94 files changed, 17 insertions, 21326 deletions

diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d7b82bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+*.txt text eol=lf
+*.htm text eol=lf
+*.html text eol=lf
+*.md text eol=lf
diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6312041
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ae8a4d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #62534 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/62534)
diff --git a/old/62534-0.txt b/old/62534-0.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index fdc30a5..0000000
--- a/old/62534-0.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8373 +0,0 @@
-The Project Gutenberg eBook, Roberts' Chester Guide [1858], by Hugh
-Roberts, Edited by John Hicklin
-
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions 
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at 
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-
-
-
-Title: Roberts' Chester Guide [1858]
-
-
-Author: Hugh Roberts
-
-Editor: John Hicklin
-
-Release Date: July 1, 2020  [eBook #62534]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-
-***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ROBERTS' CHESTER GUIDE [1858]***
-
-
-Transcribed from the [1858] Hugh Roberts edition by David Price, email
-ccx074@pglaf.org
-
-                             [Picture: Cover]
-
- [Picture: Decorative graphic for Evans & Gresty, Engravers, 71 Eastgate
-                              Row, Chester]
-
-                   [Picture: Chester from Curzon Park]
-
-                        [Picture: Plan of Chester]
-
-
-
-
-
-                                 ROBERTS’
-                              CHESTER GUIDE;
-
-
-                                   WITH
-
-                          FORTY-SIX ENGRAVINGS.
-
-                                  AND AN
-
-                      ILLUSTRATED PLAN OF THE CITY.
-
-                                REVISED BY
-
-                              JOHN HICKLIN,
-
- _Editor of the Chester Courant_, _and Honorary Secretary of the Chester
-                              Archæological_
-                         _and Historic Society_.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-                                 CHESTER:
-                       HUGH ROBERTS, EASTGATE ROW.
-           LONDON: HAMILTON, ADAMS, & CO.; AND WHITTAKER & CO.
-                          AND OTHER BOOKSELLERS.
-
-
-
-
-INDEX.
-
-                                          PAGE
-Abbey Gate                                  57
-Bars                                        46
-Bridge Gate                                 41
-Bridge                                      42
-Bridge Street                               60
-Cab Fares                                  106
-Cathedral                                   65
-Castle                                      35
-Cemetery                                    35
-Chester—Its Ancient History                  1
-Chester—Its Ecclesiastical History          11
-Chester—Its Municipal Institutions          12
-Churches                                 78–90
-City Gaol                                   32
-County Gaol                                 37
-County Hall                                 37
-Dissenting Places of Worship             90–95
-Distances                                  108
-Eastgate                                    45
-Eaton Hall                                  97
-Exchange                                    56
-Grosvenor Bridge                            40
-Hotels                                     108
-House of Industry                           35
-Infirmary                                   31
-Mayors of Chester                           15
-Music Hall                                  58
-Museum                                      30
-Newgate                                     44
-Northgate                                   27
-Old Houses                                  54
-Pemberton’s Parlour                         29
-Phœnix Tower                                26
-Population                                 107
-Railway Station                            105
-Roman Antiquities                           17
-Roodeye                                     33
-Rows                                        49
-Schools                                     95
-Streets                                     51
-Training College                            29
-Walls of Chester                            26
-Water Gate                                  32
-Water Tower                                 30
-
-
-
-
-PREFACE.
-
-
-THE visit of the Royal Agricultural Society of England to Chester in
-July, 1858, seems a fitting occasion on which to present to the public an
-entirely NEW EDITION of the CHESTER GUIDE, which has been carefully
-revised throughout, with the requisite care and intelligence for securing
-to strangers a useful memorial of the “old city.”  The work is also
-embellished with a numerous series of engravings, and an illustrated
-plan, which will facilitate the visitor’s inspection of the interesting
-remains and modern attractions with which Chester abounds; and also
-supply a pictorial reminiscence of scenes and places that may perchance
-excite pleasant memories.  In this hope our Manual is committed to public
-favour, which, the editor trusts, will be so heartily manifested, as to
-require, at no very distant day, a renewal of his services as a literary
-“GUIDE.”
-
-_Chester_, _June_ 24, 1858.
-
-
-
-
-ILLUSTRATIONS.
-
-Chester, from Curzon Park                               to face page 1
-Edgar’s Cave                                                         6
-Stone Altars                                                        18
-City Walls                                                          25
-King Charles’s Tower                                                26
-Water Tower, &c.                                                    30
-Chester Cemetery                                                    35
-Watergate Street Row                                                49
-Eastgate Street                                                     53
-God’s Providence House                                              54
-Bishop Lloyd’s House                                                56
-Old Palace House                                                    58
-Chester Cathedral                                                   65
-Cloisters ditto                                                     70
-St. John’s Church                                                   79
-Chancel Ruins of ditto                                              82
-Independent Chapel                                                  92
-With a Novel Plan, containing Eight Views of EATON HALL:—
-  West Front                          East Front
-  Grosvenor Lodge                     Eaton Lodge
-  Dining Room                         Drawing Room
-  Saloon                              Library
-Together with Twenty-One other Illustrations:—
-Chester from the Dee                Northgate Street
-Eastgate Street                     Eastgate
-Chester Castle                      Railway Station
-Chester from Boughton Ford          Abbey Gate
-Bridge Street                       Roman Bath
-Watergate Street Row, North         Diocesan Training College
-Savings’ Bank                       Grosvenor Bridge Exchange
-Northgate Street Row                Blue Coat Hospital
-Crypt, Bridge Street                Eastgate Street Row
-Bridge Street Row (West)
-                         and the Bridge Gate.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER I.
-THE ANCIENT HISTORY OF CHESTER.
-
-
-THREE are but few places, if indeed there are any, which can present such
-varied attractions to the antiquary as this remarkable and ancient city.
-It is rich in memorable incidents and associations.  It has a history
-chronicled not only in books, but in its walls, towers, rows, and
-venerable remains.
-
-The origin of Chester is of very remote date.  No definite conclusion has
-been reached respecting the exact time of its foundation.  Various
-hypotheses have been started, some of them grotesque and ridiculous
-enough, but its origin is lost in those mists of antiquity where history
-fades into fable.
-
-It is quite clear, as an authenticated matter of fact, that Chester was
-in very early possession of the Romans.  It was the headquarters of the
-20th Legion, which, we find, came into Britain before the year 61; for it
-had a share in the defeat of Boadicea by Suetonius.  After that important
-victory this mighty and intrepid people marched onward towards North
-Wales, and established their authority in Cheshire.
-
-Scattered through the city, have been discovered many vestiges of their
-power, which enable us to trace their history with considerable
-distinctness.  Wherever they planted their settlements, they left
-permanent records of their greatness and skill.  Many of these memorials
-have been discovered, in various parts of the old city; and through the
-intelligent and zealous investigations of the Chester Archæological
-Society, these antiquities are now made tributary to the instruction of
-the inhabitants respecting the history of their own locality.
-
-Not only to the antiquarian, however, is Chester interesting; there is
-scarcely any order of mind or taste but may here find its gratification.
-Its noble arched bridge, venerable cathedral and churches, unique rows,
-and ancient walls encompassing the city, with a considerable number and
-variety of relics, all combine to make Chester an attractive place of
-resort.  It is the metropolis of the county palatine of that name, and is
-pleasantly situated above the river Dee, on a rising ground.  Its names
-have been various.  Its Roman name was Deva, undoubtedly, because of its
-being situated on the river Dee.  Then Cestriæ, from Castrum, “camp;” and
-Castrum Legionis, “the Camp of the Legion.”  Its British names were Caer
-Lleon, “the Camp of the Legion;” and Caer Lleon Vawr, or Ddyfrdwy, “the
-Camp of the Great Legion on the Dee.”
-
-During the brilliant lieutenancy of Julius Agricola, A.D. 85, it became a
-Roman colony; and the place was called from them and from its situation,
-Colonia Devana.  This is clearly demonstrated by a coin of Septimus Geta,
-son of Severus, which has this inscription:—
-
-                        Col. Devana. Leg. xx. Victrix.
-
-For two or three centuries after this date, Chester appears to have
-continued undisturbed in the power of the Romans; during which period “it
-was a centre of operations while conquest was being produced; a centre of
-civilization and commercial intercourse when the dominion of the empire
-was established.  The actual form of the city, its division by streets
-into four quarters, exhibits the arrangement which the Romans established
-in their camp, and which they naturally transferred to the cities which
-took the place of their military stations.  Traces of the work of that
-wonderful people still remain on our walls, and on the rocky brows which
-surround them; and excite the attention, and reward the diligence of the
-antiquarian.  Those pigs of lead, the produce of Roman industry, which
-are first mentioned, in ‘Camden’s Britannia,’ as being found in the
-neighbourhood of Chester, and two of which have recently been discovered,
-are memorials of the early period at which the mineral wealth of this
-district was known, and of the commerce to which it gave rise.”  It is a
-fact, clearly established by history, that to the Romans we are greatly
-indebted for the introduction of a much higher order of civilization than
-that which they found existing when they took possession of the country.
-They were the pioneers of social and religious progress.  Previous to the
-Roman invasion, the inhabitants were unacquainted with the laws and arts
-of civilized life;—painted their bodies,—despised the institution of
-marriage,—clothed themselves in skins,—knew very little of
-agriculture,—were furious in disposition, and cruel in their religious
-superstitions.  We find that the practice of human sacrifices was very
-general amongst them, and in every respect their social and moral
-condition rude and barbarous in the extreme.  So wedded were they to
-their idolatrous worship and cruel rites, that the Romans, after their
-conquest, found it necessary to abolish their religion by penal statutes;
-an exercise of power which was not usual with these tolerating
-conquerors.  About the year 50, the Emperor Claudius Cæsar subdued the
-greater part of Britain, and received the submission of several of the
-British states who inhabited the south-east part of the island.  The
-other Britons, under the command of Caractacus, still maintained an
-obstinate resistance, and the Romans made little progress against them
-until Ostorius Scapula was sent over, in the year 50, to command their
-armies.  This renowned general found the country in a state of great
-excitement and dissatisfaction, but speedily advanced the Roman conquests
-over the Britons—defeated Caractacus in a great battle—took him prisoner,
-and sent him to Rome—where his magnanimous behaviour procured him better
-treatment than those conquerors usually bestowed on native princes.  He
-pardoned Caractacus and his family, and commanded that their chains
-should immediately be taken off.
-
-Holinshed is of opinion that Ostorius Scapula was the founder of Chester,
-and the reasons he adduces are certainly very plausible.  He says, “It is
-not unlike that it might be first built by P. Ostorius Scapula, who, as
-we find, after he had subdued Caractacus, King of the Ordonices, that
-inhabited the countries now called Lancashire, Cheshire, and Salopshire,
-built in those parts, and among the Silures, certeine places of defense,
-for the better harbrough of his men of warre, and keeping downe of such
-Britaines as were still readie to move rebellion.”
-
-Passing over the space of a few years, we find Julius Agricola completing
-the conquest of this island.  Such was his formidable power and skilful
-policy in governing the people, that we are told they soon became
-reconciled to the supremacy of the Roman arms and language.  He quelled
-their animosity to the Roman yoke, and certainly did very much for the
-progress of the people in civilization, knowledge, and the arts of peace.
-
-There is perhaps no place in the kingdom that can boast of so many
-monuments of Roman skill and ingenuity as Chester; but as these will be
-described in detail as we proceed, we need not specify them here.
-
-About the year 448 the Romans withdrew from the island, after having been
-masters of the most considerable part of its territory for nearly four
-centuries, and left the Britons to arm for their own defence.  No sooner,
-however, had the Romans withdrawn their troops, than the Scots and Picts
-invaded the country with their terrible forces, and spread devastation
-and ruin along the line of their march.  These vindictive and rapacious
-barbarians, fired with the lust of conquest, made a pitiless onslaught
-upon the property and lives of the people.  The unhappy Britons
-petitioned, without effect, for the interposition of Rome, which had
-declared its resolution for ever to abandon them.  The British
-ambassadors were entrusted with a letter to the legate at Rome,
-pathetically stating their perilous dilemma, and invoking their immediate
-aid.
-
-The intestine commotions which were then shaking the Roman empire to its
-centre prevented the masters of the then world from affording the timely
-aid sought at their hands.
-
-Despairing of any reinforcement from Rome, the Britons now invoked the
-aid of the Saxons, who promptly complied with the invitation, and under
-Hengist and Horsa, two Saxon chiefs, who were also brothers, wrested
-Chester from the hands of the invaders.  The Saxons, perceiving the
-weakness of their degenerate allies, soon began to entertain the project
-of conquering them, and seizing the country as their spoil.  During the
-conflict which ensued between the Britons and Saxons, who from allies
-became masters.  Chester was frequently taken and retaken, and suffered
-severely in various sieges.  Ultimately, the Aborigines were totally
-subjugated under the mightier sway of Saxon arms.
-
-In 607 Ethelfrid, King of Northumbria, waged a sanguinary battle with the
-Britons under the walls of Chester, whom he defeated.
-
-It is recorded that he came to avenge the quarrel of St. Augustine, whose
-metropolitan jurisdiction the British monks refused to admit.  Augustine
-is said to have denounced against them the vengeance of heaven, for this
-reason, three years previously.
-
-Sammes, in his Antiquities of Britain, gives an interesting statement of
-this celebrated battle: “Edelfrid, the strongest King of the English,
-having gathered together a great army about the city of Chester, he made
-a great slaughter of that nation; but when he was going to give the
-onset, he espied priests and others, who were come thither to entreat God
-for the success of the army, standing apart in a place of advantage; he
-asked who they were, and for what purpose they had met there?  When
-Edelfrid had understood the cause of their coming, he said, ‘If,
-therefore, they cry unto their God against us, certainly they, although
-they bear no arms, fight against us, who prosecute us by their prayers.’”
-
-The victory was not destined, however, to be an abiding one.  The
-supremacy of Ethelfrid over the Britons was not long in duration.
-History tells us that a few years after he had achieved his conquest, the
-united forces of Brocmail and three other British princes rescued from
-his hands the possession of Chester, and put his armies to flight.  In
-613, the Britons assembled in Chester, and elected Cadwon their king, who
-reigned with great honour for twenty-two years.
-
-From this period to the close of the Heptarchy, we have but very scanty
-materials respecting the history of Chester.  The Britons appear to have
-retained possession of it until about the year 828, when it was finally
-taken by Egbert, during the reign of the British prince Mervyn and his
-wife Esylht.
-
-In a few years afterwards (894 or 895) the city underwent a heavy
-calamity, from its invasion by Harold, King of the Danes, Mancolin, King
-of the Scots, and another confederate prince, who are said to have
-encamped on Hoole heath, near Chester, and, after a long siege, reduced
-the city.  These predatory pirates were soon after attacked and conquered
-by Alfred, who utterly routed them from the military defences in which
-they had embosomed themselves, and destroyed all the cattle and corn of
-the district.
-
-After the evacuation of the city by the Danes, it remained in ruins until
-about the year 908, when it was restored by Ethelred, the first Earl of
-Mercia, and Ethelfleda, his wife, who, it is said, enlarged it to double
-the extent of the Roman town.  Sir Peter Leycester says that “Ethelred
-and his countess restored Caerleon, that is Legecestria, now called
-Chester, after it was destroyed by the Danes, and enclosed it with new
-walls, and made it nigh such two as it was before; so that the castle
-that was sometime by the water without the walls, is now in the town
-within the walls.”  All the narratives which have been handed down to us
-of this celebrated woman represent her as possessed of incomparable
-talent, great enterprise, and pure mind.  She employed the great power
-and opportunity she possessed with admirable wisdom, and made them
-subservient to acts of munificence and piety.  She died at Tamworth in
-922, whence her body was translated to Gloucester.  Leycester gives a
-lengthy record of her good deeds, which prepares us for the fact that her
-loss was deeply and universally regretted throughout the whole kingdom.
-
-                         [Picture: Edgar’s Cave]
-
-The security of Chester against the Danish invaders was ultimately
-effected by the victories of Edmund, in or about 942, after which it was
-occasionally honoured by the residence of the Saxon sovereigns.  Pennant
-says, King Edgar made this one of the stations in his annual
-circumnavigation of his dominions.  About the year 973, he visited
-Chester, attended by his court, and received the homage of his vassal
-kings.  It is said that one day entering his barge, he assumed the helm,
-and made his eight tributary princes row him from the palace which stood
-in the field at Handbridge, opposite the castle (and which still bears
-his name), up the river Dee, as far as the monastery of St. John’s.  In
-the following century Chester was possessed by the Earls of Mercia, until
-the Norman Conquest in 1066.  The tyranny, violence, and bloodshed which
-marked the course of William the Conqueror, met with determined
-resistance in various parts of the country; but in the course of six or
-seven years he utterly crushed all opposition, and became absolute master
-of the island.  He introduced into England the feudal system, “with its
-military aristocracy, its pride, its splendour, and its iron dominion.
-The importance of Chester, as a military station, was shown by its being
-assigned as a fief to one of the chief leaders in the Norman army, and on
-his death by its being given to the nephew of the Duke himself, under
-whom it was invested with privileges which raised it almost to the rank
-of a separate principality.  Under Hugh, the first Earl of Chester, and
-his immediate successors, we may suppose that most of those castles were
-built, which form objects of antiquarian research in the neighbourhood,
-but which are melancholy records of the state of society at the time,
-since they were evidently built to protect the frontiers from the
-continued invasions of the Welsh.  Some of these still remain, and, from
-their extent and magnificence, appear to have been the residences of the
-Earls themselves.  Many more have perished, and can only be traced by the
-banks which mark the outline of their plan.  These were probably of an
-inferior description, and are rather to be considered as guard-houses for
-the protection of some particular pass than as regular fortresses.  There
-are traces of this kind at Doddleston, at Pulford, at Aldford, at Holt,
-at Shotwick, beside the larger and more distinguished holds at Beeston,
-Halton, Chester, and Hawarden; and probably few years passed but that
-some inroad of the Welsh carried fire and slaughter to the very gates of
-Chester, and swept the cattle and produce from the fields.” {7}
-
-For many years previous to the Norman Conquest, Chester was governed by
-Dukes or Earls; but William, perceiving the danger of entrusting so large
-a territory in the hands of any one of his barons, curtailed the
-provinces within narrower limits, and thereby crippled the power which
-had often proved dangerous to the throne, and at the same time augmented
-his own, by having a larger number of gifts and emoluments to bestow on
-his followers.  In the first instance, William gave Chester to Gherbodus,
-a noble Fleming, who, having obtained permission of the king to visit
-Flanders for the transaction of some private business, there fell into
-the hands of his enemies, and was obliged to resign the earldom to Hugh
-Lupus, the nephew of the Conqueror, who was appointed in his stead.  The
-Earldom was now erected into a Palatinate.  Camden says, “William the 1st
-created Hugh, surnamed Lupus, the first Earl of Chester and Count
-Palatine, and gave unto him and his heirs all the county, to be holden as
-freely by the sword as the king himself held England by his crown.”
-
-By reason of this grant, the Earls of Chester were invested with
-sovereign jurisdiction, and held their own parliaments.  It is supposed
-that Lupus was invested with his new dignity at Chester by William
-himself, when he was present there in person in 1069.
-
-He created several barons to assist him in his council and government,
-some of whom we find upon record, as Nigel, Baron of Halton; Sir William
-Maldebeng, of Malbanc, Baron of Witch Malbanc, or Nantwich; Richard de
-Vernon, Baron of Shipbroke; Gilbert Venables, Baron of Kinderton; Hamon
-de Massey, Baron of Dunham Massey; Warren de Poynton, Baron of Stockport;
-Eustace de Monthalt, Baron of Monthalt.  He converted the church of St.
-Werburgh into an abbey, by the advice of St. Anselm.
-
-He continued Earl thirty-one years, died the 27th of July, 1101, and was
-buried in the churchyard, but afterwards removed to the present
-Chapter-house of the Cathedral, where his body was found in 1724, wrapped
-in leather, enclosed in a stone coffin.
-
-His Sword of Dignity forms one of the many valuable curiosities preserved
-in the British Museum.  His parliament was formed of eight barons, who
-were obliged to attend him.  Every baron had four esquires, every esquire
-one gentleman, and every gentleman one valet.  The barons had the power
-of life and death.  Hugh Lupus was succeeded by his son Richard, who was
-drowned in his passage from Normandy.  He governed nineteen years, and
-was succeeded by Ranulph, surnamed _Mechines_, son of Margaret, sister to
-Lupus.  Ranulph died at Chester, A.D. 1129, {8} and was succeeded by the
-heroic Ranulph II., surnamed _Geronjis_, who, having held the earldom
-twenty-five years, was poisoned in 1153, and was buried at Chester.
-
-Hugh II., his son, surnamed Cyvelioc, succeeded him, and continued in the
-earldom twenty-eight years.  He died at Leek, in Staffordshire, and was
-buried at Chester.
-
-Hugh was succeeded by his son Ranulph, surnamed _Blundeville_, who, for
-his benevolence, was styled _Ranulph the Good_.  He served in the holy
-wars, and was as celebrated as any of the Seven Champions of Christendom.
-After his return, he built Beeston Castle, in Cheshire, a noble and
-imposing fortress, which, before the use of fire-arms, might have been
-deemed impregnable.  It is built on an insulated rock, and its summit is
-one hundred yards above the level of the brook that runs at its base.  It
-endured three sieges during the civil wars.  The middle part of the slope
-is surrounded by towers, which time, however, has dismantled; the well in
-the upper part was cut through the rock to the depth of one hundred
-yards; in the course of time it became nearly filled up with rubbish, but
-within the last few years was cleared, built round, and enclosed, by J.
-Tollemache, Esq., M.P., to whom the castle belongs.  It is ten miles
-distant from Chester, on the London and North-Western Railway.
-
-This Earl Ranulph was besieged by the Welsh in the castle of Rhuddlan,
-and was relieved by Ralph Dutton, son-in-law of Roger Lacy, Constable of
-Chester, at the head of a large body of fiddlers, minstrels, &c., who
-were then assembled at the fair of Hugh Lupus.  A remarkable privilege of
-this fair was, that no thief or malefactor that attended it should be
-attached or punished, except for offences then and there committed.  With
-this motley crew Dutton marched into Wales, and raised the siege; for
-which Ranulph rewarded him with full power over all the instruments of
-his preservation, and the privilege of licensing the minstrels.  The
-anniversary of this achievement was formerly celebrated on the festival
-of St. John the Baptist, by a regular procession of the minstrels to the
-church of their tutelar saint, St. Werburgh, in honour of whom Hugh Lupus
-granted to the minstrels, &c., the above-mentioned privilege, which is
-recognized in all subsequent vagrant acts, by a special exception in
-favour of the minstrel jurisdiction of the Duttons, of Dutton, in
-Cheshire.  The last Earl Ranulph died in 1232, and was buried at Chester.
-
-John Scott succeeded Ranulph, who died without issue; not without
-suspicion, Leycester says, of being poisoned by the contrivance of Helene
-his wife.
-
-The Earls of Chester continued to exercise their local sovereignty for
-about one hundred and sixty years.  They held that sovereignty, it is
-true, as the representatives of the paramount sovereignty of the King of
-England, and as owing allegiance to him in all things; but so far as the
-government of the Palatinate was concerned, their rule, though nominally
-mediate, was actually absolute, for the King does not appear to have
-thwarted their jurisdiction, or in any way to have exerted his supreme
-authority, beyond retaining a mint at Chester.
-
-After the death of the seventh Earl, in 1237, Henry the Third united the
-Earldom to the Crown; he afterwards conferred it upon his eldest son,
-Prince Edward, about A.D. 1245, who, two years after this, received the
-homage of his military tenants at Chester.  From that period to the
-present the title of Earl of Chester has been vested in the eldest son of
-the reigning sovereign, and is now held by His Royal Highness Albert,
-Prince of Wales.
-
-In 1255 Llewellyn ap Gryffid, Prince of Wales, provoked by the cruel
-injuries his subjects had received from Geffrey Langley, Lieutenant of
-the County under Prince Edward, carried fire and sword to the gates of
-Chester.  In 1257 Henry the Third summoned his nobility and bishops to
-attend, with their vassals, at Chester, in order to invade Wales; and in
-1275 Edward the First appointed the city as the place for Llewellyn to do
-him homage, whose refusal ended with the ruin of himself and his
-principality; for in 1300 Edward of Carnarvon here received the final
-acknowledgment of the Welsh to the sovereignty of England; and in a few
-years afterwards, Llewellyn was brought hither a prisoner from Flint
-Castle.  Richard the Second visited this his favourite city in 1397, and
-in 1399 he was brought a prisoner from Flint Castle to the castle of
-Chester, which Bolingbroke, afterwards Henry the Fourth, had seized.
-
-In Owen Glendower’s wars this city was a _place d’armes_ for the English
-troops in the expeditions against the Welsh, who, ever tenacious of their
-independence, were as unwilling to submit to the Norman as the Saxon
-yoke.
-
-In 1459 Henry the Sixth, with Queen Margaret and her son Edward, visited
-Chester, and bestowed little silver swans on the Cheshire gentlemen who
-espoused her cause.
-
-It appears that Henry the Seventh and his Queen also visited Chester in
-1493.  In 1554 George Marsh, the pious martyr was publicly burnt at
-Boughton, for his steadfast adherence to the Protestant faith.  In the
-year 1617 the city was honoured with the presence of James the First,
-when Edward Button, the then Mayor, presented the King with a gilt cup
-containing one hundred jacobuses of gold.
-
-From this time no event of any great importance appears to have
-transpired, until the city was involved in the calamities of a siege, in
-consequence of its loyalty to Charles the First.  The city stood the
-siege for some months; but the inhabitants at last, reduced to the
-extremity of famine, so that they were compelled to eat horses, dogs,
-cats, and other animals, abandoned their resistance, made honourable
-terms of capitulation, and yielded the city on February the 3rd, 1645–6.
-
-Chester was, probably, in the time of the Romans, or earlier, a thriving
-port.  The Saxon navy was stationed here, and it was also the seat of the
-Mercian kings.  About the time of the Conquest the imports and exports
-appear to have been considerable.  But as an illustration of the times we
-may mention, that one article of the latter was slaves, obtained, it is
-conjectured, from the captives which were made in the frequent wars with
-the Welsh.  It is quite clear that Chester was, in ancient days, a busy
-and nourishing port, because of the perfectly navigable condition of the
-Dee.  All the early writers of its history unite in bearing testimony to
-this point.  It may here be mentioned as a curious and interesting fact,
-that some centuries ago, Flookersbrook was covered with water, and that a
-deep and broad channel flowed through Mollington, Stanney, and that
-direction, which emptied itself into the estuary now called the Mersey.
-Holinshed, after tracing minutely the course of the Dee through
-Flookersbrook up to Stanney, distinctly states that it “sendeth foorth
-one arme by Stannie Poole, and the Parke side into Merseie arme,” &c.
-Speed distinctly marks out this course in his map; and it is still more
-broadly defined in an old Dutch map, of a much earlier date, printed at
-Rotterdam.
-
-In consequence of the uncertain and imperfect state of the river, the
-once thriving commerce of this ancient port has dwindled into comparative
-insignificance, and Liverpool has reaped the advantage.  Spirited efforts
-have latterly been made to improve the navigation and port of Chester.
-
-With regard to the ecclesiastical history of Chester, it may suffice to
-observe that, according to King’s ‘Vale Royal,’ Theodore, the first
-Anglo-Saxon Primate, ordained at Rome in 669, appointed St. Chad the
-first Bishop of Chester, who fixed his seat at Lichfield.  “After him one
-Winifred was bishop, who, for his disobedience in some points, was
-deprived by Theodore, who appointed in his place one Sexulph.  The said
-Theodore, by authority of a synod held at Hatfield, did divide the
-province of Mercia into five bishoprics, that is to say, Chester,
-Worcester, Lichfield, Cederna in Lindsey, and Dorchester, which after was
-translated to Lincoln.  After Sexulf, one Aldwin was Bishop of Lichfield,
-and next to him Eudulfus, who was adorned with the Archbishop’s pall,
-having all the bishops under King Offa’s dominions suffragans to him.”
-
-The diocese of Chester seems to have continued one with that of Lichfield
-to the time of the Conquest, when Pennant says a Bishop of Lichfield, in
-the year 1075, removed his episcopal seat to Chester, and during his life
-made use of the monastery of St. John’s for his cathedral.
-
-His successor was Robert of Lindsey, chaplain of Wm. Rufus, who removed
-the see to Coventry; St. John’s church, however, continued collegiate up
-to the time of the Reformation, at which period it had a dean, eight
-canons or prebends, and ten vicars choral.  The prelate and his
-successors, although having seats at Lichfield and Coventry, as well as
-Chester, continued to have the designation of Bishop of Chester, until
-the appointment of John Ketterich, in 1415, who was not so styled, nor
-any of his successors until the time of the Reformation.  “The bishops
-that were before that time (although they were commonly called Bishops of
-Chester) were Bishops of Lichfield, and had but their seat or most
-abiding in Chester.”  Henry the Eighth erected Chester into a distinct
-diocese in the 33rd year of his reign, “turning the monastery of St.
-Werburgh into the Bishop’s palace; unto which jurisdiction was allotted
-Cheshire, Lancashire, Richmondshire, and part of Cumberland; and was
-appointed to be within the province of York.”
-
-John Bird, D.D., “formerly a fryer of the order of the Carmelites, was
-the first bishop of this new foundation.”  He was deprived of his
-bishopric by Queen Mary, A.D. 1544, because of his adhesion to the
-Protestant faith.  He was succeeded by George Cotes, who survived his
-consecration only about two years.  He died at Chester, and was buried in
-the Cathedral near the Bishop’s throne.  His memory is stained with the
-blood of George Marsh, who, during his episcopate, suffered martyrdom at
-Boughton.  The next Bishop was Cuthbert Scott, who was vice-chancellor of
-Oxford in 1554 and 1555, one of the delegates commissioned by Cardinal
-Pole to visit that University, and one of the four Bishops who, with as
-many divines, undertook to defend the Church of Rome against an equal
-number of reformed divines.  He was deposed by Queen Elizabeth, for some
-abusive expressions uttered against Her Majesty.  William Downham,
-chaplain to Queen Elizabeth before she came to the crown, was consecrated
-Bishop of Chester, A.D. 1561.  He died Nov., 1577, and was buried in the
-choir of the Cathedral, having sat Bishop sixteen years and a half: from
-that time to the present there has been a regular succession of Bishops
-of the Reformed Church.
-
-John Graham, D.D., formerly Master of Christ’s College, Cambridge, was
-consecrated to the see of Chester in 1848, in succession to the present
-Archbishop of Canterbury, and is at present fulfilling the duties of his
-high office with pious earnestness, diligence, and general approbation.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-Municipal institutions were first introduced into Britain by the Romans.
-York was one of the first towns in England on which they were conferred.
-We can discover very little to aid us in tracing the progressive history
-of the municipal government of the ancient city of Chester until the time
-of Ranulph, the third Earl Palatine, and nephew of the Earl Hugh; but
-being a Roman colony, the inhabitants no doubt were regarded as Roman
-citizens, and as such entitled to the same privileges which Rome itself
-possessed.  Pennant supposes that the Roman prætorium occupied the site
-on which St. Peter’s church is now built.  In this tribunal, if the case
-be so, the civil law and power would be exercised in those days.
-
-“Before the city had any charter,” says King’s ‘Vale Royal,’ “they used
-by prescription divers liberties, and enjoyed a guild mercatory, that is,
-a brotherhood of merchants, and that whosoever was not admitted of that
-society, he could not use any trade or traffick within the city, nor be a
-tradesman therein.  And the tenor of this guild mercatory did even run in
-these words:—‘Sicut hactenus usi fuerint;’ and was after confirmed under
-the Earl’s seal.  And there were appointed two overseers, and those were
-appointed out of the chiefest of the citizens, and were greatly respected
-of the citizens as officers that had the special care of maintaining
-those privileges, before a mayor was ordained.”  These officers were
-elected annually, and were denominated leave-lookers; they were
-accustomed to go round the city to see that its privileges were
-preserved, and sometimes used to take small sums, called
-_leave-lookerage_, for _leave_ for non-freemen to sell wares by retail.
-
-In the reign of Edward the Confessor, the government of the city was
-vested in twelve judges, selected from the vassals of the king, the earl,
-and the bishop.
-
-The first charter granted to the city was by the first Ranulph, also
-styled Ranulph le Meschin, third Earl of Chester, who died in 1128.  It
-grants to his tenants demesne of Chester, that none but they or their
-heirs shall buy or sell merchandise, brought to the city by sea or land,
-except at the fairs holden at the nativity of St. John the Baptist, and
-on the feast of St. Michael; and is directed thus—Ranul. com. Cestræ.
-constabulario. dupifero justiciar, vicecom. baron. militibus bullivis et
-omnibus servientibus suis præsentibus et futuris, salutem; Sciatis, &c.;
-and so makes a large grant to the city, and warrants the same strongly
-against his heirs, and appoints forfeitures upon all that shall
-withstand.  The charter, which is without date, is witnessed by Domino
-Hugone, Abbate Cestriæ.  Domino Hugone le Orebi, tunc. justiciar.  Warren
-de Vernon, &c., &c.  It was confirmed by the other two Earls Ranulphs,
-and also by Earl John, who strictly prohibited all buying and selling
-except as aforesaid, with other additions.  King John and Henry the
-Second also established it, with the addition of some further privileges.
-Henry the Third granted three charters, in the first of which he recites,
-that he hath seen the former charters of the Earls, and doth grant and
-confirm domesticis hominibus Cestr. &c., that none shall buy or sell
-merchandise in the city, but citizens, except in the fairs, &c., sub pœna
-£10.
-
-It was at this time that, so far as we can ascertain, the first mayor was
-created. {14}  In the 26th year of Henry’s reign, Sir Walter Lynnet was
-the first who was invested with civic honours and authority.  The
-mayoralty of Chester is, therefore, a very ancient one, only 58 years
-younger, we believe, than that of London.
-
-In 1300 Edward the First confirmed the former charter of his father,
-Henry the Third; and by the same charter gave the city of Chester, with
-the appurtenances, liberties, and freedoms to the citizens of Chester and
-their heirs, to be holden of him and his heirs for ever, paying yearly
-£100.  He granted them also the election of coroners and pleas of the
-crown, and that the citizens shall have sock, sack, toll, theme,
-irfangtheof, outfangtheof, and to be free throughout all the land and
-dominion of toll, passage, &c.
-
-Many other charters follow, and other matters connected with the
-government of the city.
-
-Richard the Second, in 1347, “for the furtherance of justice and better
-execution thereof, grants unto his subjects, maiors, sheriffs, and
-commonality of the said city, to hold their courts; and limited what
-processes they may award in actions, personal felonies, appeals, process
-of uttagary, as at the common law;” and since then the sessions of the
-peace have continued to be held down to the present time.
-
-Henry Seventh, “in consideration that through the decay of the haven and
-river, by many burstings forth, was become sandy and impassable, as
-before, for merchandise,” remitteth £80 annually of the fee farm rent.
-And the said King Henry Seventh granteth that the city of Chester and the
-suburbs, towns, and hamlets thereof, the castle excepted, should be a
-county of itself, by the name of the county of Chester.
-
-Henry the Eighth sent letters in parchment under his privy seal to the
-Mayor of Chester, charging that the citizens should not be pressed unto
-the war, but remain within the city for the defence thereof.  He also, by
-letters patent, discharged the city from being a sanctuary for
-malefactors, which was by proclamation removed to Stafford.  In the 32nd
-year of the same reign, the city obtained the privilege of returning two
-burgesses as its representatives in the English parliament.
-
-The important changes effected in the municipal corporations of England
-and Wales in 1835 render it unnecessary to enter further into the various
-charters granted to the city of Chester.  By that Act, the local
-government was vested in town councillors, elected by the burgesses, and
-who serve for a term of three years.  Chester is divided into five wards
-for the election of the council; each ward elects six councillors, two of
-whom retire from office annually.  The councillors elect ten aldermen,
-who hold their office for six years; and any member of the council is
-eligible to the office of mayor.
-
-The following is a list of those who have served the office of mayor of
-Chester:—
-
-  1251 Sir Walter Lynnett, Knt.
-
-  1677 William Ince, Esq.
-
-  1696 Peter Bennet, Esq.
-
-  1700 Hugh Starkie, Esq.
-
-  1702 William, Earl of Derby.
-
-  1704 Edward Partington, Esq.
-
-  1705 Edward Puleston, Esq.
-
-  1708 James Mainwaring, Esq.
-
-  1709 William Allen, Esq.
-
-  1710 Thomas Partington, Esq.
-
-  1711 John Minshull, Esq.
-
-  1712 John Thomason, Esq.
-
-  1714 Francis Sayer, Esq.
-
-  1715 John Stringer, Esq.
-
-  1715 Sir Richd. Grosvenor, Bart.
-
-  1716 Henry Bennett, Esq.
-
-  1717 John Hodgson, Esq.
-
-  1718 Alexander Denton, Esq.
-
-  1719 Randle Bingley, Esq.
-
-  1720 Thomas Edwards, Esq.
-
-  1725 John Parker, Esq.
-
-  1729 Thomas Brock, Esq.
-
-  1731 Trafford Massie, Esq.
-
-  1733 Peter Ellamies, Esq.
-
-  1734 Roger Massie, Esq.
-
-  1736 W. W. Wynn, Esq.
-
-  1737 Sir Robt. Grosvenor, Bart.
-
-  1738 Nathanael Wright, Esq.
-
-  1743 Thomas Davies, Esq.
-
-  1744 Thomas Maddock, Esq.
-
-  1745 Henry Ridley, Esq.
-
-  1746 Edward Yearsley, Esq.
-
-  1747 William Edwards, Esq.
-
-  1748 Edward Griffith, Esq.
-
-  1750 John Hallwood, Esq.
-
-  1754 Wm. Cooper, Esq., M.D.
-
-  1757 Richard Richardson, Esq.
-
-  1758 Thomas Grosvenor, Esq.
-
-  1759 Thos. Cholmondeley, Esq.
-
-  1760 Thomas Cotgreave, Esq.
-
-  1761 Holme Burrows, Esq.
-
-  1763 Edward Burrows, Esq.
-
-  1764 George French, Esq.
-
-  1765 Sir W. W. Wynn, Bart.
-
-  1769 Gabriel Smith, Esq.
-
-  1773 Panton Ellamies, Esq.
-
-  1779 Thomas Amery, Esq.
-
-  1781 Henry Higg, Esq.
-
-  1783 John Hallwood, Esq.
-
-  1784 William Harrison, Esq.
-
-  1787 Sir Richd. Grosvenor, Bart.
-
-  1795 Richard Ollerhead, Esq.
-
-  1803 Edmund Bushell, Esq.
-
-  1807 Robert, Earl Grosvenor.
-
-  1809 Thomas Evans, Esq.
-
-  1810 Thomas Grosvenor, Esq.
-
-  1811 Robert Bowers, Esq.
-
-  1813 Sir W. W. Wynn, Bart.
-
-  1814 John Bedward, Esq.
-
-  1815 Sir J. Cotgreave, Knt.
-
-  1816 Thomas Francis, Esq.
-
-  1817 Henry Bowers, Esq.
-
-  1818 Thomas Bradford, Esq.
-
-  1819 John Williamson, Esq.
-
-  1820 William Seller, Esq.
-
-  1821 John S. Rogers, Esq.
-
-  1822 William Massey, Esq.
-
-  1823 Robert Morris, Esq.
-
-  1824 George Harrison, Esq.
-
-  1825 John Fletcher, Esq.
-
-  1826 John Larden, Esq.
-
-  1827 Thomas Francis, Esq.
-
-  1827 Henry Bowers, Esq.
-
-  1828 Robert Morris, Esq.
-
-  1829 William Moss, Esq.
-
-  1830 Titus Chaloner, Esq.
-
-  1831 Richard Buckley, Esq.
-
-  1831 George Harrison, Esq.
-
-  1832 John Fletcher, Esq.
-
-  1833 George Harrison, Esq.
-
-  1834 The same.
-
-  1835 The same.
-
-  1836 William Cross, Esq.
-
-  1837 Thomas Dixon, Esq.
-
-  1838 Ed. Samuel Walker, Esq.
-
-  1839 John Uniacke, Esq.
-
-  1840 The same.
-
-  1841 William Wardell, Esq.
-
-  1842 William Brown, Esq.
-
-  1843 Wm. Henry Brown, Esq.
-
-  1844 Henry Kelsall, Esq.
-
-  1845 Charles Potts, Esq.
-
-  1846 Edward Tilston, Esq.
-
-  1847 R. P. Jones, Esq., M.D.
-
-  1848 The same.
-
-  1849 Sir E. S. Walker, Knt.
-
-  1850 John Williams, Esq.
-
-  1851 The same.
-
-  1852 P. S. Humberston, Esq.
-
-  1853 Henry Brown.  Esq., who, dying during his mayoralty, Dr. R. P.
-  Jones was appointed to the office for the unexpired period.
-
-  1854 John Smith, Esq.
-
-  1855 W. H. Brown, Esq.
-
-  1856 Major French.
-
-  1857 Peter Eaton, Esq.
-
-  1858 P. S. Humberston, Esq.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER II.
-ROMAN ANTIQUITIES.
-
-
-ALTARS, Roman pavements, pigs of lead, coins, and other precious relics
-of former times, have been discovered in various places in the city and
-neighbourhood, some of them within a very recent period.  Now that the
-people are happily being taught to estimate local antiquities at their
-proper worth, and a spirit of inquiry is being invoked respecting them,
-it is to be hoped that any future discoveries that may be made will be
-carefully preserved.  There is no doubt that, through recklessness or
-ignorance, many links in the chain of our local history have been
-neglected and lost.
-
-On a projecting rock in Handbridge, situate at the south end of the
-bridge, is a sculptured figure of Minerva, with her symbol, the owl.
-Time has very much obliterated and defaced this ancient sculpture, called
-Edgar’s Cave, which is doubtless of Roman date.  Close to the figure is a
-great hole in the rock; and the field in which it is situated is known by
-the name of Edgar’s field to the present day.
-
-In the year 1653 an altar, supposed to have been dedicated to Jupiter,
-was dug up in Foregate-street, and which is preserved among the
-Arundelian marbles at Oxford.  The back of it is plain: on the sides of
-it there are neatly sculptured a Patera, a cup which was used in their
-libations; and a Thuribulum, or censer for burning incense.  The
-inscription, when perfect, was—
-
-                              I . O . M . TANARO
-                             T . ELVPIVS . GALER
-                               PRAESENS . GUNTA
-                            PRI . LEG . XX . V . V
-                           COMMODO . ET . LATERANO
-                                     COS
-                                V . S . L . M.
-
-which Leigh, in his ‘Natural History of Lancashire and Cheshire,’
-explains thus—
-
-                          JOVI OPTIMO MAXIMO TANARO
-                            TITUS ELUPIUS GALERIUS
-                              PRÆSENS GUBERNATOR
-                PRINCIBUS LEGIONIS VICESSIMÆ VICTRICIÆ VALERIÆ
-                       COMMODO ET LATERANO CONSULIBUS,
-                         VOTUM SOLVIT LUBENS MERITO.
-
-In the year 1693, on the occasion of digging a place for a cellar in
-Eastgate-street, an altar was found buried amongst a great quantity of
-ashes, horns, and bones of several animals.  On the back of the altar is
-represented a curtain with a festoon, over which is a globe surrounded
-with palm branches.  On one side is a vase with two handles, from which
-issue acanthus leaves, supporting a basket of fruit; on the other side is
-a Genius with a Cornucopia in his left hand, and an altar on his right:
-on the top of the altar is a well sculptured human face within the
-Thuribulum.
-
-This altar was found with the inscription downwards, and near it were two
-medals, one of Vespasian, the other is assigned to Constantius Chlorus,
-son-in-law of Maximian.  The inscription, with restorations, runs thus:—
-
-                              PRO . SAL . DOMIN
-                               ORUM . NN . INVI
-                                 CTISSIMORVM
-                             AVGG . GENIO . LOCI
-                               FLAVIVS . LONGVS
-                          TRIB . MIL . LEG . XX . VV
-                                LONGINVS . FIL
-                                 EIVS . DOMO
-                                   SAMOSATA
-                                    V . S
-
-Mr. Roach Smith says, “The persons who erected this altar were of
-Samosata, a town of Syria, celebrated as the birth-place of Lucian.”
-
-In 1779 an altar was found in Watergate-street, which is still preserved
-in the grounds of Oulton Park, the seat of Sir Philip de Malpas Grey
-Egerton, Bart, M.P.: at the sides are the rod of Esculapius, the
-Cornucopiæ and rudder, a patera, urn, sacrificial knife, and other
-instruments.  The inscription, with a few restorations, is as follows:—
-
-                              FORTVNAE . REDVCI
-                         ESCVLAP . ET . SALVTI . EIVS
-                            LIBERT . ET . FAMILIA
-                   CAII . PONTII . T . F . CAL . MAMILIANI
-                       RVFI . ANTISTIANI . FVNINSVLANI
-                            VETTONIANI . LEG . AVG
-                                    D . D
-
-                           [Picture: Stone Altars]
-
-In the year 1821 a handsome altar was found by some labourers in a field
-called “The Daniels,” in Great Boughton, near Chester, between the Tarvin
-and Huntingdon roads: it is now preserved at Eaton Hall, the seat of the
-Marquis of Westminster.  It is of red sandstone; the mouldings are bold,
-but it has no other ornaments upon it except the scrolls which support
-the Thuribulum.  The inscription is the same on both sides, and is as
-follows:—
-
-                                   NYMPHIS
-                                      ET
-                                   FONTIBVS
-                                   LEG XX.
-                                     V V
-
-It has been supposed that the reason why this altar was erected on that
-particular spot, was because of the pure water which springs on that side
-of the town: the old Abbot’s well is in that quarter, whence water was
-formerly conveyed by pipes to some of the monasteries in Chester.
-
-In 1729, in digging a cellar in Watergate-street, a stone was found with
-an inscription, of which the following fragment only remains:—
-
-                                 NVMINI . AVG
-                                 ALMAE . CET
-                                 NVS . ACTOR
-                               EX . VOTO . FACI
-
-In the Chapter-house of Chester Cathedral, there is a red sandstone, 24
-inches by 8 inches, found on the site of the Deanery, bearing this
-inscription:—
-
-                             COH . I . E. OCRATI
-                               MAXIMINI . M . P
-
-Mr. Roach Smith, an eminent authority in such matters, says that this
-inscription is to be ascribed to the century of Ocratius Maximus, of the
-first Cohort of the 20th Legion: it has evidently been a facing stone,
-probably in the city wall; it resembles in character the centurial
-commemorations on the stones in the great northern wall, and, like them,
-apparently refers to the completion of a certain quantity of building.
-
-In the year 1738, in digging the foundation of a house in the
-market-place, a fragment of a slate stone was found, on which was cut in
-bas-relief, the figure of a Retiarius armed with his trident and net, and
-a considerable part of the shield of the Secutor.  The Secutores and the
-Retiarii were gladiators, distinguished by their armour and manner of
-fighting.  They bore in their left hand a trident, and in the right a
-net, with which the combatant attempted to entangle his adversary, by
-throwing it over his head, and suddenly drawing it together, and then
-with his trident he usually slew him.
-
-Horsley describes a small statue of stone found near the Dee, supposed to
-be either Atys or Mithras.  It had a Phrygian bonnet, a mantle on the
-shoulders, a short vest on the body, and a declining torch in the hands.
-
-On pulling down the old Eastgate in 1768, some portions of the original
-Roman structure were discovered, consisting of four arches, two in a
-line, and fifteen feet distant from each other; between the two arches
-fronting the east was a statue of the god Mars, holding in his right hand
-a spear handle, and his left resting on a shield.  This was cut in one
-large stone, of about a half ton weight.  There was also found a piece of
-rude sculpture about two feet in height, representing a Roman soldier.
-
-In the year 1800 a Roman Ring, with an onyx stone in the centre, was
-found by some workmen when digging in a garden in Upper Northgate-street,
-and is now in the possession of R. J. Hastings, Esq., of Chester.
-
-In 1803 part of a mosaic pavement, about five feet square, was discovered
-about six feet below the surface of the earth, on digging a cellar in
-what was then known by the name of the Nun’s Garden, near the Castle.
-
-In 1813 in sinking the foundation of a cellar at Netherleigh House, a
-short distance from Chester, a considerable number of large vases of red
-clay were discovered; they were regularly arranged in vaults, each vault
-containing four or six vases.  Some of these were filled with calcined
-bones and small lumps of white clay.  One of the vases was secured in a
-perfect state, but the others in most part were destroyed, through the
-carelessness of the workmen.  A demi-figure, habited in a sacerdotal
-costume, was found at the same time.
-
-In 1814 a tesselated pavement was discovered near the gateway of the
-Castle, in making the alterations there, part of which was destroyed, and
-the remainder covered up again.
-
-In April, 1850, whilst excavating for a drain on the premises belonging
-to Mr. Wynne, carpenter, on the east side of Bridge-street, adjoining the
-Feathers-lane, a portion of a tile flooring, of mediæval construction,
-was discovered, in a remarkably good state of preservation.  This floor
-was made the subject of a lecture by Mr. Harrison, architect, which is
-embodied in the reports published by the Chester Archæological Society.
-Large square Roman tiles of red clay are frequently found in removing old
-buildings, and breaking up the pavements, in Chester.  Many of these are
-stamped with the inscription of the 20th Legion, LEG. XX. VV., and others
-are marked, LEG. VV. Œ.
-
-These tiles were manufactured by the soldiers of the Legion, who were
-accomplished masons, being trained to use the pickaxe, spade, and trowel,
-as well as military arms.  In times of peace they were employed in
-building houses and public edifices, constructing roads, and tilling the
-fields.  To them “we are indebted for nearly all the inscriptions
-discovered in this country, which abound in the districts where they were
-regularly quartered, or employed on public works, and are comparatively
-scarce in other localities.”
-
-A great number of coins have been found at various times within the walls
-of Chester, of Vespasian, Trajan, Hadrian, Fl. Val. Constantius, and
-other Roman emperors, some in brass and others in silver.  A very fine
-gold coin of Faustina the elder, wife of Antonius Pius, was found a few
-years ago, near the Castle; and in 1826 a very beautiful gold coin was
-dug up in a field at the east end of Captain Wrench’s house, which is in
-the possession of Captain Wrench.  On the obverse is the head of Nero,
-with his title, NERO CESAR AVGVSTVS, and on the reverse is a figure in a
-sitting posture, and the legend SALVS.
-
-Whilst excavating a drain in Grosvenor-street, in 1828, several coins
-were found, some of which were in very good preservation, especially one
-of Trajan and another of Geta.  A lamp made of lead, and an ivory stylus,
-were also dug up at the same time.  In the same year was found, near the
-new church of St. Bridget, a small altar, without any inscription to
-assist the antiquarian in ascertaining anything respecting its
-dedication.  Within the space of a few inches from the altar was found a
-brass medal, on which the figure of the god Neptune is clearly
-delineated, with his trident, and a ship with her sails.  The legend on
-it is NEPTVNVS; on the reverse is Hercules with his club, and a female
-figure by his side, and around is the inscription HERCVLES ET PALLAS.
-
-A short time ago a small votive altar was found by W. Ayrton, Esq., at
-Boughton, near to the spot where the altar, previously described as
-dedicated to the Nymphs, was discovered.
-
-The inscription has been interpreted thus:—
-
-                       GENO. AVERNI. IVL. QVINTILIANVS.
-                Julius Quintilianus to the Genius of Avernus.
-
-Examples of dedication to genii are very numerous; the belief that they
-presided over the welfare of cities, families, and individuals, was part
-of the religious system of the Romans.  It was generally believed that
-every individual had two genii, the one good, the other bad.  With
-reference to the particular inscription to the genius Avernus, Mr. Roach
-Smith says, “that he finds no other mention: but the locality in which
-the altar was found confirms the literal interpretation that the genius
-of the well known lake in Carpania is here to be understood as addressed
-by Julius Quintilianus.  The waters of the lake were much used by the
-Romans in magical rites, as the classical reader will be reminded by the
-line in Virgil’s description of the incantation scene, preparatory to
-Dido’s death:—
-
-              “‘Sparserat et latices simulatos fontis Averni.’”
-
-A short time ago there was found in Common Hall-street, imbedded in a
-thick wall several feet under ground, a singular block or pig of lead.
-
-Unfortunately the inscription has only been partially preserved, inasmuch
-as it presents a different reading from others which have been
-discovered, and which Camden mentions as being very general in Cheshire;
-but those which he records as having come under his notice had inscribed
-on them:—
-
-                    IMP . DOMIT . AVG . GER . DE . CEANG.
-
-These pigs of lead appear to have been paid as tribute by the Britons to
-their Roman masters, “the harsh exaction of which was one of the causes
-of the insurrection.”
-
-A great quantity of the Red Samian, and other kinds of pottery, have been
-discovered within the walls of Chester, which are supposed to have been
-of foreign origin.  The names of the potters were:—
-
-    HIVNV.—SEV. . . .—BELINOIM.—ALBINVS.—BITVRIX.—ATILLVS.—VABIVS . F.—I
-    | OFFIC.—CRESI . M.—PVONI . M.—E S CV S I . M.
-
-The following recent discoveries we extract from the First Report of the
-Chester Architectural, Archæological, and Historic Society, incorporated
-in a most able and interesting paper by C. Roach Smith, Esq.
-
-_Weaver-street_.—In excavating for sewers was found, at the depth of
-seven feet, a raised foot-path, edged with curb-stones, and a regular
-paved road, of marble stones set in sand; four feet above this, a layer
-of charcoal; at ten or eleven feet deep, a quantity of Roman tile.
-
-_Common Hall-street_.—Up the centre, a row of foundations formed of
-concrete (broken marble stones in hard mortar), about nine feet apart,
-all in a line, and about ten feet deep, presenting the appearance of
-having supported columns.  A large square block of stone, four feet two
-inches square, and sixteen inches deep, without lewis holes, on a bed of
-concrete.  A portion of a column of very debased classical form, about
-two feet in diameter; at the top is a hole, four inches and a half
-square, and the same deep, and a similar hole at the bottom; the square
-part seems never to have been smoothly dressed; the workmen said it was
-fast to the grouted concrete, at the depth of ten feet; mouldings, broken
-tiles, and pottery, coins of Pius, Tetricus, &c.; a quantity of animals’
-bones, a stag’s skull, with the horns sawn off, and a wild boar’s tusk.
-In the adjoining street, a moulded block of cornice, eight inches thick,
-on the under side of which is a rude inscription; imbedded in a thick
-wall, at the same place, a pig of lead; a capital of a pillar.  The tiles
-are of various forms, some overlapping one another, some with a kind of
-pattern or letters, others with marks of animals’ feet.  One perfect,
-twenty-one inches by thirteen, of singular form.  Also, what appears to
-have been a portion of a gable end.
-
-In December, 1850, whilst fresh drains were being made, an old Roman vase
-was found in a yard belonging to Mr. Parkinson, plumber, in
-Northgate-street, between the Abbey-square and the Abbey Green.  The
-labourer who was employed in the drain in that neighbourhood unhappily
-shattered this vase in pieces.  The fragments, however, were collected
-together with great care, and re-united by Mr. Parkinson, in whose
-possession it now remains.  There were found with it some portions of
-annular brass money, much corroded.
-
-Near to the Feathers Hotel, in Bridge-street, in a cellar now occupied as
-an earthenware shop, are the remains of the Roman hypocaust and sweating
-bath, the use of which appears to have been very general amongst the
-Romans, and regarded by them as one of their chief luxuries.  From the
-details which have been handed down to us by ancient historians,
-respecting these curious erections, we learn that they were not only
-constructed so as to secure the comfort and convenience of the bathers to
-the fullest extent, but were often built in the most magnificent style of
-architecture.  The one in Bridge-street, which circumstances have happily
-spared, is in a tolerably perfect state.  It is fifteen feet long, and
-eight wide, and six feet seven inches deep.  There is an adjoining
-chamber, or _præfurnium_, of the same dimensions.  The Hypocaust is
-supported by twenty-eight square pillars, two feet eight inches high, and
-one foot square at the top and bottom.  Over these pillars are placed
-bricks, eighteen inches square, and three inches thick, which support
-others two feet square, perforated with small holes, about six inches
-asunder, for the purpose of conveying the heat upwards.  Immediately
-above this uppermost layer of bricks is a terrace floor, composed of
-several layers of lime, pounded bricks, &c., in different proportions and
-degrees of fineness.  The room above is the Sudatorium, or Sweating Room,
-which received the hot air from the Hypocaust below.  Around the walls
-were benches, rising one above another, on which the bathers sat, until
-they burst out into a free perspiration; after which they were scraped
-with a bronze instrument called a _Strigil_—thin and flexible, like a
-hoop—by which all impurities were removed from the skin; they were then
-_shampooed_, rubbed down with towels (_Lintea_), and their bodies
-anointed with oil, by an attendant called _Aliptes_, after which they
-returned to the _Tepidarium_, where they attired themselves, and cooled
-gradually before returning to the open air.
-
-In 1779, another Hypocaust, and the remains of several adjoining rooms of
-a Roman house, were discovered in digging the foundations of houses near
-the Watergate.  The pillars of this Hypocaust, the altar dedicated to
-_Fortuna Redux_, _Esculapius et Salus_, and a few other antiquities, were
-found at the same time, and were removed to Oulton Park.
-
-But small portions of the original Roman wall of Chester now exist,
-although undoubted vestiges of that ancient work are easily discernible.
-The present wall, no doubt, stands on the original foundation.  The Roman
-pavement has been often discovered at the depth of a few feet below the
-modern road, in the principal streets, which, in all probability, run in
-the same direction as those of the Roman City.  During the last few
-years, many remarkable antiquities have been discovered in making
-excavations for new buildings; and among such remains, a fine Roman
-altar, bearing a Greek inscription, has excited great interest and
-speculation.
-
-                          [Picture: City Walls]
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER III.
-A WALK ROUND THE WALLS OF CHESTER.
-
-
-THE Chester walls are the only perfect specimen of this order of ancient
-fortification now to be met with in England.  There is nothing, perhaps,
-which impresses a stranger more forcibly, or sooner attracts his interest
-and curiosity, than these embattled memorials of the olden time.
-
-In King’s ‘Vale Royal’ it is stated that they were first built by Marius,
-King of the Britons, A.D. 73.  Leland and Selden, both authors of credit,
-attribute to the Romans the foundation of Chester.  According to Geoffry
-of Monmouth, Higden, Bradshaw the Monk, and Stowe, it is of an origin
-more ancient than Rome itself, and was only re-edified by the
-legionaries; but, in support of their assertions, the aforesaid writers,
-all of whom delight in the marvellous, give no other authority save vague
-tradition.  On the other hand, the Walls of Chester, at this hour, bear
-witness to the truth of Leland and Selden’s account of their origin.
-
-They are built of soft freestone, and command extensive and beautiful
-prospects.  The view from the Northgate, with the Welsh Hills in the
-distance, is universally admired.  The Walls are a mile and
-three-quarters and one hundred and twenty-one yards in circumference, and
-are kept in repair by the Corporation.
-
-We commence our perambulation at a flight of steps on the North side of
-the Eastgate.  Proceeding to the right a short distance, the venerable
-Cathedral arrests our attention.
-
-At the end of Abbey-street is a small archway or passage through the
-Walls, leading to the Kale-yards, or cabbage gardens, which formerly
-belonged to the Abbot and Convent of St. Werburgh.  This opening was
-permitted to be made for their convenience, in the reign of Edward I., to
-prevent the necessity of bringing their vegetables by a circuitous road
-through the Eastgate.
-
-A few paces farther on was a quadrangular abutment, on which formerly
-stood a tower called _The Sadlers’ Tower_, from the Company of Sadlers
-holding their meetings there.  The tower was taken down in 1780; and the
-abutment, which marked the place where it stood, was taken down, in 1828.
-
-The elevated tower on the Canal bank belongs to the extensive Shot and
-White Lead Manufactory of Messrs. Walker, Parker, and Co., and forms a
-prominent object in the different approaches to the City.
-
-The lofty tower which stands at the angle is called
-
-
-
-THE PHŒNIX TOWER,
-
-
-which was formerly used by some of the companies of the city, whose arms
-were placed upon it, as a chamber for business.  Of these the _Phœnix_,
-the crest of the Painters’ and Stationers’ Company, which was put up in
-1613, now only remains.
-
-From the summit of this tower, King Charles I. had the mortification to
-see his army, under the generalship of Sir Marmaduke Langdale, defeated
-by the Parliamentary forces, which were led by General Pointz, at the
-battle of Rowton Moor, on the 27th September, 1645.  From its elevation
-and command of view over the township of Newton, it was formerly called
-_Newton’s Tower_.  Linked as it is with that eventful battle during one
-of the most significant epochs of our national history, it is not
-surprising that it is always regarded with intense curiosity, as a
-suggestive memorial of most interesting occurrences.  The mind is
-involuntarily carried back to the period when our country was involved in
-the discord, strife, and bloodshed of civil war; and, perhaps, as
-involuntarily reflects on the genial and happy change which the progress
-of knowledge, freedom, and religion has accomplished in the minds and
-institutions of the people.  We can now occupy the very spot on which the
-hapless monarch beheld the discomfiture of his hopes and power; but can
-gaze upon a prospect very different from that which greeted his vision,
-and with emotions more grateful than those which then distracted the
-monarch’s breast.  His Majesty remained that night in Chester, and on the
-following day marched with 500 horse into Wales.
-
-Beneath the walls here, deeply cut in the solid rock, is the Ellesmere
-and Chester Canal.
-
-Between the Eastgate and Phœnix Tower the remains of the Roman Walls are
-conspicuous in the lower courses.  At the distance of about seven feet
-from the top of the parapet, the Roman portion is terminated by a
-cornice, which extends in broken lengths for at least 100 yards.
-
-           [Picture: King Charles’ Tower, City Walls, Chester]
-
-In the time of the great Rebellion, a ditch surrounded the Walls, from
-the Eastgate to the Water Tower.  The view which is obtained from the
-elevation of this part of the Walls is very extensive and beautiful.  As
-you approach the North from the Eastgate, the ranges of Peckforton Hills,
-Beeston Castle, and the Forest of Delamere, form the background of the
-landscape, marked on the foreground with Waverton and Christleton
-churches; and, still nearer, the commodious Railway Station.
-
-Next we arrive at
-
-
-
-THE NORTHGATE.
-
-
-The ancient gate, over which the gaol was situated, and where criminals
-were formerly executed, was taken down in 1808, and the prisoners removed
-to a more commodious building on the south side of the infirmary.
-
-The present gate is a Doric structure, forming a capacious elliptic arch
-of white stone, divided from two smaller ones at the sides by two
-pillars.  It was erected at the expense of the late Marquis of
-Westminster.  The North side bears this inscription—
-
-                      PORTAM SEPTENTRIONALEM SVBSTRVCTAM
-                       A ROMANIS VETVSTATE JAM DILAPSAM
-                    IMPENSIS SVIS AB INTEGRO RESTITVENDAM
-                      CVRAVIT ROBERTVS COMES GROSVENOR.
-                           A. R. GEORGII TERTII LI.
-
-On the South side is the following:—
-
-                      INCHOTA GVLIELMO NEWELL ARM. MAI.
-                                  MDCCCVIII.
-                      PERFECTA THOMA GROSVENOR ARM. MAI.
-                                   MDCCCX.
-                          THOMA HARRISON ABCHITECTO.
-
-The summit of this gate commands a most extensive and delightful
-prospect.  On each side of the gate is a commodious flight of steps, by
-which the passenger may descend into Northgate-street.
-
-Near the gate, and on the left hand of Upper Northgate-street, stands the
-Blue-coat Hospital, which was founded by subscription in 1700, at the
-suggestion of Bishop Stratford.  The greater part of the present
-structure was built in 1717, partly at the expense of the Corporation and
-partly by benefactions.  Thirty-two boys are boarded, clothed, and
-educated, from the age of twelve to fourteen.  There are also sixty
-probationary day scholars, who succeed to the vacancies of the former.
-They are well educated in the various branches of useful knowledge, and
-at the age of fourteen are provided with respectable situations.
-
-The chapel, dedicated to St. John the Baptist, called Little St. John’s,
-occupies the south wing of this building; it was formerly an hospital, or
-sanctuary, and endowed with great privileges.  It is extra-parochial, and
-a perpetual curacy is in the gift of the Corporation.  The Rev. William
-Clarke is the present curate.  The hospital is of great antiquity, having
-been founded by Randal, Earl of Chester, for a master, three chaplains,
-and thirteen citizens of Chester, being either “poor or sillie, or poor
-or feeble persons.”  The mastership was granted in the ninth year of
-Edward Second to the prior of Birkenhead.
-
-The chapel and hospital being destroyed during the civil wars, were
-rebuilt by Colonel Roger Whitley, to whom King Charles Second granted the
-hospital estate for his life and twenty years after.  When the city
-charter was renewed in 1686, the reversions were granted to the mayor and
-citizens for ever, as trustees for the hospital.  The Corporation
-obtained possession in 1703, and have since exercised the right of
-presentation.  In the time of King Henry VIII. it consisted of a chaplain
-and six poor brethren; and had lands and profits to the amount of £28
-10s. 4d.  In later days there were in the Chapel-yard six almshouses for
-widows, who were each allowed £1 6s. 8d. a year and some perquisites.  In
-1801, Alderman Crewe bequeathed £30 per annum to be divided amongst them
-in equal proportions.  Under an amended scheme, by order of the Court of
-Chancery, in 1852, the almshouses were rebuilt, and provision is now made
-for thirteen “poor and impotent persons of both sexes,” to each of whom
-the sum of £26 a year, by weekly payments of 10s., is given.  They have
-free occupation of the houses, and £30 per annum.  Alderman Crewe’s
-legacy is expended for their benefit in coals and other articles of
-domestic comfort.
-
-Proceeding on our circuit, we next reach a curious square building called
-MORGAN’S MOUNT, a platform on the right, accessible by a flight of steps,
-underneath which is a sort of chamber, apparently one of the stations for
-a sentinel.  From the summit we have a wide-spreading and enchanting
-prospect, exhibiting the windings of the Dee to its estuary; Flint
-Castle; the Jubilee Column, on Moel Fammau; the Lighthouse, at the point
-of Ayr; the beautiful range of the Clwyddian hills; and the church and
-castle of Hawarden.  On the right, a very excellent view is presented of
-the
-
-
-
-TRAINING COLLEGE,
-
-
-which was erected from a design and under the superintendence of Messrs.
-J. C. and G. Buckler, of London, at an estimated cost of £10,000, raised
-by public subscription, assisted by a grant from Government, and was
-completed in September, 1842.  The institution is under the presidency of
-the Lord Bishop of the diocese, and has the sanction of the Deans and
-Chapters of Chester and Manchester.  The object it seeks to promote is,
-the supply of the parochial schools of the Diocese of Chester with
-masters well qualified by a sound religious and scientific training, for
-the discharge of their important duties.  Hitherto, it has nobly
-sustained its purpose, and, by regularly sending forth men whose minds
-have been brought under thorough discipline, and well furnished with
-general knowledge and science, is doing very much towards the elevation
-of parochial education in the diocese.  The college is under the able
-direction of the Rev. Arthur Rigg, M.A., of Christ’s College, Cambridge.
-A handsome chapel is attached to the college.
-
-In the Minutes of the Committee of Council on Education for 1850, there
-are the following remarks, by the Rev. Henry Moseley, upon the Chester
-Training College:—
-
-    “I have to bear the same testimony as heretofore to the excellent
-    discipline of the Institution; to the great order that pervades it;
-    and to the judicious arrangements made in respect to the industrial
-    training of the students, the industry, cheerfulness, and activity
-    with which these labours are pursued, in the intervals of study, is
-    most pleasing to contemplate.  I know no other training school which,
-    in respect to these things, appears to me superior to this; and I
-    attach to them, in a moral point of view, the first importance.  Nor
-    do I know any other in which the buildings appear to me better
-    adapted to the use of a training school, or in which those minor
-    arrangements, on which the domestic comfort of the inmates and the
-    good order of the household depend, are more carefully observed.”
-
-A few paces further on is an ancient tower, formerly called the _Goblin’s
-Tower_, but now known by the name of PEMBERTON’S PARLOUR.  Being in a
-ruinous condition, part of it was taken down in 1702, and the remainder
-renovated and repaired.  On the front was some excellent carved work in
-stone, and the names of the then Mayor (the Earl of Derby) and the other
-corporate officers of the year in which the repairs were made; but in
-consequence of the stone being of a soft and friable nature, and from
-other causes, both the inscription and the carved work are now almost
-obliterated.  The inscription, so far as it is legible, is as follows:—
-
-    “ * * * year of the glorious reign of Queen Anne divers wide breaches
-    in these walls were rebuilt, and other decays therein were repaired;
-    2,000 yards of the pavement were new flagged or paved, and the whole
-    repaired, regulated, and adorned, at the expense of £1,000 and
-    upwards.  Thomas Hand, Esq., Mayor, 1701.  The Right Honourable
-    William, Earl of Derby, Mayor, 1702, who died in his Mayoralty.”
-
-On the left is a large field, anciently called _Barrow Field_, which was
-used by the Roman soldiers for their military exercises; a vast number of
-bodies were buried here at one of the periods when the plague raged so
-severely in the city.
-
-           [Picture: Water Tower & Museum, City Walls, Chester]
-
-Continuing our route westward, we next come to
-
-
-
-THE WATER TOWER,
-
-
-an ancient fortress, erected for the purpose of repelling the approach of
-maritime foes, for it appears that formerly the river flowed under this
-part of the walls, so that vessels could sail close by the Tower.  At
-high tide, the whole of the land on which are now situated Crane-street
-and the neighbourhood, was covered with water.  At the south angle of the
-walls is an old square tower, anciently called _Bonwaldesthorne’s Tower_,
-from which is an embattled passage to the Water Tower, which was built in
-1322, by contract for £100, by John Helpstone, a mason.  The dimensions
-were 24 yards in height, and 10½ yards in diameter.  It had openings for
-cannon and rings in the walls, to which ships were formerly moored.  This
-noble bulwark is suggestive of reflections of deep historic interest; for
-at the siege of Chester by the Republican army, this place was bombarded
-from the farm-house called Brewer’s Hall, on the opposite side of the
-river, but without success.  Many a gallant sentinel has here kept loyal
-watch against the approach of the enemy.  Happily, our age needs not
-these ancient fortifications for the warlike purpose to which they were
-originally devoted, and as an exhibition of the genius of the thirteenth
-and nineteenth centuries in happy contrast, this tower, built for war, is
-now occupied as a
-
-
-
-MUSEUM OF THE MECHANICS’ INSTITUTION,
-
-
-and is devoted to the more beneficent object of science and general
-improvement.  Although the Museum is but of recent origin, the zeal and
-liberality of its supporters have already well furnished it with valuable
-relies, which will interest the antiquary, and other curiosities of more
-modern date, which afford gratification to all.  The munificent
-liberality of William Wardell, Esq., a devoted friend to every enterprise
-which contemplates the social and intellectual advancement of the
-citizens, enables us to point out an attractive object in the
-
-
-
-CAMERA OBSCURA,
-
-
-which is situated on the upper part of the tower.  We can promise the
-reader much amusement from this excellent instrument, which will furnish
-him with a most charming prospect of the diversified and lovely scenery
-of the district.  On the top of the tower is fixed a very good telescope
-by Dollond, which commands a most extensive and magnificent view.  If the
-day be favourable, and the atmosphere clear, we can stretch our gaze over
-a wide and truly grand range of objects, embracing the Great Ormshead at
-Llandudno in Carnarvonshire, the Wrekin in Shropshire, Moel Fammau and
-the Welsh Hills, towering aloft in their tranquil majesty.  Across the
-river is Brewer’s Hall, which we have mentioned, where Cromwell’s army
-erected a battery, for the purpose of destroying this tower, “but which
-had no great effect;” close by is the Railway Viaduct of forty-seven
-arches, and the Bridge crossing the Dee on cast-iron girders; the whole
-scene forming an exceedingly fine panorama.
-
-At the foot of the flight of steps close by are the City Baths and
-Wash-houses.  The swimming bath is very capacious, and the necessary
-adjuncts most complete: there are also private and shower baths.
-
-We now resume our walk; and, proceeding southwards from the Water Tower,
-on the left, is
-
-
-
-THE INFIRMARY;
-
-
-a handsome brick building, founded by Dr. William Stratford, who
-bequeathed £300 to the charity.  It was opened on the 17th March, 1761.
-It is capable of containing 100 beds, with commodious offices, and
-excellent accommodation for its respective officers.  The north part of
-the building is exclusively devoted to a fever ward.  This asylum for the
-afflicted is liberally supported by voluntary subscriptions.  Donors of
-twenty guineas, and subscribers of two guineas per annum, are governors,
-with the privilege of recommending two in-patients, and six out-door
-patients annually.
-
-The inmates receive the most humane and skilful attention from the
-medical staff, which consists of Honorary Physicians and Surgeons, a
-Resident Surgeon, and an Assistant.
-
-The number of patients admitted during the year 1857 were—
-
-In-patients                                                        547
-Home-patients                                                    1,120
-Out-patients                                                     2,393
-The total number since the foundation of the                  230,075.
-institution,
-
-Of all the charitable institutions which do honour to the benevolence of
-the city, the Infirmary ranks the first in beneficial and important
-operations, and eminently deserves the sympathy and support of the
-public.
-
-The next large building close by is
-
-
-
-THE CITY GAOL,
-
-
-which also includes the HOUSE OF CORRECTION; both are under the
-superintendence of a committee of the Town Council.  The Gaol is in the
-western part of the building, with a good Doric entrance.  Over the front
-entrance, within the iron railing, the condemned criminals are executed.
-The entrance to the House of Correction is at the east end, and is also
-of stone.  Each of these establishments has four courts, with cells and
-day rooms adjoining; and both are under the government of one gaoler and
-a male and female assistant.  There is a chapel common to both
-establishments.  The chaplain is appointed by the Corporation.  In
-consequence of the escapes the prisoners have succeeded in making from
-time to time, many improvements have been made in the internal
-arrangements of the prison, since it was first built, respecting the
-classification of prisoners and other matters; and the outworks of the
-building have received some important additions to ensure their greater
-security.  A little further on to the left is Stanley-place, a pleasant,
-open square of modern residences, leading to the Linen Hall Cheese Mart,
-which is well supplied at the fairs, held six times during the year, with
-Cheese from the dairies of Cheshire and North Wales.
-
-We now ascend a handsome gateway called
-
-
-
-THE WATERGATE,
-
-
-the custody of which formerly belonged to the Earls of Derby, who held a
-valuable river jurisdiction, in executing the mayor’s warrants on the
-Dee, which formerly flowed close underneath.  It was purchased from the
-Derby family by the Corporation in 1778, taken down in 1788, and the
-present structure erected in 1789, the expense being defrayed out of the
-murage duties fund.  It consists of a wide and lofty arch, thrown over
-the Watergate-street, where a rapid descent adds much to its apparent
-elevation.  The west side bears the following inscription:—
-
-              IN THE XXIX. YEAR OF THE REIGN OF GEO. III. IN THE
-            MAYORALTY OF JOHN HALLWOOD, AND JOHN LEIGH, ESQUIRES,
-                            THIS GATE WAS ERECTED.
-
-            THOMAS COTGREAVE, EDWARD BURROWS, ESQUIRES, MURENGERS.
-
-The view from the summit of this gate is very extensive, the objects
-immediately surrounding adding much to the pleasure of the scene.  On the
-opposite bank of the river Dee is Curzon Park, with its beautiful villa
-residences.  On the left is Grosvenor Bridge, with its far-famed noble
-arch, the widest arch of masonry in the world; a little beyond may be
-seen the grand lodge entrance to Eaton Park, erected at the cost of
-£14,000, the _toute ensemble_ forming a most charming picture.  The site
-of the present Crane-street and the parts adjacent were formerly under
-water.
-
-Immediately below is the beautiful and spacious meadow called the
-
-
-
-ROODEYE.
-
-
-It contains about eighty-four statute acres of land, and is let by the
-Corporation as a pasture for cattle.  It was once the arena for ancient
-sports, and the city games and gymnastics were celebrated here,
-respecting which there are many curious records extant.  Of these,
-however, the horse races alone remain, which continue to be held in the
-first week of May, this Spring meeting being considered one of the most
-important and interesting illustrations of the national sports of the
-turf.  The course is little more than a mile, and affords the spectators
-the singular advantage of seeing the horses during the whole race.  The
-Earl of Chester’s Regiment of Yeomanry Cavalry assembles annually on the
-Roodeye for exercise.
-
-The antiquity of the Chester races appears from the following extract
-from the collection of the late Mr. Nicholls of Chorlton, to whose
-researches the authors of the ‘History of Cheshire’ are much indebted.
-The MS. from which this is extracted is entitled,
-
-    “_Certayne collections of anciante times_, _concerning the anciante
-    and famous cittie of Chester_, _collected by that Reverend Man of
-    God_, _Mr. Robert Rogers_, _bachelor of divinitie_, _archdeacon of
-    Chester_, _parsone of Gooseworth_, _and prebande in the Cathedral of
-    Chester_, _being put in scattered notes_, _and by his son reduced
-    into these chapters following_:—
-
-     “OF ST. GEORGE’S RACE, OF LATE TIME INVENTED, AND WHEN ALTERED.
-
-    “In A.D. 1609, Mr. William Lester, mercer, beinge mayor of Chester,
-    one Mr. Robert Amerye, ironmonger, sometime sheriffe of Chester (A.D.
-    1608), he, with the assent of the mayor and cittie, at his own coste
-    chiefly, as I conceive chiefly, caused three silver cupps, of goode
-    value, to be made, the which saide silver cupps were, upon St.
-    George’s daye, for ever to be thus disposed: all gentlemen that would
-    bringe their horses to the Rood-dee that daye, and there run, that
-    horse which with speede did over-rune the reste, shoulde have the
-    beste cuppe there presently delivered, and that horse which came
-    seconde, next the firste, before the reste, had the seconde cuppe
-    there also delivered; and for the thirde cuppe, it was to be run for
-    at the ringe, by any gentleman that woulde rune for the same, upon
-    the said Rood-dee, and upon St. George’s daye; being thus decreed,
-    that every horse putt in soe much monie as made the value of the
-    cupps or bells, and had the money, which horses did winne the same,
-    and the use of the cupps, till that day twelve month, beinge in bonde
-    to deliver in the cupps that daye; soe also for the cuppe for the
-    ringe, which was yearly continued accordingly, until the yeare of our
-    Lord 1623; John Brereton, inn-holder, beinge mayor of Chester, he
-    altered the same after this manner, and caused the three cupps to be
-    sould, and caused more money to be gathered and added, soe that the
-    intereste thereof would make one faire silver cuppe, of the value of
-    £8 as I suppose, it maye be more worth, and the race to be altered,
-    viz., from beyonde the New Tower a great distance, and soe to rune
-    five times from that place rownd about the Rood-dee, and he that
-    overcame all the reste the last course, to have the cuppe freely for
-    ever, then and there delivered, which is continued to this daye.  But
-    here I must not omit the charge, and the solemnitie made the first of
-    St. George’s daye; he had a poet, one Mr. Davies, who made speeches
-    and poeticale verses, which were delivered at the high crosse, before
-    the mayor and aldermen, with shews of his invention, which booke was
-    imprinted and presented to that famous Prince Henry, eldest sonne to
-    the blessed King James, of famous memorie.  Alsoe he caused a man to
-    go upon the spire of St. Peter’s steeple in Chester, and by the fane,
-    at the same tyme he sounded the drum, and displayed a banner upon the
-    top of the same spire.  And this was the original of St. George’s
-    race with the change thereof, as it is now used.”
-
-                       [Picture: Chester Cemetery]
-
-On the west side of the Roodeye stands
-
-
-
-THE HOUSE OF INDUSTRY,
-
-
-built by the Corporation in 1757, as a refuge for age and indigence.
-Warm and cold baths are established for the use of the inmates, whose
-comfort is most studiously consulted and provided for.  The pleasant row
-of houses on the right of the Roodeye is called Paradise-row, the site of
-which, as appears by an ancient map, was once in the bed of the river.
-
-Soon after passing the Watergate, on the left, there is an opening to the
-city, called Smith’s-walk, at the bottom of which stands a large house,
-on the site of which formerly stood the Priory of White Friars or
-Carmelites.
-
-On the north side of the open field on the left is a pleasant mansion,
-now the Rectory house of St. Bridget’s parish, but formerly the residence
-of the late Thomas Harrison, Esq., the celebrated architect, who has
-immortalized his genius in some of the finest works of which Chester can
-boast.  Near this spot once stood a convent of Benedictine nuns,
-dedicated to St. Mary.  It was suppressed, with the other lesser
-monasteries, in 1537, and no vestige of the ancient building now remains.
-
-Before proceeding further on our circuit round the walls, we recommend
-the visitor to turn off to the right on the road, for the purpose of
-inspecting the
-
-
-
-NEW CEMETERY, near the Grosvenor Bridge.
-
-
-It is beautifully laid out, and arranged with admirable taste, and was
-rendered necessary by the overcrowded state of the parochial burial
-grounds.  Opposite the Cemetery gates is a suspension bridge, for foot
-passengers, to Curzon Park, whence we have a fine panoramic view of
-Chester.
-
-We now retrace our steps to survey that interesting structure,
-
-
-
-THE CASTLE.
-
-
-We have no precise authority whereby to ascertain the date of the
-foundation of Chester Castle.  Some think there is good reason to believe
-it to be of Roman origin, and of equal antiquity with the City Walls.
-Others have fixed the date of its erection A.D. 1069, by William the
-Conqueror; but there are some considerations which seem to point to an
-earlier period than this.  It is stated by Camden to have been _repaired_
-by Hugh Lupus, and additional fortifications erected by the Norman Earls
-his successors.  It was certainly the palace of the local monarchs, as
-well as their chief stronghold, and retained much of this mixed character
-until modern alterations were made.  Pennant describes the Castle, as it
-formerly stood, as being composed of two parts, an upper and a lower,
-each with a strong gate, defended by a round bastion on each side, with a
-ditch and draw-bridges.
-
-In 1237, upon the death of John Scott, the last earl of the Norman line,
-the Commissioners of Henry III. seized Chester Castle for the King.
-
-In 1265 James De Aldithley and Urian De St. Pierre, at the head of the
-citizens of Chester, besieged Luke De Taney, King’s Justice, in the
-Castle, which held out for ten weeks, when, upon receiving intelligence
-of the battle of Evesham, he surrendered.
-
-Henry of Lancaster (afterwards Henry IV.), having taken up arms against
-Richard II. in 1399, mustered his army upon the bank of the Dee, under
-the walls of Chester, and Sir Piers Legh of Lyme, an adherent of Richard,
-was beheaded, and his head set upon the top of the highest tower in the
-Castle.  Shortly afterwards, the unfortunate Richard and the Earl of
-Salisbury were brought prisoners to Chester, mounted (says Hall) “upon
-two little nagges, not worth forty franks,” when the King was delivered
-“to the Duke of Gloucester’s sonne and the Earl of Arundell’s sonne, that
-loved him but a little, for he had put their fathers to death, who led
-him strait to the castell.”
-
-In 1403 Henry Percy, surnamed Hotspur, visited Chester on his way to the
-fatal field of Shrewsbury, and caused proclamation to be made, that King
-Richard was yet alive, and a prisoner in Chester Castle, where he might
-be seen.
-
-Eleanor, Duchess of Gloucester, wife of the _Good Duke Humphrey_, was
-confined for several months in Chester Castle, in 1447, previous to her
-removal to the Isle of Man, under a sentence of perpetual imprisonment,
-on a charge of “practising the King’s death.”
-
-Here, in 1651, the Puritans, in their peculiar phraseology, “_sought the
-Lord_,” by trying and condemning to death the gallant and patriotic Earl
-of Derby, Sir Timothy Featherstonehaugh, and Captain Benbow.  According
-to Whitlocke, the Earl “attempted to escape, and was let down by a rope
-from the leads of his chamber; but some hearing a noise, made after him,
-and he was retaken upon Dee bank.”
-
-The ancient structure was taken down at the close of the last century,
-and the present edifice erected on its site.
-
-The principal entrance is through a handsome portico of Grecian Doric
-architecture.  It is 103 feet by 35, and consists of a centre and two
-wings connected by covered passages.  The ten fluted columns, which
-compose the peristyle in the centre, are each cut out of a single block
-of stone.  It is situated in the centre of a semicircular sunk fence or
-foss, 13 feet deep, and 390 feet in diameter, cased with hewn stone,
-surmounted with stone pedestals at equal distances, and the spaces filled
-with handsome iron rails, forming the north-west boundary of the
-esplanade.
-
-On the western side of the esplanade is the Armoury, capable of
-containing between 30,000 and 40,000 stand of arms.  This is well worthy
-the inspection of strangers, who cannot fail to be struck with the
-excellent state in which the military stores are kept, and the tasteful
-arrangement of the arms.
-
-Within the gate at the east end of this range of buildings is the
-guard-house, behind which is a venerable tower, called _Julius
-Agricola’s_, or _Cæsar’s_, which is still entire, and partly occupied as
-a magazine.  Within this tower is a curious chapel, mentioned in the
-tax-book of Henry VIII. as the chantry “_infra Castrum Cestriæ_” and
-yielding as its tenth 10s. 8d.  It is an upper chamber, about 19 feet by
-16, and 16 feet in height.  The roof, which is vaulted and groined, is of
-stone.  On one side is a plain pointed recess in the wall, the back of
-which appears to have been ornamented with paintings, and was probably
-the altar.  James II. heard mass in this chapel.
-
-
-
-THE GAOL AND COUNTY HALL.
-
-
-The principal entrance to the Shire Hall is through a portico of twelve
-columns in double rows, 22 feet high, and 3 feet 1½ inches in diameter,
-each formed of a single stone.  The ceiling, roof, and covering, are also
-of stone.  The hall is of a semicircular form, measuring 80 feet by 50,
-including the judgment-seat, and 44 feet high, and is lighted from above.
-The ceiling is a semi-dome, boldly caissoned with ventilators opening to
-the roof, in the shape of ornamental roses.  It is supported by a row of
-twelve Ionic columns, each composed of a single stone, from the bases of
-which there is a gradual descent by a flight of circular steps to the
-bar, which enables every one in the body of the court to have a perfect
-view of the judges, counsel, prisoners, and witnesses.  There is a
-subterraneous passage from the dock to the prison, which affords both
-facility and safety in the removal of the prisoners.
-
-On the right of the entrance to the County Hall are the Grand Jury Room
-and the Prothonotary’s Offices.  In a small room on the ground floor is
-the model of the Grosvenor Bridge, and there are full length portraits of
-William III., Charles II., George I., George II., and Frederick, Prince
-of Wales.
-
-On the left is the entrance to the County Gaol, which may vie in every
-respect with any other establishment of the sort in the kingdom.  It is
-built upon two levels.  On the east side of the range of buildings on the
-upper level is the Deputy-Governor’s house; adjoining are the day and
-sleeping rooms of the male debtors, with a large and commodious yard,
-commanding a view of the surrounding country; and in an extensive wing
-are the convicts’ cells, apartments for the female debtors and prisoners,
-with the matron’s house and hospital.  In the centre, projecting beyond
-the level, and of a semicircular form, so as to command a view of the
-court yards, &c., are the gaoler’s or governor’s apartments.  Underneath
-the governor’s apartments, and of the same form, is the chapel, which has
-lately been rebuilt and much improved.  It is situate between the upper
-and lower level, and so contrived as to receive the debtors and criminals
-into different compartments, from their respective court yards.  Divine
-service is performed in the chapel every morning during the week, and
-twice every Sunday.  The Rev. J. M. Kilner is the present chaplain, who
-is most indefatigable in the discharge of his duties.  On the lower
-level, under the jailor’s house, are the felons’ yards, five in number.
-They are spacious and airy, and each contains a pump and trough.  A sort
-of area or passage surrounds these yards, and beyond that is the outside
-wall, built of immense blocks of stone, and conveying at once the idea of
-security and solidity.  Nothing can exceed the excellent discipline and
-general arrangement of the prisoners.  A large proportion of the
-prisoners are profitably employed, under the superintendence of a
-task-master.  They are chiefly engaged in calico, rug, and carpet
-weaving, shoe-making, and basket-making.  The greater part of the
-articles of clothing and bed furniture used within the walls are
-manufactured by them; and the store-room presents the appearance of a
-complete depository of useful articles for the prison, of almost every
-description.
-
-There is also a commodious schoolroom, which is efficiently
-superintended.  Everything relating to the internal management of this
-prison is complete in each department, and reflects the highest credit on
-the governor, Mr. Dunstan.
-
-Previous to the new erections, on the east side of the lower court stood
-the ancient Shire Hall, in which the courts of justice for the county
-used to be held.  It was a magnificent building, nearly 90 feet in
-length, and 45 in breadth; the height very lofty, and worthy the state
-apartment of the first Norman Earl, Hugh Lupus, who required a hall
-suitable to the greatness of his hospitality.  Adjoining to this hall was
-the Court of Exchequer, or Court of Chancery, of the county palatine of
-Chester.  It was the Parliament House of the little kings of the
-palatinate, and had neat gothic seats for the abbot and eight barons.
-
-The east side of the esplanade is appropriated to Barracks, which contain
-excellent and spacious accommodations.  Behind the Barracks is the
-Provost, with an enclosed yard.  It is no longer employed for this
-purpose, having been, some time since, converted into an armoury for
-pensioners, military library and reading-room, &c.  This wing, and the
-opposite one on the west side of the esplanade, were built at the joint
-expense of the Crown and the County Palatine.
-
-Proceeding through the gate at the east end, we come to
-
-
-
-THE SESSIONS HOUSE,
-
-
-a neat and commodious edifice, with a tolerably spacious court,
-magistrates’ and grand jury rooms, and a robing room for counsel on the
-ground floor; and upstairs are the Clerk of the Peace’s record rooms and
-other offices.
-
-Before leaving the Castle yard, the attention of the visitor will
-naturally be attracted by memorials of the Crimean war, in the form of
-two Russian guns, mounted on either side of the grand entrance, under a
-portico, enclosed with iron railings.  On each of these formidable pieces
-of ordnance is inscribed the following historical memorandum:
-
-                                   THIS GUN
-                     WAS CAPTURED BY THE ALLIED ARMIES OF
-                    ENGLAND, FRANCE, TURKEY, AND SARDINIA,
-                                AT SEVASTOPOL,
-                      ON THE 8TH DAY OF SEPTEMBER, 1855,
-                               AND PRESENTED BY
-                                 HER MAJESTY
-                         TO THE CITIZENS OF CHESTER,
-                   IN COMMEMORATION OF THAT ARDUOUS SIEGE.
-                               VICTORIA REGINA.
-
-Having completed our view of the Castle, we return to continue our walk,
-proceeding along the walls until we reach the boundary of the Castle,
-where the tourist will have a fine view of the
-
-
-
-GROSVENOR BRIDGE.
-
-
-This noble work of art, which is unequalled in the history of
-bridge-building, crosses the Dee at the south-east angle of the Roodeye,
-and is approached by a new road from the centre of Bridge-street, which
-passes by the Castle esplanade, proceeds across the City Walls, and then,
-by an immense embankment, thrown over a deep valley, to the foot of the
-bridge.  The bridge consists of one main stone arch, with a small dry
-arch or towing path on each side, by which the land communication is
-preserved on both sides of the river.  The cost of erection was £36,000.
-
-The great distinguishing feature of this edifice is the unparalleled
-width of the chord or span of the main arch, which is of greater extent
-than that of any other known to have been constructed.  Of its dimensions
-the following is an accurate delineation:—The span of the arch, _two
-hundred feet_. {40}  Height of the arch from the springing line, 40 feet.
-Dimensions of the main abutments, 48 feet wide by 40, with a dry arch as
-a towing path at each side, 20 feet wide, flanked with immense wing
-walls, to support the embankment.  The whole length of the roadway, 340
-feet.  Width of the bridge from outside the parapet walls, 35 feet 6
-inches, divided thus: carriage road, 24 feet; the two causeways, 9 feet;
-thickness of the parapet walls, 2 feet 6 inches.  Altitude from the top
-of the parapet wall to the river at low-water mark, 66 feet 6 inches.
-The architectural plan of this bridge was furnished by the late Thomas
-Harrison, Esq.; contractor and builder, Mr. James Trubshaw, of
-Staffordshire; surveyor, Mr. Jesse Hartley, of Liverpool.  The first
-stone was laid on the 1st October, 1827, by the late Marquis of
-Westminster, and a specimen of each of the current coins of the realm
-deposited therein; and was formally opened in October, 1832, by her Royal
-Highness the Princess Victoria (her present Most Gracious Majesty), on
-occasion of her visit, and that of her Royal mother, the Duchess of Kent,
-to Eaton Hall.  As a compliment to her noble host, at the request of the
-commissioners, the bridge was named “Grosvenor Bridge,” by the young
-Princess.  It was opened to the public in December, 1833.
-
-It was opposite to this part of the Walls that King Edgar’s palace was
-situated, from which he was rowed up the river to St. John’s Priory, by
-eight tributary princes, in 971.
-
-Within seventy yards of the bridge formerly stood an ancient Roman
-gateway in the walls, called the SHIPGATE, or _Hole in the Wall_, at one
-time the only entrance into Chester from Handbridge.  It was taken down
-some years ago, and is now in the possession of Thomas Finchett Maddock,
-Esq.  It forms a perfect specimen of Roman masonry, originally 20 feet in
-height by 16 in breadth.  Pennant remarks, “that this postern seems
-originally to have been designed for the common passage over the Dee into
-the country of the Ordovices, either by means of a boat at high water, or
-by a ford at low, the river here being remarkably shallow.”  Opposite the
-Shipgate is a ford in the river leading through to a field on the
-Handbridge side, called _Edgar’s Field_, in which stands the ancient
-sculpture of the _Diva Armigera_ PALLAS, already mentioned under the head
-of “ROMAN ANTIQUITIES,” in a former part of this work.
-
-Pursuing our walk, we next arrive at
-
-
-
-THE BRIDGEGATE,
-
-
-a handsome arch gateway, having two posterns, erected in 1782, at the
-expense of the Corporation.  On the tablet over the western postern is
-the following inscription:—
-
-               THIS GATE WAS BEGUN APRIL, MDCCLXXXII., PATISON
-               ELLAMES, ESQ., MAYOR, AND FINISHED DECEMBER THE
-                   SAME YEAR, THOMAS PATISON, ESQ., MAYOR.
-
-            THOS. COTGREAVE, ESQ., HENRY HESKETH, ESQ., MURENGERS.
-
-                          JOSEPH TURNER, ARCHITECT.
-
-On another tablet, on the east side,—
-
-                  THIS GATE, HAVING BEEN LONG INCONVENIENT,
-                        WAS TAKEN DOWN A.D. MDCCLXXXI.
-
-    JOSEPH SNOW, ESQ., MAYOR.
-
-    THOS. AMERY, HENRY HEGG, TREASURERS.
-
-From the top of this gateway the banks of the Dee, with the bridge, and
-suburbs of Handbridge, present a lively and striking appearance, which at
-low water is increased by the rapid falling of the stream over the
-causeway across the river immediately above the bridge.  In the distance
-may be seen Beeston Castle, on its lofty summit; and the successive
-ranges of Bucklow and Peckforton Hills form a beautiful background to the
-landscape.
-
-A little southward stands
-
-
-
-THE OLD BRIDGE,
-
-
-which is of considerable antiquity.  A wooden bridge was erected on the
-same spot by the Mercian Princess Ethelfleda, early in the tenth century;
-but from the ‘Chronicle of Chester Abbey,’ we learn that in 1227 “pons
-Cestriæ totus cecidit;” and that in 1279 “mare erupit, pontem Cestriæ
-confregit et asportavit.”  The wooden bridge being thus disposed of, we
-next find from the ‘Red Book of St. Werburgh,’ that “in 1280 the King
-(Edward I.) compelled the citizens of Chester to rebuild Dee Bridge at
-their own charge, contrary to the privileges which had been granted to
-them.”  In 1500, the south end of the Bridge, having fallen into decay,
-was rebuilt, and a tower for its defence added at the entrance into
-Handbridge, which was taken down about sixty years ago.  In 1826 the
-Bridge was widened to the extent of seven feet, by the addition of a
-flagged footpath, on the east side, bounded towards the river by a good
-iron railing, the projection supported by two courses of corbels.
-
-It consists of seven irregular arches, and when viewed from the west,
-presents an appearance of venerable antiquity; but on the east it no
-longer holds out that recommendation to the eye of the observer, modern
-alterations having left nothing on that side to render it worthy of
-notice.
-
-At the north end of the Bridge stand the
-
-
-
-DEE MILLS,
-
-
-used for the grinding of corn.  Although the date of the first erection
-of mills on this spot cannot now be ascertained, yet there is evidence of
-their having been there from remote antiquity.  Sir Howell-y-Fwyall
-obtained a grant of them from Edward III. in reward for his services at
-the battle of Poictiers.  In the fifth of Edward VI. they were granted by
-the Crown to Sir Richard Cotton, in exchange for the manors of Bourne and
-Moreton, in Lincolnshire; and by his son George they were granted in fee
-farm to Edmund Gamul, at a yearly rent of £100.  Gamul expended a large
-sum in repairing the causeway originally erected by Hugh Lupus.  In 1646
-an order of Parliament was issued, that the mills and causeway should be
-destroyed, as an obstruction to trade; but this order, issued by the
-Puritans then in power, probably with no other view than to obtain a
-_composition_ from the proprietor, was never complied with.  On the
-alienation of the Gamul property, the greater part of the mills fell into
-the hands of Mr. Edward Wrench, in whose successor the property is now
-vested.  The Dee Mills have been twice destroyed by fire within the last
-sixty years.  The first conflagration broke out about twelve at night, of
-Saturday, September 26, 1789; the second, about the same hour of Saturday
-night, March 6, 1819; on which latter occasion the progress of the flames
-was so rapid, that the whole of the premises, with the exception of part
-of the outward wall, were destroyed in less than six hours.  The loss
-sustained was upwards of £40,000.  A third fire took place in January,
-1847, which destroyed the whole of one of the mills.
-
-We shall now proceed to notice
-
-
-
-THE OLD BRIDGEGATE,
-
-
-which appears to have been of equal antiquity with the bridge itself, for
-it is shown by documents in the possession of the Earl of Shrewsbury,
-that Randle, Earl of Chester, confirmed a gift of his Countess to Poyns,
-her servant, of the custody of this gate.  And another deed, of the
-thirteenth century, preserved among the same documents, records, “quod
-ego Ricardus Bagoth de Cestr: dedi et omnino quietam clamavi Philippo
-clerico civi Cestr: _totum jus meum in porta pontis Cestr_: cum omnibus
-pertinentijs suis.”  From Philip the clerk the custody of this gate
-passed to the family of Raby, one of whom, Philip de Raby, in the
-fourteenth century, had also the keeping of the Earl’s garden at the
-Castle, for which service he received the fruit of a tree called “a
-_restynge tre_,” and whatever remained on the other trees after the first
-shaking, under the _reddendo_ of furnishing the Earl’s household with
-colewort from Michaelmas to Lent, and with leeks during Lent.  From the
-Rabys the custody of the Bridgegate passed to the Norrises of Speke, in
-Lancashire, and the Troutbecks.  In 1624 the Corporation purchased the
-moiety belonging to the Norrises; and in 1660 they also purchased the
-other moiety from the Earl of Shrewsbury, representative of the
-Troutbecks, the Earl reserving to himself, during his visits to Chester,
-the use of a suite of apartments in a house near the gate.
-
-The Old Gate consisted of an arched gateway, flanked with two strong
-round towers, on one of which was erected a lofty octagonal tower,
-containing a cistern for supplying the city with water, called Tyrer’s
-Water Works, concerning which Webb says, “The Bridgegate hath of late
-been greatly beautified by a seemly water-work of stone, built
-steeple-wise, by the ingenious industry and charge of a late worthy
-member of the city, John Tyrer, gent., and hath served ever since to
-great use, for the conveying of the river water from the cistern, in the
-top of that work, to the citizens’ houses in almost all the parts of the
-city, in pipes of lead and wood, _to their no small contentment and
-commodity_.”  The whole fabric was taken down in 1781.
-
-Proceeding eastward, a most pleasing view of the Dee, of considerable
-extent, is presented, with delightful cottage and villa residences on the
-Boughton bank, and in a pleasant suburb called “Queen’s Park,” the
-elegant suspension bridge to which forms a novel feature in the
-landscape.  On the left of the river is a cool and shady walk, called
-_The Groves_, where there are excellent pleasure boats for the
-accommodation of those who enjoy a sail or a pull up the river.  We have
-here a very good view of St. John’s Church on the right, a venerable
-pile, containing some curious and interesting specimens of Norman
-architecture.
-
-Within about fifty yards of the Recorder’s steps, the wall forms an angle
-to the northward.  Here we ascend six flights of steps, consisting of
-three steps each, called the _Wishing Steps_, erected in 1785, at the top
-of which stood an ancient Watch Tower, which had formerly an apartment
-with a stone seat on one side, and windows commanding a view of the river
-and adjacent country.  This room was removed in 1826.
-
-We next arrive at
-
-
-
-THE NEWGATE,
-
-
-a plain arched gateway, forming a communication betwixt Newgate-street
-and Pepper-street within the Walls, and St. John’s-street, Dee-lane, &c.,
-without.  On the spot now occupied by this gate, formerly stood a
-postern, called _Wolf’s Gate_, or _Pepper Gate_.  Of this postern, Fuller
-says, that in the sixteenth century “the Mayor of the city had his
-daughter, as she was playing at ball with other maidens in Pepper-street,
-stolen away by a young man through the same gate, whereupon he caused it
-to be shut up,” which gave rise to the saying, “When the daughter is
-stolen, shut Pepper Gate.”  The postern was removed and the Newgate
-erected in 1608.  From a Journal of the Siege of Chester, in King’s ‘Vale
-Royal,’ it appears that on the 29th September, 1645, “the besiegers made
-a breach in the walls near to the Newgate, by the battery of 150 cannon
-shot, and at midnight made a sharp assault upon the breach.  They
-likewise attempted to mount the walls with scaling ladders, but some
-officers and several soldiers were hauled in over the walls; some of the
-ladders, too, were dragged over, and many of the assailants thrown down
-and killed, and the rest forced to give over the attack.”
-
-A short way further to the eastward, after passing the scanty remains of
-an old tower abutting from the Walls, called _Thimbleby’s Tower_, we
-arrive at a flight of steps leading to the Wesleyan Methodist Chapel in
-St. John’s-street, the access to which from this quarter was made under
-the sanction of the Corporation.  This handsome and commodious place of
-worship was erected in 1811.  Near to the chapel is a large and
-commodious School-house, recently erected, capable of containing from 200
-to 300 children, which is occupied during the week as a day school, and
-is in a prosperous condition.
-
-A few paces now brings us to
-
-
-
-THE EASTGATE,
-
-
-consisting of a wide and beautiful centre arch for the passage of
-carriages, and two posterns for the safety and convenience of foot
-passengers.  It was built at the sole expense of the late Marquis of
-Westminster, whose arms, and those of the city, occupy the centre of the
-principal arch.  On the 8th August, 1768, the south-west corner stone of
-the Eastgate was laid by John Page, Esq., Provincial Grand Master,
-attended by four regular lodges of Freemasons; and the north-west
-corner-stone by the Mayor, Sheriffs, and Aldermen of Chester.  On the
-east side, under the Grosvenor armorial bearings, is the following
-inscription:—
-
-                          ERECTED AT THE EXPENSE OF
-                           RICHARD LORD GROSVENOR,
-                                  MDCCLXIX.
-
-And on the west side, under the city arms,
-
-    BEGUN A.D. MDCCLXVIII, JOHN KELSALL,
-    ESQ., MAYOR. FINISHED A.D. MDCCLXIX,
-    CHAS. BOSWELL, ESQ., MAYOR.
-
-From the summit of the gate there is a fine view of Eastgate-street,
-within the walls, and Foregate, or Forest-street on the outside.  On a
-market day it is truly spirit-stirring to observe the multitude beneath,
-and listen to the “busy hum of men,” citizens and country folks, engaged
-in buying and selling,—bringing in and carrying out,—the various
-commodities which furnish forth the provision market of a county town.
-On the same spot formerly stood
-
-
-
-THE OLD EASTGATE,
-
-
-removed in 1768, as too narrow and inconvenient for one of the principal
-entrances to the city.  It consisted of a beautifully formed Gothic
-archway, flanked by two massive octagonal embattled towers, connected by
-a substantial building, two stories in height, over the gateway, the roof
-of which was raised to a level with and embattled in the same manner as
-the flanking towers to which it formed the centre.  From the bearings on
-four shields which ornamented the front of this gate, it is conjectured
-to have been erected during the reign of Edward III.
-
-A Roman gateway appears to have occupied the same spot at a still earlier
-period; for in pulling down the Old Eastgate in 1768, two wide circular
-arches of Roman architecture were discovered within its workmanship.
-
-With all due admiration for the spirit of useful improvement which
-dictated the erection of the present Eastgate, we cannot avoid expressing
-our regret that the old one no longer remains to gratify the eye of the
-antiquary and the man of taste.  Although the present gate is undoubtedly
-much better adapted for the entrance of carriages of all kinds, yet the
-Cestrians of the last century, who remembered the glories of the old
-structure, must have been but ill reconciled to its substitute.
-
-Having thus completed the circuit of the Walls of Chester, as they at
-present stand, it only remains to notice that there was formerly an outer
-gate in Foregate-street, about half a mile from the Eastgate, called
-
-
-
-THE BARS GATE,
-
-
-which, being in a very dilapidated state, was removed as a nuisance in
-1770.  An outwork, in connection with this gate, was raised previous to
-the siege of Chester in 1643.  This outwork, consisting of a mud wall,
-fortified with mounts and bastions, joined the City Wall at the New
-Tower, from whence it stretched out to the north-east so far as to take
-in Upper Northgate-street; then running eastward, encompassed all the
-suburbs on the north of Foregate-street, until it approached Boughton,
-when it turned southward, and proceeded in that direction across
-Foregate-street at the Bars Gate, down Dee-lane, at the bottom of which
-its course was terminated by the river.  This outwork withstood a violent
-assault by the Puritans under Sir William Brereton, on the 18th July,
-1643, wherein the assailants were forced to retire with great loss; but
-on the 19th of September, 1645, it was surprised and carried by a night
-assault of the enemy, under the command of General Louthian, and was
-afterwards occupied by the Puritans as a circumvallation, while
-prosecuting the siege of the city.
-
-    “In perusing the foregoing sketch of our Walls, with the incidental
-    notices of contiguous objects, it is presumed, that individuals most
-    conversant with the localities of the city, will meet with several
-    particulars, either to gratify their curiosity or add to their
-    information.  And it may also be hoped, that should the account be
-    read by those who are strangers to our ancient fortifications, and
-    the peculiar attractions of Chester, it may excite a commendable
-    inquisitiveness for a personal survey, at the same time that it may
-    assist as a directory to their inquiries.  In whatever point of view
-    these old ramparts are considered, they possess an imposing interest,
-    and confer incalculable benefits.  To the invalid, the sedentary
-    student, or the man of business, occupied during the day in his shop
-    or counting-house; to the habitually indolent, who require excitement
-    to necessary exercise—to all these, the promenade on Chester Walls
-    has most inviting attractions, where they may breathe all the
-    salubrious winds of heaven in a morning or an evening walk.  Here the
-    enthusiastic antiquarian, who would climb mountains, ford rivers,
-    explore the bowels of the earth, and, regardless of toil and the
-    claims of nature, exhaust his strength in search of a piece of rusty
-    cankered brass, or a scrap of Roman earthenware, can scarcely advance
-    a dozen paces but the pavement on which he treads, or some contiguous
-    object, forces upon his observation the relics of times of earliest
-    date.  Nor can the philosophic moralist encompass our venerable walls
-    without having his mind, comparing the splendid and gigantic works of
-    antiquity with their present condition, strongly impressed with the
-    mutations produced by the lapse of ages, and the perishing nature of
-    all mundane greatness.
-
-    “I shall conclude this branch of our history by citing the sentiments
-    of a man well known to the republic of letters, regarding our ancient
-    city, not indeed particularly as to her walls, but as to her general
-    attractions.  His information, as a traveller, was varied and
-    extensive, and his discernment and intellect strong and acute.  This
-    gentleman, who was no other than Mr. Boswell, in a letter to Dr.
-    Johnson, dated October 22, 1779, says, ‘Chester pleases me more than
-    any town I ever saw.  I told a very pleasing young lady, niece to one
-    of the prebendaries (Miss Letitia Barnston), at whose house I saw
-    her, ‘I have come to Chester, Madam, I cannot tell how; and far less
-    can I tell how to get away from it.’  Dr. Johnson in reply says, ‘In
-    the place where you are there is much to be observed, and you will
-    easily procure yourself skilful directors.’  In another letter, dated
-    November 7, in the same year, Boswell remarks, ‘I was quite enchanted
-    at Chester, so that I could with difficulty quit it.’” {48}
-
-              [Picture: Watergate Street Row South, Chester]
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER IV.
-A WALK THROUGH THE CITY.
-
-
-IT is our purpose now to conduct the tourist through the city, that we
-may point out, in detail, the various objects of interest which claim his
-attentive inspection.  But before commencing our perambulations through
-the principal streets, we will here introduce a few remarks on that
-unique feature which constitutes the distinguishing attraction of
-Chester, and has given it universal celebrity.
-
-
-
-THE ROWS.
-
-
-Very curious are these old arcades, which are as interesting to the
-antiquarian as they are convenient for a quiet lounge to ladies and
-others engaged in shopping.  They occupy the greatest part of both sides
-of Eastgate-street, and the upper parts of both sides of Watergate-street
-and Bridge-street.  Those in Northgate-street are more irregular, only
-one side, commonly called Shoemakers’-row, being used as a regular
-thoroughfare.  Their appearance, both interior and exterior, is extremely
-singular.  They form a gallery, occupying the front floor of each house,
-parallel with the streets below, and are approached by flights of steps,
-placed at convenient distances, in addition to those by which they are
-entered and quitted at each end.  The passenger walks over the shops on a
-level with the street, and under the first floor of the dwelling-houses;
-and thus two lines of shops are erected in one front.  The rows are kept
-in excellent repair, and form the chief promenade of the citizens.  To
-strangers they cannot fail to prove an object of curiosity.  The shops in
-the rows are generally considered the best situations for retail traders;
-but those on the southern side of Eastgate-street and the eastern side of
-Bridge-street have a decided preference.  Shops let here at high rents,
-and are in never-failing request; and there are no parts of the city
-which have undergone such rapid or extensive improvements.
-
-In the sixteenth century the rows appear not to have exceeded 6 feet in
-height and 10 in width, with clumsy wooden rails towards the street, and
-large oaken pillars, supporting transverse beams and brackets, on which
-rested the houses over head, formed of wood and plaster, so far
-overhanging the street, that in some places the upper floors of opposite
-houses nearly met.  Nearly the whole of the buildings of this description
-are now taken down; and in rebuilding care has been taken to raise and
-widen the rows, and to place iron railings towards the street in place of
-the wooden posts formerly used.  The shops in the rows present a very
-different appearance to that of about sixty years ago; then, as Hemingway
-says, “the fronts were all _open_ to the row in two or three
-compartments, according to their size; and at night were closed by large
-hanging shutters fixed on hinges, and fastened in the daytime by hooks to
-the ceiling of the row.”  At present these rows are “capable of supplying
-all the real demands of convenience and the artificial calls of luxury,
-mental and corporeal, presenting a cluster of drapers, clothiers,
-jewellers, booksellers, &c., as respectable as the kingdom can produce.”
-{50}  The origin and cause of the rows has furnished matter for much
-curious investigation; and many conflicting conjectures have been
-propounded respecting them.  The subject is involved in much obscurity;
-and, in the absence of any positive data, we are not able to take higher
-ground than the probabilities of the case.  It has been alleged that they
-were originally used as places of defence, from whence to annoy and
-repulse the assaults of the enemy, who might gain entrance into the
-streets beneath by surprising the gates, during those remote ages when
-Chester was subject to the sudden incursions of the Welsh.  But against
-this opinion it may be urged, that in no one of their attacks upon this
-city did the Welsh ever force their way within the gates or walls; so
-that these latter, being proved by experience to be a sufficient bulwark
-against our foes, there existed no necessity for the erection of any
-further defences.  There is irrefragable evidence that the _form_ of the
-city is Roman, and that the _walls_ were the work of that people; and the
-same reasons which justify these conclusions are not less cogent for
-presuming that the construction of the streets are Roman also.  Pennant
-appears to have arrived at this conclusion:—he says, “These rows appear
-to me to have been the same with the ancient _vestibules_, and to have
-been a form of building preserved from the time that the city was
-possessed by the Romans.  They were built before the doors, midway
-between the streets and the houses, and were the places where dependants
-waited for the coming out of their patrons, and under which they might
-walk away the tedious minutes of expectation.  Plautus, in the 3rd act of
-his _Mostella_, describes both their station and use.  The shops beneath
-the rows were the Cryptæ and Apothecæ, magazines for the various
-necessaries of the owners of the houses.”
-
-Ormerod says that some of these crypts exhibit specimens of vaulting
-equal to the cloisters of our Cathedral.
-
-Camden, in describing Chester, says, “The houses are very fair built, and
-along the chief streets are galleries or walking places they call rows,
-having shops on both sides, through which a man may walk dry from one end
-to the other.”  And Shukeley, in his ‘Itinerary,’ in 1724, says, “The
-rows or piazzas are singular through the whole town, giving shelter to
-foot people.  I fancied it a remain of the _Roman porticoes_.”
-
-In the oldest histories, descriptive of the city in some form or other,
-the elevated rows and the shops beneath are recognized.
-
-Tacitus, “in describing the process by which Roman manners diffused
-themselves throughout Britain, and gradually completed the subjugation of
-the country, speaks of the natives of Britain as acquiring a taste for
-the two leading features in Roman civilization, ‘Porticus and
-Balnea,’—the portico, in which they were delighted to stroll and sun
-themselves; and the baths, which were their national luxury.  He mentions
-these, and we cannot but be struck by the coincidence with things with
-which we are all familiar—the _rows_ of our ancient city, and the
-Hypocaust, which is still shown as the Roman bath.  We are hereby led to
-infer, that the mode of construction which gives the character to our
-city, originated in Roman habits.” {51}
-
-
-
-PRINCIPAL STREETS.
-
-
-Within the walls, the city is subdivided by four principal streets,
-intersecting each other nearly at right angles at St. Peter’s Church,
-which stands in the centre of the city.  These streets retain numerous
-old timber buildings, which give them an unusual and quaint appearance,
-and are wider in general than those of cities of equal antiquity.
-Immediately in front of the church formerly stood the High Cross, which
-was pulled down and defaced by the Parliamentarians, when they took
-possession of the city in 1646.  The upper portion of this valuable
-antiquity is still preserved in the grounds of Netherlegh House, though
-some of the carved figures are a good deal injured.  Mr. Pennant is of
-opinion that St. Peter’s Church, and a few houses to the north and west,
-occupy the site of the _Roman Prætorium_, with its Court of Judicature
-and Angulale, where prayers, sacrifices, and other religious rites were
-wont to be performed.
-
-Adjoining the Cross formerly stood that ignominious instrument of
-punishment, called the _Pillory_.
-
-Adjoining the south side of St. Peter’s Church stood the old Pentice,
-where the magistrates performed their judicial duties, where the sheriffs
-sat to determine civil causes, and where the Town-office was kept, until
-the year 1803, when it was removed for the purpose of widening the road
-into Northgate and Watergate streets, at that time extremely narrow and
-dangerous.  The bench of magistrates was then removed to much more
-commodious apartments in the Exchange.  At the corner of the east of
-Bridge-street and the west of Eastgate-street, and near to the Cross,
-there was formerly a small stone building, forming a basin at the top,
-called the _Conduit_, to which water was formerly brought into the city
-from St. Giles’s well at Boughton, and thence conveyed to different parts
-of the city.
-
-The Cross used formerly to be the scene of the barbarous sport of
-bull-baiting, of which the following satirical sketch is given in an old
-History of Chester:—
-
-    “The Cross is famous for being the annual scene of exhibition of that
-    _polite play_ called a bull-bait, where four or five of these _horned
-    heroes_ are attended by several hundred lovers of that _rational
-    amusement_.  Till within a few years, the _dramatis personæ_ of this
-    _elegant scene_ included even magistracy itself, the mayor and
-    corporation attending in their official habiliments, at the Pentice
-    windows, not only to countenance the _diversions_ of the _ring_, but
-    to participate in a sight of its _enjoyments_.  A proclamation was
-    also made, by the crier of the court, with all the gravity and
-    solemnity of an oration before a _Romish sacrifice_; the elegant
-    composition of which ran thus—‘_Oyez_!  _Oyez_!  _Oyez_!  _If any man
-    stands within twenty yards of the bull-ring_, _let him take—what
-    comes_.’  After which followed the usual public ejaculations, for
-    ‘the safety of the king and the mayor of the city;’ when the
-    _beauties_ of the scene commenced, and the dogs immediately _fell
-    to_.  Here a prayer for his worship was not unseasonable, as even the
-    ermin’d cloak was no security against the carcases of dead animals,
-    with which spectators, without distinction, were occasionally
-    saluted.
-
-                   [Picture: Eastgate Street, Chester]
-
-    “We shall not attempt a description of the _tender_ offices
-    practised, at such times, on so noble a creature—one, however, we
-    cannot omit mentioning: in 1787, an unfortunate animal, smarting
-    under his wounds and fatigue, was very _naturally_ induced to _lie
-    down_;—the _argument_ made use of, in this situation, however, _as
-    naturally_ induced him to _get up_; his _humane_ followers hitting
-    upon the ingenious expedient of setting fire to some straw under his
-    body, when, it is hardly necessary to add, ‘the wretched animal
-    heav’d forth such groans, as stretch’d his leathern coat almost to
-    bursting.’  This circumstance of the _fire_ was, however, no bad
-    _satire_ (emblematically considered) on the transactions of the
-    day—the whole being little better than a—‘burning shame.’
-
-    “The late Dr. Cowper is said to have had the merit, when mayor, of
-    putting a stop to the attendance of the corporate body on these days;
-    and Mr. Alderman Brodhurst, in his mayoralty, made a laudable but
-    ineffectual effort to suppress a relic of barbarism ‘more honoured in
-    the _breach_ than the _observance_.’”
-
-
-
-EASTGATE STREET,
-
-
-a spacious street, forming a direct line to the Eastgate, about 209 yards
-in length.  The appearance of the street has been considerably modernized
-of late years; many of the old houses having been taken down, and
-spacious shops and dwelling-houses erected on their site.  There is a
-very interesting old crypt to be seen on the premises of Messrs. Prichard
-and Dodd, which furnishes an additional illustration of the statement,
-that many of the buildings in the principal streets are erected on the
-remains of ancient religious houses.  Dr. Ormerod gives it as his opinion
-that these conventual buildings occupied nearly, if not wholly,
-one-fourth of the city.  The handsome premises occupied by Mr. Hugh
-Roberts, bookseller, and by Mr. Bolland, confectioner, have latterly been
-rebuilt in an elegantly appropriate style of architecture: and Messrs.
-Brown are now (1858) erecting a splendid range of shops.  About
-two-thirds down the street on the right is Newgate-street; and opposite
-is St. Werburgh’s-street, leading to the Cathedral.  There are two
-excellent inns in Eastgate-street—the Green Dragon and the Royal Hotel;
-the latter being a large and lofty edifice, the front resting on round
-stone pillars, between which, and the coffee-room there is a capacious
-piazza.  Passing under the arch of the Eastgate, you enter
-
-
-
-FOREGATE STREET,
-
-
-a spacious airy street, about 572 yards in length, and in most parts 18
-in breadth; on the right hand is St. John-street, in which is situated
-the Post-office, and a little lower down the Mechanics’ Institution and
-News-room.  The spacious circular building is a place of worship used by
-the Wesley an Methodists.  The narrow street on the left leads to St.
-John’s Church and Priory, which will amply repay a careful and attentive
-study.  Returning to the Cross, we now proceed down
-
-
-
-WATERGATE STREET,
-
-
-which possesses remarkable interest, from the number of very old houses
-still remaining in it.  This street has perhaps suffered less from the
-innovation of modern improvement than any other part of Chester.  The
-rows on both sides extend nearly to the bottom of the street, and retain
-several marks of great antiquity.  In front of an old house on the south
-side of the street, there is a post, with the date 1539 carved upon it.
-On the same side, nearer the Cross, is an old dwelling-house, with the
-inscription—
-
-                 “God’s Providence is mine Inheritance—1652,”
-
-cut upon a beam in front, in legible characters.  At the time when the
-plague was devastating the city, this was almost the only house which was
-exempt from its destructive havoc.  Gratefully sensible of this singular
-blessing, the pious occupier placed this inscription on the front of his
-house, as a commemorative memorial of Divine Providence.  Lower down, on
-the same side, is a singularly decorated old house, having the whole
-front divided into square compartments, filled with carved work of
-various descriptions, principally heraldry and scripture history.  Adam
-and Eve;—Cain killing Abel;—Abraham offering up Isaac;—Susannah and the
-Elders—and a Martyrdom, are the principal subjects.  There are three
-other compartments, two of them consisting of armorial bearings,
-including the Earldoms of Chester and Derby, crested with a bishop’s
-mitre; the third bears an inscription, illegible from the street, and the
-date 1613.  This house was built by Dr. George Lloyd, of the family of
-Lloyd of Kinmell, in North Wales, Bishop of Chester from 1604 to 1615.
-
-                    [Picture: God’s Providence House]
-
-Lower down, on the same side of the street, below Nicholas-street, is a
-curious and spacious old palace, once the mansion of the Derby family,
-which is well deserving of the visitor’s notice.  It is approached
-through a narrow passage.  The front of the house presents some
-interesting specimens of curiously ornamental carved work.  On this spot
-once stood a _Monastery_ of the order of Black Friars.
-
-The street on the opposite side leads to the new Linen Hall, where the
-cheese fairs are periodically held.  It was built by the Irish merchants
-in 1778.  At that time the imports of linen were very considerable, and a
-large business was done.
-
-At the corner of this street stands her Majesty’s Custom House.
-Adjoining is Trinity Church, which contains the mortal remains of Parnell
-the poet, and Matthew Henry, immortalized in his far-famed commentary.
-Trinity-street contains nothing worthy of special notice: it leads,
-however, to a memorable spot, of surpassing interest to all who love to
-trace the “records of a good man’s life.”  Higher up is Crook-street,
-where stands the chapel built for Matthew Henry.  These chapel walls once
-echoed the voice of that eloquent man, who assiduously asserted the pure
-principles of the Gospel.  Associated, therefore, as the place is with
-the memory of a great mind, whose works have taken an honourable position
-in the religious literature of the country, it cannot but be an
-attraction to all who love to treasure the incidents which mark the
-biography of an eminent and a worthy man.  Matthew Henry’s chapel is now
-occupied by the Unitarians.
-
-Returning to the Cross, we proceed to
-
-
-
-NORTHGATE STREET,
-
-
-which forms the northern division of the city, and is 440 yards long.  On
-the east side, adjoining St. Peter’s Church, are the
-Commercial-buildings, occupied as a subscription News-room, and the
-Library of the Archæological Society.  The rows in Northgate-street are
-chiefly formed of wood; that on the west is the only one in general use,
-extending from the Cross to the Fish Market.  The regular market for
-“Fish and vegetables,” says a History of Chester, 1791, “is in the square
-opposite the Exchange, which, in general, are plentiful and reasonable.
-In that useful article, salmon, no market in the kingdom did, some few
-years ago, excel it; indeed, such was the profusion of this valuable
-fish, that masters were often restricted, by a clause of indenture, from
-giving it more than twice a week to their apprentices!  Though the bounty
-of Providence, in this particular, is yet unabated, such restriction is
-no longer necessary—some _artificial_ cause or other very _kindly_
-rendering this fish, at the present day, a _delicacy_ even to the
-_masters_ themselves.”
-
-
-
-THE EXCHANGE
-
-
-is situated in the Market-place, on the west side of Northgate-street.
-It was commenced in 1695, and completed in 1698, at an expense of £1,000,
-towards which Roger Whitley, then Mayor, contributed largely.  It is a
-good brick building, ornamented with stone-work, supported by stone
-pillars on the ground floor, through which is a thoroughfare from south
-to north.  In a niche on the south front is a statue of Queen Anne in her
-coronation robes.  On the right of this statue is a tablet, having the
-arms of the Earldom of Chester on a circular shield in the centre, and
-above these the coats of the Principality of Wales and Duchy of Cornwall,
-having each their respective coronets over them.  The blazon of this
-tablet is believed to have been furnished by the last Randle Holmes,
-Deputy Norroy King at Arms, who died in 1707.  On the left of the statue
-is another tablet, containing the Royal arms of England as borne by Queen
-Anne.  The centre of the building is occupied by the _Common Hall_,
-wherein are held the city sessions and the elections for members of
-parliament for the borough.  The north end of the Common Hall is fitted
-up as a court of justice, having a bench, bar, witness and jury boxes.
-On each side of the bench are ornaments, composed of lictors’ fasces and
-spears, used to support the sword and mace.
-
-      [Picture: Bishop Lord’s House Watergate St. Chester A.D. 1615]
-
-Adjoining and communicating with the Common Hall on the north is the
-Council-room, commonly called the _Pentice_, where the mayor and
-magistrates sit as a court of Petty Sessions.  Over the mayor’s seat in
-this room is a splendid full length portrait of George the Third in his
-coronation robes,—the figure by Gainsborough, the drapery by
-Reynolds,—presented to the city by the late Marquis of Westminster, in
-1808.  On the south side of the Exchange-buildings is the City
-Assembly-room, where the meetings of the Town Council are held.  The Town
-Hall, the Pentice Court, and the Assembly-room, are all decorated with
-fine portraits of benefactors to the city, and of eminent men who have
-been officially engaged in its highest legal appointments, or in the
-administration of its municipal affairs.  Among these worthies may be
-seen the donors of local charities, and other celebrities; as Recorders
-Comberbach, Leycester, Levinge, Townsend, and Sir W. Williams; Sir Henry
-Bunbury, M.P. for Chester in eight successive parliaments during the
-reigns of Queen Anne and George the First; Sir John Grey Egerton, M.P.
-for the city from 1807 to 1818; Thomas Cholmondeley, Esq., Mayor in 1761;
-Robert, Earl Grosvenor, in his parliamentary robes, painted by Jackson;
-Richard, Earl Grosvenor, and Thomas Grosvenor, Esq., M.P., in their robes
-of the civic mayoralty, painted by West; W. Cross, Esq., first Mayor
-after the passing of the Municipal Reform Act; and W. Wardell, Esq.,
-Mayor in 1841.  At the north end of the Exchange is the Market,
-appropriated for the sale of butter; and a few yards apart is another
-building of equal breadth, but longer, for butchers’ meat, both of which
-are neatly fitted up and well adapted for their respective purposes.  We
-recommend the tourist now to continue his walk up the street, for the
-purpose of visiting the Training College, which, we doubt not, our former
-description has made him curious to see.  Supposing this to have been
-done, we now return on the east side, passing through the Northgate about
-100 yards, where we come to a narrow avenue on the left, under an old
-archway, the remains of one of the gates of the monastery of St.
-Werburgh.  A little further down, opposite the Market-hall, stands a
-noble arch called
-
-
-
-THE ABBEY GATE,
-
-
-which is a Gothic pointed arch, with a postern at the side, both of which
-are included in a larger obtuse one, apparently of the same order.  The
-interior of the gateway is vaulted with stone, with ribs, and carved
-keystones at the intersections; and the rooms over were originally
-approached by a spiral staircase.  On the south side was the porter’s
-lodge, and on the other St. Thomas’s-court.  Before this gate were
-anciently raised the booths for the merchants frequenting the Abbot’s
-fair; these booths were covered with reeds, which the monks were
-empowered to gather from Stanlaw Marsh; and here also the performers in
-the Chester Mysteries commenced the exhibition of their pageants.  This
-was formerly the grand entrance into the monastery, which appears to have
-occupied a very extensive range.  On passing through the arched gateway
-we enter into the Abbey-square.  On the right hand is a wall, enclosing
-the episcopal palace, which was rebuilt by Bishop Keene, out of his
-private resources, at an expense of £2,200, soon after his promotion to
-the see in 1752.  In former days the residence of the Abbots of St.
-Werburgh stood on this site.  The spacious edifice at the end of the
-palace wall is the Registry Office, of which Dickens has given an
-interesting sketch in his ‘Household Words,’ in one of his able papers,
-entitled, ‘The Doom of English Wills.’  The entire arrangements and
-management of the office are described in terms of unqualified
-commendation, highly complimentary to the talented registrar, who is
-described as “a gentleman who fulfils the duties of his office in person
-with assiduity.”  In the centre of the square is a shrubbery, enclosed
-with an iron palisading, having in the centre an elliptic column, which
-was once a pillar under the Exchange; but on removing it to build a shop
-there, the Corporation presented it to the Dean and Chapter, who
-appropriated it to its present use.  In the north-east angle of the
-square is the Deanery, built on the site where once stood an old Gothic
-structure, called St. Thomas’s Chapel.  Returning into Northgate-street,
-the next narrow avenue on the left gives us a fine view of the west
-transept of the Cathedral, with its beautiful window, enriched with
-elegant tracery.  A few paces below we arrive at
-
-
-
-THE MUSIC HALL, formerly THE THEATRE ROYAL.
-
-
-The citizens of Chester appear to have been early distinguished for a
-love of theatricals.  From a MS. entitled, “Certayne collections of
-aunchiante times concerninge the aunchiante and famous Citty of Chester,”
-by Archdeacon Rogers, we learn that in the beginning of the fourteenth
-century, Randal Higden, a monk of Chester, “translated the Bible into
-several partes and plays, so as the common people might learne the same
-by theyre playinge.”  These _spectacles_, then called the _Whitsun
-Plays_, were first performed in 1328, during the mayoralty of Sir John
-Arneway, at the expense of the city companies; and being “profitable for
-them, for all both far and near came to see them,” they were repeated
-annually on Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday in Whitsun week, for nearly
-250 years, until 1574, when they were suppressed by authority.  The
-theatre for these performances was of the original Thespian cast, a
-four-wheeled scaffold or waggon, whereof the body served for a tyring
-room, and the roof for the stage, whereon the members of the different
-city companies did “each man play his part.”  The first place of
-performance was at the Abbey Gate, that “the monks and churche might have
-the first sighte, and then the stage was drawne to the High Crosse before
-the Mayor and Aldermen, and soe from streete to streete; and when one
-pageant was ended another came in the place thereof, till all that were
-appoynted for the daye were ended.”  Each company had its own peculiar
-parts allotted to its members to perform in the Whitsun Plays, of which a
-list is given in the above quoted MS.
-
-                       [Picture: Old Palace House]
-
-In addition to the Whitsun Plays, the citizens were anciently entertained
-with processional pageants by the different companies, which latter
-appear to have survived the suppression of the former for many years.
-They were suppressed for some time by the party in power during the
-Commonwealth, but revived with great splendour at the Restoration.
-
-The pageants were abolished by order of the Corporation in 1678.
-
-“No circumstance,” says the old History from which we have already
-quoted, “can evince the strange mutations to which things are liable,
-more than this place, which was originally a _chapel_ dedicated to _St.
-Nicholas_, and devoted to _religion_; afterwards a _common hall_ devoted
-to _justice_; next a _warehouse_ devoted to _trade_; and now a
-_playhouse_ devoted to _amusement_.”
-
-The present writer has to note another change: the “Playhouse” has become
-a MUSIC HALL, handsome and commodious.  A few years since a company was
-formed for the purpose of erecting a spacious Hall, available for musical
-and literary recreations, public meetings, and social celebrations.  The
-Hall was built by Mr. J. D. Williams, from designs by Mr. James Harrison;
-and a remarkably fine organ, by Jackson, of Liverpool, has also been
-erected.  Seats are fitted up for an audience of 1,400 persons, and the
-orchestra is capable of accommodating 300 performers.  The cost of the
-building, with the organ and fittings, was £5,000.  The Hall was opened,
-on November 26th, 1855, with a grand Miscellaneous Concert, at which
-Madame Clara Novello was the principal vocalist, and was crowded by a
-brilliant gathering of the beauty and fashion of the city and
-neighbourhood.  Since that time it has frequently been used for the
-performance of oratorios and concerts, for lectures, public meetings, and
-other purposes, except theatrical entertainments, which are prohibited by
-the terms of the lease under which the site is held from the
-ecclesiastical commissioners, in whom the fee simple of the property is
-vested.
-
-Returning to the Cross, whence we set out, we now direct our attention to
-
-
-
-BRIDGE STREET,
-
-
-which is an open and spacious street, in length from the Cross to the
-Bridge about 554 yards.  This street is characterized by many striking
-features of deep interest to the antiquarian, and indeed to all who love
-to visit the localities which are associated with any remarkable events
-of our national and ecclesiastical history.  Although the buildings now
-present a much more modern aspect than they did some years ago, there are
-still remaining many conspicuous proofs of the antiquity of the city, and
-many curious remains which give it peculiar attractions.
-
-A little way down the street, on the left hand, is a house now occupied
-by Mr. W. Brittain, woollen draper, which is rendered remarkable from a
-peculiar, and, as it resulted, _fortunate_ incident, which occurred there
-in 1558.  In that year Dr. Cole, Dean of St. Paul’s, came to Chester on
-his way to Ireland, entrusted with a commission from Queen Mary, for
-prosecuting the Protestants in that part of the kingdom.  The
-commissioner stopped one night in this house on his way, then a noted
-inn, called the _Blue Posts_, where he was visited by the Mayor, to whom,
-in the course of conversation, he communicated his errand, taking out a
-leather box out of his cloak bag, and saying, in a tone of exultation,
-“Here is what will lash the heretics of Ireland!”  This announcement was
-overheard by the landlady of the house, who had a brother in Dublin; and
-whilst the commissioner was complimenting his worship down stairs, the
-good woman, prompted by a tender regard for the safety of her brother,
-opened the box, and taking out the commission, placed in its stead a pack
-of cards, with the knave of clubs uppermost.  The unsuspecting Doctor
-packed up the box again, and with its far different contents proceeded on
-his journey.  On his arrival at the Castle of Dublin, the precious box
-was presented to the Lord Deputy and Privy Council, who, on opening it,
-found, in the place of the commission, the pack of cards, prefaced with
-the significant _knave of clubs_.  The surprise of the assembly was of
-course very great, and the Doctor’s perhaps the greatest of all; he was
-not lack in his protestations that the commission he _had_ received, and
-was entirely ignorant how it had disappeared.  “Let us have another
-commission,” said the Deputy; and forthwith the amazed and chagrined
-commissioner returned to Court for the purpose; but before he could
-return to Ireland, Queen Mary died.  Elizabeth, her successor, rewarded
-the woman, whose name was Elizabeth Edwards, with a pension of £40 a year
-during her life.
-
-A little lower down, on the same side, are the remains of a Roman Bath
-and Hypocaust, which we have described under the head of “Roman
-Antiquities.”  This curious relic, we take for granted, the visitor will
-“go and see.”
-
-A little further is the neat little church of St. Michael, recently
-erected on the site of the old church, which had become so much
-dilapidated, that apprehensions were excited for its safety.
-
-Passing Pepper-street, adjoining St. Michael’s, we next meet with THE
-ALBION HOTEL, a capacious building, connected with which is an
-Assembly-room, and behind the premises extensive pleasure-grounds and a
-bowling-green.
-
-Passing on to the lower end of the street, we come to St. Olave’s Church,
-an edifice of very mean pretensions, but of very ancient foundation.  In
-the copy of an old Court Roll, the advowson of St. Olave’s is mentioned
-among other advowsons, belonging to the Abbey of St. Werburgh.  A clerk
-was instituted and inducted upon the presentation of the Abbey, in the
-time of King John.  Divine service is discontinued at St. Olave’s, and
-the parishioners attend St. Michael’s.  Continuing down the street we
-arrive at a handsome arch called the Bridgegate, beyond which is the old
-bridge, which will lead the tourist (should his curiosity incline him) to
-Edgar’s Cave, already described under the head of antiquities.
-
-Returning on the west side of the street, we come to a steep lane, called
-St. Mary’s-hill, which leads to the Castle and to St. Mary’s Church, a
-most interesting edifice, worthy of the tourist’s examination.
-
-Opposite St. Olave’s Church, before mentioned, is an old house, formerly
-occupied by the Gamul family, which possesses great interest from the
-fact of its having given protection to Charles I. during the siege of
-Chester by the Parliamentary forces.  There is some very curious painted
-panel work and beautiful carving in the interior, which render it well
-worthy of inspection.  A little higher up is an antiquated building
-called “The Falcon Inn,” a fine specimen of the old timber houses of
-Chester.  Adjoining this house formerly stood the OLD LAMB ROW, which was
-one of the most remarkable objects of curiosity in the city.  The
-materials of which the buildings were composed were the same as that of
-the Falcon, which is probably an older building than the Old Lamb-row
-was.  It was constructed of massy beams of oak, heavy roofs, and the
-interstices of the timber in the fronts filled up with sticks and clay.
-The age of the row is pretty clearly determined by the inscription on a
-stone, discovered after the fall of the building:—
-
-                                   16—H—55
-                                    R. H.
-
-The initials of Randle Holme, the builder.  This was the mansion of the
-family of Holme, the famous Cheshire antiquaries.  In the year 1670, the
-third Randle made some important and obnoxious alterations, which brought
-upon him the censure of the Corporation, who ordered that “the nuisance
-erected by Randle Holme in his new building in Bridge-street, near to the
-two churches, be taken down, as it annoys his neighbours, and hinders
-their prospect from their houses.”  He proceeded with his work, however,
-_sans cérémonie_; and in the following year Mr. Holme, painter, “was
-fined £3 6s. 8d. for contempt to the Mayor, in _proceeding_ in his
-building in Bridge-street.”  It continued the residence of that heraldic
-family so late as 1707.  It appears that the Holme family subsequently
-sank into extreme indigence, and at no very distant period, we believe, a
-descendant was an occasional boots and waiter at a tavern in Liverpool.
-Such are the reverses of fortune!  How this property became alienated
-from the Holmeses has not been ascertained.  It was occupied about the
-middle of the last century as a public-house, called “The Lamb,” whence
-it derived the name of the Lamb-row.  In 1821, in the middle of the day,
-it suddenly gave way and tumbled into the street: happily without any
-injury to the inhabitants.  An old woman was sitting in the upper room at
-the moment the overhanging roof bore down the trembling building beneath;
-the wall of the apartment separated within six inches of a chair on which
-she was seated, but she fortunately escaped.
-
-After passing Grosvenor-street, we come to White Friars, which derives
-its name from a monastery of Carmelites or White Friars being once
-located there.  The next turning is Common Hall-street, so called from
-its being the place where the Common Hall of the city formerly stood, as
-its name imports.  Some think that it occupied the site of a building now
-used as a Dissenting chapel; but Ormerod is of opinion that it stood on
-the _south_ side of the street, near to several old almshouses which
-still remain.
-
-Prior to the era of the Reformation, Chester abounded in religious
-institutions and edifices.  We have already indicated this fact, in
-pointing out the localities where some of these religious buildings were
-situated.  There are many convincing evidences, in the lower part of
-several houses in the principal streets, that they have been erected on
-the ruins of these ecclesiastical foundations.  A remarkable instance in
-support of this supposition has recently been brought to light, upon
-clearing out an underground cellar behind the shop of Messrs. Powell and
-Edwards, cutlers, a little farther up in the street, when the remains of
-
-
-
-AN ANCIENT CHAPEL
-
-
-were discovered.  The public are much indebted to the care and good taste
-of these gentlemen, that this valuable antiquity has been so admirably
-preserved; and as they are most courteous in affording strangers the
-privilege of examining it, we doubt not that the opportunity will be
-gladly taken.  The chapel is of an oblong form, running from east to
-west.  Its dimensions are 42 feet in length, 15 feet 3 inches in breadth,
-and the height, from the surface of the floor to the intersections of the
-groining of the roof, 14 feet.  It was partially lighted through the
-upper part of the west end, in which there are three small windows,
-divided by stone mullions, and protected by iron bars.  On examining the
-intersection of the groins, marks were discovered on the stonework, that
-a couple of lamps had been used for lighting.  The entrance to the east
-end was by a flight of steps cut out of the rock; this passage is now
-closed, but from what remains there is no doubt this was the case.  On
-the south side is an Anglo-Norman-Gothic doorway, attained by three or
-four circular steps, and forming an outlet within its inner and outer
-wall, by another flight of steps, to the surface above the building.  At
-the west end are two niches, in which the baptismal fonts are supposed to
-have been placed; one of these was found during the excavation, and is
-deposited in one of these recesses; the other was unfortunately destroyed
-by the workmen.  The date of the erection of this interesting structure
-is supposed to be early in the thirteenth century.  Taking into
-consideration the fact that not far from this spot were the monasteries
-of Grey Friars and White Friars, it has been conjectured by some that in
-this chapel they assembled for their religious celebrations.  It seems to
-be, however, a more feasible hypothesis, that the site was once occupied
-by some order of religious house; that the chapel formed a part of the
-erection, and was used by the inmates for their religious ceremonies and
-worship.  In the upper part of the premises there appear to be some
-characteristic remains of the ancient structure.  Lacking any further
-evidence as to the character and extent of this venerable building than
-the place itself supplies, the question is involved in uncertainty.  The
-crypt is a most interesting curiosity, worthy of the investigation of the
-antiquarian, and to his better judgment we leave the subject.
-
-          [Picture: Chester Cathedral, South West View A.D. 875]
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER V.
-CHESTER CATHEDRAL.
-
-
-PREVIOUS to the Roman conquests, the Britons were accustomed to celebrate
-the rites of Druidism; but as it was the custom of the Romans to carry
-into the lands they conquered not only their civil polity, but also their
-religion, the gods of the Pantheon became consequently the gods of our
-ancestors.  Near the existing memorials of Druidical superstition there
-arose the majestic fanes of a more polished mythology.  At Bath there is
-said to have been a temple dedicated to Minerva, while on the site now
-occupied by the splendid cathedral of St. Paul there was a temple to
-Diana.  It appears, from a passage in King’s ‘Vale Royal,’ there was a
-tradition generally accepted in his day, that on the present site of
-Chester Cathedral was a temple dedicated to Apollo, during the period
-that the city was inhabited by the Legionaries.
-
-“I have heard it,” he says, “from a scholar residing in the city, when I
-was there, anno 1653, that there was a temple dedicated to Apollo in
-olden time, in a place adjoining to the Cathedral Church, by the constant
-tradition of the learned.”
-
-We are not aware that the supposition is capable of being verified by any
-existing record; but when we take into consideration the policy generally
-pursued by the Romans in subjugating a country, it seems to be
-countenanced by strong probability.  With this form of Paganism, however,
-there came zealous men, of true apostolic stamp, whose earnest
-inculcation of vital principles accelerated the progress of a better
-faith.  So conspicuous had that progress become early in the third
-century, that Tertullian, in his work written against the Jews, A.D. 209,
-states that “even those places in Britain hitherto inaccessible to the
-Roman arms, have been subdued by the gospel of Christ.”
-
-The ground on which the temple of Apollo once stood (if the tradition be
-trustworthy) was occupied, early in the second century, by a monastery
-dedicated to St. Peter and St. Paul, “which was the mother church and
-burial place to all Chester, and seven miles about Chester, and so
-continued for the space of three hundred years and more.”  To this
-monastery (according to Bradshaw the monk) the relics of St. Werburgh,
-daughter of Wulphere, King of Mercia, were removed from Hanbury in 875,
-for fear of an incursion of the Danes, and here re-buried with great
-pomp; a ceremony usually called “the translation of the body.”  The same
-author informs us that the army of Griffin, King of Wales, was stricken
-with blindness for their sacrilegious boldness, in attempting to disturb
-these sainted remains.  This, and other reputed miracles of St. Werburgh,
-appear to have induced the celebrated Ethelfleda, Countess of Mercia, to
-translate the monastery of St. Peter and St. Paul to the centre of the
-city, and to erect on its site a convent or monastery of secular nuns,
-dedicated to St. Werburgh and St. Oswald.  Earl Leofric was a great
-benefactor to this foundation, having repaired its decayed buildings at
-his own expense: and in 1093, when (says Rodolphus Glaber) “princes
-strove _à vie_ that cathedral churches and minsters should be erected in
-a more decent and seemly form, and when Christendom roused, as it were,
-herself, and, casting away her old habiliments, did put on every where
-the bright and white robe of the churches.”  Hugh Lupus expelled the
-canons secular, and laid the foundation of a magnificent building, the
-remains of which are still existing; it was established by him as an
-Abbey of Benedictine Monks from Bec in Normandy, to pray (as the
-foundation charter expresses it) “for the soul of William their King, and
-those of King William his most noble father, his mother Queen Maud, his
-brothers and sisters, King Edward the Confessor, themselves the founders,
-and those of their fathers, mothers, antecessors, heirs, parents, and
-barons, and of all Christians as well living as deceased.”  The
-confirmation charter by the second Ranulf (surnamed De Gernon or
-Gernons), Earl of Chester, in which the grant of Hugh Lupus is
-recapitulated, is in the possession of the Marquis of Westminster, by
-whose kindness this most important and interesting instrument has been
-lent for the use of the Archæological Association, and has been published
-in the pages of their journal.  It is most beautifully written in columns
-or pages, for the facility of reading.  The charter occupies nine, and
-commences with the copy of the original grant of “Hugone Cestreasi
-comite, anno ab incarnatione Domini millesimo nonugesimo” to the Abbey of
-St. Werburgh, which was witnessed by Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury,
-followed by the grants of several of the other witnesses, and it
-concludes by the confirmation of them all by the second Ranulf: (Ego
-secundus Ranulfus comes “Cestrie concedo et confirmo hos omnibus
-donationes quos mei antecessores vel barones eor’m dederunt,”) with
-additional grants from himself.  Anselm, Abbot of Bec, afterward
-Archbishop of Canterbury, regulated the new foundation, and appointed
-Richard, his chaplain, the first abbot.
-
-Hugh Lupus, following the example of most of his predecessors, lived a
-life of the wildest luxury and rapine.  At length, falling sick from the
-consequence of his excesses, and age and disease coming on, the old
-hardened soldier was struck with remorse; and—an expiation common enough
-in those days—the great Hugh Lupus took the cowl, retired in the last
-state of disease into the monastery, and in three days was no more.
-
-The Abbey was so richly endowed by the founder and his successors, that
-at the dissolution its revenues amounted to no less a sum than £1,073
-17s. 7d. per annum.
-
-On the general dissolution of the monasteries, Chester was erected into
-an independent bishopric, and St. Werburgh’s was converted into a
-Cathedral Church, which it has ever since remained.  It was dedicated to
-Christ and the Blessed Virgin Mary; and a dean and six prebendaries
-installed in it, Thomas Clarke, the last abbot, being appointed the first
-dean.
-
-The principal portions of this venerable pile have been erected at
-different periods from the fourteenth to the sixteenth century, although
-there are some parts which bear indubitable marks of a much earlier
-origin; the greater part, perhaps, belongs to the fourteenth or fifteenth
-century, when the richly decorated style of Gothic architecture was at
-its zenith in this country.  The Cathedral, from whatever side it is
-viewed, presents a massive appearance, and exhibits a pleasing variety of
-styles, in accordance with the taste of different ages.  Mr. Asphitel has
-said that he found beauties which grew on him more and more at every
-visit.  The Norman remains are extremely fine—there is work of all kinds
-of great beauty—and there are the most curious and instructive
-transitions from style to style that perhaps were ever contained in one
-building.
-
-Its general style may be termed the Norman-Gothic.  It has been generally
-supposed that there are also some remaining specimens of the Saxon; but
-Mr. Asphitel, in an interesting lecture delivered before the British
-Archæological Association, stated that he could not, from the most minute
-research, discover any portion of the Saxon church; he considered it
-possible there might be some portions in the foundations, but none were
-visible.
-
-The west front is said to have been the work of Abbot Ripley, who was
-appointed to the abbacy in 1485.  It is now in an unfinished state, and
-it seems more than probable that there was an intention to form two
-western towers.  The foundation of them was laid with much ceremony by
-Abbot Birchensaw in 1508, the Mayor being then present; but the project
-was abandoned, most likely for want of funds: had the original design
-been executed, says Winkle, it would not have been very imposing.  The
-west entrance is a singular and beautiful composition: the door itself is
-a Tudor arch, enclosed within a square head; the spandrils are filled
-with rich and elegant foliations; the hollow moulding on the top is deep
-and broad, and filled with a row of angels, half-lengths; all this is
-recessed within another Tudor arch, under another square head, with plain
-spandrils of ordinary panelling.  On each side of the door are four
-niches, with their usual accompaniments of crocketted canopies,
-pinnacles, and pendants; and instead of brackets, the statues formerly
-stood on pedestals, with good bases and capitals.  Above this entrance is
-the great western window of the nave, deeply and richly recessed; it is
-of eight lights, with elaborate tracery of the kind most common in the
-latest age of the pointed style.  The arch of the window is much
-depressed, and has above it a flowing crocketted canopy; the gable has no
-parapet, but is finished off with a simple coping; the flanking-turrets
-are octagonal, and have belts of panelled tracery and embattled parapets.
-Leaving the west front, and turning to the south, a rich and deep porch
-presents itself behind the Consistory Court; the porch is flanked by
-buttresses, which once had pinnacles.  The entrance is under a Tudor arch
-within a square head, the spandrils richly panelled; over the square head
-is a broad belt of quatrefoil panelling; above that a hollow moulding,
-adorned with the Tudor flower; above this are two flat-headed windows of
-two lights each, with a deep niche between them, resting on a projecting
-bracket; the statue is of course gone, but the projecting and richly
-decorated canopy remains, on both sides of which the wall above is
-adorned with two rows of panelling; the open embattled parapet, which
-once crowned the whole, has disappeared.  The south side of the nave and
-its aisle is plain, but not without dignity; the windows are all pointed,
-and of perpendicular character; those of the aisle have straight
-canopies, with projecting buttresses between, which still have niches,
-and once had both pinnacles and statues; the aisle has no parapet.  The
-windows of the clerestory are unusually large and lofty, and their
-canopies are flowing in form, but perfectly plain and without finials;
-they have no buttresses between them, and the parapet is very shallow and
-quite plain.
-
-The next feature of the Cathedral is a very singular one, and, indeed,
-unique—viz., the south wing of the transept.  It is no uncommon case to
-find the two portions of the transept unlike each other in some respects;
-but in no other instance are they so perfectly dissimilar as at Chester.
-Here the south wing is nearly as long as the nave, and of equal length
-with the choir, and considerably broader than either, having, like them,
-aisles on both sides; while the north, which probably stands on the
-original foundations, has no aisles, is very short, and only just the
-breadth of one side of the central tower.  The east and west faces of
-this south portion of the transept are nearly similar.  The aisles have
-no parapet; the windows are pointed, of four lights each, with late
-decorated tracery and small intervening buttresses.  The clerestory has a
-parapet similar to that of the nave; the windows are pointed, large, and
-lofty, with perpendicular tracery and two transoms.  The south front of
-this transept, flat at top, is flanked with square embattled turrets and
-buttresses, and has a large window of the perpendicular age, filling up
-nearly all the space between them.  The south face of the aisles, on each
-side, have pointed windows and sloping tops, without parapet, but flanked
-by double buttresses at the external angles, without pinnacles.
-
-The south face of the choir, with its aisle, is in nearly all respects
-similar to the south portion of the transept; but the aisle is lengthened
-out beyond the choir, and becomes the side aisle of the Lady Chapel, and
-has an octangular turret near the east end, with embattled parapet, and
-beyond it a plain, heavy, clumsy buttress; the sloping parapet of the
-east face of this aisle meets at the top the flat plain parapet of the
-most eastern compartment of the Lady Chapel, which projects beyond the
-aisle to that extent.  The windows of the Lady Chapel are all pointed,
-and of good perpendicular character; the projecting portion has double
-buttresses at the external angles, and the eastern face has a low gable
-point.  This chapel is very little higher than the side aisles of the
-choir, the east face of which is seen over it, with a large lofty pointed
-window, with perpendicular tracery and several transoms, flanked with
-octagonal turrets engaged, and terminated with something like domes of
-Elizabethan architecture.  The parapet of this east face of the choir is
-flat.  The north side of the Lady Chapel is similar to the south; the
-choir and its aisles exhibit features of an early English character on
-this side, but the Chapter-room, which is a small building, of an oblong
-form, and also of early English architecture, conceals a considerable
-portion.  Over its vestibule and the arched passage leading into the east
-walk of the cloister, is seen the large window in the north front of the
-transept; the arch is much depressed, the tracery very common and plain,
-and it has two transoms; the walls of this wing of the transept are very
-plain, flat at top, and no parapet.  The whole north side of the nave can
-be seen only from the cloister-yard.  The south walk of the cloister is
-gone, and in the wall of the aisle, below the windows, are still seen
-several enriched semicircular arches resting on short cylindrical
-columns, evidently belonging to the original church of Hugh Lupus.  The
-windows of the aisle are Tudor arched, with the ordinary tracery of this
-period; but, owing to the cloister once existing beneath, are necessarily
-curtailed of half their due length: there is a thin, flat buttress
-between each; the aisle has no parapet.  The clerestory is lofty, and the
-windows pointed, and not so much depressed as those in the aisle beneath:
-they are not so lofty as those in the south side, nor have they any
-canopies.  There is a thin buttress between each, without pinnacles, and
-the parapet is quite plain, but not so shallow as that on the south side.
-
-The central tower is perhaps the best external feature of this Cathedral,
-it is indeed only of one story above the roof ridge, but it is loftier
-than such towers usually are; in each face of it are two pointed windows,
-divided down the middle with a single mullion, with a quatrefoil at the
-top, and all of them having flowing crocketted canopies with finials.  At
-each of the four angles of the tower is an octagonal turret engaged, all
-of which, like the tower itself, are terminated with an embattled
-parapet.
-
-               [Picture: The Cloisters, Chester Cathedral]
-
-On entering the interior, through the west doorway into the nave, “some
-disappointment and regret,” says the same authority, “cannot but be felt:
-here is no vaulted roof, but a flat ceiling of wood, resting on brackets
-of the same material, slightly arched, which gives the nave the
-appearance of having less elevation than it really possesses; for the
-naves of many much more magnificent cathedrals are not so lofty as this
-by several feet, but by being vaulted, their apparent height is
-increased.”  The stone vaulting appears to have been actually commenced,
-and was probably interrupted by the dissolution: it is to be regretted
-that the work was not completed, as it would have given to the nave a
-much more imposing effect.  The north wall of the nave, to the height of
-the windows, is Norman work, and contains, on the side of the cloisters,
-six tombs, where, as it appears from an old MS. written on the back of an
-old charter, now in the British Museum, the early Norman Abbots are
-interred.  Under a wide arch sunk in the south wall, which, from the
-ornaments attached to the pillar near it, appears part of the original
-building, is a coffin-shaped stone, with a cross fleury on the lid, over
-the remains of some abbot.  Nearly opposite to this is an altar tomb, the
-sides of which are ornamented with Gothic niches, with trefoil heads, and
-with quatrefoils set alternately, the quatrefoils being also alternately
-filled with roses and leopards’ heads; the lid slides, and discloses the
-lead coffin, a part of which has been cut away; on the lid is a plain
-coffin-shaped stone.  It is highly probable that this tomb contains the
-remains of one of the later abbots.
-
-The pillars of the nave are clustered, and have rich bases and foliated
-capitals, and the arches are pointed.  In this part of the Cathedral and
-the north transept are several monuments worthy the attention of
-visitors.  A pyramidical monument by Nollekens, representing a female
-figure resting on a rock, against which is placed a broken anchor;
-erected by Captain John Matthews, R.N., to the memory of his wife.  One,
-in white marble, by Banks, representing the Genius of History weeping
-over an urn, having three vols., inscribed ‘Longinus,’ ‘Thucydides,’
-‘Zenophon,’ placed by it; erected to the memory of Dean Swift, the
-learned translator of those works.  One to the memory of Mrs. Barbara
-Dod, erected by the minor canons.  One to Captain John William Buchanan,
-of the 16th Light Dragoons, slain at the battle of Waterloo.  One of
-Cavalier Sir William Mainwaring, killed at Chester during the great civil
-war, 1644.  Against the north wall a handsome monument, enclosing a bust
-of Sir J. G. Egerton, Bart., erected by subscriptions of the citizens of
-Chester, in memory of their honourable and independent representative.
-One in memory of Major Thomas Hilton, who died at Montmeir, in the
-Burmese empire, 2nd February, 1829.  One to Augusta, the wife of the Rev.
-James Slade, Canon of the Cathedral, and daughter of Bishop Law.  One of
-Captain John Moor Napier, who died of Asiatic cholera, in Scinde, July
-7th, 1846, aged 28 years: this monument was executed by Westmacott; the
-inscription was written by his uncle, the gallant Sir Charles Napier, and
-is as follows:—
-
-    “The tomb is no record of high lineage;
-    His may be traced by his name.
-    His race was one of soldiers:
-    Among soldiers he lived, among them he died,
-    A soldier, falling where numbers fell with him,
-    In a barbarous land.
-    Yet there died none more generous,
-    More daring, more gifted, more religious.
-    On his early grave
-    Fell the tears of stern and hardy men,
-    As his had fallen on the grave of others.”
-
-    “To the memory of their comrade, the officers of the General Staff in
-    Scinde erect this cenotaph.”—[The above was executed by Westmacott.]
-
-In the north transept is a piece of very fine tapestry, executed after
-one of the cartoons of Raphael, representing the history of Elymas the
-sorcerer.  Wright, in his travels through France and Italy, expresses his
-opinion that this is much superior to any of the tapestry which he saw in
-the Vatican.  There is also a well-executed stone monument to Roger
-Barnston, Esq.; and a tablet in memory of good Chancellor Peploe.  A
-beautifully executed marble monument has lately been placed on the wall
-of the north transept to the memory of Colonel T. Graham Egerton, of the
-77th Regiment, who fell at the siege of Sebastopol, in April, 1855.
-
-The choir well merits the attention of every visitor of taste.  From the
-organ-loft to the Bishop’s throne, the sides are ornamented with rich
-spiral tabernacle work, underneath which are massive and highly
-ornamented stalls.  The choir is separated from the nave and broad aisle
-by a Gothic stone screen; there are five pointed arches on each side;
-above them is an arcade of pointed arches, resting on slender shafts, and
-above it are the clerestory windows.  The pavement of the choir is of
-black and white marble.  At the west end of it are four stalls on each
-side of the entrance, and there are twenty others on each side of the
-choir; over these are rich canopies, with pinnacles and pendants in great
-profusion.  Above the stalls on the right hand, opposite the pulpit, is
-the Bishop’s throne, which formerly stood at the east end in St. Mary’s
-Chapel, and is said to have been the shrine of St. Werburgh, or, as
-suggested by Pennant, the pedestal on which originally stood the real
-shrine which contained the sacred relics.  At the Reformation it was
-removed to its present position, and converted into a throne for the
-Bishop.  It is a rich specimen of Gothic architecture, decorated with
-carved work, and embellished with a range of thirty curious small
-statues, variously habited, holding scrolls in their hands, and
-originally inscribed with their names, but now defaced.  Dr. Cowper
-published, in 1799, an elaborate history of these figures, and was of
-opinion that they represented kings and saints of the royal Mercian line,
-ancestors or relations of St. Werburgh.  Very great improvements have
-recently been effected within the choir.  The restoration of the Bishop’s
-throne was effected by the munificence of the Rev. Canon Slade, as an
-obituary testimonial to his late father-in-law, Bishop Law, in memory of
-whom the following incription, engraven upon a brass plate, is affixed to
-the throne:—
-
-    In gloriam Dei hanc cathedram reficiendam curabit A.D. MDCCCXLVI.
-    Jacobus Slade, A.M. hujus ecclesiae Canonicus.  Recnon in piam
-    memoriam Georgii Henrici Law, S.T.D. per xii. annos Episcopi
-    Testriensis, dein Bathoniensis.
-
-At the back of the throne is a magnificent stone screen, the gift of the
-Archbishop of Canterbury.  The altar screen was presented by the Rev.
-Peploe Hamilton, of Hoole, near Chester; the chair within the communion
-table by the Rev. Canon Blomfield; the new Bible desk, of carved oak in
-the form of an eagle, by the Rev. Chancellor Raikes; the new stone
-pulpit, from a beautiful design by Mr. Hussey, was the liberal gift of
-Sir Edward S. Walker, of Chester.  Towards the restoration of the
-Cathedral, Her Majesty the Queen also contributed a donation of £105, in
-the name of the Prince of Wales as Earl of Chester.
-
-Under the east window is an arch opening to the Lady Chapel, which
-consists of a middle and two side aisles, the stone vaulting of which is
-adorned with richly carved key-stones.  The side aisles are divided from
-the middle portion of two arches, sprung from a massive pier on each
-side, apparently part of the original building, cut down and crusted over
-with clusters of light pillars, terminated in elegant pointed arches,
-with quatrefoils inserted in the mouldings.  On the north side of the
-chancel, which extends beyond the side aisles, are two elegant pointed
-arches: one contains two piscinas; the other was apparently a seat for
-the officiating priest; another pointed arch appears also on the opposite
-side.
-
-The cloisters are on the north side of the Church, and form a quadrangle
-of 110 feet square.  Originally there were four walks, but the south walk
-is destroyed.  The general style of the cloisters is that of the
-fifteenth century, with carved cornice key-stones at the intersections of
-the vaulting; the arches of the windows are depressed.  A lavatory
-projects from the west walk of the cloisters, and did extend along the
-south walk; over the east walk was a dormitory, which was some time ago
-destroyed, much to the injury of the appearance of these venerable
-conventual ruins.  It is obvious that the present cloisters are only a
-restoration of an earlier one.  In the east walk of the cloisters is the
-entrance into the Chapter House.  The stone vaulting rests in clusters of
-slender shafts, with foliated capitals; notwithstanding the soft nature
-of the stone, the carving is all in a good state of preservation.  The
-Chapter House was built in the beginning of the twelfth century, by
-Randle, Earl of Chester, who removed hither, from the churchyard, the
-body of his uncle, Hugh Lupus, whose remains were found enclosed in a
-stone coffin in 1723, by persons employed in digging in the Chapter
-House.  The skull and bones were entire, and lay in their proper
-position, enveloped in an ox-hide.  On the breast was a piece of cloth,
-the texture of which could not be ascertained.  Mr. Asphitel considers
-the Chapter House, with its singularly tasteful vestibule, to be the
-finest in the kingdom.
-
-We now direct the visitor’s attention to a portion of the Norman edifice,
-which has of late excited very great interest, the Promptuarium, lately
-excavated: “the chamber is a sort of gallery or cloister on the ground
-floor, about ninety feet long by forty feet wide, traversed in the centre
-by a row of pillars (with one exception cylindrical), which divide it
-into six double bays, from which pillars, and four corresponding ones at
-each side, spring the intersecting arches by which the building is
-vaulted.  The side pillars are as entirely Norman in their character as
-the centre ones, being simply the square pier, on each face of which is
-the pilaster attached; the groining of the roof is without the finish of
-ribs at the joints, a finish characteristic of a later period.  The
-chamber, which has at present only a borrowed light from the cloisters on
-the east, was originally lighted from the west side by a window in each
-bay, except the second bay from the south end, in which was a principal
-entrance.  This doorway and the windows are now all choked up by the
-adjoining garden.  On the same side, and at the north end, is a very
-large chimney and fire-place.  A glance at the groining and arches at the
-north end informing us that the chamber did formerly end here, I was
-induced to think, by this situation of the fire-place, that its length
-was originally very much greater.  I have since found the termination of
-the chamber in the cellars of the present Registry, where the groining is
-supported by corbels, which show that the vaults extended there, but no
-further.  One double bay, therefore, added to the present remains, gives
-us the entire length of the building—about 105 feet.  In this last bay,
-on the east side, is a principal doorway (four inches wider than the one
-on the west side), leading towards the Refectory.  On the east side also,
-and near the north end, is a postern from the cloisters and a spiral
-staircase, partly constructed in the thickness of the wall, leading to
-the chamber above, of which there are now no remains.  Two small archways
-at opposite sides of the chamber, precisely similar in form and size, and
-rising from beneath the level of the floor, seemed to indicate a
-subterranean passage connecting them.  An excavation round each has,
-however, discovered no channel between them.  In considering the
-character and situation of this vaulted chamber, it should be borne in
-mind, that though now apparently subterranean, it is only so with
-reference to the west side, the level of the floor being four feet above
-the level of the nave of the Cathedral.  The ground, which now rises
-above it on the west side, is all _made_ ground of late date, belonging
-to the Palace, the original level of which is identical with this
-chamber, as shown by the area round the present Palace kitchens, and by
-those apartments belonging to the Abbot’s residence, which yet remain.”
-{75}
-
-Mr. Asphitel, in his able lecture on Chester Cathedral, bestowed the name
-of Promptuarium on this Norman cloister: he says—“These are vaulted
-apartments of early Norman work, and are described in the charter of
-Henry Eighth, by which he divides the properties between the Bishop and
-Dean, _promptuaria et pannaria_, the former derived from a word denoting
-a butler or steward, probably a buttery; and the latter, from _pannus_, a
-cloth, probably the place for clothing.”
-
-Mr. Ayrton, in an able paper on the Norman remains of the Cathedral, read
-before the Chester Archæological Association, entered into an elaborate
-inquiry on the subject, stating his reasons for concluding that this is
-not a _Promptuarium_, but, in his opinion, a spacious Hall, where the
-splendid hospitality of the Abbots was displayed to strangers, friends,
-and dependents.
-
-There is a vaulted passage at the south end of the _Promptuarium_,
-leading from the Abbot’s apartments to the Cathedral: the arches are
-circular, the groining is ribbed with elliptical mouldings; these
-mouldings stamp a semi-Norman character on the work, being almost a
-transition to the early English style.
-
-    “Two beautiful Norman doorways gave ingress and egress from the
-    passage, and still remain, though the one which opened to the present
-    west cloister is closed, and sadly disfigured by the alterations of
-    the sixteenth century.  The other doorway, to the west, is yet
-    perfect, excepting the shafts of the pillars, which are gone.  At the
-    south end of the east cloister, and forming the present entrance from
-    that cloister to the Cathedral, is a Norman doorway of about the same
-    date as the arcade adjoining it.  The architrave is very ornate,
-    bearing the billet ornaments, accompanied by a bead which runs
-    between the mouldings; the capitals of the pilasters are foliated,
-    and identical with those already noticed in the Norman doorway of the
-    vaulted passage.”
-
-The dimensions of the Cathedral are as follows:—Length from east to west,
-350 feet; nave, 160; choir, 125; Lady Chapel, 65; transept from north to
-south, 180; breadth of nave, choir, and aisles, 74½ feet; south wing of
-transept, 80 feet square; height of nave and choir, 78 feet; tower, 127;
-Lady Chapel, 33; north wing of transept, 39 feet broad.
-
-The following is a list of the Bishops, from the foundation of the see,
-in 1541, to the present date:—
-
-John Bird               1541
-George Cotes            1554
-Cuthbert Scott          1555
-William Downham         1561
-William Chadderton      1579
-Hugh Bellot             1595
-Richard Vaughan         1595
-George Lloyd            1604
-Gerard Massie           1615
-Thomas Moreton          1616
-John Bridgeman          1618
-Brian Walton            1660
-Henry Ferne             1662
-George Hall             1662
-John Wilkins            1668
-John Pearson            1672
-Thomas Cartwright       1688
-Nicholas Stratford      1689
-William Dawes           1707
-Francis Gastrell        1714
-Samuel Peploe           1716
-Edmund Keene            1752
-William Markham         1771
-Beilby Porteus          1777
-William Cleaver         1788
-H. W. Majendie          1800
-E. B. Sparke            1810
-G. H. Law               1812
-C. J. Blomfield         1824
-J. B. Sumner            1828
-J. Graham               1848
-
-List of Deans of Chester Cathedral, from its formation to the present
-time:—
-
-Thomas Clarke          1541
-Henry Mann             1542
-William Cliff          1547
-Richard Walker         1558
-John Pears             1567
-R. Langworth           1571
-R. Dorset              1579
-Thomas Modesley        1580
-John Rutter            1589
-Wm. Barlow             1602
-Henry Parry            1605
-Thomas Mallory         1607
-Wm. Nicholls           1644
-Henry Bridgman         1660
-James Arderne          1682
-Lawrence Fogg          1691
-Walter Offley          1718
-Thomas Allen           1721
-Thomas Brooke          1733
-William Smith          1758
-George Cotton          1780
-Hugh Cholmondeley      1806
-Robert Hodgson         1815
-Peter Vaughan          1820
-Edmund Coplestone      1826
-Henry Philpotts        1828
-George Davys           1830
-F. Anson               1839
-
-                          BISHOP—J. Graham, D.D.
-
-                           DEAN—F. Anson, D.D.
-
-                               ARCHDEACONS.
-
-                       Ven. Isaac Wood, Middlewich
-                        Ven. J. Jones, Liverpool.
-
-                                 CANONS.
-
-Rev. J. Slade, M.A.             Rev. T. Eaton, M.A.
-Rev. G. B. Blomfield, M.A.      Rev. Temple Hillyard, M.A.
-
-                              MINOR CANONS.
-
-W. Harrison, M.A.         R. M. Smith, M.A.
-F. E. Thurland, M.A.      H. Venables, M.A., Precentor.
-
-                             HONORARY CANONS.
-
-Rev. C. A. Thurlow, M.A.      Rev. Hugh Stowell, M.A.
-Rev. Hugh McNeile, D.D.       Rev. W. Cooke, M.A.
-
-                          _Organist_—Mr. Gunton.
-
-The hours of service are—Week-day, morning, 7 and 10; afternoon, 4.
-Sunday, morning, 11; afternoon, 4 o’clock.  During the winter months the
-service begins at 3 in the afternoon.
-
-Through the indefatigable energy of Dr. Anson, the present Dean, many
-most important improvements have been introduced into the interior of
-this noble edifice, which have added very much to its decoration and
-general effect.  In 1843, the munificent sum of £4,000 was contributed
-for the purpose of giving effect to the praiseworthy object of restoring
-some portion of the ancient beauties of the Cathedral.  A new organ has
-been erected, of great power and richness of tone, the top of which is
-carved with tabernacle work, in unison with that of the choir.  The old
-pews, which were sadly out of keeping with the rich Gothic woodwork of
-the stalls, have been removed, and the choir has been new seated in the
-Gothic style.
-
-The whole of the choir has been vaulted, which has greatly contributed to
-its improved appearance.  A great number of beautiful stained-glass
-windows, principally the gifts of private families as obituary memorials,
-have been introduced since the commencement of the improvements in 1843.
-The large window of stained glass, at the west end, was presented by Mrs.
-Hamilton, of Hoole, by whose liberality a splendid restoration of the
-Lady Chapel has been effected.
-
-The interior of the Cathedral excites a general feeling of admiration,
-which the exterior fails to realize.
-
-
-
-THE CHURCH OF ST. OSWALD’S,
-
-
-as already mentioned, forms the south transept of the choir of Chester
-Cathedral.  After the introduction of regular monks into the monastery of
-St. Werburgh, anciently dedicated to the Holy Trinity and St. Oswald, the
-name of this patron saint was retained by that part of the conventual
-church which was set apart for the uses of the inhabitants of the parish,
-within which the monastery was placed.  This part probably occupied the
-site of that transept of the Cathedral which forms the present parish
-church.  The name of St. Oswald does not, however, appear to have been
-originally used for the parish.  In the licence of appropriation by
-William Cornhall, Bishop of Coventry, it is called the parish church of
-St. Werburgh.
-
-It appears to have been subsequently called the Church of St. Oswald and
-the Church of St. Werburgh indiscriminately.  It was founded in the ninth
-century by Ethelfleda, Countess of Mercia.  So early as 1093, when Earl
-Leofric introduced regular monks into the Cathedral, that part of it now
-occupied by St. Oswald’s was set apart for the use of the parishioners,
-as we have just stated.  The abbot and convent afterwards wishing to
-re-attach it to the Cathedral, built for the parishioners a small chapel,
-dedicated to St. Nicholas, in the spot where the Music Hall now stands;
-but they do not appear to have been contented with their new place of
-worship; for in 1488 we find, from Gastrel’s ‘Notitia,’ that a
-“composition was made between the Abbot and the parishioners of St.
-Oswald’s for their new church.”  They accordingly re-entered into the
-south transept, which had been rebuilt by Abbot Ripley, and have ever
-since used it as their parish church.
-
-St. Oswald’s was formerly in a state of great dilapidation; and was only
-separated from the aisle of the Cathedral by a slight wooden screen.  In
-1827 it was thoroughly repaired; the whole was new flagged and pewed, a
-new pulpit and reading desk added; the old gallery, which was at the west
-side, taken down, and a new one erected at the south end.  The interior
-was cut off from the aisle by a partition, erected by Dr. Coplestone when
-Dean, who expended more than £1,000 in various improvements.
-
-St. Oswald’s is a vicarage, in the gift of the Dean and Chapter of
-Chester Cathedral.  The present vicar is the Rev. William Harrison, M.A.
-
-              [Picture: St. John’s Church & Priory, Chester]
-
-
-
-CHURCH OF ST. JOHN THE BAPTIST.
-
-
-The church is situated without the city walls, a short distance from the
-Newgate; it stands upon an elevation overhanging the north bank of the
-Dee, and the churchyard commands a beautiful and extensive prospect.
-
-This church, with its adjoining ruins, is the most interesting of the
-ecclesiastical buildings of Chester.
-
-The foundation of the church is ascribed by Webb to Ethelred, Ring of
-Mercia, and stated, on the authority of Giraldus, to have taken place in
-the year 689.  The MS. chronicle of St. Werburgh makes a similar
-statement on the same authority; it is also adopted by the author of
-‘Polycronicon,’ and thus quaintly recorded—
-
-    “The year of grace six hundred fourscore nine,
-    So saith my author, a Briton, Giraldus,
-    King Etheldred, minding most the bliss of heaven,
-    Edified a college church, notable and famous,
-    In the suburbs of Chester, pleasant and beauteous,
-    In the honour of God, and the Baptist St. John,
-    With the help of Bishop Wulfrice, and good exhortation.”
-
-This inscription is now affixed to a pillar on the north side of the
-church.  With respect to its foundation by Ethelred, we find the
-following curious passage, quoted from an early writer by King and
-others:—“King Ethelred minding to build a church, was told that where he
-should see a white hind there he should build a church; which white hind
-he saw in the place where St. John’s Church now standeth, and in
-remembrance whereof, his picture was placed in the wall of the said
-church, which yet standeth on the side of the steeple, towards the west,
-having a white hind in his hand.”
-
-According to William of Malmsbury, St. John’s was repaired and richly
-endowed by Leofric, Earl of Mercia, in 1057, and it is shortly afterwards
-thus noticed in Doomsday Book:—“Ecclesia Sancti Johanius, in civitate
-habét viii. domos, quietas ab omné consuetudine: una ex his est
-matricularii ecclesiæ; aliæ sunt canonicorum.”  The seat of the See,
-which for some centuries after the conquest fluctuated between Chester,
-Coventry, and Lichfield, was, in 1075, fixed for a time in the Church of
-St. John, by Peter, then Bishop, which may be taken as a sufficient proof
-of the wealth and grandeur of the foundation, even at this early period.
-The succeeding Bishop, Robert de Limesey, having removed the seat of the
-See to Coventry, St. John’s returned to its former collegiate
-establishment, but was long afterwards considered and denominated one of
-the three Cathedrals of the diocese, and retained in its immediate
-neighbourhood a palace of the Bishop, and the mansion of the Archdeacon
-of Chester—the remains of its former importance.  At the dissolution in
-1547, the college consisted of one dean, seven prebends, four vicars, a
-clerk, and a sexton.  “In this church,” says Dr. Cowper, “was an ancient
-rood, or image of wood, of such veneration, that in a deed dated March
-27, 1311, confirmed by Walter Langton, the church was called the _Church
-of the Holy Cross and St. John_.”  “There can be little doubt, on the
-whole,” says Ormerod, “that some monastic foundation, dedicated to the
-Holy Cross, had, previously to this, merged in the college of St. John.”
-In 1468 the old steeple, which stood between the nave and the chancel,
-fell in, and destroyed great part of the choir.  In 1470 the steeple was
-rebuilt, and the whole church covered with lead at the expense of the
-parishioners, to whom certain immunities were granted by the Dean on that
-account.  In 1548, a commission was granted to certain gentlemen of
-Cheshire to survey the colleges, &c., within the county; in virtue
-whereof a return (now in the Augmentation Office) was made, wherein the
-annual rent of the college of St. John, arising from lands, tithes, &c.,
-is reckoned at £146 5s.  The church plate is estimated in the same return
-at 465 ounces; the weight of the five bells, 4,000 lbs.; lead in and upon
-the church, 78 tons; and goods and ornaments for the use of the clergy to
-the value of £40 19s. 9d.  In 1572, the greater part of the central
-steeple again fell in; and in 1574, part of the steeple at the west end
-of the church also gave way, whereby great part of the church was
-destroyed.  After being suffered to remain in a ruinous state for some
-years, the parishioners obtained a grant of the church from Queen
-Elizabeth in 1581, whereupon they repaired and reduced it to its present
-size and form, by taking down the remains of the central steeple, and
-cutting off the south and north transepts and all the chapels above the
-choir.  In 1585, the Queen granted the impropriate rectory and advowson
-to Sir Christopher Halton, by whom it was conveyed to Alexander King,
-who, in 1587, conveyed it to Alexander Cotes, whose daughter brought it
-by marriage to the family of the Sparkes, in 1597; in which family it
-continued until the year 1810, when it was sold by their representative,
-John Adams, Esq., to the late Marquis of Westminster, who, in 1813,
-rebuilt the north and south transepts, and repaired the chancel, in which
-he introduced a Gothic window over the altar.
-
-“St. Johns, when entire,” says Pennant, “was a magnificent pile.  The
-tower once stood in the centre, but falling down in 1574, was never
-rebuilt.”  “The church,” says Ormerod, “was in the finest style of early
-Norman architecture; it consisted originally of a nave and choir, with
-side aisles, two transepts, and a central tower, &c.”
-
-On each side of the chancel were added, at a later period, chapels in a
-rich style of pointed Gothic, in which some exquisite specimens of shrine
-work are yet remaining.
-
-The nave and choir, fitted up and repaired in 1581, as before mentioned,
-now form the parish church, in which public worship is celebrated.  Eight
-arches, resting on pillars 5 feet 6 inches in circumference, with
-capitals variously ornamented, separate the nave from the side aisles;
-and above these are two rows of galleries, with pointed arches, springing
-from light shafts.  Four massive composite pillars, which formerly
-supported the central tower, still remain in the nave.  In the interior
-are some interesting relics of the architecture of our Norman ancestors.
-
-The belfry is detached from the church, at the north-west corner of which
-it is situate.  It is a square tower, erected in the seventeenth century,
-150 feet in height.  It is extremely lofty, and its sides are decorated
-with pointed windows in a good style, figures placed in rich shrines,
-strings of quatrefoils and rows of ornamental arches; in one of the
-niches on the west side is placed a statue which has excited much
-controversy.  It is much defaced by time and exposure to the weather.
-
-At the east end of the church, as now rebuilt, stand the ruins of the
-chapels above the choir, consisting of the outer walls, with the remains
-of several windows of Gothic architecture; and the eastern wall,
-containing a beautiful arched window, of the same style, but larger and
-richer in ornament than the others.
-
-Near the foot of the tower, on the north side of the church, is an
-ancient porch, forming the principal entrance, in the sides of which are
-two lancet arches, the entrance being under an acutely pointed arch, the
-mouldings of which rest on a number of short shafts, which converge as
-they retire inwards.
-
-“Within this church,” says Ormerod, “was a chantry, dedicated to St.
-Mary.”  Within the precincts of St. John’s were also Thorneton’s chantry,
-the Chapel of St. Anne, which Piggott says, “in some deeds, is called the
-‘_Monastery_ of St. Anne;’ was endowed with land and houses, some of
-which now constitute the revenues of Northwich school:” there was also
-the Chapel of St. James’s, which Lysons says was the old parish church;
-in 1662 it is described as being then used as a stable.  It has long
-since been entirely destroyed.  On the south wall of the churchyard was
-an ancient building, called the “Anchorite’s Cell,” which is said to be
-the spot where Earl Harold retired after the battle of Hastings, in 1066;
-a monkish chronicle being extant, which denies the fact of his death in
-that fight, and states that he lived for some time after at Chester, in
-the disguise of a monk.  In 1770 two skeletons were discovered here in
-coffin-shaped cavities, scooped out of the rock.  The fourteen panel
-tables which are hung in various parts of the church, bearing the arms of
-the deceased to whose memory they are placed, are said to be painted by
-one of the Randle Holmes, the distinguished herald artists.  This noble
-church is horridly disfigured by huge galleries and unsightly pews, for
-the removal of which an effort is now making, as a prelude to a general
-restoration of the sacred edifice.  The present vicar is the Rev. W. B.
-Marsden, M.A.
-
-          [Picture: Chancel ruins of St. John’s Church, Chester]
-
-
-
-ST. PETER’S CHURCH.
-
-
-This church stands exactly in the centre of the city, where the four
-principal streets meet, and close to the ancient site of the high cross.
-It consists of a nave and side aisles, divided from each other by three
-pointed arches.  “The span of the arches, and the height of the
-building,” says Ormerod, “are very disproportionate to the present size
-of the interior, and give it the appearance of being a fragment of a much
-larger building.”  In a square tower on the south-west side are eight
-bells, cast in 1709, whereof six are a peal; on the treble is engraved,
-“When you ring, I’ll sing.”
-
-Pennant is of opinion, as we have before stated, that on this site
-formerly stood the Roman Prætorium.  Tradition says that this church was
-built by Ethelfleda, Countess of Mercia, and that it was originally
-dedicated to St. Peter and St. Paul, at the time when the name of the
-“mother church” was changed to the Holy Trinity and St. Oswald.
-Bradshaw, the Monk, alluding thereto, says—
-
-    “And the old church of St. Peter and Paul,
-       By a general consent of the spirituality,
-    With the help of the Duke most principal,
-       Was translated into the midst of the said city.”
-
-In Domesday it is noticed under its present name, “Templum Sancti Petri.”
-In 1081 it was given by Robert de Rodeland to the Monks of St. Ebrulf, in
-Normandy, by whom it was shortly afterwards resigned to the Abbot of St.
-Werburgh.  In 1479 the steeple was rebuilt, on which occasion the parson,
-and other inhabitants, ate a goose at the top of it, and flung the bones
-into the four principal streets beneath.  In 1580 eight yards of the
-spire of the steeple were new built.  A.D. 1637–40, the east end of the
-church, and the south side from the window stools, was re-edificed, the
-roof almost new leaded, most of the pews new made, all the rest repaired,
-and all the aisles nagged.  At the dissolution, the patronage of St.
-Peter was vested in the Dean and Chapter of Chester; it afterwards
-reverted to the Crown, but is now solely in the gift of the Bishop.  The
-spire of this church, having been injured by lightning, was taken down in
-1780, and in 1787 the south side of the church was recased with stone.
-The steeple was rebuilt, and a new clock was placed in it, in 1813; other
-improvements in the interior have been subsequently made with good taste
-and effect.  The Rev. John Watson is the rector.
-
-
-
-THE CHURCH OF THE HOLY TRINITY
-
-
-is situated on the north side of Watergate-street, adjoining the Custom
-House.
-
-All traces of the foundation and endowment of this church are buried in
-remote antiquity.  The earliest evidence of its existence, now to be
-found, is in a charter relative to the church of Rostherne, in the
-twelfth century, amongst the witnesses to which is “Walterus Ecclesiæ
-Sanctæ Trinitatis Presbyterus.”  The advowson was anciently vested in the
-Barons of Montalt, now called Hawarden, with which barony it passed to
-the Crown, by whom it was given to the Earls of Salisbury, from whom it
-passed to the Stanleys of Lathom, whose representative, the Earl of
-Derby, is the present patron.  In 1401, Henry, Prince of Wales and Earl
-of Chester (afterwards Henry the Fifth), confirmed to the citizens of
-Chester a charter, whereby they were relieved from payment of tithes for
-the Roodeye to the parson of Trinity parish.  In 1679, the south and east
-sides of this church, being in a ruinous state, were rebuilt.  The tower
-was formerly surmounted by a remarkably light and elegant spire, 159 feet
-in height.  This, however, from the perishable nature of its materials
-and its exposed situation, required very frequent repairs, and about
-seventy-five years ago the upper part was so frequently and severely
-injured by storms, as to require rebuilding thrice in eight years.  In
-1811 the whole structure of the spire was in such a state of decay, that
-reasonable doubts were entertained of its safety, if allowed to remain;
-it was therefore taken down, and the tower reduced to its present
-altitude.  The burying ground adjoining this church having been found
-inadequate to the increased population of the parish, a piece of ground,
-to the eastward of the city gaol, was purchased in 1809, and converted to
-that purpose, at an expense of £1,000.
-
-The interior of this church consists of a nave, chancel, and side aisles,
-divided from the nave by three pointed arches on the south side; but on
-the north the arches have been removed, and their places supplied by iron
-pillars.  A thorough repair took place in 1826, when a number of free
-sittings were erected in the galleries.
-
-Dr. Parnell, Archdeacon of Clogher, whose poems are familiar to every
-person of taste and feeling, was buried in this church, October 24th,
-1718, having died at Chester, on his way to Ireland.
-
-There are several monuments worthy of attention.  Within the communion
-rails lie the remains of Matthew Henry, the celebrated commentator, who
-officiated in the Presbyterian chapel in Cook-street; there is a Latin
-inscription to his memory on a brass plate.  The Rev. F. Ayckbown, M.A.,
-is the rector.
-
-
-
-ST. MARTIN’S CHURCH,
-
-
-formerly called _St. Martins of the Ash_, stands at the west end of White
-Friars and Cuppin-street.  It appears to have been an ancient foundation;
-for it is mentioned in a deed, in the year 1250, wherein Bernard de
-Trannuille releases to Philip le Clerk a rent of 12d. arising from
-premises situate “near the Church of St. Martin in Chester.”  The old
-church mentioned in this deed, having fallen into decay, was rebuilt in
-1721, as we learn from an inscription on the front of the steeple.  The
-open ground in front of this church bears the name of _Martin’s Ash_,
-derived in all likelihood from the circumstance of an ash tree having
-formerly stood on the spot.  The parish is now united to that of St.
-Bridget, and the service in St. Martin’s is discontinued.
-
-
-
-ST. MARY’S CHURCH,
-
-
-anciently called _Ecclesia Sanctæ Mariæ de Castello_ and _Ecclesia Sanctæ
-Mariæ super Montem_, but now _St. Mary’s on the Hill_, stands at the
-upper end of Castle-street, at the extreme verge of the liberties of the
-city.
-
-Although the precise date of the foundation of this church cannot be
-ascertained, yet it is not improbable that it was one of those founded
-early in the twelfth century by Lucy, sister of Edwin, Earl of Mercia,
-and widow of Randle de Meschines, Earl of Chester, a lady remarkable as a
-benefactress to the “holy church,” even in that church-erecting and
-endowing age.  At all events, St. Mary’s was gifted to the Abbey of St.
-Werburgh, by Randle Gernons, Earl of Chester, son of the above-named
-lady, in one of those fits of compunction which usually followed the acts
-of violence into which his turbulence and ambition frequently led him.
-Shortly after the dissolution, the Dean and Chapter of St. Werburgh
-obtained a grant from the Crown of the rectory of St. Mary’s, which was
-surrendered by Dean Cliffe in 1550, to Sir R. Cotton, by whose agent it
-was sold for £100 to John Brereton, Esq., of Wettenhall, by whose heirs
-it was again sold to the Wilbrahams of Dorfold, from whom it passed by
-marriage to the Hills of Hough, in Wybunbury, from whom it was purchased
-by the late Marquis of Westminster.
-
-St. Mary’s consists of a nave, chancel, and side aisles, with a square
-tower at the west end, used as a belfry.  The south aisle, called
-_Troutbeck’s Chapel_, was erected by William Troutbeck, of Dunham, in the
-fifteenth century.  This chapel is noticed in the ecclesiastical survey
-taken by the Commissioners appointed by Henry the Eighth, and its annual
-rents, arising from lands and tenements within the city of Chester, are
-estimated at £5 6s.  In this chapel were many monuments of the founder’s
-family, which, according to Holmes, “were thought to exceed anything of
-the kind in England;” but these were destroyed, by the falling in of the
-roof, in 1660.  In 1690, the parishioners having obtained a grant of the
-site from the Duke of Shrewsbury, representative of the Troutbecks, built
-thereon the present south aisle.  The north aisle was anciently called
-the _Chapel of St. Catherine_.
-
-The tower of St. Mary’s is only 50 feet high, its further elevation
-having been objected to by the Governor of Chester Castle, when it was
-repaired in 1715, lest it should command the castle-yard.
-
-In this church are several monuments well worthy the attention of the
-visitor.  Amongst these is one to the memory of Thomas Gamul, Recorder of
-Chester, who died in 1613.  The deceased is represented in a recumbent
-posture, with his wife on his right hand, and his only son in the
-attitude of prayer at his knee: on the side of the tomb his three
-daughters, who died in infancy, holding skeletons in their hands.  The
-statues of this monument are of alabaster.  Another to the memory of
-Philip Oldfield, of Bradwell, who died in 1616, represents him in the
-costume of that age, leaning on his right side, with a roll of parchment
-in his hand.  The slab is supported by kneeling figures of his four sons,
-with their hands upon their sword hilts: at the head are figures of his
-two daughters bearing shields.  In the north aisle are tablets to the
-memory of different members of the family of Holmes, the celebrated
-antiquaries.  Of this family, four successively bore the name of Randle.
-The first, who was Sheriff of Chester in 1615, and Mayor in 1633, died in
-1654; the second was Mayor of Chester in 1643, and died in 1659; the
-third, author of the ‘Academic Armoury,’ was gentleman sewer to Charles
-the Second, and Deputy Garter King of Arms, and died in 1699; and the
-fourth was Deputy Norroy King of Arms, and died in 1707.  Of these four
-Randle Holmes, the second and third were the celebrated antiquarian
-collectors; and there are some compilations of a similar nature, brought
-down to 1704, by the last.  Several stained-glass windows have lately
-been introduced, the principal ones consisting of a memorial in honour of
-the heroes of the 23rd regiment of Welsh Fusiliers, who fell at the
-battle of the Alma in the Russian war: and another to the memory of the
-late rector, the Rev. W. H. Massie, who was universally beloved, and who
-effected great improvements in the church and parish.
-
-St. Mary’s is a rectory, in the gift of the Marquis of Westminster.  The
-present rector is the Rev. C. Boween, M.A.
-
-There are Sunday evening lectures in this church, under the patronage of
-the Bishop of the diocese.  They are supported by annual subscriptions,
-aided by collections in the church.
-
-
-
-ST. BRIDGET’S CHURCH.
-
-
-The old church of St. Bridget, or St. Bride (now removed), was situate on
-the west side of Bridge-street, exactly opposite to St. Michael’s.  There
-exists no correct data on which to ascertain the time of its foundation,
-which tradition attributes to Offa, King of Mercia, who reigned in the
-end of the eighth century, about which time we are told that several
-churches were founded in Chester.  There is, however, clear evidence,
-from writings among the Harleian MSS., that in the twelfth century the
-patronage of this church belonged to the Lords of Aldford, by one of
-whom, in 1224, it was quitclaimed to Randle Blundeville.  From another
-writing it appears that, in 1265, Simon, Abbot of St. Werburgh, in
-consideration of certain grants and donations, made to him by Bertram de
-Arneway, bound himself to maintain a chaplain to say mass for the soul of
-John Arneway, before the altar of the Virgin in St. Bridget’s Church.
-This church was formerly surrounded by a wall, which encroached
-considerably upon Bridge-street, and the ground between this wall and the
-church was used as a burying-place; but in 1785 the bodies were removed
-to a piece of ground on the south of the church, and the street widened.
-The church walls were refaced with freestone, and other repairs made at
-the same time.  A gateway formerly crossed the street between St.
-Bridget’s and St. Michael’s churches, dividing higher from lower
-Bridge-street.  The old church of St. Bridget was taken down in 1827,
-under the provisions of the New Bridge Act, in order to improve the
-approach into the city, and the new church was erected on the north-west
-side of the castle.  The ceremony of laying the foundation stone was
-performed by the Right Rev. C. J. Blomfield, then Lord Bishop of the
-diocese.  The length is about 90 feet, and the width 50, and the church
-is calculated to contain 1,000 persons.  “It is rather a remarkable
-circumstance,” says Hemingway, “that although St. Bridget’s parish is
-wholly within the city, the ground occupied by the church and cemetery is
-neither within the parish nor the city, but altogether within the county
-palatine; but by a clause in the act, it is enacted, that after the
-consecration, it shall ‘for all purposes, and to all intents whatsoever,
-be deemed part of, and situated within the said parish of St. Bridget,
-and within the said city of Chester.’”
-
-The Rev. G. Salt, M.A., is the present incumbent.
-
-
-
-ST. MICHAEL’S CHURCH
-
-
-is situate on the east side of Bridge-street, opposite the end of
-Grosvenor-street, leading to the New Bridge.  The time of its foundation
-is uncertain, but it is supposed to have been connected with the
-Monastery of St. Michael, which was given to the priory of Norton by
-Roger de Lacy in a charter, subsequently confirmed by Henry the Second;
-it is recorded by Bradshaw, that “the Monastery of St. Michael was burnt
-by the great fire which happened on Mid-Lent Sunday in 1118, at eight of
-the clock (all being in church), and consumed the greatest part of the
-city.”  It is conjectured that this monastery was situated in
-Bridge-street, in Rock’s-court, where, Dr. Williamson says, “before it
-was converted into dwelling houses, one might have beheld fair,
-churchlike windows, and other demonstrations of its being part of a
-religious house.”  The chancel was rebuilt in 1496, and enlarged in 1678.
-The old steeple, which was built in 1710, having fallen into decay, from
-the perishable nature of the red sandstone, was taken down in 1849, and
-the present handsome structure, built with white stone, was erected in
-its place.  The south, east, and a portion of the north walls of the
-church having also been found to be in a very defective state, they were
-taken down in 1850; in fact, the church has been almost entirely rebuilt,
-as none of the old walls remain, except the three internal arches, and a
-part of the north wall.  The flat ceiling has been removed, but the nave
-and chancel roofs being principally constructed of oak, and in a good
-state of preservation, have been retained; they have, however, been
-re-slated.  The north chancel has been entirely rebuilt and new roofed.
-The north aisle of the nave is divided from the body of the church by
-three pointed arches springing from octagonal columns, the capitals being
-ornamented with quatrefoils.  The interior of the old building was very
-inconvenient, unsightly, and dilapidated, but it is now completely
-restored in proper ecclesiastical style.  The chancel is paved with
-beautiful tiles, those within the communion rails being liberally given
-by Mr. Minton.  Each compartment of the five chancel windows is
-surrounded with a neat border of stained glass.  The style of
-architecture adopted in the restoration of the church is the transition
-from the decorated to the perpendicular, that being considered as best
-suited to those portions of the old building which are retained.  Great
-credit is due to Mr. James Harrison, the architect, for the very great
-skill and judgment he has displayed in the restoration of the church.
-The total cost was about £1,700, of which the parishioners borrowed £500
-on the security of the church rates; the remaining sum was raised by
-subscription.  Besides many smaller bequests from different individuals,
-this parish enjoys, under the will of Dr. Robert Oldfield, dated 24th of
-April, 1695, “two-thirds of Dunham Hall, and other lands and messuages at
-Dunham-on-the-Hill, together with lands at Boughton, for the purpose of
-paying £20 a year to the minister, provided he hold no other preferment,
-and of binding poor boys apprentices born in that parish, and of
-maintaining one or more poor boys, who should be apt to learn, at the
-University.”  Owing to proper objects not having every year presented
-themselves, the revenues have accumulated, and with the bequeathed
-property now produce an annual rent of upwards of £400.  St. Michael’s is
-a perpetual curacy, in the gift of the Bishop of Chester.  The present
-officiating minister is the Rev. J. F. Hewson.
-
-
-
-CHRIST CHURCH
-
-
-is situated in a thickly inhabited district called Newtown; the rapid
-increase in the population of this locality rendering additional church
-accommodation necessary, the present edifice was erected to supply the
-need.  It was consecrated on October 23, 1838.  The cost was £3,390
-(including £1,000 for endowment, £100 for repair fund, &c.)  The Rev. W.
-Gibson, formerly rector of St. Bride’s, Chester, and now rector of
-Fawley, Hampshire, gave £1,425; the then Bishop of Chester (Dr. Sumner),
-the Rev. Chancellor Raikes, and Miss Rowe, £100 each; H. Raikes, Esq.,
-£55; the late General Beckwith, £50; W. Wardell, Esq., £50; the Diocesan
-Church Building Society, £500.  The church is built in the early English
-style of architecture.  The Rev. R. D. Thomas is the present incumbent.
-
-
-
-ST. PAUL’S CHURCH,
-
-
-the most unsightly church in England probably, is situated near to Barrel
-Well, Boughton, and was built by public subscription, under the patronage
-of Bishop Blomfield and Bishop Sumner.  It was erected in 1830, at the
-cost of about £2,000.  It is capable of seating about 800 persons; 400
-free sittings being appropriated for the poor.  There is no endowment for
-the church, the income of the minister being derived from the pew rents.
-The present incumbent is the Rev. J. Gaman, M.A.
-
-
-
-ST. OLAVE’S CHURCH
-
-
-is situated on the east side of Lower Bridge-street, opposite
-Castle-street.  It is a small, oblong structure, in outward appearance
-much resembling a barn.  This church is of great antiquity, having been
-erected before the Norman Conquest.  In the eleventh century it was
-possessed by the Botelars, by whom it was given, with two houses in the
-Market-place, to the Abbey of St. Werburgh, in 1101.
-
-After the great civil war, St. Olave’s fell into disuse as a place of
-public worship, being only employed for baptisms and burials, on which
-occasions the minister of St. Michael’s officiated.  It was, however,
-re-opened as a parish church about the middle of last century, and
-continued so until the year 1841, when service in the church was
-discontinued, and the parish united with that of St. Michael’s.
-
-
-
-LITTLE ST. JOHN’S.
-
-
-We refer the reader to the notice we have already given of this ancient
-hospital and chapel in a former page.  The present incumbent is the Rev.
-William Clarke, B.D.
-
-
-
-DISSENTING PLACES OF WORSHIP.
-
-
-THE UNITARIAN CHAPEL
-
-
-claims priority of notice, as being the first dissenting place of worship
-in Chester.  The following succinct sketch of the history of this
-building is taken from Pigott’s ‘History of Chester:’—
-
-    “The Unitarian chapel is a large brick building, with a burial ground
-    in front, situated between Crook-lane and Trinity-lane, having an
-    entrance from each of those streets, and is generally called
-    Crook’s-lane Chapel.  It was built in 1700 by a large, flourishing,
-    respectable society, which had been formed in 1687 by the celebrated
-    Matthew Henry, son of the learned, pious, and laborious Philip Henry,
-    one of the ejected ministers.  In the register book belonging to the
-    congregation of this place there is a short account of the rise,
-    progress, and transactions of the society, written by Mr. Henry in
-    1710, being the twenty-third year of his ministry.  From this
-    account, it appears that in 1682 there were three dissenting
-    congregations in Chester, which had been founded by Mr. William Cook,
-    Mr. Ralph Hall, and Mr. John Harvey, ministers of the Established
-    Church, who had been ejected from their respective livings on account
-    of their non-compliance with the Act of Uniformity.  After the death
-    of Mr. Cook and Mr. Hall, their congregations were entirely broken up
-    and dispersed by the persecutions of the times; but such of them as
-    continued dissenters occasionally held meetings at each other’s
-    houses, or joined Mr. Harvey’s congregation, which assembled at his
-    house in a private manner, in order to avoid the penalties which were
-    then in force against the Nonconformists.  James the Second, under
-    the pretence of universal toleration, but with a view to the
-    establishment of popery, granted them the liberty of public worship,
-    of which they had been deprived in the latter part of the reign of
-    Charles the Second.  It was at this time that Mr. Henry, who began
-    his ministry in Chester, collected the remains of the congregation of
-    Mr. Cook and Mr. Hall, and opened a meeting in White Friars’-lane.
-    Mr. Harvey, who had been ejected from Wallasey, in Cheshire,
-    continued to preside over a dissenting congregation in Bridge-street
-    for thirteen years after toleration was granted; he died November,
-    1699; he was succeeded by his son, who resigned in 1706, on account
-    of ill-health.  His congregation, which was large and opulent, was
-    united to that of Mr. Henry, and in 1707 a large gallery was built on
-    the south side of Crook’s-lane meeting-house for their better
-    accommodation.  Thus the three original nonconformist societies were
-    united in one, under the pastoral care of Mr. Henry, who was then the
-    only dissenting minister in Chester.”
-
-Mr. Henry removed from Chester to Hackney in 1713, and died of apoplexy,
-at Nantwich, where he had been on a visit to his friends, in June, 1714,
-in the 52nd year of his age, and was buried in Trinity Church in this
-city.  His exposition of the Bible has gone through very many editions,
-and is still in great repute.  Mr. John Gardiner succeeded Mr. Henry in
-1713, and held his appointment for more than half a century.  During the
-latter years of his ministry, his religious opinions appear to have
-undergone a decided change, departing very much from the doctrines
-maintained by Mr. Henry, which gradually prepared the way for the full
-development of Unitarianism in the place by his successor, Mr. Chidlaw,
-who was an avowed believer and advocate of the tenets peculiar to that
-system of Socinian doctrine.  The present minister is the Rev. James
-Macdonald.
-
-
-Independent Chapel.
-
-
-This place of worship is situated on the west side of Queen-street.  It
-is a handsome brick building, having a chaste stone front, with covered
-portico, and pillars of the Grecian Doric order.  It has galleries on
-three sides, and will accommodate about 1,200 persons.  It contains also
-a good organ.  The founders of this chapel were seceders from the
-Presbyterian congregation in Crook-street, in consequence of a departure
-from what they held as the principles of a sound faith, as we have
-already noticed.  For some years they worshipped in a large room in
-Commonhall-street, afterwards occupied by Mr. Wilcoxon’s congregation.
-They formed themselves into a church in 1772, when the Rev. Wm. Armitage
-was chosen the pastor.  The chapel in Queen-street was erected in 1777;
-it was very much enlarged in 1838, when great improvements were made in
-the arrangements of the interior.  At the same time a spacious wing was
-added to the building, which is used as a lecture-room and as a sabbath
-school for girls: underneath the lecture-room is a commodious sabbath
-school for boys.  In addition to the Sunday schools in Queen-street,
-there are also three branch schools in the suburbs of the city, which are
-supported by the congregation.  The present minister is the Rev. C.
-Chapman.
-
-
-WESLEYAN METHODIST CHAPEL.
-(OLD CONNEXION.)
-
-
-This chapel (says Hemingway) was erected in 1811; it is a large,
-well-built, handsome structure, with a semicircular front, and two
-entrances.  It is galleried on three sides, and behind the pulpit is a
-large orchestra for the accommodation of singers, where there is also a
-well-toned organ.  The introduction of Methodism into this city occurred
-about the year 1750, and the first preacher who visited the neighbourhood
-was a Mr. John Bennett.  He commenced his labours at Huntington Hall, in
-the neighbourhood, the residence of Mr. George Cotton; from thence the
-preaching was removed to the house of Mr. Richard Jones, in Love-lane,
-within the city, where a society was first formed; the house soon became
-too small for them, the society therefore procured and fitted up a
-capacious barn in Martin’s Ash, from which time they were regularly
-supplied with travelling preachers, and where the Rev. John Wesley
-frequently visited them, in his annual excursions.  After remaining in
-Martin’s Ash for about twelve years, they had sufficient credit to obtain
-£520 upon bond, with which they erected, in 1765, the Octagon Chapel in
-Foregate-street, which they continued to occupy until their removal to
-St. John-street.  The Wesleyans have also built commodious schoolrooms,
-which are very numerously attended.  The resident ministers are the Rev.
-T. Brooks and the Rev. J. E. Cooke.
-
-   [Picture: Independent Chapel & Lecture Rooms, Queen Street, Chester]
-
-
-WESLEYAN METHODIST CHAPEL.
-(NEW CONNEXION.)
-
-
-The New Connexion Methodists seceded from the old society on some points
-respecting the management of the funds, throwing open their financial
-matters to the knowledge and supervision of the people, and the general
-government of their societies.  They have a large place of worship in
-Pepper-street, which is fronted with stone, and supported by four
-Corinthian pillars.  The ministers are itinerant, and receive their
-appointment from the annual conference.
-
-
-THE OCTAGON CHAPEL
-
-
-is situated in Foregate-street, and, as already stated, was built in
-1765, by the Wesleyan Methodists.  Upon their removal to St. John-street,
-it was purchased, and has since that time been occupied by its present
-possessors.  The congregation was collected by the labours of the late
-Rev. P. Oliver, a clergyman of the Established Church, who embraced the
-doctrines of the celebrated Mr. Whitefield.  This gentleman (says
-Hemingway, from whom we quote) converted some outbuildings near his house
-in Boughton into a chapel, where he officiated until his death without
-any other reward than the gratification of diffusing among his poor
-neighbours, according to the best of his judgment, the spirit and
-principles of evangelical truth.  At his death he bequeathed the chapel
-to his congregation for a term of years; but upon their removal to the
-Octagon, they sold their interest in it, and it has since been
-occasionally used as a place of worship by the Independents of
-Queen-street.  The congregation at the Octagon is in connection with the
-societies which were under the patronage of the late Countess of
-Huntingdon.  The present minister is the Rev. W. Evans.
-
-
-THE BAPTIST CHAPEL
-
-
-is situated in Hamilton-place; it is a small brick building, erected in
-1806.
-
-
-THE WELSH CALVINISTIC CHAPEL
-
-
-stands on the north side of Commonhall-street; it was opened for public
-service on the 12th November, 1820.  The public service is conducted in
-the Welsh language.
-
-
-COMMONHALL STREET
-
-
-was erected in 1841, by the congregation of the late Mr. Jonathan
-Wilcoxon, who officiated in an adjoining room, without pecuniary
-emolument, for thirty-seven years.  After his death the congregation
-united themselves with the Independents.
-
-
-THE QUAKERS’ MEETING HOUSE
-
-
-is a plain building, standing on the east side of Frodsham-street.  It is
-capable of containing several hundred persons, and has a burial ground in
-front; it is one of the oldest dissenting places of worship now existing
-in Chester.  Clarkson, in his ‘Memoirs of William Penn,’ says, “Among the
-places he (William Penn) visited in Cheshire, was Chester itself.  The
-king (James the Second), who was then travelling, arriving there at the
-same time, went to the _Meeting House_ of the Quakers to hear him
-preach.”  In George Fox’s journal, there is an entry which proves that
-the Quakers have existed as a distinct society in Chester for about 200
-years.  Under date 1657, he writes: “From Wrexham we came to west
-Chester, and it being the fair time, we staid there awhile and _visited
-Friends_.”  The resident members of this society are now very few, and
-the service is seldom performed.
-
-
-THE PRIMITIVE METHODISTS
-
-
-have a small chapel in Steam-Mill-street, erected about the year 1825,
-and the members of the society appear to be on the increase.
-
-
-THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHAPEL
-
-
-is situated on the west side of Queen-street.  It is a small but good
-brick building, with a Doric portico, supported by four light stone
-pillars in front, and was built in 1799.  The chapel is now found to be
-too small for the congregation, and the erection of a larger edifice is
-contemplated, when the requisite funds can be provided.  The Rev. J.
-Carberry is the present priest in residence.
-
-
-THE PRESBYTERIAN CHAPEL
-
-
-is situated in Pepper-street.  It was erected, in 1827, by the Baptists,
-but the congregation becoming very small, it was closed some years ago.
-In 1846 it was reopened for Presbyterian worship, and has continued to be
-occupied by a small but respectable society.  The Rev. W. Hunter is the
-minister.
-
-
-
-ENDOWED AND CHARITABLE SCHOOLS.
-
-
-THE KING’S SCHOOL.
-
-
-This school was founded by King Henry the Eighth, in the thirty-sixth
-year of his reign, for twenty-four boys to receive £3 4s. each, who are
-appointed by the Dean and Chapter.  By the charter it is ordained, “that
-there shall ever be in our church of Chester twenty-four boys, poor and
-friendless, to be maintained out of the income of our church, of good
-capacities and given to learning if possible; which, however, we would
-not have admitted before they can read and write, and somewhat understand
-the rudiments of grammar; and this at the discretion of the Dean and Head
-Master.  And these boys we will have maintained at the expense of our
-church until they have made some tolerable proficiency in the Latin
-grammar, and have been taught to write and speak Latin, for which end
-they are allowed the term of four years, or, if the Dean or Head Master
-see cause, of five and no more.  But we order that no one, unless he be a
-chorister of our church, be elected a poor scholar that is under the age
-of nine years.”  Some important alterations have recently been made in
-the management of the school, which have very considerably increased its
-efficiency.  We are happy to find that the inhabitants of Chester are
-availing themselves of the great advantages provided by this excellent
-institution.  The course of instruction has been made such as to qualify
-the scholars for any of the literary professions or commercial pursuits,
-embracing as it does all the elements of a sound mathematical, classical,
-and general education.  The Head Master is the Rev. J. Harris, M.A.  The
-chorister boys are educated apart, by a master expressly appointed for
-that purpose by the Dean and Chapter.
-
-
-THE DIOCESAN SCHOOL.
-
-
-This institution was established, January 2, 1812, by public
-subscription, under the patronage of the Bishop of Chester.  It is
-situated on the south side of the top of George-street, is 80 feet long
-by 33 wide, and is capable of accommodating 400 children.  It is
-supported by benefactions and annual subscriptions, and the institution
-is in a most prosperous condition; its object is to promote a good
-education among the children of the poor.  The present master is Mr.
-Beswick, who is efficiently fulfilling the duties of his office.
-
-There are also the Blue Coat School, established by Bishop Stratford, in
-1700; the Blue Girls’ School, established in 1721; Infant schools,
-established in 1825, under the patronage of Bishop Blomfield; Diocesan
-Training College, erected in 1742, of which the Principal is the Rev.
-Arthur Rigg, M.A.
-
-
-CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS.
-
-
-The General Infirmary; Chester Humane Society; The Female Penitentiary;
-Female House of Refuge.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER VI.
-EATON HALL.
-
-
-BEFORE the visitor leaves Chester, we have no doubt he will be induced to
-visit Eaton Hall, the princely mansion of the Marquis of Westminster,
-which is situated in a beautiful park, about three miles to the south of
-Chester.  The principal approach to the house is through the Chester
-gateway—a fine building, situated within a short distance of the city.
-The design is a spirited copy of St. Augustine’s Abbey Gate, Canterbury,
-by T. Jones, Esq., architect, of Chester, who has added appropriate wings
-and wing walls, after the style of architecture in the thirteenth
-century.  The approach is from a noble esplanade, about 200 feet long by
-100 feet broad, at the further end of which the lodge is entered through
-a pointed arch and groining, enriched with groups of very delicate
-foliage.  Each side of the archway is defended by an octagonal tower, 50
-feet high, rising about 12 feet above the centre of the edifice.  The
-lower parts of the towers, with the wings, are comparatively plain; the
-centre of them is enriched with niches, surmounted by bunches of foliage
-exquisitely carved; the upper part is richly panelled and pierced, which,
-combined with the battlements, produces a light effect.  The middle,
-above the archway and between the towers, is enriched with two windows,
-surrounded by elegant mouldings, with a central niche containing the
-Westminster arms, supported by the talbots in grand relief.  Above the
-windows are a series of grotesque heads and fretwork, surrounded with an
-enriched battlement.  The sides of the upper part are carried through in
-the same style, but not so highly enriched.  The lodge or wing portions
-have a window in front, surmounted with a cornice and an appropriate
-battlement, having angular buttresses.  The inner front on the Eaton side
-is ornamented in the same manner.  To the sides are attached wing walls,
-extending 60 feet, pierced with loopholes and embattled, forming a grand
-_tout ensemble_.
-
-The present magnificent edifice, the designs for which were furnished by
-Porden, was erected upon the site of the old hall (a stately brick
-mansion, built by Sir John Vanburgh, taken down in 1803), and is
-considered the most splendid modern specimen of the pointed Gothic in the
-kingdom.  Although in the general design the florid Gothic order of the
-time of Edward the Third has been followed, the architect has, in parts,
-not only availed himself of the low Tudor arch, but has adopted the
-peculiar style of any period suitable to his purpose, and has made
-subservient to modern domestic convenience the rich and varied forms in
-which our ancient ecclesiastical architecture abounds.  The walls,
-battlements, and pinnacles of the building are constructed of stone of a
-light and beautiful colour, brought from Delamere Forest; and round the
-turrets and in various parts of the parapets are shields, charged in
-relief with the heraldic achievements of the house of Grosvenor, and of
-other ancient families with whom they are allied.  The building consists
-of a centre and two wings, the latter differing from each other somewhat
-in design; of these, that to the south, composed of two compartments, is
-the more beautiful; this wing is oblong and angular, with four octagonal
-turrets at the corners, buttresses at the sides, and having the embattled
-parapets surmounted with pinnacles; the decorations are rich to
-profusion, but every part accords with the original plan.  The eastern
-and western fronts agree in their general form and proportions, but the
-former possesses the greater number of minute decorations.  In the front
-a cloister extends along the entire length between the two spacious
-windows of the dining and drawing rooms, and conducts to the terrace:
-from the terrace, which is 350 feet long, the view is eminently
-beautiful.  The groves and gardens, with the conservatory, form the
-foreground; beyond them is seen the noble inlet of the Dee, and a
-charming extensive landscape fills up the distance.  The view from the
-gardens embraces the south or library wing, but the opposite extremity is
-partly hidden by the trees; beyond it, but apparently mingling with the
-turrets and pinnacles, is seen a lofty octagonal clock-tower, connected
-by flying buttresses with four slender shafts on a square basement; it is
-attached to part of the stable court, which recedes from the line of the
-east front, and which is of great extent.
-
-The principal entrance is on the western front, under a lofty portico,
-the clustered pillars of which support a beautifully groined ceiling;
-from this a flight of steps leads to a pair of massive bronzed doors,
-admitting to the grand entrance hall, which is elegant and lofty,
-occupying the height of two stories; it is 41 feet long and 31 feet in
-breadth, and has a groined ceiling, embellished with the armorial
-bearings of the house of Grosvenor, and other devices in the bosses that
-cover the juncture of the ribs.  The branching compartments terminate in
-a rich centre-piece, from which is suspended a beautiful lamp, which,
-when lighted, gives the pavement, composed of the choicest marbles, a
-gorgeous effect: the floor was laid down at a cost of 1,600 guineas.  The
-screen at the end of the hall is decorated with shields of arms, and
-consists of five arches, which support a gallery connecting the sleeping
-apartments on the north and south sides of the house, which are separated
-by the elevation of the hall.  In lofty canopied recesses at the sides of
-the hall, are four complete suits of ancient armour; and beneath the
-gallery two open arches, to the right and left, conduct to the grand
-staircase and the state bed-room.  Through a pair of massive, richly
-carved, mahogany folding-doors, which cost 100 guineas each, the visitor
-is ushered into the saloon, which forms the centre of a suite of
-apartments of unequalled beauty and magnificence.  The groined and
-fretted ceilings of these rooms, decorated with the endless ramifications
-of fanwork tracery and the most beautiful varieties of Gothic foliage,
-brilliant in colour, and rich with the herald’s skill, yet chastened by
-the direction of an exquisite taste, and subdued by the propriety of the
-arrangement—the walls beautified in the richest style of decoration,
-receiving and reflecting still more glowing hues as the sunbeams stream
-through the painted glass with which the windows are profusely
-ornamented—the paintings of the highest excellence—the chandeliers of
-elaborate workmanship—the gorgeous furniture corresponding with the
-house—the cabinets of Mosaic ivory and pearl—the golden vases sparkling
-in the niche—in short, the whole finishing and furnishing of these
-apartments constitute a combination of costliness and good taste which
-justly commands the admiration of every visitor.
-
-The _saloon_ is a splendid apartment; it is a square of 30 feet, formed
-into an octagon by arches across the angles, which give to the vaultings
-a beautiful form; there are three windows, enriched with tracery, and
-nearly filled with painted glass, through which a subdued light is
-admitted, giving to the Gothic character of the saloon a very rich and
-striking effect.  The elegant fan tracery of the ceiling is supported by
-twelve slender columns in the angles and sides; the Roman circle, forming
-the centre, is composed of numerous mouldings, and ornamented with fruit
-and foliage.  The stained glass windows represent the heraldic
-achievements of the noble house of Grosvenor, with those of the ancient
-families with whom they have formed alliances; and in the upper
-compartments are six full-length figures of William the Conqueror; Sir
-Gilbert le Grosvenor, his companion at the time of the Norman invasion,
-and the nephew of Hugh Lupus; the lady of Sir Gilbert; Sir Robert le
-Grosvenor, the Crusader; Joan Lady Grosvenor, heiress of Eaton; and Odo,
-Bishop of Bayeux, uncle of the Conqueror.  The furniture of the room is
-chaste, both in colour and design.  The chimney-piece is of statuary
-marble, and opposite to it is an organ, both highly adorned.  This room
-has recently been richly decorated in the Alhambresque style, by Mr. John
-Morris of Chester; each panel being most beautifully embellished with
-landscapes.
-
-The ante-rooms, though of similar proportions, are differently decorated;
-the ceiling of each is covered with a delicate pattern of tracery, and
-both are superbly furnished.  The windows are composed of stained glass,
-representing the figures and arms of six of the Earls of Chester.
-
-The ante-dining-room is a handsome apartment, recently decorated in the
-Alhambresque style, by Mr. Morris, though with less elaborate finish than
-the saloon.
-
-The dining-room is well proportioned, being 50 feet by 37 feet.  The
-simplicity of its design is not owing to any deficiency of ornament; on
-the contrary, its several enrichments are gorgeous; but in comparison
-with the other state apartments, which are profusely decorated, it is
-characterized by a simplicity peculiarly elegant.  Springing from the
-corners of the room, four ribs extend their ramified tracery over the
-ceiling, in the centre of which their borders of wreathed foliage unite,
-and thence from a richly carved boss is suspended a large and noble
-chandelier.  The sideboard stands in an arched and highly enriched
-recess, and placed at each end of the room are two canopied niches,
-containing statues by _Westmacott_.  At the lower end are those of Sir
-Robert le Grosvenor, who distinguished himself in the crusades, and of
-Mary, Lady Grosvenor at the time of the Revolution.  Those at the upper
-end of the room represent Sir Gilbert le Grosvenor, who came over from
-France at the time of the Norman invasion, with his uncle, Hugh Lupus,
-and Joan or Jane Lady Grosvenor, heiress of Eaton in the reign of Edward
-the Fourth.  The room contains full-length portraits of the late Marquis
-and Marchioness of Westminster, by _Jackson_, _R.A._; Abigail meeting
-David, by _Rubens_; and the Judgment of Paris, after Rubens, by _Peters_.
-The walls of the dining-room are richly ornamented.
-
-The ante-drawing-room is very elegant; its decorations, in the
-Alhambresque style, are peculiarly rich.  It contains three most
-beautiful bookcases, chaste in design and exquisitely finished.
-
-The drawing-room has four magnificent niches, and a noble window with a
-lofty pointed arch and tracery of rich and beautiful forms, adorned with
-stained glass.  It is placed at the end opposite the entrance, and
-commands a fine prospect, the inlet of the Dee forming a conspicuous
-object in the landscape.  The pattern of the ceiling, which is decorated
-with compartments numerously subdivided and intersected, is formed in
-four divisions issuing from clustered pillars with foliated capitals, and
-united in the centre to an hexagonal frame, elaborately reticulated, from
-which issues a pendant of foliage sustaining a superb chandelier of
-crystal.  The number and variety of the carved knots and foliage add to
-the beauty of the ceiling; but the decorations that increase its effect,
-and are indeed its most prominent attractions, are the shields on which
-the heraldic achievements of the various branches of the Grosvenor family
-are emblazoned.  The pale hue of the ceiling, the gorgeous decorations in
-the centre, and the rich glow of the crimson velvet with which the walls
-of this noble apartment are covered, all combine to render it a scene of
-unsurpassed magnificence.  Corresponding in costly embellishment with its
-architecture is the furniture, of blue satin, fringed with yellow silk,
-crimson velvet, and damask satin.  Over the chimney-piece, which is
-carved in statuary marble, is a lofty mirror in an arched frame,
-sufficiently broad to admit a pattern of tracery, on the compartments of
-which crimson velvet is introduced with happy effect.  This splendid
-apartment contains the following pictures:—Judith with the head of
-Holofernes, _Guercino_—Reuben showing to Jacob the bloody garment of his
-son Joseph, also by _Guercino_—Antiochus and Stratonice, _Pietro de
-Cortona_—Christ and the Woman of Samaria, _Mignard_—Jacob blessing
-Ephraim and Manasseh, _West_—Elijah raising the Widow’s Son, also by
-_West_.
-
-The library comprehends the whole of the south wing, and is the most
-spacious room in the mansion; it varies in breadth, but is 120 feet long.
-The bookcases are of rich carved oak, and the windows are ornamented with
-tracery and stained glass.  When the door is thrown open, the view from
-the further end of the library is continued through the vaulted corridor
-at the opposite extremity of the house, a length of 480 feet.  A very
-rare piece of antiquity is preserved in the library, it is a gold torque,
-an ornament of dignity worn by the ancient Britons; it is wreathed, the
-rods are linked together in a circle, and it measures 10 or 11 inches in
-diameter.  The library contains many most valuable and rare books and
-MSS., among which may be mentioned—a copy of the chronicle of Henry of
-Huntingdon, in which is a curious drawing of the entry of King Stephen
-into Lincoln; an illuminated MS. on vellum, containing the proceedings of
-the celebrated suit of arms between Scroope and Grosvenor; and (among
-other Cheshire MSS.) one volume of collections, containing a transcript
-of a large portion of the celebrated and lost record, distinguished by
-the name of “The Cheshire Doomsday;” also the confirmation charter of
-Chester Cathedral, by the second Ranulf, surnamed De Gernon or Gernons,
-Earl of Chester, in which the grant of Hugh Lupus is recapitulated.
-
-The great staircase is very richly decorated: at the top of the first
-flight of stairs are three niches with statues.  On the opposite side, at
-the foot of the stairs, is an arcade supporting the upper floor; and from
-these arches, which have open spandrils, the best view of this
-magnificent staircase is obtained.
-
-The state bed-room is an elegant apartment; the ceiling is vaulted, and
-the bed is of mahogany, and groined; its principal carved ornaments
-appear on clustered pillars, detached from the corners.  The sofas are of
-blue satin, in richly carved and gilt frames, and the other seats are
-covered in finely-wrought needlework of various colours.  Over the
-chimney-piece is a mirror, the frame of which is composed of
-handsomely-clustered pillars, pinnacles, and crocketed canopies, the
-whole being richly decorated with gilding, and minutely carved.
-
-The tenants’ hall is under the library, and corresponds with it in
-extent.  The windows are enriched with tracery, and four massive
-clustered pillars sustain the arches and groins of the ceding, which is
-remarkably flat, when the breadth of its span is taken into
-consideration.
-
-The chapel is a small, beautifully-proportioned edifice.  The windows are
-beautifully ornamented with stained glass, the work of Mr. Ballantine, of
-Edinburgh.
-
-The east front of the hall is adorned with a raised terrace, from whence,
-sloping to an extensive piece of water, and intersected by walks, extend
-the flower gardens and pleasure grounds, which cover a space of 50 acres.
-The extensive pleasure grounds and gardens are laid out with admirable
-taste; the conservatory, recently erected, is a most beautiful
-construction, and forms an attractive object.  At the termination of a
-fine gravel walk, and opposite to the conservatory, a Gothic temple has
-been built for the reception of a Roman altar, discovered near Chester,
-1821.  The Mosaic pavement of the temple was brought from a palace of the
-Emperor Tiberius, in the island of Caprie, by Lord Robert Grosvenor.
-
-The stables, which form a large quadrangle on the north side of the hall,
-are erected in a style of architecture correspondent with that of the
-house, and are separated from it by a small shrubbery.
-
-An elegant iron bridge of 150 feet span, crossing the river Dee, which
-runs through a part of the grounds, is likewise a real embellishment to
-the landscape.  This bridge is exceedingly ornamental; it was erected by
-Hazledine, at an expense of about £8,000.  From each point by which Eaton
-Hall is approached, it presents a picture of unusual architectural
-grandeur: the scenery by which the hall is surrounded heightens the
-effect; westward, the view embraces the mountains of Wales; and to the
-east appear the Peckforton hills, with the bold rock on which stand the
-ruins of Beeston Castle.  The river Dee, winding in various directions,
-imparts great beauty to the varied and extensive landscape.
-
-The noble house of Grosvenor traces its descent through a long line of
-illustrious ancestors, who flourished in Normandy with dignity and
-splendour, from the time it was created a sovereign Dukedom, in the year
-912, to the conquest of England in 1066, always ranking with the first
-nobles, and having had the government of many castles and strongholds in
-that Duchy.  The founder of this ancient house was uncle of Rollo, the
-famous Dane, and was one of the principal commanders who, in the year
-876, accompanied him in his invasion of England.  William, seventh Duke
-of Normandy, at the time of his descent upon England, in 1066, was
-accompanied by his twin brother Robert, afterwards Earl of Cornwall, and
-Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, afterwards Earl of Kent; he had also, for his
-immediate attendants, his nephew, Hugh Lupus, afterwards Earl of Chester,
-and Gilbert le Grosvenor, nephew to Hugh.
-
-The present Marquis succeeded to the title in 1845, and is the
-twenty-second in descent from Gilbert le Grosvenor, the companion in arms
-of William the Conqueror.  His lordship, who holds the office of
-Lord-Lieutenant of Cheshire, married, in 1819, Elizabeth Mary, youngest
-daughter of the Duke of Sutherland, and has, with other issue, a son and
-heir, Hugh Lupus, Earl Grosvenor, one of the representatives in
-Parliament for Chester, for which so many members of this illustrious
-house have been elected.
-
-Admission to visit Eaton Hall can only be obtained by tickets, which may
-be had of the principal booksellers, and at the hotels, at fixed prices;
-the proceeds being distributed by the Marquis of Westminster to public
-charities.
-
-For further particulars respecting Eaton Hall, see “Hicklin’s Guide to
-Eaton Hall,” price 1s., published by Hugh Roberts, Eastgate Row, Chester.
-
-
-
-ECCLESTON
-
-
-is a beautiful little village, about two miles from Chester, much
-resorted to by the inhabitants of that city, and by strangers, from its
-vicinity to Eaton Hall.  The chief object of attraction is the church,
-built in 1810 by the late Marquis of Westminster.  The interior of the
-church is chaste and handsome; in the north transept is the mausoleum of
-the Eaton family, and opposite to it their pew: over the altar is a fine
-painting, by Westall, of the Dead Christ.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER VII.
-THE GENERAL RAILWAY STATION
-
-
-is situated in Flookersbrook, and is the terminus of five different lines
-of railway—viz., the London and North Western; the Chester and Holyhead;
-the Chester and Mold; the Birkenhead, Lancashire, and Cheshire Junction;
-and the Great Western: four of which companies contributed, in rateable
-proportions, towards the erection of the building.  It is one of the most
-extensive railway establishments in the kingdom, and the works comprise a
-large and elegant passenger and arrival shed, with all suitable offices,
-and adjoining which is a most commodious spare carriage shed, a goods
-depôt, gas works, water works, and three engine sheds.  The whole was
-designed by C. H. Wild, Esq., C.E., and Mr. Thompson, of London, and
-carried out under the supervision of Robert Stephenson, Esq., C.E., M.P.
-
-_The Passenger Shed_ occupies a space of ground nearly a quarter of a
-mile in length, and presents to the city an elegant façade 1,010 feet
-long, or a frontage, including the house and carriage landings, of 1,160
-feet.  It is built of dark-coloured bricks, relieved with copings and
-facings of Stourton stone.  At each end of the station, and projecting
-from the main building, there is a shed for the arrival of trains, each
-290 feet long by 24 feet broad, covered with an iron roof; in these sheds
-cabs and omnibuses await the arrival of all trains.
-
-On the inner side of the building is the General Departure Platform,
-extending 740 feet in length by 20 feet in width; this and three lines of
-rails is covered with an exceedingly chaste and elegant iron roof, of 60
-feet span, designed and carried out by C. H. Wild, Esq., C.E.  Behind
-this shed again, but visible from the general platform through the
-arches, is the spare carriage shed, 600 feet long by 52 feet broad.  The
-whole arrangements of the buildings are admirably adapted to carry on,
-with comfort to the public and with facility to the _employés_, the
-immense business that has so suddenly been brought to the city by the
-convergence of so many railways at this point.
-
-_The Goods Depôt_ is situated immediately behind the passengers’
-building, and fully accords with it in style.  It consists of a shed, 180
-feet long and 120 feet wide, with four railway entrances; and containing
-three platforms or decks, furnished with 18 cranes and light weighing
-machines, and the waggons are run alongside the decks to receive or
-discharge their loads.
-
-The extent of land purchased by the general station committee for station
-purposes is about 75 acres; and within the station precincts there are
-more than 7 miles of railway line, with 51 turntables.  The gross cost of
-the land and buildings has been about £240,000.  A spacious hotel will
-soon be erected on the land opposite to the station.
-
-The affairs of the station are superintended by a committee of 8
-gentlemen, who are elected from the boards of the four contributing
-companies, and their views are carried out by their manager and
-secretary, R. L. Jones, Esq., who has so well organized his large staff
-of officers and men, that the arduous and responsible duties devolving
-upon him are performed, not only with the greatest efficiency, but also
-with a most satisfactory courtesy and convenience to the public.
-
-
-
-CAB FARES.
-
-
-Not exceeding three persons; to or from the Railway Station in
-Brook-street—from or to any part of the city, within the point where the
-Whitchurch and Northwich roads turn off—Abbot’s Grange and the
-College—the Sluice House, including Crane-street and Paradise-row—the
-Maypole in Handbridge, and the New Bridge toll-house, _One Shilling_.
-The same distance; four persons, _One Shilling and Sixpence_.  Any
-distance beyond the Borough, _One Shilling_ per mile.  No gratuities
-allowed to be demanded by the drivers of any cars plying within the
-Borough boundary, and no charge to be made for luggage not exceeding 100
-lbs. in weight.
-
-
-
-FARES TO OR FROM ANY OTHER PART OF THE CITY.
-
-
-Not exceeding three persons; any distance not exceeding 1 mile, _One
-Shilling_; and at the rate of _One Shilling_ per mile for every
-additional mile; and _Sixpence_ for every additional half-mile or
-fractional part of half a mile.  For four persons; any distance not
-exceeding 1 mile, _One Shilling and Sixpence_.  For four persons; any
-distance exceeding 1 mile, and not exceeding 2 miles, _Two Shillings_.
-For four persons; any distance exceeding 2 miles, at the rate of _Two
-Shillings_ for the first mile, and _One Shilling_ per mile for every
-additional mile, and _Sixpence_ for every additional half-mile or
-fractional part of half a mile.
-
-
-
-BY TIME.
-
-
-Not exceeding 1 hour, _Two Shillings and Sixpence_; and _Sixpence_ for
-every 15 minutes and fractional part of 15 minutes beyond the hour.  In
-all cases it shall be at the option of the owner or driver to charge by
-time or distance.
-
-
-
-THE POPULATION OF CHESTER.
-
-
-According to the Census, taken March 31st, 1851, the following is a
-statement of the population of each parish.
-
-PARISHES OF                       MALES.      FEMALES.          TOTAL.
-St. Oswald                             3,243         3,430       6,673
-St. Peter                                430           518         948
-St. Bridget                              360           501         861
-St. Martin                               232           304         536
-Trinity                                1,499         1,875       3,374
-Little St. John’s Hospital                39            12          51
-Cathedral Precincts                      145           232         377
-St. John                               3,995         4,492       8,487
-St. Mary                               1,620         1,688       3,308
-St. Michael                              346           429         775
-St. Olave                                265           253         518
-Township of Great Boughton               445           514         959
-(Borough portion)
-Spittal Boughton                          69            89         158
-Chester Castle                           507            84         591
-
-POPULATION OF CHESTER IN
-
-1811          17,472
-1821          19,949
-1831          21,373
-1841          23,375
-1851          27,616
-
-DISTANCES FROM TOWN TO TOWN IN THE COUNTY OF CHESTER.
-
-
-The names of the respective Towns are on the top and side, and the square
-where both meet gives the distance.
-
-                                                                                                                                           _Distance from London_.
-               Altrincham                                                                                                                                180
-Chester            31  Chester                                                                                                                           182
-Congleton          21      33  Congleton                                                                                                                 162
-Frodsham           24      10      29  Frodsham                                                                                                          192
-Knutsford           7      25      14      17  Knutsford                                                                                                 176
-Macclesfield       16      38       9      28      12  Macclesfield                                                                                      167
-Malpas             37      15      30      24      33      35  Malpas                                                                                    169
-Middlewich         16      20      13      18       9      18      24  Middlewich                                                                        167
-Mottram            17      48      25      40      22      16      51      31  Mottram                                                                   187
-Nantwich           28      20      18      24      21      23      12      12      43  Nantwich                                                          164
-Northwich          13      18      19      12       7      20      26       6      30      17  Northwich                                                 174
-Parkgate           36      10      42      16      31      45      26      30      53      30      28  Parkgate                                          190
-Runcorn            24      15      36       6      16      28      30      20      41      27      14      20  Runcorn                                   188
-Sandbach           19      25       9      23      11      17      22       5      41      10      11      35      25  Sandbach                          162
-Stockport           9      40      20      33      14      12      44      23       8      35      22      45      33      25  Stockport                 179
-Tarporley          25      10      25      15      19      26      14      10      42       9      12      20      16      15      34  Tarporley         172
-Tarvin             25       6      27      10      19      32      18      14      42      14      12      16      12      19      34      4  Tarvin     178
-
-HOTELS.
-
-
-The principal Hotels in Chester are—the Royal, at the Eastgate; the
-Albion, in Lower Bridge-street; the Green Dragon, in Eastgate-street; the
-Feathers, in Bridge-street; the Blossoms and the Hop-pole, in
-Foregate-street; the White Lion, in Northgate-street; the Liverpool Arms,
-in Brook-street, near the Railway Station; the Ermine, at Flookersbrook,
-near the Station; the Golden Lion, Foregate-street; the Saracen’s Head,
-near the Exchange; the Kitchen, at the Eastgate; besides many others of
-very good repute.
-
-
-
-
-ADVERTISEMENTS.
-
-
-         [Picture: Heraldic shield with two dogs and crown etc.]
-
-
-
-WESTMINSTER SAUCE,
-PATRONIZED BY THE NOBILITY AND GENTRY OF THE COUNTY AND CITY.
-
-
-This Sauce, from its peculiar piquancy and zest, is pronounced by
-connoisseurs to be the best and most generally useful of any yet offered
-to the Public.
-
-                            SOLE PROPRIETORS,
-                             BOWERS BROTHERS,
-                    WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TEA DEALERS,
-                 FAMILY GROCERS AND ITALIAN WAREHOUSEMEN,
-                      101, EASTGATE STREET, CHESTER.
-
-                            ESTABLISHED 1780.
-
-BOWERS BROTHERS respectfully request a TRIAL OF THEIR TEAS, which cannot
-be excelled either in quality or price.  They have made this branch of
-their business their especial study for many years, and beg gratefully to
-acknowledge the kind and increasing patronage which is awarded to them in
-their efforts to secure for their customers the _Best Teas on the Best
-Terms_.
-
-All orders of £2 and upwards delivered at any Railway Station free of
-carriage.
-
-          COFFEES, FRESH ROASTED ON THE MOST APPROVED PRINCIPLE.
-
-FRENCH PLUMS, TURKEY FIGS, MUSCATEL, SULTANA, AND VALENTIA RAISINS,
-PATRAS CURRANTS, and other CHOICE Dried FRUITS; CANDIED PEELS, GENUINE
-PICKLES (warranted free from anything deleterious), SPICES, &c., all of
-the FINEST QUALITY.
-
-Every variety of Burning OILS, CANDLES (including Belmontine, Piano, and
-other recent and elegant inventions of Price’s Patent Candle Company),
-Household and Scented SOAPS, PERFUMERY, &c.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-            AGENTS TO THE SUN FIRE AND LIFE INSURANCE OFFICES.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-Pierce’s Important Improvements in Warming
-and Ventilating,
-
-
-                        MANUFACTORY AND WAREHOUSE,
-                     5 JERMYN STREET, REGENT STREET.
-
-[Picture: Pyro-pneumatic warming and ventilating stove-grate] PIERCE
-solicits attention to his unrivalled
-
-                                                PYRO-PNEUMATIC WARMING AND
-                                                  VENTILATING STOVE-GRATE,
-
-For the production of Healthful Warmth, with UNCEASING and SELF-ACTING
-VENTILATION, and the open cheerful fire, for Warming Churches, Chapels,
-Infant and other Schools, Public Rooms, Entrance Halls, &c., &c., with a
-pure wholesome atmosphere, now fully established in public opinion as the
-best economical Stove-Grate yet submitted to public notice, at
-
-                       Prices from £7 10s. to £21.
-
-These Grates are now adapted to meet the requirements of every
-description of room or building where ventilation and comfortable warmth
-are desirable, and may be seen in daily use at Lloyd’s Rooms, Royal
-Exchange; at the Bank of Messrs. Alexander and Co., Lombard Street; in
-the Lecture Rooms of Guy’s Hospital; at the University Hall, Gordon
-Square; at Westminster Chapel, near Buckingham Palace; at the Albert Life
-Office, Waterloo Place; at the Linnean Society’s Great Room, Burlington
-House, and numerous other places.
-
-          The best and cheapest Grate for all useful purposes is
-
-                    PIERCE’S UNIVERSAL FIRE-LUMP GRATE
-
-Which requires no fixing, being made in one piece, having strong octagon
-bars and bottom, with capacious and safe hobs, complete.  Prices, 11s.
-6d., 13s. 6d., 22s. 6d., and 25s.
-
- Also his IMPROVED COTTAGER’S GRATE, for warming Two Rooms with only one
-                    fire.  Prices, 30s. and 35s.  Also
-
-                                 PIERCE’S
-                CELEBRATED FRESH AIR ECONOMICAL RADIATING
-                Warming and Ventilating Fire-Lump Grates,
-
-as supplied to the various Wards of the London Hospital; the Philological
-Schools in the New Road, Marylebone; to the New Infirmary at Guildford;
-to the Bank at Wells, Huntingdon County Hospital, &c., &c., where they
-can be seen in use, producing salubrious warmth with continuous
-ventilation, highly satisfactory to all parties, being the most
-economical and useful Fresh Air Grates that are at present made.  Prices
-from 30s. to 150s. according to the spaces required to be warmed.
-
-THE ECONOMY OF FUEL is most important, as nearly one-half of the coals
-uselessly burnt without perceptible benefit will now, with the Fresh Air
-Fire-Lump Grates, be more than sufficient to produce an equable
-temperature and perfect ventilation in any room or school to which they
-may be applied.  It does not now depend upon the reflected heat, as was
-the case formerly, but the fresh-warmed air continuously supplied is
-fully equal to the radiant heat given off from the open fire.
-
-PROSPECTUSES, with Illustrated Sketches of these Improvements, with
-Plans, Sections, and Elevations, for the use of the Architects and
-Gentlemen who may be building or altering Schools, Class Rooms,
-Hospitals, &c.  PRICES of such Grates, and their proportions, may be
-obtained of the Inventor and Manufacturer,
-
-       PIERCE, at his Economical Radiating Stove-Grate Manufactory,
-                     5, JERMYN STREET, REGENT STREET.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-RICHMOND & CHANDLER’S
-PRIZE CHAFF-CUTTING MACHINE.
-
-
-       [Picture: Richmond & Chandler’s prize chaff-cutting machine]
-
-This remarkably successful machine has now been before the public for
-some years, during which time it has received the most distinguished
-honours that could be awarded—the First Prizes of all the National
-Societies, and the highest commendations of the Judges of all the
-principal Societies in Great Britain.  In testing the comparative value
-of machinery the first consideration is, the power required to work the
-same: in other words, the power required to overcome the friction of the
-different parts of the machinery.  RICHMOND & CHANDLER beg to observe
-that the utmost attention is given to the fitting and the perfecting of
-all the working parts of their machines, which they are determined shall
-continue to maintain their high position and well-earned celebrity.  On
-the trial of Chaff Cutters, the following report is found in the leading
-journal:—
-
-    “CHAFF-CUTTING ENGINES.—In this class of implements, Messrs. Richmond
-    and Chandler have surpassed everything that has been produced before,
-    inasmuch as their new machine does the same amount of work, with 45
-    per cent. less power, in the same time, thereby reducing the expense
-    of this important operation.  Choking in the feed—an evil to which
-    the best of these machines have hitherto been more or less liable—is
-    scarcely possible, from the form of toothed rollers applied.
-    Altogether the getting up is well worthy the reputation of the
-    inventors.”
-
-The true and _unsolicited_ testimonial here given more than confirms the
-above report of the _Times_:—
-
-    “To Messrs. Richmond and Chandler.
-
-    “Gentlemen,—I herewith enclose you a cheque for the amount of your
-    Chaff Cutter, No. 4.  I had the opportunity of putting it to a strong
-    test throughout the winter, and have much pleasure to inform you that
-    it has given me perfect satisfaction.  I had been in the habit of
-    using a machine for years that had obtained a high degree of
-    celebrity with the Royal Agricultural Association, but I was obliged
-    to get rid of it on account of the amount of labour it required, and
-    the impossibility of making it feed itself.  All these objections are
-    fully obviated by your machine.  A neighbour of mine has another of
-    them, and he is equally pleased with his.  I remain, gentlemen,
-    yours, &c.,
-
-    “Orlingbury, Wellingborough, 8th May, 1858.
-
-                                                            “A. A. YOUNG.”
-
-Catalogues gratis on application to RICHMOND & CHANDLER, Salford,
-Manchester, and South John Street, Liverpool.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-PALATINE
-HORSE INVIGORATING FOOD,
-
-
-                       120 Feeds.  In Packets, 19s.
-
-                                 PALATINE
-                      CATTLE & SWINE FATTENING FOOD,
-                                   AND
-                                 PALATINE
-
-                       MILK-FORMING FOOD FOR COWS.
-
-                     120 Feeds.  In Packets, 14s. 9d.
-
-      Delivered at any Railway Station, Carriage Free, on receipt of
-                            Post-office Order.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-                           G. H. BOLTON & CO.,
-                          AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTS,
-                               WARRINGTON.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-The principle of these foods consists in the property of their elements
-(by the exercise of chemical affinities) to apply the waste usually
-caused by respiration and perspiration to the production of animal
-activity, consolidate it into flesh, or determine it to the secretion of
-milk.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-Just published (June, 1858),
-ELEMENTS OF ANIMAL NUTRITION
-AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.
-
-
-     Particularly as regards the vigorous condition of the Horse, the
-                                Fattening
-              of Cattle, and the Formation of Milk in Cows.
-
-                             BY G. H. BOLTON,
-                          AGRICULTURAL CHEMIST,
-                               WARRINGTON.
-
-  Price Sixpence, or forwarded, Post Free, to any address on receipt of
-                              Seven Stamps.
-
-
-
-THE MOST
-POPULAR SCHOOL HISTORIES.
-
-
-              Embellished with Plates, Maps, Engravings, &c.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-WHITTAKER’S IMPROVED PINNOCK’S HISTORY OF ENGLAND.  Forty-fifth edition,
-12mo., price 6s., strongly bound in roan.
-
-WHITTAKER’S IMPROVED PINNOCK’S HISTORY OF ROME.  Thirty-second edition,
-12mo., price 5s. 6d., strongly bound in roan.
-
-WHITTAKER’S IMPROVED PINNOCK’S HISTORY of GREECE.  Twenty-eighth edition,
-12mo., price 5s. 6d., strongly bound in roan.
-
-No editions of these works are genuine except they have the name of the
-publishers, Whittaker and Co., on the title-page.
-
-                    WHITTAKER and Co., Ave Maria-line.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-THE AUTHOR’S EDITIONS.
-OLLENDORFF’S METHOD
-OF
-Learning to Read, Write, and Speak a Language
-IN SIX MONTHS.
-
-
-1.  ADAPTED to the GERMAN.  Written expressly for the English Student.
-By Dr. H. G. OLLENDORFF.  In two parts.  Part I. eighth edition, price
-12s., 8vo. cloth.  Part II., third edition, price 12s., 8vo. cloth.  The
-parts sold separately.
-
-*** Introductory book to Dr. OLLENDORFF’S method adapted to the German,
-containing a new system of facilitating the study of the German
-Declensions, and rules on the Gender of Substantives.  New edition, 12mo.
-cloth, 3s. 6d.
-
-2.  ADAPTED to the FRENCH.  Written expressly for the English Student.
-By Dr. H. G. OLLENDORFF.  8vo. sixth edition, containing a Treatise on
-the Gender of French Substantives, and an additional Treatise on the
-French Verbs.  Price 12s. cloth.
-
-3.  ADAPTED to the ITALIAN.  Written expressly for the English Student.
-By Dr. H. G. OLLENDORFF.  8vo., third edition, price 12s. cloth.
-
-4.  ADAPTED to the SPANISH.  In the press.
-
-KEYS to the ITALIAN, FRENCH, and GERMAN SYSTEMS, prepared by the author.
-Price 7s. each, cloth lettered.
-
-It is necessary for those who desire to avail themselves of the present
-method to notice, that these are the only English editions sanctioned by
-Dr. OLLENDORFF, and he deems any other totally inadequate for the purpose
-of English instruction, and for the elucidation of the method so strongly
-recommended by Captain Basil Hall, and other eminent writers.  They
-should be ordered with the publisher’s name, and, to prevent errors,
-every copy has its number and the author’s signature.
-
-The above works are copyright.
-
-    London: WHITTAKER and Co., and DULAU and Co., and to be had of any
-                               Bookseller.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-MR. A. TAIT,
-TAILOR, DRAPER, AND HATTER,
-BRIDGE STREET ROW,
-CHESTER.
-
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-WILLIAM FITCH,
-(Successor to H. Bailey,)
-
-
-                    HAIR CUTTER, WIG MAKER, PERFUMER,
-                          AND FANCY HAIR WORKER,
-                     11, BRIDGE STREET ROW, CHESTER.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-            Shampooing on the Oxford and Cambridge Principle.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-JOHN HOWARD,
-LADIES’ AND GENTLEMEN’S BOOT AND SHOE MAKER,
-11, BRIDGE STREET ROW, CHESTER.
-
-
-                  Ladies’ Boots and Shoes made to Order,
-
-             Gentlemen’s Shooting, Fishing, and Dress Boots.
-
-                PARIS, LONDON AND DUBLIN BOOTS AND SHOES.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-MESSES. EWEN AND REVIS,
-AUCTIONEERS, APPRAISERS,
-LAND SURVEYORS, CIVIL ENGINEERS,
-House, Estate, and General Commission Agents,
-CHESTER.
-
-
-            OFFICES:—THE CITY AUCTION MAST, BRIDGE STREET ROW.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-             _N.B.—A General Rent Audit held every Quarter_.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-WILLIAMS & SON,
-TOBACCO AND SNUFF MANUFACTURERS,
-
-
-                                 CHESTER.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-FAMILY GROCERY ESTABLISHMENT,
-
-
-                        [Picture: Heraldic shield]
-
-                                   AND
-                            ITALIAN WAREHOUSE,
-                      100, EASTGATE STREET, CHESTER.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-                            DUTTON AND MILLER
-
-Respectfully inform their numerous patrons that their Stock of GROCERY
-and ITALIAN ARTICLES is now one of the most complete in the kingdom,
-comprising every article of known merit and recent introduction.  As
-successors to one of the oldest established Grocery Connexions in
-Chester, the best endeavours have been made to sustain the reputation
-enjoyed by their predecessors, and they have the gratification of stating
-that their Establishment will be found, by those who have not yet
-honoured it with their patronage, unequalled for the advantageous terms
-on which FAMILY ORDERS are supplied.
-
-FAMILIES residing in the adjacent counties and principality who may be
-desirous of giving their articles a trial are respectfully recommended to
-purchase their
-
-               One Guinea Case of Sample Teas and Coffees,
-
-which contains Four Pounds of various priced Teas, and the same quantity
-of the finest Jamaica and Plantation Coffees.  Any other article required
-for trial they will have pleasure in substituting.  The cases are
-delivered, CARRIAGE FREE, at any first-class Station within fifty miles
-of Chester.
-
-                   Free Delivery of Orders by Railway.
-
-The Railway facilities of Chester have become so well known that it would
-be unnecessary to mention more than that the VAN-PARCELS TRAINS, leaving
-Chester daily, possess superior advantages for the speedy transmission of
-Goods.  Orders to the value of TWO POUNDS AND UPWARDS, are forwarded by
-these trains, CARRIAGE PAID, to any first-class Station on either Line of
-Railway.
-
-A full and detailed List of Grocery is annually published in the month of
-December, compiled with the greatest care, and is of considerable service
-to Housekeepers.  Their SPECIAL LIST for 1858, with the latest
-introductions, will be forwarded, together with a detailed list, POST
-FREE, on application.
-
-        Agents for Huntley & Palmer’s Celebrated Reading Biscuits.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-RELIANCE
-MUTUAL LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY,
-71, KING WILLIAM STREET, LONDON.
-
-
-              THE ENTIRE PROFITS DIVIDED AMONG THE ASSURED.
-
-                                DIRECTORS.
-
-GEORGE ASHLIN, Esq.                 HENRY T. PRINSEP, Esq.
-GEORGE F. HARRIS, Esq.              CHARLES H. SMITH, Esq.
-JOHN JAMES, Esq.                    JAMES TRAILL, Esq.
-JOHN LEDGER, Esq.                   GEORGE WHITMORE, Esq.,
-WILLIAM PHELPS, Esq.
-
-     _Bankers_—Messrs. Williams, Deacon, Labouchere, Thornton and Co.
-
-                  ADVANTAGES PRESENTED BY THIS SOCIETY.
-
-Life Assurances may be effected upon _Increasing_, _Decreasing_, _Equal_,
-or _Half-Premium_ Scales; also by _Single Payments_, and Payments for
-_limited periods_.  Tables have been specially constructed for the Army,
-Navy, East India Company, and Merchant Services; also for persons
-voyaging to, or residing in any part of the world.—No charge for Policy
-Stamps.
-
-Endowments for Widows and Children, Pensions for retired Officers and
-Civilians, Immediate or Deferred Annuities, and every other description
-of Life Contingency, upon liberal and equitable terms.
-
-The Entire Profits are divided periodically among the Assured, and may,
-at their option, be applied in reduction of Premiums, or in augmentation
-of the Sums for which the Policies were granted.
-
-Applications for Agency to be addressed to the Secretary.
-
-                                E. OSBORNE SMITH, _Actuary and Secretary_.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-WILLIAM PARKINSON,
-Plumber, Glazier, and Gas Fitter,
-NORTHGATE,
-CHESTER.
-
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-            Baths, Pumps, and Water Closets Fixed on the most
-                           approved principles.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-W. WILLIAMS,
-BASKET AND HAMPER MANUFACTURER,
-
-
-                          AND DEALER IN BRUSHES,
-                   104, BRIDGE STREET (NEAR THE CROSS),
-
-                                 CHESTER.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-                         REPAIRS NEATLY EXECUTED.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-ROYAL HOTEL, CHESTER
-
-
-                      [Picture: Royal coat of arms]
-
-VISITORS AND TOURISTS will find the above HOTEL in every way adapted to
-their comfort and requirements, and after a Survey of Chester and its
-vicinity, the most convenient _en route_ to Scotland, Ireland, and Wales.
-
-                                                  D. M‘GREGOR, Proprietor.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-                         To Tourists and others.
-
-
-
-T. B. FOULKES,
-
-
-                             OLD ESTABLISHED
-
-                      GLOVE MANUFACTURER AND HOSIER,
-
-                             CROSS, CHESTER,
-
-Has always in stock a Large Assortment of GLOVES AND GAUNTLETS, of his
-own and other approved makes.
-
-His PATENT GAUNTLETS continue to give great satisfaction; their accuracy
-in fitting being very much superior to all others.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-J. THOMPSON,
-PRINTSELLER, ETC.,
-BRIDGE STREET ROW,
-CHESTER,
-
-
-   Repository for the Sale of VIEWS IN WALES, of the ANCIENT BUILDINGS
-            IN CHESTER, and GUIDE BOOKS for Chester and Wales.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-            ENGRAVER, LITHOGRAPHER, AND COPPER-PLATE PRINTER.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-      _Ladies’ and Gentlemen’s Address Cards Engraved and Printed_.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-THE ROYAL FARMERS’
-AGRICULTURAL AND COMMERCIAL
-INSURANCE COMPANY,
-
-
-                    3, NORFOLK STREET, STRAND, LONDON.
-
-                                DIRECTORS.
-
-   Chairman—STEPHEN C. DENISON, Esq., Deputy Judge Advocate, 35, Great
-                   George Street, Westminster, London.
-
-   Deputy Chairman—B. P. SHEARER, Esq., Swanmore House, Bishop Waltham,
-                                  Hants.
-
-SAMUEL BOYDELL, Esq., 41, Queen     WILLIAM WILBERFORCE PEARSON,
-Square, Bloomsbury, London.         Esq., 27, Wimpole Street, London.
-
-NEWSON GARRETT, Esq., Alde House,   THOMAS ROLLS, Esq., Chipping
-Aldeburgh, Suffolk.                 Norton, Oxfordshire.
-
-EDWARD JAMES HAWKER, Esq., 37,      THOMAS SMITH, Esq., 36, Hart
-Cadogan Place, Sloane Street,       Street, Bloomsbury, London.
-Chelsea.
-                                    GEORGE PARKER TUXFORD, Esq., 246,
-SAMUEL JONAS, Esq., Ickleton,       Strand, London.
-Cambridgeshire.
-                                    THOMAS WATERS, Esq., Winchester,
-Rev. HENRY E. KNATCHBULL, Elmham    Hants.
-Vicarage, Thetford, Norfolk.
-
-FIRE INSURANCES on every description of Property, on terms as moderate as
-any other well-established Office.
-
-No charge for new Fire Policies, if for £300 or upwards, or if removed
-from other Offices to favour this Company.
-
-HAIL INSURANCE—The Bonus allowed in the year 1856 was upwards of 66 per
-cent. on Insurances of Five Years’ duration.
-
-LOSSES promptly and liberally settled.
-
-LIFE POLICIES payable to the Registered Holders, by which much
-inconvenience and expense is prevented.
-
-BONUS GUARANTEED—Insurers of the Participating class will be entitled to
-four-fifths of the profits; and if no profit shall have been made, the
-Company will, nevertheless, make such additions quinquennially as will be
-equivalent to the excess of premium paid over that which would have been
-required for insurances of the non-participating class.
-
-BONUS—The next division of profits, four-fifths of which will be allotted
-to Policies of the participating class, will be on the five years ending
-on the 3lst of December of the present year.  The amounts will be made
-known to the Policy-holders immediately after the Annual General Meeting
-in May following.
-
-No charge for Life Policy Stamps.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-Additional Agents wanted.  Application to be made to
-
-                                      JOHN REDDISH, SECRETARY AND ACTUARY.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-                          AGENCIES IN CHESHIRE.
-
-Chester               Mr. Thomas W. Jones, Auctioneer, 27 Queen
-                      Street.
-Altrincham            Mr. G. Wilde, Postmaster.
-Birkenhead            Mr. Thos. Jas. Hutchinson, Architect, 6, Market
-                      Cross Chambers, Market Street, and Mr. Euclid
-                      Shaw, Post-office.
-Congleton             Mr. J. Dawn, Buxton.
-Macclesfield          Mr. George Barton.
-Northwich             Mr. Henry Warburton, Davenham.
-Runcorn               James Cawley, Esq., Heath House.
-Sandbach              J. Remer, Esq., Solicitor.
-Stockport             Mr. J. Sergent, Coal Merchant, Warren Street.
-Tarporley             Mr. R. T. Beckett, Land Agent, Oulton Farm.
-Talk-’o-’th-Hill      Mr. Joseph Smallwood.
-Witton                Mr. Thomas Dobell, Seedsman.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-The Blossoms Family and Commercial Hotel,
-CHESTER.
-
-
-                        HENRY CUTTER, PROPRIETOR.
-
-To FAMILIES, COMMERCIAL GENTLEMEN, and PARTIES on PLEASURE, the above
-Hotel offers peculiar advantages, being situated in the centre of the
-City, adjoining the Post Office, near to the Banks, within two minutes’
-walk of the Ancient City Wall, and Cathedral, and the nearest Hotel to
-the Railway Station.  The above Hotel is one of the OLDEST ESTABLISHMENTS
-IN THE CITY, and is conducted on principles combining COMFORT WITH THE
-STRICTEST ECONOMY.
-
-                  A FIXED MODERATE CHARGE FOR SERVANTS.
-
-            Omnibuses to and from the Railway for every Train.
-
-☞ Attached to the above Hotel, and TO BE LET, IS A LARGE AND SPACIOUS
-ROOM, 25 yards long, well lighted with gas, and to which there is an
-excellent approach.
-
-Note from the Visitors’ Book at the Blossoms Hotel, received from the
-Lady of Lord Campbell, Lord Chief Justice of England.—“Lady Stratheden
-and family passed three nights at the Blossoms Inn, and were well
-satisfied with the accommodation and attention of Mr. and Mrs. Cutter.”
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-OLD BOOK REPOSITORY.
-
-
-                          GENTLEMEN IN SEARCH OF
-                         RARE AND CURIOUS BOOKS,
-          Are respectfully invited to inspect the Collection at
-
-                       G. H. CROWTHER’S REPOSITORY,
-
-                           ST. WERBERGH STREET,
-
- Where, if they do not find what they want, they may meet with what they
-                         did not expect to find.
-
-   Libraries of any extent, and smaller parcels of Books purchased for
-                            immediate payment.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-IMPORTANT TO TOURISTS.
-
-
-                       Sold by all Stationers, &c.,
-                       SMITH’S PATENT POCKET BOOK,
-                         With Expanding Pockets.
-
-                      SMITH’S MANIFOLD LETTER BOOK,
-  Not requiring Ink.  The Writing is Jet Black, and perfectly indelible.
-                           Bound Roan and Lock.
-
-                    SMITH’S METALLIC MEMORANDUM BOOKS,
-                                   AND
-                         PORTABLE WRITING CASES,
-                With everything requisite for the Tourist.
-
-                            T. J. & J. SMITH,
-                   PATENTEES AND MANUFACTURERS, LONDON.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-THE GREAT BOTANIC MEDICINE.
-
-
-                     DR. TORRENS’ PURE HERBAL PILLS.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-No language can convey an adequate idea of the immediate and almost
-miraculous change produced by making use of these Pills in the diseased,
-debilitated, and shattered nervous system.  To print all the letters of
-thanks received from different individuals, describing the great benefit
-received by making use of this medicine, would fill a book larger than
-the Bible!  The relaxed and debilitated body and nerves are at once
-rebraced, restored, enlivened, and built up.  The mental and physical
-symptoms of all disease vanish together under its influence—the stooping
-trembling victim of depression or debility becomes a new man; he stands
-erect; he moves with a firm step; his mind, which was previously sunk in
-gloom, becomes bright, buoyant, active, and he goes forth refreshed,
-regenerated, and conscious of new vigour, to his accustomed occupation.
-And the effect is not temporary; on the contrary, the relief is
-permanent; for the cordial properties of the medicine reach the
-constitution itself, and restores it to its first condition.  Well may
-this preparation be called the Medical Wonder of the nineteenth century.
-It is, indeed, that miracle of medicine that stimulates without producing
-a corresponding depression.  In all diseases of the stomach and digestive
-organs it never fails, and by setting the stomach to rights, all the
-other functions of the body are sure to be set to rights also.  In cases
-of headache, vertigo, pain in the face and nerves, and all the varied
-train of nervous affections, these pills perform a cure in an astonishing
-short period of time.  They also remove depression, excitement,
-restlessness, want of sleep, a dislike to society, incapacity for
-business, loss of memory, confusion, giddiness, blood in the head,
-melancholy, mental debility, hysteria, indecision, wretchedness, &c.
-They increase and restore the appetite, strengthen the emaciated, renew
-the health of those who have destroyed it, cause a continued
-cheerfulness, and prolong life to the latest possible period.
-
-The following Testimonial of the great value of TORRENS’ HERBAL PILLS is
-taken out of thousands:—
-
-                              “To the Proprietor of Torrens’ Herbal Pills.
-                                             53, Church-street, Blackburn.
-
-    “Sir,—I have just received the twelve dozen of Dr. Torrens’ Herbal
-    Pills, which I am happy to observe are going off in a very
-    satisfactory manner.  Since I last wrote you, I have had frequent
-    testimonials from various persons, old and young, of their beneficial
-    effects—several of whom have stated that they consider the Herbal
-    Pills not only an excellent medicine for correcting vicious humours
-    in the system, but also efficacious in purifying the blood, relieving
-    the liver, cleansing the intestines, and producing vigorous reaction
-    in the whole arterial system.
-
-                          “Yours faithfully, CHARLES TIPLADY, Bookseller.”
-
-*** Parties desirous of selling Torrens’ Herbal Pills can be supplied, at
-wholesale prices, by Messrs. Parry and Son, Booksellers, Chester; or from
-any of the Wholesale Houses.  Sold also by Mrs. Dutton, City Walls.
-
-Should the reader find any difficulty in procuring a box of Dr. Torrens’
-Pills, he can send 15 postage stamps to Richard Brook, Printer,
-Buxton-road, Huddersfield, when a box will be returned by post to any
-part of the Kingdom.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-JOHN SMITH & SON,
-
-
-                  WOOLLEN DRAPERS, TAILORS, AND HATTERS,
-
-                           EASTGATE STREET ROW,
-
-                                 CHESTER.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-         _Just Published_.  _Price Two Guineas_, _neatly Bound_,
-
-
-
-ANTIQUITIES OF CHESHIRE,
-IN PHOTOGRAPH,
-
-
-                     WITH SHORT DESCRIPTIVE NOTES BY
-                          WILLIAM BRYANS, M.A.,
-                        VICAR OF TARVIN, CHESHIRE;
-
-                           TO WHICH ARE ADDED,
-                  VIEWS OF CONWAY AND CARNARVON CASTLES,
-
-                                  AND OF
-                HAUGHMOND AND BUILDWAS ABBEYS, SHROPSHIRE.
-
-This Series of Photographic Pictures will contain Views of the most
-interesting remains of Antiquity in the City and County of Chester; among
-which will be found specimens of Ancient Domestic Architecture, Churches,
-Ruins, and Crosses.
-
-                 Published by HUGH ROBERTS, Eastgate Row.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-TOWN MADE SILK, ALPACA, AND GINGHAM
-UMBRELLAS AND PARASOLS!!
-
-
-                                    AT
-                        GEORGE WILLIAMS AND CO.’S,
-                              GLASGOW HOUSE,
-                      18, EASTGATE STREET, CHESTER.
-
-  _Gentlemen’s Shirts_, _Silk Ties_, _Collars_, _Wool Vests_, _Gloves_,
-                             _Hosiery_, _&c._
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-G. KENRICK,
-
-
-                              PATENT ELASTIC
-               Spring Truss and Deformity Instrument Maker,
-                      31, EASTGATE STREET, CHESTER.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-                       ARTIFICIAL ARMS, LEGS, ETC.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-          _Elastic Stockings_, _Knee-Caps_, _Ancle-Socks_, _&c._
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-ESTABLISHED 1748.
-
-
-                             OLD ESTABLISHED
-              Cheshire Cheese & Family Provision Warehouse,
-                       139, BRIDGE STREET, CHESTER.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-                          ROBERT GRIFFITH PARRY
-
-BEGS to return his grateful thanks for the very kind manner in which he
-has been patronized since he succeeded to the business of his late
-Grandmother, Mary Griffith (so successfully carried on by her for upwards
-of 50 years); and he assures his friends that he will endeavour to merit
-a continuance of their favours, by keeping a constant supply of the best
-articles at the lowest possible prices.
-
-R. G. P. has always on hand a large stock of the following articles:—
-
-CHEESE.                             HAMS.
-
-Cheshire,                           Home Cured,
-Double Gloucester,                  Cumberland,
-Single Gloucester,                  Yorkshire / Wiltshire (Smoked).
-North Wiltshire,
-Truckles,                           BACON.
-Stilton,
-Cheddar,                            Wiltshire, Smoked,
-Leigh / Derbyshire / Dunlop (for    Breakfast Bacon,
-toasting).                          Home Cured,
-                                    Cumberland.
-
-  BLADDERED LARD.  Genuine WELSH BUTTER, in pots, from fifteen to forty
-        pounds each, for Families.  FRESH LUMP BUTTER every week.
-
-             FAMILIES SUPPLIED ON THE MOST REASONABLE TERMS.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-HARP AND PIANOFORTE WAREHOUSES.
-ABBEY STREET AND THE NORTHGATE.
-
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-                              BOUCHER & CO.,
-
-Have now a well selected Stock of PIANOFORTES, &c., new and second-hand,
-for SALE or HIRE, at all prices; including the newly-introduced STUDIO
-Pianofortes, by eminent makers, at 16 and 18 Guineas, of superior
-excellence and durability.
-
-Also the ‘FOREIGN MODEL,’ an instrument of the Cottage size, combining
-every excellence of manufacture with the tone and touch of a small Grand
-Pianoforte.
-
-Warranty unlimited, with option of Exchange at any time on favourable
-terms.
-
-Harps, Harmoniums, Concertinas, &c., by the best makers.
-
-Tuning and Repairing of the most extensive descriptions in town and
-country.  Abbey Street, May, 1858.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-ESTABLISHED 1780.
-BOWERS BROTHERS,
-DISPENSING CHEMISTS,
-
-
-                      101, EASTGATE STREET, CHESTER.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-       PRESCRIPTIONS AND FAMILY RECEIPTS PREPARED WITH THE GREATEST
-                            CARE AND ACCURACY.
-
-Bowers’s Cestrian Bouquet.          Bowers’s Glycerine Cold Cream.
-,, Essence of Spring Flowers.       ,, Camphor Balls.
-,, Lavender Water.                  ,, Pearl Dentrifice.
-
-        And a Variety of other Elegant Requisites for the Toilet.
-
-          SCHWEPPE’S SODA WATER AND LEMONADE ON WHOLESALE TERMS.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-TO ADVERTISERS.
-
-
-                          THE CHESHIRE OBSERVER,
-                          AND GENERAL ADVERTISER
-
-                                   FOR
-
-                        CHESHIRE AND NORTH WALES,
-
-                             IS NOW THE MOST
-                  WIDELY CIRCULATED PAPER IN THE COUNTY,
-
-    And is especially devoted to the interests of Chester, Birkenhead,
-                                Nantwich,
-        Northwich, Crewe, Sandbach, Winsford, Congleton, Runcorn,
-             Knutsford, Middlewich, Wrexham, Holywell, Mold,
-                     Whitchurch, Ruthin, Denbigh, &c.
-
-     _And the surrounding neighbourhoods_, _where it has an extensive
-                              circulation_.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-              THIS PAPER IS PUBLISHED EVERY FRIDAY EVENING,
-
-                           AND CONTAINS ALL THE
-           Local, Provincial, Parliamentary, and Foreign News,
-
-                            TOGETHER WITH THE
-                       LATEST STATE OF THE MARKETS
-
-                      Up to the hour of Publication;
-
-                ADVOCATES FREE TRADE AND THE INTERESTS OF
-                   AGRICULTURE AND COMMERCE CONJOINTLY;
-
-                              AND IS BOTH A
-                     POLITICAL AND LITERARY JOURNAL.
-                 ON RELIGIOUS TOPICS IT IS NOT SECTARIAN.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
- It may be had of all Booksellers and Newsvenders, or of the Publishers,
-
-                            H. SMITH AND CO.,
-                       BOOKSELLERS AND STATIONERS,
-                     27, BRIDGE STREET ROW, CHESTER.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-     Price, Stamped, 3s. 3d. per Quarter; Unstamped Copies, 2d. each.
-
-                        CIRCULATION 2,500 WEEKLY.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-CHESTER HOMŒOPATHIC PHARMACY,
-CAXTON BUILDINGS, PEPPER STREET.
-
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-                              EDWARD THOMAS
-
-Prepares the HOMŒOPATHIC REMEDIES in the forms of Globules, Pilules,
-Tincture, and Trituration.  His experience and care in preparing the
-Medicines has procured for him the confidence of the profession and the
-public in various parts of the Kingdom.
-
-                      STANDARD WORKS ON HOMŒOPATHY.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-                        Medicine Chests and Cases,
-
-Of various sizes and forms, adapted to Professional and Domestic
-Treatises on Homœopathy.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-                          DR. THOMAS ON ARNICA,
-
-              CALENDULA, CANTHARIDES, LEDUM, RUTA, AND RHUS,
-                    as EXTERNAL REMEDIES in Accidents.
-                          Price 1s., post free.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-                 THOMAS AND GUERNSEY’S DOMESTIC PRACTICE,
-                          Price 5s., post free.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-                        THOMAS’S HOMŒOPATHIC COCOA
-
-Is prepared especially for Invalids and persons of weak digestion; and is
-confidently recommended as an agreeable and wholesome beverage.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-Illustrated Priced Catalogues of Medicines, Chests, Books, &c., sent free
-                             on application.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-                 SINGLE TUBES OF THE MEDICINES SUPPLIED.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-                        CHESTS OR CASES REFITTED.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-            [Picture: Crown with Ich Dien written underneath]
-
-
-
-GEORGE HOTEL,
-BANGOR FERRY,
-NORTH WALES.
-
-
-IN returning her grateful thanks for the patronage and support which she
-has received during the last fifteen years,
-
-                               MISS ROBERTS
-
-begs to inform her friends and the public, that during the winter season
-she has added to the comforts and accommodation at “THE GEORGE,” on a
-scale calculated to meet its present requirements.
-
-Among the buildings now added to “THE GEORGE,” is a NEW COFFEE ROOM, on a
-magnificent scale; adjoining which, and fitted up in a style appropriate
-for _evening reception_, is an OCTAGONAL DRAWING-ROOM of corresponding
-proportions.  Above is a new range of SLEEPING APARTMENTS, which enables
-Miss Roberts to make up _forty additional beds_.
-
-The STABLES have been much enlarged and improved; the CARRIAGE and
-POSTING departments having, at the same time, undergone thorough
-revision.
-
-Additional HOT and COLD BATHS have been built, and are always ready.
-
-SEA-BATHING may be enjoyed at the foot of the grounds.
-
-OMNIBUSES from “THE GEORGE” meet every train at Bangor Station.
-
-LIVERPOOL STEAMERS ply to and from Bangor Ferry daily.
-
-PLEASURE and SAILING BOATS are in constant attendance, and the Sea
-Fishing in the Straits opposite the house seldom fails to afford sport.
-
-“THE GEORGE” is lighted by gas manufactured for its sole use, and free
-from any impurity.
-
-TWO TABLES D’HÔTE are served daily; one at 3, and the other at 6, P.M.
-
-The House is, as usual, supplied with Wines of the first class.
-
-The growing necessity which Miss Roberts has of late experienced for more
-ample accommodation, to meet the requirements of the increased numbers
-who honour her house with their patronage, has induced her, at a very
-large outlay, to perfect her present arrangements; and she ventures to
-express a hope that the spacious and well-appointed Apartments which have
-formed part of her plan, will now be found sufficient for a demand which
-for some time past it has been difficult fully to provide for.
-
-_George Hotel_, _Bangor Ferry_, _June_, 1858.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-Atlas Fire and Life Assurance Office,
-92, CHEAPSIDE, LONDON.
-
-
-                            ESTABLISHED 1808,
-     And Empowered by Act of Parliament of the 54th Geo. III. c. 79.
-
-                                DIRECTORS.
-
-Chairman.—J. OLIVER HANSON, Esq.    Dep. Chairman.—WM. GEO. PRESCOTT,
-Sir WILLIAM BAYNES, Bart.           Esq.
-ARTHUR EDWARD CAMPBELL, Esq.        JOHN GEORGE MACLEAN, Esq.
-THOMAS CHAPMAN, Esq., F.R.S.        SAMUEL EUSTACE MAGAN, Esq.
-BENJAMIN BUCK GREENE, Esq.          CAPT. ALEX L. MONTGOMERY, R.N.
-JOSEPH GROTE, Esq.                  JOSEPH PULLEY, Esq.
-                                    ARTHUR AUGUSTUS RASCH, Esq.
-
-Auditors.—JOHN OLIVER HANSON, Jun. Esq., and PHILIP AINSLIE WALKER, Esq.
-
-Actuary.—CHARLES ANSELL, Esq. F.R.S.  Solicitor.—THOMAS BROWNING, Esq.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-                             LIFE DEPARTMENT.
-
-The Accumulated Premiums are over £1,600,000.  And the Annual Income
-exceeds £184,000.
-
-Bonuses have been declared on Policies to an amount greater than the sum
-originally assured.
-
-Premiums have been extinguished, where the parties assured have applied
-the bonus in reduction to the Annual Premium.
-
-At the last valuation up to Christmas, 1854, there existed a Surplus of
-£268,691, which had accrued during the five years ending at that
-period—the whole of which Surplus belonging to the policy holders.
-
-The next valuation will be made up to Christmas, 1859.  _Policies on the
-Participating Scale_, in England or Ireland _respectively_, which may be
-effected before that date, will, if the parties be then alive,
-participate in the surplus in proportion to the time they may have been
-in force.
-
-The sum of £3,130,975 has been paid during the existence of the Office
-for claims under Life Policies, of which amount a very considerable part
-was for Bonuses.
-
-Persons assuring in Great Britain have the option of
-
-  Participating Rates of Premium, or of
-  Non-Participating Rates.
-
-The Directors beg to announce that the rates of Premium have been
-recently revised and re-adjusted in accordance with a long experience,
-and that
-
-The New Scale will be found very advantageous to persons desiring to
-commence assuring early in life.
-
-The Non-participating Scale is particularly adapted to parties wishing to
-assure a fixed sum only, at a fixed rate of Premium, and on low terms.
-
-Premiums may be paid _Annually_, _Half-yearly_, or by a _limited number
-of Annual Payments_.  The last-named mode of Assurance originated with
-this Office in 1816.
-
-                             FIRE DEPARTMENT.
-
-Renewals should be paid within fifteen days after the respective
-Quarter-days when they become due.
-
-The Company undertakes the assurance of Property in the Manufacturing,
-Agricultural and other districts, on favourable terms.  Risks of
-extraordinary hazard on special agreement, upon survey.
-
-An Allowance for the Loss of Rent of Buildings rendered untenantable by
-Fire is one of the advantages offered by the Company.
-
-Tables of Rates, forms of proposal, and any information needful to effect
-Life or Fire Assurances, may be obtained on application to the Office,
-No. 92, Cheapside, London, or to any of the Company’s Agents.
-
-London, May, 1858.
-
-                                              HENRY DESBOROUGH, Secretary.
-
-                           AGENTS FOR CHESTER:
-               MR. HUGH ROBERTS, AND MR. THOMAS CATHERALL.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-WOOD’S
-SUFFOLK IRON WORKS, STOWMARKET,
-
-
-                           WILL EXHIBIT AT THE
-                       ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY’S
-
-                             CHESTER MEETING,
-
-            A SELECTION OF A FIRST CLASS CHARACTER, COMPRISING
-
-                        STOCK FEEDING IMPLEMENTS,
-                             BARN MACHINERY,
-                        FIELD AND ROAD IMPLEMENTS,
-
-                          WITH OTHER MACHINERY,
-
-                       AMONGST WHICH WILL BE FOUND
-
-                    Steam Engines, Thrashing Machines,
-                Grinding Mills, Crushing & Ribbling Mills,
-
-                    HARWOOD’S PATENT REAPING MACHINE,
-                   PHILLIPS’ IMPROVED NEW ROOT MINCERS,
-                      PALMER’S PATENT CHAFF CUTTERS,
-
-              PHILLIPS’ PATENT FERTILIZING LEVER HARROW AND
-                             WEED EXTIRPATOR,
-
-                              COMBINED WITH
-
-                       HOWARD’S PATENT HORSE RAKES,
-
-                                   THE
-              SALISBURY FIRST PRIZE ONE-HORSE SUFFOLK CARTS,
-
-                   WHEELS FOR WAGGONS, WAINS, &c., &c.,
-
-                   HORSE POWERS FOR DRIVING MACHINERY,
-
-                              &c., &c., &c.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-  Illustrated Handbooks, with Illustrations and Prices of which will be
-                                   sent
-                       post free, on application to
-
-                  WOOD’S SUFFOLK IRON WORKS, STOWMARKET.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-The Royal Agricultural Society’s Meeting at Chester,
-1858.
-
-
-                   FIRST CLASS AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-                           R. GARRETT AND SONS,
-                   LEISTON WORKS, SAXMUNDHAM, SUFFOLK,
-
-                                  AND AT
-                      40, MARK LANE CHAMBERS, E.C.,
-
-Respectfully solicit the continued patronage and support of the numerous
-body of Agriculturists, Shippers, Merchants, and others, whom they have
-had the honour of supplying with Agricultural Machines and Implements for
-the last thirty years.  With their extensively increased facilities for
-manufacturing, R. G. and Sons are now enabled to supply with dispatch,
-and at the lowest cost consistent with sound workmanship and thorough
-efficiency, combined with practical utility—Fixed and Portable Steam
-Engines, for Agricultural Purposes, Contractors’ work, &c., &c.; Combined
-Thrashing and Dressing Machines, for steam, water, and horse power;
-Drills of every description; Patent Manure Distributors, and Patent Horse
-Hoes; Chaff and Straw Cutters, for steam, horse, and hand power;
-Corn-Dressing and Winnowing Machines; Improved Reaping Machines; Hay
-Machines and Drag Rakes; Sawing Machinery, from four to twenty
-horse-power; Stone Grinding Mills and Flour-Dressing Machines; Tile,
-Pipe, and Brick Machines; Barn and Field Implements of the most approved
-construction, &c., &c., &c., full particulars of which will be found in
-
-                  R. G. and Sons’ Illustrated Catalogue.
-
-For the above Machines R. GARRETT and SONS have received 161 _Money
-Prizes_, 31 _Gold and Silver Medals_, besides the _Great Council Medals
-and Gold Medals of Honour of the Exhibition of all Nations_, _held in
-Hyde Park in_ 1851, _in Ireland in_ 1853, _in Paris in_ 1855, _and in
-Vienna in_ 1857.
-
-Complete sets of the most improved Farm Machinery are erected by GARRETT
-and SONS, adapted to the nature and size of the occupations, and with the
-arrangements best suited to the buildings.  Plans and estimates will be
-furnished, with reference, on application; also Catalogues, in either
-English, French, or German, sent postage free, on application as above.
-
-                       SALISBURY SHOW, JULY, 1857.
-
-The competition by R. G. and SONS, at this meeting, was confined to the
-class of Horse Hoes and Drills, and, after a most patient and searching
-trial, the FIRST PRIZE in Horse Hoes was again awarded to R. G. and SONS’
-well-known Implement, which has now been before the Public upwards of
-fourteen years, taking the FIRST PRIZE AT EVERY MEETING at which it has
-competed, distancing all competitors, and has earned for itself a
-reputation such as no other implement ever has done.  This result is the
-more important when it is borne in mind that no _further competition_
-will take place in _Horse Hoes until the year_ 1860.  No less than 64
-Horse Hoes were exhibited at Salisbury, all of which, by the awards, are
-pronounced more or less inferior to
-
-                       R. G. & SONS’ PRIZE MACHINE.
-
-The following statement shows the result of the competition—
-
-The Patent Horse Hoe                      FIRST PRIZE.
-(Making THIRTY-EIGHT FIRST PRIZES and TEN MEDALS awarded for
-this excellent Implement.)
-The Small Occupation Corn Drill           FIRST PRIZE.
-The Liquid Manure Distributor             FIRST PRIZE.
-The Corn, Seed, and Manure Drill          SECOND PRIZE.
-The Liquid, Seed, and Manure Drop Drill   FIRST PRIZE.
-The Corn and Seed Drill                   HIGHLY COMMENDED.
-The Seed and Manure Ridge Drill           SECOND PRIZE.
-
-And at the Waterford Meeting, August, 1857, R. G. and SONS received for
-their
-
-               IMPROVED EIGHT-HORSE POWER PORTABLE ENGINE,
-             AND FINISHING, THRASHING, AND DRESSING MACHINE,
-
-                          AND OTHER IMPLEMENTS,
-                THE PRIZE OF £30 FOR THE BEST COLLECTION,
-             AND A SPECIAL MEDAL FOR THE ENGINE AND MACHINE.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-N.B.—Early Orders are respectfully solicited, and will ensure prompt
-attention.  _Leiston Works_, _June_, 1858.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-VISITORS
-BEFORE YOU LEAVE CHESTER
-
-
-                     CALL AT No. 117, BRIDGE STREET,
-
-                AND SEE THAT ANCIENT RELIC OF THE ROMANS,
-
-                         THE BATH AND HYPOCAUST,
-
-                 PRONOUNCED BY ALL ANTIQUARIANS TO BE THE
-
-                      GREATEST CURIOSITY IN CHESTER.
-
-    “Near to the Feathers Hotel, in Bridge Street, are premises now
-    occupied as a CHINA SHOP, in which are the remains of the Roman
-    Hypocaust and Sweating Bath, the use of which appears to have been
-    very general among the Romans, and regarded by them as one of their
-    chief luxuries.  From the details which have been handed down to us
-    by ancient historians, respecting these curious erections, we learn
-    that they were not only constructed so as to secure the comfort and
-    convenience of the bathers to the fullest extent, but were often
-    built in the most magnificent style of architecture.  The one in
-    Bridge Street, which circumstances have happily spared, is in a
-    tolerably perfect state.”
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-FIRST CLASS AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY.
-R. HORNSBY AND SONS,
-SPITTLEGATE IRONWORKS, GRANTHAM, LINCOLNSHIRE,
-
-
-Invite the attention of Agricultural Shippers, Merchants, and Others, to
-their improved Agricultural Machinery, comprising—Patent Portable Steam
-Engines, Patent Combined Machines for Threshing and perfectly Dressing
-Corn for Market at one operation.  Improved Circular Saw Benches,
-Portable Corn Grinding Mills, Corn, Seed, and Manure Drills of all Kinds,
-Patent Corn Dressing Machines and Blowers, Chaff Cutters, Cake Breakers,
-Ploughs, &c. &c. &c., the pre-eminent excellence of which is fully
-attested by the numerous prizes which have been awarded to them in the
-United Kingdom, on the Continent of Europe, and in the Colonies,
-numbering in all about 200 money prizes of £1,400 value, and twenty-one
-Gold, Silver, and Bronze Medals, including the Great Council Medal of the
-Exhibition of the Industry of all Nations, London, 1851; the Grand Medal
-of Honour at the Universal Exposition, Paris, 1855; three Gold Medals of
-the Imperial Royal Agricultural Society of Austria, at Vienna, 1857; the
-Gold Medal of the Agricultural Society of Gers, at Condom, 1857; and the
-first prize of the Agricultural Society of Geelong, Australia.
-
-Illustrated Catalogues, with Prices of Engines and Thrashing Machines,
-greatly reduced for the present year, sent free, by post, on application
-to R. HORNSBY AND SONS, Spittlegate Iron Works, Grantham, Lincolnshire.
-
-FOR EXPORTATION—Engines, Machinery, and Implements specially adapted, may
-be had through all British Merchants and Shipping Agents.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-M. WILLIAMS,
-SILK, WOOLLEN, & COTTON DYER,
-CLEANER, GLAZER, AND HOT PRESSER,
-ST. WERBURGH STREET, CHESTER.
-
-
- Gentlemen’s Wearing Apparel Renovated.  Blankets and Carpets scoured on
-                                   the
-            shortest notice, and on the most reasonable terms.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-EDWARD PARIS,
-BAZAAR AND FANCY REPOSITORY,
-73, EASTGATE ROW, CHESTER.
-
-
-Visitors to Chester are respectfully invited to inspect the large and
-well assorted Stock of TOYS, GAMES, and FANCY GOODS, at the above
-Establishment, where, if they do not wish to purchase, they may pass an
-agreeable half hour.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-BLAKE,
-
-
-                             (LATE GIBBONS,)
-                CONFECTIONERY & GENERAL REFRESHMENT ROOMS,
-                              EASTGATE ROW,
-                                 CHESTER.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-               SOUPS, STEAKS, CHOPS, COFFEE, TEA, &c., &c.
-
-                  LEMONADE, SODA WATER, AND GINGER BEER.
-
-                           MELTON MOWBRAY PIES.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-                   GENTLEMEN’S CLOTHING ESTABLISHMENT,
-                      5, BRIDGE STREET ROW, CHESTER,
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-                                G. MARSH,
-                            TAILOR AND DRAPER.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-          MADE TO MEASURE, AN EXCELLENT SUIT OF BLACK FROM 55s.
-
-                           FUNERALS FURNISHED.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-W. A. BILLINGTON,
-CONFECTIONER & BRIDE-CAKE MAKER,
-45, WATERGATE ROW, CHESTER.
-
-
-        (Within two minutes’ walk of City Walls, Racecourse, &c.)
-
-         Parties Visiting Chester will find his Refreshment Rooms
-
-                               REPLETE WITH
-                  SOUPS, STEAKS, PIES, JELLIES, PASTRY,
-                               IN VARIETY.
-               TEA AND COFFEE, BURTON ALES, LONDON PORTER.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-A BEAUTIFUL ASSORTMENT OF
-WRITING DESKS, INKSTANDS, ETC.,
-
-
-                AND OTHER ARTICLES SUITABLE FOR PRESENTS,
-
-                    BEST RUSSIA LEATHER WRITING CASES,
-
-                   Despatch Boxes, and Tourists’ Cases,
-
-                                    AT
-                              HUGH ROBERTS’,
-                          EASTGATE ROW, CHESTER.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-                AGENT TO THE LONDON STEREOSCOPIC COMPANY.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-                               STEREOSCOPES
-                            FROM 3s. 6d, EACH.
-                 A LARGE NUMBER OF SLIDES ALWAYS ON HAND.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-W. W. BRITTAIN,
-Woollen Draper, Tailor, and Hatter,
-BRIDGE STREET ROW,
-CHESTER.
-
-
-                           FUNERALS FURNISHED.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-HARRISON,
-JOINER AND BUILDER,
-
-
-                      KING STREET, NORTHGATE STREET,
-                                 CHESTER.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-                      SEASONED AND PREPARED TIMBER,
-     Doors, Sashes, Architraves, Skirtings, Staircases, Shop Fronts,
-
-                             AND ALL KINDS OF
-
-                              JOINERS’ WORK,
-
-         OF FIRST-RATE QUALITY, EXECUTED ON THE SHORTEST NOTICE.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-CLAYTON, SHUTTLEWORTH, & CO.,
-STAMP END WORKS, LINCOLN,
-
-
-                                   AND
-
-                     78, LOMBARD STREET, LONDON, E.C.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-                     IMPROVED PORTABLE STEAM ENGINES.
-
-The large and increasing demand for CLAYTON, SHUTTLEWORTH, & CO.’S Steam
-Engines and Machinery, together with the numerous and flattering
-testimonials daily received, is a sufficient proof of the high estimation
-in which they are held, both in this and foreign countries, and renders
-it quite unnecessary to say much upon the subject in an Advertisement.
-_Already more than two thousand seven hundred have been manufactured_,
-upwards of five hundred of which, of various powers, were disposed of
-within the last twelve months.  Simplicity of construction, combined with
-correct principles, excellence of workmanship, and quality of materials,
-are the aim of CLAYTON, SHUTTLEWORTH, & CO., in all their manufactures.
-
-Full particulars, in Illustrated Catalogues, on application.
-
-                         [Picture: Steam Engine]
-
-
-
-CLAYTON, SHUTTLEWORTH, AND CO.’S COMBINED BOULTING, THRASHING, STRAW
-SHAKING, RIDDLING, AND WINNOWING MACHINE.
-
-
-                       [Picture: Winnowing machine]
-
-This Machine took the First Prize at the Royal Agricultural Society’s
-Meeting at Lewes, 1852; also at Lincoln, 1854; and at Carlisle, 1855, was
-awarded the Honorary Silver Medal, with a High Commendation, for the
-introduction of a Patent Apparatus for Separating the Corn and Delivering
-it in Sacks ready for Market.  This is an object often attempted, but
-never before effectually accomplished by a Portable Machine.  As a proof
-of the superiority of C., S., & Co.’s Combined Thrashing Machines over
-all others, they think the following extract, copied from the Judge’s
-Report of the Royal Agricultural Society’s Meeting, held at Lincoln,
-1854, is sufficient to establish their well-earned reputation:—
-
-    “Not long since the farmer was satisfied to thrash an increased
-    quantity of corn by the application of steam power to the old
-    thrashing box.  Soon he finds he must have his corn partially
-    dressed; but now he must have it finished, sacked, and weighed for
-    market.
-
-    “For these last improvements we are much indebted to Messrs. Clayton
-    and Shuttleworth; and here I must remark that they were rather in
-    advance of the Society, for they brought out their finishing Machine
-    at Lewes previously to a prize being offered.
-
-    “_Portable Thrashing Machines_, _not exceeding Eight Horse Power_,
-    _with Straw Shaker_, _Riddle_, _and Winnower_, _that will best
-    prepare for the finishing Dressing Machine—to be driven by Steam_.
-
-    “The Prize of £20 was awarded to Messrs. Clayton and Shuttleworth,
-    the performances of whose Machine were, on the whole, superior to any
-    other, and its construction inferior to none.”
-
-                           FIXED STREAM ENGINE.
-
-Of this work the Judges of the Lincoln Meeting report—“Too much can
-scarcely be said in its praise, for it was next to impossible for a
-machine to thrash and dress corn in a better manner.  There was neither
-tail corn amongst the best, nor best corn amongst the tail; and the
-latter was again separated into marketable, chicken corn, whites, seeds,
-&c., each delivered into sacks from separate spouts.”
-
-       [Picture: Six-horse Power Horizontal Cylinder Steam Engine]
-
-The above Engraving represents a Six-horse Power Horizontal Cylinder
-Steam Engine, erected complete upon metal foundation plate, which
-arrangement renders it easy of removal—an important point to a Tenant
-Farmer.  The principle of this Engine is direct action, which simplifies
-the whole arrangement, inasmuch as the working parts are fewer in number,
-more compact, and less likely to get out of repair.  Being secured upon
-one bedplate renders it unnecessary to have any bearings or fastenings in
-the partition or adjoining walls of the building in which it is inclosed.
-
-It is supplied with Cylindrical Cornish Boiler of ample size and
-strength, the whole being made of the very best material, fitted and
-finished in a style equal to any house in the trade.
-
-N.B.—As different situations, in almost every case, involve special
-arrangements, C. S., & Co. will be happy to furnish Plans and
-Specifications where fixed machinery is required.
-
-                         PORTABLE GRINDING MILL.
-
-                         [Picture: Grinding Mill]
-
-                       CLAYTON, SHUTTLEWORTH, & CO.
-
-Call attention to their GRINDING MILL, which has taken the Prize year
-after year; also, Sawing Machinery, Irrigating Machinery, to be driven by
-their Portable Engines, &c., &c., particulars of which, in an Illustrated
-Catalogue, will be forwarded free, on application to the
-
-                         STAMP END WORK, LINCOLN.
-
-                                    OR
-                     78, LOMBARD STREET, LONDON, E.C.
-
-               Royal Agricultural Society, Chester Meeting.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-JOHN WARNER, AND SONS,
-Hydraulic Engineers, and Bell and Brass Founders to Her Majesty,
-
-
-                    8, CRESCENT, CRIPPLE GATE, LONDON;
-    And at the Royal Agricultural Society’s Show at Chester, where the
-                            following and many
-                other articles may be seen at their stand.
-
-                     [Picture: Patent Cast Iron Pump]
-
-Patent Cast Iron PUMP, fitted with J. W. & Sons’ Patent Bucket and
-Sucker, which cannot clog in action, for Farms, Cottages, Manure Tanks,
-and Wells not exceeding 28 feet.
-
-      Dia.            Height.           £      s.
-2½ in. short      1 ft. 7 in.           1      10
-2½ in. long       3 ,, 3 ,,             1      14
-3 ,,              3 ,, 6 ,,             2       8
-3½ ,,             3 ,, 6 ,,             2      12
-4 ,,              3 ,, 6 ,,             3       3
-2½ in. short, with 15 ft. of Lead       2      14
-Pipe attached, ready for fixing
-2½ in. long       do., do.              2      18
-
-               [Picture: Patent Brass lift and force pump]
-
-Patent Brass LIFT and FORCE PUMP, on Plank, for House purposes, supply of
-Cisterns, &c.
-
-Dia.                                                         £      s.
-2½ inch                                                      6       0
-3                                                            7       5
-3½                                                           8       0
-A lighter Pump, of 3 inches diameter, can be supplied,       5      15
-if required, at
-
-                      [Picture: Liquid manure pump]
-
-IMPROVED LIQUID MANURE, OR GENERAL PORTABLE PUMP.
-
-These Pumps are fitted with J. W. & Sons’ Patent Bucket and Sucker, and
-cannot clog in action.  The Barrel is of Galvanized Iron, not likely to
-corrode, and can be raised or lowered at pleasure.  The Legs will fold
-together, and the whole may be carried on the shoulder to any pond or
-tank required.
-
-                 Larger sizes of the above, if required.
-
-   Price of 4½ in. Liquid Manure Pump, with legs, £3 3s.; 1¾ in. Gutta
-                           Percha Suction Pipe,
-1s. 11d. per foot; 2 in. Flexible Rubber and Canvas Suction Pipe, 3s. per
-                                  foot.
-       The Barrel is 27½ inches long, and the legs are 5 feet high.
-
-                        [Picture: Brass syringe?]
-
-                     BRASS SYRINGES, from 9s. to 18s.
-
-                     CONSERVATORY PUMP, No. 32, with
-                  Warner’s Registered Spreader, 27s. 6d.
-
-                   [Picture: Spreader? and sheep bells]
-
-Warner’s Cattle and Sheep Bells, in Sets of 6, with straps, per set, 13s.
-
-Musical Sheep Bells, with straps, in sets of 6, 19s.; ditto, in sets of
-8, 25s.; ditto, in sets of 12, 38s.
-
-The great 16-ton Bell, for the Houses of Parliament, was made by J.
-Warner and Sons, 1856, under their Patent.
-
-Patent Church, Turret, and Alarm Bells, of all sizes, at per pound.  Old
-Church Bells Recast, or taken in exchange.
-
-Galvanized Iron Tub GARDEN ENGINE, with Warner’s Registered Spreader, is
-strongly recommended for durability and low price, viz., £219s., to hold
-10 gallons.  Larger sizes can be had, in either wood or iron.  Also
-Warner’s Swing Water-Barrow, to hold 40 gallons, £3 3s.
-
-May be obtained of any Ironmonger or Plumber, in town or country; or of
-the Patentees and Manufacturers (as above).
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-LISTON’S LIVER PILLS,
-
-  PREPARED    [Picture: Royal coat of arms]     ONLY BY
-
-                              PLATT AND SON;
-                         CHEMISTS TO HER MAJESTY,
-                              EASTGATE ROW.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-W. FARISH’S
-Commercial Temperance Hotel,
-
-
-                           No, 6, BROOK STREET,
-                     LATE OF EGERTON STREET, CHESTER,
-
-Is conveniently situated for business, in the leading thoroughfare to the
-City, within five minutes’ walk of the Railway Station and Post Office,
-and is fitted with a view to the comfort of Commercial Gentlemen,
-Visitors, &c.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-                _Omnibuses pass to and from every Train_.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-J. E. EWEN,
-
-
-                             HOSIER, GLOVER,
-                                   AND
-                           SHIRT MANUFACTURER,
-
-                      8, BRIDGE STREET ROW, CHESTER.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-T. WILCOCK & SON,
-FAMILY GROCERS, TEA DEALERS,
-
-
-                                   AND
-                          ITALIAN WAREHOUSEMEN,
-                        67, EASTGATE ROW, CHESTER.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-MESSRS. LOWNDES AND SMITH
-
-
-                      [Picture: Royal coat of arms]
-
-Beg to inform the Farmers, Gentry, and inhabitants of Cheshire, that they
-have been appointed sole Agents for the undermentioned Collieries, &c:—
-
-                INCE HALL COAL AND CANNEL COMPANY, WIGAN;
-
-       Messrs. HAWORTH & THOMPSON, Trydelger Lodge, near Mold; and
-
-                     MR. THOMAS TICKERS, MANCHESTER,
-           For the Sale of his celebrated Manure, known as the
-                   BRITISH FERTILIZER; SUPERPHOSPHATE,
-                            AND BOILED BONES.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-    N.B.—HENRI and CO.’s Patent Horse and Cattle Feed always on hand.
-
-_Office_, _No._ 5, _Railway Coal Station_, _Chester_.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-BONES & GUANO
-
-
-      [Picture: Graphic of Bones & Guano banner with man ploughing]
-
-                      LIEBIG STEAM POWER BONE MILLS.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-                       Ground Bones, various sizes.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-                     DISSOLVED BONES, WARRANTED PURE.
-
-                                 APPLY TO
-                             ARNOTT BROTHERS,
-                                LIVERPOOL.
-
-                   AGENTS FOR “GRAY’S” SCOTTISH PLOUGHS
-                             AND IMPLEMENTS;
-              HORNSBY’S NORFOLK FARM MACHINES, ENGINES, &c.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-WILLIAM BOX,
-Gas Fitter, Brass Finisher, Brazier,
-
-
-                             AND BELL HANGER,
-
-                BROOK STREET, NEAR FRODSHAM STREET BRIDGE,
-                                 CHESTER.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-       Chandeliers, and every description of Gas Fittings supplied,
-               and neatly repaired on the shortest notice.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-                         BRONZING AND LACQUERING
-                DONE ON THE PREMISES ON REASONABLE TERMS.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-              REPAIRS EXECUTED IN ALL THE VARIOUS BRANCHES.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-Bride Cake Manufacturer
-
-        BY          [Picture: Royal coat of arms]          TO
-   APPOINTMENT                                         THE QUEEN.
-
-                             RICHARD BOLLAND,
-                              CONFECTIONER,
-                          EASTGATE ROW, CHESTER,
-
-                   _Successor to the late Mrs. Thomas_.
-
-           (NO OTHER PERSON HAVING THE PURCHASE AND USE OF HER
-             RECEIPTS FOR THE MANUFACTURING OF BRIDE CAKES.)
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-                            Wedding Breakfasts
-                       FURNISHED IN WHOLE OR PART.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-                        PIC-NIC PARTIES SUPPLIED.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-                  _FRENCH AND ORNAMENTAL CONFECTIONERY_.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-  Parties visiting Chester will find his Refreshment Rooms replete with
-            Soups, Pies, Jellies, Ices, and Pastry in variety.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-J. KEARTLAND,
-
-
-                     WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TEA DEALER,
-                     FAMILY GROCER, AND HOP MERCHANT,
-                        140, UPPER BRIDGE STREET,
-                                 CHESTER.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-MESSRS. WILDIG & WILLIAMS,
-
-
-            PLUMBERS, GLAZIERS, BRASSFOUNDERS, AND GASFITTERS,
-
-                         CUPPIN STREET, CHESTER.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-JOHN HITCHEN,
-SURVEYOR, BUILDER, AND CONTRACTOR,
-
-
-                               EATON ROAD,
-
-                                 CHESTER.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-THOMAS DAVIES,
-DRAPER, SILK MERCER, ETC.,
-
-
-                              LONDON HOUSE,
-                  BRIDGE STREET, AND BRIDGE STREET ROW,
-                       (OPPOSITE GROSVENOR STREET,)
-                                 CHESTER.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-JOHN & THOMAS HIGGINS,
-WOOLLEN DRAPERS AND HATTERS,
-
-
-                     14, BRIDGE STREET ROW, CHESTER.
-
-                           FUNERALS FURNISHED.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-THOMAS GIBBS & CO.,
-
-
-                                   THE
-                                 SEEDSMEN
-
-                                  TO THE
-                  Royal Agricultural Society of England,
-
-                                CORNER OF
-                      HALF-MOON STREET, PICCADILLY,
-                                 LONDON,
-
-Beg to announce that they supply Mixtures of Grass Seeds for permanent
-Pastures and Meadows, Parks or Field Lawns, Cemeteries, Garden Lawns, and
-Grass Plots, &c., &c.
-
-                 AGRICULTURAL SEEDS OF ALL DESCRIPTIONS.
-                      KITCHEN GARDEN & FLOWER SEEDS,
-              in assorted Packets, or separately, to order.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-            Shipping Orders carefully executed to any extent.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-Priced Lists forwarded on application to
-
-                           THOMAS GIBBS & CO.,
-
-                                   Corner of HALF-MOON STREET, PICCADILLY,
-                                                                LONDON, W.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-HUGH ROBERTS’
-General Circulating Library and News-Room,
-EASTGATE ROW, CHESTER.
-
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-                          TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION.
-
-Allowed at one        Year.                      Half-year.                 Quarter.                   Month.
-time.
-                          £        s.        d.      £        s.        d.      £        s.        d.      £        s.        d.
-One Set of Books          1         1         0      0        13         0      0         8         0      0         3         6
-Two Ditto                 1         8         0      0        17         0      0        10         6      0         4         6
-Three Ditto               1        18         0      1         5         0      0        16         0      0         6         6
-Four Ditto                2         2         0      1         7         0      0        17         0      0         7         6
-
-         A Magazine or Review is allowed with each of the above.
-
-Reading Societies, Book Clubs, or Families residing in the same vicinity,
-are supplied at the rate of £5 per Twenty Volumes, with liberty to
-exchange them at pleasure.
-
-Single Subscription to the Library and News-Room, One Guinea per Annum,
-payable in advance.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND.
-CHESTER MEETING, 1858.
-
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-                             SMITH AND ASHBY,
-                  Agricultural Implement Manufacturers,
-                         STAMFORD, LINCOLNSHIRE,
-
-Beg to direct attention to their celebrated HAYMAKING MACHINES, Patent
-Steel Tooth HORSE RAKES, Patent Wheel HAND RAKES, New Patent Improved
-CHAFF-CUTTING MACHINES, Oil Cake Mills, and Horse Works, They also invite
-special notice of their New TWO-AND-A-HALF HORSE PORTABLE STEAM ENGINE,
-for agricultural and general use, with compact Thrashing Machine,
-Grinding Mill Chaff Cutter, Root Pulper, Cake Mill, Corn Crusher, and
-Circular Saw Bench to attach to ditto.  Now exhibiting at their stand,
-No. 27, in the Show-yard.
-
-           [Picture: Smith & Ashby’s original patent haymaker]
-
-This is the Machine that took the £5 prize against Mr. Nicholson’s
-Haymaker, at the GREAT WATERFORD TRIAL, last August (1857), immediately
-after the Salisbury Show.  The above trial was conducted under the
-direction of the same Judge who was engaged at the Royal Society’s Trials
-at Salisbury.  The circumstance proves that Smith and Ashby’s Machine is
-the best Haymaker in use.  This celebrated Machine has taken Thirty-one
-First-class Prizes, and has stood the test of twelve years.
-
-N.B.—S. & A. are now constructing all their Haymakers on their original
-patent principle, and exactly like the one that took the Prize at
-Waterford; and they warrant every Machine they send out.  Price £15 15s.
-
-☞ Smith & Ashby’s Haymaker has just taken the Prize of the Royal Bath and
-West of England Society, at Cardiff.
-
-
-
-SMITH & ASHBY’S PATENT HORSE RAKE
-FOR HAY, CORN, COUCH GRASS, STUBBLE, &c.
-
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-SALISBURY REPORT, 1857.—Messrs. SMITH AND ASHBY’S Horse Rake, with Patent
-Steel Teeth, was next tried.  It is the old original Stamford Rake
-improved.  It is light, but works remarkably well.  The teeth are made of
-steel.  It drew up heavy grass better than any other, and it clean-raked
-admirably; it is also adapted for twitch or scutch grass.  A prize was
-awarded.—_See Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England_,
-1857.
-
-This Rake has taken the First Prize of the Royal Society of Ireland two
-years in succession—at Athlone, 1856, and at Carlow, 1855—against all the
-best rakes in the kingdom; it has also received the Certificate of Honour
-from the London, the Dublin, and the Paris Agricultural Exhibitions, and
-above Twenty Prizes from various other Societies.  Price £7 10s.  If with
-Steel Teeth, £8.
-
-                 Smith & Ashby’s New Two-and-a-half Horse
-                          PORTABLE STEAM ENGINE,
-
-which for power and cheapness surpasses everything of the kind yet
-brought out.  It is adapted for the purpose of driving Chaff Cutters,
-Corn Crushers, Grinding Mills, Oil-cake Breakers, Thrashing Machines,
-Root Pulpers, Circular Saws, Pumps, &c., &c.  Price £65.
-
-                 [Picture: Smith & Ashby’s Steam Engine]
-
-                        SPECIMEN OF TESTIMONIALS.
-
-                        “_Westwood_, _Bradford_, _Wilts_, _Jan._ 31, 1858.
-
-    “GENTLEMEN,—Having now worked your little Engine for the last month,
-    and having found it quite capable of doing more than I expected, I
-    write to inform you that I am perfectly satisfied with it.  I have
-    attached it to my Thrashing Machine, and find that by working up to
-    35 lb. to 40 lb. pressure, it performs its work in first-rate style.
-    I have fitted a pulley of 6½ inches diameter on the drum spindle, and
-    can thrash three sacks an hour of wheat or barley with ease.  JOHN
-    SPACKMAN.”
-
-                  SMITH & ASHBY’S PATENT CHAFF CUTTERS,
-
-Universally acknowledged to be the most simple, and at the same time they
-are well known to be amongst the most efficient and most noted Chaff
-Cutters in the world.  They are fitted with S. & A.’s new Patent Presser
-for preventing breakage when over fed, and also with their Patent Safety
-Apparatus for preventing accidents to the men employed to feed them.
-
-For Prices and Testimonials, see S. & A.’s Catalogue, to be had, post
-free, on application to RUTLAND TERRACE IRON WORKS, STAMFORD,
-LINCOLNSHIRE.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-TO TOURISTS & TRAVELLERS,
-
-
-Visitors to the Sea Coast, and to those who enjoy the Fashionable
-Promenade, the Ride and Drive; in all cases Fervid Heat, and its
-concomitant Dust, materially injure the Skin, producing Sunburn, Tan,
-Freckles, and Discolorations of an almost indelible character.  To
-obviate and eradicate these baneful results, recourse may with confidence
-be had to
-
-                            ROWLANDS’ KALYDOR,
-
-an Oriental and Botanical Preparation.  Whether resorted to in its
-specific character as a thorough purifier of existing defects of an
-eruptive nature, and discolorations of the skin, or as a benign Preserver
-and Promoter of its already bright and glowing tints this,
-
-                         ELEGANT TOILET REQUISITE
-
-     has, in every instance, maintained its claim to the title of the
-                  “UNFAILING AUXILIARY OF FEMALE GRACE.”
-
-During SUMMER and AUTUMN, which are peculiarly the seasons of Fashionable
-Movements, the invigorating and refreshing properties of ROWLANDS’
-KALYDOR will be found singularly agreeable to
-
-                            LADIES TRAVELLING.
-
-The effects produced by temporary exposure to solar heat, upon the Face,
-Neck, Arms, and Hands being neutralized, and the cloud induced by
-relaxation and languor dispelled by its power of sustaining a perfect
-elasticity of the skin; without which certain deterioration takes place;
-thus in the usual periodical visits made to the coast, Rowlands’ Kalydor
-is indispensable as a preservative of the skin after
-
-                               SEA BATHING,
-
-from the irritation caused by the chemical action of the saline vapour.
-
-      CAUTION:—The words “ROWLANDS’ KALYDOR” are on the Wrapper, and
-  “A. ROWLAND & SONS” in red ink at foot.  Price 4s. 6d. and 8s. 6d. per
-                                 bottle.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
- The heat of Summer frequently communicates a dryness to the hair, and a
-   tendency to fall off, which may be completely obviated by the use of
-
-                         ROWLANDS’ MACASSAR OIL,
-
-      A delightfully fragrant and transparent preparation, and as an
-        invigorator and purifier of the Hair beyond all precedent.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-Nor at this season of the year can we be too careful to preserve the
-Teeth from the deleterious effects of Vegetable Acids (the immediate
-cause of Tooth-ache) by a systematic employment, night and morning, of
-
-                            ROWLANDS’ ODONTO.
-                          OR, PEARL DENTIFRICE,
-
-a White Powder, compounded of the rarest and most fragrant exotics.  It
-bestows on the Teeth a Pearl-like Whiteness, frees them from the Tartar,
-and imparts to the Gums a healthy firmness, and to the Breath a grateful
-sweetness and purity.  Price 2s. 9d. per box.
-
-          Sold by A. ROWLAND & SONS, 20, Hatton Garden, London,
-                      and by Chemists and Perfumers.
-
-                   *** BEWARE OF SPURIOUS IMITATIONS!!!
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-
-
-Royal Insurance Company
-CAPITAL £2,000,000 IN 100,000 SHARES OF £20 EACH.
-
-
-     [Picture: Royal Insurance Buildings, North John St. & Dale St.,
-                                Liverpool]
-
-                                 TRUSTEES
-
-         JOHN SHAW LEIGH, Esq., . . . and . . . JOHN NAYLOR, Esq.
-
-                          DIRECTORS IN LIVERPOOL
-
-                   Chairman . . . CHARLES TURNER, Esq.
-
-  Deputy Chairmen . . . RALPH BROCKLEBANK, Esq. & EDWARD JOHNSTON, Esq.
-
-T. D. ANDERSON, ESQ.    THOMAS DOVER, ESQ.      JAMES LAWRENCE, ESQ.
-MICHAEL BELCHER, ESQ.   JAMES HOLME, ESQ.       ROBERT M‘ANDREW, ESQ.
-GEORGE BOOKER, ESQ.     THOMAS D. HORNBY,       W. J. MARROW, ESQ.
-THOMAS BOUCH, ESQ.      ESQ.                    FRANCIS MAXWELL, ESQ.
-MICHAEL BOUSFIELD,      GEO. H. HORSFALL,       WILLIAM SMITH, ESQ.
-ESQ.                    ESQ.                    JOHN TORR ESQ.
-DAVID CANNON ESQ.       RICHARD HOUGHTON,
-                        ESQ.
-                        ROGER LYON JONES,
-                        ESQ.
-
-                           London Establishment
-
-       No. 29,             [Picture: London           CORNER OF
-                            Establishment
-   LOMBARD STREET,            building]            CLEMENT’S LANE.
-
-                           DIRECTORS IN LONDON
-
- Chairman . . . SAMUEL BAKER, Esq. | Secretary . . . J. B. JOHNSTON, Esq.
-
-ROBERT B. BYASS, ESQ.   THOMAS LANCASTER,       DANIEL H. RUCKER,
-RICHARD C. COLES,       ESQ.                    ESQ.
-ESQ.                    EDWARD MACMURDO, ESQ.   WM. WAINWRIGHT, ESQ.
-HENRY KENDALL, ESQ.     HENRY M‘CHLERY, ESQ.    J. WESTMORLAND, ESQ.
-
-                    THE FOLLOWING FIGURES EXHIBIT THE
-           RAPID GROWTH & INCREASING RESOURCES OF THE COMPANY.
-
-Fire Premiums   1848           £31,346  Fire                £151,733
-                                        Premiums—1856
-                1850            44,027  Whilst last          175 000
-                                        year, 1857,
-                                        they were
-                1852            76,925  Total                260,000
-                                        Revenue,
-                                        1857, all
-                                        sources
-                1854           128,459  Increase on           40,000
-                                        ONE YEAR
-                                        alone
-
-            Funds in hand, to meet any Claims, over £600,000.
-
-                                                            PERCY M. DOVE,
-                                                      Actuary and Manager.
-
-
-
-THE ROYAL INSURANCE COMPANY.
-
-
-                                   LIFE
-
-  Large Bonus Declared—£2 per Cent. per Annum on the Sum Assure, on all
-                Policies of Two Years standing or upwards.
-
-EXAMPLE—Policy,          £1000  dated 1845.
-                           180  Bonus 1864.
-                         £1180  Sum now Insured, subject to Future
-                                Increase.
-
-                  DIVISION OF PROFITS EVERY FIVE YEARS.
-
-LOANS ON LIFE POLICIES, with undoubted Personal Security, may, under
-certain circumstances, be granted.
-
-DAYS OF GRACE allowed with the most liberal interpretation.  (See late
-Advertisements).
-
-ANNUITIES granted on favourable terms, and every reasonable facility
-given.
-
-                       PROGRESS OF THE LIFE BRANCH
-
-“New Policies for the Year ending
-
-                     POLICIES ISSUED.   SUM ASSURED.   PREMIUM
-JUNE,      1855                    396       £166,864        £4,867
-   ,,      1856                    654        288,321         8,370
-   ,,      1867                    756        391,158        11,894
-
-    “Thus the New Assurers for the Year ending June, 1857, are 160 per
-    Cent. above those for the Year ending June, 1855.”
-
-                    STATEMENTS OF THE “LONDON TIMES.”
-
-The City Article of the “London Times” of the 24th July, 1156, states
-that the transactions of the Royal Insurance Company “appear to have been
-of a perfectly satisfactory character.”  It includes the following
-statements confirmatory of that opinion:—
-
-                                PREMIUMS.
-
-The Premiums of Nine Offices enumerated, are stated to        £824,924
-be
-Of which The Royal alone amount to                             371,957
-being 82 per Cent. of the accumulated Premiums of the remaining Eight
-Companies.
-
-                               EXPENDITURE.
-
-_The Times’_ Article exhibits the Expenditure likewise of the “ROYAL” in
-most favourable contrast to that of others.  The statement of “The Times”
-has elicited the following remarks from a contemporary:—Here again, the
-Royal Insurance Company occupies a position of honourable pre-eminence;
-for while its expense of management, spread over a period of three years,
-has been less than 20 per Cent., those of five other offices, extending
-over an equal time—for we omit those which have been established within
-three years, or we might make a much stronger case—have varied from 22
-to74 per Cent., and in one case have been as high as 111 per Cent. on the
-receipts.
-
-                                RESOURCES.
-
-In like manner, the entire Funds in hand of thirteen offices are quoted,
-in “The Times,” at £1,238,688, including the Royal, which alone is
-£372,394, and which is, therefore, equal to 43 per Cent. of the
-accumulated funds of the remaining twelve offices, viz. for the Year
-1855.  Since increased to £600,000.
-
-                 EXTRACTS FROM REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1856.
-                             FIRE DEPARTMENT.
-
-    “In directing the attention of the Proprietors to the continued and
-    continuing increase of the Fire Department, the Directors on this
-    occasion prefer to cite the proofs afforded by public Official
-    Documents rather than to offer anticipations founded solely on their
-    own investigations.
-
-    “They are now enabled to exhibit the advance in the British Fire
-    Business of the Company, on the indisputable evidence of the
-    “Parliamentary Return of Duty paid to Government” in the year 1856,
-    recently ordered to be printed by the House of Commons.
-
-    “The Statistics of that Return establish the fact, than which none
-    can be conceived more fitted to prove that No Insurance Company,
-    ancient or modern, is advancing more speedily than the Royal
-    Insurance Company in the confidence of the British People.
-
-              THE ROYAL INSURANCE COMPANY’S LIST OF AGENTS.
-                            ENGLAND AND WALES.
-
-  The Directors are willing to appoint Agents of undoubted position and
-      respectability in every Town where not at present represented.
-                 Those Marked thus * are Fire Agents only
-
-AGENCIES.                    AGENTS.
-Abergavenny                  Mr. Jas. Jones
-Abingdon                     G. Davis
-  Do.                        Cousins *
-Accrington                   M. Wilson
-Acton                        G. Wiltshire
-Alcester                     H. Harrison
-Alford                       J. C. S. Milns *
-Alton                        H. Gripper
-Alnmondbury                  E. Dyson
-Alnmouth                     A. Robson
-Amersham                     F. Charsley
-Armley                       R. Hoyle
-Ash (Sandwich)               W. Stiff *
-Ashborne                     J. Smith
-Ashford                      Perkins & Pope
-  Do.                        Mr. T. J. Morris
-Assington                    C. Green
-Ashton-u-Lyne                S. Vernon
-Aston                        John Parry
-Atherstone                   J. G. Arnold
-Atherton                     Warburton
-Attercliffe                  B. Johnson *
-Audlem                       T. Mousley
-Aylesbury                    Muddiman
-  Do.                        Stedman
-Banbury                      J. B. Lythall
-Barrow                       Walton & Mawson
-Barnet                       Mr. S. Harris
-Barnsley                     J. Smith
-Barnstaple                   S. W. M. W. Guppy
-Batley                       Mr. Scholefield
-Bath                         T. Weston
-Bath                         J. M. Ostler *
-Bayswater                    Richardson
-Bebington                    J. Colbeck
-Beccles                      A. G. Love
-Bedford                      G. H. Miller & Son
-Bedale                       Mr. E. Fouler
-Bermondsey                   H. Austin
-Beverley                     J. M. Robinson
-Bicester                     E. Heritage
-Bideford                     T. Norman
-Biggleswade                  J. F. Hunt
-Billericay                   John Smith
-Bilston                      J. S. Lister
-Birstall                     R. Rayner
-Birmingham                   E. C. Browne, Mid. Dist. Agent
-  Do.                        Mr. John Leah
-  Do.                        J. C. Abbott & Co.
-Blackheath                   Mr. A. J. Martin
-Blackburn                    Kaney & Edge
-  Do.                        R. Townley
-Bolton-le-Moors              E. S. Kearsley
-Boroughbridge                J. Broadbent
-Boston                       W. Roberts
-Bottesford                   C. H. Gordon *
-Bournemouth                  M‘William *
-Bradford                     J. R. Silcock
-  Do.                        J. Garbutt
-Braintree                    W. H. Simons
-Brentwood                    R. Wilks
-Brightlingsea                W. D. Minter
-Brighton                     J. Rogers
-Brighton                     C. Cobby
-  Do.                        S. Saunders
-  Do.                        G. Smith
-Bridgend                     J. Griffiths
-Bridgewater                  P. O. H. Reed
-Bristol                      J. Burbidge, Wes. Dis. Agent
-  Do.                        Taylor & Co.
-  Do.                        M. Alman
-  Do.                        W. Griffin *
-Bromsgrove                   W. Weaver
-Bromyard                     Thos. Nott
-Bures St. Mary               J. Dupont
-Burdensball                  G. Young *
-Burnley                      R. Law
-  Do.                        J. Roberts
-Burton-on-Trent              F. J. Parsons
-Bury                         W. Leeming
-B. St. Edmunds               Ridley, jun.
-B. Wearmouth                 Robinson
-Caermarthon                  H. Smith & Co.
-Camberwell                   Mr. S. Swan
-Cambridge                    J. Adams
-  Do.                        Wetenhall
-  Do.                        A. Shippey *
-Carlisle                     Mr. Carruthers
-Cardiff                      J. Gordon
-Cardigan                     W. G. George
-Castletown                   W. Brown
-Charlton                     J. N. Allen
-Chatham                      H. Ralph
-Chelmsford                   W. H. Bennett
-  Do.                        A. Darby
-Cheltenham                   J. Acock
-Chester                      Messrs. Minshull and Hughes
-  Do.                        Mr. T. Fluitt
-Chichester                   J. B Lipscomb
-Chipping Ongar               J. Drake
-Chorley                      Houghton
-Chorlton-upon-Medlock        Wm. Moore
-Church                       M. Cooper
-Clapham                      F. Temple
-Clerkenwell                  Hasleham
-Clitheroe                    J. Eastham
-Clun                         J. Hamar
-Cockermouth                  T. F Taylor
-Coggeshall                   A. Wheeler
-Colchester                   R. Hayward
-  Do.                        J. W. Jackson
-Colebrookdale                J. Bratton
-Collumpton                   J. Foster
-Colne                        R. Watson
-Colne Engaine                J. Appleby
-Copford                      H. Bowles
-Cosham                       T. B. Baker
-Cowes                        O. Wheeler
-Coventry                     J. Porter
-  Do.                        Jos. Clarke
-Crawley                      H. Simmons
-Crediton                     J. Corkram
-Crewkerne                    J. E. Stansfield
-Cricklade                    J. Newman
-Croydon                      G. F. Dymond
-Dawlish                      H. Jeffreys
-Deal                         M. B. Sutton *
-  Do.                        E. Drew
-Dedham                       W. J. Page
-Denbigh                      E. Davies
-Derby                        W. Allen
-  Do.                        B. Holmes
-Dewsbury                     E. Taylor
-  Do.                        J. Terry
-Devonport                    Sam. Trend
-  Do.                        J. A. Boolds
-Dolgelly                     R. Williams
-Doncaster                    C. Fisher
-Douglas                      H. B. Watts
-  Do.                        J. & W. Cowin
-Dover                        Alex. Penny *
-Dover                        Thos. Fox
-Driffield                    W. Jarratt
-Dudley                       J. Castree
-Dufton                       J. Anderson
-Durham                       T. Jones
-Dunstable                    H. Lockhart
-  Do.                        W. O. Elliott
-Ealing                       J. H. Dorcester
-Eccles                       J. W. Seed
-Eccleshall                   Butterton
-  Do.                        Greatrex *
-Edgworth                     J. Hoyle
-Edmonton                     G. Barker
-Egham                        Geo. Tice
-Elland                       G. Marshall
-Ellesmere                    T. Jenkins
-Epsom                        Langlands
-Erith                        Tuckwell
-Evesham                      R. Bult
-Exeter                       E. Force
-Falmouth                     A. L. Fox
-Farndon                      W. Ramsey
-Farrington                   A. S. Clayden
-Faversham                    Mr. Thos. Goff
-Filey                        E. W. Pritchard. M.D.
-Flint                        Mr. J. Haywood
-Folkestone                   Jas. Meikle
-  Do.                        J. Sherwood
-Frimley                      Wm. Kent
-Frodsham                     J. Lewis
-Frome                        R. A. Bedford
-Garthmill                    J. Melling
-Gisborough                   Thompson
-Gloucester                   T. Taynton
-Gloucester                   J. W. Wipgate
-Gosport                      W. F. Burrell
-Gravesend                    J. B. Cooper
-  Do.                        W. Smith *
-Great Marlow                 E. Segrave
-Great Malvern                James Nott
-  Do.                        J. H. Bennett
-Great Sanghall               H. Roberts
-Greenwich                    Cook
-Grimsby                      Bennington
-Gwennap                      A. Skewes
-Hackney                      W. Gray & Son
-Hadleigh                     W. Sewell
-Halesowen                    W. H. Merrick
-Halstead                     R. C. Hughes
-Halifax                      J. Gelson
-  Do.                        T. Sladdin *
-Hanley                       J. C. Daniel
-Hammersmith                  J. Cripps
-Harwick                      R. Elliss
-Harrowgate                   J. Wilson
-Hartlepool                   J. Groves
-Haslingden                   T. Woodcock
-Hastings                     J. Banks
-Haverford-West               B. Evenis
-Hayle                        W. Hosken
-Heckmondwike                 W. Sykes
-Heckmondwike                 Cardwell
-Helmsley                     T. Pape
-Helston                      W. Penrose
-Henley                       J. Lediard
-Hereford                     F. W. Hollings
-Hertford                     J. D. Medcalf
-Heybridge                    R. Sadler
-Hexham                       M. Taylor
-Highgate                     J. Chambers
-Highworth                    W. F. Jennings
-Hinckley                     Brocklehurst
-Hitchin                      T. Franklin
-Hoddesdon                    H. M. Sparham
-Holbeach                     J. R. Capp, jun.
-Honley                       Wilkinson
-Horsforth                    E. Battye
-Hoxton                       W. Simons
-Huddersfield                 G. H. Brook
-Hull                         R. Brown
-Hull                         G. W. Stourton
-Huntingdon                   T. M. Hunter
-Hythe                        D. Murphy
-Hyde                         G. & T. S. Pickford
-Ipswich                      Mr. Mason, jun.
-Jersey                       W. Huelin
-Keighley                     G. Spencer
-Kelvedon                     W. Crane
-Kendal                       W. Potter
-Kenilworth                   R. R. Hicks
-Kennington                   T. H. Wood *
-Kidderminster                T. Griffin
-Kildwick                     G. Holloway
-Kingsbridge                  Jas. Adams
-Kingston                     J. Boxall
-Kirby                        J. Hignell
-Kirkburton                   A. Hargreaves
-Knightsbridge                C. Rayment
-Knutsford                    W. Taylor
-Lancaster                    T. Y. Welch
-Landport                     W. H. Daw
-Lambeth                      J. B. Downing
-Leamington                   P. Locke
-Leeds                        J. Maude
-  Do.                        Wade
-  Do.                        Jos. Shaw *
-Leicester                    J. Wykes
-Leigh                        J. Aspinall
-Leigh’n Buzzard              T. Forth
-Leominster                   Meredith
-Lavenham                     H. Saffell
-Lewes                        J. Smith
-Lexden                       J. Crooks
-Leytonstone                  W. Arber
-Lichfield                    Underwood
-Lincoln                      Thos. Plant
-Liskeard                     J. Wenmoth
-Llangollen                   J. Clarke
-Long Melford                 W. Neep
-Longton                      John Green
-Loughborough                 W. Rowland
-Louth                        J. Colam *
-Lowestoft                    G. Thurlby
-Lowestoft                    T. Small
-Lutterworth                  C. H. Gates
-Lynn                         Wm. Linay
-The Lye                      Perry, jun.
-Macclesfield                 John May
-Madeley (Salop)              W. P. Bartley
-  Do. (Stafford.)            T. C. Barton
-Maidenhead                   F. Cooper
-Maidstone                    J. Kemp
-Malpas                       J. Keay
-Malton                       J. Gibson
-Manchester                   G. V. Ryder, Local Man.
-  Do.                        J. Wrigley
-Manchester                   J. Rusling
-  Do                         Messrs. Yates & Corkling
-  Do.                        Mr. S. R. Taylor
-Marden                       W. Taylor
-Markyate, St.                A. Rowley
-Market Harbro’               H. Dwyer
-Marsden                      Hesslegrave
-Maryport                     D. Bowes
-Melksham                     E. Eyres
-Melton Mowbray               T. N. Wing
-Messing                      H. Serjeant
-Middleton                    J. Graves
-Millwall                     H. Hooper
-Milwich                      J. Hudson
-Minsterly                    J. Davies
-Mintlaw                      J. Pirie
-Mirfield                     G. E. Kent
-Mistley                      G. Cant
-Mold                         R. Roberts
-Monmouth                     T. J. A. Williams
-Morice Town                  R. C. Bath
-Moss Side                    Francis Potter
-Mottram                      S. Oldham
-Much Woolton                 Nicholson
-Much Wenlock                 Geo. Burd
-Nayland                      W. Littlebury
-Neath                        J. Morgan
-Neston                       J. Woodward
-New Brentford                C. Combs
-Newbury                      R. A. Ryott
-Newcross                     G. A. Clymer
-Newcastle-on-T.              Stevenson, Vermehren & Scott
-Newton-le-Will.              W. Latham
-  Do.                        Williams
-Newtown                      W. Turner
-Newton-Abbot                 S. Mudge
-Newport                      H. Beynon
-Newport                      S. Pring
-Newton Heath                 G. C. Pott
-North Shields                W. Harrison
-Northwich                    G. Beckett
-Norwich                      A. Preston
-Norwich                      C. B. Daveney
-  Do.                        Mr. H. Ludlow *
-Nottinghill                  G. H. Clarke
-Nottingham                   M. J. Preston
-  Do.                        J. Kent
-Nuneaton                     J. Adams
-Oakhampton                   Newcombe
-Oldham                       J. Schofield
-Openshaw                     W. W. Bamford
-Ormskirk                     R. Wareing, Esq.
-Oswestry                     Geo. Owen
-Ottery St. Mary              John Baker
-Ovenden                      Hooson, jun.
-Over Darden                  W. A. Briggs
-Oxford                       Robert Stills *
-Padiham                      R. Nelson
-Patricroft                   T. Peters
-Peel                         J. Morrison
-Peckham                      C. S. Stevens
-Pendleton                    R. Woodall
-Penrith                      C. Fairer, Esq.
-Pentonville                  M. E. Wesley
-Penzance                     J. B. Read
-Pembroke Dock                Jas. McLean
-Pershore                     C. J. Pace
-Plumstead                    Williamson
-Plymouth                     J. Darve *
-  Do.                        T. G. Pearse
-  Do.                        J. W. Sparrow
-Poole                        J. R. Justician
-Ponty Pridd                  Wm. Davies
-Portsea                      Totterdill
-Portsmouth                   G. W. Vick
-Preston                      Wm. Gray
-Preston                      J. & R. S. Walker
-Queenshead                   Mr. G. Turner
-Radcliffe                    John Hamer
-Rainhill                     Robinson
-Ramsey                       D. Joughin
-Ramsgate                     G. Griggs
-Reading                      W. Brown
-  Do.                        Cooper & Goulding
-Reigate                      Mr. James Rees
-Rhyl                         W. Hughes
-Richmond                     M. H. Cooke
-Richmond                     H. Cockburn
-Rickmansworth                Taylor and Sons
-Ripon                        Mr. Nicholson
-Rochdale                     M. Weston
-Rochester                    F. Furrell
-Rotherham                    A. Fayram *
-Rowhedge                     John Martin
-Roydon                       Pamphilion
-Royston                      Fred. King *
-Ruabon                       Edw. Morris
-Rugby                        W. C. Tait
-Runcorn                      T. & W. Rigby
-Ruthin                       Mr. H. Jones
-Ryde                         W. Hansford
-Rye                          T. Stonham
-Saddleworth                  F. W. Roberts
-Sale Moor                    Wm. Gandy
-Salisbury                    G. Sutton
-  Do.                        Jas. Lucas
-Sandgate                     Wm. Hills
-Sandwich                     W. W. Woodruff
-Scarborough                  W. Robson
-Shacklewell                  J. Overall
-Sheffield                    T. Branson & Son
-Sheffield                    Mr. J. Boss *
-Shepton Mallet               J. H. Day
-Shrewsbury                   C. G. Taylor
-Shipston                     J. Fisher
-Skipton                      Stockdale
-Slough                       G. S. Emanuel
-Snaith                       J. Norwood
-Soham                        Joseph Floyd *
-Southam                      J. C. Reed
-Southampton                  A. H. Morant
-  Do.                        S. Broad
-  Do.                        F. Elliston *
-Southminster                 E. Winterton *
-Southwark                    W. & C. Pugh
-  Do.                        Rice Brothers
-South Lambeth                Mr. G. F. Jewell
-Southsea                     T. & J. Hellis
-South Shields                P. Thompson
-Sowerby                      Eli Crossley
-Staines                      R. Morford
-Staly Bridge                 H. Heap
-Stamford                     F. H. Jones
-St. Austell                  J. Geldard
-St. Albans                   Geo. Allan
-St. Helen’s                  J. B. Barrow
-St. Ives (Cornw.)            G. Hamlyn
-St. Ives (Hunts)             F. W. Thorp
-St. Neott’s                  F. Topham
-Stockport                    John Nield
-  Do.                        T. Deane, jun. & Brothers
-Stokeby Nayland              Mr. F. Tippill
-Stoke-on-Trent               W. Bailey
-Stoke-on-Trent               J. Rowland
-Stonehouse                   W. Wey
-Stratford                    J. Pilkington
-Stratford on Av.             J. W. Baylis
-Stroud                       E. C. Little
-Stratton                     W. Scown
-Stretford                    J. Dewhurst
-Sudbury                      R. Squire
-Sunderland                   G. Shield
-  Do.                        D. Davidson *
-  Do.                        W. Watson
-  Do.                        E. G. Joel
-Swansea                      Wm. Sims
-Swindon                      H. Reeves
-Tadcaster                    B. B. Thompson
-Tarporley                    Wm. Aston
-Taunton                      C. M. Hinder
-Tavistock                    J. Coleman Wills
-Teignmouth                   T. Bining
-Tendring                     H. Mash
-Tewkesbury                   J. Packer
-Thetford                     C. Smart
-Thirsk                       J. Woodward
-Thornsett                    J. M. Mosley
-Tipton                       E. S. Creswell
-Tiverton                     W. Vercoe *
-Torquay                      Narracott, Brs.
-Torrington                   F. Gaydon
-Totness                      James Rees
-Totness                      N. Manning
-Tottenham                    John Brown
-Trowbridge                   Nightingale
-Tunbridge                    L. M. Wibmer
-Tunbridge Wells              Tuck & Meager
-Turnham Green                W. Platrier
-Tyldesley                    Kirkpatrick
-Ulverston                    J. P. & T. Postlethwaite
-Usk                          Mr. H. Roberts
-Uxbridge                     W. Gardiner
-Ventnor                      T. Raynes
-Wadebridge                   S. Pollard
-Wakefield                    J. Ellerton
-Walsall                      T. Booth
-Wallingford                  W. H. Tinkler
-Walthamstow                  J. Martin
-Wantage                      Rose & Hatton
-Ware                         T. Cox
-Warminster                   C. Cruse
-Warrington                   H. White
-  Do.                        J. Harrison
-Warwick                      E. C. Browne
-Wednesbury                   F. W. Seaman
-Weeley                       R. Bloom
-Welwyn                       C. B. Freeman
-Wellington and Shiffnal      J. Bidlake
-Welchpool                    J. Whitehall
-Wellington                   F. White
-Wells                        H. K. Reynolds
-Wem                          H. Kynaston
-Wendover                     T. Scrivener
-West Hartlepool              Pyman & English
-Westbury                     Mr. R. G. Papps
-West Mersea                  J. Mann
-Westminster                  W. P. Metchin
-Wetherby                     J. Hannam
-Whitby                       Woodwark
-Whitchurch                   T. Jarvis
-Whitehaven                   C. Fisher
-Whitstable                   F. W. Webster
-Wigan                        Woodcock, Part and Scott
-Wigton                       Mr. W. Robinson
-Winchester                   W. Best
-Witham                       F. Speakman
-Witton Gilbert               John Barker
-Woburn                       J. Clarke
-Woodburn Green               W. Williams
-Woodbridge                   W. J. Andrews
-Woolwich                     J. W. Dicks
-Woodstock                    Geo. Galt
-Wolverhampton                T. Pinchard
-  Do.                        H. Stuart
-Workington                   J. Thompson, sen.
-Worksop                      F. B. Falkner
-Worcester                    J. Bennett
-Wrexham                      John Clark
-Yarmouth                     S. B. Cory
-  Do.                        M. J. Harrison
-Yeovil                       R. Vining
-York                         W. & J. H. Simpson
-  Do.                        Mr. Tenniswood
-
-     [Picture: Graphic advert for Evans & Gresty, engravers, Chester]
-
-
-
-HUGH ROBERTS
-
-
-                            GENERAL PRINTING,
-
-                   BOOK, AND STATIONARY ESTABLISHMENT,
-
-                          EASTGATE ROW, CHESTER.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-           Agent to the Atlas Fire and Life Assurance Offices.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-                                 PRINTING
-
-         Of every Description, neatly and expeditiously executed.
-
-                   LITHOGRAPHIC & COPPER-PLATE PRINTING
-                               BOOKBINDING
-
-                     ON THE MOST APPROVED PRINCIPLE.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-                       GENERAL LIBRARY AND NEWSROOM
-                               16,000 Vols.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-            AN EXTENSIVE AND WELL SELECTED STOCK OF HANDSOMELY
-              AND PLAINLY BOUND BOOKS, SUITABLE FOR PRESENTS
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-                        PERIODICALS AND NEWSPAPERS
-
- Regularly supplied, and Foreign Books obtained to order through the most
-                           expeditious agency.
-
-      Books forwarded by Post (pre-paid) to any part of the Country.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-                         MUSIC AND PIANO-FORTES.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-       Depository for the Publications of the Society for Promoting
-                           Christian Knowledge.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-                        AN EXTENSIVE ASSORTMENT OF
-               BIBLES, PRAYER BOOKS.  AND CHURCH SERVICES,
-                       IN EVERY VARIETY OF BINDING.
-
-                                * * * * *
-
-                     _HUGH ROBERTS_.  _EASTGATE ROW_.
-
-
-
-
-FOOTNOTES.
-
-
-{7}  Rev. Chancellor Raikes’ Introductory Lecture before the Chester
-Archæological Society.
-
-{8}  This Earl was the first who assumed the present arms of Chester,
-three wheat-sheaves in a field azure.
-
-{14}  Ormerod’s Cheshire, page 173.
-
-{40}  The largest stone arch known, that which bears the nearest
-approach, is at Vieille Briode, which crosses the river Allien, in
-France, whose span is 183 feet, being 17 feet less than the Chester
-bridge.  It was erected in 1454, by Grenier.
-
-{48}  Hemingway’s ‘History of Chester.’
-
-{50}  Hemingway’s ‘History of Chester.’
-
-{51}  Rev. Chancellor Raikes.
-
-{75}  Mr. W. Ayrton, on the Norman Remains of the Cathedral.
-
-
-
-
-***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ROBERTS' CHESTER GUIDE [1858]***
-
-
-******* This file should be named 62534-0.txt or 62534-0.zip *******
-
-
-This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
-http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/6/2/5/3/62534
-
-
-Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will
-be renamed.
-
-Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
-law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
-so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
-States without permission and without paying copyright
-royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
-of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm
-concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
-and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive
-specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this
-eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook
-for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports,
-performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given
-away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks
-not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the
-trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.
-
-START: FULL LICENSE
-
-THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
-PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
-
-To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
-distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
-(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
-Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
-Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
-www.gutenberg.org/license.
-
-Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-
-1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
-and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
-(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
-the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
-destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your
-possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
-Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
-by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the
-person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph
-1.E.8.
-
-1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be
-used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
-agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
-things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
-paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this
-agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
-
-1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the
-Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
-of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual
-works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
-States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
-United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
-claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
-displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
-all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
-that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting
-free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm
-works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
-Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily
-comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
-same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when
-you share it without charge with others.
-
-1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
-what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
-in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
-check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
-agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
-distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
-other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no
-representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
-country outside the United States.
-
-1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
-
-1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
-immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear
-prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work
-on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the
-phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed,
-performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
-
-  This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-  most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
-  restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
-  under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
-  eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
-  United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you
-  are located before using this ebook.
-
-1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is
-derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
-contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
-copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
-the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
-redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project
-Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
-either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
-obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm
-trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
-
-1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
-with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
-must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
-additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
-will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works
-posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
-beginning of this work.
-
-1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
-work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
-
-1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
-electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
-prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
-active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm License.
-
-1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
-compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
-any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
-to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format
-other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official
-version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site
-(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
-to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
-of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain
-Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the
-full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
-
-1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
-performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
-unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
-
-1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
-access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-provided that
-
-* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
-  the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
-  you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
-  to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has
-  agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
-  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
-  within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
-  legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
-  payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
-  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
-  Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
-  Literary Archive Foundation."
-
-* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
-  you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
-  does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-  License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
-  copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
-  all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm
-  works.
-
-* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
-  any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
-  electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
-  receipt of the work.
-
-* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
-  distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
-
-1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than
-are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
-from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The
-Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm
-trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
-
-1.F.
-
-1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
-effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
-works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
-Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
-contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
-or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
-intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
-other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
-cannot be read by your equipment.
-
-1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
-of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
-liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
-fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
-LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
-PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
-TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
-LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
-INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
-DAMAGE.
-
-1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
-defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
-receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
-written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
-received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
-with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
-with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
-lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
-or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
-opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
-the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
-without further opportunities to fix the problem.
-
-1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
-in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO
-OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
-LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
-
-1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
-warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
-damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
-violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
-agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
-limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
-unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
-remaining provisions.
-
-1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
-trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
-providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in
-accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
-production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
-including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
-the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
-or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or
-additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any
-Defect you cause.
-
-Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
-electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
-computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
-exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
-from people in all walks of life.
-
-Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
-assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
-goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
-remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
-and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future
-generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
-Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
-www.gutenberg.org 
-
-Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary 
-Archive Foundation
-
-The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
-501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
-state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
-Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
-number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
-U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
-
-The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the
-mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its
-volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous
-locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt
-Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to
-date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and
-official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
-
-For additional contact information:
-
-    Dr. Gregory B. Newby
-    Chief Executive and Director
-    gbnewby@pglaf.org
-
-Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
-Literary Archive Foundation
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
-spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
-increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
-freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
-array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
-($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
-status with the IRS.
-
-The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
-charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
-States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
-considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
-with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
-where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
-DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular
-state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate
-
-While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
-have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
-against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
-approach us with offers to donate.
-
-International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
-any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
-outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
-
-Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
-methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
-ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
-donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate
-
-Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works.
-
-Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be
-freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
-distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of
-volunteer support.
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
-editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
-the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
-necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
-edition.
-
-Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search
-facility: www.gutenberg.org
-
-This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
-including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
-subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
-
diff --git a/old/62534-0.zip b/old/62534-0.zip
deleted file mode 100644
index 0efe549..0000000
--- a/old/62534-0.zip
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h.zip b/old/62534-h.zip
deleted file mode 100644
index 384ea56..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h.zip
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/62534-h.htm b/old/62534-h/62534-h.htm
deleted file mode 100644
index 61e7afa..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/62534-h.htm
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12953 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html
-     PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
-     "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII" />
-<title>Roberts' Chester Guide [1858], by Hugh Roberts</title>
-    <style type="text/css">
-/*<![CDATA[  XML blockout */
-<!--
-    P {  margin-top: .75em;
-         margin-bottom: .75em;
-         }
-    P.gutsumm { margin-left: 5%;}
-    P.poetry {margin-left: 3%; }
-    .GutSmall { font-size: 0.7em; }
-    H1, H2 {
-         text-align: center;
-		margin-top: 2em;
-		margin-bottom: 2em;
-         }
-    H3, H4, H5 {
-	text-align: center;
-	margin-top: 1em;
-	margin-bottom: 1em;
-	}
-    BODY{margin-left: 10%;
-         margin-right: 10%;
-        }
- table { border-collapse: collapse; }
-table {margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;}
-    td { vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid black;}
-    td p { margin: 0.2em; }
-    .blkquot  {margin-left: 4em; margin-right: 4em;} /* block indent */
-
-    .smcap    {font-variant: small-caps;}
-
-    .pagenum {position: absolute;
-               left: 92%;
-               font-size: small;
-               text-align: right;
-		font-weight: normal;
-               color: gray;
-               }
-    img { border: none; }
-    img.dc { float: left; width: 50px; height: 50px; }
-    p.gutindent { margin-left: 2em; }
-    p.gutlist { margin-top: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em}
-    div.gapspace { height: 0.8em; }
-    div.gapline { height: 0.8em; width: 100%; border-top: 1px solid;} 
-    div.gapmediumline { height: 0.3em; width: 40%; margin-left:30%;
-                  border-top: 1px solid; }
-    div.gapmediumdoubleline { height: 0.3em; width: 40%; margin-left:30%;
-		  border-top: 1px solid; border-bottom: 1px solid;}
-     div.gapshortdoubleline { height: 0.3em; width: 20%;
-                  margin-left: 40%; border-top: 1px solid;
-                  border-bottom: 1px solid; }
-    div.gapdoubleline { height: 0.3em; width: 50%;
-                  margin-left: 25%; border-top: 1px solid;
-                  border-bottom: 1px solid;}
-    div.gapshortline { height: 0.3em; width: 20%; margin-left:40%;
-		  border-top: 1px solid; }
-    .citation {vertical-align: super;
-               font-size: .5em;
-               text-decoration: none;}
-    span.red { color: red; }
-    body {background-color: #ffffc0; }
-    img.floatleft { float: left;
-			margin-right: 1em;
-			margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; }
-    img.floatright { float: right;
-			margin-left: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em;
-			margin-bottom: 0.5em; }
-    img.clearcenter {display: block;
-			margin-left: auto;
-			margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.5em;
-			margin-bottom: 0.5em}
-    -->
-    /* XML end  ]]>*/
-    </style>
-</head>
-<body>
-<pre>
-
-The Project Gutenberg eBook, Roberts' Chester Guide [1858], by Hugh
-Roberts, Edited by John Hicklin
-
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions 
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at 
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-
-
-
-Title: Roberts' Chester Guide [1858]
-
-
-Author: Hugh Roberts
-
-Editor: John Hicklin
-
-Release Date: July 1, 2020  [eBook #62534]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
-
-
-***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ROBERTS' CHESTER GUIDE [1858]***
-</pre>
-<p>Transcribed from the [1858] Hugh Roberts edition by David
-Price, email ccx074@pglaf.org</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/cover.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Cover"
-title=
-"Cover"
- src="images/cover.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/p0ab.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Decorative graphic for Evans &amp; Gresty, Engravers, 71
-Eastgate Row, Chester"
-title=
-"Decorative graphic for Evans &amp; Gresty, Engravers, 71
-Eastgate Row, Chester"
- src="images/p0as.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/fpb.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Chester from Curzon Park"
-title=
-"Chester from Curzon Park"
- src="images/fps.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/p0bb.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Plan of Chester"
-title=
-"Plan of Chester"
- src="images/p0bs.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<h1><span class="GutSmall">ROBERTS&rsquo;</span><br />
-CHESTER GUIDE;</h1>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span
-class="GutSmall">WITH</span></p>
-<p style="text-align: center">FORTY-SIX ENGRAVINGS.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">AND
-AN</span></p>
-<p style="text-align: center">ILLUSTRATED PLAN OF THE CITY.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">REVISED
-BY</span></p>
-<p style="text-align: center">JOHN HICKLIN,</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall"><i>Editor of
-the Chester Courant</i></span><span class="GutSmall">,
-</span><span class="GutSmall"><i>and Honorary Secretary of the
-Chester Arch&aelig;ological</i></span><br />
-<span class="GutSmall"><i>and Historic Society</i></span><span
-class="GutSmall">.</span></p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center">CHESTER:<br />
-HUGH ROBERTS, EASTGATE ROW.<br />
-LONDON: HAMILTON, ADAMS, &amp; CO.; AND WHITTAKER &amp; CO.<br />
-<span class="GutSmall">AND OTHER BOOKSELLERS.</span></p>
-<h2><a name="pageii"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-ii</span>INDEX.</h2>
-<table>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span
-class="GutSmall">PAGE</span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Abbey Gate</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page57">57</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Bars</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page46">46</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Bridge Gate</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page41">41</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Bridge</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page42">42</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Bridge Street</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page60">60</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Cab Fares</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page106">106</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Cathedral</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page65">65</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Castle</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page35">35</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Cemetery</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page35">35</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Chester&mdash;Its Ancient History</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page1">1</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Chester&mdash;Its Ecclesiastical History</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page11">11</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Chester&mdash;Its Municipal Institutions</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page12">12</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Churches</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page78">78</a></span>&ndash;90</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>City Gaol</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page32">32</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>County Gaol</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page37">37</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>County Hall</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page37">37</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Dissenting Places of Worship</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page90">90</a></span>&ndash;95</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Distances</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page108">108</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Eastgate</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page45">45</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Eaton Hall</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page97">97</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Exchange</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page56">56</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Grosvenor Bridge</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page40">40</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Hotels</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page108">108</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>House of Industry</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page35">35</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Infirmary</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page31">31</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Mayors of Chester</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page15">15</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Music Hall</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page58">58</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Museum</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page30">30</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Newgate</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page44">44</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Northgate</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page27">27</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Old Houses</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page54">54</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Pemberton&rsquo;s Parlour</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page29">29</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Ph&oelig;nix Tower</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page26">26</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Population</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page107">107</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Railway Station</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page105">105</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Roman Antiquities</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page17">17</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Roodeye</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page33">33</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Rows</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page49">49</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Schools</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page95">95</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Streets</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page51">51</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Training College</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page29">29</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Walls of Chester</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page26">26</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Water Gate</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page32">32</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Water Tower</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page30">30</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-<h2><a name="pageiii"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-iii</span>PREFACE.</h2>
-<p><span class="smcap">The</span> visit of the Royal Agricultural
-Society of England to Chester in July, 1858, seems a fitting
-occasion on which to present to the public an entirely <span
-class="GutSmall">NEW EDITION</span> of the CHESTER GUIDE, which
-has been carefully revised throughout, with the requisite care
-and intelligence for securing to strangers a useful memorial of
-the &ldquo;old city.&rdquo;&nbsp; The work is also embellished
-with a numerous series of engravings, and an illustrated plan,
-which will facilitate the visitor&rsquo;s inspection of the
-interesting remains and modern attractions with which Chester
-abounds; and also supply a pictorial reminiscence of scenes and
-places that may perchance excite pleasant memories.&nbsp; In this
-hope our Manual is committed to public favour, which, the editor
-trusts, will be so heartily manifested, as to require, at no very
-distant day, a renewal of his services as a literary &ldquo;<span
-class="smcap">Guide</span>.&rdquo;</p>
-<p><i>Chester</i>, <i>June</i> 24, 1858.</p>
-<h2><a name="pageiv"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-iv</span>ILLUSTRATIONS.</h2>
-<table>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Chester, from Curzon Park</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">to face page <span
-class="indexpageno"><a href="#page1">1</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Edgar&rsquo;s Cave</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page6">6</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Stone Altars</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page18">18</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>City Walls</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page25">25</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>King Charles&rsquo;s Tower</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page26">26</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Water Tower, &amp;c.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page30">30</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Chester Cemetery</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page35">35</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Watergate Street Row</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page49">49</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Eastgate Street</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page53">53</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>God&rsquo;s Providence House</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page54">54</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Bishop Lloyd&rsquo;s House</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page56">56</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Old Palace House</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page58">58</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Chester Cathedral</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page65">65</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Cloisters ditto</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page70">70</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>St. John&rsquo;s Church</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page79">79</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Chancel Ruins of ditto</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page82">82</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Independent Chapel</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a
-href="#page92">92</a></span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"><p>With a Novel Plan, containing Eight Views of
-<span class="smcap">Eaton Hall</span>:&mdash;</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">West Front<br />
-Grosvenor Lodge<br />
-Dining Room<br />
-Saloon</p>
-</td>
-<td><p class="gutindent">East Front<br />
-Eaton Lodge<br />
-Drawing Room<br />
-Library</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"><p>Together with Twenty-One other
-Illustrations:&mdash;</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Chester from the Dee<br />
-Eastgate Street<br />
-Chester Castle<br />
-Chester from Boughton Ford<br />
-Bridge Street<br />
-Watergate Street Row, North<br />
-Savings&rsquo; Bank<br />
-Northgate Street Row<br />
-Crypt, Bridge Street<br />
-Bridge Street Row (West)</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Northgate Street<br />
-Eastgate<br />
-Railway Station<br />
-Abbey Gate<br />
-Roman Bath<br />
-Diocesan Training College<br />
-Grosvenor Bridge Exchange<br />
-Blue Coat Hospital<br />
-Eastgate Street Row</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"><p style="text-align: center">and the Bridge
-Gate.</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-<h2><a name="page1"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 1</span>CHAPTER
-I.<br />
-THE ANCIENT HISTORY OF CHESTER.</h2>
-<p><span class="smcap">Three</span> are but few places, if indeed
-there are any, which can present such varied attractions to the
-antiquary as this remarkable and ancient city.&nbsp; It is rich
-in memorable incidents and associations.&nbsp; It has a history
-chronicled not only in books, but in its walls, towers, rows, and
-venerable remains.</p>
-<p>The origin of Chester is of very remote date.&nbsp; No
-definite conclusion has been reached respecting the exact time of
-its foundation.&nbsp; Various hypotheses have been started, some
-of them grotesque and ridiculous enough, but its origin is lost
-in those mists of antiquity where history fades into fable.</p>
-<p>It is quite clear, as an authenticated matter of fact, that
-Chester was in very early possession of the Romans.&nbsp; It was
-the headquarters of the 20th Legion, which, we find, came into
-Britain before the year 61; for it had a share in the defeat of
-Boadicea by Suetonius.&nbsp; After that important victory this
-mighty and intrepid people marched onward towards North Wales,
-and established their authority in Cheshire.</p>
-<p>Scattered through the city, have been discovered many vestiges
-of their power, which enable us to trace their history with
-considerable distinctness.&nbsp; Wherever they planted their
-settlements, they left permanent records of their greatness and
-skill.&nbsp; Many of these memorials have been discovered, in
-various parts of the old city; and through the intelligent and
-zealous investigations of the Chester Arch&aelig;ological
-Society, these antiquities are now made tributary to the
-instruction of the inhabitants respecting the history of their
-own locality.</p>
-<p>Not only to the antiquarian, however, is Chester interesting;
-<a name="page2"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 2</span>there is
-scarcely any order of mind or taste but may here find its
-gratification.&nbsp; Its noble arched bridge, venerable cathedral
-and churches, unique rows, and ancient walls encompassing the
-city, with a considerable number and variety of relics, all
-combine to make Chester an attractive place of resort.&nbsp; It
-is the metropolis of the county palatine of that name, and is
-pleasantly situated above the river Dee, on a rising
-ground.&nbsp; Its names have been various.&nbsp; Its Roman name
-was Deva, undoubtedly, because of its being situated on the river
-Dee.&nbsp; Then Cestri&aelig;, from Castrum, &ldquo;camp;&rdquo;
-and Castrum Legionis, &ldquo;the Camp of the Legion.&rdquo;&nbsp;
-Its British names were Caer Lleon, &ldquo;the Camp of the
-Legion;&rdquo; and Caer Lleon Vawr, or Ddyfrdwy, &ldquo;the Camp
-of the Great Legion on the Dee.&rdquo;</p>
-<p>During the brilliant lieutenancy of Julius Agricola, <span
-class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 85, it became a Roman colony; and
-the place was called from them and from its situation, Colonia
-Devana.&nbsp; This is clearly demonstrated by a coin of Septimus
-Geta, son of Severus, which has this inscription:&mdash;</p>
-<blockquote><p style="text-align: center">Col. Devana. Leg. xx.
-Victrix.</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>For two or three centuries after this date, Chester appears to
-have continued undisturbed in the power of the Romans; during
-which period &ldquo;it was a centre of operations while conquest
-was being produced; a centre of civilization and commercial
-intercourse when the dominion of the empire was
-established.&nbsp; The actual form of the city, its division by
-streets into four quarters, exhibits the arrangement which the
-Romans established in their camp, and which they naturally
-transferred to the cities which took the place of their military
-stations.&nbsp; Traces of the work of that wonderful people still
-remain on our walls, and on the rocky brows which surround them;
-and excite the attention, and reward the diligence of the
-antiquarian.&nbsp; Those pigs of lead, the produce of Roman
-industry, which are first mentioned, in &lsquo;Camden&rsquo;s
-Britannia,&rsquo; as being found in the neighbourhood of Chester,
-and two of which have recently been discovered, are memorials of
-the early period at which the mineral wealth of this district was
-known, and of the commerce to which it gave rise.&rdquo;&nbsp; It
-is a fact, clearly established by history, that to the Romans we
-are greatly indebted for the introduction of a much higher order
-of civilization than that which they found existing when they
-took possession of the country.&nbsp; They were the pioneers of
-social and religious progress.&nbsp; Previous to the Roman
-invasion, the inhabitants were unacquainted with the laws and
-arts of civilized life;&mdash;painted their
-bodies,&mdash;despised <a name="page3"></a><span
-class="pagenum">p. 3</span>the institution of
-marriage,&mdash;clothed themselves in skins,&mdash;knew very
-little of agriculture,&mdash;were furious in disposition, and
-cruel in their religious superstitions.&nbsp; We find that the
-practice of human sacrifices was very general amongst them, and
-in every respect their social and moral condition rude and
-barbarous in the extreme.&nbsp; So wedded were they to their
-idolatrous worship and cruel rites, that the Romans, after their
-conquest, found it necessary to abolish their religion by penal
-statutes; an exercise of power which was not usual with these
-tolerating conquerors.&nbsp; About the year 50, the Emperor
-Claudius C&aelig;sar subdued the greater part of Britain, and
-received the submission of several of the British states who
-inhabited the south-east part of the island.&nbsp; The other
-Britons, under the command of Caractacus, still maintained an
-obstinate resistance, and the Romans made little progress against
-them until Ostorius Scapula was sent over, in the year 50, to
-command their armies.&nbsp; This renowned general found the
-country in a state of great excitement and dissatisfaction, but
-speedily advanced the Roman conquests over the
-Britons&mdash;defeated Caractacus in a great battle&mdash;took
-him prisoner, and sent him to Rome&mdash;where his magnanimous
-behaviour procured him better treatment than those conquerors
-usually bestowed on native princes.&nbsp; He pardoned Caractacus
-and his family, and commanded that their chains should
-immediately be taken off.</p>
-<p>Holinshed is of opinion that Ostorius Scapula was the founder
-of Chester, and the reasons he adduces are certainly very
-plausible.&nbsp; He says, &ldquo;It is not unlike that it might
-be first built by P. Ostorius Scapula, who, as we find, after he
-had subdued Caractacus, King of the Ordonices, that inhabited the
-countries now called Lancashire, Cheshire, and Salopshire, built
-in those parts, and among the Silures, certeine places of
-defense, for the better harbrough of his men of warre, and
-keeping downe of such Britaines as were still readie to move
-rebellion.&rdquo;</p>
-<p>Passing over the space of a few years, we find Julius Agricola
-completing the conquest of this island.&nbsp; Such was his
-formidable power and skilful policy in governing the people, that
-we are told they soon became reconciled to the supremacy of the
-Roman arms and language.&nbsp; He quelled their animosity to the
-Roman yoke, and certainly did very much for the progress of the
-people in civilization, knowledge, and the arts of peace.</p>
-<p>There is perhaps no place in the kingdom that can boast of so
-many monuments of Roman skill and ingenuity as Chester; but as <a
-name="page4"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 4</span>these will be
-described in detail as we proceed, we need not specify them
-here.</p>
-<p>About the year 448 the Romans withdrew from the island, after
-having been masters of the most considerable part of its
-territory for nearly four centuries, and left the Britons to arm
-for their own defence.&nbsp; No sooner, however, had the Romans
-withdrawn their troops, than the Scots and Picts invaded the
-country with their terrible forces, and spread devastation and
-ruin along the line of their march.&nbsp; These vindictive and
-rapacious barbarians, fired with the lust of conquest, made a
-pitiless onslaught upon the property and lives of the
-people.&nbsp; The unhappy Britons petitioned, without effect, for
-the interposition of Rome, which had declared its resolution for
-ever to abandon them.&nbsp; The British ambassadors were
-entrusted with a letter to the legate at Rome, pathetically
-stating their perilous dilemma, and invoking their immediate
-aid.</p>
-<p>The intestine commotions which were then shaking the Roman
-empire to its centre prevented the masters of the then world from
-affording the timely aid sought at their hands.</p>
-<p>Despairing of any reinforcement from Rome, the Britons now
-invoked the aid of the Saxons, who promptly complied with the
-invitation, and under Hengist and Horsa, two Saxon chiefs, who
-were also brothers, wrested Chester from the hands of the
-invaders.&nbsp; The Saxons, perceiving the weakness of their
-degenerate allies, soon began to entertain the project of
-conquering them, and seizing the country as their spoil.&nbsp;
-During the conflict which ensued between the Britons and Saxons,
-who from allies became masters.&nbsp; Chester was frequently
-taken and retaken, and suffered severely in various sieges.&nbsp;
-Ultimately, the Aborigines were totally subjugated under the
-mightier sway of Saxon arms.</p>
-<p>In 607 Ethelfrid, King of Northumbria, waged a sanguinary
-battle with the Britons under the walls of Chester, whom he
-defeated.</p>
-<p>It is recorded that he came to avenge the quarrel of St.
-Augustine, whose metropolitan jurisdiction the British monks
-refused to admit.&nbsp; Augustine is said to have denounced
-against them the vengeance of heaven, for this reason, three
-years previously.</p>
-<p>Sammes, in his Antiquities of Britain, gives an interesting
-statement of this celebrated battle: &ldquo;Edelfrid, the
-strongest King of the English, having gathered together a great
-army about the city of Chester, he made a great slaughter of that
-nation; but when he was going to give the onset, he espied
-priests and others, who were <a name="page5"></a><span
-class="pagenum">p. 5</span>come thither to entreat God for the
-success of the army, standing apart in a place of advantage; he
-asked who they were, and for what purpose they had met
-there?&nbsp; When Edelfrid had understood the cause of their
-coming, he said, &lsquo;If, therefore, they cry unto their God
-against us, certainly they, although they bear no arms, fight
-against us, who prosecute us by their prayers.&rsquo;&rdquo;</p>
-<p>The victory was not destined, however, to be an abiding
-one.&nbsp; The supremacy of Ethelfrid over the Britons was not
-long in duration.&nbsp; History tells us that a few years after
-he had achieved his conquest, the united forces of Brocmail and
-three other British princes rescued from his hands the possession
-of Chester, and put his armies to flight.&nbsp; In 613, the
-Britons assembled in Chester, and elected Cadwon their king, who
-reigned with great honour for twenty-two years.</p>
-<p>From this period to the close of the Heptarchy, we have but
-very scanty materials respecting the history of Chester.&nbsp;
-The Britons appear to have retained possession of it until about
-the year 828, when it was finally taken by Egbert, during the
-reign of the British prince Mervyn and his wife Esylht.</p>
-<p>In a few years afterwards (894 or 895) the city underwent a
-heavy calamity, from its invasion by Harold, King of the Danes,
-Mancolin, King of the Scots, and another confederate prince, who
-are said to have encamped on Hoole heath, near Chester, and,
-after a long siege, reduced the city.&nbsp; These predatory
-pirates were soon after attacked and conquered by Alfred, who
-utterly routed them from the military defences in which they had
-embosomed themselves, and destroyed all the cattle and corn of
-the district.</p>
-<p>After the evacuation of the city by the Danes, it remained in
-ruins until about the year 908, when it was restored by Ethelred,
-the first Earl of Mercia, and Ethelfleda, his wife, who, it is
-said, enlarged it to double the extent of the Roman town.&nbsp;
-Sir Peter Leycester says that &ldquo;Ethelred and his countess
-restored Caerleon, that is Legecestria, now called Chester, after
-it was destroyed by the Danes, and enclosed it with new walls,
-and made it nigh such two as it was before; so that the castle
-that was sometime by the water without the walls, is now in the
-town within the walls.&rdquo;&nbsp; All the narratives which have
-been handed down to us of this celebrated woman represent her as
-possessed of incomparable talent, great enterprise, and pure
-mind.&nbsp; She employed the great power and opportunity she
-possessed with admirable wisdom, and made them subservient to
-acts of munificence and piety.&nbsp; She died at <a
-name="page6"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 6</span>Tamworth in
-922, whence her body was translated to Gloucester.&nbsp;
-Leycester gives a lengthy record of her good deeds, which
-prepares us for the fact that her loss was deeply and universally
-regretted throughout the whole kingdom.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/p6b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Edgar&rsquo;s Cave"
-title=
-"Edgar&rsquo;s Cave"
- src="images/p6s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<p>The security of Chester against the Danish invaders was
-ultimately effected by the victories of Edmund, in or about 942,
-after which it was occasionally honoured by the residence of the
-Saxon sovereigns.&nbsp; Pennant says, King Edgar made this one of
-the stations in his annual circumnavigation of his
-dominions.&nbsp; About the year 973, he visited Chester, attended
-by his court, and received the homage of his vassal kings.&nbsp;
-It is said that one day entering his barge, he assumed the helm,
-and made his eight tributary princes row him from the palace
-which stood in the field at Handbridge, opposite the castle (and
-which still bears his name), up the river Dee, as far as the
-monastery of St. John&rsquo;s.&nbsp; In the following century
-Chester was possessed by the Earls of Mercia, until the Norman
-Conquest in 1066.&nbsp; The tyranny, violence, and bloodshed
-which marked the course of William the Conqueror, met with
-determined resistance in various parts of the country; but in the
-course of six or seven years he utterly crushed all opposition,
-and became absolute master of the island.&nbsp; He introduced
-into England the feudal system, &ldquo;with its military
-aristocracy, its pride, its splendour, and its iron
-dominion.&nbsp; The importance of Chester, as a military station,
-was shown by its being assigned as a fief to one of the chief
-leaders in the Norman army, and on his death by its being given
-to the nephew of the Duke himself, under whom it was invested
-with privileges which raised it almost to the rank of a separate
-principality.&nbsp; Under Hugh, the first Earl of Chester, and
-his immediate successors, we may suppose that most of those
-castles were built, which form objects of antiquarian research in
-the neighbourhood, but which are melancholy records of the state
-of society at the time, since they were evidently built to
-protect the frontiers from the continued invasions of the
-Welsh.&nbsp; Some of these still remain, and, from their extent
-and magnificence, appear to have been the residences of the Earls
-themselves.&nbsp; Many more have perished, and can only be traced
-by the banks which mark the outline of their plan.&nbsp; These
-were probably of an inferior description, and are rather to be
-considered as guard-houses for the protection of some particular
-pass than as regular fortresses.&nbsp; There are traces of this
-kind at Doddleston, at Pulford, at Aldford, at Holt, at Shotwick,
-beside the larger and more distinguished holds <a
-name="page7"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 7</span>at Beeston,
-Halton, Chester, and Hawarden; and probably few years passed but
-that some inroad of the Welsh carried fire and slaughter to the
-very gates of Chester, and swept the cattle and produce from the
-fields.&rdquo; <a name="citation7"></a><a href="#footnote7"
-class="citation">[7]</a></p>
-<p>For many years previous to the Norman Conquest, Chester was
-governed by Dukes or Earls; but William, perceiving the danger of
-entrusting so large a territory in the hands of any one of his
-barons, curtailed the provinces within narrower limits, and
-thereby crippled the power which had often proved dangerous to
-the throne, and at the same time augmented his own, by having a
-larger number of gifts and emoluments to bestow on his
-followers.&nbsp; In the first instance, William gave Chester to
-Gherbodus, a noble Fleming, who, having obtained permission of
-the king to visit Flanders for the transaction of some private
-business, there fell into the hands of his enemies, and was
-obliged to resign the earldom to Hugh Lupus, the nephew of the
-Conqueror, who was appointed in his stead.&nbsp; The Earldom was
-now erected into a Palatinate.&nbsp; Camden says, &ldquo;William
-the 1st created Hugh, surnamed Lupus, the first Earl of Chester
-and Count Palatine, and gave unto him and his heirs all the
-county, to be holden as freely by the sword as the king himself
-held England by his crown.&rdquo;</p>
-<p>By reason of this grant, the Earls of Chester were invested
-with sovereign jurisdiction, and held their own
-parliaments.&nbsp; It is supposed that Lupus was invested with
-his new dignity at Chester by William himself, when he was
-present there in person in 1069.</p>
-<p>He created several barons to assist him in his council and
-government, some of whom we find upon record, as Nigel, Baron of
-Halton; Sir William Maldebeng, of Malbanc, Baron of Witch
-Malbanc, or Nantwich; Richard de Vernon, Baron of Shipbroke;
-Gilbert Venables, Baron of Kinderton; Hamon de Massey, Baron of
-Dunham Massey; Warren de Poynton, Baron of Stockport; Eustace de
-Monthalt, Baron of Monthalt.&nbsp; He converted the church of St.
-Werburgh into an abbey, by the advice of St. Anselm.</p>
-<p>He continued Earl thirty-one years, died the 27th of July,
-1101, and was buried in the churchyard, but afterwards removed to
-the present Chapter-house of the Cathedral, where his body was
-found in 1724, wrapped in leather, enclosed in a stone
-coffin.</p>
-<p>His Sword of Dignity forms one of the many valuable
-curiosities <a name="page8"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-8</span>preserved in the British Museum.&nbsp; His parliament was
-formed of eight barons, who were obliged to attend him.&nbsp;
-Every baron had four esquires, every esquire one gentleman, and
-every gentleman one valet.&nbsp; The barons had the power of life
-and death.&nbsp; Hugh Lupus was succeeded by his son Richard, who
-was drowned in his passage from Normandy.&nbsp; He governed
-nineteen years, and was succeeded by Ranulph, surnamed
-<i>Mechines</i>, son of Margaret, sister to Lupus.&nbsp; Ranulph
-died at Chester, <span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1129, <a
-name="citation8"></a><a href="#footnote8"
-class="citation">[8]</a> and was succeeded by the heroic Ranulph
-II., surnamed <i>Geronjis</i>, who, having held the earldom
-twenty-five years, was poisoned in 1153, and was buried at
-Chester.</p>
-<p>Hugh II., his son, surnamed Cyvelioc, succeeded him, and
-continued in the earldom twenty-eight years.&nbsp; He died at
-Leek, in Staffordshire, and was buried at Chester.</p>
-<p>Hugh was succeeded by his son Ranulph, surnamed
-<i>Blundeville</i>, who, for his benevolence, was styled
-<i>Ranulph the Good</i>.&nbsp; He served in the holy wars, and
-was as celebrated as any of the Seven Champions of
-Christendom.&nbsp; After his return, he built Beeston Castle, in
-Cheshire, a noble and imposing fortress, which, before the use of
-fire-arms, might have been deemed impregnable.&nbsp; It is built
-on an insulated rock, and its summit is one hundred yards above
-the level of the brook that runs at its base.&nbsp; It endured
-three sieges during the civil wars.&nbsp; The middle part of the
-slope is surrounded by towers, which time, however, has
-dismantled; the well in the upper part was cut through the rock
-to the depth of one hundred yards; in the course of time it
-became nearly filled up with rubbish, but within the last few
-years was cleared, built round, and enclosed, by J. Tollemache,
-Esq., M.P., to whom the castle belongs.&nbsp; It is ten miles
-distant from Chester, on the London and North-Western
-Railway.</p>
-<p>This Earl Ranulph was besieged by the Welsh in the castle of
-Rhuddlan, and was relieved by Ralph Dutton, son-in-law of Roger
-Lacy, Constable of Chester, at the head of a large body of
-fiddlers, minstrels, &amp;c., who were then assembled at the fair
-of Hugh Lupus.&nbsp; A remarkable privilege of this fair was,
-that no thief or malefactor that attended it should be attached
-or punished, except for offences then and there committed.&nbsp;
-With this motley crew Dutton marched into Wales, and raised the
-siege; for which Ranulph rewarded him <a name="page9"></a><span
-class="pagenum">p. 9</span>with full power over all the
-instruments of his preservation, and the privilege of licensing
-the minstrels.&nbsp; The anniversary of this achievement was
-formerly celebrated on the festival of St. John the Baptist, by a
-regular procession of the minstrels to the church of their
-tutelar saint, St. Werburgh, in honour of whom Hugh Lupus granted
-to the minstrels, &amp;c., the above-mentioned privilege, which
-is recognized in all subsequent vagrant acts, by a special
-exception in favour of the minstrel jurisdiction of the Duttons,
-of Dutton, in Cheshire.&nbsp; The last Earl Ranulph died in 1232,
-and was buried at Chester.</p>
-<p>John Scott succeeded Ranulph, who died without issue; not
-without suspicion, Leycester says, of being poisoned by the
-contrivance of Helene his wife.</p>
-<p>The Earls of Chester continued to exercise their local
-sovereignty for about one hundred and sixty years.&nbsp; They
-held that sovereignty, it is true, as the representatives of the
-paramount sovereignty of the King of England, and as owing
-allegiance to him in all things; but so far as the government of
-the Palatinate was concerned, their rule, though nominally
-mediate, was actually absolute, for the King does not appear to
-have thwarted their jurisdiction, or in any way to have exerted
-his supreme authority, beyond retaining a mint at Chester.</p>
-<p>After the death of the seventh Earl, in 1237, Henry the Third
-united the Earldom to the Crown; he afterwards conferred it upon
-his eldest son, Prince Edward, about <span
-class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1245, who, two years after this,
-received the homage of his military tenants at Chester.&nbsp;
-From that period to the present the title of Earl of Chester has
-been vested in the eldest son of the reigning sovereign, and is
-now held by His Royal Highness Albert, Prince of Wales.</p>
-<p>In 1255 Llewellyn ap Gryffid, Prince of Wales, provoked by the
-cruel injuries his subjects had received from Geffrey Langley,
-Lieutenant of the County under Prince Edward, carried fire and
-sword to the gates of Chester.&nbsp; In 1257 Henry the Third
-summoned his nobility and bishops to attend, with their vassals,
-at Chester, in order to invade Wales; and in 1275 Edward the
-First appointed the city as the place for Llewellyn to do him
-homage, whose refusal ended with the ruin of himself and his
-principality; for in 1300 Edward of Carnarvon here received the
-final acknowledgment of the Welsh to the sovereignty of England;
-and in a few years afterwards, Llewellyn was brought hither a
-prisoner from Flint Castle.&nbsp; Richard the Second visited this
-his favourite <a name="page10"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-10</span>city in 1397, and in 1399 he was brought a prisoner from
-Flint Castle to the castle of Chester, which Bolingbroke,
-afterwards Henry the Fourth, had seized.</p>
-<p>In Owen Glendower&rsquo;s wars this city was a <i>place
-d&rsquo;armes</i> for the English troops in the expeditions
-against the Welsh, who, ever tenacious of their independence,
-were as unwilling to submit to the Norman as the Saxon yoke.</p>
-<p>In 1459 Henry the Sixth, with Queen Margaret and her son
-Edward, visited Chester, and bestowed little silver swans on the
-Cheshire gentlemen who espoused her cause.</p>
-<p>It appears that Henry the Seventh and his Queen also visited
-Chester in 1493.&nbsp; In 1554 George Marsh, the pious martyr was
-publicly burnt at Boughton, for his steadfast adherence to the
-Protestant faith.&nbsp; In the year 1617 the city was honoured
-with the presence of James the First, when Edward Button, the
-then Mayor, presented the King with a gilt cup containing one
-hundred jacobuses of gold.</p>
-<p>From this time no event of any great importance appears to
-have transpired, until the city was involved in the calamities of
-a siege, in consequence of its loyalty to Charles the
-First.&nbsp; The city stood the siege for some months; but the
-inhabitants at last, reduced to the extremity of famine, so that
-they were compelled to eat horses, dogs, cats, and other animals,
-abandoned their resistance, made honourable terms of
-capitulation, and yielded the city on February the 3rd,
-1645&ndash;6.</p>
-<p>Chester was, probably, in the time of the Romans, or earlier,
-a thriving port.&nbsp; The Saxon navy was stationed here, and it
-was also the seat of the Mercian kings.&nbsp; About the time of
-the Conquest the imports and exports appear to have been
-considerable.&nbsp; But as an illustration of the times we may
-mention, that one article of the latter was slaves, obtained, it
-is conjectured, from the captives which were made in the frequent
-wars with the Welsh.&nbsp; It is quite clear that Chester was, in
-ancient days, a busy and nourishing port, because of the
-perfectly navigable condition of the Dee.&nbsp; All the early
-writers of its history unite in bearing testimony to this
-point.&nbsp; It may here be mentioned as a curious and
-interesting fact, that some centuries ago, Flookersbrook was
-covered with water, and that a deep and broad channel flowed
-through Mollington, Stanney, and that direction, which emptied
-itself into the estuary now called the Mersey.&nbsp; Holinshed,
-after tracing minutely the course of the Dee through
-Flookersbrook up <a name="page11"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-11</span>to Stanney, distinctly states that it &ldquo;sendeth
-foorth one arme by Stannie Poole, and the Parke side into Merseie
-arme,&rdquo; &amp;c.&nbsp; Speed distinctly marks out this course
-in his map; and it is still more broadly defined in an old Dutch
-map, of a much earlier date, printed at Rotterdam.</p>
-<p>In consequence of the uncertain and imperfect state of the
-river, the once thriving commerce of this ancient port has
-dwindled into comparative insignificance, and Liverpool has
-reaped the advantage.&nbsp; Spirited efforts have latterly been
-made to improve the navigation and port of Chester.</p>
-<p>With regard to the ecclesiastical history of Chester, it may
-suffice to observe that, according to King&rsquo;s &lsquo;Vale
-Royal,&rsquo; Theodore, the first Anglo-Saxon Primate, ordained
-at Rome in 669, appointed St. Chad the first Bishop of Chester,
-who fixed his seat at Lichfield.&nbsp; &ldquo;After him one
-Winifred was bishop, who, for his disobedience in some points,
-was deprived by Theodore, who appointed in his place one
-Sexulph.&nbsp; The said Theodore, by authority of a synod held at
-Hatfield, did divide the province of Mercia into five bishoprics,
-that is to say, Chester, Worcester, Lichfield, Cederna in
-Lindsey, and Dorchester, which after was translated to
-Lincoln.&nbsp; After Sexulf, one Aldwin was Bishop of Lichfield,
-and next to him Eudulfus, who was adorned with the
-Archbishop&rsquo;s pall, having all the bishops under King
-Offa&rsquo;s dominions suffragans to him.&rdquo;</p>
-<p>The diocese of Chester seems to have continued one with that
-of Lichfield to the time of the Conquest, when Pennant says a
-Bishop of Lichfield, in the year 1075, removed his episcopal seat
-to Chester, and during his life made use of the monastery of St.
-John&rsquo;s for his cathedral.</p>
-<p>His successor was Robert of Lindsey, chaplain of Wm. Rufus,
-who removed the see to Coventry; St. John&rsquo;s church,
-however, continued collegiate up to the time of the Reformation,
-at which period it had a dean, eight canons or prebends, and ten
-vicars choral.&nbsp; The prelate and his successors, although
-having seats at Lichfield and Coventry, as well as Chester,
-continued to have the designation of Bishop of Chester, until the
-appointment of John Ketterich, in 1415, who was not so styled,
-nor any of his successors until the time of the
-Reformation.&nbsp; &ldquo;The bishops that were before that time
-(although they were commonly called Bishops of Chester) were
-Bishops of Lichfield, and had but their seat or most abiding <a
-name="page12"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 12</span>in
-Chester.&rdquo;&nbsp; Henry the Eighth erected Chester into a
-distinct diocese in the 33rd year of his reign, &ldquo;turning
-the monastery of St. Werburgh into the Bishop&rsquo;s palace;
-unto which jurisdiction was allotted Cheshire, Lancashire,
-Richmondshire, and part of Cumberland; and was appointed to be
-within the province of York.&rdquo;</p>
-<p>John Bird, D.D., &ldquo;formerly a fryer of the order of the
-Carmelites, was the first bishop of this new
-foundation.&rdquo;&nbsp; He was deprived of his bishopric by
-Queen Mary, <span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1544, because of
-his adhesion to the Protestant faith.&nbsp; He was succeeded by
-George Cotes, who survived his consecration only about two
-years.&nbsp; He died at Chester, and was buried in the Cathedral
-near the Bishop&rsquo;s throne.&nbsp; His memory is stained with
-the blood of George Marsh, who, during his episcopate, suffered
-martyrdom at Boughton.&nbsp; The next Bishop was Cuthbert Scott,
-who was vice-chancellor of Oxford in 1554 and 1555, one of the
-delegates commissioned by Cardinal Pole to visit that University,
-and one of the four Bishops who, with as many divines, undertook
-to defend the Church of Rome against an equal number of reformed
-divines.&nbsp; He was deposed by Queen Elizabeth, for some
-abusive expressions uttered against Her Majesty.&nbsp; William
-Downham, chaplain to Queen Elizabeth before she came to the
-crown, was consecrated Bishop of Chester, <span
-class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1561.&nbsp; He died Nov., 1577, and
-was buried in the choir of the Cathedral, having sat Bishop
-sixteen years and a half: from that time to the present there has
-been a regular succession of Bishops of the Reformed Church.</p>
-<p>John Graham, D.D., formerly Master of Christ&rsquo;s College,
-Cambridge, was consecrated to the see of Chester in 1848, in
-succession to the present Archbishop of Canterbury, and is at
-present fulfilling the duties of his high office with pious
-earnestness, diligence, and general approbation.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p>Municipal institutions were first introduced into Britain by
-the Romans.&nbsp; York was one of the first towns in England on
-which they were conferred.&nbsp; We can discover very little to
-aid us in tracing the progressive history of the municipal
-government of the ancient city of Chester until the time of
-Ranulph, the third Earl Palatine, and nephew of the Earl Hugh;
-but being a Roman colony, the inhabitants no doubt were regarded
-as Roman citizens, and as such entitled to the same privileges
-which Rome itself possessed.&nbsp; Pennant supposes that the
-Roman pr&aelig;torium occupied <a name="page13"></a><span
-class="pagenum">p. 13</span>the site on which St. Peter&rsquo;s
-church is now built.&nbsp; In this tribunal, if the case be so,
-the civil law and power would be exercised in those days.</p>
-<p>&ldquo;Before the city had any charter,&rdquo; says
-King&rsquo;s &lsquo;Vale Royal,&rsquo; &ldquo;they used by
-prescription divers liberties, and enjoyed a guild mercatory,
-that is, a brotherhood of merchants, and that whosoever was not
-admitted of that society, he could not use any trade or traffick
-within the city, nor be a tradesman therein.&nbsp; And the tenor
-of this guild mercatory did even run in these
-words:&mdash;&lsquo;Sicut hactenus usi fuerint;&rsquo; and was
-after confirmed under the Earl&rsquo;s seal.&nbsp; And there were
-appointed two overseers, and those were appointed out of the
-chiefest of the citizens, and were greatly respected of the
-citizens as officers that had the special care of maintaining
-those privileges, before a mayor was ordained.&rdquo;&nbsp; These
-officers were elected annually, and were denominated
-leave-lookers; they were accustomed to go round the city to see
-that its privileges were preserved, and sometimes used to take
-small sums, called <i>leave-lookerage</i>, for <i>leave</i> for
-non-freemen to sell wares by retail.</p>
-<p>In the reign of Edward the Confessor, the government of the
-city was vested in twelve judges, selected from the vassals of
-the king, the earl, and the bishop.</p>
-<p>The first charter granted to the city was by the first
-Ranulph, also styled Ranulph le Meschin, third Earl of Chester,
-who died in 1128.&nbsp; It grants to his tenants demesne of
-Chester, that none but they or their heirs shall buy or sell
-merchandise, brought to the city by sea or land, except at the
-fairs holden at the nativity of St. John the Baptist, and on the
-feast of St. Michael; and is directed thus&mdash;Ranul. com.
-Cestr&aelig;. constabulario. dupifero justiciar, vicecom. baron.
-militibus bullivis et omnibus servientibus suis pr&aelig;sentibus
-et futuris, salutem; Sciatis, &amp;c.; and so makes a large grant
-to the city, and warrants the same strongly against his heirs,
-and appoints forfeitures upon all that shall withstand.&nbsp; The
-charter, which is without date, is witnessed by Domino Hugone,
-Abbate Cestri&aelig;.&nbsp; Domino Hugone le Orebi, tunc.
-justiciar.&nbsp; Warren de Vernon, &amp;c., &amp;c.&nbsp; It was
-confirmed by the other two Earls Ranulphs, and also by Earl John,
-who strictly prohibited all buying and selling except as
-aforesaid, with other additions.&nbsp; King John and Henry the
-Second also established it, with the addition of some further
-privileges.&nbsp; Henry the Third granted three charters, in the
-first of which he recites, that he hath seen the former charters
-of the Earls, and doth grant and confirm <a
-name="page14"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 14</span>domesticis
-hominibus Cestr. &amp;c., that none shall buy or sell merchandise
-in the city, but citizens, except in the fairs, &amp;c., sub
-p&oelig;na &pound;10.</p>
-<p>It was at this time that, so far as we can ascertain, the
-first mayor was created. <a name="citation14"></a><a
-href="#footnote14" class="citation">[14]</a>&nbsp; In the 26th
-year of Henry&rsquo;s reign, Sir Walter Lynnet was the first who
-was invested with civic honours and authority.&nbsp; The
-mayoralty of Chester is, therefore, a very ancient one, only 58
-years younger, we believe, than that of London.</p>
-<p>In 1300 Edward the First confirmed the former charter of his
-father, Henry the Third; and by the same charter gave the city of
-Chester, with the appurtenances, liberties, and freedoms to the
-citizens of Chester and their heirs, to be holden of him and his
-heirs for ever, paying yearly &pound;100.&nbsp; He granted them
-also the election of coroners and pleas of the crown, and that
-the citizens shall have sock, sack, toll, theme, irfangtheof,
-outfangtheof, and to be free throughout all the land and dominion
-of toll, passage, &amp;c.</p>
-<p>Many other charters follow, and other matters connected with
-the government of the city.</p>
-<p>Richard the Second, in 1347, &ldquo;for the furtherance of
-justice and better execution thereof, grants unto his subjects,
-maiors, sheriffs, and commonality of the said city, to hold their
-courts; and limited what processes they may award in actions,
-personal felonies, appeals, process of uttagary, as at the common
-law;&rdquo; and since then the sessions of the peace have
-continued to be held down to the present time.</p>
-<p>Henry Seventh, &ldquo;in consideration that through the decay
-of the haven and river, by many burstings forth, was become sandy
-and impassable, as before, for merchandise,&rdquo; remitteth
-&pound;80 annually of the fee farm rent.&nbsp; And the said King
-Henry Seventh granteth that the city of Chester and the suburbs,
-towns, and hamlets thereof, the castle excepted, should be a
-county of itself, by the name of the county of Chester.</p>
-<p>Henry the Eighth sent letters in parchment under his privy
-seal to the Mayor of Chester, charging that the citizens should
-not be pressed unto the war, but remain within the city for the
-defence thereof.&nbsp; He also, by letters patent, discharged the
-city from being a sanctuary for malefactors, which was by
-proclamation removed to Stafford.&nbsp; In the 32nd year of the
-same reign, the city obtained <a name="page15"></a><span
-class="pagenum">p. 15</span>the privilege of returning two
-burgesses as its representatives in the English parliament.</p>
-<p>The important changes effected in the municipal corporations
-of England and Wales in 1835 render it unnecessary to enter
-further into the various charters granted to the city of
-Chester.&nbsp; By that Act, the local government was vested in
-town councillors, elected by the burgesses, and who serve for a
-term of three years.&nbsp; Chester is divided into five wards for
-the election of the council; each ward elects six councillors,
-two of whom retire from office annually.&nbsp; The councillors
-elect ten aldermen, who hold their office for six years; and any
-member of the council is eligible to the office of mayor.</p>
-<p>The following is a list of those who have served the office of
-mayor of Chester:&mdash;</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1251 Sir Walter Lynnett, Knt.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1677 William Ince, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1696 Peter Bennet, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1700 Hugh Starkie, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1702 William, Earl of Derby.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1704 Edward Partington, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1705 Edward Puleston, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1708 James Mainwaring, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1709 William Allen, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1710 Thomas Partington, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1711 John Minshull, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1712 John Thomason, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1714 Francis Sayer, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1715 John Stringer, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1715 Sir Richd. Grosvenor, Bart.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1716 Henry Bennett, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1717 John Hodgson, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1718 Alexander Denton, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1719 Randle Bingley, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1720 Thomas Edwards, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1725 John Parker, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1729 Thomas Brock, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1731 Trafford Massie, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1733 Peter Ellamies, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1734 Roger Massie, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1736 W. W. Wynn, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1737 Sir Robt. Grosvenor, Bart.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1738 Nathanael Wright, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1743 Thomas Davies, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1744 Thomas Maddock, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1745 Henry Ridley, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1746 Edward Yearsley, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1747 William Edwards, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1748 Edward Griffith, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1750 John Hallwood, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1754 Wm. Cooper, Esq., M.D.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1757 Richard Richardson, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1758 Thomas Grosvenor, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1759 Thos. Cholmondeley, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1760 Thomas Cotgreave, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1761 Holme Burrows, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1763 Edward Burrows, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1764 George French, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1765 Sir W. W. Wynn, Bart.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1769 Gabriel Smith, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1773 Panton Ellamies, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1779 Thomas Amery, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1781 Henry Higg, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1783 John Hallwood, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1784 William Harrison, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1787 Sir Richd. Grosvenor, Bart.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1795 Richard Ollerhead, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1803 Edmund Bushell, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1807 Robert, Earl Grosvenor.</p>
-<p class="gutindent"><a name="page16"></a><span
-class="pagenum">p. 16</span>1809 Thomas Evans, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1810 Thomas Grosvenor, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1811 Robert Bowers, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1813 Sir W. W. Wynn, Bart.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1814 John Bedward, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1815 Sir J. Cotgreave, Knt.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1816 Thomas Francis, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1817 Henry Bowers, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1818 Thomas Bradford, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1819 John Williamson, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1820 William Seller, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1821 John S. Rogers, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1822 William Massey, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1823 Robert Morris, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1824 George Harrison, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1825 John Fletcher, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1826 John Larden, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1827 Thomas Francis, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1827 Henry Bowers, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1828 Robert Morris, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1829 William Moss, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1830 Titus Chaloner, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1831 Richard Buckley, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1831 George Harrison, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1832 John Fletcher, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1833 George Harrison, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1834 The same.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1835 The same.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1836 William Cross, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1837 Thomas Dixon, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1838 Ed. Samuel Walker, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1839 John Uniacke, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1840 The same.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1841 William Wardell, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1842 William Brown, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1843 Wm. Henry Brown, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1844 Henry Kelsall, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1845 Charles Potts, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1846 Edward Tilston, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1847 R. P. Jones, Esq., M.D.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1848 The same.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1849 Sir E. S. Walker, Knt.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1850 John Williams, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1851 The same.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1852 P. S. Humberston, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1853 Henry Brown.&nbsp; Esq., who, dying
-during his mayoralty, Dr. R. P. Jones was appointed to the office
-for the unexpired period.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1854 John Smith, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1855 W. H. Brown, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1856 Major French.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1857 Peter Eaton, Esq.</p>
-<p class="gutindent">1858 P. S. Humberston, Esq.</p>
-<h2><a name="page17"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-17</span>CHAPTER II.<br />
-ROMAN ANTIQUITIES.</h2>
-<p><span class="smcap">Altars</span>, Roman pavements, pigs of
-lead, coins, and other precious relics of former times, have been
-discovered in various places in the city and neighbourhood, some
-of them within a very recent period.&nbsp; Now that the people
-are happily being taught to estimate local antiquities at their
-proper worth, and a spirit of inquiry is being invoked respecting
-them, it is to be hoped that any future discoveries that may be
-made will be carefully preserved.&nbsp; There is no doubt that,
-through recklessness or ignorance, many links in the chain of our
-local history have been neglected and lost.</p>
-<p>On a projecting rock in Handbridge, situate at the south end
-of the bridge, is a sculptured figure of Minerva, with her
-symbol, the owl.&nbsp; Time has very much obliterated and defaced
-this ancient sculpture, called Edgar&rsquo;s Cave, which is
-doubtless of Roman date.&nbsp; Close to the figure is a great
-hole in the rock; and the field in which it is situated is known
-by the name of Edgar&rsquo;s field to the present day.</p>
-<p>In the year 1653 an altar, supposed to have been dedicated to
-Jupiter, was dug up in Foregate-street, and which is preserved
-among the Arundelian marbles at Oxford.&nbsp; The back of it is
-plain: on the sides of it there are neatly sculptured a Patera, a
-cup which was used in their libations; and a Thuribulum, or
-censer for burning incense.&nbsp; The inscription, when perfect,
-was&mdash;</p>
-<blockquote><p style="text-align: center">I . O . M . TANARO<br
-/>
-T . ELVPIVS . GALER<br />
-PRAESENS . GUNTA<br />
-PRI . LEG . XX . V . V<br />
-COMMODO . ET . LATERANO<br />
-COS<br />
-V . S . L . M.</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>which Leigh, in his &lsquo;Natural History of Lancashire and
-Cheshire,&rsquo; explains thus&mdash;</p>
-<blockquote><p style="text-align: center"><a
-name="page18"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 18</span>JOVI OPTIMO
-MAXIMO TANARO<br />
-TITUS ELUPIUS GALERIUS<br />
-PR&AElig;SENS GUBERNATOR<br />
-PRINCIBUS LEGIONIS VICESSIM&AElig; VICTRICI&AElig;
-VALERI&AElig;<br />
-COMMODO ET LATERANO CONSULIBUS,<br />
-VOTUM SOLVIT LUBENS MERITO.</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>In the year 1693, on the occasion of digging a place for a
-cellar in Eastgate-street, an altar was found buried amongst a
-great quantity of ashes, horns, and bones of several
-animals.&nbsp; On the back of the altar is represented a curtain
-with a festoon, over which is a globe surrounded with palm
-branches.&nbsp; On one side is a vase with two handles, from
-which issue acanthus leaves, supporting a basket of fruit; on the
-other side is a Genius with a Cornucopia in his left hand, and an
-altar on his right: on the top of the altar is a well sculptured
-human face within the Thuribulum.</p>
-<p>This altar was found with the inscription downwards, and near
-it were two medals, one of Vespasian, the other is assigned to
-Constantius Chlorus, son-in-law of Maximian.&nbsp; The
-inscription, with restorations, runs thus:&mdash;</p>
-<blockquote><p style="text-align: center">PRO . SAL . DOMIN<br />
-ORUM . NN . INVI<br />
-CTISSIMORVM<br />
-AVGG . GENIO . LOCI<br />
-FLAVIVS . LONGVS<br />
-TRIB . MIL . LEG . XX . VV<br />
-LONGINVS . FIL<br />
-EIVS . DOMO<br />
-SAMOSATA<br />
-V . S</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>Mr. Roach Smith says, &ldquo;The persons who erected this
-altar were of Samosata, a town of Syria, celebrated as the
-birth-place of Lucian.&rdquo;</p>
-<p>In 1779 an altar was found in Watergate-street, which is still
-preserved in the grounds of Oulton Park, the seat of Sir Philip
-de Malpas Grey Egerton, Bart, M.P.: at the sides are the rod of
-Esculapius, the Cornucopi&aelig; and rudder, a patera, urn,
-sacrificial knife, and other instruments.&nbsp; The inscription,
-with a few restorations, is as follows:&mdash;</p>
-<blockquote><p style="text-align: center">FORTVNAE . REDVCI<br />
-ESCVLAP . ET . SALVTI . EIVS<br />
-LIBERT . ET . FAMILIA<br />
-CAII . PONTII . T . F . CAL . MAMILIANI<br />
-RVFI . ANTISTIANI . FVNINSVLANI<br />
-VETTONIANI . LEG . AVG<br />
-D . D</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/p18b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Stone Altars"
-title=
-"Stone Altars"
- src="images/p18s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-</blockquote>
-<p><a name="page19"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 19</span>In the
-year 1821 a handsome altar was found by some labourers in a field
-called &ldquo;The Daniels,&rdquo; in Great Boughton, near
-Chester, between the Tarvin and Huntingdon roads: it is now
-preserved at Eaton Hall, the seat of the Marquis of
-Westminster.&nbsp; It is of red sandstone; the mouldings are
-bold, but it has no other ornaments upon it except the scrolls
-which support the Thuribulum.&nbsp; The inscription is the same
-on both sides, and is as follows:&mdash;</p>
-<blockquote><p style="text-align: center">NYMPHIS<br />
-ET<br />
-FONTIBVS<br />
-LEG XX.<br />
-V V</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>It has been supposed that the reason why this altar was
-erected on that particular spot, was because of the pure water
-which springs on that side of the town: the old Abbot&rsquo;s
-well is in that quarter, whence water was formerly conveyed by
-pipes to some of the monasteries in Chester.</p>
-<p>In 1729, in digging a cellar in Watergate-street, a stone was
-found with an inscription, of which the following fragment only
-remains:&mdash;</p>
-<blockquote><p style="text-align: center">NVMINI . AVG<br />
-ALMAE . CET<br />
-NVS . ACTOR<br />
-EX . VOTO . FACI</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>In the Chapter-house of Chester Cathedral, there is a red
-sandstone, 24 inches by 8 inches, found on the site of the
-Deanery, bearing this inscription:&mdash;</p>
-<blockquote><p style="text-align: center">COH . I . E. OCRATI<br
-/>
-MAXIMINI . M . P</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>Mr. Roach Smith, an eminent authority in such matters, says
-that this inscription is to be ascribed to the century of
-Ocratius Maximus, of the first Cohort of the 20th Legion: it has
-evidently been a facing stone, probably in the city wall; it
-resembles in character the centurial commemorations on the stones
-in the great northern wall, and, like them, apparently refers to
-the completion of a certain quantity of building.</p>
-<p>In the year 1738, in digging the foundation of a house in the
-market-place, a fragment of a slate stone was found, on which was
-cut in bas-relief, the figure of a Retiarius armed with his
-trident and net, and a considerable part of the shield of the
-Secutor.&nbsp; The Secutores and the Retiarii were gladiators,
-distinguished by their armour and manner of fighting.&nbsp; They
-bore in their left hand a <a name="page20"></a><span
-class="pagenum">p. 20</span>trident, and in the right a net, with
-which the combatant attempted to entangle his adversary, by
-throwing it over his head, and suddenly drawing it together, and
-then with his trident he usually slew him.</p>
-<p>Horsley describes a small statue of stone found near the Dee,
-supposed to be either Atys or Mithras.&nbsp; It had a Phrygian
-bonnet, a mantle on the shoulders, a short vest on the body, and
-a declining torch in the hands.</p>
-<p>On pulling down the old Eastgate in 1768, some portions of the
-original Roman structure were discovered, consisting of four
-arches, two in a line, and fifteen feet distant from each other;
-between the two arches fronting the east was a statue of the god
-Mars, holding in his right hand a spear handle, and his left
-resting on a shield.&nbsp; This was cut in one large stone, of
-about a half ton weight.&nbsp; There was also found a piece of
-rude sculpture about two feet in height, representing a Roman
-soldier.</p>
-<p>In the year 1800 a Roman Ring, with an onyx stone in the
-centre, was found by some workmen when digging in a garden in
-Upper Northgate-street, and is now in the possession of R. J.
-Hastings, Esq., of Chester.</p>
-<p>In 1803 part of a mosaic pavement, about five feet square, was
-discovered about six feet below the surface of the earth, on
-digging a cellar in what was then known by the name of the
-Nun&rsquo;s Garden, near the Castle.</p>
-<p>In 1813 in sinking the foundation of a cellar at Netherleigh
-House, a short distance from Chester, a considerable number of
-large vases of red clay were discovered; they were regularly
-arranged in vaults, each vault containing four or six
-vases.&nbsp; Some of these were filled with calcined bones and
-small lumps of white clay.&nbsp; One of the vases was secured in
-a perfect state, but the others in most part were destroyed,
-through the carelessness of the workmen.&nbsp; A demi-figure,
-habited in a sacerdotal costume, was found at the same time.</p>
-<p>In 1814 a tesselated pavement was discovered near the gateway
-of the Castle, in making the alterations there, part of which was
-destroyed, and the remainder covered up again.</p>
-<p>In April, 1850, whilst excavating for a drain on the premises
-belonging to Mr. Wynne, carpenter, on the east side of
-Bridge-street, adjoining the Feathers-lane, a portion of a tile
-flooring, of medi&aelig;val construction, was discovered, in a
-remarkably good state of preservation.&nbsp; This floor was made
-the subject of a lecture by <a name="page21"></a><span
-class="pagenum">p. 21</span>Mr. Harrison, architect, which is
-embodied in the reports published by the Chester
-Arch&aelig;ological Society.&nbsp; Large square Roman tiles of
-red clay are frequently found in removing old buildings, and
-breaking up the pavements, in Chester.&nbsp; Many of these are
-stamped with the inscription of the 20th Legion, <span
-class="GutSmall">LEG. XX. VV.</span>, and others are marked,
-<span class="GutSmall">LEG. VV. &OElig;</span>.</p>
-<p>These tiles were manufactured by the soldiers of the Legion,
-who were accomplished masons, being trained to use the pickaxe,
-spade, and trowel, as well as military arms.&nbsp; In times of
-peace they were employed in building houses and public edifices,
-constructing roads, and tilling the fields.&nbsp; To them
-&ldquo;we are indebted for nearly all the inscriptions discovered
-in this country, which abound in the districts where they were
-regularly quartered, or employed on public works, and are
-comparatively scarce in other localities.&rdquo;</p>
-<p>A great number of coins have been found at various times
-within the walls of Chester, of Vespasian, Trajan, Hadrian, Fl.
-Val. Constantius, and other Roman emperors, some in brass and
-others in silver.&nbsp; A very fine gold coin of Faustina the
-elder, wife of Antonius Pius, was found a few years ago, near the
-Castle; and in 1826 a very beautiful gold coin was dug up in a
-field at the east end of Captain Wrench&rsquo;s house, which is
-in the possession of Captain Wrench.&nbsp; On the obverse is the
-head of Nero, with his title, <span class="GutSmall">NERO CESAR
-AVGVSTVS</span>, and on the reverse is a figure in a sitting
-posture, and the legend <span class="GutSmall">SALVS</span>.</p>
-<p>Whilst excavating a drain in Grosvenor-street, in 1828,
-several coins were found, some of which were in very good
-preservation, especially one of Trajan and another of Geta.&nbsp;
-A lamp made of lead, and an ivory stylus, were also dug up at the
-same time.&nbsp; In the same year was found, near the new church
-of St. Bridget, a small altar, without any inscription to assist
-the antiquarian in ascertaining anything respecting its
-dedication.&nbsp; Within the space of a few inches from the altar
-was found a brass medal, on which the figure of the god Neptune
-is clearly delineated, with his trident, and a ship with her
-sails.&nbsp; The legend on it is <span
-class="GutSmall">NEPTVNVS</span>; on the reverse is Hercules with
-his club, and a female figure by his side, and around is the
-inscription <span class="GutSmall">HERCVLES ET PALLAS</span>.</p>
-<p>A short time ago a small votive altar was found by W. Ayrton,
-Esq., at Boughton, near to the spot where the altar, previously
-described as dedicated to the Nymphs, was discovered.</p>
-<p><a name="page22"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 22</span>The
-inscription has been interpreted thus:&mdash;</p>
-<blockquote><p style="text-align: center">GENO. AVERNI. IVL.
-QVINTILIANVS.<br />
-Julius Quintilianus to the Genius of Avernus.</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>Examples of dedication to genii are very numerous; the belief
-that they presided over the welfare of cities, families, and
-individuals, was part of the religious system of the
-Romans.&nbsp; It was generally believed that every individual had
-two genii, the one good, the other bad.&nbsp; With reference to
-the particular inscription to the genius Avernus, Mr. Roach Smith
-says, &ldquo;that he finds no other mention: but the locality in
-which the altar was found confirms the literal interpretation
-that the genius of the well known lake in Carpania is here to be
-understood as addressed by Julius Quintilianus.&nbsp; The waters
-of the lake were much used by the Romans in magical rites, as the
-classical reader will be reminded by the line in Virgil&rsquo;s
-description of the incantation scene, preparatory to Dido&rsquo;s
-death:&mdash;</p>
-<blockquote><p style="text-align: center">&ldquo;&lsquo;Sparserat
-et latices simulatos fontis Averni.&rsquo;&rdquo;</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>A short time ago there was found in Common Hall-street,
-imbedded in a thick wall several feet under ground, a singular
-block or pig of lead.</p>
-<p>Unfortunately the inscription has only been partially
-preserved, inasmuch as it presents a different reading from
-others which have been discovered, and which Camden mentions as
-being very general in Cheshire; but those which he records as
-having come under his notice had inscribed on them:&mdash;</p>
-<blockquote><p style="text-align: center">IMP . DOMIT . AVG . GER
-. DE . CEANG.</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>These pigs of lead appear to have been paid as tribute by the
-Britons to their Roman masters, &ldquo;the harsh exaction of
-which was one of the causes of the insurrection.&rdquo;</p>
-<p>A great quantity of the Red Samian, and other kinds of
-pottery, have been discovered within the walls of Chester, which
-are supposed to have been of foreign origin.&nbsp; The names of
-the potters were:&mdash;</p>
-<blockquote><p>HIVNV.&mdash;SEV. . .
-.&mdash;BELINOIM.&mdash;ALBINVS.&mdash;BITVRIX.&mdash;ATILLVS.&mdash;VABIVS
-. F.&mdash;I | OFFIC.&mdash;CRESI . M.&mdash;PVONI . M.&mdash;E S
-CV S I . M.</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>The following recent discoveries we extract from the First
-Report of the Chester Architectural, Arch&aelig;ological, and
-Historic Society, incorporated in a most able and interesting
-paper by C. Roach Smith, Esq.</p>
-<p><i>Weaver-street</i>.&mdash;In excavating for sewers was
-found, at the depth <a name="page23"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-23</span>of seven feet, a raised foot-path, edged with
-curb-stones, and a regular paved road, of marble stones set in
-sand; four feet above this, a layer of charcoal; at ten or eleven
-feet deep, a quantity of Roman tile.</p>
-<p><i>Common Hall-street</i>.&mdash;Up the centre, a row of
-foundations formed of concrete (broken marble stones in hard
-mortar), about nine feet apart, all in a line, and about ten feet
-deep, presenting the appearance of having supported
-columns.&nbsp; A large square block of stone, four feet two
-inches square, and sixteen inches deep, without lewis holes, on a
-bed of concrete.&nbsp; A portion of a column of very debased
-classical form, about two feet in diameter; at the top is a hole,
-four inches and a half square, and the same deep, and a similar
-hole at the bottom; the square part seems never to have been
-smoothly dressed; the workmen said it was fast to the grouted
-concrete, at the depth of ten feet; mouldings, broken tiles, and
-pottery, coins of Pius, Tetricus, &amp;c.; a quantity of
-animals&rsquo; bones, a stag&rsquo;s skull, with the horns sawn
-off, and a wild boar&rsquo;s tusk.&nbsp; In the adjoining street,
-a moulded block of cornice, eight inches thick, on the under side
-of which is a rude inscription; imbedded in a thick wall, at the
-same place, a pig of lead; a capital of a pillar.&nbsp; The tiles
-are of various forms, some overlapping one another, some with a
-kind of pattern or letters, others with marks of animals&rsquo;
-feet.&nbsp; One perfect, twenty-one inches by thirteen, of
-singular form.&nbsp; Also, what appears to have been a portion of
-a gable end.</p>
-<p>In December, 1850, whilst fresh drains were being made, an old
-Roman vase was found in a yard belonging to Mr. Parkinson,
-plumber, in Northgate-street, between the Abbey-square and the
-Abbey Green.&nbsp; The labourer who was employed in the drain in
-that neighbourhood unhappily shattered this vase in pieces.&nbsp;
-The fragments, however, were collected together with great care,
-and re-united by Mr. Parkinson, in whose possession it now
-remains.&nbsp; There were found with it some portions of annular
-brass money, much corroded.</p>
-<p>Near to the Feathers Hotel, in Bridge-street, in a cellar now
-occupied as an earthenware shop, are the remains of the Roman
-hypocaust and sweating bath, the use of which appears to have
-been very general amongst the Romans, and regarded by them as one
-of their chief luxuries.&nbsp; From the details which have been
-handed down to us by ancient historians, respecting these curious
-erections, we learn that they were not only constructed so as to
-secure the comfort and convenience of the bathers to the fullest
-<a name="page24"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 24</span>extent,
-but were often built in the most magnificent style of
-architecture.&nbsp; The one in Bridge-street, which circumstances
-have happily spared, is in a tolerably perfect state.&nbsp; It is
-fifteen feet long, and eight wide, and six feet seven inches
-deep.&nbsp; There is an adjoining chamber, or
-<i>pr&aelig;furnium</i>, of the same dimensions.&nbsp; The
-Hypocaust is supported by twenty-eight square pillars, two feet
-eight inches high, and one foot square at the top and
-bottom.&nbsp; Over these pillars are placed bricks, eighteen
-inches square, and three inches thick, which support others two
-feet square, perforated with small holes, about six inches
-asunder, for the purpose of conveying the heat upwards.&nbsp;
-Immediately above this uppermost layer of bricks is a terrace
-floor, composed of several layers of lime, pounded bricks,
-&amp;c., in different proportions and degrees of fineness.&nbsp;
-The room above is the Sudatorium, or Sweating Room, which
-received the hot air from the Hypocaust below.&nbsp; Around the
-walls were benches, rising one above another, on which the
-bathers sat, until they burst out into a free perspiration; after
-which they were scraped with a bronze instrument called a
-<i>Strigil</i>&mdash;thin and flexible, like a hoop&mdash;by
-which all impurities were removed from the skin; they were then
-<i>shampooed</i>, rubbed down with towels (<i>Lintea</i>), and
-their bodies anointed with oil, by an attendant called
-<i>Aliptes</i>, after which they returned to the
-<i>Tepidarium</i>, where they attired themselves, and cooled
-gradually before returning to the open air.</p>
-<p>In 1779, another Hypocaust, and the remains of several
-adjoining rooms of a Roman house, were discovered in digging the
-foundations of houses near the Watergate.&nbsp; The pillars of
-this Hypocaust, the altar dedicated to <i>Fortuna Redux</i>,
-<i>Esculapius et Salus</i>, and a few other antiquities, were
-found at the same time, and were removed to Oulton Park.</p>
-<p>But small portions of the original Roman wall of Chester now
-exist, although undoubted vestiges of that ancient work are
-easily discernible.&nbsp; The present wall, no doubt, stands on
-the original foundation.&nbsp; The Roman pavement has been often
-discovered at the depth of a few feet below the modern road, in
-the principal streets, which, in all probability, run in the same
-direction as those of the Roman City.&nbsp; During the last few
-years, many remarkable antiquities have been discovered in making
-excavations for new buildings; and among such remains, a fine
-Roman altar, bearing a Greek inscription, has excited great
-interest and speculation.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/p25b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"City Walls"
-title=
-"City Walls"
- src="images/p25s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<h2><a name="page25"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-25</span>CHAPTER III.<br />
-A WALK ROUND THE WALLS OF CHESTER.</h2>
-<p><span class="smcap">The</span> Chester walls are the only
-perfect specimen of this order of ancient fortification now to be
-met with in England.&nbsp; There is nothing, perhaps, which
-impresses a stranger more forcibly, or sooner attracts his
-interest and curiosity, than these embattled memorials of the
-olden time.</p>
-<p>In King&rsquo;s &lsquo;Vale Royal&rsquo; it is stated that
-they were first built by Marius, King of the Britons, <span
-class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 73.&nbsp; Leland and Selden, both
-authors of credit, attribute to the Romans the foundation of
-Chester.&nbsp; According to Geoffry of Monmouth, Higden, Bradshaw
-the Monk, and Stowe, it is of an origin more ancient than Rome
-itself, and was only re-edified by the legionaries; but, in
-support of their assertions, the aforesaid writers, all of whom
-delight in the marvellous, give no other authority save vague
-tradition.&nbsp; On the other hand, the Walls of Chester, at this
-hour, bear witness to the truth of Leland and Selden&rsquo;s
-account of their origin.</p>
-<p>They are built of soft freestone, and command extensive and
-beautiful prospects.&nbsp; The view from the Northgate, with the
-Welsh Hills in the distance, is universally admired.&nbsp; The
-Walls are a mile and three-quarters and one hundred and
-twenty-one yards in circumference, and are kept in repair by the
-Corporation.</p>
-<p>We commence our perambulation at a flight of steps on the
-North side of the Eastgate.&nbsp; Proceeding to the right a short
-distance, the venerable Cathedral arrests our attention.</p>
-<p>At the end of Abbey-street is a small archway or passage
-through the Walls, leading to the Kale-yards, or cabbage gardens,
-which formerly belonged to the Abbot and Convent of St.
-Werburgh.&nbsp; This opening was permitted to be made for their
-convenience, in the reign of Edward I., to prevent the necessity
-of bringing their vegetables by a circuitous road through the
-Eastgate.</p>
-<p>A few paces farther on was a quadrangular abutment, on which
-formerly stood a tower called <i>The Sadlers&rsquo; Tower</i>,
-from the Company of Sadlers holding their meetings there.&nbsp;
-The tower was <a name="page26"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-26</span>taken down in 1780; and the abutment, which marked the
-place where it stood, was taken down, in 1828.</p>
-<p>The elevated tower on the Canal bank belongs to the extensive
-Shot and White Lead Manufactory of Messrs. Walker, Parker, and
-Co., and forms a prominent object in the different approaches to
-the City.</p>
-<p>The lofty tower which stands at the angle is called</p>
-<h3><span class="smcap">The Ph&oelig;nix Tower</span>,</h3>
-<p>which was formerly used by some of the companies of the city,
-whose arms were placed upon it, as a chamber for business.&nbsp;
-Of these the <i>Ph&oelig;nix</i>, the crest of the
-Painters&rsquo; and Stationers&rsquo; Company, which was put up
-in 1613, now only remains.</p>
-<p>From the summit of this tower, King Charles I. had the
-mortification to see his army, under the generalship of Sir
-Marmaduke Langdale, defeated by the Parliamentary forces, which
-were led by General Pointz, at the battle of Rowton Moor, on the
-27th September, 1645.&nbsp; From its elevation and command of
-view over the township of Newton, it was formerly called
-<i>Newton&rsquo;s Tower</i>.&nbsp; Linked as it is with that
-eventful battle during one of the most significant epochs of our
-national history, it is not surprising that it is always regarded
-with intense curiosity, as a suggestive memorial of most
-interesting occurrences.&nbsp; The mind is involuntarily carried
-back to the period when our country was involved in the discord,
-strife, and bloodshed of civil war; and, perhaps, as
-involuntarily reflects on the genial and happy change which the
-progress of knowledge, freedom, and religion has accomplished in
-the minds and institutions of the people.&nbsp; We can now occupy
-the very spot on which the hapless monarch beheld the
-discomfiture of his hopes and power; but can gaze upon a prospect
-very different from that which greeted his vision, and with
-emotions more grateful than those which then distracted the
-monarch&rsquo;s breast.&nbsp; His Majesty remained that night in
-Chester, and on the following day marched with 500 horse into
-Wales.</p>
-<p>Beneath the walls here, deeply cut in the solid rock, is the
-Ellesmere and Chester Canal.</p>
-<p>Between the Eastgate and Ph&oelig;nix Tower the remains of the
-Roman Walls are conspicuous in the lower courses.&nbsp; At the
-distance of about seven feet from the top of the parapet, the
-Roman portion is terminated by a cornice, which extends in broken
-lengths for at least 100 yards.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/p26b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"King Charles&rsquo; Tower, City Walls, Chester"
-title=
-"King Charles&rsquo; Tower, City Walls, Chester"
- src="images/p26s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<p><a name="page27"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 27</span>In the
-time of the great Rebellion, a ditch surrounded the Walls, from
-the Eastgate to the Water Tower.&nbsp; The view which is obtained
-from the elevation of this part of the Walls is very extensive
-and beautiful.&nbsp; As you approach the North from the Eastgate,
-the ranges of Peckforton Hills, Beeston Castle, and the Forest of
-Delamere, form the background of the landscape, marked on the
-foreground with Waverton and Christleton churches; and, still
-nearer, the commodious Railway Station.</p>
-<p>Next we arrive at</p>
-<h3><span class="smcap">The Northgate</span>.</h3>
-<p>The ancient gate, over which the gaol was situated, and where
-criminals were formerly executed, was taken down in 1808, and the
-prisoners removed to a more commodious building on the south side
-of the infirmary.</p>
-<p>The present gate is a Doric structure, forming a capacious
-elliptic arch of white stone, divided from two smaller ones at
-the sides by two pillars.&nbsp; It was erected at the expense of
-the late Marquis of Westminster.&nbsp; The North side bears this
-inscription&mdash;</p>
-<blockquote><p style="text-align: center">PORTAM SEPTENTRIONALEM
-SVBSTRVCTAM<br />
-A ROMANIS VETVSTATE JAM DILAPSAM<br />
-IMPENSIS SVIS AB INTEGRO RESTITVENDAM<br />
-CVRAVIT ROBERTVS COMES GROSVENOR.<br />
-A. R. GEORGII TERTII LI.</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>On the South side is the following:&mdash;</p>
-<blockquote><p style="text-align: center">INCHOTA GVLIELMO NEWELL
-ARM. MAI.<br />
-MDCCCVIII.<br />
-PERFECTA THOMA GROSVENOR ARM. MAI.<br />
-MDCCCX.<br />
-THOMA HARRISON ABCHITECTO.</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>The summit of this gate commands a most extensive and
-delightful prospect.&nbsp; On each side of the gate is a
-commodious flight of steps, by which the passenger may descend
-into Northgate-street.</p>
-<p>Near the gate, and on the left hand of Upper Northgate-street,
-stands the Blue-coat Hospital, which was founded by subscription
-in 1700, at the suggestion of Bishop Stratford.&nbsp; The greater
-part of the present structure was built in 1717, partly at the
-expense of the Corporation and partly by benefactions.&nbsp;
-Thirty-two boys are boarded, clothed, and educated, from the age
-of twelve to fourteen.&nbsp; There are also sixty probationary
-day scholars, who succeed to the vacancies of the former.&nbsp;
-They are well educated in the various branches of useful
-knowledge, and at the age of fourteen are provided with
-respectable situations.</p>
-<p><a name="page28"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 28</span>The
-chapel, dedicated to St. John the Baptist, called Little St.
-John&rsquo;s, occupies the south wing of this building; it was
-formerly an hospital, or sanctuary, and endowed with great
-privileges.&nbsp; It is extra-parochial, and a perpetual curacy
-is in the gift of the Corporation.&nbsp; The Rev. William Clarke
-is the present curate.&nbsp; The hospital is of great antiquity,
-having been founded by Randal, Earl of Chester, for a master,
-three chaplains, and thirteen citizens of Chester, being either
-&ldquo;poor or sillie, or poor or feeble persons.&rdquo;&nbsp;
-The mastership was granted in the ninth year of Edward Second to
-the prior of Birkenhead.</p>
-<p>The chapel and hospital being destroyed during the civil wars,
-were rebuilt by Colonel Roger Whitley, to whom King Charles
-Second granted the hospital estate for his life and twenty years
-after.&nbsp; When the city charter was renewed in 1686, the
-reversions were granted to the mayor and citizens for ever, as
-trustees for the hospital.&nbsp; The Corporation obtained
-possession in 1703, and have since exercised the right of
-presentation.&nbsp; In the time of King Henry VIII. it consisted
-of a chaplain and six poor brethren; and had lands and profits to
-the amount of &pound;28 10s. 4d.&nbsp; In later days there were
-in the Chapel-yard six almshouses for widows, who were each
-allowed &pound;1 6s. 8d. a year and some perquisites.&nbsp; In
-1801, Alderman Crewe bequeathed &pound;30 per annum to be divided
-amongst them in equal proportions.&nbsp; Under an amended scheme,
-by order of the Court of Chancery, in 1852, the almshouses were
-rebuilt, and provision is now made for thirteen &ldquo;poor and
-impotent persons of both sexes,&rdquo; to each of whom the sum of
-&pound;26 a year, by weekly payments of 10s., is given.&nbsp;
-They have free occupation of the houses, and &pound;30 per
-annum.&nbsp; Alderman Crewe&rsquo;s legacy is expended for their
-benefit in coals and other articles of domestic comfort.</p>
-<p>Proceeding on our circuit, we next reach a curious square
-building called <span class="smcap">Morgan&rsquo;s Mount</span>,
-a platform on the right, accessible by a flight of steps,
-underneath which is a sort of chamber, apparently one of the
-stations for a sentinel.&nbsp; From the summit we have a
-wide-spreading and enchanting prospect, exhibiting the windings
-of the Dee to its estuary; Flint Castle; the Jubilee Column, on
-Moel Fammau; the Lighthouse, at the point of Ayr; the beautiful
-range of the Clwyddian hills; and the church and castle of
-Hawarden.&nbsp; On the right, a very excellent view is presented
-of the</p>
-<h3><span class="smcap">Training College</span>,</h3>
-<p><a name="page29"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 29</span>which
-was erected from a design and under the superintendence of
-Messrs. J. C. and G. Buckler, of London, at an estimated cost of
-&pound;10,000, raised by public subscription, assisted by a grant
-from Government, and was completed in September, 1842.&nbsp; The
-institution is under the presidency of the Lord Bishop of the
-diocese, and has the sanction of the Deans and Chapters of
-Chester and Manchester.&nbsp; The object it seeks to promote is,
-the supply of the parochial schools of the Diocese of Chester
-with masters well qualified by a sound religious and scientific
-training, for the discharge of their important duties.&nbsp;
-Hitherto, it has nobly sustained its purpose, and, by regularly
-sending forth men whose minds have been brought under thorough
-discipline, and well furnished with general knowledge and
-science, is doing very much towards the elevation of parochial
-education in the diocese.&nbsp; The college is under the able
-direction of the Rev. Arthur Rigg, M.A., of Christ&rsquo;s
-College, Cambridge.&nbsp; A handsome chapel is attached to the
-college.</p>
-<p>In the Minutes of the Committee of Council on Education for
-1850, there are the following remarks, by the Rev. Henry Moseley,
-upon the Chester Training College:&mdash;</p>
-<blockquote><p>&ldquo;I have to bear the same testimony as
-heretofore to the excellent discipline of the Institution; to the
-great order that pervades it; and to the judicious arrangements
-made in respect to the industrial training of the students, the
-industry, cheerfulness, and activity with which these labours are
-pursued, in the intervals of study, is most pleasing to
-contemplate.&nbsp; I know no other training school which, in
-respect to these things, appears to me superior to this; and I
-attach to them, in a moral point of view, the first
-importance.&nbsp; Nor do I know any other in which the buildings
-appear to me better adapted to the use of a training school, or
-in which those minor arrangements, on which the domestic comfort
-of the inmates and the good order of the household depend, are
-more carefully observed.&rdquo;</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>A few paces further on is an ancient tower, formerly called
-the <i>Goblin&rsquo;s Tower</i>, but now known by the name of
-<span class="smcap">Pemberton&rsquo;s Parlour</span>.&nbsp; Being
-in a ruinous condition, part of it was taken down in 1702, and
-the remainder renovated and repaired.&nbsp; On the front was some
-excellent carved work in stone, and the names of the then Mayor
-(the Earl of Derby) and the other corporate officers of the year
-in which the repairs were made; but in consequence of the stone
-being of a soft and friable nature, and from other causes, <a
-name="page30"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 30</span>both the
-inscription and the carved work are now almost obliterated.&nbsp;
-The inscription, so far as it is legible, is as
-follows:&mdash;</p>
-<blockquote><p>&ldquo; * * * year of the glorious reign of Queen
-Anne divers wide breaches in these walls were rebuilt, and other
-decays therein were repaired; 2,000 yards of the pavement were
-new flagged or paved, and the whole repaired, regulated, and
-adorned, at the expense of &pound;1,000 and upwards.&nbsp; Thomas
-Hand, Esq., Mayor, 1701.&nbsp; The Right Honourable William, Earl
-of Derby, Mayor, 1702, who died in his Mayoralty.&rdquo;</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>On the left is a large field, anciently called <i>Barrow
-Field</i>, which was used by the Roman soldiers for their
-military exercises; a vast number of bodies were buried here at
-one of the periods when the plague raged so severely in the
-city.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/p30b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Water Tower &amp; Museum, City Walls, Chester"
-title=
-"Water Tower &amp; Museum, City Walls, Chester"
- src="images/p30s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<p>Continuing our route westward, we next come to</p>
-<h3><span class="smcap">The Water Tower</span>,</h3>
-<p>an ancient fortress, erected for the purpose of repelling the
-approach of maritime foes, for it appears that formerly the river
-flowed under this part of the walls, so that vessels could sail
-close by the Tower.&nbsp; At high tide, the whole of the land on
-which are now situated Crane-street and the neighbourhood, was
-covered with water.&nbsp; At the south angle of the walls is an
-old square tower, anciently called <i>Bonwaldesthorne&rsquo;s
-Tower</i>, from which is an embattled passage to the Water Tower,
-which was built in 1322, by contract for &pound;100, by John
-Helpstone, a mason.&nbsp; The dimensions were 24 yards in height,
-and 10&frac12; yards in diameter.&nbsp; It had openings for
-cannon and rings in the walls, to which ships were formerly
-moored.&nbsp; This noble bulwark is suggestive of reflections of
-deep historic interest; for at the siege of Chester by the
-Republican army, this place was bombarded from the farm-house
-called Brewer&rsquo;s Hall, on the opposite side of the river,
-but without success.&nbsp; Many a gallant sentinel has here kept
-loyal watch against the approach of the enemy.&nbsp; Happily, our
-age needs not these ancient fortifications for the warlike
-purpose to which they were originally devoted, and as an
-exhibition of the genius of the thirteenth and nineteenth
-centuries in happy contrast, this tower, built for war, is now
-occupied as a</p>
-<h3><span class="smcap">Museum of the Mechanics&rsquo;
-Institution</span>,</h3>
-<p>and is devoted to the more beneficent object of science and
-general improvement.&nbsp; Although the Museum is but of recent
-origin, the zeal and liberality of its supporters have already
-well furnished it with valuable relies, which will interest the
-antiquary, and other <a name="page31"></a><span
-class="pagenum">p. 31</span>curiosities of more modern date,
-which afford gratification to all.&nbsp; The munificent
-liberality of William Wardell, Esq., a devoted friend to every
-enterprise which contemplates the social and intellectual
-advancement of the citizens, enables us to point out an
-attractive object in the</p>
-<h3><span class="smcap">Camera Obscura</span>,</h3>
-<p>which is situated on the upper part of the tower.&nbsp; We can
-promise the reader much amusement from this excellent instrument,
-which will furnish him with a most charming prospect of the
-diversified and lovely scenery of the district.&nbsp; On the top
-of the tower is fixed a very good telescope by Dollond, which
-commands a most extensive and magnificent view.&nbsp; If the day
-be favourable, and the atmosphere clear, we can stretch our gaze
-over a wide and truly grand range of objects, embracing the Great
-Ormshead at Llandudno in Carnarvonshire, the Wrekin in
-Shropshire, Moel Fammau and the Welsh Hills, towering aloft in
-their tranquil majesty.&nbsp; Across the river is Brewer&rsquo;s
-Hall, which we have mentioned, where Cromwell&rsquo;s army
-erected a battery, for the purpose of destroying this tower,
-&ldquo;but which had no great effect;&rdquo; close by is the
-Railway Viaduct of forty-seven arches, and the Bridge crossing
-the Dee on cast-iron girders; the whole scene forming an
-exceedingly fine panorama.</p>
-<p>At the foot of the flight of steps close by are the City Baths
-and Wash-houses.&nbsp; The swimming bath is very capacious, and
-the necessary adjuncts most complete: there are also private and
-shower baths.</p>
-<p>We now resume our walk; and, proceeding southwards from the
-Water Tower, on the left, is</p>
-<h3><span class="smcap">The Infirmary</span>;</h3>
-<p>a handsome brick building, founded by Dr. William Stratford,
-who bequeathed &pound;300 to the charity.&nbsp; It was opened on
-the 17th March, 1761.&nbsp; It is capable of containing 100 beds,
-with commodious offices, and excellent accommodation for its
-respective officers.&nbsp; The north part of the building is
-exclusively devoted to a fever ward.&nbsp; This asylum for the
-afflicted is liberally supported by voluntary
-subscriptions.&nbsp; Donors of twenty guineas, and subscribers of
-two guineas per annum, are governors, with the privilege of
-recommending two in-patients, and six out-door patients
-annually.</p>
-<p>The inmates receive the most humane and skilful attention from
-<a name="page32"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 32</span>the
-medical staff, which consists of Honorary Physicians and
-Surgeons, a Resident Surgeon, and an Assistant.</p>
-<p>The number of patients admitted during the year 1857
-were&mdash;</p>
-<table>
-<tr>
-<td><p>In-patients</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">547</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Home-patients</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">1,120</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Out-patients</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">2,393</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>The total number since the foundation of the
-institution,</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">230,075.</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-<p>Of all the charitable institutions which do honour to the
-benevolence of the city, the Infirmary ranks the first in
-beneficial and important operations, and eminently deserves the
-sympathy and support of the public.</p>
-<p>The next large building close by is</p>
-<h3><span class="smcap">The City Gaol</span>,</h3>
-<p>which also includes the <span class="smcap">House of
-Correction</span>; both are under the superintendence of a
-committee of the Town Council.&nbsp; The Gaol is in the western
-part of the building, with a good Doric entrance.&nbsp; Over the
-front entrance, within the iron railing, the condemned criminals
-are executed.&nbsp; The entrance to the House of Correction is at
-the east end, and is also of stone.&nbsp; Each of these
-establishments has four courts, with cells and day rooms
-adjoining; and both are under the government of one gaoler and a
-male and female assistant.&nbsp; There is a chapel common to both
-establishments.&nbsp; The chaplain is appointed by the
-Corporation.&nbsp; In consequence of the escapes the prisoners
-have succeeded in making from time to time, many improvements
-have been made in the internal arrangements of the prison, since
-it was first built, respecting the classification of prisoners
-and other matters; and the outworks of the building have received
-some important additions to ensure their greater security.&nbsp;
-A little further on to the left is Stanley-place, a pleasant,
-open square of modern residences, leading to the Linen Hall
-Cheese Mart, which is well supplied at the fairs, held six times
-during the year, with Cheese from the dairies of Cheshire and
-North Wales.</p>
-<p>We now ascend a handsome gateway called</p>
-<h3><span class="smcap">The Watergate</span>,</h3>
-<p>the custody of which formerly belonged to the Earls of Derby,
-who held a valuable river jurisdiction, in executing the
-mayor&rsquo;s warrants on the Dee, which formerly flowed close
-underneath.&nbsp; It was purchased from the Derby family by the
-Corporation in 1778, taken down in 1788, and the present
-structure erected in 1789, the expense being defrayed out of the
-murage duties fund.&nbsp; It <a name="page33"></a><span
-class="pagenum">p. 33</span>consists of a wide and lofty arch,
-thrown over the Watergate-street, where a rapid descent adds much
-to its apparent elevation.&nbsp; The west side bears the
-following inscription:&mdash;</p>
-<blockquote><p style="text-align: center"><span
-class="GutSmall">IN THE XXIX. YEAR OF THE REIGN OF GEO. III. IN
-THE</span><br />
-<span class="GutSmall">MAYORALTY OF JOHN HALLWOOD, AND JOHN
-LEIGH, ESQUIRES,</span><br />
-<span class="GutSmall">THIS GATE WAS ERECTED.</span></p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">THOMAS
-COTGREAVE, EDWARD BURROWS, ESQUIRES, MURENGERS.</span></p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>The view from the summit of this gate is very extensive, the
-objects immediately surrounding adding much to the pleasure of
-the scene.&nbsp; On the opposite bank of the river Dee is Curzon
-Park, with its beautiful villa residences.&nbsp; On the left is
-Grosvenor Bridge, with its far-famed noble arch, the widest arch
-of masonry in the world; a little beyond may be seen the grand
-lodge entrance to Eaton Park, erected at the cost of
-&pound;14,000, the <i>toute ensemble</i> forming a most charming
-picture.&nbsp; The site of the present Crane-street and the parts
-adjacent were formerly under water.</p>
-<p>Immediately below is the beautiful and spacious meadow called
-the</p>
-<h3><span class="smcap">Roodeye</span>.</h3>
-<p>It contains about eighty-four statute acres of land, and is
-let by the Corporation as a pasture for cattle.&nbsp; It was once
-the arena for ancient sports, and the city games and gymnastics
-were celebrated here, respecting which there are many curious
-records extant.&nbsp; Of these, however, the horse races alone
-remain, which continue to be held in the first week of May, this
-Spring meeting being considered one of the most important and
-interesting illustrations of the national sports of the
-turf.&nbsp; The course is little more than a mile, and affords
-the spectators the singular advantage of seeing the horses during
-the whole race.&nbsp; The Earl of Chester&rsquo;s Regiment of
-Yeomanry Cavalry assembles annually on the Roodeye for
-exercise.</p>
-<p>The antiquity of the Chester races appears from the following
-extract from the collection of the late Mr. Nicholls of Chorlton,
-to whose researches the authors of the &lsquo;History of
-Cheshire&rsquo; are much indebted.&nbsp; The MS. from which this
-is extracted is entitled,</p>
-<blockquote><p>&ldquo;<i>Certayne collections of anciante
-times</i>, <i>concerning the anciante and famous cittie of
-Chester</i>, <i>collected by that Reverend Man of God</i>, <i>Mr.
-Robert Rogers</i>, <i>bachelor of divinitie</i>, <i>archdeacon of
-Chester</i>, <i>parsone of Gooseworth</i>, <i>and prebande in the
-Cathedral of Chester</i>, <i>being put in scattered notes</i>,
-<i>and by his son reduced into these chapters
-following</i>:&mdash;</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p style="text-align: center"><a name="page34"></a><span
-class="pagenum">p. 34</span>&ldquo;<span class="GutSmall">OF ST.
-GEORGE&rsquo;S RACE, OF LATE TIME INVENTED, AND WHEN
-ALTERED</span>.</p>
-<blockquote><p>&ldquo;In <span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1609,
-Mr. William Lester, mercer, beinge mayor of Chester, one Mr.
-Robert Amerye, ironmonger, sometime sheriffe of Chester (<span
-class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1608), he, with the assent of the
-mayor and cittie, at his own coste chiefly, as I conceive
-chiefly, caused three silver cupps, of goode value, to be made,
-the which saide silver cupps were, upon St. George&rsquo;s daye,
-for ever to be thus disposed: all gentlemen that would bringe
-their horses to the Rood-dee that daye, and there run, that horse
-which with speede did over-rune the reste, shoulde have the beste
-cuppe there presently delivered, and that horse which came
-seconde, next the firste, before the reste, had the seconde cuppe
-there also delivered; and for the thirde cuppe, it was to be run
-for at the ringe, by any gentleman that woulde rune for the same,
-upon the said Rood-dee, and upon St. George&rsquo;s daye; being
-thus decreed, that every horse putt in soe much monie as made the
-value of the cupps or bells, and had the money, which horses did
-winne the same, and the use of the cupps, till that day twelve
-month, beinge in bonde to deliver in the cupps that daye; soe
-also for the cuppe for the ringe, which was yearly continued
-accordingly, until the yeare of our Lord 1623; John Brereton,
-inn-holder, beinge mayor of Chester, he altered the same after
-this manner, and caused the three cupps to be sould, and caused
-more money to be gathered and added, soe that the intereste
-thereof would make one faire silver cuppe, of the value of
-&pound;8 as I suppose, it maye be more worth, and the race to be
-altered, viz., from beyonde the New Tower a great distance, and
-soe to rune five times from that place rownd about the Rood-dee,
-and he that overcame all the reste the last course, to have the
-cuppe freely for ever, then and there delivered, which is
-continued to this daye.&nbsp; But here I must not omit the
-charge, and the solemnitie made the first of St. George&rsquo;s
-daye; he had a poet, one Mr. Davies, who made speeches and
-poeticale verses, which were delivered at the high crosse, before
-the mayor and aldermen, with shews of his invention, which booke
-was imprinted and presented to that famous Prince Henry, eldest
-sonne to the blessed King James, of famous memorie.&nbsp; Alsoe
-he caused a man to go upon the spire of St. Peter&rsquo;s steeple
-in Chester, and by the fane, at the same tyme he sounded the
-drum, and displayed a banner upon the top of the same
-spire.&nbsp; And this was the original of St. George&rsquo;s race
-with the change thereof, as it is now used.&rdquo;</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/p34b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Chester Cemetery"
-title=
-"Chester Cemetery"
- src="images/p34s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<p><a name="page35"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 35</span>On the
-west side of the Roodeye stands</p>
-<h3><span class="smcap">The House of Industry</span>,</h3>
-<p>built by the Corporation in 1757, as a refuge for age and
-indigence.&nbsp; Warm and cold baths are established for the use
-of the inmates, whose comfort is most studiously consulted and
-provided for.&nbsp; The pleasant row of houses on the right of
-the Roodeye is called Paradise-row, the site of which, as appears
-by an ancient map, was once in the bed of the river.</p>
-<p>Soon after passing the Watergate, on the left, there is an
-opening to the city, called Smith&rsquo;s-walk, at the bottom of
-which stands a large house, on the site of which formerly stood
-the Priory of White Friars or Carmelites.</p>
-<p>On the north side of the open field on the left is a pleasant
-mansion, now the Rectory house of St. Bridget&rsquo;s parish, but
-formerly the residence of the late Thomas Harrison, Esq., the
-celebrated architect, who has immortalized his genius in some of
-the finest works of which Chester can boast.&nbsp; Near this spot
-once stood a convent of Benedictine nuns, dedicated to St.
-Mary.&nbsp; It was suppressed, with the other lesser monasteries,
-in 1537, and no vestige of the ancient building now remains.</p>
-<p>Before proceeding further on our circuit round the walls, we
-recommend the visitor to turn off to the right on the road, for
-the purpose of inspecting the</p>
-<h3><span class="smcap">New Cemetery</span>, near the Grosvenor
-Bridge.</h3>
-<p>It is beautifully laid out, and arranged with admirable taste,
-and was rendered necessary by the overcrowded state of the
-parochial burial grounds.&nbsp; Opposite the Cemetery gates is a
-suspension bridge, for foot passengers, to Curzon Park, whence we
-have a fine panoramic view of Chester.</p>
-<p>We now retrace our steps to survey that interesting
-structure,</p>
-<h3><span class="smcap">The Castle</span>.</h3>
-<p>We have no precise authority whereby to ascertain the date of
-the foundation of Chester Castle.&nbsp; Some think there is good
-reason to believe it to be of Roman origin, and of equal
-antiquity with the City Walls.&nbsp; Others have fixed the date
-of its erection <span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1069, by
-William the Conqueror; but there are some considerations which
-seem to point to an earlier period than this.&nbsp; It is stated
-by Camden to have been <i>repaired</i> by Hugh Lupus, and
-additional fortifications erected by the Norman Earls his
-successors.&nbsp; It was <a name="page36"></a><span
-class="pagenum">p. 36</span>certainly the palace of the local
-monarchs, as well as their chief stronghold, and retained much of
-this mixed character until modern alterations were made.&nbsp;
-Pennant describes the Castle, as it formerly stood, as being
-composed of two parts, an upper and a lower, each with a strong
-gate, defended by a round bastion on each side, with a ditch and
-draw-bridges.</p>
-<p>In 1237, upon the death of John Scott, the last earl of the
-Norman line, the Commissioners of Henry III. seized Chester
-Castle for the King.</p>
-<p>In 1265 James De Aldithley and Urian De St. Pierre, at the
-head of the citizens of Chester, besieged Luke De Taney,
-King&rsquo;s Justice, in the Castle, which held out for ten
-weeks, when, upon receiving intelligence of the battle of
-Evesham, he surrendered.</p>
-<p>Henry of Lancaster (afterwards Henry IV.), having taken up
-arms against Richard II. in 1399, mustered his army upon the bank
-of the Dee, under the walls of Chester, and Sir Piers Legh of
-Lyme, an adherent of Richard, was beheaded, and his head set upon
-the top of the highest tower in the Castle.&nbsp; Shortly
-afterwards, the unfortunate Richard and the Earl of Salisbury
-were brought prisoners to Chester, mounted (says Hall)
-&ldquo;upon two little nagges, not worth forty franks,&rdquo;
-when the King was delivered &ldquo;to the Duke of
-Gloucester&rsquo;s sonne and the Earl of Arundell&rsquo;s sonne,
-that loved him but a little, for he had put their fathers to
-death, who led him strait to the castell.&rdquo;</p>
-<p>In 1403 Henry Percy, surnamed Hotspur, visited Chester on his
-way to the fatal field of Shrewsbury, and caused proclamation to
-be made, that King Richard was yet alive, and a prisoner in
-Chester Castle, where he might be seen.</p>
-<p>Eleanor, Duchess of Gloucester, wife of the <i>Good Duke
-Humphrey</i>, was confined for several months in Chester Castle,
-in 1447, previous to her removal to the Isle of Man, under a
-sentence of perpetual imprisonment, on a charge of
-&ldquo;practising the King&rsquo;s death.&rdquo;</p>
-<p>Here, in 1651, the Puritans, in their peculiar phraseology,
-&ldquo;<i>sought the Lord</i>,&rdquo; by trying and condemning to
-death the gallant and patriotic Earl of Derby, Sir Timothy
-Featherstonehaugh, and Captain Benbow.&nbsp; According to
-Whitlocke, the Earl &ldquo;attempted to escape, and was let down
-by a rope from the leads of his chamber; but some hearing a
-noise, made after him, and he was retaken upon Dee
-bank.&rdquo;</p>
-<p>The ancient structure was taken down at the close of the last
-century, and the present edifice erected on its site.</p>
-<p><a name="page37"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 37</span>The
-principal entrance is through a handsome portico of Grecian Doric
-architecture.&nbsp; It is 103 feet by 35, and consists of a
-centre and two wings connected by covered passages.&nbsp; The ten
-fluted columns, which compose the peristyle in the centre, are
-each cut out of a single block of stone.&nbsp; It is situated in
-the centre of a semicircular sunk fence or foss, 13 feet deep,
-and 390 feet in diameter, cased with hewn stone, surmounted with
-stone pedestals at equal distances, and the spaces filled with
-handsome iron rails, forming the north-west boundary of the
-esplanade.</p>
-<p>On the western side of the esplanade is the Armoury, capable
-of containing between 30,000 and 40,000 stand of arms.&nbsp; This
-is well worthy the inspection of strangers, who cannot fail to be
-struck with the excellent state in which the military stores are
-kept, and the tasteful arrangement of the arms.</p>
-<p>Within the gate at the east end of this range of buildings is
-the guard-house, behind which is a venerable tower, called
-<i>Julius Agricola&rsquo;s</i>, or <i>C&aelig;sar&rsquo;s</i>,
-which is still entire, and partly occupied as a magazine.&nbsp;
-Within this tower is a curious chapel, mentioned in the tax-book
-of Henry VIII. as the chantry &ldquo;<i>infra Castrum
-Cestri&aelig;</i>&rdquo; and yielding as its tenth 10s. 8d.&nbsp;
-It is an upper chamber, about 19 feet by 16, and 16 feet in
-height.&nbsp; The roof, which is vaulted and groined, is of
-stone.&nbsp; On one side is a plain pointed recess in the wall,
-the back of which appears to have been ornamented with paintings,
-and was probably the altar.&nbsp; James II. heard mass in this
-chapel.</p>
-<h3><span class="smcap">The Gaol and County Hall</span>.</h3>
-<p>The principal entrance to the Shire Hall is through a portico
-of twelve columns in double rows, 22 feet high, and 3 feet
-1&frac12; inches in diameter, each formed of a single
-stone.&nbsp; The ceiling, roof, and covering, are also of
-stone.&nbsp; The hall is of a semicircular form, measuring 80
-feet by 50, including the judgment-seat, and 44 feet high, and is
-lighted from above.&nbsp; The ceiling is a semi-dome, boldly
-caissoned with ventilators opening to the roof, in the shape of
-ornamental roses.&nbsp; It is supported by a row of twelve Ionic
-columns, each composed of a single stone, from the bases of which
-there is a gradual descent by a flight of circular steps to the
-bar, which enables every one in the body of the court to have a
-perfect view of the judges, counsel, prisoners, and
-witnesses.&nbsp; There is a subterraneous passage from the dock
-to the prison, which affords both facility and safety in the
-removal of the prisoners.</p>
-<p><a name="page38"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 38</span>On the
-right of the entrance to the County Hall are the Grand Jury Room
-and the Prothonotary&rsquo;s Offices.&nbsp; In a small room on
-the ground floor is the model of the Grosvenor Bridge, and there
-are full length portraits of William III., Charles II., George
-I., George II., and Frederick, Prince of Wales.</p>
-<p>On the left is the entrance to the County Gaol, which may vie
-in every respect with any other establishment of the sort in the
-kingdom.&nbsp; It is built upon two levels.&nbsp; On the east
-side of the range of buildings on the upper level is the
-Deputy-Governor&rsquo;s house; adjoining are the day and sleeping
-rooms of the male debtors, with a large and commodious yard,
-commanding a view of the surrounding country; and in an extensive
-wing are the convicts&rsquo; cells, apartments for the female
-debtors and prisoners, with the matron&rsquo;s house and
-hospital.&nbsp; In the centre, projecting beyond the level, and
-of a semicircular form, so as to command a view of the court
-yards, &amp;c., are the gaoler&rsquo;s or governor&rsquo;s
-apartments.&nbsp; Underneath the governor&rsquo;s apartments, and
-of the same form, is the chapel, which has lately been rebuilt
-and much improved.&nbsp; It is situate between the upper and
-lower level, and so contrived as to receive the debtors and
-criminals into different compartments, from their respective
-court yards.&nbsp; Divine service is performed in the chapel
-every morning during the week, and twice every Sunday.&nbsp; The
-Rev. J. M. Kilner is the present chaplain, who is most
-indefatigable in the discharge of his duties.&nbsp; On the lower
-level, under the jailor&rsquo;s house, are the felons&rsquo;
-yards, five in number.&nbsp; They are spacious and airy, and each
-contains a pump and trough.&nbsp; A sort of area or passage
-surrounds these yards, and beyond that is the outside wall, built
-of immense blocks of stone, and conveying at once the idea of
-security and solidity.&nbsp; Nothing can exceed the excellent
-discipline and general arrangement of the prisoners.&nbsp; A
-large proportion of the prisoners are profitably employed, under
-the superintendence of a task-master.&nbsp; They are chiefly
-engaged in calico, rug, and carpet weaving, shoe-making, and
-basket-making.&nbsp; The greater part of the articles of clothing
-and bed furniture used within the walls are manufactured by them;
-and the store-room presents the appearance of a complete
-depository of useful articles for the prison, of almost every
-description.</p>
-<p>There is also a commodious schoolroom, which is efficiently
-superintended.&nbsp; Everything relating to the internal
-management of this prison is complete in each department, and
-reflects the highest credit on the governor, Mr. Dunstan.</p>
-<p><a name="page39"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-39</span>Previous to the new erections, on the east side of the
-lower court stood the ancient Shire Hall, in which the courts of
-justice for the county used to be held.&nbsp; It was a
-magnificent building, nearly 90 feet in length, and 45 in
-breadth; the height very lofty, and worthy the state apartment of
-the first Norman Earl, Hugh Lupus, who required a hall suitable
-to the greatness of his hospitality.&nbsp; Adjoining to this hall
-was the Court of Exchequer, or Court of Chancery, of the county
-palatine of Chester.&nbsp; It was the Parliament House of the
-little kings of the palatinate, and had neat gothic seats for the
-abbot and eight barons.</p>
-<p>The east side of the esplanade is appropriated to Barracks,
-which contain excellent and spacious accommodations.&nbsp; Behind
-the Barracks is the Provost, with an enclosed yard.&nbsp; It is
-no longer employed for this purpose, having been, some time
-since, converted into an armoury for pensioners, military library
-and reading-room, &amp;c.&nbsp; This wing, and the opposite one
-on the west side of the esplanade, were built at the joint
-expense of the Crown and the County Palatine.</p>
-<p>Proceeding through the gate at the east end, we come to</p>
-<h3><span class="smcap">The Sessions House</span>,</h3>
-<p>a neat and commodious edifice, with a tolerably spacious
-court, magistrates&rsquo; and grand jury rooms, and a robing room
-for counsel on the ground floor; and upstairs are the Clerk of
-the Peace&rsquo;s record rooms and other offices.</p>
-<p>Before leaving the Castle yard, the attention of the visitor
-will naturally be attracted by memorials of the Crimean war, in
-the form of two Russian guns, mounted on either side of the grand
-entrance, under a portico, enclosed with iron railings.&nbsp; On
-each of these formidable pieces of ordnance is inscribed the
-following historical memorandum:</p>
-<blockquote><p style="text-align: center"><span
-class="GutSmall">THIS GUN</span><br />
-<span class="GutSmall">WAS CAPTURED BY THE ALLIED ARMIES
-OF</span><br />
-<span class="GutSmall">ENGLAND, FRANCE, TURKEY, AND
-SARDINIA,</span><br />
-<span class="GutSmall">AT SEVASTOPOL,</span><br />
-<span class="GutSmall">ON THE 8TH DAY OF SEPTEMBER,
-1855,</span><br />
-<span class="GutSmall">AND PRESENTED BY</span><br />
-<span class="GutSmall">HER MAJESTY</span><br />
-<span class="GutSmall">TO THE CITIZENS OF CHESTER,</span><br />
-<span class="GutSmall">IN COMMEMORATION OF THAT ARDUOUS
-SIEGE.</span><br />
-<span class="GutSmall">VICTORIA REGINA.</span></p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>Having completed our view of the Castle, we return to continue
-<a name="page40"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 40</span>our walk,
-proceeding along the walls until we reach the boundary of the
-Castle, where the tourist will have a fine view of the</p>
-<h3><span class="smcap">Grosvenor Bridge</span>.</h3>
-<p>This noble work of art, which is unequalled in the history of
-bridge-building, crosses the Dee at the south-east angle of the
-Roodeye, and is approached by a new road from the centre of
-Bridge-street, which passes by the Castle esplanade, proceeds
-across the City Walls, and then, by an immense embankment, thrown
-over a deep valley, to the foot of the bridge.&nbsp; The bridge
-consists of one main stone arch, with a small dry arch or towing
-path on each side, by which the land communication is preserved
-on both sides of the river.&nbsp; The cost of erection was
-&pound;36,000.</p>
-<p>The great distinguishing feature of this edifice is the
-unparalleled width of the chord or span of the main arch, which
-is of greater extent than that of any other known to have been
-constructed.&nbsp; Of its dimensions the following is an accurate
-delineation:&mdash;The span of the arch, <i>two hundred feet</i>.
-<a name="citation40"></a><a href="#footnote40"
-class="citation">[40]</a>&nbsp; Height of the arch from the
-springing line, 40 feet.&nbsp; Dimensions of the main abutments,
-48 feet wide by 40, with a dry arch as a towing path at each
-side, 20 feet wide, flanked with immense wing walls, to support
-the embankment.&nbsp; The whole length of the roadway, 340
-feet.&nbsp; Width of the bridge from outside the parapet walls,
-35 feet 6 inches, divided thus: carriage road, 24 feet; the two
-causeways, 9 feet; thickness of the parapet walls, 2 feet 6
-inches.&nbsp; Altitude from the top of the parapet wall to the
-river at low-water mark, 66 feet 6 inches.&nbsp; The
-architectural plan of this bridge was furnished by the late
-Thomas Harrison, Esq.; contractor and builder, Mr. James
-Trubshaw, of Staffordshire; surveyor, Mr. Jesse Hartley, of
-Liverpool.&nbsp; The first stone was laid on the 1st October,
-1827, by the late Marquis of Westminster, and a specimen of each
-of the current coins of the realm deposited therein; and was
-formally opened in October, 1832, by her Royal Highness the
-Princess Victoria (her present Most Gracious Majesty), on
-occasion of her visit, and that of her Royal mother, the Duchess
-of Kent, to Eaton Hall.&nbsp; As a compliment to her noble host,
-at the request of the commissioners, the bridge was named
-&ldquo;Grosvenor Bridge,&rdquo; by the young Princess.&nbsp; It
-was opened to the public in December, 1833.</p>
-<p><a name="page41"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 41</span>It was
-opposite to this part of the Walls that King Edgar&rsquo;s palace
-was situated, from which he was rowed up the river to St.
-John&rsquo;s Priory, by eight tributary princes, in 971.</p>
-<p>Within seventy yards of the bridge formerly stood an ancient
-Roman gateway in the walls, called the <span
-class="smcap">Shipgate</span>, or <i>Hole in the Wall</i>, at one
-time the only entrance into Chester from Handbridge.&nbsp; It was
-taken down some years ago, and is now in the possession of Thomas
-Finchett Maddock, Esq.&nbsp; It forms a perfect specimen of Roman
-masonry, originally 20 feet in height by 16 in breadth.&nbsp;
-Pennant remarks, &ldquo;that this postern seems originally to
-have been designed for the common passage over the Dee into the
-country of the Ordovices, either by means of a boat at high
-water, or by a ford at low, the river here being remarkably
-shallow.&rdquo;&nbsp; Opposite the Shipgate is a ford in the
-river leading through to a field on the Handbridge side, called
-<i>Edgar&rsquo;s Field</i>, in which stands the ancient sculpture
-of the <i>Diva Armigera</i> <span class="smcap">Pallas</span>,
-already mentioned under the head of &ldquo;<span
-class="smcap">Roman Antiquities</span>,&rdquo; in a former part
-of this work.</p>
-<p>Pursuing our walk, we next arrive at</p>
-<h3><span class="smcap">The Bridgegate</span>,</h3>
-<p>a handsome arch gateway, having two posterns, erected in 1782,
-at the expense of the Corporation.&nbsp; On the tablet over the
-western postern is the following inscription:&mdash;</p>
-<blockquote><p style="text-align: center"><span
-class="GutSmall">THIS GATE WAS BEGUN APRIL, MDCCLXXXII.,
-PATISON</span><br />
-<span class="GutSmall">ELLAMES, ESQ., MAYOR, AND FINISHED
-DECEMBER THE</span><br />
-<span class="GutSmall">SAME YEAR, THOMAS PATISON, ESQ.,
-MAYOR.</span></p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">THOS.
-COTGREAVE, ESQ., HENRY HESKETH, ESQ., MURENGERS.</span></p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">JOSEPH
-TURNER, ARCHITECT.</span></p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>On another tablet, on the east side,&mdash;</p>
-<blockquote><p style="text-align: center"><span
-class="GutSmall">THIS GATE, HAVING BEEN LONG
-INCONVENIENT,</span><br />
-<span class="GutSmall">WAS TAKEN DOWN A.D. MDCCLXXXI.</span></p>
-<p><span class="GutSmall">JOSEPH SNOW, ESQ., MAYOR.</span></p>
-<p><span class="GutSmall">THOS. AMERY, HENRY HEGG,
-TREASURERS.</span></p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>From the top of this gateway the banks of the Dee, with the
-bridge, and suburbs of Handbridge, present a lively and striking
-appearance, which at low water is increased by the rapid falling
-of the stream over the causeway across the river immediately
-above the bridge.&nbsp; In the distance may be seen Beeston
-Castle, on its <a name="page42"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-42</span>lofty summit; and the successive ranges of Bucklow and
-Peckforton Hills form a beautiful background to the
-landscape.</p>
-<p>A little southward stands</p>
-<h3><span class="smcap">The Old Bridge</span>,</h3>
-<p>which is of considerable antiquity.&nbsp; A wooden bridge was
-erected on the same spot by the Mercian Princess Ethelfleda,
-early in the tenth century; but from the &lsquo;Chronicle of
-Chester Abbey,&rsquo; we learn that in 1227 &ldquo;pons
-Cestri&aelig; totus cecidit;&rdquo; and that in 1279 &ldquo;mare
-erupit, pontem Cestri&aelig; confregit et
-asportavit.&rdquo;&nbsp; The wooden bridge being thus disposed
-of, we next find from the &lsquo;Red Book of St. Werburgh,&rsquo;
-that &ldquo;in 1280 the King (Edward I.) compelled the citizens
-of Chester to rebuild Dee Bridge at their own charge, contrary to
-the privileges which had been granted to them.&rdquo;&nbsp; In
-1500, the south end of the Bridge, having fallen into decay, was
-rebuilt, and a tower for its defence added at the entrance into
-Handbridge, which was taken down about sixty years ago.&nbsp; In
-1826 the Bridge was widened to the extent of seven feet, by the
-addition of a flagged footpath, on the east side, bounded towards
-the river by a good iron railing, the projection supported by two
-courses of corbels.</p>
-<p>It consists of seven irregular arches, and when viewed from
-the west, presents an appearance of venerable antiquity; but on
-the east it no longer holds out that recommendation to the eye of
-the observer, modern alterations having left nothing on that side
-to render it worthy of notice.</p>
-<p>At the north end of the Bridge stand the</p>
-<h3><span class="smcap">Dee Mills</span>,</h3>
-<p>used for the grinding of corn.&nbsp; Although the date of the
-first erection of mills on this spot cannot now be ascertained,
-yet there is evidence of their having been there from remote
-antiquity.&nbsp; Sir Howell-y-Fwyall obtained a grant of them
-from Edward III. in reward for his services at the battle of
-Poictiers.&nbsp; In the fifth of Edward VI. they were granted by
-the Crown to Sir Richard Cotton, in exchange for the manors of
-Bourne and Moreton, in Lincolnshire; and by his son George they
-were granted in fee farm to Edmund Gamul, at a yearly rent of
-&pound;100.&nbsp; Gamul expended a large sum in repairing the
-causeway originally erected by Hugh Lupus.&nbsp; In 1646 an order
-of Parliament was issued, that the mills and causeway should be
-destroyed, as an obstruction to trade; but this order, issued by
-the Puritans then in power, probably with no other view than to
-obtain a <i>composition</i> from the proprietor, was <a
-name="page43"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 43</span>never
-complied with.&nbsp; On the alienation of the Gamul property, the
-greater part of the mills fell into the hands of Mr. Edward
-Wrench, in whose successor the property is now vested.&nbsp; The
-Dee Mills have been twice destroyed by fire within the last sixty
-years.&nbsp; The first conflagration broke out about twelve at
-night, of Saturday, September 26, 1789; the second, about the
-same hour of Saturday night, March 6, 1819; on which latter
-occasion the progress of the flames was so rapid, that the whole
-of the premises, with the exception of part of the outward wall,
-were destroyed in less than six hours.&nbsp; The loss sustained
-was upwards of &pound;40,000.&nbsp; A third fire took place in
-January, 1847, which destroyed the whole of one of the mills.</p>
-<p>We shall now proceed to notice</p>
-<h3><span class="smcap">The Old Bridgegate</span>,</h3>
-<p>which appears to have been of equal antiquity with the bridge
-itself, for it is shown by documents in the possession of the
-Earl of Shrewsbury, that Randle, Earl of Chester, confirmed a
-gift of his Countess to Poyns, her servant, of the custody of
-this gate.&nbsp; And another deed, of the thirteenth century,
-preserved among the same documents, records, &ldquo;quod ego
-Ricardus Bagoth de Cestr: dedi et omnino quietam clamavi Philippo
-clerico civi Cestr: <i>totum jus meum in porta pontis Cestr</i>:
-cum omnibus pertinentijs suis.&rdquo;&nbsp; From Philip the clerk
-the custody of this gate passed to the family of Raby, one of
-whom, Philip de Raby, in the fourteenth century, had also the
-keeping of the Earl&rsquo;s garden at the Castle, for which
-service he received the fruit of a tree called &ldquo;a
-<i>restynge tre</i>,&rdquo; and whatever remained on the other
-trees after the first shaking, under the <i>reddendo</i> of
-furnishing the Earl&rsquo;s household with colewort from
-Michaelmas to Lent, and with leeks during Lent.&nbsp; From the
-Rabys the custody of the Bridgegate passed to the Norrises of
-Speke, in Lancashire, and the Troutbecks.&nbsp; In 1624 the
-Corporation purchased the moiety belonging to the Norrises; and
-in 1660 they also purchased the other moiety from the Earl of
-Shrewsbury, representative of the Troutbecks, the Earl reserving
-to himself, during his visits to Chester, the use of a suite of
-apartments in a house near the gate.</p>
-<p>The Old Gate consisted of an arched gateway, flanked with two
-strong round towers, on one of which was erected a lofty
-octagonal tower, containing a cistern for supplying the city with
-water, called Tyrer&rsquo;s Water Works, concerning which Webb
-says, &ldquo;The <a name="page44"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-44</span>Bridgegate hath of late been greatly beautified by a
-seemly water-work of stone, built steeple-wise, by the ingenious
-industry and charge of a late worthy member of the city, John
-Tyrer, gent., and hath served ever since to great use, for the
-conveying of the river water from the cistern, in the top of that
-work, to the citizens&rsquo; houses in almost all the parts of
-the city, in pipes of lead and wood, <i>to their no small
-contentment and commodity</i>.&rdquo;&nbsp; The whole fabric was
-taken down in 1781.</p>
-<p>Proceeding eastward, a most pleasing view of the Dee, of
-considerable extent, is presented, with delightful cottage and
-villa residences on the Boughton bank, and in a pleasant suburb
-called &ldquo;Queen&rsquo;s Park,&rdquo; the elegant suspension
-bridge to which forms a novel feature in the landscape.&nbsp; On
-the left of the river is a cool and shady walk, called <i>The
-Groves</i>, where there are excellent pleasure boats for the
-accommodation of those who enjoy a sail or a pull up the
-river.&nbsp; We have here a very good view of St. John&rsquo;s
-Church on the right, a venerable pile, containing some curious
-and interesting specimens of Norman architecture.</p>
-<p>Within about fifty yards of the Recorder&rsquo;s steps, the
-wall forms an angle to the northward.&nbsp; Here we ascend six
-flights of steps, consisting of three steps each, called the
-<i>Wishing Steps</i>, erected in 1785, at the top of which stood
-an ancient Watch Tower, which had formerly an apartment with a
-stone seat on one side, and windows commanding a view of the
-river and adjacent country.&nbsp; This room was removed in
-1826.</p>
-<p>We next arrive at</p>
-<h3><span class="smcap">The Newgate</span>,</h3>
-<p>a plain arched gateway, forming a communication betwixt
-Newgate-street and Pepper-street within the Walls, and St.
-John&rsquo;s-street, Dee-lane, &amp;c., without.&nbsp; On the
-spot now occupied by this gate, formerly stood a postern, called
-<i>Wolf&rsquo;s Gate</i>, or <i>Pepper Gate</i>.&nbsp; Of this
-postern, Fuller says, that in the sixteenth century &ldquo;the
-Mayor of the city had his daughter, as she was playing at ball
-with other maidens in Pepper-street, stolen away by a young man
-through the same gate, whereupon he caused it to be shut
-up,&rdquo; which gave rise to the saying, &ldquo;When the
-daughter is stolen, shut Pepper Gate.&rdquo;&nbsp; The postern
-was removed and the Newgate erected in 1608.&nbsp; From a Journal
-of the Siege of Chester, in King&rsquo;s &lsquo;Vale
-Royal,&rsquo; it appears that on the 29th September, 1645,
-&ldquo;the besiegers made a breach in the walls near to the
-Newgate, <a name="page45"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-45</span>by the battery of 150 cannon shot, and at midnight made
-a sharp assault upon the breach.&nbsp; They likewise attempted to
-mount the walls with scaling ladders, but some officers and
-several soldiers were hauled in over the walls; some of the
-ladders, too, were dragged over, and many of the assailants
-thrown down and killed, and the rest forced to give over the
-attack.&rdquo;</p>
-<p>A short way further to the eastward, after passing the scanty
-remains of an old tower abutting from the Walls, called
-<i>Thimbleby&rsquo;s Tower</i>, we arrive at a flight of steps
-leading to the Wesleyan Methodist Chapel in St.
-John&rsquo;s-street, the access to which from this quarter was
-made under the sanction of the Corporation.&nbsp; This handsome
-and commodious place of worship was erected in 1811.&nbsp; Near
-to the chapel is a large and commodious School-house, recently
-erected, capable of containing from 200 to 300 children, which is
-occupied during the week as a day school, and is in a prosperous
-condition.</p>
-<p>A few paces now brings us to</p>
-<h3><span class="smcap">The Eastgate</span>,</h3>
-<p>consisting of a wide and beautiful centre arch for the passage
-of carriages, and two posterns for the safety and convenience of
-foot passengers.&nbsp; It was built at the sole expense of the
-late Marquis of Westminster, whose arms, and those of the city,
-occupy the centre of the principal arch.&nbsp; On the 8th August,
-1768, the south-west corner stone of the Eastgate was laid by
-John Page, Esq., Provincial Grand Master, attended by four
-regular lodges of Freemasons; and the north-west corner-stone by
-the Mayor, Sheriffs, and Aldermen of Chester.&nbsp; On the east
-side, under the Grosvenor armorial bearings, is the following
-inscription:&mdash;</p>
-<blockquote><p style="text-align: center"><span
-class="GutSmall">ERECTED AT THE EXPENSE OF</span><br />
-<span class="GutSmall">RICHARD LORD GROSVENOR,</span><br />
-<span class="GutSmall">MDCCLXIX.</span></p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>And on the west side, under the city arms,</p>
-<blockquote><p><span class="GutSmall">BEGUN A.D. MDCCLXVIII, JOHN
-KELSALL,</span><br />
-<span class="GutSmall">ESQ., MAYOR. FINISHED A.D.
-MDCCLXIX,</span><br />
-<span class="GutSmall">CHAS. BOSWELL, ESQ., MAYOR.</span></p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>From the summit of the gate there is a fine view of
-Eastgate-street, within the walls, and Foregate, or Forest-street
-on the outside.&nbsp; On a market day it is truly spirit-stirring
-to observe the multitude beneath, and listen to the &ldquo;busy
-hum of men,&rdquo; citizens and country folks, engaged in buying
-and selling,&mdash;bringing in and <a name="page46"></a><span
-class="pagenum">p. 46</span>carrying out,&mdash;the various
-commodities which furnish forth the provision market of a county
-town.&nbsp; On the same spot formerly stood</p>
-<h3><span class="smcap">The Old Eastgate</span>,</h3>
-<p>removed in 1768, as too narrow and inconvenient for one of the
-principal entrances to the city.&nbsp; It consisted of a
-beautifully formed Gothic archway, flanked by two massive
-octagonal embattled towers, connected by a substantial building,
-two stories in height, over the gateway, the roof of which was
-raised to a level with and embattled in the same manner as the
-flanking towers to which it formed the centre.&nbsp; From the
-bearings on four shields which ornamented the front of this gate,
-it is conjectured to have been erected during the reign of Edward
-III.</p>
-<p>A Roman gateway appears to have occupied the same spot at a
-still earlier period; for in pulling down the Old Eastgate in
-1768, two wide circular arches of Roman architecture were
-discovered within its workmanship.</p>
-<p>With all due admiration for the spirit of useful improvement
-which dictated the erection of the present Eastgate, we cannot
-avoid expressing our regret that the old one no longer remains to
-gratify the eye of the antiquary and the man of taste.&nbsp;
-Although the present gate is undoubtedly much better adapted for
-the entrance of carriages of all kinds, yet the Cestrians of the
-last century, who remembered the glories of the old structure,
-must have been but ill reconciled to its substitute.</p>
-<p>Having thus completed the circuit of the Walls of Chester, as
-they at present stand, it only remains to notice that there was
-formerly an outer gate in Foregate-street, about half a mile from
-the Eastgate, called</p>
-<h3><span class="smcap">The Bars Gate</span>,</h3>
-<p>which, being in a very dilapidated state, was removed as a
-nuisance in 1770.&nbsp; An outwork, in connection with this gate,
-was raised previous to the siege of Chester in 1643.&nbsp; This
-outwork, consisting of a mud wall, fortified with mounts and
-bastions, joined the City Wall at the New Tower, from whence it
-stretched out to the north-east so far as to take in Upper
-Northgate-street; then running eastward, encompassed all the
-suburbs on the north of Foregate-street, until it approached
-Boughton, when it turned southward, and proceeded in that
-direction across Foregate-street at the Bars Gate, down Dee-lane,
-at the bottom of which its course was terminated <a
-name="page47"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 47</span>by the
-river.&nbsp; This outwork withstood a violent assault by the
-Puritans under Sir William Brereton, on the 18th July, 1643,
-wherein the assailants were forced to retire with great loss; but
-on the 19th of September, 1645, it was surprised and carried by a
-night assault of the enemy, under the command of General
-Louthian, and was afterwards occupied by the Puritans as a
-circumvallation, while prosecuting the siege of the city.</p>
-<blockquote><p>&ldquo;In perusing the foregoing sketch of our
-Walls, with the incidental notices of contiguous objects, it is
-presumed, that individuals most conversant with the localities of
-the city, will meet with several particulars, either to gratify
-their curiosity or add to their information.&nbsp; And it may
-also be hoped, that should the account be read by those who are
-strangers to our ancient fortifications, and the peculiar
-attractions of Chester, it may excite a commendable
-inquisitiveness for a personal survey, at the same time that it
-may assist as a directory to their inquiries.&nbsp; In whatever
-point of view these old ramparts are considered, they possess an
-imposing interest, and confer incalculable benefits.&nbsp; To the
-invalid, the sedentary student, or the man of business, occupied
-during the day in his shop or counting-house; to the habitually
-indolent, who require excitement to necessary exercise&mdash;to
-all these, the promenade on Chester Walls has most inviting
-attractions, where they may breathe all the salubrious winds of
-heaven in a morning or an evening walk.&nbsp; Here the
-enthusiastic antiquarian, who would climb mountains, ford rivers,
-explore the bowels of the earth, and, regardless of toil and the
-claims of nature, exhaust his strength in search of a piece of
-rusty cankered brass, or a scrap of Roman earthenware, can
-scarcely advance a dozen paces but the pavement on which he
-treads, or some contiguous object, forces upon his observation
-the relics of times of earliest date.&nbsp; Nor can the
-philosophic moralist encompass our venerable walls without having
-his mind, comparing the splendid and gigantic works of antiquity
-with their present condition, strongly impressed with the
-mutations produced by the lapse of ages, and the perishing nature
-of all mundane greatness.</p>
-<p>&ldquo;I shall conclude this branch of our history by citing
-the sentiments of a man well known to the republic of letters,
-regarding our ancient city, not indeed particularly as to her
-walls, but as to her general attractions.&nbsp; His information,
-as a traveller, was varied and extensive, and his discernment and
-intellect strong and acute.&nbsp; This gentleman, who was no
-other than Mr. Boswell, in a letter to <a name="page48"></a><span
-class="pagenum">p. 48</span>Dr. Johnson, dated October 22, 1779,
-says, &lsquo;Chester pleases me more than any town I ever
-saw.&nbsp; I told a very pleasing young lady, niece to one of the
-prebendaries (Miss Letitia Barnston), at whose house I saw her,
-&lsquo;I have come to Chester, Madam, I cannot tell how; and far
-less can I tell how to get away from it.&rsquo;&nbsp; Dr. Johnson
-in reply says, &lsquo;In the place where you are there is much to
-be observed, and you will easily procure yourself skilful
-directors.&rsquo;&nbsp; In another letter, dated November 7, in
-the same year, Boswell remarks, &lsquo;I was quite enchanted at
-Chester, so that I could with difficulty quit it.&rsquo;&rdquo;
-<a name="citation48"></a><a href="#footnote48"
-class="citation">[48]</a></p>
-</blockquote>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/p48b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Watergate Street Row South, Chester"
-title=
-"Watergate Street Row South, Chester"
- src="images/p48s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<h2><a name="page49"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-49</span>CHAPTER IV.<br />
-A WALK THROUGH THE CITY.</h2>
-<p><span class="smcap">It</span> is our purpose now to conduct
-the tourist through the city, that we may point out, in detail,
-the various objects of interest which claim his attentive
-inspection.&nbsp; But before commencing our perambulations
-through the principal streets, we will here introduce a few
-remarks on that unique feature which constitutes the
-distinguishing attraction of Chester, and has given it universal
-celebrity.</p>
-<h3><span class="smcap">The Rows</span>.</h3>
-<p>Very curious are these old arcades, which are as interesting
-to the antiquarian as they are convenient for a quiet lounge to
-ladies and others engaged in shopping.&nbsp; They occupy the
-greatest part of both sides of Eastgate-street, and the upper
-parts of both sides of Watergate-street and Bridge-street.&nbsp;
-Those in Northgate-street are more irregular, only one side,
-commonly called Shoemakers&rsquo;-row, being used as a regular
-thoroughfare.&nbsp; Their appearance, both interior and exterior,
-is extremely singular.&nbsp; They form a gallery, occupying the
-front floor of each house, parallel with the streets below, and
-are approached by flights of steps, placed at convenient
-distances, in addition to those by which they are entered and
-quitted at each end.&nbsp; The passenger walks over the shops on
-a level with the street, and under the first floor of the
-dwelling-houses; and thus two lines of shops are erected in one
-front.&nbsp; The rows are kept in excellent repair, and form the
-chief promenade of the citizens.&nbsp; To strangers they cannot
-fail to prove an object of curiosity.&nbsp; The shops in the rows
-are generally considered the best situations for retail traders;
-but those on the southern side of Eastgate-street and the eastern
-side of Bridge-street have a decided preference.&nbsp; Shops let
-here at high rents, and are in never-failing request; and there
-are no parts of the city which have undergone such rapid or
-extensive improvements.</p>
-<p>In the sixteenth century the rows appear not to have exceeded
-<a name="page50"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 50</span>6 feet in
-height and 10 in width, with clumsy wooden rails towards the
-street, and large oaken pillars, supporting transverse beams and
-brackets, on which rested the houses over head, formed of wood
-and plaster, so far overhanging the street, that in some places
-the upper floors of opposite houses nearly met.&nbsp; Nearly the
-whole of the buildings of this description are now taken down;
-and in rebuilding care has been taken to raise and widen the
-rows, and to place iron railings towards the street in place of
-the wooden posts formerly used.&nbsp; The shops in the rows
-present a very different appearance to that of about sixty years
-ago; then, as Hemingway says, &ldquo;the fronts were all
-<i>open</i> to the row in two or three compartments, according to
-their size; and at night were closed by large hanging shutters
-fixed on hinges, and fastened in the daytime by hooks to the
-ceiling of the row.&rdquo;&nbsp; At present these rows are
-&ldquo;capable of supplying all the real demands of convenience
-and the artificial calls of luxury, mental and corporeal,
-presenting a cluster of drapers, clothiers, jewellers,
-booksellers, &amp;c., as respectable as the kingdom can
-produce.&rdquo; <a name="citation50"></a><a href="#footnote50"
-class="citation">[50]</a>&nbsp; The origin and cause of the rows
-has furnished matter for much curious investigation; and many
-conflicting conjectures have been propounded respecting
-them.&nbsp; The subject is involved in much obscurity; and, in
-the absence of any positive data, we are not able to take higher
-ground than the probabilities of the case.&nbsp; It has been
-alleged that they were originally used as places of defence, from
-whence to annoy and repulse the assaults of the enemy, who might
-gain entrance into the streets beneath by surprising the gates,
-during those remote ages when Chester was subject to the sudden
-incursions of the Welsh.&nbsp; But against this opinion it may be
-urged, that in no one of their attacks upon this city did the
-Welsh ever force their way within the gates or walls; so that
-these latter, being proved by experience to be a sufficient
-bulwark against our foes, there existed no necessity for the
-erection of any further defences.&nbsp; There is irrefragable
-evidence that the <i>form</i> of the city is Roman, and that the
-<i>walls</i> were the work of that people; and the same reasons
-which justify these conclusions are not less cogent for presuming
-that the construction of the streets are Roman also.&nbsp;
-Pennant appears to have arrived at this conclusion:&mdash;he
-says, &ldquo;These rows appear to me to have been the same with
-the ancient <i>vestibules</i>, and to have been a form of
-building preserved from the time that the city was possessed by
-the Romans.&nbsp; They were built before the <a
-name="page51"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 51</span>doors, midway
-between the streets and the houses, and were the places where
-dependants waited for the coming out of their patrons, and under
-which they might walk away the tedious minutes of
-expectation.&nbsp; Plautus, in the 3rd act of his
-<i>Mostella</i>, describes both their station and use.&nbsp; The
-shops beneath the rows were the Crypt&aelig; and Apothec&aelig;,
-magazines for the various necessaries of the owners of the
-houses.&rdquo;</p>
-<p>Ormerod says that some of these crypts exhibit specimens of
-vaulting equal to the cloisters of our Cathedral.</p>
-<p>Camden, in describing Chester, says, &ldquo;The houses are
-very fair built, and along the chief streets are galleries or
-walking places they call rows, having shops on both sides,
-through which a man may walk dry from one end to the
-other.&rdquo;&nbsp; And Shukeley, in his &lsquo;Itinerary,&rsquo;
-in 1724, says, &ldquo;The rows or piazzas are singular through
-the whole town, giving shelter to foot people.&nbsp; I fancied it
-a remain of the <i>Roman porticoes</i>.&rdquo;</p>
-<p>In the oldest histories, descriptive of the city in some form
-or other, the elevated rows and the shops beneath are
-recognized.</p>
-<p>Tacitus, &ldquo;in describing the process by which Roman
-manners diffused themselves throughout Britain, and gradually
-completed the subjugation of the country, speaks of the natives
-of Britain as acquiring a taste for the two leading features in
-Roman civilization, &lsquo;Porticus and Balnea,&rsquo;&mdash;the
-portico, in which they were delighted to stroll and sun
-themselves; and the baths, which were their national
-luxury.&nbsp; He mentions these, and we cannot but be struck by
-the coincidence with things with which we are all
-familiar&mdash;the <i>rows</i> of our ancient city, and the
-Hypocaust, which is still shown as the Roman bath.&nbsp; We are
-hereby led to infer, that the mode of construction which gives
-the character to our city, originated in Roman habits.&rdquo; <a
-name="citation51"></a><a href="#footnote51"
-class="citation">[51]</a></p>
-<h3><span class="smcap">Principal Streets</span>.</h3>
-<p>Within the walls, the city is subdivided by four principal
-streets, intersecting each other nearly at right angles at St.
-Peter&rsquo;s Church, which stands in the centre of the
-city.&nbsp; These streets retain numerous old timber buildings,
-which give them an unusual and quaint appearance, and are wider
-in general than those of cities of equal antiquity.&nbsp;
-Immediately in front of the church formerly stood the High Cross,
-which was pulled down and defaced by the Parliamentarians, when
-they took possession of the city in 1646.&nbsp; <a
-name="page52"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 52</span>The upper
-portion of this valuable antiquity is still preserved in the
-grounds of Netherlegh House, though some of the carved figures
-are a good deal injured.&nbsp; Mr. Pennant is of opinion that St.
-Peter&rsquo;s Church, and a few houses to the north and west,
-occupy the site of the <i>Roman Pr&aelig;torium</i>, with its
-Court of Judicature and Angulale, where prayers, sacrifices, and
-other religious rites were wont to be performed.</p>
-<p>Adjoining the Cross formerly stood that ignominious instrument
-of punishment, called the <i>Pillory</i>.</p>
-<p>Adjoining the south side of St. Peter&rsquo;s Church stood the
-old Pentice, where the magistrates performed their judicial
-duties, where the sheriffs sat to determine civil causes, and
-where the Town-office was kept, until the year 1803, when it was
-removed for the purpose of widening the road into Northgate and
-Watergate streets, at that time extremely narrow and
-dangerous.&nbsp; The bench of magistrates was then removed to
-much more commodious apartments in the Exchange.&nbsp; At the
-corner of the east of Bridge-street and the west of
-Eastgate-street, and near to the Cross, there was formerly a
-small stone building, forming a basin at the top, called the
-<i>Conduit</i>, to which water was formerly brought into the city
-from St. Giles&rsquo;s well at Boughton, and thence conveyed to
-different parts of the city.</p>
-<p>The Cross used formerly to be the scene of the barbarous sport
-of bull-baiting, of which the following satirical sketch is given
-in an old History of Chester:&mdash;</p>
-<blockquote><p>&ldquo;The Cross is famous for being the annual
-scene of exhibition of that <i>polite play</i> called a
-bull-bait, where four or five of these <i>horned heroes</i> are
-attended by several hundred lovers of that <i>rational
-amusement</i>.&nbsp; Till within a few years, the <i>dramatis
-person&aelig;</i> of this <i>elegant scene</i> included even
-magistracy itself, the mayor and corporation attending in their
-official habiliments, at the Pentice windows, not only to
-countenance the <i>diversions</i> of the <i>ring</i>, but to
-participate in a sight of its <i>enjoyments</i>.&nbsp; A
-proclamation was also made, by the crier of the court, with all
-the gravity and solemnity of an oration before a <i>Romish
-sacrifice</i>; the elegant composition of which ran
-thus&mdash;&lsquo;<i>Oyez</i>!&nbsp; <i>Oyez</i>!&nbsp;
-<i>Oyez</i>!&nbsp; <i>If any man stands within twenty yards of
-the bull-ring</i>, <i>let him take&mdash;what
-comes</i>.&rsquo;&nbsp; After which followed the usual public
-ejaculations, for &lsquo;the safety of the king and the mayor of
-the city;&rsquo; when the <i>beauties</i> of the scene commenced,
-and the dogs immediately <i>fell to</i>.&nbsp; Here a prayer for
-his worship was not unseasonable, as even the ermin&rsquo;d cloak
-was <a name="page53"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 53</span>no
-security against the carcases of dead animals, with which
-spectators, without distinction, were occasionally saluted.</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/p53b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Eastgate Street, Chester"
-title=
-"Eastgate Street, Chester"
- src="images/p53s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<blockquote><p>&ldquo;We shall not attempt a description of the
-<i>tender</i> offices practised, at such times, on so noble a
-creature&mdash;one, however, we cannot omit mentioning: in 1787,
-an unfortunate animal, smarting under his wounds and fatigue, was
-very <i>naturally</i> induced to <i>lie down</i>;&mdash;the
-<i>argument</i> made use of, in this situation, however, <i>as
-naturally</i> induced him to <i>get up</i>; his <i>humane</i>
-followers hitting upon the ingenious expedient of setting fire to
-some straw under his body, when, it is hardly necessary to add,
-&lsquo;the wretched animal heav&rsquo;d forth such groans, as
-stretch&rsquo;d his leathern coat almost to
-bursting.&rsquo;&nbsp; This circumstance of the <i>fire</i> was,
-however, no bad <i>satire</i> (emblematically considered) on the
-transactions of the day&mdash;the whole being little better than
-a&mdash;&lsquo;burning shame.&rsquo;</p>
-<p>&ldquo;The late Dr. Cowper is said to have had the merit, when
-mayor, of putting a stop to the attendance of the corporate body
-on these days; and Mr. Alderman Brodhurst, in his mayoralty, made
-a laudable but ineffectual effort to suppress a relic of
-barbarism &lsquo;more honoured in the <i>breach</i> than the
-<i>observance</i>.&rsquo;&rdquo;</p>
-</blockquote>
-<h3><span class="smcap">Eastgate Street</span>,</h3>
-<p>a spacious street, forming a direct line to the Eastgate,
-about 209 yards in length.&nbsp; The appearance of the street has
-been considerably modernized of late years; many of the old
-houses having been taken down, and spacious shops and
-dwelling-houses erected on their site.&nbsp; There is a very
-interesting old crypt to be seen on the premises of Messrs.
-Prichard and Dodd, which furnishes an additional illustration of
-the statement, that many of the buildings in the principal
-streets are erected on the remains of ancient religious
-houses.&nbsp; Dr. Ormerod gives it as his opinion that these
-conventual buildings occupied nearly, if not wholly, one-fourth
-of the city.&nbsp; The handsome premises occupied by Mr. Hugh
-Roberts, bookseller, and by Mr. Bolland, confectioner, have
-latterly been rebuilt in an elegantly appropriate style of
-architecture: and Messrs. Brown are now (1858) erecting a
-splendid range of shops.&nbsp; About two-thirds down the street
-on the right is Newgate-street; and opposite is St.
-Werburgh&rsquo;s-street, leading to the Cathedral.&nbsp; There
-are two excellent inns in Eastgate-street&mdash;the Green Dragon
-and the Royal Hotel; the latter being a large and lofty edifice,
-the front resting on round stone pillars, between <a
-name="page54"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 54</span>which, and
-the coffee-room there is a capacious piazza.&nbsp; Passing under
-the arch of the Eastgate, you enter</p>
-<h3><span class="smcap">Foregate Street</span>,</h3>
-<p>a spacious airy street, about 572 yards in length, and in most
-parts 18 in breadth; on the right hand is St. John-street, in
-which is situated the Post-office, and a little lower down the
-Mechanics&rsquo; Institution and News-room.&nbsp; The spacious
-circular building is a place of worship used by the Wesley an
-Methodists.&nbsp; The narrow street on the left leads to St.
-John&rsquo;s Church and Priory, which will amply repay a careful
-and attentive study.&nbsp; Returning to the Cross, we now proceed
-down</p>
-<h3><span class="smcap">Watergate Street</span>,</h3>
-<p>which possesses remarkable interest, from the number of very
-old houses still remaining in it.&nbsp; This street has perhaps
-suffered less from the innovation of modern improvement than any
-other part of Chester.&nbsp; The rows on both sides extend nearly
-to the bottom of the street, and retain several marks of great
-antiquity.&nbsp; In front of an old house on the south side of
-the street, there is a post, with the date 1539 carved upon
-it.&nbsp; On the same side, nearer the Cross, is an old
-dwelling-house, with the inscription&mdash;</p>
-<blockquote><p style="text-align: center">&ldquo;God&rsquo;s
-Providence is mine Inheritance&mdash;1652,&rdquo;</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>cut upon a beam in front, in legible characters.&nbsp; At the
-time when the plague was devastating the city, this was almost
-the only house which was exempt from its destructive havoc.&nbsp;
-Gratefully sensible of this singular blessing, the pious occupier
-placed this inscription on the front of his house, as a
-commemorative memorial of Divine Providence.&nbsp; Lower down, on
-the same side, is a singularly decorated old house, having the
-whole front divided into square compartments, filled with carved
-work of various descriptions, principally heraldry and scripture
-history.&nbsp; Adam and Eve;&mdash;Cain killing
-Abel;&mdash;Abraham offering up Isaac;&mdash;Susannah and the
-Elders&mdash;and a Martyrdom, are the principal subjects.&nbsp;
-There are three other compartments, two of them consisting of
-armorial bearings, including the Earldoms of Chester and Derby,
-crested with a bishop&rsquo;s mitre; the third bears an
-inscription, illegible from the street, and the date 1613.&nbsp;
-This house was built by Dr. George Lloyd, of the family of Lloyd
-of Kinmell, in North Wales, Bishop of Chester from 1604 to
-1615.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/p54b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"God&rsquo;s Providence House"
-title=
-"God&rsquo;s Providence House"
- src="images/p54s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<p>Lower down, on the same side of the street, below
-Nicholas-street, <a name="page55"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-55</span>is a curious and spacious old palace, once the mansion
-of the Derby family, which is well deserving of the
-visitor&rsquo;s notice.&nbsp; It is approached through a narrow
-passage.&nbsp; The front of the house presents some interesting
-specimens of curiously ornamental carved work.&nbsp; On this spot
-once stood a <i>Monastery</i> of the order of Black Friars.</p>
-<p>The street on the opposite side leads to the new Linen Hall,
-where the cheese fairs are periodically held.&nbsp; It was built
-by the Irish merchants in 1778.&nbsp; At that time the imports of
-linen were very considerable, and a large business was done.</p>
-<p>At the corner of this street stands her Majesty&rsquo;s Custom
-House.&nbsp; Adjoining is Trinity Church, which contains the
-mortal remains of Parnell the poet, and Matthew Henry,
-immortalized in his far-famed commentary.&nbsp; Trinity-street
-contains nothing worthy of special notice: it leads, however, to
-a memorable spot, of surpassing interest to all who love to trace
-the &ldquo;records of a good man&rsquo;s life.&rdquo;&nbsp;
-Higher up is Crook-street, where stands the chapel built for
-Matthew Henry.&nbsp; These chapel walls once echoed the voice of
-that eloquent man, who assiduously asserted the pure principles
-of the Gospel.&nbsp; Associated, therefore, as the place is with
-the memory of a great mind, whose works have taken an honourable
-position in the religious literature of the country, it cannot
-but be an attraction to all who love to treasure the incidents
-which mark the biography of an eminent and a worthy man.&nbsp;
-Matthew Henry&rsquo;s chapel is now occupied by the
-Unitarians.</p>
-<p>Returning to the Cross, we proceed to</p>
-<h3><span class="smcap">Northgate Street</span>,</h3>
-<p>which forms the northern division of the city, and is 440
-yards long.&nbsp; On the east side, adjoining St. Peter&rsquo;s
-Church, are the Commercial-buildings, occupied as a subscription
-News-room, and the Library of the Arch&aelig;ological
-Society.&nbsp; The rows in Northgate-street are chiefly formed of
-wood; that on the west is the only one in general use, extending
-from the Cross to the Fish Market.&nbsp; The regular market for
-&ldquo;Fish and vegetables,&rdquo; says a History of Chester,
-1791, &ldquo;is in the square opposite the Exchange, which, in
-general, are plentiful and reasonable.&nbsp; In that useful
-article, salmon, no market in the kingdom did, some few years
-ago, excel it; indeed, such was the profusion of this valuable
-fish, that masters were often restricted, by a clause of
-indenture, from giving it more than twice a week to their
-apprentices!&nbsp; Though the <a name="page56"></a><span
-class="pagenum">p. 56</span>bounty of Providence, in this
-particular, is yet unabated, such restriction is no longer
-necessary&mdash;some <i>artificial</i> cause or other very
-<i>kindly</i> rendering this fish, at the present day, a
-<i>delicacy</i> even to the <i>masters</i> themselves.&rdquo;</p>
-<h3><span class="smcap">The Exchange</span></h3>
-<p>is situated in the Market-place, on the west side of
-Northgate-street.&nbsp; It was commenced in 1695, and completed
-in 1698, at an expense of &pound;1,000, towards which Roger
-Whitley, then Mayor, contributed largely.&nbsp; It is a good
-brick building, ornamented with stone-work, supported by stone
-pillars on the ground floor, through which is a thoroughfare from
-south to north.&nbsp; In a niche on the south front is a statue
-of Queen Anne in her coronation robes.&nbsp; On the right of this
-statue is a tablet, having the arms of the Earldom of Chester on
-a circular shield in the centre, and above these the coats of the
-Principality of Wales and Duchy of Cornwall, having each their
-respective coronets over them.&nbsp; The blazon of this tablet is
-believed to have been furnished by the last Randle Holmes, Deputy
-Norroy King at Arms, who died in 1707.&nbsp; On the left of the
-statue is another tablet, containing the Royal arms of England as
-borne by Queen Anne.&nbsp; The centre of the building is occupied
-by the <i>Common Hall</i>, wherein are held the city sessions and
-the elections for members of parliament for the borough.&nbsp;
-The north end of the Common Hall is fitted up as a court of
-justice, having a bench, bar, witness and jury boxes.&nbsp; On
-each side of the bench are ornaments, composed of lictors&rsquo;
-fasces and spears, used to support the sword and mace.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/p56b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Bishop Lord&rsquo;s House Watergate St. Chester A.D. 1615"
-title=
-"Bishop Lord&rsquo;s House Watergate St. Chester A.D. 1615"
- src="images/p56s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<p>Adjoining and communicating with the Common Hall on the north
-is the Council-room, commonly called the <i>Pentice</i>, where
-the mayor and magistrates sit as a court of Petty Sessions.&nbsp;
-Over the mayor&rsquo;s seat in this room is a splendid full
-length portrait of George the Third in his coronation
-robes,&mdash;the figure by Gainsborough, the drapery by
-Reynolds,&mdash;presented to the city by the late Marquis of
-Westminster, in 1808.&nbsp; On the south side of the
-Exchange-buildings is the City Assembly-room, where the meetings
-of the Town Council are held.&nbsp; The Town Hall, the Pentice
-Court, and the Assembly-room, are all decorated with fine
-portraits of benefactors to the city, and of eminent men who have
-been officially engaged in its highest legal appointments, or in
-the administration of its municipal affairs.&nbsp; Among these
-worthies may be seen the donors of local charities, and other
-celebrities; as <a name="page57"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-57</span>Recorders Comberbach, Leycester, Levinge, Townsend, and
-Sir W. Williams; Sir Henry Bunbury, M.P. for Chester in eight
-successive parliaments during the reigns of Queen Anne and George
-the First; Sir John Grey Egerton, M.P. for the city from 1807 to
-1818; Thomas Cholmondeley, Esq., Mayor in 1761; Robert, Earl
-Grosvenor, in his parliamentary robes, painted by Jackson;
-Richard, Earl Grosvenor, and Thomas Grosvenor, Esq., M.P., in
-their robes of the civic mayoralty, painted by West; W. Cross,
-Esq., first Mayor after the passing of the Municipal Reform Act;
-and W. Wardell, Esq., Mayor in 1841.&nbsp; At the north end of
-the Exchange is the Market, appropriated for the sale of butter;
-and a few yards apart is another building of equal breadth, but
-longer, for butchers&rsquo; meat, both of which are neatly fitted
-up and well adapted for their respective purposes.&nbsp; We
-recommend the tourist now to continue his walk up the street, for
-the purpose of visiting the Training College, which, we doubt
-not, our former description has made him curious to see.&nbsp;
-Supposing this to have been done, we now return on the east side,
-passing through the Northgate about 100 yards, where we come to a
-narrow avenue on the left, under an old archway, the remains of
-one of the gates of the monastery of St. Werburgh.&nbsp; A little
-further down, opposite the Market-hall, stands a noble arch
-called</p>
-<h3><span class="smcap">The Abbey Gate</span>,</h3>
-<p>which is a Gothic pointed arch, with a postern at the side,
-both of which are included in a larger obtuse one, apparently of
-the same order.&nbsp; The interior of the gateway is vaulted with
-stone, with ribs, and carved keystones at the intersections; and
-the rooms over were originally approached by a spiral
-staircase.&nbsp; On the south side was the porter&rsquo;s lodge,
-and on the other St. Thomas&rsquo;s-court.&nbsp; Before this gate
-were anciently raised the booths for the merchants frequenting
-the Abbot&rsquo;s fair; these booths were covered with reeds,
-which the monks were empowered to gather from Stanlaw Marsh; and
-here also the performers in the Chester Mysteries commenced the
-exhibition of their pageants.&nbsp; This was formerly the grand
-entrance into the monastery, which appears to have occupied a
-very extensive range.&nbsp; On passing through the arched gateway
-we enter into the Abbey-square.&nbsp; On the right hand is a
-wall, enclosing the episcopal palace, which was rebuilt by Bishop
-Keene, out of his private resources, at an expense of
-&pound;2,200, soon after his promotion to the see in 1752.&nbsp;
-In former days the residence <a name="page58"></a><span
-class="pagenum">p. 58</span>of the Abbots of St. Werburgh stood
-on this site.&nbsp; The spacious edifice at the end of the palace
-wall is the Registry Office, of which Dickens has given an
-interesting sketch in his &lsquo;Household Words,&rsquo; in one
-of his able papers, entitled, &lsquo;The Doom of English
-Wills.&rsquo;&nbsp; The entire arrangements and management of the
-office are described in terms of unqualified commendation, highly
-complimentary to the talented registrar, who is described as
-&ldquo;a gentleman who fulfils the duties of his office in person
-with assiduity.&rdquo;&nbsp; In the centre of the square is a
-shrubbery, enclosed with an iron palisading, having in the centre
-an elliptic column, which was once a pillar under the Exchange;
-but on removing it to build a shop there, the Corporation
-presented it to the Dean and Chapter, who appropriated it to its
-present use.&nbsp; In the north-east angle of the square is the
-Deanery, built on the site where once stood an old Gothic
-structure, called St. Thomas&rsquo;s Chapel.&nbsp; Returning into
-Northgate-street, the next narrow avenue on the left gives us a
-fine view of the west transept of the Cathedral, with its
-beautiful window, enriched with elegant tracery.&nbsp; A few
-paces below we arrive at</p>
-<h3><span class="smcap">The Music Hall</span>, formerly <span
-class="smcap">The Theatre Royal</span>.</h3>
-<p>The citizens of Chester appear to have been early
-distinguished for a love of theatricals.&nbsp; From a MS.
-entitled, &ldquo;Certayne collections of aunchiante times
-concerninge the aunchiante and famous Citty of Chester,&rdquo; by
-Archdeacon Rogers, we learn that in the beginning of the
-fourteenth century, Randal Higden, a monk of Chester,
-&ldquo;translated the Bible into several partes and plays, so as
-the common people might learne the same by theyre
-playinge.&rdquo;&nbsp; These <i>spectacles</i>, then called the
-<i>Whitsun Plays</i>, were first performed in 1328, during the
-mayoralty of Sir John Arneway, at the expense of the city
-companies; and being &ldquo;profitable for them, for all both far
-and near came to see them,&rdquo; they were repeated annually on
-Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday in Whitsun week, for nearly 250
-years, until 1574, when they were suppressed by authority.&nbsp;
-The theatre for these performances was of the original Thespian
-cast, a four-wheeled scaffold or waggon, whereof the body served
-for a tyring room, and the roof for the stage, whereon the
-members of the different city companies did &ldquo;each man play
-his part.&rdquo;&nbsp; The first place of performance was at the
-Abbey Gate, that &ldquo;the monks and churche might have the
-first sighte, and then the stage was drawne to the High Crosse
-before <a name="page59"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 59</span>the
-Mayor and Aldermen, and soe from streete to streete; and when one
-pageant was ended another came in the place thereof, till all
-that were appoynted for the daye were ended.&rdquo;&nbsp; Each
-company had its own peculiar parts allotted to its members to
-perform in the Whitsun Plays, of which a list is given in the
-above quoted MS.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/p58b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Old Palace House"
-title=
-"Old Palace House"
- src="images/p58s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<p>In addition to the Whitsun Plays, the citizens were anciently
-entertained with processional pageants by the different
-companies, which latter appear to have survived the suppression
-of the former for many years.&nbsp; They were suppressed for some
-time by the party in power during the Commonwealth, but revived
-with great splendour at the Restoration.</p>
-<p>The pageants were abolished by order of the Corporation in
-1678.</p>
-<p>&ldquo;No circumstance,&rdquo; says the old History from which
-we have already quoted, &ldquo;can evince the strange mutations
-to which things are liable, more than this place, which was
-originally a <i>chapel</i> dedicated to <i>St. Nicholas</i>, and
-devoted to <i>religion</i>; afterwards a <i>common hall</i>
-devoted to <i>justice</i>; next a <i>warehouse</i> devoted to
-<i>trade</i>; and now a <i>playhouse</i> devoted to
-<i>amusement</i>.&rdquo;</p>
-<p>The present writer has to note another change: the
-&ldquo;Playhouse&rdquo; has become a <span class="smcap">Music
-Hall</span>, handsome and commodious.&nbsp; A few years since a
-company was formed for the purpose of erecting a spacious Hall,
-available for musical and literary recreations, public meetings,
-and social celebrations.&nbsp; The Hall was built by Mr. J. D.
-Williams, from designs by Mr. James Harrison; and a remarkably
-fine organ, by Jackson, of Liverpool, has also been
-erected.&nbsp; Seats are fitted up for an audience of 1,400
-persons, and the orchestra is capable of accommodating 300
-performers.&nbsp; The cost of the building, with the organ and
-fittings, was &pound;5,000.&nbsp; The Hall was opened, on
-November 26th, 1855, with a grand Miscellaneous Concert, at which
-Madame Clara Novello was the principal vocalist, and was crowded
-by a brilliant gathering of the beauty and fashion of the city
-and neighbourhood.&nbsp; Since that time it has frequently been
-used for the performance of oratorios and concerts, for lectures,
-public meetings, and other purposes, except theatrical
-entertainments, which are prohibited by the terms of the lease
-under which the site is held from the ecclesiastical
-commissioners, in whom the fee simple of the property is
-vested.</p>
-<p>Returning to the Cross, whence we set out, we now direct our
-attention to</p>
-<h3><a name="page60"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 60</span><span
-class="smcap">Bridge Street</span>,</h3>
-<p>which is an open and spacious street, in length from the Cross
-to the Bridge about 554 yards.&nbsp; This street is characterized
-by many striking features of deep interest to the antiquarian,
-and indeed to all who love to visit the localities which are
-associated with any remarkable events of our national and
-ecclesiastical history.&nbsp; Although the buildings now present
-a much more modern aspect than they did some years ago, there are
-still remaining many conspicuous proofs of the antiquity of the
-city, and many curious remains which give it peculiar
-attractions.</p>
-<p>A little way down the street, on the left hand, is a house now
-occupied by Mr. W. Brittain, woollen draper, which is rendered
-remarkable from a peculiar, and, as it resulted, <i>fortunate</i>
-incident, which occurred there in 1558.&nbsp; In that year Dr.
-Cole, Dean of St. Paul&rsquo;s, came to Chester on his way to
-Ireland, entrusted with a commission from Queen Mary, for
-prosecuting the Protestants in that part of the kingdom.&nbsp;
-The commissioner stopped one night in this house on his way, then
-a noted inn, called the <i>Blue Posts</i>, where he was visited
-by the Mayor, to whom, in the course of conversation, he
-communicated his errand, taking out a leather box out of his
-cloak bag, and saying, in a tone of exultation, &ldquo;Here is
-what will lash the heretics of Ireland!&rdquo;&nbsp; This
-announcement was overheard by the landlady of the house, who had
-a brother in Dublin; and whilst the commissioner was
-complimenting his worship down stairs, the good woman, prompted
-by a tender regard for the safety of her brother, opened the box,
-and taking out the commission, placed in its stead a pack of
-cards, with the knave of clubs uppermost.&nbsp; The unsuspecting
-Doctor packed up the box again, and with its far different
-contents proceeded on his journey.&nbsp; On his arrival at the
-Castle of Dublin, the precious box was presented to the Lord
-Deputy and Privy Council, who, on opening it, found, in the place
-of the commission, the pack of cards, prefaced with the
-significant <i>knave of clubs</i>.&nbsp; The surprise of the
-assembly was of course very great, and the Doctor&rsquo;s perhaps
-the greatest of all; he was not lack in his protestations that
-the commission he <i>had</i> received, and was entirely ignorant
-how it had disappeared.&nbsp; &ldquo;Let us have another
-commission,&rdquo; said the Deputy; and forthwith the amazed and
-chagrined commissioner returned to Court for the purpose; but
-before he could return to Ireland, Queen Mary died.&nbsp;
-Elizabeth, her successor, rewarded the woman, <a
-name="page61"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 61</span>whose name
-was Elizabeth Edwards, with a pension of &pound;40 a year during
-her life.</p>
-<p>A little lower down, on the same side, are the remains of a
-Roman Bath and Hypocaust, which we have described under the head
-of &ldquo;Roman Antiquities.&rdquo;&nbsp; This curious relic, we
-take for granted, the visitor will &ldquo;go and see.&rdquo;</p>
-<p>A little further is the neat little church of St. Michael,
-recently erected on the site of the old church, which had become
-so much dilapidated, that apprehensions were excited for its
-safety.</p>
-<p>Passing Pepper-street, adjoining St. Michael&rsquo;s, we next
-meet with <span class="smcap">The Albion Hotel</span>, a
-capacious building, connected with which is an Assembly-room, and
-behind the premises extensive pleasure-grounds and a
-bowling-green.</p>
-<p>Passing on to the lower end of the street, we come to St.
-Olave&rsquo;s Church, an edifice of very mean pretensions, but of
-very ancient foundation.&nbsp; In the copy of an old Court Roll,
-the advowson of St. Olave&rsquo;s is mentioned among other
-advowsons, belonging to the Abbey of St. Werburgh.&nbsp; A clerk
-was instituted and inducted upon the presentation of the Abbey,
-in the time of King John.&nbsp; Divine service is discontinued at
-St. Olave&rsquo;s, and the parishioners attend St.
-Michael&rsquo;s.&nbsp; Continuing down the street we arrive at a
-handsome arch called the Bridgegate, beyond which is the old
-bridge, which will lead the tourist (should his curiosity incline
-him) to Edgar&rsquo;s Cave, already described under the head of
-antiquities.</p>
-<p>Returning on the west side of the street, we come to a steep
-lane, called St. Mary&rsquo;s-hill, which leads to the Castle and
-to St. Mary&rsquo;s Church, a most interesting edifice, worthy of
-the tourist&rsquo;s examination.</p>
-<p>Opposite St. Olave&rsquo;s Church, before mentioned, is an old
-house, formerly occupied by the Gamul family, which possesses
-great interest from the fact of its having given protection to
-Charles I. during the siege of Chester by the Parliamentary
-forces.&nbsp; There is some very curious painted panel work and
-beautiful carving in the interior, which render it well worthy of
-inspection.&nbsp; A little higher up is an antiquated building
-called &ldquo;The Falcon Inn,&rdquo; a fine specimen of the old
-timber houses of Chester.&nbsp; Adjoining this house formerly
-stood the <span class="smcap">Old Lamb Row</span>, which was one
-of the most remarkable objects of curiosity in the city.&nbsp;
-The materials of which the buildings were composed were the same
-as that of the Falcon, which is probably an older building than
-the Old <a name="page62"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-62</span>Lamb-row was.&nbsp; It was constructed of massy beams of
-oak, heavy roofs, and the interstices of the timber in the fronts
-filled up with sticks and clay.&nbsp; The age of the row is
-pretty clearly determined by the inscription on a stone,
-discovered after the fall of the building:&mdash;</p>
-<blockquote><p style="text-align: center">16&mdash;H&mdash;55<br
-/>
-R. H.</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>The initials of Randle Holme, the builder.&nbsp; This was the
-mansion of the family of Holme, the famous Cheshire
-antiquaries.&nbsp; In the year 1670, the third Randle made some
-important and obnoxious alterations, which brought upon him the
-censure of the Corporation, who ordered that &ldquo;the nuisance
-erected by Randle Holme in his new building in Bridge-street,
-near to the two churches, be taken down, as it annoys his
-neighbours, and hinders their prospect from their
-houses.&rdquo;&nbsp; He proceeded with his work, however, <i>sans
-c&eacute;r&eacute;monie</i>; and in the following year Mr. Holme,
-painter, &ldquo;was fined &pound;3 6s. 8d. for contempt to the
-Mayor, in <i>proceeding</i> in his building in
-Bridge-street.&rdquo;&nbsp; It continued the residence of that
-heraldic family so late as 1707.&nbsp; It appears that the Holme
-family subsequently sank into extreme indigence, and at no very
-distant period, we believe, a descendant was an occasional boots
-and waiter at a tavern in Liverpool.&nbsp; Such are the reverses
-of fortune!&nbsp; How this property became alienated from the
-Holmeses has not been ascertained.&nbsp; It was occupied about
-the middle of the last century as a public-house, called
-&ldquo;The Lamb,&rdquo; whence it derived the name of the
-Lamb-row.&nbsp; In 1821, in the middle of the day, it suddenly
-gave way and tumbled into the street: happily without any injury
-to the inhabitants.&nbsp; An old woman was sitting in the upper
-room at the moment the overhanging roof bore down the trembling
-building beneath; the wall of the apartment separated within six
-inches of a chair on which she was seated, but she fortunately
-escaped.</p>
-<p>After passing Grosvenor-street, we come to White Friars, which
-derives its name from a monastery of Carmelites or White Friars
-being once located there.&nbsp; The next turning is Common
-Hall-street, so called from its being the place where the Common
-Hall of the city formerly stood, as its name imports.&nbsp; Some
-think that it occupied the site of a building now used as a
-Dissenting chapel; but Ormerod is of opinion that it stood on the
-<a name="page63"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-63</span><i>south</i> side of the street, near to several old
-almshouses which still remain.</p>
-<p>Prior to the era of the Reformation, Chester abounded in
-religious institutions and edifices.&nbsp; We have already
-indicated this fact, in pointing out the localities where some of
-these religious buildings were situated.&nbsp; There are many
-convincing evidences, in the lower part of several houses in the
-principal streets, that they have been erected on the ruins of
-these ecclesiastical foundations.&nbsp; A remarkable instance in
-support of this supposition has recently been brought to light,
-upon clearing out an underground cellar behind the shop of
-Messrs. Powell and Edwards, cutlers, a little farther up in the
-street, when the remains of</p>
-<h3><span class="smcap">An Ancient Chapel</span></h3>
-<p>were discovered.&nbsp; The public are much indebted to the
-care and good taste of these gentlemen, that this valuable
-antiquity has been so admirably preserved; and as they are most
-courteous in affording strangers the privilege of examining it,
-we doubt not that the opportunity will be gladly taken.&nbsp; The
-chapel is of an oblong form, running from east to west.&nbsp; Its
-dimensions are 42 feet in length, 15 feet 3 inches in breadth,
-and the height, from the surface of the floor to the
-intersections of the groining of the roof, 14 feet.&nbsp; It was
-partially lighted through the upper part of the west end, in
-which there are three small windows, divided by stone mullions,
-and protected by iron bars.&nbsp; On examining the intersection
-of the groins, marks were discovered on the stonework, that a
-couple of lamps had been used for lighting.&nbsp; The entrance to
-the east end was by a flight of steps cut out of the rock; this
-passage is now closed, but from what remains there is no doubt
-this was the case.&nbsp; On the south side is an
-Anglo-Norman-Gothic doorway, attained by three or four circular
-steps, and forming an outlet within its inner and outer wall, by
-another flight of steps, to the surface above the building.&nbsp;
-At the west end are two niches, in which the baptismal fonts are
-supposed to have been placed; one of these was found during the
-excavation, and is deposited in one of these recesses; the other
-was unfortunately destroyed by the workmen.&nbsp; The date of the
-erection of this interesting structure is supposed to be early in
-the thirteenth century.&nbsp; Taking into consideration the fact
-that not far from this spot were the monasteries of Grey Friars
-and White Friars, it has been conjectured by some that in this
-chapel they assembled for <a name="page64"></a><span
-class="pagenum">p. 64</span>their religious celebrations.&nbsp;
-It seems to be, however, a more feasible hypothesis, that the
-site was once occupied by some order of religious house; that the
-chapel formed a part of the erection, and was used by the inmates
-for their religious ceremonies and worship.&nbsp; In the upper
-part of the premises there appear to be some characteristic
-remains of the ancient structure.&nbsp; Lacking any further
-evidence as to the character and extent of this venerable
-building than the place itself supplies, the question is involved
-in uncertainty.&nbsp; The crypt is a most interesting curiosity,
-worthy of the investigation of the antiquarian, and to his better
-judgment we leave the subject.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/p65b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Chester Cathedral, South West View A.D. 875"
-title=
-"Chester Cathedral, South West View A.D. 875"
- src="images/p65s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<h2><a name="page65"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-65</span>CHAPTER V.<br />
-CHESTER CATHEDRAL.</h2>
-<p><span class="smcap">Previous</span> to the Roman conquests,
-the Britons were accustomed to celebrate the rites of Druidism;
-but as it was the custom of the Romans to carry into the lands
-they conquered not only their civil polity, but also their
-religion, the gods of the Pantheon became consequently the gods
-of our ancestors.&nbsp; Near the existing memorials of Druidical
-superstition there arose the majestic fanes of a more polished
-mythology.&nbsp; At Bath there is said to have been a temple
-dedicated to Minerva, while on the site now occupied by the
-splendid cathedral of St. Paul there was a temple to Diana.&nbsp;
-It appears, from a passage in King&rsquo;s &lsquo;Vale
-Royal,&rsquo; there was a tradition generally accepted in his
-day, that on the present site of Chester Cathedral was a temple
-dedicated to Apollo, during the period that the city was
-inhabited by the Legionaries.</p>
-<p>&ldquo;I have heard it,&rdquo; he says, &ldquo;from a scholar
-residing in the city, when I was there, anno 1653, that there was
-a temple dedicated to Apollo in olden time, in a place adjoining
-to the Cathedral Church, by the constant tradition of the
-learned.&rdquo;</p>
-<p>We are not aware that the supposition is capable of being
-verified by any existing record; but when we take into
-consideration the policy generally pursued by the Romans in
-subjugating a country, it seems to be countenanced by strong
-probability.&nbsp; With this form of Paganism, however, there
-came zealous men, of true apostolic stamp, whose earnest
-inculcation of vital principles accelerated the progress of a
-better faith.&nbsp; So conspicuous had that progress become early
-in the third century, that Tertullian, in his work written
-against the Jews, <span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 209, states
-that &ldquo;even those places in Britain hitherto inaccessible to
-the Roman arms, have been subdued by the gospel of
-Christ.&rdquo;</p>
-<p>The ground on which the temple of Apollo once stood (if the
-tradition be trustworthy) was occupied, early in the second
-century, <a name="page66"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-66</span>by a monastery dedicated to St. Peter and St. Paul,
-&ldquo;which was the mother church and burial place to all
-Chester, and seven miles about Chester, and so continued for the
-space of three hundred years and more.&rdquo;&nbsp; To this
-monastery (according to Bradshaw the monk) the relics of St.
-Werburgh, daughter of Wulphere, King of Mercia, were removed from
-Hanbury in 875, for fear of an incursion of the Danes, and here
-re-buried with great pomp; a ceremony usually called &ldquo;the
-translation of the body.&rdquo;&nbsp; The same author informs us
-that the army of Griffin, King of Wales, was stricken with
-blindness for their sacrilegious boldness, in attempting to
-disturb these sainted remains.&nbsp; This, and other reputed
-miracles of St. Werburgh, appear to have induced the celebrated
-Ethelfleda, Countess of Mercia, to translate the monastery of St.
-Peter and St. Paul to the centre of the city, and to erect on its
-site a convent or monastery of secular nuns, dedicated to St.
-Werburgh and St. Oswald.&nbsp; Earl Leofric was a great
-benefactor to this foundation, having repaired its decayed
-buildings at his own expense: and in 1093, when (says Rodolphus
-Glaber) &ldquo;princes strove <i>&agrave; vie</i> that cathedral
-churches and minsters should be erected in a more decent and
-seemly form, and when Christendom roused, as it were, herself,
-and, casting away her old habiliments, did put on every where the
-bright and white robe of the churches.&rdquo;&nbsp; Hugh Lupus
-expelled the canons secular, and laid the foundation of a
-magnificent building, the remains of which are still existing; it
-was established by him as an Abbey of Benedictine Monks from Bec
-in Normandy, to pray (as the foundation charter expresses it)
-&ldquo;for the soul of William their King, and those of King
-William his most noble father, his mother Queen Maud, his
-brothers and sisters, King Edward the Confessor, themselves the
-founders, and those of their fathers, mothers, antecessors,
-heirs, parents, and barons, and of all Christians as well living
-as deceased.&rdquo;&nbsp; The confirmation charter by the second
-Ranulf (surnamed De Gernon or Gernons), Earl of Chester, in which
-the grant of Hugh Lupus is recapitulated, is in the possession of
-the Marquis of Westminster, by whose kindness this most important
-and interesting instrument has been lent for the use of the
-Arch&aelig;ological Association, and has been published in the
-pages of their journal.&nbsp; It is most beautifully written in
-columns or pages, for the facility of reading.&nbsp; The charter
-occupies nine, and commences with the copy of the original grant
-of &ldquo;Hugone Cestreasi comite, anno ab incarnatione Domini
-millesimo nonugesimo&rdquo; to the Abbey of St. Werburgh, which
-was witnessed by <a name="page67"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-67</span>Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, followed by the grants
-of several of the other witnesses, and it concludes by the
-confirmation of them all by the second Ranulf: (Ego secundus
-Ranulfus comes &ldquo;Cestrie concedo et confirmo hos omnibus
-donationes quos mei antecessores vel barones eor&rsquo;m
-dederunt,&rdquo;) with additional grants from himself.&nbsp;
-Anselm, Abbot of Bec, afterward Archbishop of Canterbury,
-regulated the new foundation, and appointed Richard, his
-chaplain, the first abbot.</p>
-<p>Hugh Lupus, following the example of most of his predecessors,
-lived a life of the wildest luxury and rapine.&nbsp; At length,
-falling sick from the consequence of his excesses, and age and
-disease coming on, the old hardened soldier was struck with
-remorse; and&mdash;an expiation common enough in those
-days&mdash;the great Hugh Lupus took the cowl, retired in the
-last state of disease into the monastery, and in three days was
-no more.</p>
-<p>The Abbey was so richly endowed by the founder and his
-successors, that at the dissolution its revenues amounted to no
-less a sum than &pound;1,073 17s. 7d. per annum.</p>
-<p>On the general dissolution of the monasteries, Chester was
-erected into an independent bishopric, and St. Werburgh&rsquo;s
-was converted into a Cathedral Church, which it has ever since
-remained.&nbsp; It was dedicated to Christ and the Blessed Virgin
-Mary; and a dean and six prebendaries installed in it, Thomas
-Clarke, the last abbot, being appointed the first dean.</p>
-<p>The principal portions of this venerable pile have been
-erected at different periods from the fourteenth to the sixteenth
-century, although there are some parts which bear indubitable
-marks of a much earlier origin; the greater part, perhaps,
-belongs to the fourteenth or fifteenth century, when the richly
-decorated style of Gothic architecture was at its zenith in this
-country.&nbsp; The Cathedral, from whatever side it is viewed,
-presents a massive appearance, and exhibits a pleasing variety of
-styles, in accordance with the taste of different ages.&nbsp; Mr.
-Asphitel has said that he found beauties which grew on him more
-and more at every visit.&nbsp; The Norman remains are extremely
-fine&mdash;there is work of all kinds of great beauty&mdash;and
-there are the most curious and instructive transitions from style
-to style that perhaps were ever contained in one building.</p>
-<p>Its general style may be termed the Norman-Gothic.&nbsp; It
-has been generally supposed that there are also some remaining
-specimens of the Saxon; but Mr. Asphitel, in an interesting <a
-name="page68"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 68</span>lecture
-delivered before the British Arch&aelig;ological Association,
-stated that he could not, from the most minute research, discover
-any portion of the Saxon church; he considered it possible there
-might be some portions in the foundations, but none were
-visible.</p>
-<p>The west front is said to have been the work of Abbot Ripley,
-who was appointed to the abbacy in 1485.&nbsp; It is now in an
-unfinished state, and it seems more than probable that there was
-an intention to form two western towers.&nbsp; The foundation of
-them was laid with much ceremony by Abbot Birchensaw in 1508, the
-Mayor being then present; but the project was abandoned, most
-likely for want of funds: had the original design been executed,
-says Winkle, it would not have been very imposing.&nbsp; The west
-entrance is a singular and beautiful composition: the door itself
-is a Tudor arch, enclosed within a square head; the spandrils are
-filled with rich and elegant foliations; the hollow moulding on
-the top is deep and broad, and filled with a row of angels,
-half-lengths; all this is recessed within another Tudor arch,
-under another square head, with plain spandrils of ordinary
-panelling.&nbsp; On each side of the door are four niches, with
-their usual accompaniments of crocketted canopies, pinnacles, and
-pendants; and instead of brackets, the statues formerly stood on
-pedestals, with good bases and capitals.&nbsp; Above this
-entrance is the great western window of the nave, deeply and
-richly recessed; it is of eight lights, with elaborate tracery of
-the kind most common in the latest age of the pointed
-style.&nbsp; The arch of the window is much depressed, and has
-above it a flowing crocketted canopy; the gable has no parapet,
-but is finished off with a simple coping; the flanking-turrets
-are octagonal, and have belts of panelled tracery and embattled
-parapets.&nbsp; Leaving the west front, and turning to the south,
-a rich and deep porch presents itself behind the Consistory
-Court; the porch is flanked by buttresses, which once had
-pinnacles.&nbsp; The entrance is under a Tudor arch within a
-square head, the spandrils richly panelled; over the square head
-is a broad belt of quatrefoil panelling; above that a hollow
-moulding, adorned with the Tudor flower; above this are two
-flat-headed windows of two lights each, with a deep niche between
-them, resting on a projecting bracket; the statue is of course
-gone, but the projecting and richly decorated canopy remains, on
-both sides of which the wall above is adorned with two rows of
-panelling; the open embattled parapet, which once crowned the
-whole, has disappeared.&nbsp; The south side of the nave and its
-aisle is plain, but not without dignity; the windows <a
-name="page69"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 69</span>are all
-pointed, and of perpendicular character; those of the aisle have
-straight canopies, with projecting buttresses between, which
-still have niches, and once had both pinnacles and statues; the
-aisle has no parapet.&nbsp; The windows of the clerestory are
-unusually large and lofty, and their canopies are flowing in
-form, but perfectly plain and without finials; they have no
-buttresses between them, and the parapet is very shallow and
-quite plain.</p>
-<p>The next feature of the Cathedral is a very singular one, and,
-indeed, unique&mdash;viz., the south wing of the transept.&nbsp;
-It is no uncommon case to find the two portions of the transept
-unlike each other in some respects; but in no other instance are
-they so perfectly dissimilar as at Chester.&nbsp; Here the south
-wing is nearly as long as the nave, and of equal length with the
-choir, and considerably broader than either, having, like them,
-aisles on both sides; while the north, which probably stands on
-the original foundations, has no aisles, is very short, and only
-just the breadth of one side of the central tower.&nbsp; The east
-and west faces of this south portion of the transept are nearly
-similar.&nbsp; The aisles have no parapet; the windows are
-pointed, of four lights each, with late decorated tracery and
-small intervening buttresses.&nbsp; The clerestory has a parapet
-similar to that of the nave; the windows are pointed, large, and
-lofty, with perpendicular tracery and two transoms.&nbsp; The
-south front of this transept, flat at top, is flanked with square
-embattled turrets and buttresses, and has a large window of the
-perpendicular age, filling up nearly all the space between
-them.&nbsp; The south face of the aisles, on each side, have
-pointed windows and sloping tops, without parapet, but flanked by
-double buttresses at the external angles, without pinnacles.</p>
-<p>The south face of the choir, with its aisle, is in nearly all
-respects similar to the south portion of the transept; but the
-aisle is lengthened out beyond the choir, and becomes the side
-aisle of the Lady Chapel, and has an octangular turret near the
-east end, with embattled parapet, and beyond it a plain, heavy,
-clumsy buttress; the sloping parapet of the east face of this
-aisle meets at the top the flat plain parapet of the most eastern
-compartment of the Lady Chapel, which projects beyond the aisle
-to that extent.&nbsp; The windows of the Lady Chapel are all
-pointed, and of good perpendicular character; the projecting
-portion has double buttresses at the external angles, and the
-eastern face has a low gable point.&nbsp; This chapel is very
-little higher than the side aisles of the choir, the east face of
-which is seen over it, with a large lofty pointed <a
-name="page70"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 70</span>window, with
-perpendicular tracery and several transoms, flanked with
-octagonal turrets engaged, and terminated with something like
-domes of Elizabethan architecture.&nbsp; The parapet of this east
-face of the choir is flat.&nbsp; The north side of the Lady
-Chapel is similar to the south; the choir and its aisles exhibit
-features of an early English character on this side, but the
-Chapter-room, which is a small building, of an oblong form, and
-also of early English architecture, conceals a considerable
-portion.&nbsp; Over its vestibule and the arched passage leading
-into the east walk of the cloister, is seen the large window in
-the north front of the transept; the arch is much depressed, the
-tracery very common and plain, and it has two transoms; the walls
-of this wing of the transept are very plain, flat at top, and no
-parapet.&nbsp; The whole north side of the nave can be seen only
-from the cloister-yard.&nbsp; The south walk of the cloister is
-gone, and in the wall of the aisle, below the windows, are still
-seen several enriched semicircular arches resting on short
-cylindrical columns, evidently belonging to the original church
-of Hugh Lupus.&nbsp; The windows of the aisle are Tudor arched,
-with the ordinary tracery of this period; but, owing to the
-cloister once existing beneath, are necessarily curtailed of half
-their due length: there is a thin, flat buttress between each;
-the aisle has no parapet.&nbsp; The clerestory is lofty, and the
-windows pointed, and not so much depressed as those in the aisle
-beneath: they are not so lofty as those in the south side, nor
-have they any canopies.&nbsp; There is a thin buttress between
-each, without pinnacles, and the parapet is quite plain, but not
-so shallow as that on the south side.</p>
-<p>The central tower is perhaps the best external feature of this
-Cathedral, it is indeed only of one story above the roof ridge,
-but it is loftier than such towers usually are; in each face of
-it are two pointed windows, divided down the middle with a single
-mullion, with a quatrefoil at the top, and all of them having
-flowing crocketted canopies with finials.&nbsp; At each of the
-four angles of the tower is an octagonal turret engaged, all of
-which, like the tower itself, are terminated with an embattled
-parapet.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/p70b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"The Cloisters, Chester Cathedral"
-title=
-"The Cloisters, Chester Cathedral"
- src="images/p70s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<p>On entering the interior, through the west doorway into the
-nave, &ldquo;some disappointment and regret,&rdquo; says the same
-authority, &ldquo;cannot but be felt: here is no vaulted roof,
-but a flat ceiling of wood, resting on brackets of the same
-material, slightly arched, which gives the nave the appearance of
-having less elevation than it really possesses; for the naves of
-many much more magnificent cathedrals are not so lofty as this by
-several feet, but by being <a name="page71"></a><span
-class="pagenum">p. 71</span>vaulted, their apparent height is
-increased.&rdquo;&nbsp; The stone vaulting appears to have been
-actually commenced, and was probably interrupted by the
-dissolution: it is to be regretted that the work was not
-completed, as it would have given to the nave a much more
-imposing effect.&nbsp; The north wall of the nave, to the height
-of the windows, is Norman work, and contains, on the side of the
-cloisters, six tombs, where, as it appears from an old MS.
-written on the back of an old charter, now in the British Museum,
-the early Norman Abbots are interred.&nbsp; Under a wide arch
-sunk in the south wall, which, from the ornaments attached to the
-pillar near it, appears part of the original building, is a
-coffin-shaped stone, with a cross fleury on the lid, over the
-remains of some abbot.&nbsp; Nearly opposite to this is an altar
-tomb, the sides of which are ornamented with Gothic niches, with
-trefoil heads, and with quatrefoils set alternately, the
-quatrefoils being also alternately filled with roses and
-leopards&rsquo; heads; the lid slides, and discloses the lead
-coffin, a part of which has been cut away; on the lid is a plain
-coffin-shaped stone.&nbsp; It is highly probable that this tomb
-contains the remains of one of the later abbots.</p>
-<p>The pillars of the nave are clustered, and have rich bases and
-foliated capitals, and the arches are pointed.&nbsp; In this part
-of the Cathedral and the north transept are several monuments
-worthy the attention of visitors.&nbsp; A pyramidical monument by
-Nollekens, representing a female figure resting on a rock,
-against which is placed a broken anchor; erected by Captain John
-Matthews, R.N., to the memory of his wife.&nbsp; One, in white
-marble, by Banks, representing the Genius of History weeping over
-an urn, having three vols., inscribed &lsquo;Longinus,&rsquo;
-&lsquo;Thucydides,&rsquo; &lsquo;Zenophon,&rsquo; placed by it;
-erected to the memory of Dean Swift, the learned translator of
-those works.&nbsp; One to the memory of Mrs. Barbara Dod, erected
-by the minor canons.&nbsp; One to Captain John William Buchanan,
-of the 16th Light Dragoons, slain at the battle of
-Waterloo.&nbsp; One of Cavalier Sir William Mainwaring, killed at
-Chester during the great civil war, 1644.&nbsp; Against the north
-wall a handsome monument, enclosing a bust of Sir J. G. Egerton,
-Bart., erected by subscriptions of the citizens of Chester, in
-memory of their honourable and independent representative.&nbsp;
-One in memory of Major Thomas Hilton, who died at Montmeir, in
-the Burmese empire, 2nd February, 1829.&nbsp; One to Augusta, the
-wife of the Rev. James Slade, Canon of the Cathedral, and
-daughter of Bishop Law.&nbsp; One of Captain John Moor Napier,
-who died of Asiatic cholera, in <a name="page72"></a><span
-class="pagenum">p. 72</span>Scinde, July 7th, 1846, aged 28
-years: this monument was executed by Westmacott; the inscription
-was written by his uncle, the gallant Sir Charles Napier, and is
-as follows:&mdash;</p>
-<blockquote><p>&ldquo;The tomb is no record of high lineage;<br
-/>
-His may be traced by his name.<br />
-His race was one of soldiers:<br />
-Among soldiers he lived, among them he died,<br />
-A soldier, falling where numbers fell with him,<br />
-In a barbarous land.<br />
-Yet there died none more generous,<br />
-More daring, more gifted, more religious.<br />
-On his early grave<br />
-Fell the tears of stern and hardy men,<br />
-As his had fallen on the grave of others.&rdquo;</p>
-<p>&ldquo;To the memory of their comrade, the officers of the
-General Staff in Scinde erect this cenotaph.&rdquo;&mdash;[The
-above was executed by Westmacott.]</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>In the north transept is a piece of very fine tapestry,
-executed after one of the cartoons of Raphael, representing the
-history of Elymas the sorcerer.&nbsp; Wright, in his travels
-through France and Italy, expresses his opinion that this is much
-superior to any of the tapestry which he saw in the
-Vatican.&nbsp; There is also a well-executed stone monument to
-Roger Barnston, Esq.; and a tablet in memory of good Chancellor
-Peploe.&nbsp; A beautifully executed marble monument has lately
-been placed on the wall of the north transept to the memory of
-Colonel T. Graham Egerton, of the 77th Regiment, who fell at the
-siege of Sebastopol, in April, 1855.</p>
-<p>The choir well merits the attention of every visitor of
-taste.&nbsp; From the organ-loft to the Bishop&rsquo;s throne,
-the sides are ornamented with rich spiral tabernacle work,
-underneath which are massive and highly ornamented stalls.&nbsp;
-The choir is separated from the nave and broad aisle by a Gothic
-stone screen; there are five pointed arches on each side; above
-them is an arcade of pointed arches, resting on slender shafts,
-and above it are the clerestory windows.&nbsp; The pavement of
-the choir is of black and white marble.&nbsp; At the west end of
-it are four stalls on each side of the entrance, and there are
-twenty others on each side of the choir; over these are rich
-canopies, with pinnacles and pendants in great profusion.&nbsp;
-Above the stalls on the right hand, opposite the pulpit, is the
-Bishop&rsquo;s throne, which formerly stood at the east end in
-St. Mary&rsquo;s Chapel, and is said to have been the shrine of
-<a name="page73"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 73</span>St.
-Werburgh, or, as suggested by Pennant, the pedestal on which
-originally stood the real shrine which contained the sacred
-relics.&nbsp; At the Reformation it was removed to its present
-position, and converted into a throne for the Bishop.&nbsp; It is
-a rich specimen of Gothic architecture, decorated with carved
-work, and embellished with a range of thirty curious small
-statues, variously habited, holding scrolls in their hands, and
-originally inscribed with their names, but now defaced.&nbsp; Dr.
-Cowper published, in 1799, an elaborate history of these figures,
-and was of opinion that they represented kings and saints of the
-royal Mercian line, ancestors or relations of St. Werburgh.&nbsp;
-Very great improvements have recently been effected within the
-choir.&nbsp; The restoration of the Bishop&rsquo;s throne was
-effected by the munificence of the Rev. Canon Slade, as an
-obituary testimonial to his late father-in-law, Bishop Law, in
-memory of whom the following incription, engraven upon a brass
-plate, is affixed to the throne:&mdash;</p>
-<blockquote><p>In gloriam Dei hanc cathedram reficiendam curabit
-A.D. MDCCCXLVI.&nbsp; Jacobus Slade, A.M. hujus ecclesiae
-Canonicus.&nbsp; Recnon in piam memoriam Georgii Henrici Law,
-S.T.D. per xii. annos Episcopi Testriensis, dein
-Bathoniensis.</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>At the back of the throne is a magnificent stone screen, the
-gift of the Archbishop of Canterbury.&nbsp; The altar screen was
-presented by the Rev. Peploe Hamilton, of Hoole, near Chester;
-the chair within the communion table by the Rev. Canon Blomfield;
-the new Bible desk, of carved oak in the form of an eagle, by the
-Rev. Chancellor Raikes; the new stone pulpit, from a beautiful
-design by Mr. Hussey, was the liberal gift of Sir Edward S.
-Walker, of Chester.&nbsp; Towards the restoration of the
-Cathedral, Her Majesty the Queen also contributed a donation of
-&pound;105, in the name of the Prince of Wales as Earl of
-Chester.</p>
-<p>Under the east window is an arch opening to the Lady Chapel,
-which consists of a middle and two side aisles, the stone
-vaulting of which is adorned with richly carved key-stones.&nbsp;
-The side aisles are divided from the middle portion of two
-arches, sprung from a massive pier on each side, apparently part
-of the original building, cut down and crusted over with clusters
-of light pillars, terminated in elegant pointed arches, with
-quatrefoils inserted in the mouldings.&nbsp; On the north side of
-the chancel, which extends beyond the side aisles, are two
-elegant pointed arches: one contains two piscinas; the other was
-apparently a seat for the officiating priest; another pointed
-arch appears also on the opposite side.</p>
-<p><a name="page74"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 74</span>The
-cloisters are on the north side of the Church, and form a
-quadrangle of 110 feet square.&nbsp; Originally there were four
-walks, but the south walk is destroyed.&nbsp; The general style
-of the cloisters is that of the fifteenth century, with carved
-cornice key-stones at the intersections of the vaulting; the
-arches of the windows are depressed.&nbsp; A lavatory projects
-from the west walk of the cloisters, and did extend along the
-south walk; over the east walk was a dormitory, which was some
-time ago destroyed, much to the injury of the appearance of these
-venerable conventual ruins.&nbsp; It is obvious that the present
-cloisters are only a restoration of an earlier one.&nbsp; In the
-east walk of the cloisters is the entrance into the Chapter
-House.&nbsp; The stone vaulting rests in clusters of slender
-shafts, with foliated capitals; notwithstanding the soft nature
-of the stone, the carving is all in a good state of
-preservation.&nbsp; The Chapter House was built in the beginning
-of the twelfth century, by Randle, Earl of Chester, who removed
-hither, from the churchyard, the body of his uncle, Hugh Lupus,
-whose remains were found enclosed in a stone coffin in 1723, by
-persons employed in digging in the Chapter House.&nbsp; The skull
-and bones were entire, and lay in their proper position,
-enveloped in an ox-hide.&nbsp; On the breast was a piece of
-cloth, the texture of which could not be ascertained.&nbsp; Mr.
-Asphitel considers the Chapter House, with its singularly
-tasteful vestibule, to be the finest in the kingdom.</p>
-<p>We now direct the visitor&rsquo;s attention to a portion of
-the Norman edifice, which has of late excited very great
-interest, the Promptuarium, lately excavated: &ldquo;the chamber
-is a sort of gallery or cloister on the ground floor, about
-ninety feet long by forty feet wide, traversed in the centre by a
-row of pillars (with one exception cylindrical), which divide it
-into six double bays, from which pillars, and four corresponding
-ones at each side, spring the intersecting arches by which the
-building is vaulted.&nbsp; The side pillars are as entirely
-Norman in their character as the centre ones, being simply the
-square pier, on each face of which is the pilaster attached; the
-groining of the roof is without the finish of ribs at the joints,
-a finish characteristic of a later period.&nbsp; The chamber,
-which has at present only a borrowed light from the cloisters on
-the east, was originally lighted from the west side by a window
-in each bay, except the second bay from the south end, in which
-was a principal entrance.&nbsp; This doorway and the windows are
-now all choked up by the adjoining garden.&nbsp; On the same
-side, and at the north end, is a very large chimney and
-fire-place.&nbsp; A glance at the groining <a
-name="page75"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 75</span>and arches at
-the north end informing us that the chamber did formerly end
-here, I was induced to think, by this situation of the
-fire-place, that its length was originally very much
-greater.&nbsp; I have since found the termination of the chamber
-in the cellars of the present Registry, where the groining is
-supported by corbels, which show that the vaults extended there,
-but no further.&nbsp; One double bay, therefore, added to the
-present remains, gives us the entire length of the
-building&mdash;about 105 feet.&nbsp; In this last bay, on the
-east side, is a principal doorway (four inches wider than the one
-on the west side), leading towards the Refectory.&nbsp; On the
-east side also, and near the north end, is a postern from the
-cloisters and a spiral staircase, partly constructed in the
-thickness of the wall, leading to the chamber above, of which
-there are now no remains.&nbsp; Two small archways at opposite
-sides of the chamber, precisely similar in form and size, and
-rising from beneath the level of the floor, seemed to indicate a
-subterranean passage connecting them.&nbsp; An excavation round
-each has, however, discovered no channel between them.&nbsp; In
-considering the character and situation of this vaulted chamber,
-it should be borne in mind, that though now apparently
-subterranean, it is only so with reference to the west side, the
-level of the floor being four feet above the level of the nave of
-the Cathedral.&nbsp; The ground, which now rises above it on the
-west side, is all <i>made</i> ground of late date, belonging to
-the Palace, the original level of which is identical with this
-chamber, as shown by the area round the present Palace kitchens,
-and by those apartments belonging to the Abbot&rsquo;s residence,
-which yet remain.&rdquo; <a name="citation75"></a><a
-href="#footnote75" class="citation">[75]</a></p>
-<p>Mr. Asphitel, in his able lecture on Chester Cathedral,
-bestowed the name of Promptuarium on this Norman cloister: he
-says&mdash;&ldquo;These are vaulted apartments of early Norman
-work, and are described in the charter of Henry Eighth, by which
-he divides the properties between the Bishop and Dean,
-<i>promptuaria et pannaria</i>, the former derived from a word
-denoting a butler or steward, probably a buttery; and the latter,
-from <i>pannus</i>, a cloth, probably the place for
-clothing.&rdquo;</p>
-<p>Mr. Ayrton, in an able paper on the Norman remains of the
-Cathedral, read before the Chester Arch&aelig;ological
-Association, entered into an elaborate inquiry on the subject,
-stating his reasons for concluding that this is not a
-<i>Promptuarium</i>, but, in his opinion, a spacious Hall, where
-the splendid hospitality of the Abbots was displayed to
-strangers, friends, and dependents.</p>
-<p><a name="page76"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 76</span>There
-is a vaulted passage at the south end of the <i>Promptuarium</i>,
-leading from the Abbot&rsquo;s apartments to the Cathedral: the
-arches are circular, the groining is ribbed with elliptical
-mouldings; these mouldings stamp a semi-Norman character on the
-work, being almost a transition to the early English style.</p>
-<blockquote><p>&ldquo;Two beautiful Norman doorways gave ingress
-and egress from the passage, and still remain, though the one
-which opened to the present west cloister is closed, and sadly
-disfigured by the alterations of the sixteenth century.&nbsp; The
-other doorway, to the west, is yet perfect, excepting the shafts
-of the pillars, which are gone.&nbsp; At the south end of the
-east cloister, and forming the present entrance from that
-cloister to the Cathedral, is a Norman doorway of about the same
-date as the arcade adjoining it.&nbsp; The architrave is very
-ornate, bearing the billet ornaments, accompanied by a bead which
-runs between the mouldings; the capitals of the pilasters are
-foliated, and identical with those already noticed in the Norman
-doorway of the vaulted passage.&rdquo;</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>The dimensions of the Cathedral are as follows:&mdash;Length
-from east to west, 350 feet; nave, 160; choir, 125; Lady Chapel,
-65; transept from north to south, 180; breadth of nave, choir,
-and aisles, 74&frac12; feet; south wing of transept, 80 feet
-square; height of nave and choir, 78 feet; tower, 127; Lady
-Chapel, 33; north wing of transept, 39 feet broad.</p>
-<p>The following is a list of the Bishops, from the foundation of
-the see, in 1541, to the present date:&mdash;</p>
-<table>
-<tr>
-<td><p>John Bird</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1541</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>George Cotes</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1554</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Cuthbert Scott</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1555</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>William Downham</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1561</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>William Chadderton</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1579</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Hugh Bellot</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1595</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Richard Vaughan</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1595</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>George Lloyd</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1604</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Gerard Massie</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1615</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Thomas Moreton</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1616</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>John Bridgeman</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1618</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Brian Walton</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1660</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Henry Ferne</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1662</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>George Hall</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1662</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>John Wilkins</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1668</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>John Pearson</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1672</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Thomas Cartwright</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1688</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Nicholas Stratford</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1689</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>William Dawes</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1707</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Francis Gastrell</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1714</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Samuel Peploe</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1716</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Edmund Keene</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1752</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>William Markham</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1771</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Beilby Porteus</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1777</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>William Cleaver</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1788</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>H. W. Majendie</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1800</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>E. B. Sparke</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1810</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>G. H. Law</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1812</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>C. J. Blomfield</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1824</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>J. B. Sumner</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1828</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>J. Graham</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1848</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-<p><a name="page77"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 77</span>List of
-Deans of Chester Cathedral, from its formation to the present
-time:&mdash;</p>
-<table>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Thomas Clarke</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1541</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Henry Mann</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1542</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>William Cliff</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1547</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Richard Walker</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1558</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>John Pears</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1567</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>R. Langworth</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1571</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>R. Dorset</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1579</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Thomas Modesley</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1580</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>John Rutter</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1589</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Wm. Barlow</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1602</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Henry Parry</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1605</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Thomas Mallory</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1607</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Wm. Nicholls</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1644</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Henry Bridgman</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1660</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>James Arderne</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1682</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Lawrence Fogg</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1691</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Walter Offley</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1718</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Thomas Allen</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1721</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Thomas Brooke</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1733</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>William Smith</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1758</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>George Cotton</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1780</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Hugh Cholmondeley</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1806</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Robert Hodgson</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1815</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Peter Vaughan</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1820</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Edmund Coplestone</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1826</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Henry Philpotts</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1828</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>George Davys</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1830</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>F. Anson</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1839</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span
-class="smcap">Bishop</span>&mdash;J. Graham, D.D.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span
-class="smcap">Dean</span>&mdash;F. Anson, D.D.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span
-class="smcap">Archdeacons</span>.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">Ven. Isaac Wood, Middlewich<br />
-Ven. J. Jones, Liverpool.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span
-class="smcap">Canons</span>.</p>
-<table>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Rev. J. Slade, M.A.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Rev. T. Eaton, M.A.</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Rev. G. B. Blomfield, M.A.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Rev. Temple Hillyard, M.A.</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="smcap">Minor
-Canons</span>.</p>
-<table>
-<tr>
-<td><p>W. Harrison, M.A.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>R. M. Smith, M.A.</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>F. E. Thurland, M.A.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>H. Venables, M.A., Precentor.</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="smcap">Honorary
-Canons</span>.</p>
-<table>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Rev. C. A. Thurlow, M.A.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Rev. Hugh Stowell, M.A.</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Rev. Hugh McNeile, D.D.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Rev. W. Cooke, M.A.</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-<p style="text-align: center"><i>Organist</i>&mdash;Mr.
-Gunton.</p>
-<p>The hours of service are&mdash;Week-day, morning, 7 and 10;
-afternoon, 4.&nbsp; Sunday, morning, 11; afternoon, 4
-o&rsquo;clock.&nbsp; During the winter months the service begins
-at 3 in the afternoon.</p>
-<p>Through the indefatigable energy of Dr. Anson, the present
-Dean, many most important improvements have been introduced into
-the interior of this noble edifice, which have added very much <a
-name="page78"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 78</span>to its
-decoration and general effect.&nbsp; In 1843, the munificent sum
-of &pound;4,000 was contributed for the purpose of giving effect
-to the praiseworthy object of restoring some portion of the
-ancient beauties of the Cathedral.&nbsp; A new organ has been
-erected, of great power and richness of tone, the top of which is
-carved with tabernacle work, in unison with that of the
-choir.&nbsp; The old pews, which were sadly out of keeping with
-the rich Gothic woodwork of the stalls, have been removed, and
-the choir has been new seated in the Gothic style.</p>
-<p>The whole of the choir has been vaulted, which has greatly
-contributed to its improved appearance.&nbsp; A great number of
-beautiful stained-glass windows, principally the gifts of private
-families as obituary memorials, have been introduced since the
-commencement of the improvements in 1843.&nbsp; The large window
-of stained glass, at the west end, was presented by Mrs.
-Hamilton, of Hoole, by whose liberality a splendid restoration of
-the Lady Chapel has been effected.</p>
-<p>The interior of the Cathedral excites a general feeling of
-admiration, which the exterior fails to realize.</p>
-<h3><span class="smcap">The Church of St.
-Oswald&rsquo;s</span>,</h3>
-<p>as already mentioned, forms the south transept of the choir of
-Chester Cathedral.&nbsp; After the introduction of regular monks
-into the monastery of St. Werburgh, anciently dedicated to the
-Holy Trinity and St. Oswald, the name of this patron saint was
-retained by that part of the conventual church which was set
-apart for the uses of the inhabitants of the parish, within which
-the monastery was placed.&nbsp; This part probably occupied the
-site of that transept of the Cathedral which forms the present
-parish church.&nbsp; The name of St. Oswald does not, however,
-appear to have been originally used for the parish.&nbsp; In the
-licence of appropriation by William Cornhall, Bishop of Coventry,
-it is called the parish church of St. Werburgh.</p>
-<p>It appears to have been subsequently called the Church of St.
-Oswald and the Church of St. Werburgh indiscriminately.&nbsp; It
-was founded in the ninth century by Ethelfleda, Countess of
-Mercia.&nbsp; So early as 1093, when Earl Leofric introduced
-regular monks into the Cathedral, that part of it now occupied by
-St. Oswald&rsquo;s was set apart for the use of the parishioners,
-as we have just stated.&nbsp; The abbot and convent afterwards
-wishing to re-attach it to the Cathedral, built for the
-parishioners a small chapel, dedicated <a name="page79"></a><span
-class="pagenum">p. 79</span>to St. Nicholas, in the spot where
-the Music Hall now stands; but they do not appear to have been
-contented with their new place of worship; for in 1488 we find,
-from Gastrel&rsquo;s &lsquo;Notitia,&rsquo; that a
-&ldquo;composition was made between the Abbot and the
-parishioners of St. Oswald&rsquo;s for their new
-church.&rdquo;&nbsp; They accordingly re-entered into the south
-transept, which had been rebuilt by Abbot Ripley, and have ever
-since used it as their parish church.</p>
-<p>St. Oswald&rsquo;s was formerly in a state of great
-dilapidation; and was only separated from the aisle of the
-Cathedral by a slight wooden screen.&nbsp; In 1827 it was
-thoroughly repaired; the whole was new flagged and pewed, a new
-pulpit and reading desk added; the old gallery, which was at the
-west side, taken down, and a new one erected at the south
-end.&nbsp; The interior was cut off from the aisle by a
-partition, erected by Dr. Coplestone when Dean, who expended more
-than &pound;1,000 in various improvements.</p>
-<p>St. Oswald&rsquo;s is a vicarage, in the gift of the Dean and
-Chapter of Chester Cathedral.&nbsp; The present vicar is the Rev.
-William Harrison, M.A.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/p79b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"St. John&rsquo;s Church &amp; Priory, Chester"
-title=
-"St. John&rsquo;s Church &amp; Priory, Chester"
- src="images/p79s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<h3><span class="smcap">Church of St. John the
-Baptist</span>.</h3>
-<p>The church is situated without the city walls, a short
-distance from the Newgate; it stands upon an elevation
-overhanging the north bank of the Dee, and the churchyard
-commands a beautiful and extensive prospect.</p>
-<p>This church, with its adjoining ruins, is the most interesting
-of the ecclesiastical buildings of Chester.</p>
-<p>The foundation of the church is ascribed by Webb to Ethelred,
-Ring of Mercia, and stated, on the authority of Giraldus, to have
-taken place in the year 689.&nbsp; The MS. chronicle of St.
-Werburgh makes a similar statement on the same authority; it is
-also adopted by the author of &lsquo;Polycronicon,&rsquo; and
-thus quaintly recorded&mdash;</p>
-<blockquote><p>&ldquo;The year of grace six hundred fourscore
-nine,<br />
-So saith my author, a Briton, Giraldus,<br />
-King Etheldred, minding most the bliss of heaven,<br />
-Edified a college church, notable and famous,<br />
-In the suburbs of Chester, pleasant and beauteous,<br />
-In the honour of God, and the Baptist St. John,<br />
-With the help of Bishop Wulfrice, and good
-exhortation.&rdquo;</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>This inscription is now affixed to a pillar on the north side
-of the church.&nbsp; With respect to its foundation by Ethelred,
-we find the following curious passage, quoted from an early
-writer by King <a name="page80"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-80</span>and others:&mdash;&ldquo;King Ethelred minding to build
-a church, was told that where he should see a white hind there he
-should build a church; which white hind he saw in the place where
-St. John&rsquo;s Church now standeth, and in remembrance whereof,
-his picture was placed in the wall of the said church, which yet
-standeth on the side of the steeple, towards the west, having a
-white hind in his hand.&rdquo;</p>
-<p>According to William of Malmsbury, St. John&rsquo;s was
-repaired and richly endowed by Leofric, Earl of Mercia, in 1057,
-and it is shortly afterwards thus noticed in Doomsday
-Book:&mdash;&ldquo;Ecclesia Sancti Johanius, in civitate
-hab&eacute;t viii. domos, quietas ab omn&eacute; consuetudine:
-una ex his est matricularii ecclesi&aelig;; ali&aelig; sunt
-canonicorum.&rdquo;&nbsp; The seat of the See, which for some
-centuries after the conquest fluctuated between Chester,
-Coventry, and Lichfield, was, in 1075, fixed for a time in the
-Church of St. John, by Peter, then Bishop, which may be taken as
-a sufficient proof of the wealth and grandeur of the foundation,
-even at this early period.&nbsp; The succeeding Bishop, Robert de
-Limesey, having removed the seat of the See to Coventry, St.
-John&rsquo;s returned to its former collegiate establishment, but
-was long afterwards considered and denominated one of the three
-Cathedrals of the diocese, and retained in its immediate
-neighbourhood a palace of the Bishop, and the mansion of the
-Archdeacon of Chester&mdash;the remains of its former
-importance.&nbsp; At the dissolution in 1547, the college
-consisted of one dean, seven prebends, four vicars, a clerk, and
-a sexton.&nbsp; &ldquo;In this church,&rdquo; says Dr. Cowper,
-&ldquo;was an ancient rood, or image of wood, of such veneration,
-that in a deed dated March 27, 1311, confirmed by Walter Langton,
-the church was called the <i>Church of the Holy Cross and St.
-John</i>.&rdquo;&nbsp; &ldquo;There can be little doubt, on the
-whole,&rdquo; says Ormerod, &ldquo;that some monastic foundation,
-dedicated to the Holy Cross, had, previously to this, merged in
-the college of St. John.&rdquo;&nbsp; In 1468 the old steeple,
-which stood between the nave and the chancel, fell in, and
-destroyed great part of the choir.&nbsp; In 1470 the steeple was
-rebuilt, and the whole church covered with lead at the expense of
-the parishioners, to whom certain immunities were granted by the
-Dean on that account.&nbsp; In 1548, a commission was granted to
-certain gentlemen of Cheshire to survey the colleges, &amp;c.,
-within the county; in virtue whereof a return (now in the
-Augmentation Office) was made, wherein the annual rent of the
-college of St. John, arising from lands, tithes, &amp;c., is
-reckoned at &pound;146 5s.&nbsp; The church plate <a
-name="page81"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 81</span>is estimated
-in the same return at 465 ounces; the weight of the five bells,
-4,000 lbs.; lead in and upon the church, 78 tons; and goods and
-ornaments for the use of the clergy to the value of &pound;40
-19s. 9d.&nbsp; In 1572, the greater part of the central steeple
-again fell in; and in 1574, part of the steeple at the west end
-of the church also gave way, whereby great part of the church was
-destroyed.&nbsp; After being suffered to remain in a ruinous
-state for some years, the parishioners obtained a grant of the
-church from Queen Elizabeth in 1581, whereupon they repaired and
-reduced it to its present size and form, by taking down the
-remains of the central steeple, and cutting off the south and
-north transepts and all the chapels above the choir.&nbsp; In
-1585, the Queen granted the impropriate rectory and advowson to
-Sir Christopher Halton, by whom it was conveyed to Alexander
-King, who, in 1587, conveyed it to Alexander Cotes, whose
-daughter brought it by marriage to the family of the Sparkes, in
-1597; in which family it continued until the year 1810, when it
-was sold by their representative, John Adams, Esq., to the late
-Marquis of Westminster, who, in 1813, rebuilt the north and south
-transepts, and repaired the chancel, in which he introduced a
-Gothic window over the altar.</p>
-<p>&ldquo;St. Johns, when entire,&rdquo; says Pennant, &ldquo;was
-a magnificent pile.&nbsp; The tower once stood in the centre, but
-falling down in 1574, was never rebuilt.&rdquo;&nbsp; &ldquo;The
-church,&rdquo; says Ormerod, &ldquo;was in the finest style of
-early Norman architecture; it consisted originally of a nave and
-choir, with side aisles, two transepts, and a central tower,
-&amp;c.&rdquo;</p>
-<p>On each side of the chancel were added, at a later period,
-chapels in a rich style of pointed Gothic, in which some
-exquisite specimens of shrine work are yet remaining.</p>
-<p>The nave and choir, fitted up and repaired in 1581, as before
-mentioned, now form the parish church, in which public worship is
-celebrated.&nbsp; Eight arches, resting on pillars 5 feet 6
-inches in circumference, with capitals variously ornamented,
-separate the nave from the side aisles; and above these are two
-rows of galleries, with pointed arches, springing from light
-shafts.&nbsp; Four massive composite pillars, which formerly
-supported the central tower, still remain in the nave.&nbsp; In
-the interior are some interesting relics of the architecture of
-our Norman ancestors.</p>
-<p>The belfry is detached from the church, at the north-west
-corner of which it is situate.&nbsp; It is a square tower,
-erected in the seventeenth century, 150 feet in height.&nbsp; It
-is extremely lofty, and its <a name="page82"></a><span
-class="pagenum">p. 82</span>sides are decorated with pointed
-windows in a good style, figures placed in rich shrines, strings
-of quatrefoils and rows of ornamental arches; in one of the
-niches on the west side is placed a statue which has excited much
-controversy.&nbsp; It is much defaced by time and exposure to the
-weather.</p>
-<p>At the east end of the church, as now rebuilt, stand the ruins
-of the chapels above the choir, consisting of the outer walls,
-with the remains of several windows of Gothic architecture; and
-the eastern wall, containing a beautiful arched window, of the
-same style, but larger and richer in ornament than the
-others.</p>
-<p>Near the foot of the tower, on the north side of the church,
-is an ancient porch, forming the principal entrance, in the sides
-of which are two lancet arches, the entrance being under an
-acutely pointed arch, the mouldings of which rest on a number of
-short shafts, which converge as they retire inwards.</p>
-<p>&ldquo;Within this church,&rdquo; says Ormerod, &ldquo;was a
-chantry, dedicated to St. Mary.&rdquo;&nbsp; Within the precincts
-of St. John&rsquo;s were also Thorneton&rsquo;s chantry, the
-Chapel of St. Anne, which Piggott says, &ldquo;in some deeds, is
-called the &lsquo;<i>Monastery</i> of St. Anne;&rsquo; was
-endowed with land and houses, some of which now constitute the
-revenues of Northwich school:&rdquo; there was also the Chapel of
-St. James&rsquo;s, which Lysons says was the old parish church;
-in 1662 it is described as being then used as a stable.&nbsp; It
-has long since been entirely destroyed.&nbsp; On the south wall
-of the churchyard was an ancient building, called the
-&ldquo;Anchorite&rsquo;s Cell,&rdquo; which is said to be the
-spot where Earl Harold retired after the battle of Hastings, in
-1066; a monkish chronicle being extant, which denies the fact of
-his death in that fight, and states that he lived for some time
-after at Chester, in the disguise of a monk.&nbsp; In 1770 two
-skeletons were discovered here in coffin-shaped cavities, scooped
-out of the rock.&nbsp; The fourteen panel tables which are hung
-in various parts of the church, bearing the arms of the deceased
-to whose memory they are placed, are said to be painted by one of
-the Randle Holmes, the distinguished herald artists.&nbsp; This
-noble church is horridly disfigured by huge galleries and
-unsightly pews, for the removal of which an effort is now making,
-as a prelude to a general restoration of the sacred
-edifice.&nbsp; The present vicar is the Rev. W. B. Marsden,
-M.A.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/p82b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Chancel ruins of St. John&rsquo;s Church, Chester"
-title=
-"Chancel ruins of St. John&rsquo;s Church, Chester"
- src="images/p82s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<h3><span class="smcap">St. Peter&rsquo;s Church</span>.</h3>
-<p>This church stands exactly in the centre of the city, where
-the four principal streets meet, and close to the ancient site of
-the <a name="page83"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 83</span>high
-cross.&nbsp; It consists of a nave and side aisles, divided from
-each other by three pointed arches.&nbsp; &ldquo;The span of the
-arches, and the height of the building,&rdquo; says Ormerod,
-&ldquo;are very disproportionate to the present size of the
-interior, and give it the appearance of being a fragment of a
-much larger building.&rdquo;&nbsp; In a square tower on the
-south-west side are eight bells, cast in 1709, whereof six are a
-peal; on the treble is engraved, &ldquo;When you ring, I&rsquo;ll
-sing.&rdquo;</p>
-<p>Pennant is of opinion, as we have before stated, that on this
-site formerly stood the Roman Pr&aelig;torium.&nbsp; Tradition
-says that this church was built by Ethelfleda, Countess of
-Mercia, and that it was originally dedicated to St. Peter and St.
-Paul, at the time when the name of the &ldquo;mother
-church&rdquo; was changed to the Holy Trinity and St.
-Oswald.&nbsp; Bradshaw, the Monk, alluding thereto,
-says&mdash;</p>
-<blockquote><p>&ldquo;And the old church of St. Peter and
-Paul,<br />
-&nbsp;&nbsp; By a general consent of the spirituality,<br />
-With the help of the Duke most principal,<br />
-&nbsp;&nbsp; Was translated into the midst of the said
-city.&rdquo;</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>In Domesday it is noticed under its present name,
-&ldquo;Templum Sancti Petri.&rdquo;&nbsp; In 1081 it was given by
-Robert de Rodeland to the Monks of St. Ebrulf, in Normandy, by
-whom it was shortly afterwards resigned to the Abbot of St.
-Werburgh.&nbsp; In 1479 the steeple was rebuilt, on which
-occasion the parson, and other inhabitants, ate a goose at the
-top of it, and flung the bones into the four principal streets
-beneath.&nbsp; In 1580 eight yards of the spire of the steeple
-were new built.&nbsp; A.D. 1637&ndash;40, the east end of the
-church, and the south side from the window stools, was
-re-edificed, the roof almost new leaded, most of the pews new
-made, all the rest repaired, and all the aisles nagged.&nbsp; At
-the dissolution, the patronage of St. Peter was vested in the
-Dean and Chapter of Chester; it afterwards reverted to the Crown,
-but is now solely in the gift of the Bishop.&nbsp; The spire of
-this church, having been injured by lightning, was taken down in
-1780, and in 1787 the south side of the church was recased with
-stone.&nbsp; The steeple was rebuilt, and a new clock was placed
-in it, in 1813; other improvements in the interior have been
-subsequently made with good taste and effect.&nbsp; The Rev. John
-Watson is the rector.</p>
-<h3><span class="smcap">The Church of the Holy
-Trinity</span></h3>
-<p>is situated on the north side of Watergate-street, adjoining
-the Custom House.</p>
-<p><a name="page84"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 84</span>All
-traces of the foundation and endowment of this church are buried
-in remote antiquity.&nbsp; The earliest evidence of its
-existence, now to be found, is in a charter relative to the
-church of Rostherne, in the twelfth century, amongst the
-witnesses to which is &ldquo;Walterus Ecclesi&aelig; Sanct&aelig;
-Trinitatis Presbyterus.&rdquo;&nbsp; The advowson was anciently
-vested in the Barons of Montalt, now called Hawarden, with which
-barony it passed to the Crown, by whom it was given to the Earls
-of Salisbury, from whom it passed to the Stanleys of Lathom,
-whose representative, the Earl of Derby, is the present
-patron.&nbsp; In 1401, Henry, Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester
-(afterwards Henry the Fifth), confirmed to the citizens of
-Chester a charter, whereby they were relieved from payment of
-tithes for the Roodeye to the parson of Trinity parish.&nbsp; In
-1679, the south and east sides of this church, being in a ruinous
-state, were rebuilt.&nbsp; The tower was formerly surmounted by a
-remarkably light and elegant spire, 159 feet in height.&nbsp;
-This, however, from the perishable nature of its materials and
-its exposed situation, required very frequent repairs, and about
-seventy-five years ago the upper part was so frequently and
-severely injured by storms, as to require rebuilding thrice in
-eight years.&nbsp; In 1811 the whole structure of the spire was
-in such a state of decay, that reasonable doubts were entertained
-of its safety, if allowed to remain; it was therefore taken down,
-and the tower reduced to its present altitude.&nbsp; The burying
-ground adjoining this church having been found inadequate to the
-increased population of the parish, a piece of ground, to the
-eastward of the city gaol, was purchased in 1809, and converted
-to that purpose, at an expense of &pound;1,000.</p>
-<p>The interior of this church consists of a nave, chancel, and
-side aisles, divided from the nave by three pointed arches on the
-south side; but on the north the arches have been removed, and
-their places supplied by iron pillars.&nbsp; A thorough repair
-took place in 1826, when a number of free sittings were erected
-in the galleries.</p>
-<p>Dr. Parnell, Archdeacon of Clogher, whose poems are familiar
-to every person of taste and feeling, was buried in this church,
-October 24th, 1718, having died at Chester, on his way to
-Ireland.</p>
-<p>There are several monuments worthy of attention.&nbsp; Within
-the communion rails lie the remains of Matthew Henry, the
-celebrated commentator, who officiated in the Presbyterian chapel
-in Cook-street; there is a Latin inscription to his memory on a
-brass plate.&nbsp; The Rev. F. Ayckbown, M.A., is the rector.</p>
-<h3><a name="page85"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 85</span><span
-class="smcap">St. Martin&rsquo;s Church</span>,</h3>
-<p>formerly called <i>St. Martins of the Ash</i>, stands at the
-west end of White Friars and Cuppin-street.&nbsp; It appears to
-have been an ancient foundation; for it is mentioned in a deed,
-in the year 1250, wherein Bernard de Trannuille releases to
-Philip le Clerk a rent of 12d. arising from premises situate
-&ldquo;near the Church of St. Martin in Chester.&rdquo;&nbsp; The
-old church mentioned in this deed, having fallen into decay, was
-rebuilt in 1721, as we learn from an inscription on the front of
-the steeple.&nbsp; The open ground in front of this church bears
-the name of <i>Martin&rsquo;s Ash</i>, derived in all likelihood
-from the circumstance of an ash tree having formerly stood on the
-spot.&nbsp; The parish is now united to that of St. Bridget, and
-the service in St. Martin&rsquo;s is discontinued.</p>
-<h3><span class="smcap">St. Mary&rsquo;s Church</span>,</h3>
-<p>anciently called <i>Ecclesia Sanct&aelig; Mari&aelig; de
-Castello</i> and <i>Ecclesia Sanct&aelig; Mari&aelig; super
-Montem</i>, but now <i>St. Mary&rsquo;s on the Hill</i>, stands
-at the upper end of Castle-street, at the extreme verge of the
-liberties of the city.</p>
-<p>Although the precise date of the foundation of this church
-cannot be ascertained, yet it is not improbable that it was one
-of those founded early in the twelfth century by Lucy, sister of
-Edwin, Earl of Mercia, and widow of Randle de Meschines, Earl of
-Chester, a lady remarkable as a benefactress to the &ldquo;holy
-church,&rdquo; even in that church-erecting and endowing
-age.&nbsp; At all events, St. Mary&rsquo;s was gifted to the
-Abbey of St. Werburgh, by Randle Gernons, Earl of Chester, son of
-the above-named lady, in one of those fits of compunction which
-usually followed the acts of violence into which his turbulence
-and ambition frequently led him.&nbsp; Shortly after the
-dissolution, the Dean and Chapter of St. Werburgh obtained a
-grant from the Crown of the rectory of St. Mary&rsquo;s, which
-was surrendered by Dean Cliffe in 1550, to Sir R. Cotton, by
-whose agent it was sold for &pound;100 to John Brereton, Esq., of
-Wettenhall, by whose heirs it was again sold to the Wilbrahams of
-Dorfold, from whom it passed by marriage to the Hills of Hough,
-in Wybunbury, from whom it was purchased by the late Marquis of
-Westminster.</p>
-<p>St. Mary&rsquo;s consists of a nave, chancel, and side aisles,
-with a square tower at the west end, used as a belfry.&nbsp; The
-south aisle, called <i>Troutbeck&rsquo;s Chapel</i>, was erected
-by William Troutbeck, of Dunham, in the fifteenth century.&nbsp;
-This chapel is noticed in the <a name="page86"></a><span
-class="pagenum">p. 86</span>ecclesiastical survey taken by the
-Commissioners appointed by Henry the Eighth, and its annual
-rents, arising from lands and tenements within the city of
-Chester, are estimated at &pound;5 6s.&nbsp; In this chapel were
-many monuments of the founder&rsquo;s family, which, according to
-Holmes, &ldquo;were thought to exceed anything of the kind in
-England;&rdquo; but these were destroyed, by the falling in of
-the roof, in 1660.&nbsp; In 1690, the parishioners having
-obtained a grant of the site from the Duke of Shrewsbury,
-representative of the Troutbecks, built thereon the present south
-aisle.&nbsp; The north aisle was anciently called the <i>Chapel
-of St. Catherine</i>.</p>
-<p>The tower of St. Mary&rsquo;s is only 50 feet high, its
-further elevation having been objected to by the Governor of
-Chester Castle, when it was repaired in 1715, lest it should
-command the castle-yard.</p>
-<p>In this church are several monuments well worthy the attention
-of the visitor.&nbsp; Amongst these is one to the memory of
-Thomas Gamul, Recorder of Chester, who died in 1613.&nbsp; The
-deceased is represented in a recumbent posture, with his wife on
-his right hand, and his only son in the attitude of prayer at his
-knee: on the side of the tomb his three daughters, who died in
-infancy, holding skeletons in their hands.&nbsp; The statues of
-this monument are of alabaster.&nbsp; Another to the memory of
-Philip Oldfield, of Bradwell, who died in 1616, represents him in
-the costume of that age, leaning on his right side, with a roll
-of parchment in his hand.&nbsp; The slab is supported by kneeling
-figures of his four sons, with their hands upon their sword
-hilts: at the head are figures of his two daughters bearing
-shields.&nbsp; In the north aisle are tablets to the memory of
-different members of the family of Holmes, the celebrated
-antiquaries.&nbsp; Of this family, four successively bore the
-name of Randle.&nbsp; The first, who was Sheriff of Chester in
-1615, and Mayor in 1633, died in 1654; the second was Mayor of
-Chester in 1643, and died in 1659; the third, author of the
-&lsquo;Academic Armoury,&rsquo; was gentleman sewer to Charles
-the Second, and Deputy Garter King of Arms, and died in 1699; and
-the fourth was Deputy Norroy King of Arms, and died in
-1707.&nbsp; Of these four Randle Holmes, the second and third
-were the celebrated antiquarian collectors; and there are some
-compilations of a similar nature, brought down to 1704, by the
-last.&nbsp; Several stained-glass windows have lately been
-introduced, the principal ones consisting of a memorial in honour
-of the heroes of the 23rd regiment of Welsh Fusiliers, who fell
-at the battle of the Alma in the Russian war: and another to the
-memory of the late rector, the Rev. W. H. <a
-name="page87"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 87</span>Massie, who
-was universally beloved, and who effected great improvements in
-the church and parish.</p>
-<p>St. Mary&rsquo;s is a rectory, in the gift of the Marquis of
-Westminster.&nbsp; The present rector is the Rev. C. Boween,
-M.A.</p>
-<p>There are Sunday evening lectures in this church, under the
-patronage of the Bishop of the diocese.&nbsp; They are supported
-by annual subscriptions, aided by collections in the church.</p>
-<h3><span class="smcap">St. Bridget&rsquo;s Church</span>.</h3>
-<p>The old church of St. Bridget, or St. Bride (now removed), was
-situate on the west side of Bridge-street, exactly opposite to
-St. Michael&rsquo;s.&nbsp; There exists no correct data on which
-to ascertain the time of its foundation, which tradition
-attributes to Offa, King of Mercia, who reigned in the end of the
-eighth century, about which time we are told that several
-churches were founded in Chester.&nbsp; There is, however, clear
-evidence, from writings among the Harleian MSS., that in the
-twelfth century the patronage of this church belonged to the
-Lords of Aldford, by one of whom, in 1224, it was quitclaimed to
-Randle Blundeville.&nbsp; From another writing it appears that,
-in 1265, Simon, Abbot of St. Werburgh, in consideration of
-certain grants and donations, made to him by Bertram de Arneway,
-bound himself to maintain a chaplain to say mass for the soul of
-John Arneway, before the altar of the Virgin in St.
-Bridget&rsquo;s Church.&nbsp; This church was formerly surrounded
-by a wall, which encroached considerably upon Bridge-street, and
-the ground between this wall and the church was used as a
-burying-place; but in 1785 the bodies were removed to a piece of
-ground on the south of the church, and the street widened.&nbsp;
-The church walls were refaced with freestone, and other repairs
-made at the same time.&nbsp; A gateway formerly crossed the
-street between St. Bridget&rsquo;s and St. Michael&rsquo;s
-churches, dividing higher from lower Bridge-street.&nbsp; The old
-church of St. Bridget was taken down in 1827, under the
-provisions of the New Bridge Act, in order to improve the
-approach into the city, and the new church was erected on the
-north-west side of the castle.&nbsp; The ceremony of laying the
-foundation stone was performed by the Right Rev. C. J. Blomfield,
-then Lord Bishop of the diocese.&nbsp; The length is about 90
-feet, and the width 50, and the church is calculated to contain
-1,000 persons.&nbsp; &ldquo;It is rather a remarkable
-circumstance,&rdquo; says Hemingway, &ldquo;that although St.
-Bridget&rsquo;s parish is wholly within the city, the ground
-occupied by the church and cemetery is neither within the parish
-<a name="page88"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 88</span>nor the
-city, but altogether within the county palatine; but by a clause
-in the act, it is enacted, that after the consecration, it shall
-&lsquo;for all purposes, and to all intents whatsoever, be deemed
-part of, and situated within the said parish of St. Bridget, and
-within the said city of Chester.&rsquo;&rdquo;</p>
-<p>The Rev. G. Salt, M.A., is the present incumbent.</p>
-<h3><span class="smcap">St. Michael&rsquo;s Church</span></h3>
-<p>is situate on the east side of Bridge-street, opposite the end
-of Grosvenor-street, leading to the New Bridge.&nbsp; The time of
-its foundation is uncertain, but it is supposed to have been
-connected with the Monastery of St. Michael, which was given to
-the priory of Norton by Roger de Lacy in a charter, subsequently
-confirmed by Henry the Second; it is recorded by Bradshaw, that
-&ldquo;the Monastery of St. Michael was burnt by the great fire
-which happened on Mid-Lent Sunday in 1118, at eight of the clock
-(all being in church), and consumed the greatest part of the
-city.&rdquo;&nbsp; It is conjectured that this monastery was
-situated in Bridge-street, in Rock&rsquo;s-court, where, Dr.
-Williamson says, &ldquo;before it was converted into dwelling
-houses, one might have beheld fair, churchlike windows, and other
-demonstrations of its being part of a religious
-house.&rdquo;&nbsp; The chancel was rebuilt in 1496, and enlarged
-in 1678.&nbsp; The old steeple, which was built in 1710, having
-fallen into decay, from the perishable nature of the red
-sandstone, was taken down in 1849, and the present handsome
-structure, built with white stone, was erected in its
-place.&nbsp; The south, east, and a portion of the north walls of
-the church having also been found to be in a very defective
-state, they were taken down in 1850; in fact, the church has been
-almost entirely rebuilt, as none of the old walls remain, except
-the three internal arches, and a part of the north wall.&nbsp;
-The flat ceiling has been removed, but the nave and chancel roofs
-being principally constructed of oak, and in a good state of
-preservation, have been retained; they have, however, been
-re-slated.&nbsp; The north chancel has been entirely rebuilt and
-new roofed.&nbsp; The north aisle of the nave is divided from the
-body of the church by three pointed arches springing from
-octagonal columns, the capitals being ornamented with
-quatrefoils.&nbsp; The interior of the old building was very
-inconvenient, unsightly, and dilapidated, but it is now
-completely restored in proper ecclesiastical style.&nbsp; The
-chancel is paved with beautiful tiles, those within the communion
-rails being liberally given by Mr. Minton.&nbsp; <a
-name="page89"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 89</span>Each
-compartment of the five chancel windows is surrounded with a neat
-border of stained glass.&nbsp; The style of architecture adopted
-in the restoration of the church is the transition from the
-decorated to the perpendicular, that being considered as best
-suited to those portions of the old building which are
-retained.&nbsp; Great credit is due to Mr. James Harrison, the
-architect, for the very great skill and judgment he has displayed
-in the restoration of the church.&nbsp; The total cost was about
-&pound;1,700, of which the parishioners borrowed &pound;500 on
-the security of the church rates; the remaining sum was raised by
-subscription.&nbsp; Besides many smaller bequests from different
-individuals, this parish enjoys, under the will of Dr. Robert
-Oldfield, dated 24th of April, 1695, &ldquo;two-thirds of Dunham
-Hall, and other lands and messuages at Dunham-on-the-Hill,
-together with lands at Boughton, for the purpose of paying
-&pound;20 a year to the minister, provided he hold no other
-preferment, and of binding poor boys apprentices born in that
-parish, and of maintaining one or more poor boys, who should be
-apt to learn, at the University.&rdquo;&nbsp; Owing to proper
-objects not having every year presented themselves, the revenues
-have accumulated, and with the bequeathed property now produce an
-annual rent of upwards of &pound;400.&nbsp; St. Michael&rsquo;s
-is a perpetual curacy, in the gift of the Bishop of
-Chester.&nbsp; The present officiating minister is the Rev. J. F.
-Hewson.</p>
-<h3><span class="smcap">Christ Church</span></h3>
-<p>is situated in a thickly inhabited district called Newtown;
-the rapid increase in the population of this locality rendering
-additional church accommodation necessary, the present edifice
-was erected to supply the need.&nbsp; It was consecrated on
-October 23, 1838.&nbsp; The cost was &pound;3,390 (including
-&pound;1,000 for endowment, &pound;100 for repair fund,
-&amp;c.)&nbsp; The Rev. W. Gibson, formerly rector of St.
-Bride&rsquo;s, Chester, and now rector of Fawley, Hampshire, gave
-&pound;1,425; the then Bishop of Chester (Dr. Sumner), the Rev.
-Chancellor Raikes, and Miss Rowe, &pound;100 each; H. Raikes,
-Esq., &pound;55; the late General Beckwith, &pound;50; W.
-Wardell, Esq., &pound;50; the Diocesan Church Building Society,
-&pound;500.&nbsp; The church is built in the early English style
-of architecture.&nbsp; The Rev. R. D. Thomas is the present
-incumbent.</p>
-<h3><span class="smcap">St. Paul&rsquo;s Church</span>,</h3>
-<p>the most unsightly church in England probably, is situated
-near to Barrel Well, Boughton, and was built by public
-subscription, <a name="page90"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-90</span>under the patronage of Bishop Blomfield and Bishop
-Sumner.&nbsp; It was erected in 1830, at the cost of about
-&pound;2,000.&nbsp; It is capable of seating about 800 persons;
-400 free sittings being appropriated for the poor.&nbsp; There is
-no endowment for the church, the income of the minister being
-derived from the pew rents.&nbsp; The present incumbent is the
-Rev. J. Gaman, M.A.</p>
-<h3><span class="smcap">St. Olave&rsquo;s Church</span></h3>
-<p>is situated on the east side of Lower Bridge-street, opposite
-Castle-street.&nbsp; It is a small, oblong structure, in outward
-appearance much resembling a barn.&nbsp; This church is of great
-antiquity, having been erected before the Norman Conquest.&nbsp;
-In the eleventh century it was possessed by the Botelars, by whom
-it was given, with two houses in the Market-place, to the Abbey
-of St. Werburgh, in 1101.</p>
-<p>After the great civil war, St. Olave&rsquo;s fell into disuse
-as a place of public worship, being only employed for baptisms
-and burials, on which occasions the minister of St.
-Michael&rsquo;s officiated.&nbsp; It was, however, re-opened as a
-parish church about the middle of last century, and continued so
-until the year 1841, when service in the church was discontinued,
-and the parish united with that of St. Michael&rsquo;s.</p>
-<h3><span class="smcap">Little St. John&rsquo;s</span>.</h3>
-<p>We refer the reader to the notice we have already given of
-this ancient hospital and chapel in a former page.&nbsp; The
-present incumbent is the Rev. William Clarke, B.D.</p>
-<h3>DISSENTING PLACES OF WORSHIP.</h3>
-<h4><span class="smcap">The Unitarian Chapel</span></h4>
-<p>claims priority of notice, as being the first dissenting place
-of worship in Chester.&nbsp; The following succinct sketch of the
-history of this building is taken from Pigott&rsquo;s
-&lsquo;History of Chester:&rsquo;&mdash;</p>
-<blockquote><p>&ldquo;The Unitarian chapel is a large brick
-building, with a burial ground in front, situated between
-Crook-lane and Trinity-lane, having an entrance from each of
-those streets, and is generally called Crook&rsquo;s-lane
-Chapel.&nbsp; It was built in 1700 by a large, flourishing,
-respectable society, which had been formed in 1687 by the
-celebrated Matthew Henry, son of the learned, pious, and
-laborious Philip Henry, one of the ejected ministers.&nbsp; In
-the register book belonging <a name="page91"></a><span
-class="pagenum">p. 91</span>to the congregation of this place
-there is a short account of the rise, progress, and transactions
-of the society, written by Mr. Henry in 1710, being the
-twenty-third year of his ministry.&nbsp; From this account, it
-appears that in 1682 there were three dissenting congregations in
-Chester, which had been founded by Mr. William Cook, Mr. Ralph
-Hall, and Mr. John Harvey, ministers of the Established Church,
-who had been ejected from their respective livings on account of
-their non-compliance with the Act of Uniformity.&nbsp; After the
-death of Mr. Cook and Mr. Hall, their congregations were entirely
-broken up and dispersed by the persecutions of the times; but
-such of them as continued dissenters occasionally held meetings
-at each other&rsquo;s houses, or joined Mr. Harvey&rsquo;s
-congregation, which assembled at his house in a private manner,
-in order to avoid the penalties which were then in force against
-the Nonconformists.&nbsp; James the Second, under the pretence of
-universal toleration, but with a view to the establishment of
-popery, granted them the liberty of public worship, of which they
-had been deprived in the latter part of the reign of Charles the
-Second.&nbsp; It was at this time that Mr. Henry, who began his
-ministry in Chester, collected the remains of the congregation of
-Mr. Cook and Mr. Hall, and opened a meeting in White
-Friars&rsquo;-lane.&nbsp; Mr. Harvey, who had been ejected from
-Wallasey, in Cheshire, continued to preside over a dissenting
-congregation in Bridge-street for thirteen years after toleration
-was granted; he died November, 1699; he was succeeded by his son,
-who resigned in 1706, on account of ill-health.&nbsp; His
-congregation, which was large and opulent, was united to that of
-Mr. Henry, and in 1707 a large gallery was built on the south
-side of Crook&rsquo;s-lane meeting-house for their better
-accommodation.&nbsp; Thus the three original nonconformist
-societies were united in one, under the pastoral care of Mr.
-Henry, who was then the only dissenting minister in
-Chester.&rdquo;</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>Mr. Henry removed from Chester to Hackney in 1713, and died of
-apoplexy, at Nantwich, where he had been on a visit to his
-friends, in June, 1714, in the 52nd year of his age, and was
-buried in Trinity Church in this city.&nbsp; His exposition of
-the Bible has gone through very many editions, and is still in
-great repute.&nbsp; Mr. John Gardiner succeeded Mr. Henry in
-1713, and held his appointment for more than half a
-century.&nbsp; During the latter years of his ministry, his
-religious opinions appear to have undergone a decided change,
-departing very much from the doctrines maintained by Mr. Henry,
-which gradually prepared the way for <a name="page92"></a><span
-class="pagenum">p. 92</span>the full development of Unitarianism
-in the place by his successor, Mr. Chidlaw, who was an avowed
-believer and advocate of the tenets peculiar to that system of
-Socinian doctrine.&nbsp; The present minister is the Rev. James
-Macdonald.</p>
-<h4>Independent Chapel.</h4>
-<p>This place of worship is situated on the west side of
-Queen-street.&nbsp; It is a handsome brick building, having a
-chaste stone front, with covered portico, and pillars of the
-Grecian Doric order.&nbsp; It has galleries on three sides, and
-will accommodate about 1,200 persons.&nbsp; It contains also a
-good organ.&nbsp; The founders of this chapel were seceders from
-the Presbyterian congregation in Crook-street, in consequence of
-a departure from what they held as the principles of a sound
-faith, as we have already noticed.&nbsp; For some years they
-worshipped in a large room in Commonhall-street, afterwards
-occupied by Mr. Wilcoxon&rsquo;s congregation.&nbsp; They formed
-themselves into a church in 1772, when the Rev. Wm. Armitage was
-chosen the pastor.&nbsp; The chapel in Queen-street was erected
-in 1777; it was very much enlarged in 1838, when great
-improvements were made in the arrangements of the interior.&nbsp;
-At the same time a spacious wing was added to the building, which
-is used as a lecture-room and as a sabbath school for girls:
-underneath the lecture-room is a commodious sabbath school for
-boys.&nbsp; In addition to the Sunday schools in Queen-street,
-there are also three branch schools in the suburbs of the city,
-which are supported by the congregation.&nbsp; The present
-minister is the Rev. C. Chapman.</p>
-<h4><span class="smcap">Wesleyan Methodist Chapel</span>.<br />
-(<span class="GutSmall">OLD CONNEXION</span>.)</h4>
-<p>This chapel (says Hemingway) was erected in 1811; it is a
-large, well-built, handsome structure, with a semicircular front,
-and two entrances.&nbsp; It is galleried on three sides, and
-behind the pulpit is a large orchestra for the accommodation of
-singers, where there is also a well-toned organ.&nbsp; The
-introduction of Methodism into this city occurred about the year
-1750, and the first preacher who visited the neighbourhood was a
-Mr. John Bennett.&nbsp; He commenced his labours at Huntington
-Hall, in the neighbourhood, the residence of Mr. George Cotton;
-from thence the preaching was removed to the house of Mr. Richard
-Jones, in Love-lane, within the city, where a society was first
-formed; the house soon became too small for them, the society
-therefore procured and fitted up a <a name="page93"></a><span
-class="pagenum">p. 93</span>capacious barn in Martin&rsquo;s Ash,
-from which time they were regularly supplied with travelling
-preachers, and where the Rev. John Wesley frequently visited
-them, in his annual excursions.&nbsp; After remaining in
-Martin&rsquo;s Ash for about twelve years, they had sufficient
-credit to obtain &pound;520 upon bond, with which they erected,
-in 1765, the Octagon Chapel in Foregate-street, which they
-continued to occupy until their removal to St. John-street.&nbsp;
-The Wesleyans have also built commodious schoolrooms, which are
-very numerously attended.&nbsp; The resident ministers are the
-Rev. T. Brooks and the Rev. J. E. Cooke.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/p93b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Independent Chapel &amp; Lecture Rooms, Queen Street, Chester"
-title=
-"Independent Chapel &amp; Lecture Rooms, Queen Street, Chester"
- src="images/p93s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<h4><span class="smcap">Wesleyan Methodist Chapel</span>.<br />
-(<span class="GutSmall">NEW CONNEXION</span>.)</h4>
-<p>The New Connexion Methodists seceded from the old society on
-some points respecting the management of the funds, throwing open
-their financial matters to the knowledge and supervision of the
-people, and the general government of their societies.&nbsp; They
-have a large place of worship in Pepper-street, which is fronted
-with stone, and supported by four Corinthian pillars.&nbsp; The
-ministers are itinerant, and receive their appointment from the
-annual conference.</p>
-<h4><span class="smcap">The Octagon Chapel</span></h4>
-<p>is situated in Foregate-street, and, as already stated, was
-built in 1765, by the Wesleyan Methodists.&nbsp; Upon their
-removal to St. John-street, it was purchased, and has since that
-time been occupied by its present possessors.&nbsp; The
-congregation was collected by the labours of the late Rev. P.
-Oliver, a clergyman of the Established Church, who embraced the
-doctrines of the celebrated Mr. Whitefield.&nbsp; This gentleman
-(says Hemingway, from whom we quote) converted some outbuildings
-near his house in Boughton into a chapel, where he officiated
-until his death without any other reward than the gratification
-of diffusing among his poor neighbours, according to the best of
-his judgment, the spirit and principles of evangelical
-truth.&nbsp; At his death he bequeathed the chapel to his
-congregation for a term of years; but upon their removal to the
-Octagon, they sold their interest in it, and it has since been
-occasionally used as a place of worship by the Independents of
-Queen-street.&nbsp; The congregation at the Octagon is in
-connection with the societies which were under the patronage of
-the late Countess of Huntingdon.&nbsp; The present minister is
-the Rev. W. Evans.</p>
-<h4><a name="page94"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 94</span><span
-class="smcap">The Baptist Chapel</span></h4>
-<p>is situated in Hamilton-place; it is a small brick building,
-erected in 1806.</p>
-<h4><span class="smcap">The Welsh Calvinistic Chapel</span></h4>
-<p>stands on the north side of Commonhall-street; it was opened
-for public service on the 12th November, 1820.&nbsp; The public
-service is conducted in the Welsh language.</p>
-<h4><span class="smcap">Commonhall Street</span></h4>
-<p>was erected in 1841, by the congregation of the late Mr.
-Jonathan Wilcoxon, who officiated in an adjoining room, without
-pecuniary emolument, for thirty-seven years.&nbsp; After his
-death the congregation united themselves with the
-Independents.</p>
-<h4><span class="smcap">The Quakers&rsquo; Meeting
-House</span></h4>
-<p>is a plain building, standing on the east side of
-Frodsham-street.&nbsp; It is capable of containing several
-hundred persons, and has a burial ground in front; it is one of
-the oldest dissenting places of worship now existing in
-Chester.&nbsp; Clarkson, in his &lsquo;Memoirs of William
-Penn,&rsquo; says, &ldquo;Among the places he (William Penn)
-visited in Cheshire, was Chester itself.&nbsp; The king (James
-the Second), who was then travelling, arriving there at the same
-time, went to the <i>Meeting House</i> of the Quakers to hear him
-preach.&rdquo;&nbsp; In George Fox&rsquo;s journal, there is an
-entry which proves that the Quakers have existed as a distinct
-society in Chester for about 200 years.&nbsp; Under date 1657, he
-writes: &ldquo;From Wrexham we came to west Chester, and it being
-the fair time, we staid there awhile and <i>visited
-Friends</i>.&rdquo;&nbsp; The resident members of this society
-are now very few, and the service is seldom performed.</p>
-<h4><span class="smcap">The Primitive Methodists</span></h4>
-<p>have a small chapel in Steam-Mill-street, erected about the
-year 1825, and the members of the society appear to be on the
-increase.</p>
-<h4><span class="smcap">The Roman Catholic Chapel</span></h4>
-<p>is situated on the west side of Queen-street.&nbsp; It is a
-small but good brick building, with a Doric portico, supported by
-four light stone pillars in front, and was built in 1799.&nbsp;
-The chapel is now found to be too small for the congregation, and
-the erection of a <a name="page95"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-95</span>larger edifice is contemplated, when the requisite funds
-can be provided.&nbsp; The Rev. J. Carberry is the present priest
-in residence.</p>
-<h4><span class="smcap">The Presbyterian Chapel</span></h4>
-<p>is situated in Pepper-street.&nbsp; It was erected, in 1827,
-by the Baptists, but the congregation becoming very small, it was
-closed some years ago.&nbsp; In 1846 it was reopened for
-Presbyterian worship, and has continued to be occupied by a small
-but respectable society.&nbsp; The Rev. W. Hunter is the
-minister.</p>
-<h3>ENDOWED AND CHARITABLE SCHOOLS.</h3>
-<h4><span class="smcap">The King&rsquo;s School</span>.</h4>
-<p>This school was founded by King Henry the Eighth, in the
-thirty-sixth year of his reign, for twenty-four boys to receive
-&pound;3 4s. each, who are appointed by the Dean and
-Chapter.&nbsp; By the charter it is ordained, &ldquo;that there
-shall ever be in our church of Chester twenty-four boys, poor and
-friendless, to be maintained out of the income of our church, of
-good capacities and given to learning if possible; which,
-however, we would not have admitted before they can read and
-write, and somewhat understand the rudiments of grammar; and this
-at the discretion of the Dean and Head Master.&nbsp; And these
-boys we will have maintained at the expense of our church until
-they have made some tolerable proficiency in the Latin grammar,
-and have been taught to write and speak Latin, for which end they
-are allowed the term of four years, or, if the Dean or Head
-Master see cause, of five and no more.&nbsp; But we order that no
-one, unless he be a chorister of our church, be elected a poor
-scholar that is under the age of nine years.&rdquo;&nbsp; Some
-important alterations have recently been made in the management
-of the school, which have very considerably increased its
-efficiency.&nbsp; We are happy to find that the inhabitants of
-Chester are availing themselves of the great advantages provided
-by this excellent institution.&nbsp; The course of instruction
-has been made such as to qualify the scholars for any of the
-literary professions or commercial pursuits, embracing as it does
-all the elements of a sound mathematical, classical, and general
-education.&nbsp; The Head Master is the Rev. J. Harris,
-M.A.&nbsp; The chorister boys are educated apart, by a master
-expressly appointed for that purpose by the Dean and Chapter.</p>
-<h4><a name="page96"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 96</span><span
-class="smcap">The Diocesan School</span>.</h4>
-<p>This institution was established, January 2, 1812, by public
-subscription, under the patronage of the Bishop of Chester.&nbsp;
-It is situated on the south side of the top of George-street, is
-80 feet long by 33 wide, and is capable of accommodating 400
-children.&nbsp; It is supported by benefactions and annual
-subscriptions, and the institution is in a most prosperous
-condition; its object is to promote a good education among the
-children of the poor.&nbsp; The present master is Mr. Beswick,
-who is efficiently fulfilling the duties of his office.</p>
-<p>There are also the Blue Coat School, established by Bishop
-Stratford, in 1700; the Blue Girls&rsquo; School, established in
-1721; Infant schools, established in 1825, under the patronage of
-Bishop Blomfield; Diocesan Training College, erected in 1742, of
-which the Principal is the Rev. Arthur Rigg, M.A.</p>
-<h4><span class="smcap">Charitable Institutions</span>.</h4>
-<p>The General Infirmary; Chester Humane Society; The Female
-Penitentiary; Female House of Refuge.</p>
-<h2><a name="page97"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-97</span>CHAPTER VI.<br />
-EATON HALL.</h2>
-<p><span class="smcap">Before</span> the visitor leaves Chester,
-we have no doubt he will be induced to visit Eaton Hall, the
-princely mansion of the Marquis of Westminster, which is situated
-in a beautiful park, about three miles to the south of
-Chester.&nbsp; The principal approach to the house is through the
-Chester gateway&mdash;a fine building, situated within a short
-distance of the city.&nbsp; The design is a spirited copy of St.
-Augustine&rsquo;s Abbey Gate, Canterbury, by T. Jones, Esq.,
-architect, of Chester, who has added appropriate wings and wing
-walls, after the style of architecture in the thirteenth
-century.&nbsp; The approach is from a noble esplanade, about 200
-feet long by 100 feet broad, at the further end of which the
-lodge is entered through a pointed arch and groining, enriched
-with groups of very delicate foliage.&nbsp; Each side of the
-archway is defended by an octagonal tower, 50 feet high, rising
-about 12 feet above the centre of the edifice.&nbsp; The lower
-parts of the towers, with the wings, are comparatively plain; the
-centre of them is enriched with niches, surmounted by bunches of
-foliage exquisitely carved; the upper part is richly panelled and
-pierced, which, combined with the battlements, produces a light
-effect.&nbsp; The middle, above the archway and between the
-towers, is enriched with two windows, surrounded by elegant
-mouldings, with a central niche containing the Westminster arms,
-supported by the talbots in grand relief.&nbsp; Above the windows
-are a series of grotesque heads and fretwork, surrounded with an
-enriched battlement.&nbsp; The sides of the upper part are
-carried through in the same style, but not so highly
-enriched.&nbsp; The lodge or wing portions have a window in
-front, surmounted with a cornice and an appropriate battlement,
-having angular buttresses.&nbsp; The inner front on the Eaton
-side is ornamented in the same manner.&nbsp; To the sides are
-attached wing walls, extending 60 feet, pierced with loopholes
-and embattled, forming a grand <i>tout ensemble</i>.</p>
-<p>The present magnificent edifice, the designs for which were <a
-name="page98"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 98</span>furnished by
-Porden, was erected upon the site of the old hall (a stately
-brick mansion, built by Sir John Vanburgh, taken down in 1803),
-and is considered the most splendid modern specimen of the
-pointed Gothic in the kingdom.&nbsp; Although in the general
-design the florid Gothic order of the time of Edward the Third
-has been followed, the architect has, in parts, not only availed
-himself of the low Tudor arch, but has adopted the peculiar style
-of any period suitable to his purpose, and has made subservient
-to modern domestic convenience the rich and varied forms in which
-our ancient ecclesiastical architecture abounds.&nbsp; The walls,
-battlements, and pinnacles of the building are constructed of
-stone of a light and beautiful colour, brought from Delamere
-Forest; and round the turrets and in various parts of the
-parapets are shields, charged in relief with the heraldic
-achievements of the house of Grosvenor, and of other ancient
-families with whom they are allied.&nbsp; The building consists
-of a centre and two wings, the latter differing from each other
-somewhat in design; of these, that to the south, composed of two
-compartments, is the more beautiful; this wing is oblong and
-angular, with four octagonal turrets at the corners, buttresses
-at the sides, and having the embattled parapets surmounted with
-pinnacles; the decorations are rich to profusion, but every part
-accords with the original plan.&nbsp; The eastern and western
-fronts agree in their general form and proportions, but the
-former possesses the greater number of minute decorations.&nbsp;
-In the front a cloister extends along the entire length between
-the two spacious windows of the dining and drawing rooms, and
-conducts to the terrace: from the terrace, which is 350 feet
-long, the view is eminently beautiful.&nbsp; The groves and
-gardens, with the conservatory, form the foreground; beyond them
-is seen the noble inlet of the Dee, and a charming extensive
-landscape fills up the distance.&nbsp; The view from the gardens
-embraces the south or library wing, but the opposite extremity is
-partly hidden by the trees; beyond it, but apparently mingling
-with the turrets and pinnacles, is seen a lofty octagonal
-clock-tower, connected by flying buttresses with four slender
-shafts on a square basement; it is attached to part of the stable
-court, which recedes from the line of the east front, and which
-is of great extent.</p>
-<p>The principal entrance is on the western front, under a lofty
-portico, the clustered pillars of which support a beautifully
-groined ceiling; from this a flight of steps leads to a pair of
-massive bronzed doors, admitting to the grand entrance hall,
-which is <a name="page99"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-99</span>elegant and lofty, occupying the height of two stories;
-it is 41 feet long and 31 feet in breadth, and has a groined
-ceiling, embellished with the armorial bearings of the house of
-Grosvenor, and other devices in the bosses that cover the
-juncture of the ribs.&nbsp; The branching compartments terminate
-in a rich centre-piece, from which is suspended a beautiful lamp,
-which, when lighted, gives the pavement, composed of the choicest
-marbles, a gorgeous effect: the floor was laid down at a cost of
-1,600 guineas.&nbsp; The screen at the end of the hall is
-decorated with shields of arms, and consists of five arches,
-which support a gallery connecting the sleeping apartments on the
-north and south sides of the house, which are separated by the
-elevation of the hall.&nbsp; In lofty canopied recesses at the
-sides of the hall, are four complete suits of ancient armour; and
-beneath the gallery two open arches, to the right and left,
-conduct to the grand staircase and the state bed-room.&nbsp;
-Through a pair of massive, richly carved, mahogany folding-doors,
-which cost 100 guineas each, the visitor is ushered into the
-saloon, which forms the centre of a suite of apartments of
-unequalled beauty and magnificence.&nbsp; The groined and fretted
-ceilings of these rooms, decorated with the endless ramifications
-of fanwork tracery and the most beautiful varieties of Gothic
-foliage, brilliant in colour, and rich with the herald&rsquo;s
-skill, yet chastened by the direction of an exquisite taste, and
-subdued by the propriety of the arrangement&mdash;the walls
-beautified in the richest style of decoration, receiving and
-reflecting still more glowing hues as the sunbeams stream through
-the painted glass with which the windows are profusely
-ornamented&mdash;the paintings of the highest
-excellence&mdash;the chandeliers of elaborate
-workmanship&mdash;the gorgeous furniture corresponding with the
-house&mdash;the cabinets of Mosaic ivory and pearl&mdash;the
-golden vases sparkling in the niche&mdash;in short, the whole
-finishing and furnishing of these apartments constitute a
-combination of costliness and good taste which justly commands
-the admiration of every visitor.</p>
-<p>The <i>saloon</i> is a splendid apartment; it is a square of
-30 feet, formed into an octagon by arches across the angles,
-which give to the vaultings a beautiful form; there are three
-windows, enriched with tracery, and nearly filled with painted
-glass, through which a subdued light is admitted, giving to the
-Gothic character of the saloon a very rich and striking
-effect.&nbsp; The elegant fan tracery of the ceiling is supported
-by twelve slender columns in the angles and sides; the Roman
-circle, forming the centre, is composed of <a
-name="page100"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 100</span>numerous
-mouldings, and ornamented with fruit and foliage.&nbsp; The
-stained glass windows represent the heraldic achievements of the
-noble house of Grosvenor, with those of the ancient families with
-whom they have formed alliances; and in the upper compartments
-are six full-length figures of William the Conqueror; Sir Gilbert
-le Grosvenor, his companion at the time of the Norman invasion,
-and the nephew of Hugh Lupus; the lady of Sir Gilbert; Sir Robert
-le Grosvenor, the Crusader; Joan Lady Grosvenor, heiress of
-Eaton; and Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, uncle of the Conqueror.&nbsp;
-The furniture of the room is chaste, both in colour and
-design.&nbsp; The chimney-piece is of statuary marble, and
-opposite to it is an organ, both highly adorned.&nbsp; This room
-has recently been richly decorated in the Alhambresque style, by
-Mr. John Morris of Chester; each panel being most beautifully
-embellished with landscapes.</p>
-<p>The ante-rooms, though of similar proportions, are differently
-decorated; the ceiling of each is covered with a delicate pattern
-of tracery, and both are superbly furnished.&nbsp; The windows
-are composed of stained glass, representing the figures and arms
-of six of the Earls of Chester.</p>
-<p>The ante-dining-room is a handsome apartment, recently
-decorated in the Alhambresque style, by Mr. Morris, though with
-less elaborate finish than the saloon.</p>
-<p>The dining-room is well proportioned, being 50 feet by 37
-feet.&nbsp; The simplicity of its design is not owing to any
-deficiency of ornament; on the contrary, its several enrichments
-are gorgeous; but in comparison with the other state apartments,
-which are profusely decorated, it is characterized by a
-simplicity peculiarly elegant.&nbsp; Springing from the corners
-of the room, four ribs extend their ramified tracery over the
-ceiling, in the centre of which their borders of wreathed foliage
-unite, and thence from a richly carved boss is suspended a large
-and noble chandelier.&nbsp; The sideboard stands in an arched and
-highly enriched recess, and placed at each end of the room are
-two canopied niches, containing statues by
-<i>Westmacott</i>.&nbsp; At the lower end are those of Sir Robert
-le Grosvenor, who distinguished himself in the crusades, and of
-Mary, Lady Grosvenor at the time of the Revolution.&nbsp; Those
-at the upper end of the room represent Sir Gilbert le Grosvenor,
-who came over from France at the time of the Norman invasion,
-with his uncle, Hugh Lupus, and Joan or Jane Lady Grosvenor,
-heiress of Eaton in the reign of Edward the Fourth.&nbsp; The
-room contains full-length portraits of the late Marquis and
-Marchioness of Westminster, by <a name="page101"></a><span
-class="pagenum">p. 101</span><i>Jackson</i>, <i>R.A.</i>; Abigail
-meeting David, by <i>Rubens</i>; and the Judgment of Paris, after
-Rubens, by <i>Peters</i>.&nbsp; The walls of the dining-room are
-richly ornamented.</p>
-<p>The ante-drawing-room is very elegant; its decorations, in the
-Alhambresque style, are peculiarly rich.&nbsp; It contains three
-most beautiful bookcases, chaste in design and exquisitely
-finished.</p>
-<p>The drawing-room has four magnificent niches, and a noble
-window with a lofty pointed arch and tracery of rich and
-beautiful forms, adorned with stained glass.&nbsp; It is placed
-at the end opposite the entrance, and commands a fine prospect,
-the inlet of the Dee forming a conspicuous object in the
-landscape.&nbsp; The pattern of the ceiling, which is decorated
-with compartments numerously subdivided and intersected, is
-formed in four divisions issuing from clustered pillars with
-foliated capitals, and united in the centre to an hexagonal
-frame, elaborately reticulated, from which issues a pendant of
-foliage sustaining a superb chandelier of crystal.&nbsp; The
-number and variety of the carved knots and foliage add to the
-beauty of the ceiling; but the decorations that increase its
-effect, and are indeed its most prominent attractions, are the
-shields on which the heraldic achievements of the various
-branches of the Grosvenor family are emblazoned.&nbsp; The pale
-hue of the ceiling, the gorgeous decorations in the centre, and
-the rich glow of the crimson velvet with which the walls of this
-noble apartment are covered, all combine to render it a scene of
-unsurpassed magnificence.&nbsp; Corresponding in costly
-embellishment with its architecture is the furniture, of blue
-satin, fringed with yellow silk, crimson velvet, and damask
-satin.&nbsp; Over the chimney-piece, which is carved in statuary
-marble, is a lofty mirror in an arched frame, sufficiently broad
-to admit a pattern of tracery, on the compartments of which
-crimson velvet is introduced with happy effect.&nbsp; This
-splendid apartment contains the following pictures:&mdash;Judith
-with the head of Holofernes, <i>Guercino</i>&mdash;Reuben showing
-to Jacob the bloody garment of his son Joseph, also by
-<i>Guercino</i>&mdash;Antiochus and Stratonice, <i>Pietro de
-Cortona</i>&mdash;Christ and the Woman of Samaria,
-<i>Mignard</i>&mdash;Jacob blessing Ephraim and Manasseh,
-<i>West</i>&mdash;Elijah raising the Widow&rsquo;s Son, also by
-<i>West</i>.</p>
-<p>The library comprehends the whole of the south wing, and is
-the most spacious room in the mansion; it varies in breadth, but
-is 120 feet long.&nbsp; The bookcases are of rich carved oak, and
-the windows are ornamented with tracery and stained glass.&nbsp;
-When the door is thrown open, the view from the further end of
-the <a name="page102"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-102</span>library is continued through the vaulted corridor at
-the opposite extremity of the house, a length of 480 feet.&nbsp;
-A very rare piece of antiquity is preserved in the library, it is
-a gold torque, an ornament of dignity worn by the ancient
-Britons; it is wreathed, the rods are linked together in a
-circle, and it measures 10 or 11 inches in diameter.&nbsp; The
-library contains many most valuable and rare books and MSS.,
-among which may be mentioned&mdash;a copy of the chronicle of
-Henry of Huntingdon, in which is a curious drawing of the entry
-of King Stephen into Lincoln; an illuminated MS. on vellum,
-containing the proceedings of the celebrated suit of arms between
-Scroope and Grosvenor; and (among other Cheshire MSS.) one volume
-of collections, containing a transcript of a large portion of the
-celebrated and lost record, distinguished by the name of
-&ldquo;The Cheshire Doomsday;&rdquo; also the confirmation
-charter of Chester Cathedral, by the second Ranulf, surnamed De
-Gernon or Gernons, Earl of Chester, in which the grant of Hugh
-Lupus is recapitulated.</p>
-<p>The great staircase is very richly decorated: at the top of
-the first flight of stairs are three niches with statues.&nbsp;
-On the opposite side, at the foot of the stairs, is an arcade
-supporting the upper floor; and from these arches, which have
-open spandrils, the best view of this magnificent staircase is
-obtained.</p>
-<p>The state bed-room is an elegant apartment; the ceiling is
-vaulted, and the bed is of mahogany, and groined; its principal
-carved ornaments appear on clustered pillars, detached from the
-corners.&nbsp; The sofas are of blue satin, in richly carved and
-gilt frames, and the other seats are covered in finely-wrought
-needlework of various colours.&nbsp; Over the chimney-piece is a
-mirror, the frame of which is composed of handsomely-clustered
-pillars, pinnacles, and crocketed canopies, the whole being
-richly decorated with gilding, and minutely carved.</p>
-<p>The tenants&rsquo; hall is under the library, and corresponds
-with it in extent.&nbsp; The windows are enriched with tracery,
-and four massive clustered pillars sustain the arches and groins
-of the ceding, which is remarkably flat, when the breadth of its
-span is taken into consideration.</p>
-<p>The chapel is a small, beautifully-proportioned edifice.&nbsp;
-The windows are beautifully ornamented with stained glass, the
-work of Mr. Ballantine, of Edinburgh.</p>
-<p>The east front of the hall is adorned with a raised terrace,
-from whence, sloping to an extensive piece of water, and
-intersected by <a name="page103"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-103</span>walks, extend the flower gardens and pleasure grounds,
-which cover a space of 50 acres.&nbsp; The extensive pleasure
-grounds and gardens are laid out with admirable taste; the
-conservatory, recently erected, is a most beautiful construction,
-and forms an attractive object.&nbsp; At the termination of a
-fine gravel walk, and opposite to the conservatory, a Gothic
-temple has been built for the reception of a Roman altar,
-discovered near Chester, 1821.&nbsp; The Mosaic pavement of the
-temple was brought from a palace of the Emperor Tiberius, in the
-island of Caprie, by Lord Robert Grosvenor.</p>
-<p>The stables, which form a large quadrangle on the north side
-of the hall, are erected in a style of architecture correspondent
-with that of the house, and are separated from it by a small
-shrubbery.</p>
-<p>An elegant iron bridge of 150 feet span, crossing the river
-Dee, which runs through a part of the grounds, is likewise a real
-embellishment to the landscape.&nbsp; This bridge is exceedingly
-ornamental; it was erected by Hazledine, at an expense of about
-&pound;8,000.&nbsp; From each point by which Eaton Hall is
-approached, it presents a picture of unusual architectural
-grandeur: the scenery by which the hall is surrounded heightens
-the effect; westward, the view embraces the mountains of Wales;
-and to the east appear the Peckforton hills, with the bold rock
-on which stand the ruins of Beeston Castle.&nbsp; The river Dee,
-winding in various directions, imparts great beauty to the varied
-and extensive landscape.</p>
-<p>The noble house of Grosvenor traces its descent through a long
-line of illustrious ancestors, who flourished in Normandy with
-dignity and splendour, from the time it was created a sovereign
-Dukedom, in the year 912, to the conquest of England in 1066,
-always ranking with the first nobles, and having had the
-government of many castles and strongholds in that Duchy.&nbsp;
-The founder of this ancient house was uncle of Rollo, the famous
-Dane, and was one of the principal commanders who, in the year
-876, accompanied him in his invasion of England.&nbsp; William,
-seventh Duke of Normandy, at the time of his descent upon
-England, in 1066, was accompanied by his twin brother Robert,
-afterwards Earl of Cornwall, and Odo, Bishop of Bayeux,
-afterwards Earl of Kent; he had also, for his immediate
-attendants, his nephew, Hugh Lupus, afterwards Earl of Chester,
-and Gilbert le Grosvenor, nephew to Hugh.</p>
-<p>The present Marquis succeeded to the title in 1845, and is the
-<a name="page104"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-104</span>twenty-second in descent from Gilbert le Grosvenor, the
-companion in arms of William the Conqueror.&nbsp; His lordship,
-who holds the office of Lord-Lieutenant of Cheshire, married, in
-1819, Elizabeth Mary, youngest daughter of the Duke of
-Sutherland, and has, with other issue, a son and heir, Hugh
-Lupus, Earl Grosvenor, one of the representatives in Parliament
-for Chester, for which so many members of this illustrious house
-have been elected.</p>
-<p>Admission to visit Eaton Hall can only be obtained by tickets,
-which may be had of the principal booksellers, and at the hotels,
-at fixed prices; the proceeds being distributed by the Marquis of
-Westminster to public charities.</p>
-<p>For further particulars respecting Eaton Hall, see
-&ldquo;Hicklin&rsquo;s Guide to Eaton Hall,&rdquo; price 1s.,
-published by Hugh Roberts, Eastgate Row, Chester.</p>
-<h3>ECCLESTON</h3>
-<p>is a beautiful little village, about two miles from Chester,
-much resorted to by the inhabitants of that city, and by
-strangers, from its vicinity to Eaton Hall.&nbsp; The chief
-object of attraction is the church, built in 1810 by the late
-Marquis of Westminster.&nbsp; The interior of the church is
-chaste and handsome; in the north transept is the mausoleum of
-the Eaton family, and opposite to it their pew: over the altar is
-a fine painting, by Westall, of the Dead Christ.</p>
-<h2><a name="page105"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-105</span>CHAPTER VII.<br />
-THE GENERAL RAILWAY STATION</h2>
-<p>is situated in Flookersbrook, and is the terminus of five
-different lines of railway&mdash;viz., the London and North
-Western; the Chester and Holyhead; the Chester and Mold; the
-Birkenhead, Lancashire, and Cheshire Junction; and the Great
-Western: four of which companies contributed, in rateable
-proportions, towards the erection of the building.&nbsp; It is
-one of the most extensive railway establishments in the kingdom,
-and the works comprise a large and elegant passenger and arrival
-shed, with all suitable offices, and adjoining which is a most
-commodious spare carriage shed, a goods dep&ocirc;t, gas works,
-water works, and three engine sheds.&nbsp; The whole was designed
-by C. H. Wild, Esq., C.E., and Mr. Thompson, of London, and
-carried out under the supervision of Robert Stephenson, Esq.,
-C.E., M.P.</p>
-<p><i>The Passenger Shed</i> occupies a space of ground nearly a
-quarter of a mile in length, and presents to the city an elegant
-fa&ccedil;ade 1,010 feet long, or a frontage, including the house
-and carriage landings, of 1,160 feet.&nbsp; It is built of
-dark-coloured bricks, relieved with copings and facings of
-Stourton stone.&nbsp; At each end of the station, and projecting
-from the main building, there is a shed for the arrival of
-trains, each 290 feet long by 24 feet broad, covered with an iron
-roof; in these sheds cabs and omnibuses await the arrival of all
-trains.</p>
-<p>On the inner side of the building is the General Departure
-Platform, extending 740 feet in length by 20 feet in width; this
-and three lines of rails is covered with an exceedingly chaste
-and elegant iron roof, of 60 feet span, designed and carried out
-by C. H. Wild, Esq., C.E.&nbsp; Behind this shed again, but
-visible from the general platform through the arches, is the
-spare carriage shed, 600 feet long by 52 feet broad.&nbsp; The
-whole arrangements of the buildings are admirably adapted to
-carry on, with comfort to the public and with facility to the
-<i>employ&eacute;s</i>, the immense business that has so <a
-name="page106"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 106</span>suddenly
-been brought to the city by the convergence of so many railways
-at this point.</p>
-<p><i>The Goods Dep&ocirc;t</i> is situated immediately behind
-the passengers&rsquo; building, and fully accords with it in
-style.&nbsp; It consists of a shed, 180 feet long and 120 feet
-wide, with four railway entrances; and containing three platforms
-or decks, furnished with 18 cranes and light weighing machines,
-and the waggons are run alongside the decks to receive or
-discharge their loads.</p>
-<p>The extent of land purchased by the general station committee
-for station purposes is about 75 acres; and within the station
-precincts there are more than 7 miles of railway line, with 51
-turntables.&nbsp; The gross cost of the land and buildings has
-been about &pound;240,000.&nbsp; A spacious hotel will soon be
-erected on the land opposite to the station.</p>
-<p>The affairs of the station are superintended by a committee of
-8 gentlemen, who are elected from the boards of the four
-contributing companies, and their views are carried out by their
-manager and secretary, R. L. Jones, Esq., who has so well
-organized his large staff of officers and men, that the arduous
-and responsible duties devolving upon him are performed, not only
-with the greatest efficiency, but also with a most satisfactory
-courtesy and convenience to the public.</p>
-<h3>CAB FARES.</h3>
-<p>Not exceeding three persons; to or from the Railway Station in
-Brook-street&mdash;from or to any part of the city, within the
-point where the Whitchurch and Northwich roads turn
-off&mdash;Abbot&rsquo;s Grange and the College&mdash;the Sluice
-House, including Crane-street and Paradise-row&mdash;the Maypole
-in Handbridge, and the New Bridge toll-house, <i>One
-Shilling</i>.&nbsp; The same distance; four persons, <i>One
-Shilling and Sixpence</i>.&nbsp; Any distance beyond the Borough,
-<i>One Shilling</i> per mile.&nbsp; No gratuities allowed to be
-demanded by the drivers of any cars plying within the Borough
-boundary, and no charge to be made for luggage not exceeding 100
-lbs. in weight.</p>
-<h3>FARES TO OR FROM ANY OTHER PART OF THE CITY.</h3>
-<p>Not exceeding three persons; any distance not exceeding 1
-mile, <i>One Shilling</i>; and at the rate of <i>One Shilling</i>
-per mile for every additional mile; and <i>Sixpence</i> for every
-additional half-mile or fractional part of half a mile.&nbsp; For
-four persons; any distance not <a name="page107"></a><span
-class="pagenum">p. 107</span>exceeding 1 mile, <i>One Shilling
-and Sixpence</i>.&nbsp; For four persons; any distance exceeding
-1 mile, and not exceeding 2 miles, <i>Two Shillings</i>.&nbsp;
-For four persons; any distance exceeding 2 miles, at the rate of
-<i>Two Shillings</i> for the first mile, and <i>One Shilling</i>
-per mile for every additional mile, and <i>Sixpence</i> for every
-additional half-mile or fractional part of half a mile.</p>
-<h3>BY TIME.</h3>
-<p>Not exceeding 1 hour, <i>Two Shillings and Sixpence</i>; and
-<i>Sixpence</i> for every 15 minutes and fractional part of 15
-minutes beyond the hour.&nbsp; In all cases it shall be at the
-option of the owner or driver to charge by time or distance.</p>
-<h3>THE POPULATION OF CHESTER.</h3>
-<p>According to the Census, taken March 31st, 1851, the following
-is a statement of the population of each parish.</p>
-<table>
-<tr>
-<td><p><span class="GutSmall">PARISHES OF</span></p>
-</td>
-<td><p><span class="GutSmall">MALES.</span></p>
-</td>
-<td><p><span class="GutSmall">FEMALES.</span></p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><span
-class="GutSmall">TOTAL.</span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>St. Oswald</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">3,243</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">3,430</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">6,673</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>St. Peter</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">430</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">518</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">948</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>St. Bridget</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">360</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">501</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">861</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>St. Martin</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">232</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">304</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">536</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Trinity</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">1,499</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">1,875</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">3,374</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Little St. John&rsquo;s Hospital</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">39</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">12</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">51</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Cathedral Precincts</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">145</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">232</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">377</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>St. John</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">3,995</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">4,492</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">8,487</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>St. Mary</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">1,620</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">1,688</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">3,308</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>St. Michael</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">346</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">429</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">775</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>St. Olave</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">265</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">253</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">518</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Township of Great Boughton (Borough portion)</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">445</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">514</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">959</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Spittal Boughton</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">69</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">89</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">158</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Chester Castle</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">507</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">84</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">591</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-<h3>POPULATION OF CHESTER IN</h3>
-<table>
-<tr>
-<td><p>1811</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">17,472</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>1821</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">19,949</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>1831</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">21,373</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>1841</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">23,375</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>1851</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">27,616</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-<h3><a name="page108"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-108</span>DISTANCES FROM TOWN TO TOWN IN THE COUNTY OF
-CHESTER.</h3>
-<p>The names of the respective Towns are on the top and side, and
-the square where both meet gives the distance.</p>
-<table>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="19"><p style="text-align: right"><i>Distance from
-London</i>.</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td colspan="17"><p>Altrincham</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>180</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Chester</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">31</p>
-</td>
-<td colspan="16"><p>Chester</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>182</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Congleton</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">21</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">33</p>
-</td>
-<td colspan="15"><p>Congleton</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>162</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Frodsham</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">24</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">10</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">29</p>
-</td>
-<td colspan="14"><p>Frodsham</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>192</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Knutsford</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">7</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">25</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">14</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">17</p>
-</td>
-<td colspan="13"><p>Knutsford</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>176</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Macclesfield</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">16</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">38</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">9</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">28</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">12</p>
-</td>
-<td colspan="12"><p>Macclesfield</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>167</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Malpas</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">37</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">15</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">30</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">24</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">33</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">35</p>
-</td>
-<td colspan="11"><p>Malpas</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>169</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Middlewich</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">16</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">20</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">13</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">18</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">9</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">18</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">24</p>
-</td>
-<td colspan="10"><p>Middlewich</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>167</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Mottram</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">17</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">48</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">25</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">40</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">22</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">16</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">51</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">31</p>
-</td>
-<td colspan="9"><p>Mottram</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>187</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Nantwich</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">28</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">20</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">18</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">24</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">21</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">23</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">12</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">12</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">43</p>
-</td>
-<td colspan="8"><p>Nantwich</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>164</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Northwich</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">13</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">18</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">19</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">12</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">7</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">20</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">26</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">30</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">17</p>
-</td>
-<td colspan="7"><p>Northwich</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>174</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Parkgate</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">36</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">10</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">42</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">16</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">31</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">45</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">26</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">30</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">53</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">30</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">28</p>
-</td>
-<td colspan="6"><p>Parkgate</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>190</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Runcorn</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">24</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">15</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">36</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">16</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">28</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">30</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">20</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">41</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">27</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">14</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">20</p>
-</td>
-<td colspan="5"><p>Runcorn</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>188</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Sandbach</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">19</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">25</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">9</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">23</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">11</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">17</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">22</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">5</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">41</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">10</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">11</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">35</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">25</p>
-</td>
-<td colspan="4"><p>Sandbach</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>162</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Stockport</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">9</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">40</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">20</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">33</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">14</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">12</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">44</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">23</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">8</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">35</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">22</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">45</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">33</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">25</p>
-</td>
-<td colspan="3"><p>Stockport</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>179</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Tarporley</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">25</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">10</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">25</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">15</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">19</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">26</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">14</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">10</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">42</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">9</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">12</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">20</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">16</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">15</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">34</p>
-</td>
-<td colspan="2"><p>Tarporley</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>172</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Tarvin</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">25</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">27</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">10</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">19</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">32</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">18</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">14</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">42</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">14</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">12</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">16</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">12</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">19</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">34</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">4</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Tarvin</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>178</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-<h3>HOTELS.</h3>
-<p>The principal Hotels in Chester are&mdash;the Royal, at the
-Eastgate; the Albion, in Lower Bridge-street; the Green Dragon,
-in Eastgate-street; the Feathers, in Bridge-street; the Blossoms
-and the Hop-pole, in Foregate-street; the White Lion, in
-Northgate-street; the Liverpool Arms, in Brook-street, near the
-Railway Station; the Ermine, at Flookersbrook, near the Station;
-the Golden Lion, Foregate-street; the Saracen&rsquo;s Head, near
-the Exchange; the Kitchen, at the Eastgate; besides many others
-of very good repute.</p>
-<h2><a name="page1_1"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-1</span>ADVERTISEMENTS.</h2>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/p1.1b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Heraldic shield with two dogs and crown etc."
-title=
-"Heraldic shield with two dogs and crown etc."
- src="images/p1.1s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<h3>WESTMINSTER SAUCE,<br />
-<span class="GutSmall">PATRONIZED BY THE NOBILITY AND GENTRY OF
-THE COUNTY AND CITY.</span></h3>
-<p>This Sauce, from its peculiar piquancy and zest, is pronounced
-by connoisseurs to be the best and most generally useful of any
-yet offered to the Public.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">SOLE
-PROPRIETORS,</span><br />
-BOWERS BROTHERS,<br />
-WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TEA DEALERS,<br />
-<span class="GutSmall">FAMILY GROCERS AND ITALIAN
-WAREHOUSEMEN,</span><br />
-101, EASTGATE STREET, CHESTER.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span
-class="smcap">Established</span> 1780.</p>
-<p><span class="smcap">Bowers Brothers</span> respectfully
-request a TRIAL OF THEIR TEAS, which cannot be excelled either in
-quality or price.&nbsp; They have made this branch of their
-business their especial study for many years, and beg gratefully
-to acknowledge the kind and increasing patronage which is awarded
-to them in their efforts to secure for their customers the
-<i>Best Teas on the Best Terms</i>.</p>
-<p>All orders of &pound;2 and upwards delivered at any Railway
-Station free of carriage.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>COFFEES</b>, <b>FRESH ROASTED ON
-THE MOST APPROVED PRINCIPLE</b>.</p>
-<p>FRENCH PLUMS, TURKEY FIGS, MUSCATEL, SULTANA, AND VALENTIA
-RAISINS, PATRAS CURRANTS, and other CHOICE Dried FRUITS; CANDIED
-PEELS, GENUINE PICKLES (warranted free from anything
-deleterious), SPICES, &amp;c., all of the <span
-class="GutSmall">FINEST QUALITY</span>.</p>
-<p>Every variety of Burning OILS, CANDLES (including Belmontine,
-Piano, and other recent and elegant inventions of Price&rsquo;s
-Patent Candle Company), Household and Scented SOAPS, PERFUMERY,
-&amp;c.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>AGENTS TO THE SUN FIRE AND LIFE
-INSURANCE OFFICES</b>.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3><a name="page1_2"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-2</span>Pierce&rsquo;s Important Improvements in Warming<br />
-and Ventilating,</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center">MANUFACTORY AND WAREHOUSE,<br />
-<b>5 JERMYN STREET, REGENT STREET.</b></p>
-<p>
-<a href="images/p1.2b.jpg">
-<img class='floatleft' alt=
-"Pyro-pneumatic warming and ventilating stove-grate"
-title=
-"Pyro-pneumatic warming and ventilating stove-grate"
- src="images/p1.2s.jpg" />
-</a>PIERCE solicits attention to his unrivalled</p>
-<p style="text-align: right"><b>PYRO-PNEUMATIC WARMING AND</b><br
-/>
-<b>VENTILATING STOVE-GRATE,</b></p>
-<p>For the production of Healthful Warmth, with <span
-class="GutSmall">UNCEASING</span> and <span
-class="GutSmall">SELF-ACTING VENTILATION</span>, and the open
-cheerful fire, for Warming Churches, Chapels, Infant and other
-Schools, Public Rooms, Entrance Halls, &amp;c., &amp;c., with a
-pure wholesome atmosphere, now fully established in public
-opinion as the best economical Stove-Grate yet submitted to
-public notice, at</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>Prices from &pound;7 10s. to
-&pound;21</b>.</p>
-<p>These Grates are now adapted to meet the requirements of every
-description of room or building where ventilation and comfortable
-warmth are desirable, and may be seen in daily use at
-Lloyd&rsquo;s Rooms, Royal Exchange; at the Bank of Messrs.
-Alexander and Co., Lombard Street; in the Lecture Rooms of
-Guy&rsquo;s Hospital; at the University Hall, Gordon Square; at
-Westminster Chapel, near Buckingham Palace; at the Albert Life
-Office, Waterloo Place; at the Linnean Society&rsquo;s Great
-Room, Burlington House, and numerous other places.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">The best and cheapest Grate for all
-useful purposes is</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>PIERCE&rsquo;S UNIVERSAL
-FIRE-LUMP GRATE</b></p>
-<p>Which requires no fixing, being made in one piece, having
-strong octagon bars and bottom, with capacious and safe hobs,
-complete.&nbsp; <b>Prices</b>, <b>11s. 6d.</b>, <b>13s. 6d.</b>,
-<b>22s. 6d.</b>, <b>and 25s.</b></p>
-<p style="text-align: center">Also his <b>IMPROVED
-COTTAGER&rsquo;S GRATE</b>, for warming Two Rooms with only one
-fire.&nbsp; Prices, 30s. and 35s.&nbsp; Also</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>PIERCE&rsquo;S</b><br />
-CELEBRATED FRESH AIR ECONOMICAL RADIATING<br />
-Warming and Ventilating Fire-Lump Grates,</p>
-<p>as supplied to the various Wards of the London Hospital; the
-Philological Schools in the New Road, Marylebone; to the New
-Infirmary at Guildford; to the Bank at Wells, Huntingdon County
-Hospital, &amp;c., &amp;c., where they can be seen in use,
-producing salubrious warmth with continuous ventilation, highly
-satisfactory to all parties, being the most economical and useful
-Fresh Air Grates that are at present made.&nbsp; Prices from 30s.
-to 150s. according to the spaces required to be warmed.</p>
-<p>THE ECONOMY OF FUEL is most important, as nearly one-half of
-the coals uselessly burnt without perceptible benefit will now,
-with the Fresh Air Fire-Lump Grates, be more than sufficient to
-produce an equable temperature and perfect ventilation in any
-room or school to which they may be applied.&nbsp; It does not
-now depend upon the reflected heat, as was the case formerly, but
-the fresh-warmed air continuously supplied is fully equal to the
-radiant heat given off from the open fire.</p>
-<p>PROSPECTUSES, with Illustrated Sketches of these Improvements,
-with Plans, Sections, and Elevations, for the use of the
-Architects and Gentlemen who may be building or altering Schools,
-Class Rooms, Hospitals, &amp;c.&nbsp; PRICES of such Grates, and
-their proportions, may be obtained of the Inventor and
-Manufacturer,</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>PIERCE</b>, <b>at his Economical
-Radiating Stove-Grate Manufactory</b>,<br />
-<b>5</b>, <b>JERMYN STREET</b>, <b>REGENT STREET</b>.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3><a name="page1_3"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-3</span>RICHMOND &amp; CHANDLER&rsquo;S<br />
-PRIZE CHAFF-CUTTING MACHINE.</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/p1.3b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Richmond &amp; Chandler&rsquo;s prize chaff-cutting machine"
-title=
-"Richmond &amp; Chandler&rsquo;s prize chaff-cutting machine"
- src="images/p1.3s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<p>This remarkably successful machine has now been before the
-public for some years, during which time it has received the most
-distinguished honours that could be awarded&mdash;the First
-Prizes of all the National Societies, and the highest
-commendations of the Judges of all the principal Societies in
-Great Britain.&nbsp; In testing the comparative value of
-machinery the first consideration is, the power required to work
-the same: in other words, the power required to overcome the
-friction of the different parts of the machinery.&nbsp; <span
-class="smcap">Richmond &amp; Chandler</span> beg to observe that
-the utmost attention is given to the fitting and the perfecting
-of all the working parts of their machines, which they are
-determined shall continue to maintain their high position and
-well-earned celebrity.&nbsp; On the trial of Chaff Cutters, the
-following report is found in the leading journal:&mdash;</p>
-<blockquote><p>&ldquo;CHAFF-CUTTING ENGINES.&mdash;In this class
-of implements, Messrs. Richmond and Chandler have surpassed
-everything that has been produced before, inasmuch as their new
-machine does the same amount of work, with 45 per cent. less
-power, in the same time, thereby reducing the expense of this
-important operation.&nbsp; Choking in the feed&mdash;an evil to
-which the best of these machines have hitherto been more or less
-liable&mdash;is scarcely possible, from the form of toothed
-rollers applied.&nbsp; Altogether the getting up is well worthy
-the reputation of the inventors.&rdquo;</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>The true and <i>unsolicited</i> testimonial here given more
-than confirms the above report of the <i>Times</i>:&mdash;</p>
-<blockquote><p>&ldquo;To Messrs. Richmond and Chandler.</p>
-<p>&ldquo;Gentlemen,&mdash;I herewith enclose you a cheque for
-the amount of your Chaff Cutter, No. 4.&nbsp; I had the
-opportunity of putting it to a strong test throughout the winter,
-and have much pleasure to inform you that it has given me perfect
-satisfaction.&nbsp; I had been in the habit of using a machine
-for years that had obtained a high degree of celebrity with the
-Royal Agricultural Association, but I was obliged to get rid of
-it on account of the amount of labour it required, and the
-impossibility of making it feed itself.&nbsp; All these
-objections are fully obviated by your machine.&nbsp; A neighbour
-of mine has another of them, and he is equally pleased with
-his.&nbsp; I remain, gentlemen, yours, &amp;c.,</p>
-<p>&ldquo;Orlingbury, Wellingborough, 8th May, 1858.</p>
-<p style="text-align: right">&ldquo;A. A. YOUNG.&rdquo;</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>Catalogues gratis on application to <span
-class="smcap">Richmond &amp; Chandler</span>, Salford,
-Manchester, and South John Street, Liverpool.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3><a name="page1_4"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 4</span><span
-class="GutSmall">PALATINE</span><br />
-HORSE INVIGORATING FOOD,</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center">120 Feeds.&nbsp; In Packets,
-19s.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">PALATINE<br />
-<b>CATTLE &amp; SWINE FATTENING FOOD</b>,<br />
-<span class="GutSmall">AND</span><br />
-PALATINE</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>MILK-FORMING FOOD FOR
-COWS</b>.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">120 Feeds.&nbsp; In Packets, 14s.
-9d.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">Delivered at any Railway Station,
-Carriage Free, on receipt of Post-office Order.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center">G. H. BOLTON &amp; CO.,<br />
-<b>AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTS</b>,<br />
-WARRINGTON.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p>The principle of these foods consists in the property of their
-elements (by the exercise of chemical affinities) to apply the
-waste usually caused by respiration and perspiration to the
-production of animal activity, consolidate it into flesh, or
-determine it to the secretion of milk.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3>Just published (June, 1858),<br />
-ELEMENTS OF ANIMAL NUTRITION<br />
-AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center">Particularly as regards the
-vigorous condition of the Horse, the Fattening<br />
-of Cattle, and the Formation of Milk in Cows.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">BY G. H. BOLTON,<br />
-AGRICULTURAL CHEMIST,<br />
-<span class="GutSmall">WARRINGTON</span>.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">Price Sixpence, or forwarded, Post
-Free, to any address on receipt of Seven Stamps.</p>
-<h3><a name="page1_5"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 5</span><span
-class="GutSmall">THE MOST</span><br />
-POPULAR SCHOOL HISTORIES.</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center">Embellished with Plates, Maps,
-Engravings, &amp;c.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p>WHITTAKER&rsquo;S IMPROVED PINNOCK&rsquo;S HISTORY OF
-ENGLAND.&nbsp; Forty-fifth edition, 12mo., price 6s., strongly
-bound in roan.</p>
-<p>WHITTAKER&rsquo;S IMPROVED PINNOCK&rsquo;S HISTORY OF
-ROME.&nbsp; Thirty-second edition, 12mo., price 5s. 6d., strongly
-bound in roan.</p>
-<p>WHITTAKER&rsquo;S IMPROVED PINNOCK&rsquo;S HISTORY of
-GREECE.&nbsp; Twenty-eighth edition, 12mo., price 5s. 6d.,
-strongly bound in roan.</p>
-<p>No editions of these works are genuine except they have the
-name of the publishers, Whittaker and Co., on the title-page.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span
-class="smcap">Whittaker</span> and Co., Ave Maria-line.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3><span class="GutSmall">THE AUTHOR&rsquo;S EDITIONS.</span><br
-/>
-OLLENDORFF&rsquo;S METHOD<br />
-<span class="GutSmall">OF</span><br />
-Learning to Read, Write, and Speak a Language<br />
-<span class="GutSmall">IN SIX MONTHS</span>.</h3>
-<p>1.&nbsp; ADAPTED to the GERMAN.&nbsp; Written expressly for
-the English Student.&nbsp; By Dr. H. G. <span
-class="smcap">Ollendorff</span>.&nbsp; In two parts.&nbsp; Part
-I. eighth edition, price 12s., 8vo. cloth.&nbsp; Part II., third
-edition, price 12s., 8vo. cloth.&nbsp; The parts sold
-separately.</p>
-<p><sup>*</sup><sub>*</sub><sup>*</sup> Introductory book to Dr.
-<span class="smcap">Ollendorff&rsquo;s</span> method adapted to
-the German, containing a new system of facilitating the study of
-the German Declensions, and rules on the Gender of
-Substantives.&nbsp; New edition, 12mo. cloth, 3s. 6d.</p>
-<p>2.&nbsp; ADAPTED to the FRENCH.&nbsp; Written expressly for
-the English Student.&nbsp; By Dr. H. G. <span
-class="smcap">Ollendorff</span>.&nbsp; 8vo. sixth edition,
-containing a Treatise on the Gender of French Substantives, and
-an additional Treatise on the French Verbs.&nbsp; Price 12s.
-cloth.</p>
-<p>3.&nbsp; ADAPTED to the ITALIAN.&nbsp; Written expressly for
-the English Student.&nbsp; By Dr. H. G. <span
-class="smcap">Ollendorff</span>.&nbsp; 8vo., third edition, price
-12s. cloth.</p>
-<p>4.&nbsp; ADAPTED to the SPANISH.&nbsp; In the press.</p>
-<p>KEYS to the ITALIAN, FRENCH, and GERMAN SYSTEMS, prepared by
-the author.&nbsp; Price 7s. each, cloth lettered.</p>
-<p>It is necessary for those who desire to avail themselves of
-the present method to notice, that these are the only English
-editions sanctioned by Dr. <span class="smcap">Ollendorff</span>,
-and he deems any other totally inadequate for the purpose of
-English instruction, and for the elucidation of the method so
-strongly recommended by Captain Basil Hall, and other eminent
-writers.&nbsp; They should be ordered with the publisher&rsquo;s
-name, and, to prevent errors, every copy has its number and the
-author&rsquo;s signature.</p>
-<p>The above works are copyright.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">London: <span
-class="smcap">Whittaker</span> and Co., and <span
-class="smcap">Dulau</span> and Co., and to be had of any
-Bookseller.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3><a name="page1_6"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 6</span>MR. A.
-TAIT,<br />
-TAILOR, DRAPER, AND HATTER,<br />
-BRIDGE STREET ROW,<br />
-<span class="GutSmall">CHESTER</span>.</h3>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3>WILLIAM FITCH,<br />
-(Successor to H. Bailey,)</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>HAIR CUTTER, WIG MAKER,
-PERFUMER,</b><br />
-<b>AND FANCY HAIR WORKER,</b><br />
-11, BRIDGE STREET ROW, CHESTER.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>Shampooing on the Oxford and
-Cambridge Principle</b>.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3>JOHN HOWARD,<br />
-LADIES&rsquo; AND GENTLEMEN&rsquo;S BOOT AND SHOE MAKER,<br />
-11, BRIDGE STREET ROW, CHESTER.</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>Ladies&rsquo; Boots and Shoes
-made to Order</b>,</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">Gentlemen&rsquo;s Shooting,
-Fishing, and Dress Boots.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">PARIS,
-LONDON AND DUBLIN BOOTS AND SHOES.</span></p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3>MESSES. EWEN AND REVIS,<br />
-AUCTIONEERS, APPRAISERS,<br />
-<span class="GutSmall">LAND SURVEYORS, CIVIL ENGINEERS,</span><br
-/>
-House, Estate, and General Commission Agents,<br />
-<span class="GutSmall">CHESTER</span>.</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span
-class="smcap">Offices</span>:&mdash;<span class="smcap">The City
-Auction Mast</span>, <span class="smcap">Bridge Street
-Row</span>.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center"><i>N.B.&mdash;A General Rent Audit
-held every Quarter</i>.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3>WILLIAMS &amp; SON,<br />
-TOBACCO AND SNUFF MANUFACTURERS,</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center">CHESTER.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3><a name="page1_7"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 7</span>FAMILY
-GROCERY ESTABLISHMENT,</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/p1.7b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Heraldic shield"
-title=
-"Heraldic shield"
- src="images/p1.7s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span
-class="GutSmall">AND</span><br />
-<b>ITALIAN WAREHOUSE,</b><br />
-100, EASTGATE STREET, CHESTER.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>DUTTON AND MILLER</b></p>
-<p>Respectfully inform their numerous patrons that their Stock of
-GROCERY and ITALIAN ARTICLES is now one of the most complete in
-the kingdom, comprising every article of known merit and recent
-introduction.&nbsp; As successors to one of the oldest
-established Grocery Connexions in Chester, the best endeavours
-have been made to sustain the reputation enjoyed by their
-predecessors, and they have the gratification of stating that
-their Establishment will be found, by those who have not yet
-honoured it with their patronage, unequalled for the advantageous
-terms on which FAMILY ORDERS are supplied.</p>
-<p>FAMILIES residing in the adjacent counties and principality
-who may be desirous of giving their articles a trial are
-respectfully recommended to purchase their</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>One Guinea Case of Sample Teas
-and Coffees</b>,</p>
-<p>which contains Four Pounds of various priced Teas, and the
-same quantity of the finest Jamaica and Plantation Coffees.&nbsp;
-Any other article required for trial they will have pleasure in
-substituting.&nbsp; The cases are delivered, <span
-class="GutSmall">CARRIAGE FREE</span>, at any first-class Station
-within fifty miles of Chester.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>Free Delivery of Orders by
-Railway</b>.</p>
-<p>The Railway facilities of Chester have become so well known
-that it would be unnecessary to mention more than that the <span
-class="smcap">Van-Parcels Trains</span>, leaving Chester daily,
-possess superior advantages for the speedy transmission of
-Goods.&nbsp; Orders to the value of <span class="smcap">Two
-Pounds and upwards</span>, are forwarded by these trains, <span
-class="GutSmall">CARRIAGE PAID</span>, to any first-class Station
-on either Line of Railway.</p>
-<p>A full and detailed List of Grocery is annually published in
-the month of December, compiled with the greatest care, and is of
-considerable service to Housekeepers.&nbsp; Their <span
-class="smcap">Special List</span> for 1858, with the latest
-introductions, will be forwarded, together with a detailed list,
-<span class="GutSmall">POST FREE</span>, on application.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">Agents for Huntley &amp;
-Palmer&rsquo;s Celebrated Reading Biscuits.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3><a name="page1_8"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-8</span>RELIANCE<br />
-MUTUAL LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY,<br />
-71, KING WILLIAM STREET, LONDON.</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center">THE ENTIRE PROFITS DIVIDED AMONG
-THE ASSURED.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">DIRECTORS.</p>
-<table>
-<tr>
-<td><p><span class="smcap">George Ashlin</span>, Esq.<br />
-<span class="smcap">George F. Harris</span>, Esq.<br />
-<span class="smcap">John James</span>, Esq.<br />
-<span class="smcap">John Ledger</span>, Esq.<br />
-<span class="smcap">William Phelps</span>, Esq.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p><span class="smcap">Henry T. Prinsep</span>, Esq.<br />
-<span class="smcap">Charles H. Smith</span>, Esq.<br />
-<span class="smcap">James Traill</span>, Esq.<br />
-<span class="smcap">George Whitmore</span>, Esq.,</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-<p style="text-align: center"><i>Bankers</i>&mdash;Messrs.
-Williams, Deacon, Labouchere, Thornton and Co.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">ADVANTAGES PRESENTED BY THIS
-SOCIETY.</p>
-<p>Life Assurances may be effected upon <i>Increasing</i>,
-<i>Decreasing</i>, <i>Equal</i>, or <i>Half-Premium</i> Scales;
-also by <i>Single Payments</i>, and Payments for <i>limited
-periods</i>.&nbsp; Tables have been specially constructed for the
-Army, Navy, East India Company, and Merchant Services; also for
-persons voyaging to, or residing in any part of the
-world.&mdash;No charge for Policy Stamps.</p>
-<p>Endowments for Widows and Children, Pensions for retired
-Officers and Civilians, Immediate or Deferred Annuities, and
-every other description of Life Contingency, upon liberal and
-equitable terms.</p>
-<p>The Entire Profits are divided periodically among the Assured,
-and may, at their option, be applied in reduction of Premiums, or
-in augmentation of the Sums for which the Policies were
-granted.</p>
-<p>Applications for Agency to be addressed to the Secretary.</p>
-<p style="text-align: right">E. OSBORNE SMITH, <i>Actuary and
-Secretary</i>.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3>WILLIAM PARKINSON,<br />
-Plumber, Glazier, and Gas Fitter,<br />
-NORTHGATE,<br />
-<span class="GutSmall">CHESTER.</span></h3>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>Baths, Pumps, and Water Closets
-Fixed on the most</b><br />
-<b>approved principles.</b></p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3>W. WILLIAMS,<br />
-BASKET AND HAMPER MANUFACTURER,</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center">AND DEALER IN BRUSHES,<br />
-104, BRIDGE STREET (NEAR THE CROSS),</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>CHESTER</b>.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">REPAIRS
-NEATLY EXECUTED.</span></p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3><a name="page1_9"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 9</span>ROYAL
-HOTEL, CHESTER</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/p1.9b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Royal coat of arms"
-title=
-"Royal coat of arms"
- src="images/p1.9s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<p>VISITORS <span class="GutSmall">AND</span> TOURISTS will find
-the above <span class="smcap">Hotel</span> in every way adapted
-to their comfort and requirements, and after a Survey of Chester
-and its vicinity, the most convenient <i>en route</i> to
-Scotland, Ireland, and Wales.</p>
-<p style="text-align: right"><b>D. M&lsquo;GREGOR</b>,
-<b>Proprietor</b>.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center">To Tourists and others.</p>
-<h3>T. B. FOULKES,</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">OLD
-ESTABLISHED</span></p>
-<p style="text-align: center">GLOVE MANUFACTURER AND HOSIER,</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>CROSS</b>, <b>CHESTER</b>,</p>
-<p>Has always in stock a Large Assortment of GLOVES <span
-class="GutSmall">AND</span> GAUNTLETS, of his own and other
-approved makes.</p>
-<p>His PATENT GAUNTLETS continue to give great satisfaction;
-their accuracy in fitting being very much superior to all
-others.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3>J. THOMPSON,<br />
-PRINTSELLER, ETC.,<br />
-BRIDGE STREET ROW,<br />
-<span class="GutSmall">CHESTER,</span></h3>
-<p style="text-align: center">Repository for the Sale of VIEWS IN
-WALES, of the ANCIENT BUILDINGS<br />
-IN CHESTER, and GUIDE BOOKS for Chester and Wales.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">ENGRAVER,
-LITHOGRAPHER, AND COPPER-PLATE PRINTER.</span></p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center"><i>Ladies&rsquo; and
-Gentlemen&rsquo;s Address Cards Engraved and Printed</i>.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3><a name="page1_10"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 10</span>THE
-ROYAL FARMERS&rsquo;<br />
-AGRICULTURAL AND COMMERCIAL<br />
-INSURANCE COMPANY,</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center">3, NORFOLK STREET, STRAND,
-LONDON.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>DIRECTORS</b>.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>Chairman</b>&mdash;STEPHEN C.
-DENISON, Esq., Deputy Judge Advocate, 35, Great George Street,
-Westminster, London.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>Deputy Chairman</b>&mdash;B. P.
-SHEARER, Esq., Swanmore House, Bishop Waltham, Hants.</p>
-<table>
-<tr>
-<td><p><span class="smcap">Samuel Boydell</span>, Esq., 41, Queen
-Square, Bloomsbury, London.</p>
-<p><span class="smcap">Newson Garrett</span>, Esq., Alde House,
-Aldeburgh, Suffolk.</p>
-<p><span class="smcap">Edward James Hawker</span>, Esq., 37,
-Cadogan Place, Sloane Street, Chelsea.</p>
-<p><span class="smcap">Samuel Jonas</span>, Esq., Ickleton,
-Cambridgeshire.</p>
-<p>Rev. <span class="smcap">Henry E. Knatchbull</span>, Elmham
-Vicarage, Thetford, Norfolk.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p><span class="smcap">William Wilberforce Pearson</span>,
-Esq., 27, Wimpole Street, London.</p>
-<p><span class="smcap">Thomas Rolls</span>, Esq., Chipping
-Norton, Oxfordshire.</p>
-<p><span class="smcap">Thomas Smith</span>, Esq., 36, Hart
-Street, Bloomsbury, London.</p>
-<p><span class="smcap">George Parker Tuxford</span>, Esq., 246,
-Strand, London.</p>
-<p><span class="smcap">Thomas Waters</span>, Esq., Winchester,
-Hants.</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-<p><b>FIRE INSURANCES</b> on every description of Property, on
-terms as moderate as any other well-established Office.</p>
-<p>No charge for new Fire Policies, if for &pound;300 or upwards,
-or if removed from other Offices to favour this Company.</p>
-<p><b>HAIL INSURANCE</b>&mdash;The Bonus allowed in the year 1856
-was upwards of 66 per cent. on Insurances of Five Years&rsquo;
-duration.</p>
-<p><b>LOSSES</b> promptly and liberally settled.</p>
-<p><b>LIFE POLICIES</b> payable to the Registered Holders, by
-which much inconvenience and expense is prevented.</p>
-<p><b>BONUS GUARANTEED</b>&mdash;Insurers of the Participating
-class will be entitled to four-fifths of the profits; and if no
-profit shall have been made, the Company will, nevertheless, make
-such additions quinquennially as will be equivalent to the excess
-of premium paid over that which would have been required for
-insurances of the non-participating class.</p>
-<p><b>BONUS</b>&mdash;The next division of profits, four-fifths
-of which will be allotted to Policies of the participating class,
-will be on the five years ending on the 3lst of December of the
-present year.&nbsp; The amounts will be made known to the
-Policy-holders immediately after the Annual General Meeting in
-May following.</p>
-<p>No charge for Life Policy Stamps.</p>
-
-<div class="gapspace">&nbsp;</div>
-<p>Additional Agents wanted.&nbsp; Application to be made to</p>
-<p style="text-align: right">JOHN REDDISH, <span
-class="smcap">Secretary and Actuary</span>.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>AGENCIES IN CHESHIRE</b>.</p>
-<table>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Chester</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Mr. Thomas W. Jones, Auctioneer, 27 Queen Street.</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Altrincham</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Mr. G. Wilde, Postmaster.</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Birkenhead</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Mr. Thos. Jas. Hutchinson, Architect, 6, Market Cross
-Chambers, Market Street, and Mr. Euclid Shaw, Post-office.</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Congleton</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Mr. J. Dawn, Buxton.</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Macclesfield</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Mr. George Barton.</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Northwich</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Mr. Henry Warburton, Davenham.</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Runcorn</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>James Cawley, Esq., Heath House.</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Sandbach</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Remer, Esq., Solicitor.</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Stockport</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Mr. J. Sergent, Coal Merchant, Warren Street.</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Tarporley</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Mr. R. T. Beckett, Land Agent, Oulton Farm.</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Talk-&rsquo;o-&rsquo;th-Hill</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Mr. Joseph Smallwood.</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Witton</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Mr. Thomas Dobell, Seedsman.</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3><a name="page1_11"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 11</span>The
-Blossoms Family and Commercial Hotel,<br />
-CHESTER.</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>HENRY CUTTER</b>,
-<b>PROPRIETOR</b>.</p>
-<p>To FAMILIES, COMMERCIAL GENTLEMEN, and PARTIES on PLEASURE,
-the above Hotel offers peculiar advantages, being situated in the
-centre of the City, adjoining the Post Office, near to the Banks,
-within two minutes&rsquo; walk of the Ancient City Wall, and
-Cathedral, and the nearest Hotel to the Railway Station.&nbsp;
-The above Hotel is one of the <b>OLDEST ESTABLISHMENTS IN THE
-CITY</b>, and is conducted on principles combining <span
-class="GutSmall">COMFORT WITH THE STRICTEST ECONOMY</span>.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">A FIXED
-MODERATE CHARGE FOR SERVANTS</span>.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">Omnibuses to and from the Railway
-for every Train.</p>
-<p>&#9758; Attached to the above Hotel, and <b>TO BE LET</b>,
-<b>IS A LARGE AND SPACIOUS ROOM</b>, 25 yards long, well lighted
-with gas, and to which there is an excellent approach.</p>
-<p>Note from the Visitors&rsquo; Book at the Blossoms Hotel,
-received from the Lady of Lord Campbell, Lord Chief Justice of
-England.&mdash;&ldquo;Lady Stratheden and family passed three
-nights at the Blossoms Inn, and were well satisfied with the
-accommodation and attention of Mr. and Mrs. Cutter.&rdquo;</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3>OLD BOOK REPOSITORY.</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">GENTLEMEN IN
-SEARCH OF</span><br />
-<b>RARE AND CURIOUS BOOKS</b>,<br />
-<span class="GutSmall">Are respectfully invited to inspect the
-Collection at</span></p>
-<p style="text-align: center">G. H. CROWTHER&rsquo;S
-REPOSITORY,</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall"><b>ST.
-WERBERGH STREET,</b></span></p>
-<p style="text-align: center">Where, if they do not find what
-they want, they may meet with what they<br />
-did not expect to find.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">Libraries of any extent, and
-smaller parcels of Books purchased for<br />
-immediate payment.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3>IMPORTANT TO TOURISTS.</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center">Sold by all Stationers, &amp;c.,<br
-/>
-SMITH&rsquo;S PATENT POCKET BOOK,<br />
-With Expanding Pockets.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">SMITH&rsquo;S MANIFOLD LETTER
-BOOK,<br />
-Not requiring Ink.&nbsp; The Writing is Jet Black, and perfectly
-indelible.<br />
-Bound Roan and Lock.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">SMITH&rsquo;S METALLIC MEMORANDUM
-BOOKS,<br />
-<span class="GutSmall">AND</span><br />
-PORTABLE WRITING CASES,<br />
-With everything requisite for the Tourist.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">T. J. &amp; J. SMITH,<br />
-PATENTEES AND MANUFACTURERS, LONDON.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3><a name="page1_12"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 12</span>THE
-GREAT BOTANIC MEDICINE.</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center">DR. TORRENS&rsquo; PURE HERBAL
-PILLS.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p>No language can convey an adequate idea of the immediate and
-almost miraculous change produced by making use of these Pills in
-the diseased, debilitated, and shattered nervous system.&nbsp; To
-print all the letters of thanks received from different
-individuals, describing the great benefit received by making use
-of this medicine, would fill a book larger than the Bible!&nbsp;
-The relaxed and debilitated body and nerves are at once rebraced,
-restored, enlivened, and built up.&nbsp; The mental and physical
-symptoms of all disease vanish together under its
-influence&mdash;the stooping trembling victim of depression or
-debility becomes a new man; he stands erect; he moves with a firm
-step; his mind, which was previously sunk in gloom, becomes
-bright, buoyant, active, and he goes forth refreshed,
-regenerated, and conscious of new vigour, to his accustomed
-occupation.&nbsp; And the effect is not temporary; on the
-contrary, the relief is permanent; for the cordial properties of
-the medicine reach the constitution itself, and restores it to
-its first condition.&nbsp; Well may this preparation be called
-the Medical Wonder of the nineteenth century.&nbsp; It is,
-indeed, that miracle of medicine that stimulates without
-producing a corresponding depression.&nbsp; In all diseases of
-the stomach and digestive organs it never fails, and by setting
-the stomach to rights, all the other functions of the body are
-sure to be set to rights also.&nbsp; In cases of headache,
-vertigo, pain in the face and nerves, and all the varied train of
-nervous affections, these pills perform a cure in an astonishing
-short period of time.&nbsp; They also remove depression,
-excitement, restlessness, want of sleep, a dislike to society,
-incapacity for business, loss of memory, confusion, giddiness,
-blood in the head, melancholy, mental debility, hysteria,
-indecision, wretchedness, &amp;c.&nbsp; They increase and restore
-the appetite, strengthen the emaciated, renew the health of those
-who have destroyed it, cause a continued cheerfulness, and
-prolong life to the latest possible period.</p>
-<p>The following Testimonial of the great value of TORRENS&rsquo;
-HERBAL PILLS is taken out of thousands:&mdash;</p>
-<blockquote><p style="text-align: right">&ldquo;To the Proprietor
-of Torrens&rsquo; Herbal Pills.<br />
-53, Church-street, Blackburn.</p>
-<p>&ldquo;Sir,&mdash;I have just received the twelve dozen of Dr.
-Torrens&rsquo; Herbal Pills, which I am happy to observe are
-going off in a very satisfactory manner.&nbsp; Since I last wrote
-you, I have had frequent testimonials from various persons, old
-and young, of their beneficial effects&mdash;several of whom have
-stated that they consider the Herbal Pills not only an excellent
-medicine for correcting vicious humours in the system, but also
-efficacious in purifying the blood, relieving the liver,
-cleansing the intestines, and producing vigorous reaction in the
-whole arterial system.</p>
-<p style="text-align: right">&ldquo;Yours faithfully, <span
-class="smcap">Charles Tiplady</span>, Bookseller.&rdquo;</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p><sup>*</sup><sub>*</sub><sup>*</sup> Parties desirous of
-selling Torrens&rsquo; Herbal Pills can be supplied, at wholesale
-prices, by Messrs. Parry and Son, Booksellers, Chester; or from
-any of the Wholesale Houses.&nbsp; Sold also by Mrs. Dutton, City
-Walls.</p>
-<p>Should the reader find any difficulty in procuring a box of
-Dr. Torrens&rsquo; Pills, he can send 15 postage stamps to
-Richard Brook, Printer, Buxton-road, Huddersfield, when a box
-will be returned by post to any part of the Kingdom.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3><a name="page1_13"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 13</span>JOHN
-SMITH &amp; SON,</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center">WOOLLEN DRAPERS, TAILORS, AND
-HATTERS,</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>EASTGATE STREET ROW</b>,</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">CHESTER.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center"><i>Just Published</i>.&nbsp;
-<i>Price Two Guineas</i>, <i>neatly Bound</i>,</p>
-<h3>ANTIQUITIES OF CHESHIRE,<br />
-IN PHOTOGRAPH,</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">WITH SHORT
-DESCRIPTIVE NOTES BY</span><br />
-WILLIAM BRYANS, M.A.,<br />
-VICAR OF TARVIN, CHESHIRE;</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">TO WHICH ARE
-ADDED</span>,<br />
-VIEWS OF CONWAY AND CARNARVON CASTLES,</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">AND
-OF</span><br />
-<b>HAUGHMOND AND BUILDWAS ABBEYS</b>, <b>SHROPSHIRE</b>.</p>
-<p>This Series of Photographic Pictures will contain Views of the
-most interesting remains of Antiquity in the City and County of
-Chester; among which will be found specimens of Ancient Domestic
-Architecture, Churches, Ruins, and Crosses.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">Published by <span
-class="smcap">Hugh Roberts</span>, Eastgate Row.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3><span class="GutSmall">TOWN MADE SILK, ALPACA, AND
-GINGHAM</span><br />
-UMBRELLAS AND PARASOLS!!</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">AT</span><br
-/>
-<b>GEORGE WILLIAMS AND CO.&rsquo;S</b>,<br />
-GLASGOW HOUSE,<br />
-18, EASTGATE STREET, CHESTER.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><i>Gentlemen&rsquo;s Shirts</i>,
-<i>Silk Ties</i>, <i>Collars</i>, <i>Wool Vests</i>,
-<i>Gloves</i>, <i>Hosiery</i>, <i>&amp;c.</i></p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3>G. KENRICK,</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">PATENT
-ELASTIC</span><br />
-Spring Truss and Deformity Instrument Maker,<br />
-31, EASTGATE STREET, CHESTER.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">ARTIFICIAL
-ARMS, LEGS, ETC.</span></p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center"><i>Elastic Stockings</i>,
-<i>Knee-Caps</i>, <i>Ancle-Socks</i>, <i>&amp;c.</i></p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3><a name="page1_14"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-14</span><span class="GutSmall">ESTABLISHED 1748.</span></h3>
-<p style="text-align: center">OLD ESTABLISHED<br />
-Cheshire Cheese &amp; Family Provision Warehouse,<br />
-139, BRIDGE STREET, CHESTER.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>ROBERT GRIFFITH PARRY</b></p>
-<p><span class="smcap">Begs</span> to return his grateful thanks
-for the very kind manner in which he has been patronized since he
-succeeded to the business of his late Grandmother, Mary Griffith
-(so successfully carried on by her for upwards of 50 years); and
-he assures his friends that he will endeavour to merit a
-continuance of their favours, by keeping a constant supply of the
-best articles at the lowest possible prices.</p>
-<p>R. G. P. has always on hand a large stock of the following
-articles:&mdash;</p>
-<table>
-<tr>
-<td><p><b>CHEESE</b>.</p>
-<p>Cheshire,<br />
-Double Gloucester,<br />
-Single Gloucester,<br />
-North Wiltshire,<br />
-Truckles,<br />
-Stilton,<br />
-Cheddar,<br />
-Leigh / Derbyshire / Dunlop (for toasting).</p>
-</td>
-<td><p><b>HAMS</b>.</p>
-<p>Home Cured,<br />
-Cumberland,<br />
-Yorkshire / Wiltshire (Smoked).</p>
-<p><b>BACON</b>.</p>
-<p>Wiltshire, Smoked,<br />
-Breakfast Bacon,<br />
-Home Cured,<br />
-Cumberland.</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-<p style="text-align: center">BLADDERED LARD.&nbsp; Genuine WELSH
-BUTTER, in pots, from fifteen to forty pounds each, for
-Families.&nbsp; FRESH LUMP BUTTER every week.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>FAMILIES SUPPLIED ON THE MOST
-REASONABLE TERMS</b>.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3>HARP AND PIANOFORTE WAREHOUSES.<br />
-<span class="GutSmall">ABBEY STREET AND THE
-NORTHGATE.</span></h3>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center">BOUCHER &amp; CO.,</p>
-<p>Have now a well selected Stock of <b>PIANOFORTES</b>, &amp;c.,
-new and second-hand, for SALE or HIRE, at all prices; including
-the newly-introduced <b>STUDIO</b> Pianofortes, by eminent
-makers, at 16 and 18 Guineas, of superior excellence and
-durability.</p>
-<p>Also the &lsquo;<b>FOREIGN MODEL</b>,&rsquo; an instrument of
-the Cottage size, combining every excellence of manufacture with
-the tone and touch of a small Grand Pianoforte.</p>
-<p>Warranty unlimited, with option of Exchange at any time on
-favourable terms.</p>
-<p>Harps, Harmoniums, Concertinas, &amp;c., by the best
-makers.</p>
-<p>Tuning and Repairing of the most extensive descriptions in
-town and country.&nbsp; Abbey Street, May, 1858.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3><span class="GutSmall">ESTABLISHED 1780.</span><br />
-BOWERS BROTHERS,<br />
-DISPENSING CHEMISTS,</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center">101, EASTGATE STREET, CHESTER.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span
-class="GutSmall">PRESCRIPTIONS AND FAMILY RECEIPTS PREPARED WITH
-THE GREATEST</span><br />
-<span class="GutSmall">CARE AND ACCURACY.</span></p>
-<table>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Bowers&rsquo;s Cestrian Bouquet.<br />
-,, Essence of Spring Flowers.<br />
-,, Lavender Water.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Bowers&rsquo;s Glycerine Cold Cream.<br />
-,, Camphor Balls.<br />
-,, Pearl Dentrifice.</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>And a Variety of other Elegant
-Requisites for the Toilet</b>.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">SCHWEPPE&rsquo;S SODA WATER AND
-LEMONADE ON WHOLESALE TERMS.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3><a name="page1_15"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 15</span>TO
-ADVERTISERS.</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>THE CHESHIRE OBSERVER</b>,<br />
-<span class="GutSmall">AND GENERAL ADVERTISER</span></p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span
-class="GutSmall">FOR</span></p>
-<p style="text-align: center">CHESHIRE AND NORTH WALES,</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">IS NOW THE
-MOST</span><br />
-WIDELY CIRCULATED PAPER IN THE COUNTY,</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">And is especially devoted to the
-interests of Chester, Birkenhead, Nantwich,<br />
-Northwich, Crewe, Sandbach, Winsford, Congleton, Runcorn,<br />
-Knutsford, Middlewich, Wrexham, Holywell, Mold,<br />
-Whitchurch, Ruthin, Denbigh, &amp;c.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><i>And the surrounding
-neighbourhoods</i>, <i>where it has an extensive
-circulation</i>.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center">THIS PAPER IS PUBLISHED EVERY
-FRIDAY EVENING,</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">AND CONTAINS
-ALL THE</span><br />
-Local, Provincial, Parliamentary, and Foreign News,</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">TOGETHER
-WITH THE</span><br />
-LATEST STATE OF THE MARKETS</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">Up to the hour of Publication;</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>ADVOCATES FREE TRADE AND THE
-INTERESTS OF</b><br />
-<b>AGRICULTURE AND COMMERCE CONJOINTLY</b>;</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">AND IS BOTH
-A</span><br />
-POLITICAL AND LITERARY JOURNAL.<br />
-<span class="GutSmall"><b>ON RELIGIOUS TOPICS IT IS NOT
-SECTARIAN</b></span><span class="GutSmall">.</span></p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center">It may be had of all Booksellers
-and Newsvenders, or of the Publishers,</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">H. SMITH AND CO.,<br />
-BOOKSELLERS AND STATIONERS,<br />
-<b>27</b>, <b>BRIDGE STREET ROW</b>, <b>CHESTER</b>.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center">Price, Stamped, 3s. 3d. per
-Quarter; Unstamped Copies, 2d. each.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">CIRCULATION 2,500 WEEKLY.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3><a name="page1_16"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-16</span>CHESTER HOM&OElig;OPATHIC PHARMACY,<br />
-CAXTON BUILDINGS, PEPPER STREET.</h3>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center">EDWARD THOMAS</p>
-<p>Prepares the <b>HOM&OElig;OPATHIC REMEDIES</b> in the forms of
-Globules, Pilules, Tincture, and Trituration.&nbsp; His
-experience and care in preparing the Medicines has procured for
-him the confidence of the profession and the public in various
-parts of the Kingdom.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">STANDARD WORKS ON
-HOM&OElig;OPATHY.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>Medicine Chests and
-Cases</b>,</p>
-<p>Of various sizes and forms, adapted to Professional and
-Domestic Treatises on Hom&oelig;opathy.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>DR. THOMAS ON ARNICA</b>,</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span
-class="smcap">Calendula</span>, <span
-class="smcap">Cantharides</span>, <span
-class="smcap">Ledum</span>, <span class="smcap">Ruta</span>,
-<span class="smcap">and Rhus</span>,<br />
-as <b>EXTERNAL REMEDIES</b> in Accidents.<br />
-Price 1s., post free.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>THOMAS AND GUERNSEY&rsquo;S
-DOMESTIC PRACTICE</b>,<br />
-Price 5s., post free.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>THOMAS&rsquo;S HOM&OElig;OPATHIC
-COCOA</b></p>
-<p>Is prepared especially for Invalids and persons of weak
-digestion; and is confidently recommended as an agreeable and
-wholesome beverage.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>Illustrated Priced Catalogues of
-Medicines</b>, <b>Chests</b>, <b>Books</b>, <b>&amp;c.</b>,
-<b>sent free</b><br />
-<b>on application</b>.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center">SINGLE TUBES OF THE MEDICINES
-SUPPLIED.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">CHESTS OR
-CASES REFITTED.</span></p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center"><a name="page1_17"></a><span
-class="pagenum">p. 17</span>
-<a href="images/p1.17b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Crown with Ich Dien written underneath"
-title=
-"Crown with Ich Dien written underneath"
- src="images/p1.17s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<h3>GEORGE HOTEL,<br />
-<span class="GutSmall">BANGOR FERRY,</span><br />
-<span class="GutSmall">NORTH WALES.</span></h3>
-<p><span class="smcap">In</span> returning her grateful thanks
-for the patronage and support which she has received during the
-last fifteen years,</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">MISS ROBERTS</p>
-<p>begs to inform her friends and the public, that during the
-winter season she has added to the comforts and accommodation at
-&ldquo;THE GEORGE,&rdquo; on a scale calculated to meet its
-present requirements.</p>
-<p>Among the buildings now added to &ldquo;THE GEORGE,&rdquo; is
-a <span class="smcap">New Coffee Room</span>, on a magnificent
-scale; adjoining which, and fitted up in a style appropriate for
-<i>evening reception</i>, is an <span class="smcap">Octagonal
-Drawing-Room</span> of corresponding proportions.&nbsp; Above is
-a new range of <span class="smcap">Sleeping Apartments</span>,
-which enables Miss Roberts to make up <i>forty additional
-beds</i>.</p>
-<p>The <span class="smcap">Stables</span> have been much enlarged
-and improved; the <span class="smcap">Carriage</span> and <span
-class="smcap">Posting</span> departments having, at the same
-time, undergone thorough revision.</p>
-<p>Additional <span class="smcap">Hot</span> and <span
-class="smcap">Cold Baths</span> have been built, and are always
-ready.</p>
-<p><span class="smcap">Sea-Bathing</span> may be enjoyed at the
-foot of the grounds.</p>
-<p><span class="smcap">Omnibuses</span> from &ldquo;THE
-GEORGE&rdquo; meet every train at Bangor Station.</p>
-<p><span class="smcap">Liverpool Steamers</span> ply to and from
-Bangor Ferry daily.</p>
-<p><span class="smcap">Pleasure</span> and <span
-class="smcap">Sailing Boats</span> are in constant attendance,
-and the Sea Fishing in the Straits opposite the house seldom
-fails to afford sport.</p>
-<p>&ldquo;THE GEORGE&rdquo; is lighted by gas manufactured for
-its sole use, and free from any impurity.</p>
-<p><span class="smcap">Two Tables d&rsquo;H&ocirc;te</span> are
-served daily; one at 3, and the other at 6, <span
-class="GutSmall">P.M.</span></p>
-<p>The House is, as usual, supplied with Wines of the first
-class.</p>
-<p>The growing necessity which Miss Roberts has of late
-experienced for more ample accommodation, to meet the
-requirements of the increased numbers who honour her house with
-their patronage, has induced her, at a very large outlay, to
-perfect her present arrangements; and she ventures to express a
-hope that the spacious and well-appointed Apartments which have
-formed part of her plan, will now be found sufficient for a
-demand which for some time past it has been difficult fully to
-provide for.</p>
-<p><i>George Hotel</i>, <i>Bangor Ferry</i>, <i>June</i>,
-1858.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3><a name="page1_18"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-18</span>Atlas Fire and Life Assurance Office,<br />
-92, CHEAPSIDE, LONDON.</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">ESTABLISHED
-1808,</span><br />
-And Empowered by Act of Parliament of the 54th Geo. III. c.
-79.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">DIRECTORS.</p>
-<table>
-<tr>
-<td><p><b>Chairman</b>.&mdash;<span class="smcap">J. Oliver
-Hanson</span>, Esq.<br />
-Sir <span class="smcap">William Baynes</span>, Bart.<br />
-<span class="smcap">Arthur Edward Campbell</span>, Esq.<br />
-<span class="smcap">Thomas Chapman</span>, Esq., F.R.S.<br />
-<span class="smcap">Benjamin Buck Greene</span>, Esq.<br />
-<span class="smcap">Joseph Grote</span>, Esq.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p><b>Dep. Chairman</b>.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Wm. Geo.
-Prescott</span>, Esq.<br />
-<span class="smcap">John George Maclean</span>, Esq.<br />
-<span class="smcap">Samuel Eustace Magan</span>, Esq.<br />
-<span class="smcap">Capt. Alex L. Montgomery</span>, <span
-class="GutSmall">R.N.</span><br />
-<span class="smcap">Joseph Pulley</span>, Esq.<br />
-<span class="smcap">Arthur Augustus Rasch</span>, Esq.</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-<p><b>Auditors</b>.&mdash;<span class="smcap">John Oliver
-Hanson</span>, Jun. Esq., and <span class="smcap">Philip Ainslie
-Walker</span>, Esq.</p>
-<p><b>Actuary</b>.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Charles
-Ansell</span>, Esq. F.R.S.&nbsp; <b>Solicitor</b>.&mdash;<span
-class="smcap">Thomas Browning</span>, Esq.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>LIFE DEPARTMENT</b>.</p>
-<p>The Accumulated Premiums are over &pound;1,600,000.&nbsp; And
-the Annual Income exceeds &pound;184,000.</p>
-<p>Bonuses have been declared on Policies to an amount <b>greater
-than the sum originally assured</b>.</p>
-<p>Premiums have been extinguished, where the parties assured
-have applied the bonus in reduction to the Annual Premium.</p>
-<p>At the last valuation up to Christmas, 1854, there existed a
-<b>Surplus of &pound;268,691</b>, which had accrued during the
-five years ending at that period&mdash;the whole of which Surplus
-belonging to the policy holders.</p>
-<p>The next valuation will be made up to Christmas, 1859.&nbsp;
-<i>Policies on the Participating Scale</i>, in England or Ireland
-<i>respectively</i>, which may be effected before that date,
-will, if the parties be then alive, participate in the surplus in
-proportion to the time they may have been in force.</p>
-<p>The sum of &pound;3,130,975 has been paid during the existence
-of the Office for claims under Life Policies, of which amount a
-very considerable part was for Bonuses.</p>
-<p>Persons assuring in Great Britain have the option of</p>
-<p class="gutindent"><b>Participating Rates of Premium</b>, or
-of<br />
-<b>Non-Participating Rates</b>.</p>
-<p>The Directors beg to announce that the rates of Premium have
-been recently revised and re-adjusted in accordance with a long
-experience, and that</p>
-<p>The <b>New Scale</b> will be found very advantageous to
-persons desiring to commence assuring early in life.</p>
-<p>The <b>Non-participating Scale</b> is particularly adapted to
-parties wishing to assure a fixed sum only, at a fixed rate of
-Premium, and on low terms.</p>
-<p>Premiums may be paid <i>Annually</i>, <i>Half-yearly</i>, or
-by a <i>limited number of Annual Payments</i>.&nbsp; The
-last-named mode of Assurance originated with this Office in
-1816.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>FIRE DEPARTMENT</b>.</p>
-<p><b>Renewals</b> should be paid within fifteen days after the
-respective Quarter-days when they become due.</p>
-<p>The Company undertakes the assurance of Property in the
-Manufacturing, Agricultural and other districts, on favourable
-terms.&nbsp; Risks of extraordinary hazard on special agreement,
-upon survey.</p>
-<p><b>An Allowance for the Loss of Rent of Buildings</b> rendered
-untenantable by Fire is one of the advantages offered by the
-Company.</p>
-<p>Tables of Rates, forms of proposal, and any information
-needful to effect Life or Fire Assurances, may be obtained on
-application to the Office, No. 92, Cheapside, London, or to any
-of the Company&rsquo;s Agents.</p>
-<p>London, May, 1858.</p>
-<p style="text-align: right"><span class="smcap">Henry
-Desborough</span>, Secretary.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">AGENTS FOR
-CHESTER</span>:<br />
-MR. HUGH ROBERTS, AND MR. THOMAS CATHERALL.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3><a name="page1_19"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-19</span>WOOD&rsquo;S<br />
-SUFFOLK IRON WORKS, STOWMARKET,</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">WILL EXHIBIT
-AT THE</span><br />
-ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY&rsquo;S</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>CHESTER MEETING</b>,</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">A SELECTION
-OF A FIRST CLASS CHARACTER, COMPRISING</span></p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>STOCK FEEDING IMPLEMENTS</b>,<br
-/>
-BARN MACHINERY,<br />
-<b>FIELD AND ROAD IMPLEMENTS</b>,</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">WITH OTHER MACHINERY,</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">AMONGST
-WHICH WILL BE FOUND</span></p>
-<p style="text-align: center">Steam Engines, Thrashing
-Machines,<br />
-Grinding Mills, Crushing &amp; Ribbling Mills,</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">HARWOOD&rsquo;S PATENT REAPING
-MACHINE,<br />
-PHILLIPS&rsquo; IMPROVED NEW ROOT MINCERS,<br />
-<b>PALMER&rsquo;S PATENT CHAFF CUTTERS</b>,</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">PHILLIPS&rsquo; PATENT FERTILIZING
-LEVER HARROW AND<br />
-WEED EXTIRPATOR,</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">COMBINED
-WITH</span></p>
-<p style="text-align: center">HOWARD&rsquo;S PATENT HORSE
-RAKES,</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span
-class="GutSmall">THE</span><br />
-<b>SALISBURY FIRST PRIZE ONE-HORSE SUFFOLK CARTS</b>,</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">WHEELS FOR WAGGONS, WAINS, &amp;c.,
-&amp;c.,</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">HORSE POWERS FOR DRIVING
-MACHINERY,</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">&amp;c., &amp;c., &amp;c.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center">Illustrated Handbooks, with
-Illustrations and Prices of which will be sent<br />
-post free, on application to</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>WOOD&rsquo;S SUFFOLK IRON
-WORKS</b>, <b>STOWMARKET</b>.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3><a name="page1_20"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 20</span>The
-Royal Agricultural Society&rsquo;s Meeting at Chester,<br />
-1858.</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center">FIRST CLASS AGRICULTURAL
-MACHINERY.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>R. GARRETT AND SONS</b>,<br />
-LEISTON WORKS, SAXMUNDHAM, SUFFOLK,</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">AND
-AT</span><br />
-40, MARK LANE CHAMBERS, E.C.,</p>
-<p>Respectfully solicit the continued patronage and support of
-the numerous body of Agriculturists, Shippers, Merchants, and
-others, whom they have had the honour of supplying with
-Agricultural Machines and Implements for the last thirty
-years.&nbsp; With their extensively increased facilities for
-manufacturing, R. G. and Sons are now enabled to supply with
-dispatch, and at the lowest cost consistent with sound
-workmanship and thorough efficiency, combined with practical
-utility&mdash;Fixed and Portable Steam Engines, for Agricultural
-Purposes, Contractors&rsquo; work, &amp;c., &amp;c.; Combined
-Thrashing and Dressing Machines, for steam, water, and horse
-power; Drills of every description; Patent Manure Distributors,
-and Patent Horse Hoes; Chaff and Straw Cutters, for steam, horse,
-and hand power; Corn-Dressing and Winnowing Machines; Improved
-Reaping Machines; Hay Machines and Drag Rakes; Sawing Machinery,
-from four to twenty horse-power; Stone Grinding Mills and
-Flour-Dressing Machines; Tile, Pipe, and Brick Machines; Barn and
-Field Implements of the most approved construction, &amp;c.,
-&amp;c., &amp;c., full particulars of which will be found in</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>R. G. and Sons&rsquo;
-Illustrated Catalogue</b>.</p>
-<p>For the above Machines R. <span class="smcap">Garrett</span>
-and <span class="smcap">Sons</span> have received 161 <i>Money
-Prizes</i>, 31 <i>Gold and Silver Medals</i>, besides the
-<i>Great Council Medals and Gold Medals of Honour of the
-Exhibition of all Nations</i>, <i>held in Hyde Park in</i> 1851,
-<i>in Ireland in</i> 1853, <i>in Paris in</i> 1855, <i>and in
-Vienna in</i> 1857.</p>
-<p>Complete sets of the most improved Farm Machinery are erected
-by <span class="smcap">Garrett</span> and <span
-class="smcap">Sons</span>, adapted to the nature and size of the
-occupations, and with the arrangements best suited to the
-buildings.&nbsp; Plans and estimates will be furnished, with
-reference, on application; also Catalogues, in either English,
-French, or German, sent postage free, on application as
-above.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">SALISBURY SHOW, <span
-class="smcap">July</span>, 1857.</p>
-<p>The competition by R. G. and <span class="smcap">Sons</span>,
-at this meeting, was confined to the class of Horse Hoes and
-Drills, and, after a most patient and searching trial, the <span
-class="smcap">First Prize</span> in Horse Hoes was again awarded
-to R. G. and <span class="smcap">Sons</span>&rsquo; well-known
-Implement, which has now been before the Public upwards of
-fourteen years, taking the <span class="smcap">First Prize at
-every meeting</span> at which it has competed, distancing all
-competitors, and has earned for itself a reputation such as no
-other implement ever has done.&nbsp; This result is the more
-important when it is borne in mind that no <i>further
-competition</i> will take place in <i>Horse Hoes until the
-year</i> 1860.&nbsp; No less than 64 Horse Hoes were exhibited at
-Salisbury, all of which, by the awards, are pronounced more or
-less inferior to</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>R. G. &amp; SONS&rsquo; PRIZE
-MACHINE</b>.</p>
-<p>The following statement shows the result of the
-competition&mdash;</p>
-<table>
-<tr>
-<td><p>The Patent Horse Hoe</p>
-</td>
-<td><p><span class="smcap">First Prize</span>.</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"><p>(Making <span class="smcap">Thirty-Eight First
-Prizes</span> and <span class="smcap">Ten Medals</span> awarded
-for this excellent Implement.)</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>The Small Occupation Corn Drill</p>
-</td>
-<td><p><span class="smcap">First Prize</span>.</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>The Liquid Manure Distributor</p>
-</td>
-<td><p><span class="smcap">First Prize</span>.</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>The Corn, Seed, and Manure Drill</p>
-</td>
-<td><p><span class="smcap">Second Prize</span>.</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>The Liquid, Seed, and Manure Drop Drill</p>
-</td>
-<td><p><span class="smcap">First Prize</span>.</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>The Corn and Seed Drill</p>
-</td>
-<td><p><span class="smcap">Highly Commended</span>.</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>The Seed and Manure Ridge Drill</p>
-</td>
-<td><p><span class="smcap">Second Prize</span>.</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-<p>And at the Waterford Meeting, August, 1857, R. G. and <span
-class="smcap">Sons</span> received for their</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">IMPROVED EIGHT-HORSE POWER PORTABLE
-ENGINE,<br />
-AND FINISHING, THRASHING, AND DRESSING MACHINE,</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">AND OTHER
-IMPLEMENTS</span>,<br />
-THE PRIZE OF &pound;30 FOR THE BEST COLLECTION,<br />
-<span class="GutSmall">AND A SPECIAL MEDAL FOR THE ENGINE AND
-MACHINE.</span></p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p>N.B.&mdash;Early Orders are respectfully solicited, and will
-ensure prompt attention.&nbsp; <i>Leiston Works</i>, <i>June</i>,
-1858.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3><a name="page1_21"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-21</span>VISITORS<br />
-BEFORE YOU LEAVE CHESTER</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>CALL AT No. 117</b>, <b>BRIDGE
-STREET</b>,</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">AND SEE THAT
-ANCIENT RELIC OF THE ROMANS</span>,</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>THE BATH AND HYPOCAUST</b>,</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">PRONOUNCED
-BY ALL ANTIQUARIANS TO BE THE</span></p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>GREATEST CURIOSITY IN
-CHESTER</b>.</p>
-<blockquote><p>&ldquo;Near to the Feathers Hotel, in Bridge
-Street, are premises now occupied as a <span class="smcap">China
-Shop</span>, in which are the remains of the Roman Hypocaust and
-Sweating Bath, the use of which appears to have been very general
-among the Romans, and regarded by them as one of their chief
-luxuries.&nbsp; From the details which have been handed down to
-us by ancient historians, respecting these curious erections, we
-learn that they were not only constructed so as to secure the
-comfort and convenience of the bathers to the fullest extent, but
-were often built in the most magnificent style of
-architecture.&nbsp; The one in Bridge Street, which circumstances
-have happily spared, is in a tolerably perfect state.&rdquo;</p>
-</blockquote>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3>FIRST CLASS AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY.<br />
-R. HORNSBY AND SONS,<br />
-SPITTLEGATE IRONWORKS, GRANTHAM, LINCOLNSHIRE,</h3>
-<p>Invite the attention of Agricultural Shippers, Merchants, and
-Others, to their improved Agricultural Machinery,
-comprising&mdash;Patent Portable Steam Engines, Patent Combined
-Machines for Threshing and perfectly Dressing Corn for Market at
-one operation.&nbsp; Improved Circular Saw Benches, Portable Corn
-Grinding Mills, Corn, Seed, and Manure Drills of all Kinds,
-Patent Corn Dressing Machines and Blowers, Chaff Cutters, Cake
-Breakers, Ploughs, &amp;c. &amp;c. &amp;c., the pre-eminent
-excellence of which is fully attested by the numerous prizes
-which have been awarded to them in the United Kingdom, on the
-Continent of Europe, and in the Colonies, numbering in all about
-200 money prizes of &pound;1,400 value, and twenty-one Gold,
-Silver, and Bronze Medals, including the Great Council Medal of
-the Exhibition of the Industry of all Nations, London, 1851; the
-Grand Medal of Honour at the Universal Exposition, Paris, 1855;
-three Gold Medals of the Imperial Royal Agricultural Society of
-Austria, at Vienna, 1857; the Gold Medal of the Agricultural
-Society of Gers, at Condom, 1857; and the first prize of the
-Agricultural Society of Geelong, Australia.</p>
-<p>Illustrated Catalogues, with Prices of Engines and Thrashing
-Machines, greatly reduced for the present year, sent free, by
-post, on application to R. HORNSBY AND SONS, Spittlegate Iron
-Works, Grantham, Lincolnshire.</p>
-<p>FOR EXPORTATION&mdash;Engines, Machinery, and Implements
-specially adapted, may be had through all British Merchants and
-Shipping Agents.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3>M. WILLIAMS,<br />
-SILK, WOOLLEN, &amp; COTTON DYER,<br />
-<span class="GutSmall">CLEANER, GLAZER, AND HOT
-PRESSER,</span><br />
-ST. WERBURGH STREET, CHESTER.</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>Gentlemen&rsquo;s Wearing
-Apparel Renovated</b>.&nbsp; <b>Blankets and Carpets scoured on
-the</b><br />
-<b>shortest notice</b>, <b>and on the most reasonable
-terms</b>.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3><a name="page1_22"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-22</span>EDWARD PARIS,<br />
-BAZAAR AND FANCY REPOSITORY,<br />
-73, EASTGATE ROW, CHESTER.</h3>
-<p>Visitors to Chester are respectfully invited to inspect the
-large and well assorted Stock of <span class="smcap">Toys</span>,
-<span class="smcap">Games</span>, and <span class="smcap">Fancy
-Goods</span>, at the above Establishment, where, if they do not
-wish to purchase, they may pass an agreeable half hour.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3>BLAKE,</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center">(LATE GIBBONS,)<br />
-<b>CONFECTIONERY &amp; GENERAL REFRESHMENT ROOMS</b>,<br />
-EASTGATE ROW,<br />
-<b>CHESTER</b>.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center">SOUPS, STEAKS, CHOPS, COFFEE, TEA,
-&amp;c., &amp;c.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">LEMONADE, SODA WATER, AND GINGER
-BEER.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>MELTON MOWBRAY PIES</b>.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center">GENTLEMEN&rsquo;S CLOTHING
-ESTABLISHMENT,<br />
-5, BRIDGE STREET ROW, CHESTER,</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>G. MARSH</b>,<br />
-TAILOR AND DRAPER.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">MADE TO
-MEASURE, AN EXCELLENT SUIT OF BLACK FROM 55s.</span></p>
-<p style="text-align: center">FUNERALS FURNISHED.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3>W. A. BILLINGTON,<br />
-CONFECTIONER &amp; BRIDE-CAKE MAKER,<br />
-45, WATERGATE ROW, CHESTER.</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">(Within two
-minutes&rsquo; walk of City Walls, Racecourse,
-&amp;c.)</span></p>
-<p style="text-align: center">Parties Visiting Chester will find
-his Refreshment Rooms</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">REPLETE
-WITH</span><br />
-SOUPS, STEAKS, PIES, JELLIES, PASTRY,<br />
-<span class="GutSmall">IN VARIETY.</span><br />
-TEA AND COFFEE, BURTON ALES, LONDON PORTER.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3><a name="page1_23"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-23</span><span class="GutSmall">A BEAUTIFUL ASSORTMENT
-OF</span><br />
-WRITING DESKS, INKSTANDS, ETC.,</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">AND OTHER
-ARTICLES SUITABLE FOR PRESENTS,</span></p>
-<p style="text-align: center">BEST RUSSIA LEATHER WRITING
-CASES,</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">Despatch Boxes, and Tourists&rsquo;
-Cases,</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">AT</span><br
-/>
-HUGH ROBERTS&rsquo;,<br />
-<span class="GutSmall">EASTGATE ROW, CHESTER.</span></p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>AGENT TO THE LONDON STEREOSCOPIC
-COMPANY</b>.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>STEREOSCOPES</b><br />
-<span class="GutSmall"><b>FROM 3s. 6d, EACH</b></span>.<br />
-A LARGE NUMBER OF SLIDES ALWAYS ON HAND.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3>W. W. BRITTAIN,<br />
-Woollen Draper, Tailor, and Hatter,<br />
-<span class="GutSmall">BRIDGE STREET ROW,</span><br />
-CHESTER.</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>FUNERALS FURNISHED</b>.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3>HARRISON,<br />
-JOINER AND BUILDER,</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center">KING STREET, NORTHGATE STREET,<br
-/>
-<b>CHESTER</b>.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center">SEASONED AND PREPARED TIMBER,<br />
-<b>Doors, Sashes, Architraves, Skirtings, Staircases, Shop
-Fronts,</b></p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">AND ALL
-KINDS OF</span></p>
-<p style="text-align: center">JOINERS&rsquo; WORK,</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">OF
-FIRST-RATE QUALITY, EXECUTED ON THE SHORTEST NOTICE.</span></p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3><a name="page1_24"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-24</span>CLAYTON, SHUTTLEWORTH, &amp; CO.,<br />
-STAMP END WORKS, LINCOLN,</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span
-class="GutSmall">AND</span></p>
-<p style="text-align: center">78, LOMBARD STREET, LONDON,
-E.C.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>IMPROVED PORTABLE STEAM
-ENGINES</b>.</p>
-<p>The large and increasing demand for CLAYTON, SHUTTLEWORTH,
-&amp; CO.&rsquo;S Steam Engines and Machinery, together with the
-numerous and flattering testimonials daily received, is a
-sufficient proof of the high estimation in which they are held,
-both in this and foreign countries, and renders it quite
-unnecessary to say much upon the subject in an
-Advertisement.&nbsp; <i>Already more than two thousand seven
-hundred have been manufactured</i>, upwards of five hundred of
-which, of various powers, were disposed of within the last twelve
-months.&nbsp; Simplicity of construction, combined with correct
-principles, excellence of workmanship, and quality of materials,
-are the aim of CLAYTON, SHUTTLEWORTH, &amp; CO., in all their
-manufactures.</p>
-<p>Full particulars, in Illustrated Catalogues, on
-application.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/p1.24b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Steam Engine"
-title=
-"Steam Engine"
- src="images/p1.24s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<h3><a name="page1_25"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-25</span>CLAYTON, SHUTTLEWORTH, AND CO.&rsquo;S COMBINED
-BOULTING, THRASHING, STRAW SHAKING, RIDDLING, AND WINNOWING
-MACHINE.</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/p1.25b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Winnowing machine"
-title=
-"Winnowing machine"
- src="images/p1.25s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<p>This Machine took the First Prize at the Royal Agricultural
-Society&rsquo;s Meeting at Lewes, 1852; also at Lincoln, 1854;
-and at Carlisle, 1855, was awarded the Honorary Silver Medal,
-with a High Commendation, for the introduction of a Patent
-Apparatus for Separating the Corn and Delivering it in Sacks
-ready for Market.&nbsp; This is an object often attempted, but
-never before effectually accomplished by a Portable
-Machine.&nbsp; As a proof of the superiority of C., S., &amp;
-Co.&rsquo;s Combined Thrashing Machines over all others, they
-think the following extract, copied from the Judge&rsquo;s Report
-of the Royal Agricultural Society&rsquo;s Meeting, held at
-Lincoln, 1854, is sufficient to establish their well-earned
-reputation:&mdash;</p>
-<blockquote><p>&ldquo;Not long since the farmer was satisfied to
-thrash an increased quantity of corn by the application of steam
-power to the old thrashing box.&nbsp; Soon he finds he must have
-his corn partially dressed; but now he must have it finished,
-sacked, and weighed for market.</p>
-<p>&ldquo;For these last improvements we are much indebted to
-Messrs. Clayton and Shuttleworth; and here I must remark that
-they were rather in advance of the Society, for they brought out
-their finishing Machine at Lewes previously to a prize being
-offered.</p>
-<p>&ldquo;<i>Portable Thrashing Machines</i>, <i>not exceeding
-Eight Horse Power</i>, <i>with Straw Shaker</i>, <i>Riddle</i>,
-<i>and Winnower</i>, <i>that will best prepare for the finishing
-Dressing Machine&mdash;to be driven by Steam</i>.</p>
-<p>&ldquo;The Prize of &pound;20 was awarded to Messrs. Clayton
-and Shuttleworth, the performances of whose Machine were, on the
-whole, superior to any other, and its construction inferior to
-none.&rdquo;</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p style="text-align: center"><a name="page1_26"></a><span
-class="pagenum">p. 26</span><b>FIXED STREAM ENGINE</b>.</p>
-<p>Of this work the Judges of the Lincoln Meeting
-report&mdash;&ldquo;Too much can scarcely be said in its praise,
-for it was next to impossible for a machine to thrash and dress
-corn in a better manner.&nbsp; There was neither tail corn
-amongst the best, nor best corn amongst the tail; and the latter
-was again separated into marketable, chicken corn, whites, seeds,
-&amp;c., each delivered into sacks from separate
-spouts.&rdquo;</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/p1.26b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Six-horse Power Horizontal Cylinder Steam Engine"
-title=
-"Six-horse Power Horizontal Cylinder Steam Engine"
- src="images/p1.26s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<p>The above Engraving represents a Six-horse Power Horizontal
-Cylinder Steam Engine, erected complete upon metal foundation
-plate, which arrangement renders it easy of removal&mdash;an
-important point to a Tenant Farmer.&nbsp; The principle of this
-Engine is direct action, which simplifies the whole arrangement,
-inasmuch as the working parts are fewer in number, more compact,
-and less likely to get out of repair.&nbsp; Being secured upon
-one bedplate renders it unnecessary to have any bearings or
-fastenings in the partition or adjoining walls of the building in
-which it is inclosed.</p>
-<p>It is supplied with Cylindrical Cornish Boiler of ample size
-and strength, the whole being made of the very best material,
-fitted and finished in a style equal to any house in the
-trade.</p>
-<p>N.B.&mdash;As different situations, in almost every case,
-involve special arrangements, C. S., &amp; Co. will be happy to
-furnish Plans and Specifications where fixed machinery is
-required.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><a name="page1_27"></a><span
-class="pagenum">p. 27</span><b>PORTABLE GRINDING MILL.</b></p>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/p1.27b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Grinding Mill"
-title=
-"Grinding Mill"
- src="images/p1.27s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<p style="text-align: center">CLAYTON, SHUTTLEWORTH, &amp;
-CO.</p>
-<p>Call attention to their GRINDING MILL, which has taken the
-Prize year after year; also, Sawing Machinery, Irrigating
-Machinery, to be driven by their Portable Engines, &amp;c.,
-&amp;c., particulars of which, in an Illustrated Catalogue, will
-be forwarded free, on application to the</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>STAMP END WORK</b>,
-<b>LINCOLN</b>.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">OR</span><br
-/>
-78, LOMBARD STREET, LONDON, E.C.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>Royal Agricultural Society,
-Chester Meeting</b>.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3><a name="page1_28"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 28</span>JOHN
-WARNER, AND SONS,<br />
-Hydraulic Engineers, and Bell and Brass Founders to Her
-Majesty,</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">8, CRESCENT,
-CRIPPLE GATE, LONDON;</span><br />
-And at the Royal Agricultural Society&rsquo;s Show at Chester,
-where the following and many<br />
-other articles may be seen at their stand.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/p1.27.1b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Patent Cast Iron Pump"
-title=
-"Patent Cast Iron Pump"
- src="images/p1.27.1s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<p>Patent Cast Iron PUMP, fitted with J. W. &amp; Sons&rsquo;
-Patent Bucket and Sucker, which cannot clog in action, for Farms,
-Cottages, Manure Tanks, and Wells not exceeding 28 feet.</p>
-<table>
-<tr>
-<td><p style="text-align: center"><b>Dia.</b></p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: center"><b>Height.</b></p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">&pound;</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">s.</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>2&frac12; in. short</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1 ft. 7 in.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">10</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>2&frac12; in. long</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>3 ,, 3 ,,</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">14</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>3 ,,</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>3 ,, 6 ,,</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">2</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">8</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>3&frac12; ,,</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>3 ,, 6 ,,</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">2</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">12</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>4 ,,</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>3 ,, 6 ,,</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">3</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">3</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"><p>2&frac12; in. short, with 15 ft. of Lead Pipe
-attached, ready for fixing</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">2</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">14</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>2&frac12; in. long</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>do., do.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">2</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">18</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/p1.27.2b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Patent Brass lift and force pump"
-title=
-"Patent Brass lift and force pump"
- src="images/p1.27.2s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<p>Patent Brass LIFT and FORCE PUMP, on Plank, for House
-purposes, supply of Cisterns, &amp;c.</p>
-<table>
-<tr>
-<td><p><b>Dia.</b></p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><b>&pound;</b></p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><b>s.</b></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>2&frac12; inch</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>3</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">7</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">5</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>3&frac12;</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">8</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>A lighter Pump, of 3 inches diameter, can be supplied, if
-required, at</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">5</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">15</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/p1.27.3b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Liquid manure pump"
-title=
-"Liquid manure pump"
- src="images/p1.27.3s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<p>IMPROVED LIQUID MANURE, OR GENERAL PORTABLE PUMP.</p>
-<p>These Pumps are fitted with J. W. &amp; Sons&rsquo; Patent
-Bucket and Sucker, and cannot clog in action.&nbsp; The Barrel is
-of Galvanized Iron, not likely to corrode, and can be raised or
-lowered at pleasure.&nbsp; The Legs will fold together, and the
-whole may be carried on the shoulder to any pond or tank
-required.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>Larger sizes of the above</b>,
-<b>if required</b>.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">Price of 4&frac12; in. Liquid
-Manure Pump, with legs, &pound;3 3s.; 1&frac34; in. Gutta Percha
-Suction Pipe,<br />
-1s. 11d. per foot; 2 in. Flexible Rubber and Canvas Suction Pipe,
-3s. per foot.<br />
-The Barrel is 27&frac12; inches long, and the legs are 5 feet
-high.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/p1.27.4b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Brass syringe?"
-title=
-"Brass syringe?"
- src="images/p1.27.4s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<p style="text-align: center">BRASS SYRINGES, from 9s. to
-18s.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">CONSERVATORY PUMP, No. 32, with<br
-/>
-Warner&rsquo;s Registered Spreader, 27s. 6d.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/p1.27.5b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Spreader? and sheep bells"
-title=
-"Spreader? and sheep bells"
- src="images/p1.27.5s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<p>Warner&rsquo;s Cattle and Sheep Bells, in Sets of 6, with
-straps, per set, 13s.</p>
-<p>Musical Sheep Bells, with straps, in sets of 6, 19s.; ditto,
-in sets of 8, 25s.; ditto, in sets of 12, 38s.</p>
-<p>The great 16-ton Bell, for the Houses of Parliament, was made
-by J. Warner and Sons, 1856, under their Patent.</p>
-<p>Patent Church, Turret, and Alarm Bells, of all sizes, at per
-pound.&nbsp; Old Church Bells Recast, or taken in exchange.</p>
-<p>Galvanized Iron Tub GARDEN ENGINE, with Warner&rsquo;s
-Registered Spreader, is strongly recommended for durability and
-low price, viz., &pound;219s., to hold 10 gallons.&nbsp; Larger
-sizes can be had, in either wood or iron.&nbsp; Also
-Warner&rsquo;s Swing Water-Barrow, to hold 40 gallons, &pound;3
-3s.</p>
-<p>May be obtained of any Ironmonger or Plumber, in town or
-country; or of the Patentees and Manufacturers (as above).</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3><a name="page1_29"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-29</span>LISTON&rsquo;S LIVER PILLS,</h3>
-<table>
-<tr>
-<td><p style="text-align: center"><span
-class="GutSmall">PREPARED</span></p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/p1.28b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Royal coat of arms"
-title=
-"Royal coat of arms"
- src="images/p1.28s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">ONLY
-BY</span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>PLATT AND SON</b>;<br />
-CHEMISTS TO HER MAJESTY,<br />
-<b>EASTGATE ROW</b>.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3>W. FARISH&rsquo;S<br />
-Commercial Temperance Hotel,</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center">No, 6, BROOK STREET,<br />
-<span class="GutSmall">LATE OF EGERTON STREET,
-CHESTER,</span></p>
-<p>Is conveniently situated for business, in the leading
-thoroughfare to the City, within five minutes&rsquo; walk of the
-Railway Station and Post Office, and is fitted with a view to the
-comfort of Commercial Gentlemen, Visitors, &amp;c.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center"><i>Omnibuses pass to and from every
-Train</i>.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3>J. E. EWEN,</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center">HOSIER, GLOVER,<br />
-<span class="GutSmall">AND</span><br />
-SHIRT MANUFACTURER,</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">8, BRIDGE STREET ROW, CHESTER.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3>T. WILCOCK &amp; SON,<br />
-FAMILY GROCERS, TEA DEALERS,</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span
-class="GutSmall">AND</span><br />
-<b>ITALIAN WAREHOUSEMEN</b>,<br />
-67, EASTGATE ROW, CHESTER.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3><a name="page1_30"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-30</span>MESSRS. LOWNDES AND SMITH</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/p1.30.1b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Royal coat of arms"
-title=
-"Royal coat of arms"
- src="images/p1.30.1s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<p>Beg to inform the Farmers, Gentry, and inhabitants of
-Cheshire, that they have been appointed sole Agents for the
-undermentioned Collieries, &amp;c:&mdash;</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall"><b>INCE HALL
-COAL AND CANNEL COMPANY, WIGAN;</b></span></p>
-<p style="text-align: center">Messrs. <span class="smcap">Haworth
-&amp; Thompson</span>, Trydelger Lodge, near Mold; and</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">MR. THOMAS TICKERS, MANCHESTER,<br
-/>
-For the Sale of his celebrated Manure, known as the<br />
-<b>BRITISH FERTILIZER; SUPERPHOSPHATE,</b><br />
-AND BOILED BONES.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>N.B.</b>&mdash;<b>HENRI and
-CO.&rsquo;s Patent Horse and Cattle Feed always on hand</b>.</p>
-<p><i>Office</i>, <i>No.</i> 5, <i>Railway Coal Station</i>,
-<i>Chester</i>.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3>BONES &amp; GUANO</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/p1.30.2b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Graphic of Bones &amp; Guano banner with man ploughing"
-title=
-"Graphic of Bones &amp; Guano banner with man ploughing"
- src="images/p1.30.2s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<p style="text-align: center">LIEBIG STEAM POWER BONE MILLS.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>Ground Bones</b>, <b>various
-sizes</b>.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center">DISSOLVED BONES, WARRANTED
-PURE.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">APPLY
-TO</span><br />
-<b>ARNOTT BROTHERS</b>,<br />
-LIVERPOOL.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">AGENTS FOR
-&ldquo;GRAY&rsquo;S&rdquo; SCOTTISH PLOUGHS<br />
-AND IMPLEMENTS;<br />
-<span class="GutSmall"><b>HORNSBY&rsquo;S NORFOLK FARM MACHINES,
-ENGINES, &amp;c.</b></span></p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3><a name="page1_31"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-31</span>WILLIAM BOX, <br />
-Gas Fitter, Brass Finisher, Brazier,</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center">AND BELL HANGER,</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">BROOK
-STREET, NEAR FRODSHAM STREET BRIDGE,</span><br />
-<span class="GutSmall">CHESTER.</span></p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>Chandeliers, and every
-description of Gas Fittings supplied,</b><br />
-<b>and neatly repaired on the shortest notice.</b></p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center">BRONZING AND LACQUERING<br />
-<span class="GutSmall">DONE ON THE PREMISES ON REASONABLE
-TERMS.</span></p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall"><b>REPAIRS
-EXECUTED IN ALL THE VARIOUS BRANCHES.</b></span></p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3>Bride Cake Manufacturer</h3>
-<table>
-<tr>
-<td><p style="text-align: center">BY<br />
-APPOINTMENT</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/p1.31b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Royal coat of arms"
-title=
-"Royal coat of arms"
- src="images/p1.31s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: center">TO<br />
-THE QUEEN.</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>RICHARD BOLLAND</b>,<br />
-CONFECTIONER,<br />
-EASTGATE ROW, CHESTER,</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><i>Successor to the late Mrs.
-Thomas</i>.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">(NO OTHER
-PERSON HAVING THE PURCHASE AND USE OF HER</span><br />
-<span class="GutSmall">RECEIPTS FOR THE MANUFACTURING OF BRIDE
-CAKES.)</span></p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center">Wedding Breakfasts<br />
-<span class="GutSmall">FURNISHED IN WHOLE OR PART.</span></p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>PIC-NIC PARTIES
-SUPPLIED</b>.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center"><i>FRENCH AND ORNAMENTAL
-CONFECTIONERY</i>.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">Parties
-visiting Chester will find his Refreshment Rooms replete
-with</span><br />
-<b>Soups, Pies, Jellies, Ices, and Pastry in variety.</b></p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3><a name="page1_32"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 32</span>J.
-KEARTLAND,</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TEA
-DEALER,</b><br />
-FAMILY GROCER, AND HOP MERCHANT,<br />
-140, UPPER BRIDGE STREET,<br />
-CHESTER.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3>MESSRS. WILDIG &amp; WILLIAMS,</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center">PLUMBERS, GLAZIERS, BRASSFOUNDERS,
-AND GASFITTERS,</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">CUPPIN STREET, CHESTER.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3>JOHN HITCHEN,<br />
-SURVEYOR, BUILDER, AND CONTRACTOR,</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center">EATON ROAD,</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>CHESTER</b>.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3>THOMAS DAVIES,<br />
-DRAPER, SILK MERCER, ETC.,</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center">LONDON HOUSE,<br />
-BRIDGE STREET, AND BRIDGE STREET ROW,<br />
-(<span class="smcap">Opposite Grosvenor Street</span>,)<br />
-<b>CHESTER</b>.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3>JOHN &amp; THOMAS HIGGINS,<br />
-WOOLLEN DRAPERS AND HATTERS,</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center">14, BRIDGE STREET ROW, CHESTER.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">FUNERALS FURNISHED.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3><a name="page1_33"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-33</span>THOMAS GIBBS &amp; CO.,</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span
-class="GutSmall">THE</span><br />
-SEEDSMEN</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">TO
-THE</span><br />
-Royal Agricultural Society of England,</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">CORNER
-OF</span><br />
-HALF-MOON STREET, PICCADILLY,<br />
-LONDON,</p>
-<p>Beg to announce that they supply Mixtures of Grass Seeds for
-permanent Pastures and Meadows, Parks or Field Lawns, Cemeteries,
-Garden Lawns, and Grass Plots, &amp;c., &amp;c.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span
-class="GutSmall"><b>AGRICULTURAL SEEDS OF ALL
-DESCRIPTIONS.</b></span><br />
-<b>KITCHEN GARDEN &amp; FLOWER SEEDS</b>,<br />
-in assorted Packets, or separately, to order.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center">Shipping Orders carefully executed
-to any extent.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p>Priced Lists forwarded on application to</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>THOMAS GIBBS &amp; CO.,</b></p>
-<p style="text-align: right">Corner of <span
-class="smcap">Half-moon Street</span>, <span
-class="smcap">Piccadilly</span>,<br />
-<span class="smcap">London</span>, W.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3>HUGH ROBERTS&rsquo;<br />
-General Circulating Library and News-Room,<br />
-EASTGATE ROW, CHESTER.</h3>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center">TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION.</p>
-<table>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Allowed at one time.</p>
-</td>
-<td colspan="3"><p>Year.</p>
-</td>
-<td colspan="3"><p>Half-year.</p>
-</td>
-<td colspan="3"><p>Quarter.</p>
-</td>
-<td colspan="3"><p>Month.</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">&pound;</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">s.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">d.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">&pound;</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">s.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">d.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">&pound;</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">s.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">d.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">&pound;</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">s.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">d.</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>One Set of Books</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">13</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">8</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">3</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Two Ditto</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">8</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">17</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">10</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">4</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Three Ditto</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">18</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">5</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">16</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Four Ditto</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">2</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">2</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">7</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">17</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">7</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-<p style="text-align: center">A Magazine or Review is allowed
-with each of the above.</p>
-<p>Reading Societies, Book Clubs, or Families residing in the
-same vicinity, are supplied at the rate of &pound;5 per Twenty
-Volumes, with liberty to exchange them at pleasure.</p>
-<p>Single Subscription to the Library and News-Room, One Guinea
-per Annum, payable in advance.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3><a name="page1_34"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-34</span>ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND.<br />
-CHESTER MEETING, 1858.</h3>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center">SMITH AND ASHBY,<br />
-Agricultural Implement Manufacturers,<br />
-STAMFORD, LINCOLNSHIRE,</p>
-<p>Beg to direct attention to their celebrated <b>HAYMAKING
-MACHINES</b>, Patent Steel Tooth <b>HORSE RAKES</b>, Patent Wheel
-<b>HAND RAKES</b>, New Patent Improved <b>CHAFF-CUTTING
-MACHINES</b>, Oil Cake Mills, and Horse Works, They also invite
-special notice of their New <b>TWO-AND-A-HALF HORSE PORTABLE
-STEAM ENGINE</b>, for agricultural and general use, with compact
-Thrashing Machine, Grinding Mill Chaff Cutter, Root Pulper, Cake
-Mill, Corn Crusher, and Circular Saw Bench to attach to
-ditto.&nbsp; Now exhibiting at their stand, No. 27, in the
-Show-yard.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/p1.33.1b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Smith &amp; Ashby&rsquo;s original patent haymaker"
-title=
-"Smith &amp; Ashby&rsquo;s original patent haymaker"
- src="images/p1.33.1s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<p>This is the Machine that took the &pound;5 prize against Mr.
-Nicholson&rsquo;s Haymaker, at the <span class="smcap">Great
-Waterford Trial</span>, last August (1857), immediately after the
-Salisbury Show.&nbsp; The above trial was conducted under the
-direction of the same Judge who was engaged at the Royal
-Society&rsquo;s Trials at Salisbury.&nbsp; The circumstance
-proves that Smith and Ashby&rsquo;s Machine is the best Haymaker
-in use.&nbsp; This celebrated Machine has taken Thirty-one
-First-class Prizes, and has stood the test of twelve years.</p>
-<p>N.B.&mdash;S. &amp; A. are now constructing all their
-Haymakers on their original patent principle, and exactly like
-the one that took the Prize at Waterford; and they warrant every
-Machine they send out.&nbsp; Price &pound;15 15s.</p>
-<p>&#9758; <b>Smith &amp; Ashby&rsquo;s Haymaker has just taken
-the Prize of the Royal Bath and West of England Society, at
-Cardiff.</b></p>
-<h3><a name="page1_35"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-35</span>SMITH &amp; ASHBY&rsquo;S PATENT HORSE RAKE<br />
-<span class="GutSmall">FOR HAY, CORN, COUCH GRASS, STUBBLE,
-&amp;c.</span></h3>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p>SALISBURY REPORT, 1857.&mdash;Messrs. <span
-class="smcap">Smith and Ashby&rsquo;s</span> Horse Rake, with
-Patent Steel Teeth, was next tried.&nbsp; It is the old original
-Stamford Rake improved.&nbsp; It is light, but works remarkably
-well.&nbsp; The teeth are made of steel.&nbsp; It drew up heavy
-grass better than any other, and it clean-raked admirably; it is
-also adapted for twitch or scutch grass.&nbsp; A prize was
-awarded.&mdash;<i>See Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society
-of England</i>, 1857.</p>
-<p>This Rake has taken the First Prize of the Royal Society of
-Ireland two years in succession&mdash;at Athlone, 1856, and at
-Carlow, 1855&mdash;against all the best rakes in the kingdom; it
-has also received the Certificate of Honour from the London, the
-Dublin, and the Paris Agricultural Exhibitions, and above Twenty
-Prizes from various other Societies.&nbsp; Price &pound;7
-10s.&nbsp; If with Steel Teeth, &pound;8.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>Smith &amp; Ashby&rsquo;s New
-Two-and-a-half Horse</b><br />
-<b>PORTABLE STEAM ENGINE,</b></p>
-<p>which for power and cheapness surpasses everything of the kind
-yet brought out.&nbsp; It is adapted for the purpose of driving
-Chaff Cutters, Corn Crushers, Grinding Mills, Oil-cake Breakers,
-Thrashing Machines, Root Pulpers, Circular Saws, Pumps, &amp;c.,
-&amp;c.&nbsp; Price &pound;65.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/p1.34b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Smith &amp; Ashby&rsquo;s Steam Engine"
-title=
-"Smith &amp; Ashby&rsquo;s Steam Engine"
- src="images/p1.34s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>SPECIMEN OF
-TESTIMONIALS</b>.</p>
-<blockquote><p style="text-align: right">&ldquo;<i>Westwood</i>,
-<i>Bradford</i>, <i>Wilts</i>, <i>Jan.</i> 31, 1858.</p>
-<p>&ldquo;<span class="smcap">Gentlemen</span>,&mdash;Having now
-worked your little Engine for the last month, and having found it
-quite capable of doing more than I expected, I write to inform
-you that I am perfectly satisfied with it.&nbsp; I have attached
-it to my Thrashing Machine, and find that by working up to 35 lb.
-to 40 lb. pressure, it performs its work in first-rate
-style.&nbsp; I have fitted a pulley of 6&frac12; inches diameter
-on the drum spindle, and can thrash three sacks an hour of wheat
-or barley with ease.&nbsp; <span class="smcap">John
-Spackman</span>.&rdquo;</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>SMITH &amp; ASHBY&rsquo;S PATENT
-CHAFF CUTTERS,</b></p>
-<p>Universally acknowledged to be the most simple, and at the
-same time they are well known to be amongst the most efficient
-and most noted Chaff Cutters in the world.&nbsp; They are fitted
-with S. &amp; A.&rsquo;s new Patent Presser for preventing
-breakage when over fed, and also with their Patent Safety
-Apparatus for preventing accidents to the men employed to feed
-them.</p>
-<p>For Prices and Testimonials, see S. &amp; A.&rsquo;s
-Catalogue, to be had, post free, on application to <b>RUTLAND
-TERRACE IRON WORKS</b>, <b>STAMFORD</b>, <b>LINCOLNSHIRE</b>.</p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3><a name="page1_36"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 36</span>TO
-TOURISTS &amp; TRAVELLERS,</h3>
-<p>Visitors to the Sea Coast, and to those who enjoy the
-Fashionable Promenade, the Ride and Drive; in all cases Fervid
-Heat, and its concomitant Dust, materially injure the Skin,
-producing Sunburn, Tan, Freckles, and Discolorations of an almost
-indelible character.&nbsp; To obviate and eradicate these baneful
-results, recourse may with confidence be had to</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>ROWLANDS&rsquo; KALYDOR,</b></p>
-<p>an Oriental and Botanical Preparation.&nbsp; Whether resorted
-to in its specific character as a thorough purifier of existing
-defects of an eruptive nature, and discolorations of the skin, or
-as a benign Preserver and Promoter of its already bright and
-glowing tints this,</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">ELEGANT TOILET REQUISITE</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">has, in every instance, maintained
-its claim to the title of the<br />
-&ldquo;<b>UNFAILING AUXILIARY OF FEMALE GRACE</b>.&rdquo;</p>
-<p>During SUMMER and AUTUMN, which are peculiarly the seasons of
-Fashionable Movements, the invigorating and refreshing properties
-of ROWLANDS&rsquo; KALYDOR will be found singularly agreeable
-to</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">LADIES TRAVELLING.</p>
-<p>The effects produced by temporary exposure to solar heat, upon
-the Face, Neck, Arms, and Hands being neutralized, and the cloud
-induced by relaxation and languor dispelled by its power of
-sustaining a perfect elasticity of the skin; without which
-certain deterioration takes place; thus in the usual periodical
-visits made to the coast, Rowlands&rsquo; Kalydor is
-indispensable as a preservative of the skin after</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">SEA BATHING,</p>
-<p>from the irritation caused by the chemical action of the
-saline vapour.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">CAUTION:&mdash;The words
-&ldquo;ROWLANDS&rsquo; KALYDOR&rdquo; are on the Wrapper, and<br
-/>
-&ldquo;A. ROWLAND &amp; SONS&rdquo; in red ink at foot.&nbsp;
-Price 4s. 6d. and 8s. 6d. per bottle.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center">The heat of Summer frequently
-communicates a dryness to the hair, and a tendency to fall off,
-which may be completely obviated by the use of</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>ROWLANDS&rsquo; MACASSAR
-OIL,</b></p>
-<p style="text-align: center">A delightfully fragrant and
-transparent preparation, and as an invigorator and purifier of
-the Hair beyond all precedent.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p>Nor at this season of the year can we be too careful to
-preserve the Teeth from the deleterious effects of Vegetable
-Acids (the immediate cause of Tooth-ache) by a systematic
-employment, night and morning, of</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>ROWLANDS&rsquo; ODONTO</b>.<br
-/>
-<span class="GutSmall">OR, PEARL DENTIFRICE,</span></p>
-<p>a White Powder, compounded of the rarest and most fragrant
-exotics.&nbsp; It bestows on the Teeth a Pearl-like Whiteness,
-frees them from the Tartar, and imparts to the Gums a healthy
-firmness, and to the Breath a grateful sweetness and
-purity.&nbsp; Price 2s. 9d. per box.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>Sold by A. ROWLAND &amp; SONS,
-20, Hatton Garden, London,</b><br />
-<b>and by Chemists and Perfumers.</b></p>
-<p style="text-align:
-center"><sup>*</sup><sub>*</sub><sup>*</sup> <b>BEWARE OF
-SPURIOUS IMITATIONS!!!</b></p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<h3><a name="page1_37"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-37</span>Royal Insurance Company<br />
-CAPITAL &pound;2,000,000 <span class="GutSmall">IN</span> 100,000
-SHARES <span class="GutSmall">OF</span> &pound;20 EACH.</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/p1.36.1b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Royal Insurance Buildings, North John St. &amp; Dale St.,
-Liverpool"
-title=
-"Royal Insurance Buildings, North John St. &amp; Dale St.,
-Liverpool"
- src="images/p1.36.1s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>TRUSTEES</b></p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>JOHN SHAW LEIGH</b>, Esq., . . .
-and . . . <b>JOHN NAYLOR</b>, Esq.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>DIRECTORS IN LIVERPOOL</b></p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>Chairman</b> . . . <b>CHARLES
-TURNER</b>, <b>Esq.</b></p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>Deputy Chairmen . . . RALPH
-BROCKLEBANK, Esq. &amp; EDWARD JOHNSTON, Esq.</b></p>
-<table>
-<tr>
-<td><p><span class="GutSmall">T. D. ANDERSON, </span><span
-class="GutSmall"><span class="smcap">Esq</span></span><span
-class="GutSmall">.</span><br />
-<span class="GutSmall">MICHAEL BELCHER, </span><span
-class="GutSmall"><span class="smcap">Esq</span></span><span
-class="GutSmall">.</span><br />
-<span class="GutSmall">GEORGE BOOKER, </span><span
-class="GutSmall"><span class="smcap">Esq</span></span><span
-class="GutSmall">.</span><br />
-<span class="GutSmall">THOMAS BOUCH, </span><span
-class="GutSmall"><span class="smcap">Esq</span></span><span
-class="GutSmall">.</span><br />
-<span class="GutSmall">MICHAEL BOUSFIELD, </span><span
-class="GutSmall"><span class="smcap">Esq</span></span><span
-class="GutSmall">.</span><br />
-<span class="GutSmall">DAVID CANNON </span><span
-class="GutSmall"><span class="smcap">Esq</span></span><span
-class="GutSmall">.</span></p>
-</td>
-<td><p><span class="GutSmall">THOMAS DOVER, </span><span
-class="GutSmall"><span class="smcap">Esq</span></span><span
-class="GutSmall">.</span><br />
-<span class="GutSmall">JAMES HOLME, </span><span
-class="GutSmall"><span class="smcap">Esq</span></span><span
-class="GutSmall">.</span><br />
-<span class="GutSmall">THOMAS D. HORNBY, </span><span
-class="GutSmall"><span class="smcap">Esq</span></span><span
-class="GutSmall">.</span><br />
-<span class="GutSmall">GEO. H. HORSFALL, </span><span
-class="GutSmall"><span class="smcap">Esq</span></span><span
-class="GutSmall">.</span><br />
-<span class="GutSmall">RICHARD HOUGHTON, </span><span
-class="GutSmall"><span class="smcap">Esq</span></span><span
-class="GutSmall">.</span><br />
-<span class="GutSmall">ROGER LYON JONES, </span><span
-class="GutSmall"><span class="smcap">Esq</span></span><span
-class="GutSmall">.</span></p>
-</td>
-<td><p><span class="GutSmall">JAMES LAWRENCE, </span><span
-class="GutSmall"><span class="smcap">Esq</span></span><span
-class="GutSmall">.</span><br />
-<span class="GutSmall">ROBERT M&lsquo;ANDREW, </span><span
-class="GutSmall"><span class="smcap">Esq</span></span><span
-class="GutSmall">.</span><br />
-<span class="GutSmall">W. J. MARROW, </span><span
-class="GutSmall"><span class="smcap">Esq</span></span><span
-class="GutSmall">.</span><br />
-<span class="GutSmall">FRANCIS MAXWELL, </span><span
-class="GutSmall"><span class="smcap">Esq</span></span><span
-class="GutSmall">.</span><br />
-<span class="GutSmall">WILLIAM SMITH, </span><span
-class="GutSmall"><span class="smcap">Esq</span></span><span
-class="GutSmall">.</span><br />
-<span class="GutSmall">JOHN TORR </span><span
-class="GutSmall"><span class="smcap">Esq</span></span><span
-class="GutSmall">.</span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>London Establishment</b></p>
-<table>
-<tr>
-<td><p style="text-align: center"><b>No. 29,</b></p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>LOMBARD STREET,</b></p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: center">
-<a href="images/p1.36.2b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"London Establishment building"
-title=
-"London Establishment building"
- src="images/p1.36.2s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: center"><b>CORNER OF</b></p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>CLEMENT&rsquo;S LANE.</b></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>DIRECTORS IN LONDON</b></p>
-<p style="text-align: center">Chairman . . . SAMUEL BAKER, Esq. |
-Secretary . . . J. B. JOHNSTON, Esq.</p>
-<table>
-<tr>
-<td><p><span class="GutSmall">ROBERT B. BYASS, </span><span
-class="GutSmall"><span class="smcap">Esq</span></span><span
-class="GutSmall">.</span><br />
-<span class="GutSmall">RICHARD C. COLES, </span><span
-class="GutSmall"><span class="smcap">Esq</span></span><span
-class="GutSmall">.</span><br />
-<span class="GutSmall">HENRY KENDALL, </span><span
-class="GutSmall"><span class="smcap">Esq</span></span><span
-class="GutSmall">.</span></p>
-</td>
-<td><p><span class="GutSmall">THOMAS LANCASTER, </span><span
-class="GutSmall"><span class="smcap">Esq</span></span><span
-class="GutSmall">.</span><br />
-<span class="GutSmall">EDWARD MACMURDO, </span><span
-class="GutSmall"><span class="smcap">Esq</span></span><span
-class="GutSmall">.</span><br />
-<span class="GutSmall">HENRY M&lsquo;CHLERY, </span><span
-class="GutSmall"><span class="smcap">Esq</span></span><span
-class="GutSmall">.</span></p>
-</td>
-<td><p><span class="GutSmall">DANIEL H. RUCKER, </span><span
-class="GutSmall"><span class="smcap">Esq</span></span><span
-class="GutSmall">.</span><br />
-<span class="GutSmall">WM. WAINWRIGHT, </span><span
-class="GutSmall"><span class="smcap">Esq</span></span><span
-class="GutSmall">.</span><br />
-<span class="GutSmall">J. WESTMORLAND, </span><span
-class="GutSmall"><span class="smcap">Esq</span></span><span
-class="GutSmall">.</span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">THE
-FOLLOWING FIGURES EXHIBIT THE</span><br />
-<b>RAPID GROWTH &amp; INCREASING RESOURCES OF THE
-COMPANY.</b></p>
-<table>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Fire Premiums</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1848</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><b>&pound;31,346</b></p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Fire Premiums&mdash;1856</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><b>&pound;151,733</b></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td><p>1850</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><b>44,027</b></p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Whilst last year, 1857, they were</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><b>175 000</b></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td><p>1852</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><b>76,925</b></p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Total Revenue, 1857, all sources</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><b>260,000</b></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td><p>1854</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><b>128,459</b></p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Increase on ONE YEAR alone</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><b>40,000</b></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-<p style="text-align: center">Funds in hand, to meet any Claims,
-over <b>&pound;600,000</b>.</p>
-<p style="text-align: right"><b>PERCY M. DOVE</b>,<br />
-<span class="GutSmall">Actuary and Manager.</span></p>
-<h3><a name="page1_38"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 38</span>THE
-ROYAL INSURANCE COMPANY.</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>LIFE</b></p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>Large Bonus
-Declared&mdash;&pound;2 per Cent. per Annum on the Sum Assure, on
-all Policies of Two Years standing or upwards.</b></p>
-<table>
-<tr>
-<td><p><b>EXAMPLE&mdash;Policy,</b></p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><b>&pound;1000</b></p>
-</td>
-<td><p><b>dated 1845.</b></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><b>180</b></p>
-</td>
-<td><p><b>Bonus 1864.</b></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right"><b>&pound;1180</b></p>
-</td>
-<td><p><b>Sum now Insured, subject to Future Increase.</b></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>DIVISION OF PROFITS EVERY FIVE
-YEARS.</b></p>
-<p><b>LOANS ON LIFE POLICIES</b>, with undoubted Personal
-Security, may, under certain circumstances, be granted.</p>
-<p><b>DAYS OF GRACE</b> allowed with the most liberal
-interpretation.&nbsp; (See late Advertisements).</p>
-<p><b>ANNUITIES</b> granted on favourable terms, and every
-reasonable facility given.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>PROGRESS OF THE LIFE
-BRANCH</b></p>
-<p>&ldquo;New Policies for the Year ending</p>
-<table>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td></td>
-<td><p><span class="GutSmall">POLICIES ISSUED.</span></p>
-</td>
-<td><p><span class="GutSmall">SUM ASSURED.</span></p>
-</td>
-<td><p><span class="GutSmall">PREMIUM</span></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>JUNE,</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1855</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">396</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">&pound;166,864</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">&pound;4,867</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p style="text-align: center">,,</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1856</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">654</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">288,321</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">8,370</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p style="text-align: center">,,</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>1867</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">756</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">391,158</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">11,894</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-<blockquote><p>&ldquo;<b>Thus the New Assurers for the Year
-ending June, 1857, are 160 per Cent. above those for the Year
-ending June, 1855.</b>&rdquo;</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>STATEMENTS OF THE &ldquo;LONDON
-TIMES.&rdquo;</b></p>
-<p>The City Article of the &ldquo;London Times&rdquo; of the 24th
-July, 1156, states that the transactions of the Royal Insurance
-Company &ldquo;appear to have been of a perfectly satisfactory
-character.&rdquo;&nbsp; It includes the following statements
-confirmatory of that opinion:&mdash;</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>PREMIUMS</b>.</p>
-<table>
-<tr>
-<td><p>The Premiums of <b>Nine Offices</b> enumerated, are stated
-to be</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">&pound;824,924</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Of which <b>The Royal alone</b> amount to</p>
-</td>
-<td><p style="text-align: right">371,957</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"><p>being <b>82</b> per Cent. of the accumulated
-Premiums of the remaining Eight Companies.</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>EXPENDITURE</b>.</p>
-<p><i>The Times&rsquo;</i> Article exhibits the
-<b>Expenditure</b> likewise of the &ldquo;<span
-class="smcap">Royal</span>&rdquo; in most favourable contrast to
-that of others.&nbsp; The statement of &ldquo;The Times&rdquo;
-has elicited the following remarks from a
-contemporary:&mdash;Here again, the Royal Insurance Company
-occupies a position of honourable pre-eminence; for while its
-expense of management, spread over a period of three years, has
-been less than <b>20</b> per Cent., those of five other offices,
-extending over an equal time&mdash;for we omit those which have
-been established within three years, or we might make a much
-stronger case&mdash;have varied from <b>22 to74</b> per Cent.,
-and in <b>one case have been as high as 111</b> per Cent. on the
-receipts.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>RESOURCES</b>.</p>
-<p>In like manner, the entire Funds in hand of thirteen offices
-are quoted, in &ldquo;The Times,&rdquo; at
-<b>&pound;1,238,688</b>, including the Royal, which alone is
-<b>&pound;372,394</b>, and which is, therefore, equal to <b>43
-per Cent.</b> of the accumulated funds of the remaining twelve
-offices, viz. for the Year 1855.&nbsp; Since increased to
-<b>&pound;600,000</b>.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>EXTRACTS FROM REPORT FOR THE
-YEAR 1856.</b><br />
-<span class="GutSmall">FIRE DEPARTMENT.</span></p>
-<blockquote><p>&ldquo;In directing the attention of the
-Proprietors to the continued and continuing increase of the Fire
-Department, the Directors on this occasion prefer to cite the
-proofs afforded by public Official Documents rather than to offer
-anticipations founded solely on their own investigations.</p>
-<p>&ldquo;They are now enabled to exhibit the advance in the
-British Fire Business of the Company, on the indisputable
-evidence of the &ldquo;Parliamentary Return of Duty paid to
-Government&rdquo; in the year 1856, recently ordered to be
-printed by the House of Commons.</p>
-<p>&ldquo;The Statistics of that Return establish the fact, than
-which none can be conceived more fitted to prove that <b>No
-Insurance Company</b>, <b>ancient or modern</b>, <b>is advancing
-more speedily than the Royal Insurance Company in the confidence
-of the British People</b>.</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>THE ROYAL INSURANCE
-COMPANY&rsquo;S LIST OF AGENTS.</b><br />
-<span class="GutSmall">ENGLAND AND WALES.</span></p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>The Directors are willing to
-appoint Agents of undoubted position and respectability in every
-Town where not at present represented</b>.<br />
-<b>Those Marked thus * are Fire Agents only</b></p>
-<table>
-<tr>
-<td><p><b>AGENCIES.</b></p>
-</td>
-<td><p><b>AGENTS.</b></p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Abergavenny</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Mr. Jas. Jones</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Abingdon</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>G. Davis</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Cousins *</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Accrington</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>M. Wilson</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Acton</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>G. Wiltshire</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Alcester</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>H. Harrison</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Alford</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. C. S. Milns *</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Alton</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>H. Gripper</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Alnmondbury</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>E. Dyson</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Alnmouth</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>A. Robson</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Amersham</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>F. Charsley</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Armley</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>R. Hoyle</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Ash (Sandwich)</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. Stiff *</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Ashborne</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Smith</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Ashford</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Perkins &amp; Pope</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Mr. T. J. Morris</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Assington</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>C. Green</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Ashton-u-Lyne</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>S. Vernon</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Aston</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>John Parry</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Atherstone</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. G. Arnold</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Atherton</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Warburton</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Attercliffe</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>B. Johnson *</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Audlem</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>T. Mousley</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Aylesbury</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Muddiman</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Stedman</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Banbury</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. B. Lythall</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Barrow</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Walton &amp; Mawson</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Barnet</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Mr. S. Harris</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Barnsley</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Smith</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Barnstaple</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>S. W. M. W. Guppy</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Batley</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Mr. Scholefield</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Bath</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>T. Weston</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Bath</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. M. Ostler *</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Bayswater</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Richardson</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Bebington</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Colbeck</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Beccles</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>A. G. Love</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Bedford</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>G. H. Miller &amp; Son</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Bedale</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Mr. E. Fouler</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Bermondsey</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>H. Austin</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Beverley</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. M. Robinson</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Bicester</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>E. Heritage</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Bideford</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>T. Norman</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Biggleswade</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. F. Hunt</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Billericay</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>John Smith</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Bilston</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. S. Lister</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p><a name="page1_39"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-39</span>Birstall</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>R. Rayner</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Birmingham</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>E. C. Browne, Mid. Dist. Agent</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Mr. John Leah</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. C. Abbott &amp; Co.</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Blackheath</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Mr. A. J. Martin</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Blackburn</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Kaney &amp; Edge</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>R. Townley</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Bolton-le-Moors</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>E. S. Kearsley</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Boroughbridge</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Broadbent</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Boston</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. Roberts</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Bottesford</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>C. H. Gordon *</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Bournemouth</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>M&lsquo;William *</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Bradford</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. R. Silcock</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Garbutt</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Braintree</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. H. Simons</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Brentwood</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>R. Wilks</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Brightlingsea</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. D. Minter</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Brighton</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Rogers</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Brighton</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>C. Cobby</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>S. Saunders</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>G. Smith</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Bridgend</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Griffiths</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Bridgewater</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>P. O. H. Reed</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Bristol</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Burbidge, Wes. Dis. Agent</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Taylor &amp; Co.</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>M. Alman</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. Griffin *</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Bromsgrove</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. Weaver</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Bromyard</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Thos. Nott</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Bures St. Mary</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Dupont</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Burdensball</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>G. Young *</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Burnley</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>R. Law</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Roberts</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Burton-on-Trent</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>F. J. Parsons</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Bury</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. Leeming</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>B. St. Edmunds</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Ridley, jun.</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>B. Wearmouth</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Robinson</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Caermarthon</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>H. Smith &amp; Co.</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Camberwell</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Mr. S. Swan</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Cambridge</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Adams</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Wetenhall</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>A. Shippey *</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Carlisle</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Mr. Carruthers</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Cardiff</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Gordon</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Cardigan</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. G. George</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Castletown</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. Brown</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Charlton</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. N. Allen</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Chatham</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>H. Ralph</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Chelmsford</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. H. Bennett</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>A. Darby</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Cheltenham</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Acock</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Chester</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Messrs. Minshull and Hughes</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Mr. T. Fluitt</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Chichester</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. B Lipscomb</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Chipping Ongar</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Drake</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Chorley</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Houghton</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Chorlton-upon-Medlock</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Wm. Moore</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Church</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>M. Cooper</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Clapham</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>F. Temple</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Clerkenwell</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Hasleham</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Clitheroe</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Eastham</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Clun</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Hamar</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Cockermouth</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>T. F Taylor</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Coggeshall</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>A. Wheeler</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Colchester</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>R. Hayward</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. W. Jackson</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Colebrookdale</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Bratton</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Collumpton</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Foster</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Colne</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>R. Watson</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Colne Engaine</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Appleby</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Copford</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>H. Bowles</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Cosham</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>T. B. Baker</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Cowes</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>O. Wheeler</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Coventry</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Porter</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Jos. Clarke</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Crawley</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>H. Simmons</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Crediton</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Corkram</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Crewkerne</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. E. Stansfield</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Cricklade</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Newman</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Croydon</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>G. F. Dymond</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Dawlish</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>H. Jeffreys</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Deal</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>M. B. Sutton *</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>E. Drew</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Dedham</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. J. Page</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Denbigh</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>E. Davies</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Derby</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. Allen</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>B. Holmes</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Dewsbury</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>E. Taylor</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Terry</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Devonport</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Sam. Trend</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. A. Boolds</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Dolgelly</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>R. Williams</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Doncaster</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>C. Fisher</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Douglas</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>H. B. Watts</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. &amp; W. Cowin</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Dover</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Alex. Penny *</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Dover</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Thos. Fox</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Driffield</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. Jarratt</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Dudley</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Castree</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Dufton</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Anderson</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Durham</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>T. Jones</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Dunstable</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>H. Lockhart</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. O. Elliott</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Ealing</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. H. Dorcester</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Eccles</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. W. Seed</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Eccleshall</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Butterton</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Greatrex *</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Edgworth</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Hoyle</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Edmonton</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>G. Barker</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Egham</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Geo. Tice</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Elland</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>G. Marshall</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Ellesmere</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>T. Jenkins</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Epsom</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Langlands</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Erith</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Tuckwell</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Evesham</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>R. Bult</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Exeter</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>E. Force</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Falmouth</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>A. L. Fox</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Farndon</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. Ramsey</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Farrington</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>A. S. Clayden</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Faversham</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Mr. Thos. Goff</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Filey</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>E. W. Pritchard. M.D.</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Flint</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Mr. J. Haywood</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Folkestone</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Jas. Meikle</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Sherwood</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Frimley</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Wm. Kent</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Frodsham</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Lewis</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Frome</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>R. A. Bedford</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Garthmill</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Melling</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Gisborough</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Thompson</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Gloucester</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>T. Taynton</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Gloucester</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. W. Wipgate</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Gosport</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. F. Burrell</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Gravesend</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. B. Cooper</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. Smith *</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Great Marlow</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>E. Segrave</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Great Malvern</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>James Nott</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. H. Bennett</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Great Sanghall</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>H. Roberts</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Greenwich</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Cook</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Grimsby</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Bennington</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Gwennap</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>A. Skewes</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Hackney</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. Gray &amp; Son</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Hadleigh</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. Sewell</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Halesowen</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. H. Merrick</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Halstead</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>R. C. Hughes</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Halifax</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Gelson</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>T. Sladdin *</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Hanley</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. C. Daniel</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Hammersmith</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Cripps</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Harwick</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>R. Elliss</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Harrowgate</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Wilson</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Hartlepool</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Groves</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Haslingden</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>T. Woodcock</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Hastings</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Banks</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Haverford-West</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>B. Evenis</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Hayle</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. Hosken</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Heckmondwike</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. Sykes</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Heckmondwike</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Cardwell</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Helmsley</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>T. Pape</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Helston</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. Penrose</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Henley</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Lediard</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Hereford</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>F. W. Hollings</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Hertford</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. D. Medcalf</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Heybridge</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>R. Sadler</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Hexham</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>M. Taylor</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Highgate</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Chambers</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Highworth</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. F. Jennings</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Hinckley</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Brocklehurst</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Hitchin</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>T. Franklin</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Hoddesdon</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>H. M. Sparham</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Holbeach</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. R. Capp, jun.</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Honley</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Wilkinson</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Horsforth</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>E. Battye</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Hoxton</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. Simons</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Huddersfield</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>G. H. Brook</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Hull</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>R. Brown</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Hull</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>G. W. Stourton</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Huntingdon</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>T. M. Hunter</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Hythe</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>D. Murphy</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Hyde</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>G. &amp; T. S. Pickford</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Ipswich</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Mr. Mason, jun.</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Jersey</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. Huelin</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Keighley</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>G. Spencer</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Kelvedon</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. Crane</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Kendal</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. Potter</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Kenilworth</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>R. R. Hicks</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Kennington</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>T. H. Wood *</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Kidderminster</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>T. Griffin</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Kildwick</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>G. Holloway</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Kingsbridge</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Jas. Adams</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Kingston</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Boxall</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Kirby</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Hignell</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Kirkburton</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>A. Hargreaves</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Knightsbridge</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>C. Rayment</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Knutsford</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. Taylor</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Lancaster</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>T. Y. Welch</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Landport</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. H. Daw</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Lambeth</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. B. Downing</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Leamington</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>P. Locke</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Leeds</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Maude</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Wade</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Jos. Shaw *</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Leicester</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Wykes</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Leigh</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Aspinall</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Leigh&rsquo;n Buzzard</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>T. Forth</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Leominster</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Meredith</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Lavenham</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>H. Saffell</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Lewes</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Smith</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Lexden</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Crooks</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Leytonstone</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. Arber</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Lichfield</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Underwood</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Lincoln</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Thos. Plant</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Liskeard</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Wenmoth</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Llangollen</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Clarke</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Long Melford</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. Neep</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Longton</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>John Green</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Loughborough</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. Rowland</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Louth</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Colam *</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Lowestoft</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>G. Thurlby</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Lowestoft</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>T. Small</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Lutterworth</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>C. H. Gates</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Lynn</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Wm. Linay</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>The Lye</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Perry, jun.</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Macclesfield</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>John May</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Madeley (Salop)</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. P. Bartley</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do. (Stafford.)</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>T. C. Barton</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Maidenhead</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>F. Cooper</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Maidstone</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Kemp</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Malpas</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Keay</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Malton</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Gibson</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Manchester</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>G. V. Ryder, Local Man.</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Wrigley</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p><a name="page1_40"></a><span class="pagenum">p.
-40</span>Manchester</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Rusling</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Messrs. Yates &amp; Corkling</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Mr. S. R. Taylor</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Marden</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. Taylor</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Markyate, St.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>A. Rowley</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Market Harbro&rsquo;</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>H. Dwyer</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Marsden</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Hesslegrave</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Maryport</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>D. Bowes</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Melksham</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>E. Eyres</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Melton Mowbray</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>T. N. Wing</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Messing</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>H. Serjeant</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Middleton</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Graves</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Millwall</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>H. Hooper</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Milwich</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Hudson</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Minsterly</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Davies</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Mintlaw</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Pirie</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Mirfield</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>G. E. Kent</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Mistley</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>G. Cant</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Mold</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>R. Roberts</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Monmouth</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>T. J. A. Williams</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Morice Town</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>R. C. Bath</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Moss Side</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Francis Potter</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Mottram</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>S. Oldham</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Much Woolton</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Nicholson</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Much Wenlock</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Geo. Burd</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Nayland</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. Littlebury</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Neath</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Morgan</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Neston</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Woodward</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>New Brentford</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>C. Combs</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Newbury</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>R. A. Ryott</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Newcross</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>G. A. Clymer</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Newcastle-on-T.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Stevenson, Vermehren &amp; Scott</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Newton-le-Will.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. Latham</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Williams</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Newtown</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. Turner</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Newton-Abbot</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>S. Mudge</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Newport</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>H. Beynon</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Newport</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>S. Pring</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Newton Heath</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>G. C. Pott</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>North Shields</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. Harrison</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Northwich</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>G. Beckett</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Norwich</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>A. Preston</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Norwich</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>C. B. Daveney</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Mr. H. Ludlow *</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Nottinghill</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>G. H. Clarke</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Nottingham</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>M. J. Preston</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Kent</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Nuneaton</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Adams</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Oakhampton</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Newcombe</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Oldham</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Schofield</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Openshaw</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. W. Bamford</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Ormskirk</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>R. Wareing, Esq.</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Oswestry</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Geo. Owen</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Ottery St. Mary</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>John Baker</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Ovenden</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Hooson, jun.</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Over Darden</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. A. Briggs</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Oxford</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Robert Stills *</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Padiham</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>R. Nelson</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Patricroft</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>T. Peters</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Peel</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Morrison</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Peckham</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>C. S. Stevens</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Pendleton</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>R. Woodall</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Penrith</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>C. Fairer, Esq.</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Pentonville</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>M. E. Wesley</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Penzance</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. B. Read</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Pembroke Dock</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Jas. McLean</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Pershore</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>C. J. Pace</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Plumstead</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Williamson</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Plymouth</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Darve *</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>T. G. Pearse</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. W. Sparrow</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Poole</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. R. Justician</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Ponty Pridd</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Wm. Davies</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Portsea</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Totterdill</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Portsmouth</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>G. W. Vick</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Preston</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Wm. Gray</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Preston</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. &amp; R. S. Walker</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Queenshead</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Mr. G. Turner</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Radcliffe</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>John Hamer</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Rainhill</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Robinson</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Ramsey</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>D. Joughin</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Ramsgate</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>G. Griggs</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Reading</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. Brown</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Cooper &amp; Goulding</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Reigate</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Mr. James Rees</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Rhyl</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. Hughes</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Richmond</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>M. H. Cooke</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Richmond</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>H. Cockburn</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Rickmansworth</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Taylor and Sons</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Ripon</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Mr. Nicholson</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Rochdale</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>M. Weston</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Rochester</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>F. Furrell</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Rotherham</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>A. Fayram *</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Rowhedge</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>John Martin</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Roydon</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Pamphilion</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Royston</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Fred. King *</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Ruabon</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Edw. Morris</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Rugby</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. C. Tait</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Runcorn</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>T. &amp; W. Rigby</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Ruthin</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Mr. H. Jones</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Ryde</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. Hansford</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Rye</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>T. Stonham</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Saddleworth</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>F. W. Roberts</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Sale Moor</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Wm. Gandy</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Salisbury</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>G. Sutton</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Jas. Lucas</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Sandgate</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Wm. Hills</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Sandwich</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. W. Woodruff</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Scarborough</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. Robson</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Shacklewell</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Overall</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Sheffield</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>T. Branson &amp; Son</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Sheffield</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Mr. J. Boss *</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Shepton Mallet</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. H. Day</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Shrewsbury</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>C. G. Taylor</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Shipston</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Fisher</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Skipton</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Stockdale</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Slough</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>G. S. Emanuel</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Snaith</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Norwood</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Soham</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Joseph Floyd *</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Southam</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. C. Reed</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Southampton</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>A. H. Morant</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>S. Broad</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>F. Elliston *</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Southminster</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>E. Winterton *</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Southwark</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. &amp; C. Pugh</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Rice Brothers</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>South Lambeth</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Mr. G. F. Jewell</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Southsea</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>T. &amp; J. Hellis</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>South Shields</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>P. Thompson</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Sowerby</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Eli Crossley</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Staines</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>R. Morford</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Staly Bridge</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>H. Heap</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Stamford</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>F. H. Jones</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>St. Austell</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Geldard</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>St. Albans</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Geo. Allan</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>St. Helen&rsquo;s</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. B. Barrow</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>St. Ives (Cornw.)</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>G. Hamlyn</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>St. Ives (Hunts)</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>F. W. Thorp</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>St. Neott&rsquo;s</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>F. Topham</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Stockport</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>John Nield</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>T. Deane, jun. &amp; Brothers</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Stokeby Nayland</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Mr. F. Tippill</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Stoke-on-Trent</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. Bailey</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Stoke-on-Trent</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Rowland</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Stonehouse</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. Wey</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Stratford</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Pilkington</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Stratford on Av.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. W. Baylis</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Stroud</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>E. C. Little</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Stratton</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. Scown</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Stretford</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Dewhurst</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Sudbury</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>R. Squire</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Sunderland</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>G. Shield</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>D. Davidson *</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. Watson</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>E. G. Joel</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Swansea</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Wm. Sims</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Swindon</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>H. Reeves</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Tadcaster</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>B. B. Thompson</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Tarporley</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Wm. Aston</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Taunton</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>C. M. Hinder</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Tavistock</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Coleman Wills</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Teignmouth</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>T. Bining</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Tendring</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>H. Mash</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Tewkesbury</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Packer</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Thetford</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>C. Smart</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Thirsk</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Woodward</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Thornsett</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. M. Mosley</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Tipton</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>E. S. Creswell</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Tiverton</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. Vercoe *</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Torquay</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Narracott, Brs.</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Torrington</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>F. Gaydon</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Totness</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>James Rees</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Totness</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>N. Manning</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Tottenham</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>John Brown</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Trowbridge</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Nightingale</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Tunbridge</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>L. M. Wibmer</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Tunbridge Wells</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Tuck &amp; Meager</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Turnham Green</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. Platrier</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Tyldesley</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Kirkpatrick</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Ulverston</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. P. &amp; T. Postlethwaite</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Usk</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Mr. H. Roberts</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Uxbridge</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. Gardiner</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Ventnor</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>T. Raynes</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Wadebridge</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>S. Pollard</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Wakefield</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Ellerton</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Walsall</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>T. Booth</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Wallingford</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. H. Tinkler</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Walthamstow</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Martin</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Wantage</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Rose &amp; Hatton</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Ware</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>T. Cox</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Warminster</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>C. Cruse</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Warrington</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>H. White</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Harrison</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Warwick</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>E. C. Browne</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Wednesbury</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>F. W. Seaman</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Weeley</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>R. Bloom</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Welwyn</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>C. B. Freeman</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Wellington and Shiffnal</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Bidlake</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Welchpool</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Whitehall</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Wellington</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>F. White</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Wells</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>H. K. Reynolds</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Wem</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>H. Kynaston</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Wendover</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>T. Scrivener</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>West Hartlepool</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Pyman &amp; English</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Westbury</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Mr. R. G. Papps</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>West Mersea</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Mann</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Westminster</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. P. Metchin</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Wetherby</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Hannam</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Whitby</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Woodwark</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Whitchurch</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>T. Jarvis</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Whitehaven</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>C. Fisher</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Whitstable</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>F. W. Webster</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Wigan</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Woodcock, Part and Scott</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Wigton</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Mr. W. Robinson</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Winchester</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. Best</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Witham</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>F. Speakman</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Witton Gilbert</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>John Barker</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Woburn</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Clarke</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Woodburn Green</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. Williams</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Woodbridge</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. J. Andrews</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Woolwich</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. W. Dicks</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Woodstock</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Geo. Galt</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Wolverhampton</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>T. Pinchard</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>H. Stuart</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Workington</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Thompson, sen.</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Worksop</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>F. B. Falkner</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Worcester</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>J. Bennett</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Wrexham</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>John Clark</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Yarmouth</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>S. B. Cory</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>M. J. Harrison</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>Yeovil</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>R. Vining</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p>York</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>W. &amp; J. H. Simpson</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><p class="gutindent">Do.</p>
-</td>
-<td><p>Mr. Tenniswood</p>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-<p style="text-align: center"><a name="page1_41"></a><span
-class="pagenum">p. 41</span>
-<a href="images/p1.40b.jpg">
-<img alt=
-"Graphic advert for Evans &amp; Gresty, engravers, Chester"
-title=
-"Graphic advert for Evans &amp; Gresty, engravers, Chester"
- src="images/p1.40s.jpg" />
-</a></p>
-<h3><a name="page1_42"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 42</span>HUGH
-ROBERTS</h3>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">GENERAL
-PRINTING,</span></p>
-<p style="text-align: center">BOOK, AND STATIONARY
-ESTABLISHMENT,</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">EASTGATE ROW, CHESTER.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>Agent to the Atlas Fire and Life
-Assurance Offices</b>.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center">PRINTING</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">Of every Description, neatly and
-expeditiously executed.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">LITHOGRAPHIC &amp; COPPER-PLATE
-PRINTING<br />
-BOOKBINDING</p>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">ON THE MOST
-APPROVED PRINCIPLE.</span></p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center">GENERAL LIBRARY AND NEWSROOM<br />
-<span class="GutSmall">16,000 Vols.</span></p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center">AN EXTENSIVE AND WELL SELECTED
-STOCK OF HANDSOMELY<br />
-AND PLAINLY BOUND BOOKS, SUITABLE FOR PRESENTS</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center">PERIODICALS AND NEWSPAPERS</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">Regularly supplied, and Foreign
-Books obtained to order through the most<br />
-expeditious agency.</p>
-<p style="text-align: center">Books forwarded by Post (pre-paid)
-to any part of the Country.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>MUSIC AND PIANO-FORTES</b>.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center"><b>Depository for the Publications
-of the Society for Promoting</b><br />
-<b>Christian Knowledge</b>.</p>
-
-<div class="gapshortline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">AN EXTENSIVE
-ASSORTMENT OF</span><br />
-BIBLES, PRAYER BOOKS.&nbsp; AND CHURCH SERVICES,<br />
-<span class="GutSmall">IN EVERY VARIETY OF BINDING.</span></p>
-
-<div class="gapline">&nbsp;</div>
-<p style="text-align: center"><i>HUGH ROBERTS</i>.&nbsp;
-<i>EASTGATE ROW</i>.</p>
-<h2>FOOTNOTES.</h2>
-<p><a name="footnote7"></a><a href="#citation7"
-class="footnote">[7]</a>&nbsp; Rev. Chancellor Raikes&rsquo;
-Introductory Lecture before the Chester Arch&aelig;ological
-Society.</p>
-<p><a name="footnote8"></a><a href="#citation8"
-class="footnote">[8]</a>&nbsp; This Earl was the first who
-assumed the present arms of Chester, three wheat-sheaves in a
-field azure.</p>
-<p><a name="footnote14"></a><a href="#citation14"
-class="footnote">[14]</a>&nbsp; Ormerod&rsquo;s Cheshire, page
-173.</p>
-<p><a name="footnote40"></a><a href="#citation40"
-class="footnote">[40]</a>&nbsp; The largest stone arch known,
-that which bears the nearest approach, is at Vieille Briode,
-which crosses the river Allien, in France, whose span is 183
-feet, being 17 feet less than the Chester bridge.&nbsp; It was
-erected in 1454, by Grenier.</p>
-<p><a name="footnote48"></a><a href="#citation48"
-class="footnote">[48]</a>&nbsp; Hemingway&rsquo;s &lsquo;History
-of Chester.&rsquo;</p>
-<p><a name="footnote50"></a><a href="#citation50"
-class="footnote">[50]</a>&nbsp; Hemingway&rsquo;s &lsquo;History
-of Chester.&rsquo;</p>
-<p><a name="footnote51"></a><a href="#citation51"
-class="footnote">[51]</a>&nbsp; Rev. Chancellor Raikes.</p>
-<p><a name="footnote75"></a><a href="#citation75"
-class="footnote">[75]</a>&nbsp; Mr. W. Ayrton, on the Norman
-Remains of the Cathedral.</p>
-<pre>
-
-
-
-
-***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ROBERTS' CHESTER GUIDE [1858]***
-
-
-***** This file should be named 62534-h.htm or 62534-h.zip******
-
-
-This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
-http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/6/2/5/3/62534
-
-
-Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will
-be renamed.
-
-Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
-law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
-so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
-States without permission and without paying copyright
-royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
-of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm
-concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
-and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive
-specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this
-eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook
-for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports,
-performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given
-away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks
-not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the
-trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.
-
-START: FULL LICENSE
-
-THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
-PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
-
-To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
-distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
-(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
-Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
-Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
-www.gutenberg.org/license.
-
-Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-
-1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
-and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
-(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
-the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
-destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your
-possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
-Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
-by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the
-person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph
-1.E.8.
-
-1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be
-used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
-agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
-things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
-paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this
-agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
-
-1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the
-Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
-of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual
-works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
-States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
-United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
-claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
-displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
-all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
-that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting
-free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm
-works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
-Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily
-comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
-same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when
-you share it without charge with others.
-
-1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
-what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
-in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
-check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
-agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
-distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
-other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no
-representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
-country outside the United States.
-
-1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
-
-1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
-immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear
-prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work
-on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the
-phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed,
-performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
-
-  This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-  most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
-  restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
-  under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
-  eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
-  United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you
-  are located before using this ebook.
-
-1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is
-derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
-contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
-copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
-the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
-redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project
-Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
-either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
-obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm
-trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
-
-1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
-with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
-must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
-additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
-will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works
-posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
-beginning of this work.
-
-1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
-work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
-
-1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
-electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
-prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
-active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm License.
-
-1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
-compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
-any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
-to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format
-other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official
-version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site
-(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
-to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
-of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain
-Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the
-full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
-
-1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
-performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
-unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
-
-1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
-access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-provided that
-
-* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
-  the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
-  you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
-  to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has
-  agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
-  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
-  within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
-  legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
-  payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
-  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
-  Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
-  Literary Archive Foundation."
-
-* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
-  you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
-  does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-  License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
-  copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
-  all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm
-  works.
-
-* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
-  any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
-  electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
-  receipt of the work.
-
-* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
-  distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
-
-1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than
-are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
-from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The
-Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm
-trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
-
-1.F.
-
-1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
-effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
-works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
-Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
-contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
-or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
-intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
-other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
-cannot be read by your equipment.
-
-1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
-of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
-liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
-fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
-LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
-PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
-TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
-LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
-INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
-DAMAGE.
-
-1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
-defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
-receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
-written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
-received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
-with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
-with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
-lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
-or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
-opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
-the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
-without further opportunities to fix the problem.
-
-1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
-in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO
-OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
-LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
-
-1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
-warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
-damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
-violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
-agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
-limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
-unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
-remaining provisions.
-
-1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
-trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
-providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in
-accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
-production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
-including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
-the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
-or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or
-additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any
-Defect you cause.
-
-Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
-electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
-computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
-exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
-from people in all walks of life.
-
-Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
-assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
-goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
-remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
-and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future
-generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
-Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
-www.gutenberg.org 
-
-Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary 
-Archive Foundation
-
-The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
-501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
-state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
-Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
-number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
-U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
-
-The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the
-mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its
-volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous
-locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt
-Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to
-date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and
-official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
-
-For additional contact information:
-
-    Dr. Gregory B. Newby
-    Chief Executive and Director
-    gbnewby@pglaf.org
-
-Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
-Literary Archive Foundation
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
-spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
-increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
-freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
-array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
-($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
-status with the IRS.
-
-The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
-charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
-States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
-considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
-with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
-where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
-DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular
-state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate
-
-While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
-have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
-against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
-approach us with offers to donate.
-
-International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
-any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
-outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
-
-Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
-methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
-ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
-donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate
-
-Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works.
-
-Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be
-freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
-distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of
-volunteer support.
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
-editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
-the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
-necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
-edition.
-
-Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search
-facility: www.gutenberg.org
-
-This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
-including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
-subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
-
-</pre></body>
-</html>
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/cover.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/cover.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 9310125..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/cover.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/fpb.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/fpb.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index ba435a6..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/fpb.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/fps.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/fps.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index bd2c339..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/fps.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p0ab.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p0ab.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 2fa9215..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p0ab.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p0as.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p0as.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index c5b1165..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p0as.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p0bb.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p0bb.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 5402bfe..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p0bb.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p0bs.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p0bs.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 6648e45..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p0bs.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p1.17b.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p1.17b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 9d4a527..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p1.17b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p1.17s.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p1.17s.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 24a631e..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p1.17s.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p1.1b.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p1.1b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index f701736..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p1.1b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p1.1s.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p1.1s.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 4223625..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p1.1s.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p1.24b.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p1.24b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index d4663df..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p1.24b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p1.24s.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p1.24s.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 2f1a401..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p1.24s.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p1.25b.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p1.25b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 521d0c5..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p1.25b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p1.25s.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p1.25s.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index bd115a6..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p1.25s.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p1.26b.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p1.26b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 466793c..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p1.26b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p1.26s.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p1.26s.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 9eec1a2..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p1.26s.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p1.27.1b.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p1.27.1b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index d83c65d..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p1.27.1b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p1.27.1s.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p1.27.1s.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 3f5dd3e..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p1.27.1s.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p1.27.2b.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p1.27.2b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 5e776fe..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p1.27.2b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p1.27.2s.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p1.27.2s.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index e4232a4..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p1.27.2s.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p1.27.3b.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p1.27.3b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 8bbda5c..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p1.27.3b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p1.27.3s.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p1.27.3s.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index f187c77..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p1.27.3s.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p1.27.4b.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p1.27.4b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index c28d72f..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p1.27.4b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p1.27.4s.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p1.27.4s.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index f39e36c..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p1.27.4s.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p1.27.5b.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p1.27.5b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 07fbc7e..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p1.27.5b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p1.27.5s.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p1.27.5s.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 1265d44..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p1.27.5s.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p1.27b.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p1.27b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 9cab053..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p1.27b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p1.27s.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p1.27s.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index c2c2858..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p1.27s.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p1.28b.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p1.28b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 2639b14..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p1.28b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p1.28s.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p1.28s.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 16efe3c..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p1.28s.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p1.2b.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p1.2b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 2d4d4d5..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p1.2b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p1.2s.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p1.2s.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 88d07a0..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p1.2s.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p1.30.1b.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p1.30.1b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index d2a2367..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p1.30.1b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p1.30.1s.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p1.30.1s.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 7a8a06c..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p1.30.1s.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p1.30.2b.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p1.30.2b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 620800a..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p1.30.2b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p1.30.2s.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p1.30.2s.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index f0e305f..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p1.30.2s.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p1.31b.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p1.31b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 5d15b58..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p1.31b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p1.31s.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p1.31s.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 69e62d5..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p1.31s.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p1.33.1b.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p1.33.1b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index c02b76b..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p1.33.1b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p1.33.1s.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p1.33.1s.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index bd911cb..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p1.33.1s.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p1.34b.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p1.34b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 678fde7..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p1.34b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p1.34s.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p1.34s.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 2d4a660..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p1.34s.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p1.36.1b.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p1.36.1b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 595d59c..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p1.36.1b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p1.36.1s.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p1.36.1s.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index b537743..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p1.36.1s.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p1.36.2b.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p1.36.2b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index fdb5127..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p1.36.2b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p1.36.2s.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p1.36.2s.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 173733c..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p1.36.2s.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p1.3b.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p1.3b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 49513e2..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p1.3b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p1.3s.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p1.3s.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 5e7b975..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p1.3s.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p1.40b.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p1.40b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 8c029e9..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p1.40b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p1.40s.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p1.40s.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index c177620..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p1.40s.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p1.7b.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p1.7b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 3e6c2b9..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p1.7b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p1.7s.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p1.7s.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 760ddca..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p1.7s.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p1.9b.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p1.9b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 8bb12ae..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p1.9b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p1.9s.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p1.9s.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 0cc8186..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p1.9s.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p18b.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p18b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 9708582..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p18b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p18s.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p18s.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 1e872a5..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p18s.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p25b.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p25b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index f146aca..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p25b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p25s.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p25s.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 3ca60c0..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p25s.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p26b.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p26b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index dfd2c89..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p26b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p26s.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p26s.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 7528f93..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p26s.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p30b.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p30b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index c25d6be..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p30b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p30s.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p30s.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index a430153..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p30s.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p34b.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p34b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 92637d9..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p34b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p34s.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p34s.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index e2a638c..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p34s.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p48b.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p48b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 3015a62..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p48b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p48s.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p48s.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index a64f4cf..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p48s.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p53b.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p53b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 3b280bd..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p53b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p53s.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p53s.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 6a40ac1..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p53s.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p54b.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p54b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index af21778..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p54b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p54s.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p54s.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index e9cb748..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p54s.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p56b.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p56b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index b9c7af8..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p56b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p56s.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p56s.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 8a83a9f..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p56s.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p58b.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p58b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index e96741d..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p58b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p58s.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p58s.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 9987d45..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p58s.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p65b.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p65b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 44646b9..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p65b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p65s.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p65s.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 1f6134d..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p65s.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p6b.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p6b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 1f25efc..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p6b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p6s.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p6s.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 91b8280..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p6s.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p70b.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p70b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index a904bcf..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p70b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p70s.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p70s.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 259717d..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p70s.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p79b.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p79b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index fda4763..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p79b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p79s.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p79s.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 15bdccb..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p79s.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p82b.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p82b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index ddb18cb..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p82b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p82s.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p82s.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 5336b7f..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p82s.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p93b.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p93b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 0e2c7eb..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p93b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/62534-h/images/p93s.jpg b/old/62534-h/images/p93s.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 9ab0f23..0000000
--- a/old/62534-h/images/p93s.jpg
+++ /dev/null