUDHEAD] - - - - - HOPI KACHINA DOLLS - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -The dolls shown {above} were carefully drawn from old specimens in the -collection in the Milwaukee Public Museum. Each one has a cord around -the neck with a loop at the back for hanging on a wall. - -All the bodies were made from cottonwood roots. The tablets are of other -woods whittled thin. It is said that the Kachina doll makers, and also -the makers of the actual Kachina masks, pay the most attention as a rule -to the masks. While the rest of the costumes may vary, the masks usually -hold true to ancient traditional forms and designs. - -These dolls will also acquaint the beginner with the different methods -of whittling, particularly the moccasins and arms. Colors also vary, -depending on what colors are on hand. Today many of the dolls are -painted with poster colors because they are easier to obtain than -formerly. - -Most of these old dolls are slightly wider than they are thick, or shall -we say, slightly flattened from front to back. The Hemis Kachina is -shown here with a green background on the tablet, whereas recent books -show it to be blue: otherwise, the traditional characteristics are -preserved. Indians often confuse these two colors. - - [Illustration: KEME] - - [Illustration: CROW] - - [Illustration: HOT’E] - - - - - HOPI KACHINA DOLLS - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -The {Keme} doll shown is an old one brought to me by a trader. It was in -rather poor condition. The paint was smeared and rubbed off in places. -By carefully matching the original colors, I went over the entire doll. -Note the feet. They are different from those of any of the five on the -preceding page. - -The Crow Kachina is one that I selected for a lamp base. In the actual -costume there are real crow wings attached to the mask, but these dolls -are also made with wings of wood in several different styles. - -The Hot’e Kachina is often used for doll designs, and here, too, some -dolls have small feathers attached to the mask, while others have wooden -symbolic feathers. Some Hoté dolls have a miniature concha belt made of -tin and a thin strip of black leather. The bow and rattle, of course, -are slipped respectively into a notch and a hole in the hands. - - - STYLES - - [Illustration: Saw out slot for legs] - - [Illustration: This is the simplest way of whittling Kachina dolls - from a round piece of wood. Mark as shown at left and cut out piece - between the feet and legs.] - - [Illustration: Slot for legs. Dotted lines show how block is marked - with pencil.] - - [Illustration: Ears and nose are set into mortices. - - This is an old Indian method of whittling dolls. Note that the upper - body is quite flat, and that the head and skirt are oval in - cross-section.] - - - - - STYLES - - - [Illustration: ] - -For the most part, Indians tend to make their doll bodies flat, -especially figures ten inches or more in height. About the only sawing -that is done is in cutting the space between the legs. For the beginner -we have shown two types, the round and the flat. The different sections -are marked as shown by dotted lines, and from there on in it is just a -case of whittling. Arms, as shown in the lower doll, are whittled out, -but occasionally they are whittled separately and tacked and glued on. -All other appendages, such as nose, mouth, eyes, ears, and tablets are -set into mortices cut to fit, and glued. While plastic cements dry -quickly, it is better to use a glue that water color will adhere to. -Regular hide glue or Elmer’s glue are fine. You will note that there are -a great many ways of whittling feet. That seems to be a matter of -choice. - -Figures should be sandpapered, preferably with medium-grit sandpaper. -The finish can be made to look very much like the rough texture of -cottonwood root. - - - EAGLE KACHINA DOLLS - Most colors can be gotten from the cover. - - [Illustration: Ruff of painted feathers.] - - [Illustration: The tail is merely black-tipped eagle feathers like - the wings.] - - [Illustration: Use a quick-drying glue rather than cement to fasten - parts together.] - - [Illustration: The fox skin can be painted a reddish-buff. Sash is - made separate and glued on.] - - - - - EAGLE KACHINA DOLL - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -Dolls of this type are not found in many of the western trading posts, -and where you do find one it will have quite a price tacked to it. - -To make this one, which is about eight inches high, you’ll need for the -body a soft wood block about 2½ by 3 by 8 inches in dimensions. By -enlarging with squares, the sizes of the various parts can be -ascertained. The wings should be of thin wood, preferably ³/₃₂ inch -thick. If a quick-drying glue is used, such as Elmer’s Glue-all, no -brads are required. I like to use glue rather than cement, because water -color paints will stick to places where glue appears, but will not stick -to cement. - -These dolls are sometimes glued to a base of some sort, and so make -beautiful lamp bases. However, when used for that purpose, the doll is -not drilled for wiring. Instead a piece of ⅜-inch brass tubing is used, -bent as shown in the small sketch in the lower left-hand corner. Of -course, a suitable shade should be made, one with a Pueblo Indian -design. - - - COSTUME JEWELRY - - [Illustration: EAR ORNAMENTS] - - [Illustration: LAPEL PIN - half round - Safety-pin set in plastic wood] - - [Illustration: TIE CLASP - half round - Set in plastic wood] - - [Illustration: ZIPPER PULL - half round] - - [Illustration: NECKLACE - Dolls for necklace are made round. - Use wood or glass pony beads.] - - - - - COSTUME JEWELRY - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -If you want to please a lady or a girl, make her some of these. They are -colorful, to say the least, and decorative. - -The ear ornaments and the necklace are made of birch dowel rod, which is -easy to whittle in miniature. Plastic screw clamps can be bought at -almost any notion counter, and they are simply cemented onto the backs -of the dolls. Do not make them more than 1 inch high. The necklaces, -also rather unique, should be strung with wooden beads if possible to -reduce the weight. - -For these pieces, several coats of clear nail polish are used, or clear -lacquer. Unlike the larger figures, they should have a good glossy -finish. Owing to the smallness of some of these figures, it is best to -whittle each on the end of a longer piece of dowel rod, and then cut it -off with a fine coping or jeweler’s saw (See drawing {above}). Then -cement on the clamp in order to have something to hold to while painting -it. - - - LAMPS - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - - [Illustration: All drilling should be done before starting to - whittle. The hole in the doll should be slightly smaller than the - nipple. To insert nipple soak the wood around the hole with shellac - and screw the nipple in. It will cut its own thread in the wood and - the shellac will keep it from turning.] - - [Illustration: Wall bracket wire is concealed in groove.] - - [Illustration: Drill lead holes for screws. - Use a little glue. - It is much simpler to insert the cord before fastening the doll to - the base.] - - - - - LAMPS - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -I enjoy making lamps, and have made many Kachina doll lamps, each -different from the others—different dolls, different bases, and -different shades. The dolls should be made out of at least 2-inch wood. -A 2½-inch size is better, the over-all base and doll measuring about 9 -inches in length. This is a good proportion. - -In making bracket lamps, the doll can be set right on the bracket, as -shown at lower left, and the brackets can be painted to harmonize with -the doll, or stained or painted to match the woodwork of the house. - -I have also made totem pole lamps on this same principle, using -Northwest Coast Indian designs on base and shade. - -In making the drum base shown here, either of two methods may be used. -When I have a lot of time, I lace rawhide over the block and paint it. -Usually, however, I simply paint the circular base to resemble an Indian -tom-tom. - - - LAMP SHADES - -Paper lamp shades are rather easy to make after you know how to go about -it. Of course a wire frame is required. These can sometimes be bought, -but as a rule a frame can be taken from a discarded shade of the proper -size. Only the top and bottom rings are required for the round shades. - - [Illustration: Design taken from pottery. - - Use a round shade with a round base. - - This is the conventional shape. If you can not get a pattern from - the former covering, a new one can be easily laid out as follows:] - - [Illustration: PROCEDURE] - - 1. Lay out and cut shade. - 2. Draw outline with waterproof drawing ink and color with transparent - water color. - 3. Glue ends together (be sure shade fits the ring). - 4. Punch and lace. - 5. Apply clear plastic spray. - - Remember: - Diameter × pi (3.1416) gives you the circumference. Allow ½ inch for - gluing. - - [Illustration: Punch holes about ¼ inch from edge and lace with - plastic or leather lace.] - - [Illustration: Frames for square shades should have wire uprights at - corners. - - A square shade is the proper thing to use on a lamp with a square - base. This is usually covered with four separate pieces laced - together at the corners and the top and bottom.] - - PROCEDURE - 1. Cut four sides. - 2. Draw outlines in waterproof ink and color as above. - 3. Punch holes ¼ inch from edges. - 4. Holes on sides should match to make a neat lacing job. - 5. Lace all four side pieces to the top. - 6. Clamp lower edges and lace the corners. - 7. Lace bottom edge. - 8. Give entire shade several light coats of clear plastic spray. - Use a ⅛-inch paper punch. - - - - - LAMP SHADES - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -Since shades, in order to harmonize with Kachina doll lamps, cannot be -bought in stores, they will have to be made. There are three types of -shade that will look good: the cylindrical shade; the conventional -round, tapered shade; and the square shade. Round shades should be -selected for round bases, and square shades for square bases. - -Use smooth three-ply drawing or bristol board, and transparent water -colors are better than poster colors. - -Shades can be parchmentized by applying a mixture of one part turpentine -and two parts mineral oil. Apply the mixture to both sides with a wad of -absorbent cotton, and wipe off the surplus. This is done after the shade -is painted and glued together, since glue will not adhere to any oiled -surface. - -I prefer to leave the paper white, just giving it several light coats of -clear plastic spray to prevent soiling. - -Designs for shades should be appropriate. Southwest Pueblo designs fit -in well, such as thunder birds, rain birds, Kachina masks, etc. Your -library will no doubt be able to furnish many ideas along these lines. - -If you object to lacing shades to the wire frame, you can use passe -partout binding tape which is already gummed and only has to be -moistened before applying. - - - CERAMIC ASH TRAYS - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - - - - - CERAMIC ASH TRAYS - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -This is one item that is becoming quite popular through the West and -there seems to be no limit in what can be done along these lines. You -will probably get a lot of ideas when traveling, but here are a couple -that are slightly “different.” - -The top tray can be made of Mexican modeling clay or some other clay -that does not require firing. In that case the top and inside are not -decorated, and the outside decoration is put on with poster color and -covered with several coats of plastic or clear lacquer to give it a -kiln-dried ceramic appearance. - -A cigarette box can also be made in the shape of a Kachina mask as a -companion piece to the tray. While the lower tray has the conventional -general shape, it could also be made with vertical sides. - -A few years ago it was rather difficult to obtain a good turquoise blue, -but it is now on the market. - - - TOBACCO CANISTER - - [Illustration: A one-pound coffee can is just right. - - For better painting, scrape off all printed matter and wipe from can - before starting other work. - - Can be painted with enamels, colored lacquer, or dope, but do not - try to use both on one job. They do not mix.] - - [Illustration: Fasten together with glue and one screw. - - The grooves in the cover and the base can be cut on a lathe, using a - face plate. - - Fasten the cover to plywood with tacks. Put some thick shellac in - the groove. - - “Nose” and “ears” should fit snug to can. Punch holes in tin and put - a coat of thick shellac on the wood when nailing ears to can. - - Fasten base by pulling shellac in groove and fasten with small - brads. - - Use a nail set and drive brads into base.] - - - - - TOBACCO CANISTER - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -This canister speaks for itself. There is this much to be said for it: -the lady of the house isn’t so apt to hide it when she is preparing for -guests. - -As with any Kachina project, there is practically no limit to what can -be done in regard to design. You can take your pick of masks, and can -select the appendages that you like best. - -Coffee cans have just about the proper shape and proportions for these -canisters, and the covers fit tightly. Be sure to smooth down the edges -of the can, using fine emery or other abrasive cloth. - -The inside of the can should be given a coat of clear lacquer to prevent -rust from forming, since many brands of tobacco are slightly damp. - - - NECKERCHIEF SLIDES - - [Illustration: Mask slides are easily made. Bore a ¾-inch hole for - the neckerchief first and the proceed as with any other mask.] - - [Illustration: For a full figure slide, use only a half round piece - of wood, and glue a loop of leather to the back of it.] - - [Illustration: ALUMINUM - - This aluminum slide can be made without welding. The snout is - riveted in before bending the mask.] - - [Illustration: SILVER - - Beautiful slides can be made of sterling silver, and since it is - easily soldered, more can be added than with other materials. The - eyes are inset with turquoise forced into the bezel and then ground - off flush.] - - [Illustration: When the tablette is forced down over the mask it - holds everything securely.] - - - - - NECKERCHIEF SLIDES - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -Slides are always in demand in scouting, and we show here four different -methods of making them. - -Those made of wood are very colorful. In making the full figure, only -the vertical, front half of the form is used, and a ring of any material -may be attached to the back. - -Metal slides require a little more work. Aluminum is a good metal for -youngsters. This requires no welding, but the tablet is fastened to the -mask with a tight drive fit. - -Silver, of course, is for the finished craftsman, and anyone familiar -with silver soldering methods can easily produce one like that shown at -the bottom of the page. If turquoise is used, so much the better. - -These metal slides are eye-catchers, since they are not to be found in -stores. - - [Illustration: CEILING LIGHT FIXTURES] - - [Illustration: BOOK ENDS - - It is necessary to add a metal base such as this on light-weight - bookends. Be sure there are no sharp edges on it that might scratch - the furniture.] - - - - - CEILING LIGHT FIXTURE - - -Probably your thought on this fixture will be, “You can’t put that in a -living room.” Not in any or every living room, but I know a beautiful -large living room where a similar one is hung and it certainly sets off -the Navaho rugs and Indian baskets and pottery in that room. This -fixture would be ideal in a den or recreation room. - -A cluster of four light bulbs should light it, or a socket can be set on -each of the four sides. Frosted, or better still, an opal glass should -be used. The side pieces are taken from the woven designs on Hopi -women’s dresses, predominantly black. - - - - - BOOK ENDS - - -These can also be made without the back or upright; that is, the doll -would be set flush with the back edge of the base. But the metal base -must be added unless the wooden base is well weighted with lead. I have -made them that way, but prefer the thin metal piece instead. -Twenty-gauge brass works out nicely. To fasten it, use small flat-head -screws, countersunk, and give the metal a coat of thin shellac where it -fits into the wood. Wood and metal must be flush along the bottom. - - [Illustration: KACHINA DOLL POSTS] - - - - - KACHINA DOLL POSTS - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -These attractive gate posts are rather easy to make. I used sections of -old electric-line or telephone poles. They are of cedar and will -withstand the weather. After cleaning the surface of the post with a -drawknife, it is worked with a small hand ax, chisel, and mallet. Note -the 2-foot or 3-foot projection left on the bottom to set it. - -Paint with ordinary house paint and, if you wish, finish with a coat of -clear varnish to protect the paint. I used water colors and finished -with two coats of clear spar varnish. But house paints are easier to -obtain. - -The hearth posts may be flattened somewhat at the back to fit tightly -against the fireplace. Telephone poles make the best material as they -are well seasoned. The mantel shelf should be at least 2 inches thick. -Three inches would be better, and could be effected by gluing a 3-inch -piece of ⅞-inch lumber around the front and two ends to give it the -appearance of a solid 3-inch plank. - - - - - BIBLIOGRAPHY - - - Arizona Highways Magazine. - Various issues. - - Cody, Bertha P. - 1939. Kachina Dolls. The Masterkey, Vol. 13. Los Angeles. - - Colton, Harold S. - 1949. Hopi Kachina Dolls. Univ. of New Mexico Press. Albuquerque. - - Dockstader, Frederick J. - 1954. The Kachina and the White Man. Cranbrook Bulletin 35. - Bloomfield Hills, Mich. - - Earl, Edwin. - 1938. Hopi Kachina. Waverly Press. Baltimore. - - Fewkes, J. W. - 1903. Hopi Kachina. Bur. of Amer. Ethnology, Ann. Rept. 21. - Washington, D. C. - - Mera, H. P. - 1937. Rainbird. Lab. of Anthropology Memoir, Vol. 2. Santa Fe. - - Roediger, Virginia. - 1941. Ceremonial Costumes of the Pueblo Indians. Univ. of Calif. - Press. Berkeley. - - Underhill, Ruth. - 1944. Pueblo Crafts. U. S. Indian Service, Phoenix Indian School. - Phoenix, Ariz. - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - -—Silently corrected a few typos. - -—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - -—Adjusted some references to images to fit a reflowable eBook {changes - are included in brackets}. - -—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Kachina Dolls, by Walter Bernard Hunt - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK KACHINA DOLLS *** - -***** This file should be named 62286-0.txt or 62286-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/2/2/8/62286/ - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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