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| committer | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-02-02 05:05:11 -0800 |
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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f741610 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #62542 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/62542) diff --git a/old/62542-0.txt b/old/62542-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 6a99b3f..0000000 --- a/old/62542-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2640 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Infamous Day: Marines at Pearl Harbor 7 -December 1941, by Robert J. Cressman and J. Michael Wenger - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Infamous Day: Marines at Pearl Harbor 7 December 1941 - -Author: Robert J. Cressman - J. Michael Wenger - -Release Date: July 2, 2020 [EBook #62542] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INFAMOUS DAY: MARINES AT PEARL HARBOR *** - - - - -Produced by Brian Coe, Charlie Howard, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - -Transcriber’s Note: Italic text is enclosed in _underscores_; boldface -text is enclosed in =equals signs=. This book does not have a Table of -Contents. - - - - -[Illustration: - - National Archives Photo 80-G-279375 - -_Ford Island, seen on 10 October 1941 from much the same angle as -Japanese bomber pilots viewed it on 7 December._] - - - - -Infamous Day: - -Marines at Pearl Harbor - -_by Robert J. Cressman and J. Michael Wenger_ - - -On the afternoon of 6 December 1941, Tai Sing Loo, the colorful Pearl -Harbor Navy Yard photographer, arranged with Platoon Sergeant Charles -R. Christenot, the noncommissioned-officer-in-charge of the Main Gate -at the Navy Yard, to have his Marines pose for a photograph between -0830 and 0930 Sunday morning, in front of the new concrete main gate. -The photo was to be for a Christmas card. - -As war clouds gathered over the Pacific basin in late 1941, the United -States Pacific Fleet operated, as it had since May 1940, from Pearl -Harbor. While the security of that fleet and for the island of Oahu -lay in the Army’s hands, that of the Navy Yard and the Naval Air -Stations at Pearl Harbor and Kaneohe Bay lay in the hands of Marines. -In addition, on board the fleet’s battleships, aircraft carriers, and -some of its cruisers, Marines provided security, served as orderlies -for embarked flag officers and ships’ captains, and manned secondary -antiaircraft and machine gun batteries--seagoing duties familiar to the -Corps since its inception. - -The Marine Barracks at Pearl Harbor comprised a Barracks Detachment and -two companies, A and B, the men living in a comfortable three-story -concrete barracks. Company A manned the main gates at the Submarine -Base and Navy Yard, and other “distant outposts,” providing yard -security, while Company B enforced traffic regulations and maintained -proper police and order under the auspices of the Yard Police Officer. -In addition, Marines ran the Navy Yard Fire Department. Elements of -Marine defense battalions made Pearl Harbor their home, too, residing -in the several 100-man temporary wooden barracks buildings that had -been completed during 1940 and 1941. Less commodious but no less -important was the burgeoning airbase that Marines of Marine Aircraft -Group (MAG) 2 (later 21) had hewn and hammered out near Barbers -Point--Ewa Mooring Mast Field, home for a Marine aircraft group -consisting of fighting, scout-bombing, and utility squadrons. - -On 27 November, having been privy to intelligence information gleaned -from intercepted and translated Japanese diplomatic message traffic, -Admiral Harold R. Stark, the Chief of Naval Operations, and General -George C. Marshall, the Army’s Chief of Staff, sent a war warning to -their principal commanders on Oahu, Admiral Husband E. Kimmel, the -Commander in Chief, Pacific Fleet, and Lieutenant General Walter C. -Short, the Commander of the Hawaiian Department. Thus adjured to take -appropriate defensive measures, and feeling that his more exposed -advance bases needed strengthening, Kimmel set in motion a plan that -had been completed as early as 10 November, to provide planes for -Midway and Wake. The latter was to receive fighters--12 Grumman F4F-3 -Wildcats of Marine Fighter Squadron (VMF) 211--while Midway was to -get scout bombers from Marine Scout-Bomber Squadron (VMSB) 231. The -following day, 28 November 1941, the carrier _Enterprise_ (CV-6) -departed Pearl in Task Force 8 under Vice Admiral William F. Halsey, -Jr., Commander, Aircraft, Battle Force, embarking VMF-211 at sea. -VMSB-231 was to embark in another carrier, _Lexington_ (CV-2), in Task -Force 12 under Rear Admiral John H. Newton, on 5 December. - -[Illustration: - - National Archives Photo 80-G-451123 - -_Pearl Harbor Navy Yard, looking south, on 13 October 1941. Marine -Barracks complex is located to the left of the tank farm visible just -to left of center. Several temporary wooden barracks, completed in -early 1941, ring the parade ground._] - -At the outset, apparently no one except the squadron commanders knew -their respective destinations, but the men of VMF-211 and VMSB-231, -meanwhile, apparently ordered their affairs and made ready for what -was to appear as “advanced base exercises.” Among those men seeing to -his financial affairs at Ewa Mooring Mast Field on 3 December 1941 was -First Lieutenant Richard E. Fleming, USMCR, who wrote to his widowed -mother: “This is the last time I’ll be able to write for probably some -time. I’m sorry I can’t give you any details; it’s that secret.” - -On the 5th, Task Force 12 sailed from Pearl. Eighteen light gray -Vought SB2U-3 Vindicators from VMSB-231, under 41-year old Major -Clarence J. “Buddy” Chappell, then made the 1.7-hour flight from Ewa -and landed on board _Lexington_, along with the “Lady Lex” air group. -Planes recovered, the force set course for Midway. The _Lexington_ -departed Pearl Harbor on the morning of 5 December. That afternoon saw -the arrival of Battleship Division One from gunnery exercises in the -Hawaiian Operating Area, and the three dreadnoughts, _Arizona_ (BB-39), -_Nevada_ (BB-36), and _Oklahoma_ (BB-37), moored in their assigned -berths at the quays along Ford Island. The movements of the ships in -and out of Pearl Harbor had been the object of much interest on the -part of the espionage system operating out of the Japanese consulate in -Honolulu throughout the year 1941, for the information its operatives -were providing went to support an ambitious and bold operation that had -taken shape over several months. - -Unbeknownst to Admiral Kimmel, a Japanese task force under the command -of Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo, formed around six carriers and the -most powerful force of its kind ever assembled by any naval power, had -set out from the remote Kurile Islands on 27 November. It observed -radio silence and steamed via the comparatively less traveled northern -Pacific. - -Nagumo’s mission was to destroy the United States Pacific Fleet and -thus ensure its being unable to threaten the Japanese Southern -Operation poised to attack American, British, and Dutch possessions in -the Far East. All of the warning signs made available to Admiral Kimmel -and General Short pointed toward hostilities occurring within the -forseeable future, but not on Oahu. War, however, was about to burst -upon the Marines at Pearl Harbor “like a thunderclap from a clear sky.” - - -_Suddenly Hurled into War_ - -Some 200 miles north of Oahu, Vice Admiral Nagumo’s _First Air -Fleet_--formed around the aircraft carriers _Akagi_, _Kaga_, _Soryu_, -_Hiryu_, _Shokaku_ and _Zuikaku_--pressed southward in the pre-dawn -hours of 7 December 1941. At 0550, the dark gray ships swung to port, -into the brisk easterly wind, and commenced launching an initial strike -of 184 planes 10 minutes later. A second strike would take off after an -hour’s interval. Once airborne, the 51 Aichi D3A1 Type 99 dive bombers -(Vals), 89 Nakajima B5N2 attack planes (Kates) used in high-level -bombing or torpedo bombing roles, and 43 Mitsubishi A6M2 Type 00 -fighters (Zeroes), led by Commander Mitsuo Fuchida, _Akagi_’s air group -commander, wheeled around, climbed to 3,000 meters, and droned toward -the south at 0616. The only other military planes aloft that morning -were Douglas SBD Dauntlesses from _Enterprise_, flying searches ahead -of the carrier as she returned from Wake Island, Army Boeing B-17 -Flying Fortresses heading in from the mainland, and Navy Consolidated -PBY Catalinas on routine patrols out of the naval air stations at Ford -Island and Kaneohe. - -[Illustration: - - Jordan Collection, MCHC - -_Aerial view of Ewa Mooring Mast Field, taken 2 December 1941, showing -various types of planes arrayed on the mat and living accommodations at -middle and right._] - -[Illustration: - - Jordan Collection, MCHC - -_The centrally located airship mooring mast at Ewa from which the field -derived its distinctive name, February 1941._] - -That morning, 15 of the ships at Pearl Harbor numbered Marine -detachments among their complements: eight battleships, two heavy -cruisers, four light cruisers, and one auxiliary. A 16th detachment, -assigned to the auxiliary (target/gunnery training ship) _Utah_ -(AG-16), was ashore on temporary duty at the 14th Naval District Rifle -Range at Puuloa Point. - -At 0753, Lieutenant Frank Erickson, USCG, the Naval Air Station (NAS) -Ford Island duty officer, watched Privates First Class Frank Dudovick -and James D. Young, and Private Paul O. Zeller, USMCR--the Marine color -guard--march up and take post for Colors. Satisfied that all looked -in order outside, Erickson stepped back into the office to check if -the assistant officer-of-the-day was ready to play the recording for -sounding Colors on the loudspeaker. The sound of two heavy explosions, -however, sent the Coast Guard pilot running to the door. He reached it -just in time to see a Kate fly past 1010 Dock and release a torpedo. -The markings on the plane--“which looked like balls of fire”--left no -question as to its identity; the explosion of the torpedo as it struck -the battleship _California_ (BB-44), moored near the administration -building, left no doubt as to its intent. - -[Illustration: - - National Archives Photo 80-G-32463 - -_While a Marine, foreground, looks skyward, the torpedoed battleship_ -California (_BB-46_) _lists to port. In the left background flies “Old -Glory,” raised by PFCs Frank Dudovick and James D. Young, and Pvt Paul -O. Zeller, USMCR._] - -“The Marines didn’t wait for colors,” Erickson recalled later, “The -flag went right up but the tune was general quarters.” As “all Hell” -broke loose around them, Dudovick, Young, and Zeller unflinchingly -hoisted the Stars and Stripes “with the same smartness and precision” -that had characterized their participation in peacetime ceremonies. At -the crew barracks on Ford Island, Corporal Clifton Webster and Private -First Class Albert E. Yale headed for the roof immediately after -general quarters sounded. In the direct line of fire from strafing -planes, they set up a machine gun. Across Oahu, as Japanese planes -swept in over NAS Kaneohe Bay, the Marine detachment there--initially -the only men who had weapons--hurried to their posts and began firing -at the attackers. - -Since the American aircraft carriers were at sea, the Japanese targeted -the battleships which lay moored off Ford Island. At one end of -Battleship Row lay _Nevada_. At 0802, the battleship’s .50-caliber -machine guns opened fire on the torpedo planes bearing down on them -from the direction of the Navy Yard; her gunners believed that they had -shot one down almost immediately. An instant later, however, a torpedo -penetrated her port side and exploded. - -Ahead of _Nevada_ lay _Arizona_, with the repair ship _Vestal_ (AR-4) -alongside, preparing for a tender availability. Major Alan Shapley -had been relieved the previous day as detachment commanding officer -by Captain John H. Earle, Jr., who had come over to _Arizona_ from -_Tennessee_ (BB-43). Awaiting transportation to the Naval Operating -Base, San Diego, and assignment to the 2d Marine Division, Shapley was -lingering on board to play first base on the battleship’s baseball -team in a game scheduled with the squad from the carrier _Enterprise_ -(CV-6). After the morning meal, he started down to his cabin to change. - -Seated at breakfast, Sergeant John M. Baker heard the air raid alarm, -followed closely by an explosion in the distance and machine gun -fire. Corporal Earl C. Nightingale, leaving the table, had paid no -heed to the alarm at the outset, since he had no antiaircraft battle -station, but ran to the door on the port side that opened out onto -the quarterdeck at the sound of the distant explosion. Looking out, -he saw what looked like a bomb splash alongside _Nevada_. Marines -from the ship’s color guard then burst breathlessly into the messing -compartment, saying that they were being attacked. - -As general quarters sounded, Baker and Nightingale, among the others, -headed for their battle stations. Aft, congestion at the starboard -ladder, that led through casemate no. 9, prompted Second Lieutenant -Carleton E. Simensen, USMCR, the ship’s junior Marine officer, to force -his way through. Both Baker and Nightingale noted, in passing, that the -5-inch/51 there was already manned, and Baker heard Corporal Burnis L. -Bond, the gun captain, tell the crew to train it out. Nightingale noted -that the men seemed “extremely calm and collected.” - -As Lieutenant Simensen led the Marines up the ladder on the starboard -side of the mainmast tripod, an 800-kilogram converted armor-piercing -shell dropped by a Kate from _Kaga_ ricocheted off the side of Turret -IV. Penetrating the deck, it exploded in the vicinity of the captain’s -pantry. Sergeant Baker was following Simensen up the mainmast when -the bomb exploded, shrapnel cutting down the officer as he reached -the first platform. He crumpled to the deck. Nightingale, seeing him -flat on his back, bent over him to see what he could do but Simensen, -dying, motioned for his men to continue on up the ladder. Nightingale -continued up to Secondary Aft and reported to Major Shapley that -nothing could be done for Simensen. - -[Illustration: Oahu, - -7 December, 1941] - -An instant later, a rising babble of voices in the secondary station -prompted Nightingale to call for silence. No sooner had the tense quiet -settled in when, suddenly, a terrible explosion shook the ship, as a -second 800-kilogram bomb--dropped by a Kate from _Hiryu_--penetrated -the deck near Turret II and set off _Arizona_’s forward magazines. An -instant after the terrible fireball mushroomed upward, Nightingale -looked out and saw a mass of flames forward of the mainmast, and much -in the tradition of Private William Anthony of the _Maine_ reported -that the ship was afire.[A] “We’d might as well go below,” Major -Shapley said, looking around, “we’re no good here.” Sergeant Baker -started down the ladder. Nightingale, the last man out, followed -Shapley down the port side of the mast, the railings hot to the touch -as they made their way below. - - [A] Private Anthony, an instant after the explosion mortally - damaged the battleship _Maine_ in Havana harbor on 15 - February 1898, made his way to the captain’s cabin, where - he encountered that officer in the passageway outside. - Drawing himself to attention, Anthony reported that the - ship was sinking. - -Baker had just reached the searchlight platform when he heard someone -shout: “You can’t use the ladder.” Private First Class Kenneth D. -Goodman, hearing that and apparently assuming (incorrectly, as it -turned out) that the ladder down was indeed unusable, instinctively -leapt in desperation to the crown of Turret III. Miraculously, he made -the jump with only a slight ankle injury. Shapley, Nightingale, and -Baker, however, among others, stayed on the ladder and reached the boat -deck, only to find it a mass of wreckage and fire, with the bodies -of the slain lying thick upon it. Badly charred men staggered to the -quarterdeck. Some reached it only to collapse and never rise. Among -them was Corporal Bond, burned nearly black, who had been ordering his -crew to train out no. 9 5-inch/51 at the outset of the battle; sadly, -he would not survive his wounds. - -Shapley and Corporal Nightingale made their way across the ship -between Turret III and Turret IV, where Shapley stopped to talk with -Lieutenant Commander Samuel G. Fuqua, _Arizona_’s first lieutenant and, -by that point, the ship’s senior officer on board. Fuqua, who appeared -“exceptionally calm,” as he helped men over the side, listened as -Shapley told him that it appeared that a bomb had gone down the stack -and triggered the explosion that doomed the ship. Since fighting the -massive fires consuming the ship was a hopeless task, Fuqua told the -Marine that he had ordered _Arizona_ abandoned. Fuqua, the first man -Sergeant Baker encountered on the quarterdeck, proved an inspiration. -“His calmness gave me courage,” Baker later declared, “and I looked -around to see if I could help.” Fuqua, however, ordered him over the -side, too. Baker complied. - -Shapley and Nightingale, meanwhile, reached the mooring quay alongside -which _Arizona_ lay when an explosion blew them into the water. -Nightingale started swimming for a pipeline 150 feet away but soon -found that his ebbing strength would not permit him to reach it. -Shapley, seeing the enlisted man’s distress, swam over and grasped -his shirt front, and told him to hang onto his shoulders. The strain -of swimming with Nightingale, however, proved too much for even the -athletic Shapley, who began to experience difficulties himself. Seeing -his former detachment commander foundering, Nightingale loosened his -grip on his shoulders and told him to go the rest of the way alone. -Shapley stopped, however, and firmly grabbed him by the shirt; he -refused to let go. “I would have drowned,” Nightingale later recounted, -“but for the Major.” Sergeant Baker had seen their travail, but, too -far away to help, made it to Ford Island alone. - -Several bombs, meanwhile, fell close aboard _Nevada_, moored astern of -_Arizona_, which had begun to hemorrhage fuel from ruptured tanks. Fire -spread to the oil that lay thick upon the water, threatening _Nevada_. -As the latter counterflooded to correct the list, her acting commanding -officer, Lieutenant Commander Francis J. Thomas, USNR, decided that his -ship had to get underway “to avoid further danger due to proximity of -_Arizona_.” After receiving a signal from the yard tower to stand out -of the harbor, _Nevada_ singled up her lines at 0820. She began moving -from her berth 20 minutes later. - -[Illustration: - - Naval Historical Center Photo NH 50931 - -_View from a Japanese plane taken around 0800 on 7 December 1941. At -lower left is_ Nevada (_BB-36_), _with_ Arizona (_BB-39_) _ahead of -her, with the repair ship_ Vestal (_AR-4_) _moored outboard;_ West -Virginia (_BB-48_) (_already beginning to list to port_) _alongside_ -Tennessee (_BB-43_); Oklahoma (_BB-37_) (_which has already taken at -least one torpedo_) _with_ Maryland (_BB-46_) _moored inboard; the -fleet oiler_ Neosho (_AO-23_) _and, far right,_ California (_BB-44_), -_which, too, already has been torpedoed._] - -[Illustration: - - Author’s Collection - -_Col Alan Shapley, in a post-war photograph taken while serving as an -aide to Adm William F. Halsey, Jr._] - -_Oklahoma_, _Nevada_’s sister ship moored inboard of _Maryland_ in -berth F-5, meanwhile manned air-defense stations at about 0757, to -the sound of gunfire. After a junior officer passed the word over -the general announcing system that it was not a drill--providing a -suffix of profanity to underscore the fact--all men not having an -antiaircraft defense station were ordered to lay below the armored -deck. Crews at the 5-inch and 3-inch batteries, meanwhile, opened -ready-use lockers. A heavy shock, followed by a loud explosion, came -soon thereafter as a torpedo slammed home in the battleship’s port -side. The “Okie” soon began listing to port. - -Oil and water cascaded over the decks, making them extremely slippery -and silencing the ready-duty machine gun on the forward superstructure. -Two more torpedoes struck home. The massive rent in the ship’s side -rendered the desperate attempts at damage control futile. As Ensign -Paul H. Backus hurried from his room to his battle station on the -signal bridge, he passed his friend Second Lieutenant Harry H. Gaver, -Jr., one of _Oklahoma_’s Marine detachment junior officers, “on his -knees, attempting to close a hatch on the port side, alongside the -barbette [of Turret I] ... part of the trunk which led from the main -deck to the magazines.... There were men trying to come up from below -at the time Harry was trying to close the hatch....” Backus never saw -Gaver again. - -[Illustration: Pearl Harbor - -7 December, 1941] - -As the list increased and the oily, wet decks made even standing up a -chore, _Oklahoma_’s acting commanding officer ordered her abandoned to -save as many lives as possible. Directed to leave over the starboard -side, away from the direction of the roll, most of _Oklahoma_’s men -managed to get off, to be picked up by boats arriving to rescue -survivors. Sergeant Thomas E. Hailey, and Privates First Class Marlin -“S” Seale and James H. Curran, Jr., swam to the nearby _Maryland_. -Hailey and Seale turned to the task of rescuing shipmates, Seale -remaining on _Maryland_’s blister ledge throughout the attack, pulling -men from the water. Later, although inexperienced with that type of -weapon, Hailey and Curran manned _Maryland_’s antiaircraft guns. _West -Virginia_ rescued Privates George B. Bierman and Carl R. McPherson, -who not only helped rescue others from the water but also helped to -fight that battleship’s fires. - -[Illustration: - - National Archives Photo 80-G-32549 - -_Along Battleship Row, beneath a pall of smoke from the burning_ -Arizona (_BB-39_) _lies_ Maryland (_BB-46_), _her 5-inch/25 -antiaircraft battery bristling._ Oklahoma (_BB-37_) _lies “turned -turtle,” capsized, at right. This view shows the distance “Okie” -survivors swam to the inboard battleship, where they manned -antiaircraft batteries and rescued their shipmates._] - -Sergeant Woodrow A. Polk, a bomb fragment in his left hip, sprained -his right ankle in abandoning ship, while someone clambered into -a launch over Sergeant Leo G. Wears and nearly drowned him in the -process. Gunnery Sergeant Norman L. Currier stepped from _Oklahoma_’s -red hull to a boat, dry-shod. Wears--as Hailey and Curran--soon found -a short-handed antiaircraft gun on _Maryland_’s boat deck and helped -pass ammunition. Private First Class Arthur J. Bruktenis, whose column -in the December 1941 issue of _The Leatherneck_ would be the last to -chronicle the peacetime activities of _Oklahoma_’s Marines, dislocated -his left shoulder in the abandonment, but survived. - -[Illustration: - - Naval Historical Center Photo NH 102556 - -_Sgt Thomas E. Hailey, 18 May 1942, one month after he had been awarded -the Navy Cross for heroism he exhibited on 7 December 1941 that -followed the sinking of the battleship_ Oklahoma (_BB-37_).] - -[Illustration: - - Naval Historical Center Photo NH 102557 - -_Cpl Willard A. Darling, circa 1941, was awarded the Navy Cross for -heroism in the aftermath of the Japanese air attack on the battleship_ -Oklahoma (_BB-37_).] - -A little over two weeks shy of his 23d birthday, Corporal Willard D. -Darling, an _Oklahoma_ Marine who was a native Oklahoman, had meanwhile -clambered on board a motor launch. As it headed shoreward, Darling -saw 51-year-old Commander Fred M. Rohow (Medical Corps), the capsized -battleship’s senior medical officer, in a state of shock, struggling -in the oily water. Since Rohow seemed to be drowning, Darling -unhesitatingly dove in and, along with Shipfitter First Class William -S. Thomas, kept him afloat until a second launch picked them up. -Strafing Japanese planes and shrapnel from American guns falling around -them prompted the abandonment of the launch at a dredge pipeline, -so Darling jumped in and directed the doctor to follow him. Again, -the Marine rescued Rohow--who proved too exhausted to make it on his -own--and towed him to shore. - -_Maryland_, meanwhile, inboard of _Oklahoma_, promptly manned her -antiaircraft guns at the outset of the attack, her machine guns opening -fire immediately. She took two bomb hits, but suffered only minor -damage. Her Marine detachment suffered no casualties. - -On board _Tennessee_ (BB-43), Marine Captain Chevey S. White, who had -just turned 28 the day before, was standing officer-of-the-deck watch -as that battleship lay moored inboard of _West Virginia_ (BB-48) in -berth F-6. Since the commanding officer and the executive officer -were both ashore, command devolved upon Lieutenant Commander James W. -Adams, Jr., the ship’s gunnery officer. Summoned topside at the sound -of the general alarm and hearing “all hands to general quarters” over -the ship’s general announcing system, Adams sprinted to the bridge -and spotted White en route. Over the din of battle, Adams shouted -for the Marine to “get the ship in condition Zed [Z] as quickly as -possible.” White did so. By the time Adams reached his battle station -on the bridge, White was already at his own battle station, directing -the ship’s antiaircraft guns. During the action (in which the ship -took one bomb that exploded on the center gun of Turret II and another -that penetrated the crown of Turret III, the latter breaking apart -without exploding), White remained at his unprotected station, coolly -and courageously directing the battleship’s antiaircraft battery. -_Tennessee_ claimed four enemy planes shot down. - -[Illustration: - - Marine Corps Historical Collection - -_Capt Chevey S. White was a veteran of service in China with the 4th -Marines, where he had edited the_ Walla Walla, _the regiment’s news -magazine. White had become CO of_ Tennessee_’s_ (_BB-43_) _Marine -Detachment on 3 August 1941. Ultimately, he was killed by enemy mortar -fire on Guam on 22 July 1944._] - -_West Virginia_, outboard of _Tennessee_, had been scheduled to -sail for Puget Sound, due for overhaul, on 17 November, but had -been retained in Hawaiian waters owing to the tense international -situation. In her exposed moorings, she thus absorbed six torpedoes, -while a seventh blew her rudder free. Prompt counterflooding, however, -prevented her from turning turtle as _Oklahoma_ had done, and she sank, -upright, alongside _Tennessee_. - -On board _California_, moored singly off the administration building -at the naval air station, junior officer of the deck on board had -been Second Lieutenant Clifford B. Drake. Relieved by Ensign Herbert -C. Jones, USNR, Drake went down to the wardroom for breakfast (Kadota -figs, followed by steak and eggs) where, around 0755, he heard airplane -engines and explosions as Japanese dive bombers attacked the air -station. The general quarters alarm then summoned the crew to battle -stations. Drake, forsaking his meal, hurried to the foretop. - -By 0803, the two ready machine guns forward of the bridge had -opened fire, followed shortly thereafter by guns no. 2 and 4 of the -antiaircraft battery. As the gunners depleted the ready-use ammunition, -however, two torpedoes struck home in quick succession. _California_ -began to settle as massive flooding occurred. Meanwhile, fumes from the -ruptured fuel tanks--she had been fueled to 95 percent capacity the -previous day--drove out the men assigned to the party attempting to -bring up ammunition for the guns by hand. A call for men to bring up -additional gas masks proved fruitless, as the volunteers, who included -Private Arthur E. Senior, could not reach the compartment in which they -were stored. - -_California_’s losing power because of the torpedo damage soon -relegated Lieutenant Drake, in her foretop, to the role of “... a -reporter of what was going on ... a somewhat confused young lieutenant -suddenly hurled into war.” As _California_ began listing after the -torpedo hits, Drake began pondering his own ship’s fate. Comparing his -ship’s list with that of _Oklahoma_’s, he dismissed _California_’s -rolling over, thinking, “who ever heard of a battleship capsizing?” -_Oklahoma_, however, did a few moments later. - -Meanwhile, at about 0810, in response to a call for a chain of -volunteers to pass 5-inch/25 ammunition, Private Senior again stepped -forward and soon clambered down to the C-L Division Compartment. There -he saw Ensign Jones, Lieutenant Drake’s relief earlier that morning, -standing at the foot of the ladder on the third deck, directing the -ammunition supply. For almost 20 minutes, Senior and his shipmates -toiled under Jones’ direction until a bomb penetrated the main deck at -about 0830 and exploded on the second deck, plunging the compartment -into darkness. As acrid smoke filled the compartment, Senior reached -for his gas mask, which he had lain on a shell box behind him, and put -it on. Hearing someone say: “Mr. Jones has been hit,” Senior flashed -his flashlight over on the ensign’s face and saw that “it was all -bloody. His white coat also had blood all over it.” Senior and another -man then carried Jones as far as the M Division compartment, but the -ensign would not let them carry him any further. “Leave me alone,” -he gasped insistently, “I’m done for. Get out of here before the -magazines go off!” Soon thereafter, however, before he could get clear, -Senior felt the shock of an explosion from down below and collapsed, -unconscious. - -[Illustration: - - Naval Historical Center Photo NH 102552 - -_GySgt Charles E. Douglas, 24 February 1941, later awarded the Navy -Cross for heroism on board_ Nevada _at Pearl Harbor. He had seen -service in Nicaragua and in the Legation Guard at Peking, as well as at -sea in battleships_ Pennsylvania (_BB-38_) _and_ New York (_BB-34_).] - -[Illustration: - - Naval Historical Center Photo NH 102554 - -_Cpl Joe R. Driskell_, circa _1941, later awarded the Navy Cross for -heroism on board_ Nevada _at Pearl Harbor. Driskell had been in the -Civilian Conservation Corps in Wyoming before he had enlisted in the -Corps. When general quarters sounded on board_ Nevada (_BB-36_) _on -7 December, he took up his battle station as gun captain of no. 9 -5-inch/51 gun, in casemate no. 9, on the starboard side._] - -Jones’ gallantry--which earned him a posthumous Medal of -Honor--impressed Private Howard M. Haynes, who had been confined before -the attack, awaiting a bad conduct discharge. After the battle, a -contrite Haynes--“a mean character who had shown little or no respect -for anything or anyone” before 7 December--approached Lieutenant Drake -and said that he [Haynes] was alive because of the actions that Ensign -Jones had taken. “God,” he said, “give me a chance to prove I’m worth -it.” His actions that morning in the crucible of war earned Haynes a -recommendation for retention in the service. Most of _California_’s -Marines, like Haynes, survived the battle. Private First Class Earl D. -Wallen and Privates Roy E. Lee, Jr. and Shelby C. Shook, however, did -not. Nor did the badly burned Private First Class John A. Blount, Jr., -who succumbed to his wounds on 9 December. - -_Nevada_’s attempt to clear the harbor, meanwhile, inspired those who -witnessed it. Her magnificent effort prompted a stepped-up effort -by Japanese dive bomber pilots to sink her. One 250-kilogram bomb -hit her boat deck just aft of a ventilator trunk and 12 feet to the -starboard side of the centerline, about halfway between the stack -and the end of the boat deck, setting off laid-out 5-inch ready-use -ammunition. Spraying fragments decimated the gun crews. The explosion -wrecked the galley and blew open the starboard door of the compartment, -venting into casemate no. 9 and starting a fire that swept through the -casemate, wrecking the gun. Although he had been seriously wounded -by the blast that had hurt both of his legs and stripped much of his -uniform from his body, Corporal Joe R. Driskell disregarded his own -condition and insisted that he man another gun. He refused medical -treatment, assisting other wounded men instead, and then helped battle -the flames. He did not quit until those fires were out. - -Another 250-kilogram bomb hit _Nevada_’s bridge, penetrating down into -casemate no. 6 and starting a fire. The blast had also severed the -water pipes providing circulating water to the water-cooled machine -guns on the foremast-guns in the charge of Gunnery Sergeant Charles -E. Douglas. Intense flames enveloped the forward superstructure, -endangering Douglas and his men, and prompting orders for them to -abandon their station. They steadfastly remained at their posts, -however, keeping the .50-caliber Brownings firing amidst the swirling -black smoke until the end of the action. - -Unlike the battleships the enemy had caught moored on Battleship -Row, _Pennsylvania_ (BB-38), the fleet flagship, lay on keel blocks, -sharing Dry Dock No. 1 at the Navy Yard with _Cassin_ (DD-372) and -_Downes_ (DD-375)--two destroyers side-by-side ahead of her. Three of -_Pennsylvania_’s four propeller shafts had been removed and she was -receiving all steam, power, and water from the yard. Although her being -in drydock had excused her from taking part in antiaircraft drills, her -crew swiftly manned her machine guns after the first bombs exploded -among the PBY flying boats parked on the south end of Ford Island. “Air -defense stations” then sounded, followed by “general quarters.” Men -knocked the locks off ready-use ammunition stowage and _Pennsylvania_ -opened fire about 0802. - -[Illustration: _Close-up of the forward superstructure of_ Nevada -(_BB-36_) _taken a few days after the Japanese attack as the battleship -lay beached off Waipio Point. In the upper portion of this view can -be seen the forward machine gun position with its four .50-caliber -water-cooled Brownings--the ones manned by Gunnery Sergeant Douglas and -his men during the battle on 7 December. Note the extensive fire damage -to the superstructure below. In the lower portion of the picture can -be seen one of the ship’s 5-inch/51s, of the type manned by Corporal -Driskell at the start of the action._] - -The fleet flagship and the two destroyers nestled in the drydock ahead -of her led a charmed life until dive bombers from _Soryu_ and _Hiryu_ -targeted the drydock area between 0830 and 0915.[B] One bomb penetrated -_Pennsylvania_’s boat deck, just to the rear of 5-inch/25 gun no. 7, -and detonated in casemate no. 9. Of _Pennsylvania_’s Marine detachment, -two men (Privates Patrick P. Tobin and George H. Wade, Jr.) died -outright, 13 fell wounded, and six were listed as missing. Three of -the wounded--Corporal Morris E. Nations and Jesse C. Vincent, Jr., and -Private First Class Floyd D. Stewart--died later the same day. - - [B] For what became of the two destroyers, and the Marines - decorated for bravery in the battle to try to save them, - see page 28–29. - -[Illustration: Lieutenant Colonel Daniel Russel Fox, USMC, as the -Division Marine Officer on the staff of Rear Admiral Isaac C. Kidd, -Commander, Battleship Division One, was the most senior Marine officer -to die on board _Arizona_ on the morning of 7 December 1941. Fox had -enlisted in the Marine Corps in 1916. For heroism in France on 4 -October 1918, when he was a member of the 17th Company, Fifth Marines, -he was awarded the Navy Cross. He also was decorated with the Army’s -Distinguished Service Cross and the French Croix de Guerre. Fox was -commissioned in 1921 and later served in Nicaragua as well as China.] - -As the onslaught descended upon the battleships and the air station, -Marine detachments hurried to their battle stations on board other -ships elsewhere at Pearl. In the Navy Yard lay _Argonne_ (AG-31), the -flagship of the Base Force, the heavy cruisers _New Orleans_ (CA-32) -and _San Francisco_ (CA-38), and the light cruisers _Honolulu_ (CL-48), -_St. Louis_ (CL-49) and _Helena_ (CL-50). To the northeast of Ford -Island lay the light cruiser _Phoenix_ (CL-43). - -Although _Utah_ was torpedoed and sunk at her berth early in the -attack, her 14 Marines, on temporary duty at the 14th Naval District -Rifle Range, found useful employment combatting the enemy. The Fleet -Machine Gun School lay on Oahu’s south coast, west of the Pearl Harbor -entrance channel, at Fort Weaver. The men stationed there, including -several Marines on temporary duty from the carrier _Enterprise_ and -the battleships _California_ and _Pennsylvania_, sprang to action at -the first sounds of war. Working with the men from the Rifle Range, -all hands set up and mounted guns, and broke out and belted ammunition -between 0755 and 0810. All those present at the range were issued -pistols or rifles from the facility’s armory. - -Soon after the raid began, Platoon Sergeant Harold G. Edwards set about -securing the camp against any incursion the Japanese might attempt -from the landward side, and also supervised the emplacement of machine -guns along the beach. Lieutenant (j.g.) Roy R. Nelson, the officer in -charge of the Rifle Range, remembered the many occasions when Captain -Frank M. Reinecke, commanding officer of _Utah_’s Marine detachment -and the senior instructor at the Fleet Machine Gun School (and, as his -Naval Academy classmates remembered, quite a conversationalist), had -maintained that the school’s weapons would be a great asset if anybody -ever attacked Hawaii. By 0810, Reinecke’s gunners stood ready to prove -the point and soon engaged the enemy--most likely torpedo planes -clearing Pearl Harbor or high-level bombers approaching from the south. -Nearby Army units, perhaps alerted by the Marines’ fire, opened up -soon thereafter. Unfortunately, the eager gunners succeeded in downing -one of two SBDs from _Enterprise_ that were attempting to reach Hickam -Field. An Army crash boat, fortunately, rescued the pilot and his -wounded passenger soon thereafter. - -On board _Argonne_, meanwhile, alongside 1010 Dock, her Marines manned -her starboard 3-inch/23 battery and her machine guns. Commander Fred -W. Connor, the ship’s commanding officer, later credited Corporal -Alfred Schlag with shooting down one Japanese plane as it headed for -Battleship Row. - -When the attack began, _Helena_ lay moored alongside 1010 Dock, the -venerable minelayer _Oglala_ (CM-3) outboard. A signalman, standing -watch on the light cruiser’s signal bridge at 0757 identified the -planes over Ford Island as Japanese, and the ship went to general -quarters. Before she could fire a shot in her own defense, however, one -800-kilogram torpedo barrelled into her starboard side about a minute -after the general alarm had begun summoning her men to their battle -stations. The explosion vented up from the forward engine room through -the hatch and passageways, catching many of the crew running to their -stations, and started fires on the third deck. Platoon Sergeant Robert -W. Teague, Privates First Class Paul F. Huebner, Jr. and George E. -Johnson, and Private Lester A. Morris were all severely burned. Johnson -later died. - -[Illustration: - - National Archives Photo 80-G-32854 - -_Beneath a leaden sky on 8 December 1941, Marines at NAS Kaneohe Bay -fire a volley over the common grave of 15 officers and men killed -during the Japanese raid the previous day. Note sandbagged position -atop the sandy rise at right._] - -To the southeast, _New Orleans_ lay across the pier from her sister -ship _San Francisco_. The former went to general quarters soon after -enemy planes had been sighted dive-bombing Ford Island around 0757. -At 0805, as several low-flying torpedo planes roared by, bound for -Battleship Row, Marine sentries on the fantail opened fire with -rifles and .45s. _New Orleans_’ men, meanwhile, so swiftly manned the -1.1-inch/75 quads, and .50-caliber machine guns, under the direction of -Captain William R. Collins, the commanding officer of the ship’s Marine -detachment, that the ship actually managed to shoot at torpedo planes -passing her stern. _San Francisco_, however, under major overhaul with -neither operative armament nor major caliber ammunition on board, was -thus restricted to having her men fire small arms at whatever Japanese -planes came within range. Some of her crew, though, hurried over to -_New Orleans_, which was near-missed by one bomb, and helped man her -5-inchers. - -_St. Louis_, outboard of _Honolulu_, went to general quarters at -0757 and opened fire with her 1.1 quadruple mounted antiaircraft and -.50-caliber machine gun batteries, and after getting her 5-inch mounts -in commission by 0830--although without power in train--she hauled in -her lines at 0847 and got underway at 0931. With all 5-inchers in full -commission by 0947, she proceeded to sea, passing the channel entrance -buoys abeam around 1000. _Honolulu_, damaged by a near miss from a -bomb, remained moored at her berth throughout the action. - -_Phoenix_, moored by herself in berth C-6 in Pearl Harbor, to the -northeast of Ford Island, noted the attacking planes at 0755 and went -to general quarters. Her machine gun battery opened fire at 0810 on the -attacking planes as they came within range; her antiaircraft battery -five minutes later. Ultimately, after two false starts (where she had -gotten underway and left her berth only to see sortie signals cancelled -each time) _Phoenix_ cleared the harbor later that day and put to sea. - -For at least one Marine, though, the day’s adventure was not over when -the Japanese planes departed. Search flights took off from Ford Island, -pilots taking up utility aircraft with scratch crews, to look for the -enemy carriers which had launched the raid. Mustered at the naval air -station on Ford Island, _Oklahoma_’s Sergeant Hailey, still clad in his -oil-soaked underwear, volunteered to go up in a plane that was leaving -on a search mission at around 1130. He remained aloft in the plane, -armed with a rifle, for some five hours. - -After the attacking planes had retired, the grim business of cleaning -up and getting on with the war had to be undertaken. Muster had to be -taken to determine who was missing, who was wounded, who lay dead. Men -sought out their friends and shipmates. First Lieutenant Cornelius C. -Smith, Jr., from the Marine Barracks at the Navy Yard, searched in vain -among the maimed and dying at the Naval Hospital later that day, for -his friend Harry Gaver from _Oklahoma_. Death respected no rank. The -most senior Marine to die that day was Lieutenant Colonel Daniel R. -Fox, the decorated World War I hero and the division Marine officer on -the staff of the Commander, Battleship Division One, Rear Admiral Isaac -C. Kidd, who, along with Lieutenant Colonel Fox, had been killed in -_Arizona_. The tragedy of Pearl Harbor struck some families with more -force than others: numbered among _Arizona_’s lost were Private Gordon -E. Shive, of the battleship’s Marine detachment, and his brother, -Radioman Third Class Malcolm H. Shive, a member of the ship’s company. - -Over the next few days, Marines from the sunken ships received -reassignment to other vessels--_Nevada_’s Marines deployed ashore to -set up defensive positions in the fields adjacent to the grounded -and listing battleship--and the dead, those who could be found, -were interred with appropriate ceremony. Eventually, the deeds of -Marines in the battleship detachments were recognized by appropriate -commendations and advancements in ratings. Chief among them, Gunnery -Sergeant Douglas, Sergeant Hailey, and Corporals Driskell and Darling -were each awarded the Navy Cross. For his “meritorious conduct at the -peril of his own life,” Major Shapley was commended and awarded the -Silver Star. Lieutenant Simensen was awarded a posthumous Bronze Star, -while _Tennessee_’s commanding officer commended Captain White for the -way in which he had directed that battleship’s antiaircraft guns that -morning. - -Titanic salvage efforts raised some of the sunken -battleships--_California_, _West Virginia_, and _Nevada_--and they, -like the surviving Marines, went on to play a part in the ultimate -defeat of the enemy who had begun the war with such swift and terrible -suddenness. - - -_They Caught Us Flat-Footed_ - -At 0740, when Fuchida’s fliers had closed to within a few miles of -Kahuku Point, the 43 Zeroes split away from the rest of the formation, -swinging out north and west of Wheeler Field, the headquarters of the -Hawaiian Air Force’s 18th Pursuit Wing. Passing further to the south, -at about 0745 the _Soryu_ and _Hiryu_ divisions executed a hard diving -turn to port and headed north, toward Wheeler. Eleven Zeroes from -_Shokaku_ and _Zuikaku_ simultaneously left the formation and flew -east, crossing over Oahu north of Pearl Harbor to attack NAS Kaneohe -Bay. Eighteen from _Akagi_ and _Kaga_ headed toward what the Japanese -called _Babasu Pointo Hikojo_ (Barbers Point Airdrome)--Ewa Mooring -Mast Field. - -Sweeping over the Waianae Range, Lieutenant Commander Shigeru Itaya led -_Akagi_’s nine Zeroes, while Lieutenant Yoshio Shiga headed another -division of nine from _Kaga_. After the initial attack, Itaya and Shiga -were to be followed by divisions from _Soryu_, under Lieutenant Masaji -Suganami, and _Hiryu_, under Lieutenant Kiyokuma Okajima, which were, -at that moment, involved in attacking Wheeler to the north. - -[Illustration: - - Author’s Collection - -_Ewa Mooring Mast Field, later a Japanese target, is seen hazily -through the windshield of a Battleship Row-bound Kate shortly before -0800 on 7 December 1941._] - -In the officers’ mess at Ewa, the officer-of-the-day, Captain Leonard -W. Ashwell of VMJ-252, noticed two formations of aircraft at 0755. The -first looked like 18 “torpedo planes” flying at 1,000 feet toward Pearl -Harbor from Barbers Point, but the second, to the northwest, comprised -about 21 planes, just coming over the hills from the direction of -Nanakuli, also at an altitude of about 1,000 feet. Ashwell, intrigued -by the sight, stepped outside for a better look. The second formation, -of single-seat fighters (the two divisions from _Akagi_ and _Kaga_), -flew just to the north of Ewa and wheeled to the right. Then, flying -in a “string” formation, they commenced firing. Recognizing the planes -as Japanese, Ashwell burst back into the mess, shouting: “Air Raid ... -Air Raid! Pass the word!” He then sprinted for the guard house, to have -“call to arms” sounded. - -[Illustration: _Browning Machine Gun Drill On Board Ship_ - -Marines man a water-cooled, .50-caliber Browning M2 machine gun during -a drill on board the gunnery training ship _Wyoming_ (AG-17) in late -1941. The M2 Browning weighed (without water) 100 pounds, 8 ounces, and -measured five feet, six inches in length. It fired between 550 and 700 -rounds per minute to a maximum horizontal range of 7,400 yards. The two -hoses carry coolant water to the gun barrel. The gun could be fired -without the prescribed two and a half gallons of cooling water--as -Gunnery Sergeant Douglas’s men did on board _Nevada_ (BB-36) on 7 -December 1941--but accuracy diminished as the barrel heated and the -pattern of shots became more widely dispersed. Experience would reveal -that a large number of .50-caliber hits were necessary to disable a -plane, and that only a small number of hits could be attained by any -single ship-mounted gun against a dive bomber.] - -That Sunday morning, Technical Sergeant Henry H. Anglin, the -noncommissioned-officer-in-charge of the photographic section at Ewa, -had driven from his Pearl City home with his three-year-old son, Hank, -to take the boy’s picture at the station. The senior Anglin had just -positioned the lad in front of the camera and was about to take the -photo--the picture was to be a gift to the boy’s grandparents--when -they heard the “mingled noise of airplanes and machine guns.” Roaring -down to within 25 feet of the ground, Itaya’s group most likely carried -out only one pass at their targets before moving on to Hickam, the -headquarters of the Hawaiian Air Forces 18th Bombardment Wing. - -[Illustration: - - Prange - -_LCdr Shigeru Itaya, commander of_ Akagi’_s first-wave fighters, which -carried out the initial strafing attacks at Ewa Field._] - -Thinking that Army pilots were showing off, Sergeant Anglin stepped -outside the photographic section tent and, along with some other -enlisted men, watched planes bearing Japanese markings strafing the -edge of the field. Then, the planes began roaring down toward the field -itself and the bullets from their cowl and wing-mounted guns began -kicking up puffs of dirt. “Look, live ammunition,” somebody said or -thought, “Somebody’ll go to prison for this.” - -Shiga’s pilots, like Itaya’s, concentrated on the tactical aircraft -lined up neatly on Ewa’s northwest apron with short bursts of 7.7- -and 20-millimeter machine gun fire. Shiga’s pilots, unlike Itaya’s, -however, reversed course over the treetops and repeated their -blistering attacks from the opposite direction. Within minutes, most of -MAG-21’s planes sat ablaze and exploding, black smoke corkscrewing into -the sky. The enemy spared none of the planes: the gray SBD-1s and -2s -of VMSB-232 and the seven spare SB2U-3s left behind by VMSB-231 when -they embarked in _Lexington_ just two days before. VMF-211’s remaining -F4F-3s, left behind when the squadron deployed to Wake well over a week -before, likewise began exploding in flame and smoke. - -At his home on Ewa Beach, three miles southeast of the air station, -Captain Richard C. Mangrum, VMSB-232’s flight officer, sat reading -the Sunday comics. Often residents of that area had heard gunnery -exercises, but on a Sunday morning? The chatter of gunfire and the -dull thump of explosions, however, drew Mangrum’s attention away from -the cartoons. As he looked out his front door, planes with red ball -markings on the wings and fuselage roared by at very low altitude, -bound for Pearl Harbor. Up the valley in the direction of Wheeler -Field, smoke was boiling skyward, as it was from Ewa. As he set out for -Ewa on an old country road, wives and children of Marines who lived in -the Ewa Beach neighborhood began gathering at the Mangrum’s house. - -[Illustration: - - Author’s Collection - -_A Mitsubishi A6M2 Zero, flown by PO2 Masao Taniguchi in the 7 December -attack on Ewa Mooring Mast Field, takes off from the carrier_ Akagi, -_circa spring 1942._] - -[Illustration: - - Prange - -_Lt Yoshio Shiga, commander of_ Kaga’_s nine Zeroes which strafed Ewa -soon after Itaya, was assigned the task of reducing the “Barbers Point -Airdrome.”_] - -Elsewhere in the Ewa Beach community, Mrs. Charles S. Barker, Jr., -wife of Master Technical Sergeant Barker, the chief clerk in MAG-21’s -operations office, heard the noise and asked: “What’s all the shooting?” -Barker, clad only in beach shorts, looked out his front door, saw and -heard a plane fly by at low altitude, and then saw splashes along the -shoreline from strafing planes marked with red _hinomaru_. Running -out to turn off the water hose in his front yard, and seeing a small -explosion nearby (probably an antiaircraft shell from the direction of -Pearl), Barker had seen enough. He left his wife and baby with his -neighbors, and set out for Ewa. - -The strafers who singled out cars moving along the roads that led -to Ewa proved no respecter of persons. MAG-21’s commanding officer, -Lieutenant Colonel Claude A. “Sheriff” Larkin, en route from Honolulu, -was about a mile from Ewa in his 1930 Plymouth when a Zero shot at -him. He momentarily abandoned the car for the relative sanctuary of a -nearby ditch, not even bothering to turn off the engine, and then, as -the strafer roared out of sight, sprinted back to the vehicle, jumped -back in, and sped on. He reached his destination at 0805--just in time -to be machine gunned again by one of Admiral Nagumo’s fighters. Soon -thereafter, Larkin’s good fortune at remaining unwounded amidst the -attack ran out, as he suffered several penetrating wounds, the most -painful of which included one on the top of the middle finger of his -left hand and another on the front of his lower left leg just above the -top of his shoe. Refusing immediate medical attention, though, Larkin -continued to direct the defense of Ewa Field. - -[Illustration: - - Jordan Collection, MCHC - -_TSgt Henry H. Anglin, the noncommissioned officer in charge of Ewa’s -Photography Section, stands before the mooring mast field’s dispensary -on 8 December 1941, solemnly displaying the slug that wounded him on -the 7th._] - -Pilots and ground crewmen alike rushed out onto the mat to try to save -their planes from certain destruction. At least a few pilots intended -to get airborne, but could not because most of their aircraft were -either afire or riddled beyond any hope of immediate use. - -Captain Milo G. Haines of VMF-211 sought safety behind a tractor, he -and the machine’s driver taking shelter on the side opposite to the -strafers. Another Zero came in from another angle, however, and strafed -them from that direction. Spraying bullets clipped off Haines’ necktie -just beneath his chin. Then, as a momentarily relieved Haines put his -right hand at the back of his head a bullet lacerated his right little -finger and a part of his scalp. - -In the midst of the confusion, an excited three-year-old Hank Anglin -innocently took advantage of his father’s distraction with the battle -and wandered toward the mat. All of the noise seemed like a lot of -fun. Sergeant Anglin ran after his son, got him to the ground, and, -shielding him with his own body, crawled some 35 yards, little puffs -of dirt coming near them at times. As they clambered inside the radio -trailer to get out of harm’s way, a bullet made a hole above the door. -Moving back to the photo tent, the elder Anglin put his son under -a wooden bench. As he set about gathering his camera gear to take -pictures of the action, a bullet went through his left arm. Deprived -of the use of that arm for a time, Anglin returned to the bench under -which his son still crouched obediently, to see little Hank point to a -spent bullet on the floor and hear him warn: “Don’t touch that, daddy, -it’s hot.” - -[Illustration: - - Larkin Collection, MCHC - -_One of the seven Vought SB2U-3s destroyed on the field at Ewa. All of -VMSB-231’s spares (the squadron was embarked in_ Lexington, _en route -to Midway, at the time) were thus destroyed. In the background is one -of VMSB-232’s SBDs._] - -Private First Class James W. Mann, the driver assigned to Ewa’s 1938 -Ford ambulance, had been refueling the vehicle when the attack began. -When Lieutenant Thomas L. Allman, Medical Corps, USN, the group medical -officer, saw the first planes break into flames, he ordered Mann to -take the ambulance to the flight line. Accompanied by Pharmacist’s -Mate 2d Class Orin D. Smith, a corpsman from sick bay, they sped off. -The Japanese planes seemed to be attracted to the bright red crosses -on the ambulance, however, and halted its progress near the mooring -mast. Realizing that they were under attack, Mann floored the brake -pedal and the Ford screeched to a halt. Rather than leave the vehicle -for a safer area, Mann and Smith crawled underneath it so that they -could continue their mission as quickly as possible. The -strafing, however, continued unabated. Ironically, the first casualty -Mann had to collect was the man lying prone beside him. Orin Smith felt -a searing pain as one of the Japanese 7.7-millimeter rounds found its -mark in the fleshy part of his left calf. Seeing that the corpsman had -been hurt, Mann assisted him out from under the vehicle and up into the -cab. Despite continued strafing that shot out four tires, Mann pressed -doggedly ahead and delivered the wounded Smith to sick bay. - -[Illustration: - - Larkin Collection, MCHC - -_Col Claude A. “Sheriff” Larkin, Commanding Officer, Marine Aircraft -Group 21, photographed circa early 1942._] - -After seeing that the corpsman’s bleeding was stopped and the painful -wound was cleaned and dressed, Private First Class Mann sprinted to -his own tent. Grabbing his rifle, he then returned to the battered -ambulance and, shot-out tires flopping, drove toward Ewa’s garage. -There, Master Technical Sergeant Lawrence R. Darner directed his men -to replace the damaged tires with those from a mobile water purifier. -Meanwhile, Smith resumed his duties as a member of the dressing station -crew. - -Also watching the smoke beginning to billow skyward was Sergeant -Duane W. Shaw, USMCR, the driver of the station fire truck. Normally, -during off-duty hours, the truck sat parked a quarter-mile from the -landing area. Shaw, figuring that it was his job to put out the fires, -climbed into the fire engine and set off. Unfortunately, like Private -First Class Mann’s ambulance, Sergeant Shaw’s bright red engine moving -across the embattled camp soon attracted strafing Zeroes. Unfazed -by the enemy fire that perforated his vehicle in several places, he -drove doggedly toward the flight line until another Zero shot out his -tires. Only then pausing to make a hasty estimate of the situation, he -reasoned that with the fire truck at least temporarily out of service -he would have to do something else. Jumping down from the cab, he soon -got himself a rifle and some ammunition. Then, he set out for the -flight line. If he could not put out fires, he could at least do some -firing of his own at the men who caused them. - -With the parking area cloaked in black smoke, Japanese fighter pilots -shifted their efforts to the planes either out for repairs in the rear -areas or to the utility planes parked north of the intersection of -the main runways. Inside ten minutes’ time, machine gun fire likewise -transformed many of those planes into flaming wreckage. - -Firing only small arms and rifles in the opening stages, the Marines -fought back against _Kaga_’s fighters as best they could, with -almost reckless heroism. Lieutenant Shiga remembered one particular -Leatherneck who, oblivious to the machine gun fire striking the ground -around him and kicking up dirt, stood transfixed, emptying his sidearm -at Shiga’s Zero as it roared past. Years later, Shiga would describe -that lone, defiant, and unknown Marine as the bravest American he had -ever met. - -A tragic drama, however, soon unfolded amidst the Japanese attack. One -Marine, Sergeant William E. Lutschan, Jr., USMCR, a truckdriver, had -been “under suspicion” of espionage and he was ordered placed under -arrest. In the exchange of gunfire that followed his resisting being -taken into custody, though, he was shot dead. With that one exception, -the Marines at Ewa Field had fought back to a man. - -[Illustration: - - Larkin Collection, MCHC - -_Ewa’s 1938 Ford ambulance, seen after the Japanese raid, its Red Cross -status violated, took over 50 hits from strafing planes._] - -As if _Akagi_’s and _Kaga_’s fighters had not sown enough destruction -on Ewa, one division of Zeroes from _Soryu_ and one from _Hiryu_ -arrived on the scene, fresh from laying waste to many of the planes at -Wheeler Field. This second group of fighter pilots went about their -work with the same deadly precision exhibited at Wheeler only minutes -before. The raid caught Master Technical Sergeant Darner’s crew in the -middle of changing the tires on the station’s ambulance. Private First -Class Mann, who by that point had managed to obtain some ammunition for -his rifle, dropped down with the rest of the Marines at the garage and -fired at the attacking fighters as they streaked by. - -Lieutenant Kiyokuma Okajima led his six fighters down through the -rolling smoke, executing strafing attacks until ground fire holed -the forward fuel tank of his wingman, Petty Officer 1st Class Kazuo -Muranaka. When Okajima discovered the damage to Muranaka’s plane, he -decided that his men had pressed their luck far enough, and began to -assemble his unit and shepherd them toward the rendezvous area some -10 miles west of Kaena Point. The retiring Japanese in all likelihood -then spotted incoming planes from _Enterprise_ (CV-6), that had been -launched at 0618 to scout 150 miles ahead of the ship in nine two-plane -sections. Their planned flight path to Pearl was to take many of them -over Ewa Mooring Mast Field, where some would encounter Japanese -aircraft. - -Meanwhile, back at Ewa, after what must have seemed an eternity, the -Zeroes of the first wave at last wheeled away toward their rendezvous -point. Having made a shambles of the Marine air base, Japanese pilots -claimed the destruction of 60 aircraft on the ground: _Akagi_’s airmen -accounted for 11, _Kaga_’s 15, _Soryu_’s 12, and _Hiryu_’s 22. Their -figures were not too far off the mark, for 47 aircraft of all types had -been parked at the field at the beginning of the onslaught, 33 of which -had been fully operational. - -Although the Japanese had wreaked havoc upon MAG-21’s complement of -planes, the group’s casualties seemed miraculously light. Apparently, -the enemy fighter pilots in the first wave maintained a fairly high -degree of discipline, eschewing attacks on people and concentrating -their attacks on machines. Many of Ewa’s Marines, however, had parked -their cars near the center of the station. By the time the Japanese -departed, the parking lot resembled a junk yard of mangled automobiles -of various makes and models. - -Overcoming the initial shock of the first strafing attack, Ewa’s -Marines took stock of their situation. As soon as the last of Itaya’s -and Shiga’s Zeroes had departed, Marines went out and manned stations -with rifles and .30-caliber machine guns taken from damaged aircraft -and from the squadron ordnance rooms. Technical Sergeant William G. -Turnage, an armorer, supervised the setting up of the free machine -guns. Technical Sergeant Anglin, meanwhile, took his little boy to the -guard house, where a woman motorist agreed to drive Hank home to his -mother. As it would turn out, that reunion was not to be accomplished -until much later that day, “inasmuch as the distraught mother had -already left home to look for her son.” - -Master Technical Sergeant Emil S. Peters, a veteran of action in -Nicaragua, had, during the first attack, reported to the central -ordnance tent to lend a hand in manning a gun. By the time he arrived -there, however, there were none left to man. Then he saw a Douglas -SBD-2, one of two spares assigned to VMSB-232, parked behind the -squadron’s tents. Enlisting the aid of Private William G. Turner, -VMSB-231’s squadron clerk, Peters ran over to the ex-_Lexington_ -machine that still bore her USN markings, 2-B-6, pulled the after -canopy forward, and clambered in the after cockpit, stepping hard on -the foot pedal to unship the free .30-caliber Browning from its housing -in the after fuselage, and then locking it in place. Turner, having -obtained a supply of belted ammunition, took his place on the wing as -Peters’ assistant. - -Elsewhere, nursing his painfully wounded finger and leg, Lieutenant -Colonel Larkin ordered extra guards posted on the perimeter of the -field and on the various roads leading into the base. Men not engaged -in active defense went to work fighting the many fires. Drivers parked -what trucks and automobiles had remained intact on the runways to -prevent any possible landings by airborne troops. Although hardly -transforming Ewa into a fortress, the Marines ensured that they would -be ready for any future attack. - -Undoubtedly, most of the men at Ewa expected--correctly--that the -Japanese would return. At about 0835, enemy planes again made their -appearance in the sky over Ewa, but this time, Marines stood or -crouched ready and waiting for what proved to be Lieutenant Commander -Takahashi’s dive bombing unit from _Shokaku_, returning from its -attacks on the naval air station at Pearl Harbor and the Army’s Hickam -Field, roaring in from just above the treetops. Initially, their -targets appeared to be the planes, but, seeing that most had already -been destroyed, the enemy pilots turned to strafing buildings and -people in a “heavy and prolonged” assault. - -[Illustration: - - Lord Collection, USMC - -_At their barracks, near the foundation of a swimming pool under -construction, three Marines gingerly seek out good vantage points -from which to fire, while two peer skyward, keeping their eyes peeled -for attacking Japanese planes. Headgear varies from Hawley helmet -to garrison cap to none, but the weapon is the same for all--the -Springfield 1903 rifle._] - -Better prepared than they had been when Lieutenant Commander Itaya’s -Zeroes had opened the battle, Ewa’s Marines met Takahashi’s Vals with -heavy fire from rifles, Thompson submachine guns, .30-caliber machine -guns, and even pistols. In retaliation, after completing their strafing -runs, the Japanese pilots pulled up in steep wing-overs, allowing their -rear seat gunners to take advantage of the favorable deflection angle -to spray the defenders with 7.7-millimeter bullets. Marine observers -later recounted that _Shokaku_’s planes also dropped light bombs, -perhaps of the 60-kilogram variety, as they counted five small craters -on the field after the attack. - -In response to the second onslaught, as they had in the first, all -available Marines threw themselves into the desperate defense of their -base. The additional strafing attacks started numerous fires within -the camp area, adding new columns of dense smoke to those still rising -from the planes on the parking apron. Unfortunately, the ground fire -seemed far more brave than accurate, because all of _Shokaku_’s dive -bombers repeatedly zoomed skyward, seemingly unhurt. Even taking into -account possible damage sustained during attacks over Ford Island and -Hickam, only four of Takahashi’s planes sustained any damage over -Oahu before they retired. The departure of _Shokaku’_s Vals afforded -Lieutenant Colonel Larkin the opportunity to reorganize the camp -defenses. There was ammunition to be distributed, wounded men to be -succored, and seemingly innumerable fires burning amongst the tents, -buildings, and planes, to be extinguished. - -[Illustration: - - Marine Corps Historical Collection - -_Sgt William G. Turnage enlisted in the Corps in 1931. Recommended for -a letter of commendation for his “efficient action” at Ewa Field on 7 -December, he ultimately was awarded a Bronze Star._] - -However, around 0930, yet another flight of enemy planes -appeared--about 15 Vals from _Kaga_ and _Hiryu_. Although the pilots -of those planes had expended their 250-kilogram bombs on ships at -Pearl Harbor, they still apparently retained plenty of 7.7-millimeter -ammunition, and seemed determined to expend much of what remained upon -Ewa. As in the previous attacks by _Shokaku_’s Vals, the last group -came in at very low altitude from just over the tops of the trees -surrounding the station. Quite taken by the high maneuverability of -the nimble dive bombers, which they were seeing at close hand for the -second time that day, the Marines mistook them for fighter aircraft -with fixed landing gear. - -Around that time, Lieutenant Colonel Larkin saw an American plane -and a Japanese one collide in mid-air a short distance away from the -field. In all probability, Larkin saw _Enterprise_’s Ensign John H. L. -Vogt’s Dauntless collide with a Val. Vogt had become separated from his -section leader during the Pearl-bound flight in from the carrier, may -have circled offshore, and then arrived over Ewa in time to encounter -dive bombers from _Kaga_ or _Hiryu_. Vogt and his passenger, Radioman -Third Class Sidney Pierce, bailed out of their SBD, but at too low -an altitude, for both died in the trees when their ’chutes failed to -deploy fully. Neither of the Japanese crewmen escaped from their Val -when it crashed. - -[Illustration: - - Naval Historical Center Photo NH 102278 - -_TSgt Emil S. Peters, seen here on 11 October 1938, was a veteran of -service in Nicaragua and a little more than three weeks shy of his 48th -birthday when Japanese bombers attacked Ewa Field._] - -Fortunately for the Marines, however, the last raid proved -comparatively “light and ineffectual,” something Lieutenant Colonel -Larkin attributed to the heavy gunfire thrown skyward. The short -respite between the second and third strafing attacks had allowed Ewa’s -defenders to bring all possible weapons to bear against the Japanese. -Technical Sergeant Turnage, after having gotten the base’s machine -guns set up and ready for action, took over one of the mounts himself -and fired several bursts into the belly of one Val that began trailing -smoke and began to falter soon thereafter. - -Turnage, however, was by no means the only Marine using his weapon to -good effect. Master Technical Sergeant Peters and Private Turner, from -their improvised position in the lamed SBD, had let fly at whatever -Vals came within range of their gun. The two Marines shot down what -witnesses thought were at least two of the attacking planes and -discouraged strafing in that area of the station. However, the Japanese -soon tired of the tenacious bravery of the grizzled veteran and the -young clerk, neither of whom flinched in the face of repeated strafing. -Two particular enemy pilots repeatedly peppered the grounded Dauntless -with 7.7-millimeter fire, ultimately scoring hits near the cockpit area -and wounding both men. Turner toppled from the wing, mortally wounded. - -Another Marine who distinguished himself during the third strafing -attack was Sergeant Carlo A. Micheletto of Marine Utility Squadron -(VMJ) 252. During the first Japanese attack that morning, Micheletto -proceeded at once to VMJ-252’s parking area and went to work, helping -in the attempts to extinguish the fires that had broken out amongst -the squadron’s parked utility planes. He continued in those labors -until the last strafing attack began. Putting aside his firefighting -equipment and grabbing a rifle, he took cover behind a small pile of -lumber, and heedless of the heavy machine-gunning, continued to fire at -the attacking planes until a burst of enemy fire struck him in the head -and killed him instantly. - -Eventually, in an almost predictable way, the Japanese planes formed -up and flew off to the west, leaving the once neatly manicured Mooring -Mast Field smouldering. The Marines had barely had time to catch their -collective breath when, at 1000, almost as a capstone to the complete -chaos wreaked by the initial Japanese attack, seven more planes arrived. - - * * * * * - -Their markings, however, were of a more familiar variety--red-centered -blue and white stars. The newcomers proved to be a group of Dauntlesses -from _Enterprise_. For the better part of an hour, Lieutenant Wilmer -E. Gallaher, executive officer of Scouting Squadron 6, had circled -fitfully over the Pacific swells south of Oahu, waiting for the -situation there to settle down. At about 0945, when he had seen that -the skies seemed relatively clear of Japanese planes, Gallaher decided -rather than face friendly fire over Pearl he would go to Ewa instead. -They had barely stopped on the strip, however, when a Marine ran out -to Gallaher’s plane and yelled, “For God’s sake, get into the air -or they’ll strafe you, too!” Other _Enterprise_ pilots likewise saw -ground crews frantically motioning for them to take off immediately. -Instructed to “take off and stay in the air until [the] air raid was -over,” the _Enterprise_ pilots took off and headed for Pearl Harbor. -Although all seven SBDs left Ewa, only three (Gallaher’s, his wingman, -Ensign William P. West’s, and Ensign Cleo J. Dobson’s) would make it as -far as Ford Island. A tremendous volume of antiaircraft fire over the -harbor rose to meet what was thought to be yet another attack; seeing -the reception accorded Gallaher, West, and Dobson, the other four -pilots--Lieutenant (jg) Hart D. Hilton and Ensigns Carlton T. Fogg, -Edwin J. Kroeger, and Frederick T. Weber--wheeled around and headed -back to Ewa, landing around 1015 to find a far better reception that -time around. Within a matter of minutes, the Marines began rearming and -refueling Hilton’s, Kroeger’s and Weber’s SBDs. The Marines discovered -that Fogg’s Dauntless, though, had taken a hit that had holed a fuel -tank, and would require repairs. - -[Illustration: - - Marine Corps Historical Collection - -_Sgt Carlo A. Micheletto had turned 26 years old less than two months -before Japanese planes strafed Ewa. He was recommended for a letter of -commendation, but was awarded a Bronze Star._] - -Although it is unlikely that even one of the Ewa Marines thought so at -the time, even as they serviced the _Enterprise_ SBDs which sat on the -landing mat, the Japanese raid on Oahu was over. Vice Admiral Nagumo, -already feeling that he had pushed his luck far enough, was eager to -get as far away from the waters north of Oahu as soon as possible. At -least for the time being, the Marines at Ewa had nothing to fear. - -Not privy to the musings of Nagumo and his staff, however, Lieutenant -Colonel Larkin could only wonder what the Marines would do should -the Japanese return. At 1025, he completed a glum assessment of the -situation and forwarded it to Admiral Kimmel. While casualties among -the Marines had been light--two men had been killed and several -wounded--the Japanese had destroyed “all bombing, fighting, and -transport planes” on the ground. Ewa had no radio communications, no -power, and only one small gas generator in commission. He also informed -the Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Fleet, that he would retain the four -Enterprise planes at Ewa until further orders. Larkin also notified -Wheeler Field Control of the SBDs being held at his field. - -At 1100, Wheeler called and directed all available planes to rendezvous -with a flight of B-17s over Hickam. Lieutenant (jg) Hilton and the two -ensigns from Bombing Squadron 6, Kroeger and Weber, took off at 1115 -and the Marines never heard from them again. Finding no Army planes -over Hickam (two flights of B-17s and Douglas A-20s had only just -departed) the three Navy pilots landed at Ford Island. Ensign Fogg’s -SBD represented the sole naval strike capability at Ewa as the day -ended. - -“They caught us flat-footed,” Larkin unabashedly wrote Major General -Ross E. Rowell of the events of 7 December. Over the next few months, -Ewa would serve as the focal point for Marine aviation activities on -Oahu as the service acquired replacement aircraft and began rebuilding -to carry out the mission of standing ready to deploy with the fleet -wherever it was required. - - -_They’re Kicking the Hell Out of Pearl Harbor_ - -Although the Japanese accorded the battleships and air facilities -priority as targets for destruction on the morning of 7 December 1941, -it was natural that the onslaught touched the Marine Barracks at Pearl -Harbor Navy Yard as well. - -Colonel William E. Farthing, Army Air Forces, commanding officer of -Hickam Field, thought that he was witnessing some very realistic -maneuvers shortly before 0800 that morning. From his vantage point, -virtually next door to the Navy Yard, Farthing watched what proved -to be six Japanese dive bombers swooping down toward Ford Island. He -thought that MAG-21’s SB2Us or SBDs were out for an early morning -practice hop. “I wonder what the Marines are doing to the Navy so early -Sunday?” - -Over at the Marine Barracks, the officer of the guard, Second -Lieutenant Arnold D. Swartz, after having inspected his sentries, -had retired to the officer-of-the-day’s room to await breakfast. -Stepping out onto the lanai (patio) at about 0755 to talk to the field -music about morning colors, he noticed several planes diving in the -direction of the naval air station. He thought initially that it seemed -a bit early for practice bombing, but then saw a flash and heard the -resulting explosion that immediately dispelled any illusions he might -have held that what he was seeing was merely an exercise. Seeing a -plane with “red balls” on the wings roar by at low level convinced -Swartz that Japanese planes were attacking. - -[Illustration: Major Harold C. Roberts had earned a Navy Cross as a -corpsman assigned to Marines during World War I, and a second award in -1928 as a Marine officer in Nicaragua. As acting commanding officer -of the 3d Defense Battalion at Pearl Harbor on 7 December, he was a -veritable dynamo, organizing it to battle the attacking Japanese. He -was killed at Okinawa in June 1945 while commanding the 22d Marines, -but not before his performance of duty had merited him the award of his -third Navy Cross.] - -Over in the squadroom of Barracks B, First Lieutenant Harry F. -Noyes, Jr., the range officer for Battery E, 3-inch Antiaircraft -Group, 3d Defense Battalion, heard the sound of a loud explosion -coming from the direction of the harbor at about 0750. First assuming -that blasting crews were busy--there had been a lot of construction -recently--Noyes cocked his ears. The new sounds seemed a bit different, -“more higher-pitched, and louder.” At that, he sprang from his bed, -ran across the room, and peered northward just in time to see a dirty -column of water rising from the harbor from another explosion and -a Japanese plane pulling out of its dive. The plane, bearing red -_hinomaru_ (rising sun insignia) under its wings, left no doubt as to -its identity. - - * * * * * - -The explosions likewise awakened Lieutenant Colonel William J. Whaling -and Major James “Jerry” Monaghan who, while Colonel Gilder D. Jackson, -commanding officer of the Marine Barracks, was at sea in _Indianapolis_ -(CA-35) en route to Johnston Island for tests of Higgins landing boats, -shared his quarters at Pearl Harbor. Shortly before 0800, Whaling -rolled over and asked: “Jerry, don’t you think the Admiral is a little -bit inconsiderate of guests?” Monaghan, then also awake, replied: “I’ll -go down and see about it.” Whaling, meanwhile, lingered in bed until -more blasts rattled the quarters’ windows. Thinking that he had not -seen any 5-inch guns emplaced close to the building, and that something -was wrong, he got up and walked over to the window that faced the -harbor. Looking out, he saw smoke, and, turning, remarked: “This thing -is so real that I believe that’s an oil tank burning right in front -there.” Both men then dressed and hurried across the parade ground, -where they encountered Lieutenant Colonel Elmer E. Hall, commanding -officer of the 2d Engineer Battalion. “Elmer,” Whaling said amiably, -“this is a mighty fine show you are putting on. I have never seen -anything quite like it.” - -[Illustration: - - Department of Defense Photo (USMC) 65746 - -_Col William J. Whaling, seen here circa 1945, was an observer to the -Pearl Harbor attack, being awakened from slumber while staying in Col -Gilder Jackson’s quarters on the morning of 7 December._] - -Meanwhile, Swartz ordered the field music to sound “Call to Arms.” -Then, running into the officer’s section of the mess hall, Swartz -informed the officer-of-the-day, First Lieutenant Cornelius C. Smith, -Jr., who had been enjoying a cup of coffee with Marine Gunner Floyd -McCorkle when sharp blasts had rocked the building, that the Japanese -were attacking. Like Swartz, they ran out onto the lanai. Standing -there, speechless, they watched the first enemy planes diving on Ford -Island. - -Marines began to stumble, eyes wide in disbelief, from the barracks. -Some were lurching, on the run, into pants and shirts; a few wore only -towels. Swartz then ordered one of the platoon sergeants to roust out -the men and get them under cover of the trees outside. Smith, too, then -ran outside to the parade ground. As he looked at the rising smoke and -the Japanese planes, he doubted those who had derided the “Japs” as -“cross-eyed, second-rate pilots who couldn’t hit the broad side of a -barn door.” It was enough to turn his stomach. “They’re kicking the -hell out of Pearl Harbor,” he thought. - -Meanwhile, unable to reach Colonel Harry B. Pickett, the 14th Naval -District Marine Officer, as well as Colonel Jackson, and Captain -Samuel R. Shaw, commanding officer of Company A, by telephone, Swartz -sent runners to the officers’ respective quarters. He then ordered a -noncommissioned officer from the quartermaster department to dispense -arms and ammunition. - -While Swartz organized the men beneath the trees outside the barracks, -Lieutenant Noyes dressed and then drove across the parade ground to -Building 277, arriving about 0805. At the same time, like Swartz, First -Lieutenant James S. O’Halloran, the 3d Defense Battalion’s duty officer -and commanding officer of Battery F, 3-inch Antiaircraft Group, wanted -to get in touch with his senior officers. After having had “assembly” -sounded and signalling his men to take cover, O’Halloran ordered Marine -Gunner Frederick M. Steinhauser, the assistant battalion communications -officer, to telephone all of the officers who resided outside the -reservation and inform them of the attack. - -In Honolulu, mustachioed Major Harold C. Roberts, acting commanding -officer of the 3d Defense Battalion since Lieutenant Colonel Robert -H. Pepper had accompanied Colonel Jackson to sea in _Indianapolis_, -after taking Steinhauser’s call with word of the bombing of Pearl, -jumped into his car along with his neighbor, Major Kenneth W. -Benner, commanding officer of the 3-inch Antiaircraft Group and the -Headquarters and Service Battery of the 3d Defense Battalion. As -Roberts’ car crept through the heavy traffic toward Pearl, the two -officers could see Japanese aircraft flying along the coast. When they -reached the Water Street Fish Market, a large crowd of what seemed to -be “Japanese residents ... cheering the Japanese planes, waving to -them, and trying to obstruct traffic to Pearl Harbor by pushing parked -cars into the street” blocked their way. - - * * * * * - -Meanwhile, as his acting battalion commander was battling his way -through Honolulu’s congested streets, O’Halloran was organizing his -Marines as they poured out of the barracks into groups to break out -small arms and machine guns from the various battalion storerooms. -After Harry Noyes drove up, O’Halloran told him to do what he could to -get the 3-inch guns, and fire control equipment, if available, broken -out and set up, and then instructed other Marines to “get tractors and -start hauling guns to the parade ground.” Another detail of men hurried -off to recover an antiaircraft director that lay crated and ready for -shipment to Midway. - - * * * * * - -Marines continued to stream out onto the grounds, having been ordered -out of the barracks with their rifles and cartridge belts; they -doubled the sentry posts and received instructions to stand ready and -armed, to deploy in an emergency. Noyes saw some Marines who had not -been assigned any tasks commencing fire on enemy planes “which were -considerably out of range.” At the main gate of the Navy Yard, the -Marines fired at whatever planes came close enough--sailors from the -high-speed minelayer _Sicard_ (DM-21), en route to their ship, later -attested to seeing one Japanese plane shot down by the guards’ rifle -fire. - -Tai Sing Loo, who was to have photographed those guards at the -new gate, had left Honolulu in a hurry when he heard the sound of -explosions and gunfire, and saw the rising columns of smoke. He arrived -at the naval reservation without his Graflex and soon marveled at the -cool bravery of the “young, fighting Marines” who stood their ground, -under fire, blazing away at enemy planes with rifles while keeping -traffic moving. - -Finally, the more senior officers quartered outside the reservation -began showing up. When Colonel Pickett arrived, Lieutenant Swartz -returned to the officer-of-the-day’s room and found that Captain Shaw -had reached there also. Securing from his position as officer of the -guard, Swartz returned to his 3-inch gun battery being set up near -Building 277. Ordering Marines out of the building, he managed to -obtain a steel helmet and a pistol each for himself and Lieutenant -O’Halloran. Captain Samuel G. Taxis, commanding officer of the 3d -Defense Battalion’s 5-inch Artillery Group, meanwhile, witnessed -“terrific confusion” ensuing from his men’s efforts to obtain -“ammunition, steel helmets, and other items of equipment.” - -[Illustration: - - Naval Historical Center Photo NH 50926 - -_Smoke darkens the sky over the Marine Barracks complex at the Pearl -Harbor Navy Yard; Marine in foreground appears to be holding his -head in disbelief. Marines at far left in background appear to be -unlimbering a 3-inch antiaircraft gun._] - -Meanwhile, the comparatively few Marines of Lieutenant Colonel Bert A. -Bone’s 1st Defense Battalion--most of which garrisoned Wake, Johnston, -and Palmyra--made their presence felt. Urged on by Lieutenant Noyes, -one detail of men immediately reported to the battalion gun shed and -storerooms, and issued rifles and ammunition to all comers, while -another detachment worked feverishly assembling machine guns. Navy Yard -workmen--enginemen Lokana Kipihe and Oliver Bright, fireman Gerard -Williams, and rigger Ernest W. Birch--appeared, looking for some way -to help the Marines, who soon put them to work distributing ammunition -to the machine gun crews. Soon, the Marines at the barracks added the -staccato hammering of automatic weapons fire to the general din around -them. Meanwhile, other Marines from the 1st Defense Battalion broke out -firefighting equipment, as shrapnel from exploding antiaircraft shells -began to strike the roof of the barracks and adjacent buildings. - -At about 0820, Majors Roberts and Benner reached the Marine Barracks -just in time to observe the beginning of the Japanese second wave -attacks against Pearl. Roberts found that Lieutenant O’Halloran had -gotten the 3d Battalion ready for battle, with seven .50-caliber and -six .30-caliber machine guns set up and with ammunition belted. Under -Captain Harry O. Smith, Jr., commanding officer of Battery H, Machine -Gun Group, 3d Defense Battalion, the 3d’s Marine gunners had already -claimed one Japanese plane shot down. Lieutenant Noyes was, meanwhile, -in the process of deploying seven 3-inch guns--three on the west end of -the parade ground and four on the east. - -Sergeant Major Leland H. Alexander, of the Headquarters and Service -Battery of the 3d Defense Battalion, suggested to Lieutenant O’Halloran -that an armed convoy be organized to secure ammunition for the guns, -as none was available in the Navy Yard proper. Roberts gave Alexander -permission to put together the requisite trucks, weapons, and men. -Lieutenant Colonel Bone had the same idea, and, accordingly dispatched -a truck at 0830 to the nearest ammunition dump near Fort Kamehameha. -Bone ordered another group of men from the 5-inch battery to the Naval -Ammunition Depot at Lualualei just in case. He hoped that at least one -truck would get through the maelstrom of traffic. Marines from the 2d -Engineer Battalion made ammunition runs as well as provided men and -motorcycles for messengers. - -Meanwhile, Roberts directed Major Benner to have the 3d Battalion’s -guns operational before the ammunition trucks returned, and to set -the fuzes for 1,000 yards, since the guns lacked the necessary -height-finding equipment. The makeshift emplacements, however, -presented less than ideal firing positions since the barracks and -nearby yard buildings restricted the field of fire, and many of the -low-flying planes appeared on the horizon only for an instant. - -Necessity often being the mother of invention, Roberts devised an -impromptu fire control system, stationing a warning section of eight -men, equipped with field glasses and led by Lieutenant Swartz, in the -center of the parade ground. The spotters were to pass the word to -a group of field musics who, using their instruments, were to sound -appropriate warnings: one blast meant planes approaching from the -north; two blasts, from the east, and so on. - -Taking precautions against fires in the temporary wooden barracks, -Roberts ordered hoses run out and extinguishers placed in front of -them, along with shovels, axes, and buckets of sand (the latter to -deal with incendiary bombs); hose reel and chemical carts placed near -the center hydrant near the mess hall; and all possible containers -filled with water for both fighting fires and drinking. In addition, -he ordered cooks and messmen to prepare coffee and fill every other -container on hand with water, and organized riflemen in groups of about -16 to sit on the ground with an officer or noncommissioned officer -in charge to direct their fire. He also called for runners from all -groups in the battalion and established his command post at the parade -ground’s south corner, and ordered the almost 150 civilians who had -showed up looking for ways to help out to report to the machine gun -storeroom and fill ammunition belts and clean weapons. Among other -actions, he also instructed the battalion sergeant major to be ready to -safeguard important papers from the headquarters barracks. - - * * * * * - -Prior to Roberts’ arrival, Lieutenant (j.g.) William R. Franklin -(Dental Corps), USN, the dental officer for the 3d Defense Battalion’s -Headquarters and Service Battery, and the only medical officer present, -had organized first aid and stretcher parties in the barracks. As -the other doctors arrived, Roberts directed them to set up dressing -stations at each battalion headquarters and one at sick bay. Elsewhere, -Marines vacated one 100-man temporary barracks, the noncommissioned -officer’s club and the post exchange, to ready them for casualties. -Parties of Marines also reported to the waterfront area to assist in -collecting and transporting casualties from the ships in the harbor to -the Naval Hospital. - -By the time the Marines had gotten their new fire precautions in -place, the Japanese second wave attack was in full swing. Although -their pilots selected targets exclusively from among the Pacific Fleet -warships, the Marines at the barracks in the Navy Yard still were able -to take the Japanese planes, most of which seemed to be coming in from -the west and southwest, under fire. While Marines were busily setting -up the 3-inch guns, several civilian yard workmen grabbed up rifles -and “brought their fire to bear upon the enemy,” allowing Swartz’s men -to continue their work. - -[Illustration: - - Naval Historical Center Photo NH 50928 - -_Oily smoke from the burning_ Arizona (_BB-39_) _boils up in the -background beyond the Navy Yard water towers, one of them, in center, -signal-flag bedecked. Note several Marines attempting to deploy a -3-inch antiaircraft gun in the foreground._] - -The Japanese eventually put Major Roberts’ ingenious fire control -methods--the field musics--to the test. After hearing four hearty -blasts from the bandsmen, the .50-calibers began hammering out cones -of tracer that caught two low-flying dive bombers as they pulled out -of their runs over Pearl, prompting Roberts’ fear that the ships would -fire at them, too, and hit the barracks. One Val slanted earthward near -what appeared to be either the west end of the lower tank farm or the -south end of the Naval Hospital reservation, while the other, emitting -great quantities of smoke, crashed west-southwest of the parade ground. - -Although the Marines success against their tormentors must have seemed -sweet indeed, a skeptical Captain Taxis thought it more likely that the -crews of the two Vals bagged by the machine gunners had just run out of -luck. Most of the firing, in his opinion, had been quite ineffectual, -mostly “directed at enemy planes far beyond range of the weapons and -merely fired into the air at no target at all.” Gunners on board the -fleet’s warships were faring little better! - -Almost simultaneously with the dive-bombing attacks, horizontal bombing -attacks began. Major Roberts noted that the 18 bombers “flew in two -Vees of nine planes each in column of Vees and [that] they kept a good -formation.” At least some of those planes appeared to have bombed the -battleship _Pennsylvania_ and the destroyers _Cassin_ and _Downes_ in -Dry Dock No. 1. In the confusion, however, Roberts probably saw two -divisions of _Kates_ from _Zuikaku_ preparing for their attack runs -on Hickam Field. A single division of such planes from _Shokaku_, -meanwhile, attacked the Navy Yard and the Naval Air Station. - -Well removed from the barracks, Marines assigned to the Navy Yards -Fire Department rendered invaluable assistance in leading critical -firefighting efforts. Heading the department, Sergeant Harold F. Abbott -supervised the distribution of the various units, and coordinated the -flood of volunteers who stepped forward to help. - -One of Abbott’s men, Private First Class Marion M. Milbrandt, with his -1,000-gallon pumper, summoned to the Naval Hospital grounds, found that -one of _Kaga_’s Kates--struck by machine gun fire from the ships moored -in the Repair Basin--had crashed near there. The resulting fire, fed -by the crashed plane’s gasoline, threatened the facility, but Milbrandt -and his crew controlled the blaze. - -Other Marine firefighters were hard at work alongside Dry Dock No. 1. -_Pennsylvania_ had not been the only ship not fully ready for war, -since she lay immobile at one end of the drydock. _Downes_ lay in the -dock, undergoing various items of work, while _Cassin_ had been having -ordnance alterations at the Yard and thus had none of her 5-inch/38s -ready for firing. Both destroyers soon came in for some unwanted -attention. - -As bombs turned the two destroyers into cauldrons of flames and their -crews abandoned ship, two sailors from _Downes_, meanwhile, sprinted -over to the Marine Barracks: Gunner’s Mate First Class Michael G. -Odietus and Gunner’s Mate Second Class Curtis P. Schulze. After -the order to abandon ship had been given, both had, on their own -initiative, gone to the Marine Barracks to assist in the distribution -of arms and ammunition. They soon returned, however, each gunner’s mate -with a Browning Automatic Rifle in hand, to do his part in fighting -back. - -[Illustration: _Antiaircraft Gun Fired to a Range of 14,500 Yards_ - -A 5-inch/25-caliber open pedestal mount antiaircraft gun--manned here -by sailors on board the heavy cruiser _Astoria_ (CA-34) in early -1942--was the standard battleship and heavy cruiser antiaircraft weapon -at Pearl Harbor. The mount itself weighed more than 20,000 pounds, -while the gun fired a 53.8-pound projectile to a maximum range (at -45 degrees elevation) of 14,500 yards. It was a weapon such as this -that Sergeants Hailey and Wears, and Private First Class Curran, after -the sinking of their ship, _Oklahoma_ (BB-37), helped man on board -_Maryland_ (BB-46) on 7 December 1941.] - -Utilizing three of the department’s pumpers, meanwhile, the first -firefighters from the yard, who included Corporal John Gimson, Privates -First Class William M. Brashear, William A. Hopper, Peter Kerdikes, -Frank W. Feret, Marvin D. Dallman, and Corporal Milbrandt, among them, -soon arrived and began to play water on the burning ships. At about -0915, four torpedo warheads on board _Downes_ cooked off and exploded, -the concussion tearing the hoses from the hands of the men fighting the -blaze and sending fragments everywhere, temporarily forcing all hands -to retreat to the nearby road and sprawl there. Knocked flat several -times by the explosions, the Marines and other firefighters, which -included men from _Cassin_ and _Downes_, and civilian yard workmen, -remained on the job. - -Explosions continued to wrack the two destroyers, while subsequent -partial flooding of the dock caused _Cassin_ to pivot on her forefoot -and heel over onto her sister ship. Working under the direction of -Lieutenant William R. Spear, a 57-year-old retired naval officer called -to the colors, the firemen were understandably concerned that the oil -fires burning in proximity to the two destroyers might drift aft in the -partially flooded dry dock and breach the caisson, unleashing a wall of -water that would carry _Pennsylvania_ (three of whose four propeller -shafts had been pulled for overhaul) down upon the burning destroyers. -Preparing for that eventuality, Private First Class Don O. Femmer, in -charge of the 750-gallon pumper, stood ready should the conflagration -spread to the northeast through the dock. - -Fortunately, circumstances never required Femmer and his men to defend -the caisson from fire, but the young private had more than his share of -troubles, when his pumper broke down at what could have been a critical -moment. Undaunted, Femmer made temporary repairs and stood his ground -at the caisson throughout the raid. - -At the opposite end of the dry dock, meanwhile, Private First Class -Omar E. Hill fared little better with his 500-gallon pumper. As if the -firefighting labors were not arduous enough, a ruptured circulating -water line threatened to shut down his fire engine. Holding a rag on -the broken line while his comrades raced away to obtain spare parts, -Hill kept his pumper in the battle. - -[Illustration: - - National Archives Photo 80-G-32739 - -_While firefighters train massive jets of water from dockside at left_, -Shaw (_DD-373_) _burns in the Floating Drydock YFD-2, after being hit -by three bombs. Tug_ Sotoyomo (_YT-9_), _with which_ Shaw _has been -sharing the drydock, is barely visible ahead of the crippled destroyer. -Marines led these firefighting efforts on 7 December 1941._] - -Meanwhile, firefighters on the west side of the dock succeeded in -passing three hoses to men on _Pennsylvania_’s forecastle, where they -directed blasts of water ahead of the ship and down the starboard side -to prevent the burning oil, which resembled a “seething cauldron,” -from drifting aft. A second 500-gallon engine crew, led by Private -First Class Dallman, battled the fires at the southwest end of the -drydock, despite the suffocating oily black smoke billowing forth from -_Cassin_ and _Downes_. Eventually, by 1035, the Marines and other -volunteers--who included the indomitable Tai Sing Loo--had succeeded in -quelling the fires on board _Cassin_; those on board _Downes_ were put -out early that afternoon. - -More work, however, lay in store for Corporal Milbrandt and his crew. -Between 0755 and 0900, three Vals had attacked the destroyer _Shaw_ -(DD-373), which shared _YFD-2_ with the little yard tug _Sotoyomo_. All -three scored hits. Fires ultimately reached _Shaw’_s forward magazines -and triggered an explosion that sent tendrils of smoke into the sky -and severed the ship’s bow. Several other volunteer units were already -battling the blaze with hose carts and two 350-gallon pumpers sent in -from Honolulu. Milbrandt, aided as well by the Pan American Airways -fire boat normally stationed at Pearl City, ultimately succeeded in -extinguishing the stricken destroyer’s fires. - -In the meantime, after having pounded the military installations on -Oahu for nearly two hours, between 0940 and 1000 the Japanese planes -made their way westward to return to the carrier decks from whence -they had arisen. With the respite offered by the enemy’s departure -(no one knew for sure whether or not they would be back), the Marines -at last found time to take stock of their situation. Fortunately, the -Marine Barracks lay some distance away from what had interested the -Japanese the most: the ships in the harbor proper. Although some “shell -fragments literally rained at times” the material loss sustained by the -barracks was slight. Moreover, it had been American gunfire from the -ships in the harbor, rather than bombs from Japanese planes overhead, -that had inflicted the damage; at one point that morning a 3-inch -antiaircraft shell crashed through the roof of a storehouse--the only -damage sustained by the barracks during the entire attack. - -Considering the carnage at the airfields on Oahu, and especially, -among the units of the Pacific Fleet, only four men of the 3d Defense -Battalion had been wounded: Sergeant Samuel H. Cobb, Jr., of the 3d -Defense Battalion’s 3-inch Antiaircraft Group, suffered head injuries -serious enough to warrant his being transferred to the Naval Hospital -for treatment, while Private First Class Jules B. Maioran and Private -William J. Whitcomb of the Machine Gun Group and Sergeant Leo Hendricks -II, of the Headquarters and Service Battery, suffered less serious -injuries. In addition, two men sent with the trucks to find ammunition -for the 3-inch batteries suffered injuries when they fell off the -vehicles. - -In their subsequent reports, the defense battalion and barracks -officers declined to single out individuals, noting no outstanding -individual behavior during the raid--only the steady discharge of duty -expected of Marines. To be sure, great confusion existed, especially -at first, but the command quickly settled down to work and “showed -no more than the normal excitement and no trace of panic or even -uneasiness.” If anything, the Marines tended to place themselves at -risk unnecessarily, as they went about their business coolly and, in -many cases, “in utter disregard of their own safety.” Major Roberts -recommended that the entire 3d Defense Battalion be commended for -“their initiative, coolness under fire, and [the] alacrity with which -they emplaced their guns.” - -Commendations, however, were not the order of the day on 7 December. -Although the Japanese had left, the Marines expected them to return and -finish the job they had begun (many Japanese pilots, including Fuchida, -wanted to do just that). If another attack was to come, there was -much to do to prepare for it. As the skies cleared of enemy planes, -the Marines at the barracks secured their establishment and took steps -to complete the work already begun on the defenses. At 1030, the 3d -Defense Battalion’s corporal of the guard moved to the barracks and set -the battalion’s radio to the Army Information Service frequency, thus -enabling them to pass “flash” messages to all groups. The Marines also -distributed gas masks to all hands. - -[Illustration: - - National Archives Photo 80-G-19943 - -_In the aftermath of the attack_, Pennsylvania (_BB-38_) _lies astern -of the wrecked destroyers_ Cassin (_DD-372_) _and_ Downes (_DD-375_) -_in Dry Dock No. 1. Light cruiser_ Helena (_CL-50_) _lies alongside -1010 Dock in right background; pall of smoke is from the still-burning_ -Arizona (_BB-39_). _Marine firefighters distinguished themselves in -battling blazes in this area._] - -The morning and afternoon passed quickly, the men losing track of time. -The initial confusion experienced during the opening moments of the -raid had by that point given way to at least some semblance of order, -as officers and noncoms arrived from leave and began to sort out their -commands. At 1105, the 3d Defense Battalion’s Battery G deployed to -makeshift defense positions as an infantry reserve in some ditches dug -for building foundations. All of the messmen, many of whom had taken -an active hand in the defense of the barracks against the Japanese -attack, returned to the three general mess halls and opened up an -around-the-clock service to all comers, including “about 6,000 meals -... to the civilian workmen of the navy yard,” a service discontinued -only “after the food supply at the regular established eating places -could be replenished.” - -By 1100, at least some of the 3-inch batteries were emplaced and -ready to answer any future Japanese raids. At the north end of the -parade ground, the 3d Defense Battalion’s Battery D stood ready for -action at 1135 while another battery, consisting of three guns and an -antiaircraft director (the one originally earmarked for Midway) lay -at the south end. At 1220, Major Roberts organized his battalion’s -strength into six task groups. Task group no. 1 was to double the Navy -Yard guard force, no. 2 was to provide antiaircraft defense, and no. -3 was to provide machine gun defense. No. 4 was to provide infantry -reserve and firefighting crews, no. 5 was to coordinate transportation, -and no. 6 was to provide ammunition and equipment, as well as messing -and billeting support. - -By 1300, meanwhile, all of the fires in Dry Dock No. 1 had been -extinguished, permitting the Marine and civilian firefighters to secure -their hard-worked equipment. Although the two battered destroyers, -_Cassin_ and _Downes_, appeared to be total losses, those who had -battled the blaze could take great satisfaction in knowing that they -had not only spared _Pennsylvania_ from serious fire damage but had -also played a major role in saving the drydock. As Tai Sing Loo -recounted later in his own brand of English: “The Marines of the Fire -Dep[artmen]t of the Navy Yard are the Heroes of the Day of Dec. 7, 1941 -that save the _Cassin_ and _Downes_ and USS _Pennsylvania_ in Dry Dock -No. 1.” - -Later that afternoon, Battery D’s four officers and 68 enlisted men, -with four .30-caliber machine guns sent along with them for good -measure, moved from the barracks over to Hickam Field to provide the -Army installation some measure of antiaircraft protection. Hickam also -benefitted from the provision of the 2d Engineer Battalion’s service -and equipment. After the attack, the battalion’s dump truck and two -bulldozers lumbered over to the stricken air base to assist in clearing -what remained of the bombers that had been parked wingtip to wingtip, -and filling bomb craters. - - * * * * * - -Around 1530, a Marine patrol approached Tai Sing Loo, a familiar figure -about the Navy Yard, and asked him to do them a favor. They had had -no lunch; some had had no breakfast because of the events of the day. -Going to the garage, Loo rode his bright red “putput” over to the 3d -Defense Battalion mess hall and related to his old friend Technical -Sergeant Joseph A. Newland the tale of the hungry Marines. Newland and -his messmen prepared ham and chicken sandwiches and Loo made the rounds -of all the posts he could reach. - - * * * * * - -In the afternoon and early evening hours of 7 December, the men -received reports that their drinking water was poisoned, and that -various points on Oahu were being bombed and/or invaded. In the absence -of any real news, such alarming reports--especially when added to -the already nervous state of the defenders--only fueled the fear and -paranoia prevalent among all ranks and rates. In addition, most of the -men were exhausted after their exertions of the morning and afternoon. -Dog-tired, many would remain on duty for 36 hours without relief. -Drawn, unshaven faces and puffy eyes were common. Tense, expectant and -anxious Marines and sailors at Pearl spent a fitful night on the 7th. - - * * * * * - -It is little wonder that mistakes would be made that would have tragic -consequences, especially in the stygian darkness of that first -blacked-out Hawaiian night following the raid. Still some hours away -from Oahu, the carrier _Enterprise_ and her air group had been flying -searches and patrols throughout the day, in a so-far fruitless effort -to locate the Japanese carrier force. South of Oahu, one of her pilots -spotted what he thought was a Japanese ship and _Enterprise_ launched a -31-plane strike at 1642. Nagumo’s fleet, however, was homeward bound. -While _Enterprise_ recovered the torpedo planes and dive bombers after -their fruitless search, she directed the fighters to land at NAS Pearl -Harbor. - -Machine guns on board the battleship _Pennsylvania_ opened fire on the -flight as it came for a landing, though, and soon the entire harbor -exploded into a fury of gunfire as cones of tracers converged on -the incoming “Wildcats.” Three of the F4Fs slanted earthward almost -immediately; a fourth crashed a short time later. Two managed to land -at Ford Island. The 3d Defense Battalion’s journalist later recorded -that “six planes with running lights under 400 feet altitude tried Ford -Island landing and were machine gunned.” It was a tragic footnote to -what had been a terrible day indeed. - -The Marines at Pearl Harbor had been surprised by the attack that -descended upon them, but they rose to the occasion and fought back -in the “best traditions of the naval service.” While the enemy had -attacked with tenacity and daring, no less so was the response from -the Marines on board the battleships and cruisers, at Ewa Mooring Mast -Field, and at the Marine Barracks. One can only think that Admiral -Isoroku Yamamoto’s worst fears of America’s “terrible resolve” and that -he had awakened a sleeping giant would have been confirmed if he could -have peered into the faces, so deeply etched with grim determination, -of the Marines who had survived the events of that December day in 1941. - -[Illustration: - - _Photo courtesy of Mrs. Evelyn Lee, via Paul Stillwell, - U.S. Naval Institute_ - -_Tai Sing Loo and His Bright Red ‘Putput’_ - -Tai Sing Loo, Navy Yard photographer, had scheduled an appointment -to take a picture of the Main Gate guards at the Navy Yard on the -morning of 7 December 1941. While he ended up not taking pictures of -the Marines, he gallantly helped the Marines of the Navy Yard Fire -Department put out fires in Dry Dock No. 1 and later delivered food -to famished Leathernecks. He is seen here on his famous bright red -“putput” that he drove around the yard that day delivering sandwiches -and fruit juice.] - - -Pearl Harbor Remembered - -Several of the many memoirs in the Marine Corps Oral History Collection -are by Marines who were serving at Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, -and personally witnessed the Japanese attack. Two such memoirs--one -by Lieutenant General Alan Shapley and a second by Brigadier General -Samuel R. Shaw--vividly describe the events of that day as they -remembered it. General Shapley, a major in December 1941, had been -relieved as commander of _Arizona_’s Marine detachment on the 6th. He -recalled: - - I was just finishing my breakfast, and I was just about ready - to go to my room and get in my baseball uniform to play the - _Enterprise_ for the baseball championship of the United States - Fleet, and I heard this terrible bang and crash. I thought it - was a motor sailer that they dropped on the fantail, and I ran - up there to see what it was all about. When I got up on deck - there, the sailors were aligned on the railing there, looking - towards Pearl Harbor, and I heard two or three of them say, - ‘This is the best damned drill the Army Air Corps has ever put - on.’ Then we saw a destroyer being blown up in the dry dock - across the way. - - The first thing I knew was when the fantail, which was wood, - was being splintered when we were being strafed by machine - guns. And then there was a little bit of confusion, and I can - remember this because they passed the word on ship that all - unengaged personnel get below the third deck. You see, in a - battleship the third deck is the armored deck, and so realizing - what was going on, this attack and being strafed, the unengaged - personnel were ordered below the third deck. - - That started some people going down the ladders. Then right - after that, the _Pennsylvania_, which was the flagship of the - whole fleet, put up these signals, “Go to general quarters.” - So that meant that the people were going the other way too. Lt - [Carleton E.] Simensen did quite a job of turning some of the - sailors around, and we went up in the director. [On the way up - the mainmast tripod, Lt Simensen was killed.] He caught a burst - through the heart and almost knocked me off the tripod because - I was behind him on the ladder, and I boosted him up in the - searchlight platform and went in to my director. And of course - when I got up there, there were only seven or eight men there, - and I thought we were all going to get cooked to death because - I couldn’t see anything but fire below after a while. I stayed - there and watched this whole attack, because I had a grandstand - seat for that, and then it got pretty hot. Anyway, the wind was - blowing from the stern to the stem and I sent the men down and - got those men off. Then I apparently got knocked off or blown - off. - - I was pretty close to shore.... There was a dredging pipeline - that ran between the ship and Ford Island. And I guess that I - was only about 25 yards from the pipeline and 10 yards from - Ford Island, and managed to get ashore. I wasn’t so much - covered with oil. I didn’t have any clothes on. [The burning - fuel oil] burnt all my clothes off. I walked up to the airfield - which wasn’t very bright of me, because this was still being - attacked at first. I wanted to get a machine gun in the - administration building but I couldn’t do that. Then I was - given a boat cloak from one of my men. It was quite a sight to - see 400 or 500 men walking around all burnt, just like charred - steak. You could just see their eyes and their mouths. It was - terrible. Later I went over to the island and went to the - Marine barracks and got some clothes. - -At the Marine Barracks, Captain Samuel R. Shaw, who commanded one of -the two barracks companies, vividly remembered that Sunday morning as -well: - - The boat guards were in place, and the music was out there, - and the old and new officer of the day. And we had a music, - and a hell of a fine sergeant bugler who had been in Shanghai. - He would stand beside the officers of the day, and there came - the airplanes, and he looked up and he said, “Captain, those - are Japanese war planes.” And one of the two of them said, “My - God, they are, sound the call to arms.” So the bugler started - sounding the call to arms before the first bomb hit. - - Of course they had already started taking out the machine - guns. They didn’t wait for the key in the OD’s office, they - just broke the door down and hauled out the machine guns, put - them in position. Everybody that wasn’t involved in that drill - grabbed their rifles and ran out in the parade ground, and - starting firing at the airplanes. They must have had several - hundred men out there with rifles. And every [Japanese] - plane that was recovered there, or pieces of it, had lots of - .30-caliber holes--somebody was hitting them, machine guns or - rifles. - - Then I remembered--here we had all these guys on the post who - had not been relieved, and they had been posted at 4 o’clock, - and come 9 o’clock, 9:30 they not only had not been relieved - but had no chow and no water. So I got hold of the mess - sergeant and told him to organize, to go around to the posts. - - They had a depot. At the beginning it was a supply depot. I - told him to send a party over there and draw a lot of canteens - and make sandwiches, and we’d send water and sandwiches around - to the guys on posts until we found out some way to relieve all - these guys, and get people back. Then he told me that it was - fine except that he didn’t have nearly enough messmen, they - were all out in the parade ground shooting. I think the second - phase of planes came in at that time and we had a hell of an - uproar. - - - - -_Sources_ - - -The authors consulted primary materials in the Marine Corps Historical -Center Reference Section (November/December 1941 muster rolls) and -Personal Papers Section (Claude A. Larkins, Roger M. Emmons, and -Wayne Jordan collections), as well as in the Naval Historical Center -Operational Archives Branch (action reports and/or microfilmed deck -logs for the 15 ships with embarked Marine Detachments, and those units -included in the Commandant, 14th Naval District, report), in the office -of the Coast Guard Historian, and in the Gordon W. Prange Papers. - -The _Pearl Harbor Attack: Hearings Before the Joint Committee on the -Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack_ (Washington, D.C.: Government -Printing Office, 1946) contains useful accounts (Lieutenant Commander -Fuqua, Lieutenant Colonel Whaling, and Lieutenant Colonel Larkin), as -does Paul Stillwell, ed., _Air Raid: Pearl Harbor! Recollections of a -Day of Infamy_ (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1981). - -General works concerning Pearl Harbor that were consulted include -Gordon W. Prange, et al., _December 7, 1941: The Day The Japanese -Attacked Pearl Harbor_ (New York: McGraw Hill, 1987), Walter Lord, _Day -of Infamy_ (Henry Holt & Co., 1957), and Japanese War History Office, -_Senshi Sosho_ [War History Series], Vol. 10, _Hawaii Sakusen_ (Tokyo: -Asagumo Shimbunsa, 1970). - -Articles from the _Naval Institute Proceedings_ include: Cornelius C. -Smith Jr., “... A Hell of a Christmas,” (Dec68), Thomas C. Hone, “The -Destruction of the Battle Line at Pearl Harbor,” (Dec77) and Paul H. -Backus, “Why Them And Not Me?” (Sep81). From _Marine Corps Gazette_: -Clifford B. Drake, “A Day at Pearl Harbor,” (Nov65). From _Shipmate_: -Samuel R. Shaw, “Marine Barracks, Navy Yard, Pearl Harbor,” (Dec73). -From _Naval History_: Albert A. Grasselli, “The Ewa Marines” (Spring -1991). From _Leatherneck_: Philip N. Pierce, “Twenty Years Ago ...” -(Dec61) - - - - -_About the Authors_ - - -[Illustration] - -Robert J. Cressman is currently a civilian historian in the Naval -Historical Center’s Ships’ Histories Branch. A graduate of the -University of Maryland with a bachelor of arts in history in 1972, he -obtained his master of arts in history under the late Dr. Gordon W. -Prange at the University of Maryland in 1978. Mr. Cressman, a former -reference historian in the Marine Corps Historical Center’s Reference -Section (1979–1981), is author of _That Gallant Ship: USS Yorktown -(CV-5)_, and editor and principal contributor of _A Glorious Page in -Our History: The Battle of Midway, 4–6 June 1942_. He and the co-author -of this monograph, J. Michael Wenger, also co-authored _Steady Nerves -and Stout Hearts: The USS Enterprise (CV-6) Air Group and Pearl Harbor, -7 December 1941_. - -[Illustration] - -J. Michael Wenger, currently an analyst for the Square D Company in -Knightdale, North Carolina, graduated from Atlantic Christian College -in 1972, and obtained a master of arts from Duke University in 1973. -Mr. Wenger has taught in the Raleigh, North Carolina, school system and -writes as a free-lance military historian. He is the co-author of _The -Way It Was: Pearl Harbor--The Original Photographs_. His publication -credits include the Raleigh _News and Observer_ and _Naval Aviation -News_. - - -About the Cover: In the aftermath of the attack, _Pennsylvania_ (BB-38) -lies astern of the wrecked destroyers _Cassin_ (DD-372) and _Downes_ -(DD-375). - - -[Illustration] - - This pamphlet history, one in a series devoted to U.S. Marines - in the World War II era, is published for the education and - training of Marines by the History and Museums Division, - Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, Washington, D.C., as a part - of the U.S. Department of Defense observance of the 50th - anniversary of victory in that war. - - Editorial costs of preparing this pamphlet have been defrayed - in part by a bequest from the estate of Emilie H. Watts, in - memory of her late husband, Thomas M. Watts, who served as a - Marine and was the recipient of a Purple Heart. - - WORLD WAR II COMMEMORATIVE SERIES - - _DIRECTOR OF MARINE CORPS HISTORY AND MUSEUMS_ - =Brigadier General Edwin H. Simmons, USMC= (=Ret=) - - _GENERAL EDITOR, - WORLD WAR II COMMEMORATIVE SERIES_ - =Benis M. Frank= - - _EDITING AND DESIGN SECTION, HISTORY AND MUSEUMS DIVISION_ - =Robert E. Struder=, Senior Editor; =W. Stephen Hill=, - Visual Information Specialist; =Catherine A. Kerns=, - Composition Services Technician - - Marine Corps Historical Center - Building 58, Washington Navy Yard - Washington, D.C. 20374-0580 - - =1992= - - PCN 190 003116 00 - - - For sale by the U.S. Government Printing Office - Superintendent of Documents, Mail Stop: SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-9328 - - - - -Transcriber’s Notes - - -Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a -predominant preference was found in the original book; otherwise they -were not changed. - -Simple typographical errors were corrected; unbalanced quotation -marks were remedied when the change was obvious, and otherwise left -unbalanced. - -Illustrations in this eBook have been positioned between paragraphs -and outside quotations. Some have been repositioned to improve the -appearance of pages in eBook format. - -The Frontispiece originally was printed across two facing pages, so -part of the photograph was lost in the binding. In this eBook, the two -parts of that photograph have been combined into one image, with a -vertical white gap indicating the lost area. The complete photograph -used by the original book may be found by searching the Internet for -images of “ford island pearl harbor attack”, but this eBook only used -what was in the original book. - -Ship identifications in the original book sometimes were printed with a -hyphen (BB-43) and sometimes with a space (BB 43). In this eBook, they -always are printed with a hyphen. - -Page 32: The text on this page was superimposed on a background image -that was too faint be reproduced in this eBook. The caption of that -image is: - - Photo of USS _Arizona_ Memorial, 1991, by Maj Charles D. Melson, - USMC (Ret) - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Infamous Day: Marines at Pearl Harbor -7 December 1941, by Robert J. Cressman and J. 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Cressman and J. Michael Wenger - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Infamous Day: Marines at Pearl Harbor 7 December 1941 - -Author: Robert J. Cressman - J. Michael Wenger - -Release Date: July 2, 2020 [EBook #62542] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INFAMOUS DAY: MARINES AT PEARL HARBOR *** - - - - -Produced by Brian Coe, Charlie Howard, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<div class="transnote"> -<p class="center"><span class="larger">Transcriber’s Note:</span></p> -<p class="center">This book does not have a Table of Contents.</p> - -<p class="htmlonly">In most browsers, you can see larger, more detailed versions -of images marked with a bulls-eye <span class="lcolor bold larger">⦿</span> -by right-clicking the image and selecting "open image" or "view image" (wording -varies by browser). If the Browser then shows a magnifying glass, clicking again -will show the picture full-size.</p> - -<p class="epubonly">On some eReaders, stretching and/or double-tapping an -image will magnify it and show more detail, including better readability of -small print.</p> -</div> - -<div class="newpage figcenter b4 iscale50"> - <img src="images/cover.jpg" width="1238" height="1650" alt="cover" /> -</div> - -<div id="i_frontis" class="newpage figcenter iscale60"> - <p id="i_frontis2" class="htmlonly ilarge">⦿</p> - <img src="images/i_000.jpg" width="1389" height="1343" alt="" /> - <div class="captionr"> - <p>National Archives Photo 80-G-279375</p> - </div> - <div class="caption"> -<p><i>Ford Island, seen on 10 October 1941 -from much the same angle as Japanese -bomber pilots viewed it on 7 December.</i></p> -</div></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">1</span></p> - -<h1 id="Infamous_Day">Infamous Day:<br /> -Marines at Pearl Harbor</h1> - -<p class="in0 larger b1"><i>by Robert J. Cressman and J. Michael Wenger</i></p> - -<div> - <img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_001.jpg" width="73" height="80" alt="O" /> -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap">On the afternoon of 6 -December 1941, Tai -Sing Loo, the colorful -Pearl Harbor Navy -Yard photographer, arranged -with Platoon Sergeant -Charles R. Christenot, the noncommissioned-officer-in-charge -of the -Main Gate at the Navy Yard, to have -his Marines pose for a photograph -between 0830 and 0930 Sunday -morning, in front of the new concrete -main gate. The photo was to be for -a Christmas card.</p> - -<p>As war clouds gathered over the -Pacific basin in late 1941, the United -States Pacific Fleet operated, as it -had since May 1940, from Pearl Harbor. -While the security of that fleet -and for the island of Oahu lay in the -Army’s hands, that of the Navy Yard -and the Naval Air Stations at Pearl -Harbor and Kaneohe Bay lay in the -hands of Marines. In addition, on -board the fleet’s battleships, aircraft -carriers, and some of its cruisers, Marines -provided security, served as orderlies -for embarked flag officers and -ships’ captains, and manned secondary -antiaircraft and machine gun -batteries—seagoing duties familiar to -the Corps since its inception.</p> - -<p>The Marine Barracks at Pearl Harbor -comprised a Barracks Detachment -and two companies, A and B, -the men living in a comfortable -three-story concrete barracks. Company -A manned the main gates at the -Submarine Base and Navy Yard, and -other “distant outposts,” providing -yard security, while Company B enforced -traffic regulations and maintained -proper police and order under -the auspices of the Yard Police -Officer. In addition, Marines ran the -Navy Yard Fire Department. Elements -of Marine defense battalions -made Pearl Harbor their home, too, -residing in the several 100-man temporary -wooden barracks buildings -that had been completed during 1940 -and 1941. Less commodious but no -less important was the burgeoning -airbase that Marines of Marine Aircraft -Group (MAG) 2 (later 21) had -hewn and hammered out near Barbers -Point—Ewa Mooring Mast Field, -home for a Marine aircraft group -consisting of fighting, scout-bombing, -and utility squadrons.</p> - -<p>On 27 November, having been privy -to intelligence information -gleaned from intercepted and translated -Japanese diplomatic message -traffic, Admiral Harold R. Stark, the -Chief of Naval Operations, and General -George C. Marshall, the Army’s -Chief of Staff, sent a war warning to -their principal commanders on -Oahu, Admiral Husband E. Kimmel, -the Commander in Chief, Pacific -Fleet, and Lieutenant General Walter -C. Short, the Commander of the -Hawaiian Department. Thus adjured -to take appropriate defensive measures, -and feeling that his more exposed -advance bases needed -strengthening, Kimmel set in motion -a plan that had been completed as -early as 10 November, to provide -planes for Midway and Wake. The -latter was to receive fighters—12 -Grumman F4F-3 Wildcats of Marine -Fighter Squadron (VMF) 211—while -Midway was to get scout bombers -from Marine Scout-Bomber Squadron -(VMSB) 231. The following day, -28 November 1941, the carrier <i>Enterprise</i> -(CV-6) departed Pearl in Task<span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">2</span> -Force 8 under Vice Admiral William -F. Halsey, Jr., Commander, Aircraft, -Battle Force, embarking VMF-211 at -sea. VMSB-231 was to embark in -another carrier, <i>Lexington</i> (CV-2), in -Task Force 12 under Rear Admiral -John H. Newton, on 5 December.</p> - -<div id="ip_2" class="figcenter iscale60"> - <p id="ip_2a" class="htmlonly ilarge">⦿</p> - <img src="images/i_002.jpg" width="1466" height="1078" alt="" /> - <div class="captionr"><p> - National Archives Photo 80-G-451123</p></div> - <div class="caption"> -<p><i>Pearl Harbor Navy Yard, looking south, on 13 October 1941. -Marine Barracks complex is located to the left of the tank farm -visible just to left of center. Several temporary wooden barracks, -completed in early 1941, ring the parade ground.</i></p> -</div></div> - -<p>At the outset, apparently no one -except the squadron commanders -knew their respective destinations, -but the men of VMF-211 and -VMSB-231, meanwhile, apparently -ordered their affairs and made ready -for what was to appear as “advanced -base exercises.” Among those men -seeing to his financial affairs at Ewa -Mooring Mast Field on 3 December -1941 was First Lieutenant Richard E. -Fleming, USMCR, who wrote to his -widowed mother: “This is the last -time I’ll be able to write for probably -some time. I’m sorry I can’t give -you any details; it’s that secret.”</p> - -<p>On the 5th, Task Force 12 sailed -from Pearl. Eighteen light gray -Vought SB2U-3 Vindicators from -VMSB-231, under 41-year old Major -Clarence J. “Buddy” Chappell, then -made the 1.7-hour flight from Ewa -and landed on board <i>Lexington</i>, -along with the “Lady Lex” air group. -Planes recovered, the force set course -for Midway. The <i>Lexington</i> departed -Pearl Harbor on the morning of -5 December. That afternoon saw the -arrival of Battleship Division One -from gunnery exercises in the -Hawaiian Operating Area, and the -three dreadnoughts, <i>Arizona</i> -(BB-39), <i>Nevada</i> (BB-36), and <i>Oklahoma</i> -(BB-37), moored in their assigned -berths at the quays along Ford -Island. The movements of the ships -in and out of Pearl Harbor had been -the object of much interest on the -part of the espionage system operating -out of the Japanese consulate in -Honolulu throughout the year 1941, -for the information its operatives -were providing went to support an -ambitious and bold operation that -had taken shape over several months.</p> - -<p>Unbeknownst to Admiral Kimmel, -a Japanese task force under the command -of Vice Admiral Chuichi -Nagumo, formed around six carriers -and the most powerful force of its -kind ever assembled by any naval -power, had set out from the remote -Kurile Islands on 27 November. It -observed radio silence and steamed -via the comparatively less traveled -northern Pacific.</p> - -<p>Nagumo’s mission was to destroy -the United States Pacific Fleet and -thus ensure its being unable to threaten<span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">3</span> -the Japanese Southern Operation -poised to attack American, British, -and Dutch possessions in the Far -East. All of the warning signs made -available to Admiral Kimmel and -General Short pointed toward hostilities -occurring within the forseeable -future, but not on Oahu. War, -however, was about to burst upon -the Marines at Pearl Harbor “like a -thunderclap from a clear sky.”</p> - -<h3><i>Suddenly Hurled into War</i></h3> - -<p>Some 200 miles north of Oahu, -Vice Admiral Nagumo’s <i>First Air -Fleet</i>—formed around the aircraft -carriers <i>Akagi</i>, <i>Kaga</i>, <i>Soryu</i>, <i>Hiryu</i>, -<i>Shokaku</i> and <i>Zuikaku</i>—pressed -southward in the pre-dawn hours of -7 December 1941. At 0550, the dark -gray ships swung to port, into the -brisk easterly wind, and commenced -launching an initial strike of 184 -planes 10 minutes later. A second -strike would take off after an hour’s -interval. Once airborne, the 51 Aichi -D3A1 Type 99 dive bombers (Vals), -89 Nakajima B5N2 attack planes -(Kates) used in high-level bombing -or torpedo bombing roles, and 43 -Mitsubishi A6M2 Type 00 fighters -(Zeroes), led by Commander Mitsuo -Fuchida, <i>Akagi</i>’s air group commander, -wheeled around, climbed to -3,000 meters, and droned toward the -south at 0616. The only other military -planes aloft that morning were -Douglas SBD Dauntlesses from <i>Enterprise</i>, -flying searches ahead of the -carrier as she returned from Wake Island, -Army Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses -heading in from the mainland, -and Navy Consolidated PBY Catalinas -on routine patrols out of the -naval air stations at Ford Island and -Kaneohe.</p> - -<div id="ip_3" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 23em;"> - <img src="images/i_003.jpg" width="364" height="390" alt="" /> - <div class="captionr"><p>Jordan Collection, MCHC</p></div> - <div class="caption"> - -<p><i>Aerial view of Ewa Mooring Mast Field, taken 2 December 1941, showing various -types of planes arrayed on the mat and living accommodations at middle and right.</i></p></div></div> - -<div id="ip_3b" class="figright" style="max-width: 12em;"> - <img src="images/i_003b.jpg" width="178" height="219" alt="" /> - <div class="captionr"><p>Jordan Collection, MCHC</p></div> - <div class="caption"> - -<p><i>The centrally located airship mooring -mast at Ewa from which the field derived -its distinctive name, February 1941.</i></p></div></div> - -<p>That morning, 15 of the ships at -Pearl Harbor numbered Marine -detachments among their complements: -eight battleships, two heavy -cruisers, four light cruisers, and one -auxiliary. A 16th detachment, assigned -to the auxiliary (target/gunnery -training ship) <i>Utah</i> -(AG-16), was ashore on temporary -duty at the 14th Naval District Rifle -Range at Puuloa Point.</p> - -<p>At 0753, Lieutenant Frank Erickson, -USCG, the Naval Air Station -(NAS) Ford Island duty officer, -watched Privates First Class Frank -Dudovick and James D. Young, and -Private Paul O. Zeller, USMCR—the -Marine color guard—march up and -take post for Colors. Satisfied that all -looked in order outside, Erickson -stepped back into the office to check -if the assistant officer-of-the-day was -ready to play the recording for -sounding Colors on the loudspeaker. -The sound of two heavy explosions, -however, sent the Coast Guard -pilot running to the door. He reached -it just in time to see a Kate fly past -1010 Dock and release a torpedo. -The markings on the plane—“which -looked like balls of fire”—left no question -as to its identity; the explosion -of the torpedo as it struck the battleship -<i>California</i> (BB-44), moored<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">4</span> -near the administration building, left -no doubt as to its intent.</p> - -<div id="ip_4" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 35em;"> - <img src="images/i_004.jpg" width="556" height="416" alt="" /> - <div class="captionr"><p>National Archives Photo 80-G-32463</p></div> - <div class="caption"> - -<p><i>While a Marine, foreground, looks skyward, the torpedoed -battleship</i> California (<i>BB-46</i>) <i>lists to port. In the left background -flies “Old Glory,” raised by PFCs Frank Dudovick -and James D. Young, and Pvt Paul O. Zeller, USMCR.</i></p></div></div> - -<p>“The Marines didn’t wait for -colors,” Erickson recalled later, “The -flag went right up but the tune was -general quarters.” As “all Hell” broke -loose around them, Dudovick, -Young, and Zeller unflinchingly -hoisted the Stars and Stripes “with -the same smartness and precision” -that had characterized their participation -in peacetime ceremonies. At -the crew barracks on Ford Island, -Corporal Clifton Webster and Private -First Class Albert E. Yale headed for -the roof immediately after general -quarters sounded. In the direct line -of fire from strafing planes, they set -up a machine gun. Across Oahu, as -Japanese planes swept in over NAS -Kaneohe Bay, the Marine detachment -there—initially the only men -who had weapons—hurried to their -posts and began firing at the attackers.</p> - -<p>Since the American aircraft carriers -were at sea, the Japanese targeted -the battleships which lay moored -off Ford Island. At one end of Battleship -Row lay <i>Nevada</i>. At 0802, the -battleship’s .50-caliber machine guns -opened fire on the torpedo planes -bearing down on them from the -direction of the Navy Yard; her gunners -believed that they had shot one -down almost immediately. An instant -later, however, a torpedo -penetrated her port side and exploded.</p> - -<p>Ahead of <i>Nevada</i> lay <i>Arizona</i>, -with the repair ship <i>Vestal</i> (AR-4) -alongside, preparing for a tender -availability. Major Alan Shapley had -been relieved the previous day as -detachment commanding officer by -Captain John H. Earle, Jr., who had -come over to <i>Arizona</i> from <i>Tennessee</i> -(BB-43). Awaiting transportation -to the Naval Operating Base, San -Diego, and assignment to the 2d Marine -Division, Shapley was lingering -on board to play first base on the battleship’s -baseball team in a game -scheduled with the squad from the -carrier <i>Enterprise</i> (CV-6). After the -morning meal, he started down to his -cabin to change.</p> - -<p>Seated at breakfast, Sergeant John -M. Baker heard the air raid alarm, -followed closely by an explosion in -the distance and machine gun fire. -Corporal Earl C. Nightingale, leaving -the table, had paid no heed to the -alarm at the outset, since he had no -antiaircraft battle station, but ran to -the door on the port side that opened<span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">5</span> -out onto the quarterdeck at the -sound of the distant explosion. Looking -out, he saw what looked like a -bomb splash alongside <i>Nevada</i>. Marines -from the ship’s color guard then -burst breathlessly into the messing -compartment, saying that they were -being attacked.</p> - -<p>As general quarters sounded, Baker -and Nightingale, among the -others, headed for their battle stations. -Aft, congestion at the starboard -ladder, that led through -casemate no. 9, prompted Second -Lieutenant Carleton E. Simensen, -USMCR, the ship’s junior Marine -officer, to force his way through. -Both Baker and Nightingale noted, -in passing, that the 5-inch/51 there -was already manned, and Baker -heard Corporal Burnis L. Bond, the -gun captain, tell the crew to train it -out. Nightingale noted that the men -seemed “extremely calm and collected.”</p> - -<p>As Lieutenant Simensen led the -Marines up the ladder on the starboard -side of the mainmast tripod, -an 800-kilogram converted armor-piercing -shell dropped by a Kate -from <i>Kaga</i> ricocheted off the side of -Turret IV. Penetrating the deck, it exploded -in the vicinity of the captain’s -pantry. Sergeant Baker was following -Simensen up the mainmast when -the bomb exploded, shrapnel cutting -down the officer as he reached the -first platform. He crumpled to the -deck. Nightingale, seeing him flat on -his back, bent over him to see what -he could do but Simensen, dying, -motioned for his men to continue on -up the ladder. Nightingale continued -up to Secondary Aft and reported to -Major Shapley that nothing could be -done for Simensen.</p> - -<div id="ip_5" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 38em;"> - <img src="images/i_005.jpg" width="600" height="508" alt="" /> - <div class="caption">Oahu,<br /> - 7 December, 1941<br /></div></div> - -<p>An instant later, a rising babble of -voices in the secondary station -prompted Nightingale to call for silence. -No sooner had the tense quiet -settled in when, suddenly, a terrible -explosion shook the ship, as a second -800-kilogram bomb—dropped by a -Kate from <i>Hiryu</i>—penetrated the -deck near Turret II and set off <i>Arizona</i>’s -forward magazines. An instant -after the terrible fireball mushroomed -upward, Nightingale looked out and -saw a mass of flames forward of the -mainmast, and much in the tradition -of Private William Anthony of the -<i>Maine</i> reported that the ship was -afire.<a id="FNanchor_A" href="#Footnote_A" class="fnanchor">A</a> “We’d might as well go below,” -Major Shapley said, looking around, -“we’re no good here.” Sergeant Baker -started down the ladder. Nightingale, -the last man out, followed -Shapley down the port side of the -mast, the railings hot to the touch as -they made their way below.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_A" href="#FNanchor_A" class="fnanchor">A</a> Private Anthony, an instant after the explosion -mortally damaged the battleship <i>Maine</i> in Havana -harbor on 15 February 1898, made his way to the -captain’s cabin, where he encountered that officer -in the passageway outside. Drawing himself to attention, -Anthony reported that the ship was -sinking.</p></div> - -<p>Baker had just reached the searchlight -platform when he heard someone -shout: “You can’t use the ladder.” -Private First Class Kenneth D. Goodman, -hearing that and apparently assuming -(incorrectly, as it turned out) -that the ladder down was indeed unusable, -instinctively leapt in desperation -to the crown of Turret III. -Miraculously, he made the jump with -only a slight ankle injury. Shapley, -Nightingale, and Baker, however, -among others, stayed on the ladder -and reached the boat deck, only to -find it a mass of wreckage and fire, -with the bodies of the slain lying -thick upon it. Badly charred men -staggered to the quarterdeck. Some -reached it only to collapse and never -rise. Among them was Corporal -Bond, burned nearly black, who had -been ordering his crew to train out -no. 9 5-inch/51 at the outset of the -battle; sadly, he would not survive -his wounds.</p> - -<p>Shapley and Corporal Nightingale -made their way across the ship between -Turret III and Turret IV, where -Shapley stopped to talk with Lieutenant -Commander Samuel G. Fuqua, -<i>Arizona</i>’s first lieutenant and, -by that point, the ship’s senior officer -on board. Fuqua, who appeared “exceptionally -calm,” as he helped men -over the side, listened as Shapley told -him that it appeared that a bomb had -gone down the stack and triggered -the explosion that doomed the ship. -Since fighting the massive fires consuming -the ship was a hopeless task,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">6</span> -Fuqua told the Marine that he had -ordered <i>Arizona</i> abandoned. Fuqua, -the first man Sergeant Baker encountered -on the quarterdeck, proved an -inspiration. “His calmness gave me -courage,” Baker later declared, “and -I looked around to see if I could help.” -Fuqua, however, ordered him over -the side, too. Baker complied.</p> - -<p>Shapley and Nightingale, meanwhile, -reached the mooring quay -alongside which <i>Arizona</i> lay when -an explosion blew them into the -water. Nightingale started swimming -for a pipeline 150 feet away but soon -found that his ebbing strength would -not permit him to reach it. Shapley, -seeing the enlisted man’s distress, -swam over and grasped his shirt -front, and told him to hang onto his -shoulders. The strain of swimming -with Nightingale, however, proved -too much for even the athletic -Shapley, who began to experience -difficulties himself. Seeing his former -detachment commander foundering, -Nightingale loosened his grip on -his shoulders and told him to go the -rest of the way alone. Shapley -stopped, however, and firmly -grabbed him by the shirt; he refused -to let go. “I would have drowned,” -Nightingale later recounted, “but for -the Major.” Sergeant Baker had seen -their travail, but, too far away to -help, made it to Ford Island alone.</p> - -<p>Several bombs, meanwhile, fell -close aboard <i>Nevada</i>, moored astern -of <i>Arizona</i>, which had begun to -hemorrhage fuel from ruptured -tanks. Fire spread to the oil that lay -thick upon the water, threatening -<i>Nevada</i>. As the latter counterflooded -to correct the list, her acting commanding -officer, Lieutenant -Commander Francis J. Thomas, -USNR, decided that his ship had to -get underway “to avoid further -danger due to proximity of <i>Arizona</i>.” -After receiving a signal from the yard -tower to stand out of the harbor, -<i>Nevada</i> singled up her lines at 0820. -She began moving from her berth 20 -minutes later.</p> - -<div id="ip_6" class="figcenter iscale60"> - <p id="ip_6a" class="htmlonly ilarge">⦿</p> - <img src="images/i_006.jpg" width="1493" height="1034" alt="" /> - <div class="captionr"><p>Naval Historical Center Photo NH 50931</p></div> - <div class="caption"> - -<p><i>View from a Japanese plane taken around 0800 on 7 December -1941. At lower left is</i> Nevada (<i>BB-36</i>), <i>with</i> Arizona (<i>BB-39</i>) -<i>ahead of her, with the repair ship</i> Vestal (<i>AR-4</i>) <i>moored outboard;</i> -West Virginia (<i>BB-48</i>) (<i>already beginning to list to port</i>) -<i>alongside</i> Tennessee (<i>BB-43</i>); Oklahoma (<i>BB-37</i>) (<i>which has already -taken at least one torpedo</i>) <i>with</i> Maryland (<i>BB-46</i>) -<i>moored inboard; the fleet oiler</i> Neosho (<i>AO-23</i>) <i>and, far right,</i> -California (<i>BB-44</i>), <i>which, too, already has been torpedoed.</i></p></div></div> - -<div id="ip_7" class="figright" style="max-width: 11em;"> - <img src="images/i_007.jpg" width="173" height="291" alt="" /> - <div class="captionr"><p>Author’s Collection</p></div> - <div class="caption"> - -<p><i>Col Alan Shapley, in a post-war -photograph taken while serving as an -aide to Adm William F. Halsey, Jr.</i></p></div></div> - -<p><i>Oklahoma</i>, <i>Nevada</i>’s sister ship -moored inboard of <i>Maryland</i> in -berth F-5, meanwhile manned air-defense -stations at about 0757, to the -sound of gunfire. After a junior -officer passed the word over the -general announcing system that it -was not a drill—providing a suffix of -profanity to underscore the fact—all<span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">7</span> -men not having an antiaircraft -defense station were ordered to lay -below the armored deck. Crews at -the 5-inch and 3-inch batteries, -meanwhile, opened ready-use lockers. -A heavy shock, followed by a -loud explosion, came soon thereafter -as a torpedo slammed home in the -battleship’s port side. The “Okie” -soon began listing to port.</p> - -<p>Oil and water cascaded over the -decks, making them extremely slippery -and silencing the ready-duty -machine gun on the forward superstructure. -Two more torpedoes struck -home. The massive rent in the ship’s -side rendered the desperate attempts -at damage control futile. As Ensign -Paul H. Backus hurried from his -room to his battle station on the signal -bridge, he passed his friend Second -Lieutenant Harry H. Gaver, Jr., -one of <i>Oklahoma</i>’s Marine detachment -junior officers, “on his knees, -attempting to close a hatch on the -port side, alongside the barbette [of -Turret I] ... part of the trunk which -led from the main deck to the magazines.... -There were men trying -to come up from below at the time -Harry was trying to close the hatch....” -Backus never saw Gaver again.</p> - -<div id="ip_7b" class="figcenter iscale40"> - <p id="ip_7b2" class="htmlonly ilarge">⦿</p> - <img src="images/i_007b.jpg" width="1010" height="1533" alt="" /> - <div class="caption">Pearl Harbor<br /> - 7 December, 1941 -</div></div> - -<p>As the list increased and the oily, -wet decks made even standing up a -chore, <i>Oklahoma</i>’s acting commanding -officer ordered her abandoned to -save as many lives as possible. -Directed to leave over the starboard -side, away from the direction of the -roll, most of <i>Oklahoma</i>’s men -managed to get off, to be picked up -by boats arriving to rescue survivors. -Sergeant Thomas E. Hailey, and Privates -First Class Marlin “S” Seale and -James H. Curran, Jr., swam to the -nearby <i>Maryland</i>. Hailey and Seale -turned to the task of rescuing shipmates, -Seale remaining on -<i>Maryland</i>’s blister ledge throughout -the attack, pulling men from the -water. Later, although inexperienced -with that type of weapon, Hailey -and Curran manned <i>Maryland</i>’s antiaircraft -guns. <i>West Virginia</i> rescued -Privates George B. Bierman and Carl<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">8</span> -R. McPherson, who not only helped -rescue others from the water but also -helped to fight that battleship’s fires.</p> - -<div id="ip_8" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 35em;"> - <img src="images/i_008.jpg" width="558" height="366" alt="" /> - <div class="captionr"><p>National Archives Photo 80-G-32549</p></div> - <div class="caption"> - -<p><i>Along Battleship Row, beneath a pall of smoke from the burning</i> -Arizona (<i>BB-39</i>) <i>lies</i> Maryland (<i>BB-46</i>), <i>her 5-inch/25 -antiaircraft battery bristling.</i> Oklahoma (<i>BB-37</i>) <i>lies “turned -turtle,” capsized, at right. This view shows the distance “Okie” -survivors swam to the inboard battleship, where they manned -antiaircraft batteries and rescued their shipmates.</i></p></div></div> - -<p>Sergeant Woodrow A. Polk, a -bomb fragment in his left hip, -sprained his right ankle in abandoning -ship, while someone clambered -into a launch over Sergeant Leo G. -Wears and nearly drowned him in -the process. Gunnery Sergeant Norman -L. Currier stepped from <i>Oklahoma</i>’s -red hull to a boat, dry-shod. -Wears—as Hailey and Curran—soon -found a short-handed antiaircraft -gun on <i>Maryland</i>’s boat deck and -helped pass ammunition. Private -First Class Arthur J. Bruktenis, -whose column in the December 1941 -issue of <i>The Leatherneck</i> would be -the last to chronicle the peacetime activities -of <i>Oklahoma</i>’s Marines, dislocated -his left shoulder in the -abandonment, but survived.</p> - -<div id="ip_8b" class="figleft" style="max-width: 12em;"> - <img src="images/i_008b.jpg" width="183" height="194" alt="" /> - <div class="captionr"><p>Naval Historical Center Photo NH 102556</p></div> - <div class="caption"> - -<p><i>Sgt Thomas E. Hailey, 18 May 1942, one -month after he had been awarded the -Navy Cross for heroism he exhibited on -7 December 1941 that followed the sinking -of the battleship</i> Oklahoma (<i>BB-37</i>).</p></div></div> - -<div id="ip_8c" class="figright" style="max-width: 12em;"> - <img src="images/i_008c.jpg" width="180" height="205" alt="" /> - <div class="captionr"><p>Naval Historical Center Photo NH 102557</p></div> - <div class="caption"> - -<p><i>Cpl Willard A. Darling, circa 1941, was -awarded the Navy Cross for heroism in -the aftermath of the Japanese air attack -on the battleship</i> Oklahoma (<i>BB-37</i>).</p></div></div> - -<p>A little over two weeks shy of his -23d birthday, Corporal Willard D. -Darling, an <i>Oklahoma</i> Marine who -was a native Oklahoman, had meanwhile -clambered on board a motor -launch. As it headed shoreward, -Darling saw 51-year-old Commander -Fred M. Rohow (Medical Corps), the -capsized battleship’s senior medical -officer, in a state of shock, struggling -in the oily water. Since Rohow<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">9</span> -seemed to be drowning, Darling unhesitatingly -dove in and, along with -Shipfitter First Class William S. Thomas, -kept him afloat until a second -launch picked them up. Strafing -Japanese planes and shrapnel from -American guns falling around them -prompted the abandonment of the -launch at a dredge pipeline, so -Darling jumped in and directed the -doctor to follow him. Again, the Marine -rescued Rohow—who proved -too exhausted to make it on his -own—and towed him to shore.</p> - -<p><i>Maryland</i>, meanwhile, inboard of -<i>Oklahoma</i>, promptly manned her -antiaircraft guns at the outset of the -attack, her machine guns opening -fire immediately. She took two bomb -hits, but suffered only minor -damage. Her Marine detachment -suffered no casualties.</p> - -<p>On board <i>Tennessee</i> (BB-43), Marine -Captain Chevey S. White, who -had just turned 28 the day before, -was standing officer-of-the-deck -watch as that battleship lay moored -inboard of <i>West Virginia</i> (BB-48) in -berth F-6. Since the commanding -officer and the executive officer were -both ashore, command devolved -upon Lieutenant Commander James -W. Adams, Jr., the ship’s gunnery -officer. Summoned topside at the -sound of the general alarm and hearing -“all hands to general quarters” -over the ship’s general announcing -system, Adams sprinted to the bridge -and spotted White en route. Over the -din of battle, Adams shouted for the -Marine to “get the ship in condition -Zed [Z] as quickly as possible.” White -did so. By the time Adams reached -his battle station on the bridge, -White was already at his own battle -station, directing the ship’s antiaircraft -guns. During the action (in -which the ship took one bomb that -exploded on the center gun of Turret -II and another that penetrated the -crown of Turret III, the latter breaking -apart without exploding), White -remained at his unprotected station, -coolly and courageously directing the -battleship’s antiaircraft battery. <i>Tennessee</i> -claimed four enemy planes -shot down.</p> - -<div id="ip_9" class="figright" style="max-width: 12em;"> - <img src="images/i_009.jpg" width="183" height="224" alt="" /> - <div class="captionr"><p>Marine Corps Historical Collection</p></div> - <div class="caption"> - -<p><i>Capt Chevey S. White was a veteran of -service in China with the 4th Marines, -where he had edited the</i> Walla Walla, <i>the -regiment’s news magazine. White had -become CO of</i> Tennessee<i>’s</i> (<i>BB-43</i>) <i>Marine -Detachment on 3 August 1941. Ultimately, -he was killed by enemy -mortar fire on Guam on 22 July 1944.</i></p></div></div> - -<p><i>West Virginia</i>, outboard of <i>Tennessee</i>, -had been scheduled to sail for -Puget Sound, due for overhaul, on -17 November, but had been retained -in Hawaiian waters owing to the -tense international situation. In her -exposed moorings, she thus absorbed -six torpedoes, while a seventh blew -her rudder free. Prompt counterflooding, -however, prevented her -from turning turtle as <i>Oklahoma</i> had -done, and she sank, upright, alongside -<i>Tennessee</i>.</p> - -<p>On board <i>California</i>, moored singly -off the administration building at -the naval air station, junior officer of -the deck on board had been Second -Lieutenant Clifford B. Drake. -Relieved by Ensign Herbert C. Jones, -USNR, Drake went down to the -wardroom for breakfast (Kadota -figs, followed by steak and eggs) -where, around 0755, he heard airplane -engines and explosions as -Japanese dive bombers attacked the -air station. The general quarters -alarm then summoned the crew to -battle stations. Drake, forsaking his -meal, hurried to the foretop.</p> - -<p>By 0803, the two ready machine -guns forward of the bridge had -opened fire, followed shortly thereafter -by guns no. 2 and 4 of the antiaircraft -battery. As the gunners -depleted the ready-use ammunition, -however, two torpedoes struck home -in quick succession. <i>California</i> began -to settle as massive flooding occurred. -Meanwhile, fumes from the -ruptured fuel tanks—she had been -fueled to 95 percent capacity the -previous day—drove out the men assigned -to the party attempting to -bring up ammunition for the guns by -hand. A call for men to bring up additional -gas masks proved fruitless, -as the volunteers, who included Private -Arthur E. Senior, could not -reach the compartment in which they -were stored.</p> - -<p><i>California</i>’s losing power because -of the torpedo damage soon relegated -Lieutenant Drake, in her foretop, -to the role of “... a reporter of what -was going on ... a somewhat confused -young lieutenant suddenly -hurled into war.” As <i>California</i> began -listing after the torpedo hits, Drake -began pondering his own ship’s fate. -Comparing his ship’s list with that of -<i>Oklahoma</i>’s, he dismissed <i>California</i>’s -rolling over, thinking, “who ever -heard of a battleship capsizing?” <i>Oklahoma</i>, -however, did a few moments -later.</p> - -<p>Meanwhile, at about 0810, in -response to a call for a chain of -volunteers to pass 5-inch/25 ammunition, -Private Senior again stepped -forward and soon clambered down -to the C-L Division Compartment. -There he saw Ensign Jones, Lieutenant -Drake’s relief earlier that -morning, standing at the foot of the -ladder on the third deck, directing -the ammunition supply. For almost -20 minutes, Senior and his shipmates -toiled under Jones’ direction until a -bomb penetrated the main deck at<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">10</span> -about 0830 and exploded on the second -deck, plunging the compartment -into darkness. As acrid smoke -filled the compartment, Senior -reached for his gas mask, which he -had lain on a shell box behind him, -and put it on. Hearing someone say: -“Mr. Jones has been hit,” Senior -flashed his flashlight over on the ensign’s -face and saw that “it was all -bloody. His white coat also had -blood all over it.” Senior and another -man then carried Jones as far as the -M Division compartment, but the -ensign would not let them carry him -any further. “Leave me alone,” he -gasped insistently, “I’m done for. Get -out of here before the magazines go -off!” Soon thereafter, however, before -he could get clear, Senior felt the -shock of an explosion from down below -and collapsed, unconscious.</p> - -<div id="ip_10" class="figleft" style="max-width: 12em;"> - <img src="images/i_010.jpg" width="182" height="211" alt="" /> - <div class="captionr"><p>Naval Historical Center Photo NH 102552</p></div> - <div class="caption"> - -<p><i>GySgt Charles E. Douglas, 24 February -1941, later awarded the Navy Cross for -heroism on board</i> Nevada <i>at Pearl Harbor. -He had seen service in Nicaragua -and in the Legation Guard at Peking, as -well as at sea in battleships</i> Pennsylvania -(<i>BB-38</i>) <i>and</i> New York (<i>BB-34</i>).</p></div></div> - -<div id="ip_10b" class="figright" style="max-width: 12em;"> - <img src="images/i_010b.jpg" width="180" height="207" alt="" /> - <div class="captionr"><p>Naval Historical Center Photo NH 102554</p></div> - <div class="caption"> - -<p><i>Cpl Joe R. Driskell</i>, circa <i>1941, later -awarded the Navy Cross for heroism on -board</i> Nevada <i>at Pearl Harbor. Driskell -had been in the Civilian Conservation -Corps in Wyoming before he had enlisted -in the Corps. When general quarters -sounded on board</i> Nevada (<i>BB-36</i>) <i>on 7 -December, he took up his battle station -as gun captain of no. 9 5-inch/51 gun, -in casemate no. 9, on the starboard side.</i></p></div></div> - -<p>Jones’ gallantry—which earned -him a posthumous Medal of -Honor—impressed Private Howard -M. Haynes, who had been confined -before the attack, awaiting a bad -conduct discharge. After the battle, -a contrite Haynes—“a mean character -who had shown little or no -respect for anything or anyone” before -7 December—approached Lieutenant -Drake and said that he -[Haynes] was alive because of the actions -that Ensign Jones had taken. -“God,” he said, “give me a chance to -prove I’m worth it.” His actions that -morning in the crucible of war -earned Haynes a recommendation -for retention in the service. Most of -<i>California</i>’s Marines, like Haynes, -survived the battle. Private First -Class Earl D. Wallen and Privates -Roy E. Lee, Jr. and Shelby C. Shook, -however, did not. Nor did the badly -burned Private First Class John A. -Blount, Jr., who succumbed to his -wounds on 9 December.</p> - -<p><i>Nevada</i>’s attempt to clear the harbor, -meanwhile, inspired those who -witnessed it. Her magnificent effort -prompted a stepped-up effort by -Japanese dive bomber pilots to sink -her. One 250-kilogram bomb hit her -boat deck just aft of a ventilator -trunk and 12 feet to the starboard -side of the centerline, about halfway -between the stack and the end of the -boat deck, setting off laid-out 5-inch -ready-use ammunition. Spraying -fragments decimated the gun crews. -The explosion wrecked the galley -and blew open the starboard door of -the compartment, venting into casemate -no. 9 and starting a fire that -swept through the casemate, wrecking -the gun. Although he had been -seriously wounded by the blast that -had hurt both of his legs and stripped -much of his uniform from his body, -Corporal Joe R. Driskell disregarded -his own condition and insisted -that he man another gun. He refused -medical treatment, assisting other -wounded men instead, and then -helped battle the flames. He did not -quit until those fires were out.</p> - -<p>Another 250-kilogram bomb hit -<i>Nevada</i>’s bridge, penetrating down -into casemate no. 6 and starting a -fire. The blast had also severed the -water pipes providing circulating -water to the water-cooled machine -guns on the foremast-guns in the -charge of Gunnery Sergeant Charles -E. Douglas. Intense flames enveloped -the forward superstructure, endangering -Douglas and his men, and -prompting orders for them to abandon -their station. They steadfastly -remained at their posts, however, -keeping the .50-caliber Brownings firing -amidst the swirling black smoke -until the end of the action.</p> - -<p>Unlike the battleships the enemy -had caught moored on Battleship -Row, <i>Pennsylvania</i> (BB-38), the fleet -flagship, lay on keel blocks, sharing -Dry Dock No. 1 at the Navy Yard -with <i>Cassin</i> (DD-372) and <i>Downes</i> -(DD-375)—two destroyers side-by-side -ahead of her. Three of <i>Pennsylvania</i>’s -four propeller shafts had been -removed and she was receiving all -steam, power, and water from the -yard. Although her being in drydock -had excused her from taking part in -antiaircraft drills, her crew swiftly -manned her machine guns after the -first bombs exploded among the PBY -flying boats parked on the south end -of Ford Island. “Air defense stations” -then sounded, followed by “general<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">11</span> -quarters.” Men knocked the locks off -ready-use ammunition stowage and -<i>Pennsylvania</i> opened fire about -0802.</p> - -<div id="ip_11" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 40em;"> - <img src="images/i_011.jpg" width="627" height="840" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><p><i>Close-up of the forward -superstructure of</i> Nevada -(<i>BB-36</i>) <i>taken a few -days after the Japanese -attack as the battleship lay -beached off Waipio Point. In -the upper portion of this view -can be seen the forward -machine gun position with its -four .50-caliber water-cooled -Brownings—the ones manned -by Gunnery Sergeant Douglas -and his men during the battle -on 7 December. Note the extensive -fire damage -to the superstructure -below. In the lower -portion of the picture -can be seen one of the -ship’s 5-inch/51s, of -the type manned by -Corporal Driskell at -the start of -the action.</i></p></div></div> - -<p>The fleet flagship and the two destroyers -nestled in the drydock ahead -of her led a charmed life until dive -bombers from <i>Soryu</i> and <i>Hiryu</i> targeted -the drydock area between 0830 -and 0915.<a id="FNanchor_B" href="#Footnote_B" class="fnanchor">B</a> One bomb penetrated -<i>Pennsylvania</i>’s boat deck, just to the -rear of 5-inch/25 gun no. 7, and -detonated in casemate no. 9. Of -<i>Pennsylvania</i>’s Marine detachment, -two men (Privates Patrick P. Tobin -and George H. Wade, Jr.) died outright, -13 fell wounded, and six were -listed as missing. Three of the -wounded—Corporal Morris E. Nations -and Jesse C. Vincent, Jr., and -Private First Class Floyd D. -Stewart—died later the same day.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_B" href="#FNanchor_B" class="fnanchor">B</a> For what became of the two destroyers, and the -Marines decorated for bravery in the battle to try -to save them, see <a href="#Page_28">page 28–29</a>.</p></div> - -<div id="ip_11b" class="bboxleft figleft" style="min-width: 12em; max-width: 33%;"> - <img src="images/i_012.jpg" width="182" height="238" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="dc al"><span class="smcap1">Lieutenant</span> Colonel Daniel -Russel Fox, USMC, as the -Division Marine Officer on the -staff of Rear Admiral Isaac C. Kidd, -Commander, Battleship Division -One, was the most senior Marine -officer to die on board <i>Arizona</i> on -the morning of 7 December 1941. Fox -had enlisted in the Marine Corps in -1916. For heroism in France on 4 October -1918, when he was a member -of the 17th Company, Fifth Marines, -he was awarded the Navy Cross. He -also was decorated with the Army’s -Distinguished Service Cross and the -French Croix de Guerre. Fox was -commissioned in 1921 and later -served in Nicaragua as well as China.</p></div></div> - -<p>As the onslaught descended upon -the battleships and the air station, -Marine detachments hurried to their -battle stations on board other ships -elsewhere at Pearl. In the Navy Yard -lay <i>Argonne</i> (AG-31), the flagship of -the Base Force, the heavy cruisers -<i>New Orleans</i> (CA-32) and <i>San Francisco</i> -(CA-38), and the light cruisers -<i>Honolulu</i> (CL-48), <i>St. Louis</i> (CL-49) -and <i>Helena</i> (CL-50). To the northeast -of Ford Island lay the light cruiser -<i>Phoenix</i> (CL-43).</p> - -<p>Although <i>Utah</i> was torpedoed and -sunk at her berth early in the attack, -her 14 Marines, on temporary duty -at the 14th Naval District Rifle -Range, found useful employment -combatting the enemy. The Fleet -Machine Gun School lay on Oahu’s -south coast, west of the Pearl Harbor -entrance channel, at Fort Weaver. -The men stationed there, including -several Marines on temporary duty -from the carrier <i>Enterprise</i> and the -battleships <i>California</i> and <i>Pennsylvania</i>, -sprang to action at the first -sounds of war. Working with the -men from the Rifle Range, all hands -set up and mounted guns, and broke -out and belted ammunition between -0755 and 0810. All those present at -the range were issued pistols or rifles -from the facility’s armory.</p> - -<p>Soon after the raid began, Platoon -Sergeant Harold G. Edwards set -about securing the camp against any -incursion the Japanese might attempt -from the landward side, and also supervised -the emplacement of -machine guns along the beach. Lieutenant -(j.g.) Roy R. Nelson, the -officer in charge of the Rifle Range, -remembered the many occasions -when Captain Frank M. Reinecke, -commanding officer of <i>Utah</i>’s Marine -detachment and the senior instructor -at the Fleet Machine Gun School -(and, as his Naval Academy classmates -remembered, quite a conversationalist), -had maintained that the -school’s weapons would be a great -asset if anybody ever attacked -Hawaii. By 0810, Reinecke’s gunners -stood ready to prove the point and -soon engaged the enemy—most likely -torpedo planes clearing Pearl Harbor -or high-level bombers approaching -from the south. Nearby -Army units, perhaps alerted by the -Marines’ fire, opened up soon thereafter. -Unfortunately, the eager gunners -succeeded in downing one of -two SBDs from <i>Enterprise</i> that were -attempting to reach Hickam Field. -An Army crash boat, fortunately, -rescued the pilot and his wounded -passenger soon thereafter.</p> - -<p>On board <i>Argonne</i>, meanwhile, -alongside 1010 Dock, her Marines -manned her starboard 3-inch/23 battery -and her machine guns. Commander -Fred W. Connor, the ship’s -commanding officer, later credited -Corporal Alfred Schlag with shooting -down one Japanese plane as it -headed for Battleship Row.</p> - -<p>When the attack began, <i>Helena</i> lay -moored alongside 1010 Dock, the -venerable minelayer <i>Oglala</i> (CM-3) -outboard. A signalman, standing -watch on the light cruiser’s signal -bridge at 0757 identified the planes -over Ford Island as Japanese, and the -ship went to general quarters. Before -she could fire a shot in her own -defense, however, one 800-kilogram -torpedo barrelled into her starboard -side about a minute after the general -alarm had begun summoning her -men to their battle stations. The explosion -vented up from the forward -engine room through the hatch and -passageways, catching many of the -crew running to their stations, and -started fires on the third deck. Platoon -Sergeant Robert W. Teague, Privates -First Class Paul F. Huebner, Jr.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">13</span> -and George E. Johnson, and Private -Lester A. Morris were all severely -burned. Johnson later died.</p> - -<div id="ip_13" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 35em;"> - <img src="images/i_013.jpg" width="556" height="429" alt="" /> - <div class="captionr"><p>National Archives Photo 80-G-32854</p></div> - <div class="caption"> - -<p><i>Beneath a leaden sky on 8 December 1941, Marines at NAS -Kaneohe Bay fire a volley over the common grave of 15 officers -and men killed during the Japanese raid the previous -day. Note sandbagged position atop the sandy rise at right.</i></p></div></div> - -<p>To the southeast, <i>New Orleans</i> lay -across the pier from her sister ship -<i>San Francisco</i>. The former went to -general quarters soon after enemy -planes had been sighted dive-bombing -Ford Island around 0757. -At 0805, as several low-flying torpedo -planes roared by, bound for Battleship -Row, Marine sentries on the -fantail opened fire with rifles and -.45s. <i>New Orleans</i>’ men, meanwhile, -so swiftly manned the 1.1-inch/75 -quads, and .50-caliber machine guns, -under the direction of Captain William -R. Collins, the commanding -officer of the ship’s Marine detachment, -that the ship actually managed -to shoot at torpedo planes passing -her stern. <i>San Francisco</i>, however, -under major overhaul with neither -operative armament nor major -caliber ammunition on board, was -thus restricted to having her men fire -small arms at whatever Japanese -planes came within range. Some of -her crew, though, hurried over to -<i>New Orleans</i>, which was near-missed -by one bomb, and helped man her -5-inchers.</p> - -<p><i>St. Louis</i>, outboard of <i>Honolulu</i>, -went to general quarters at 0757 and -opened fire with her 1.1 quadruple -mounted antiaircraft and .50-caliber -machine gun batteries, and after getting -her 5-inch mounts in commission -by 0830—although without -power in train—she hauled in her -lines at 0847 and got underway at -0931. With all 5-inchers in full commission -by 0947, she proceeded to -sea, passing the channel entrance -buoys abeam around 1000. -<i>Honolulu</i>, damaged by a near miss -from a bomb, remained moored at -her berth throughout the action.</p> - -<p><i>Phoenix</i>, moored by herself in -berth C-6 in Pearl Harbor, to the -northeast of Ford Island, noted the -attacking planes at 0755 and went to -general quarters. Her machine gun -battery opened fire at 0810 on the attacking -planes as they came within -range; her antiaircraft battery five -minutes later. Ultimately, after two -false starts (where she had gotten underway -and left her berth only to see -sortie signals cancelled each time) -<i>Phoenix</i> cleared the harbor later that -day and put to sea.</p> - -<p>For at least one Marine, though,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">14</span> -the day’s adventure was not over -when the Japanese planes departed. -Search flights took off from Ford Island, -pilots taking up utility aircraft -with scratch crews, to look for the -enemy carriers which had launched -the raid. Mustered at the naval air -station on Ford Island, <i>Oklahoma</i>’s -Sergeant Hailey, still clad in his oil-soaked -underwear, volunteered to go -up in a plane that was leaving on a -search mission at around 1130. He -remained aloft in the plane, armed -with a rifle, for some five hours.</p> - -<p>After the attacking planes had retired, -the grim business of cleaning -up and getting on with the war had -to be undertaken. Muster had to be -taken to determine who was missing, -who was wounded, who lay dead. -Men sought out their friends and -shipmates. First Lieutenant Cornelius -C. Smith, Jr., from the Marine Barracks -at the Navy Yard, searched in -vain among the maimed and dying -at the Naval Hospital later that day, -for his friend Harry Gaver from <i>Oklahoma</i>. -Death respected no rank. -The most senior Marine to die that -day was Lieutenant Colonel Daniel -R. Fox, the decorated World War I -hero and the division Marine officer -on the staff of the Commander, Battleship -Division One, Rear Admiral -Isaac C. Kidd, who, along with Lieutenant -Colonel Fox, had been killed -in <i>Arizona</i>. The tragedy of Pearl -Harbor struck some families with -more force than others: numbered -among <i>Arizona</i>’s lost were Private -Gordon E. Shive, of the battleship’s -Marine detachment, and his brother, -Radioman Third Class Malcolm H. -Shive, a member of the ship’s -company.</p> - -<p>Over the next few days, Marines -from the sunken ships received reassignment -to other vessels—<i>Nevada</i>’s -Marines deployed ashore to set up -defensive positions in the fields adjacent -to the grounded and listing -battleship—and the dead, those who -could be found, were interred with -appropriate ceremony. Eventually, -the deeds of Marines in the battleship -detachments were recognized by appropriate -commendations and advancements -in ratings. Chief among -them, Gunnery Sergeant Douglas, -Sergeant Hailey, and Corporals -Driskell and Darling were each -awarded the Navy Cross. For his -“meritorious conduct at the peril of -his own life,” Major Shapley was -commended and awarded the Silver -Star. Lieutenant Simensen was -awarded a posthumous Bronze Star, -while <i>Tennessee</i>’s commanding officer -commended Captain White for the -way in which he had directed that -battleship’s antiaircraft guns that -morning.</p> - -<p>Titanic salvage efforts raised some -of the sunken battleships—<i>California</i>, -<i>West Virginia</i>, and <i>Nevada</i>—and -they, like the surviving Marines, -went on to play a part in the ultimate -defeat of the enemy who had begun -the war with such swift and terrible -suddenness.</p> - -<h3><i>They Caught Us Flat-Footed</i></h3> - -<p>At 0740, when Fuchida’s fliers had -closed to within a few miles of Kahuku -Point, the 43 Zeroes split away -from the rest of the formation, -swinging out north and west of -Wheeler Field, the headquarters of -the Hawaiian Air Force’s 18th Pursuit -Wing. Passing further to the south, -at about 0745 the <i>Soryu</i> and <i>Hiryu</i> -divisions executed a hard diving turn -to port and headed north, toward -Wheeler. Eleven Zeroes from -<i>Shokaku</i> and <i>Zuikaku</i> simultaneously -left the formation and flew east, -crossing over Oahu north of Pearl -Harbor to attack NAS Kaneohe Bay. -Eighteen from <i>Akagi</i> and <i>Kaga</i> headed -toward what the Japanese called -<em>Babasu Pointo Hikojo</em> (Barbers Point -Airdrome)—Ewa Mooring Mast -Field.</p> - -<p>Sweeping over the Waianae Range, -Lieutenant Commander Shigeru -Itaya led <i>Akagi</i>’s nine Zeroes, while -Lieutenant Yoshio Shiga headed -another division of nine from <i>Kaga</i>. -After the initial attack, Itaya and Shiga -were to be followed by divisions -from <i>Soryu</i>, under Lieutenant Masaji -Suganami, and <i>Hiryu</i>, under Lieutenant -Kiyokuma Okajima, which -were, at that moment, involved in attacking -Wheeler to the north.</p> - -<div id="ip_14" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 23em;"> - <img src="images/i_014.jpg" width="366" height="222" alt="" /> - <div class="captionr"><p>Author’s Collection</p></div> - <div class="caption"> - -<p><i>Ewa Mooring Mast Field, later a Japanese target, is seen hazily through the windshield -of a Battleship Row-bound Kate shortly before 0800 on 7 December 1941.</i></p></div></div> - -<p>In the officers’ mess at Ewa, the -officer-of-the-day, Captain Leonard -W. Ashwell of VMJ-252, noticed two -formations of aircraft at 0755. The -first looked like 18 “torpedo planes” -flying at 1,000 feet toward Pearl Harbor -from Barbers Point, but the second, -to the northwest, comprised -about 21 planes, just coming over the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">15</span> -hills from the direction of Nanakuli, -also at an altitude of about 1,000 -feet. Ashwell, intrigued by the sight, -stepped outside for a better look. The -second formation, of single-seat -fighters (the two divisions from <i>Akagi</i> -and <i>Kaga</i>), flew just to the north -of Ewa and wheeled to the right. -Then, flying in a “string” formation, -they commenced firing. Recognizing -the planes as Japanese, Ashwell burst -back into the mess, shouting: “Air -Raid ... Air Raid! Pass the word!” -He then sprinted for the guard house, -to have “call to arms” sounded.</p> - -<div id="ip_15" class="bbox b2 figcenter" style="max-width: 35em;"> - <img src="images/i_015.jpg" width="554" height="560" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="center larger"><i>Browning Machine Gun Drill On Board Ship</i></p></div> - <div class="caption"> -<p class="dc"><span class="smcap1">Marines</span> man a water-cooled, .50-caliber -Browning M2 machine gun during a drill -on board the gunnery training ship <i>Wyoming</i> -(AG-17) in late 1941. The M2 Browning weighed -(without water) 100 pounds, 8 ounces, and measured -five feet, six inches in length. It fired between 550 and -700 rounds per minute to a maximum horizontal range -of 7,400 yards. The two hoses carry coolant water to -the gun barrel. The gun could be fired without the -prescribed two and a half gallons of cooling water—as -Gunnery Sergeant Douglas’s men did on board <i>Nevada</i> -(BB-36) on 7 December 1941—but accuracy -diminished as the barrel heated and the pattern of -shots became more widely dispersed. Experience -would reveal that a large number of .50-caliber hits -were necessary to disable a plane, and that only a -small number of hits could be attained by any single -ship-mounted gun against a dive bomber.</p></div></div> - -<p>That Sunday morning, Technical -Sergeant Henry H. Anglin, the -noncommissioned-officer-in-charge -of the photographic section at Ewa, -had driven from his Pearl City home -with his three-year-old son, Hank, to -take the boy’s picture at the station. -The senior Anglin had just positioned -the lad in front of the camera -and was about to take the photo—the -picture was to be a gift to the -boy’s grandparents—when they -heard the “mingled noise of airplanes -and machine guns.” Roaring down to -within 25 feet of the ground, Itaya’s -group most likely carried out only -one pass at their targets before moving -on to Hickam, the headquarters -of the Hawaiian Air Forces 18th -Bombardment Wing.</p> - -<div id="ip_15b" class="figright" style="max-width: 12em;"> - <img src="images/i_016.jpg" width="180" height="189" alt="" /> - <div class="captionr"><p>Prange</p></div> - <div class="caption"> - -<p><i>LCdr Shigeru Itaya, commander of</i> Akagi’<i>s -first-wave fighters, which carried out -the initial strafing attacks at Ewa Field.</i></p></div></div> - -<p>Thinking that Army pilots were -showing off, Sergeant Anglin stepped -outside the photographic section tent -and, along with some other enlisted -men, watched planes bearing -Japanese markings strafing the edge -of the field. Then, the planes began -roaring down toward the field itself -and the bullets from their cowl and -wing-mounted guns began kicking -up puffs of dirt. “Look, live ammunition,” -somebody said or thought, -“Somebody’ll go to prison for this.”</p> - -<p>Shiga’s pilots, like Itaya’s, concentrated -on the tactical aircraft lined up -neatly on Ewa’s northwest apron -with short bursts of 7.7- and -20-millimeter machine gun fire. Shiga’s -pilots, unlike Itaya’s, however, -reversed course over the treetops and -repeated their blistering attacks from -the opposite direction. Within -minutes, most of MAG-21’s planes sat -ablaze and exploding, black smoke -corkscrewing into the sky. The enemy -spared none of the planes: the -gray SBD-1s and -2s of VMSB-232 -and the seven spare SB2U-3s left behind -by VMSB-231 when they embarked -in <i>Lexington</i> just two days -before. VMF-211’s remaining F4F-3s, -left behind when the squadron -deployed to Wake well over a week -before, likewise began exploding in -flame and smoke.</p> - -<p>At his home on Ewa Beach, three -miles southeast of the air station, -Captain Richard C. Mangrum, -VMSB-232’s flight officer, sat reading -the Sunday comics. Often residents -of that area had heard gunnery -exercises, but on a Sunday morning? -The chatter of gunfire and the dull -thump of explosions, however, drew -Mangrum’s attention away from the -cartoons. As he looked out his front -door, planes with red ball markings -on the wings and fuselage roared by -at very low altitude, bound for Pearl -Harbor. Up the valley in the direction -of Wheeler Field, smoke was -boiling skyward, as it was from Ewa. -As he set out for Ewa on an old country -road, wives and children of Marines -who lived in the Ewa Beach -neighborhood began gathering at the -Mangrum’s house.</p> - -<div id="ip_15c" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 23em;"> - <img src="images/i_016b.jpg" width="367" height="154" alt="" /> - <div class="captionr"><p>Author’s Collection</p></div> - <div class="caption"> - -<p><i>A Mitsubishi A6M2 Zero, flown by PO2 Masao Taniguchi in the 7 December attack -on Ewa Mooring Mast Field, takes off from the carrier</i> Akagi, <i>circa spring 1942.</i></p></div></div> - -<div id="ip_17" class="figleft" style="max-width: 12em;"> - <img src="images/i_017.jpg" width="182" height="176" alt="" /> - <div class="captionr"><p>Prange</p></div> - <div class="caption"> - -<p><i>Lt Yoshio Shiga, commander of</i> Kaga’<i>s -nine Zeroes which strafed Ewa soon after -Itaya, was assigned the task of reducing -the “Barbers Point Airdrome.”</i></p></div></div> - -<p>Elsewhere in the Ewa Beach community, -Mrs. Charles S. Barker, Jr., -wife of Master Technical Sergeant -Barker, the chief clerk in MAG-21’s -operations office, heard the noise and -asked: “What’s all the shooting?” Barker, -clad only in beach shorts, looked -out his front door, saw and heard a -plane fly by at low altitude, and then -saw splashes along the shoreline from -strafing planes marked with red -<em>hinomaru</em>. Running out to turn off -the water hose in his front yard, and -seeing a small explosion nearby -(probably an antiaircraft shell from -the direction of Pearl), Barker had<span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">17</span> -seen enough. He left his wife and -baby with his neighbors, and set out -for Ewa.</p> - -<p>The strafers who singled out cars -moving along the roads that led to -Ewa proved no respecter of persons. -MAG-21’s commanding officer, Lieutenant -Colonel Claude A. “Sheriff” -Larkin, en route from Honolulu, was -about a mile from Ewa in his 1930 -Plymouth when a Zero shot at him. -He momentarily abandoned the car -for the relative sanctuary of a nearby -ditch, not even bothering to turn -off the engine, and then, as the -strafer roared out of sight, sprinted -back to the vehicle, jumped back in, -and sped on. He reached his destination -at 0805—just in time to be -machine gunned again by one of Admiral -Nagumo’s fighters. Soon thereafter, -Larkin’s good fortune at -remaining unwounded amidst the attack -ran out, as he suffered several -penetrating wounds, the most painful -of which included one on the top -of the middle finger of his left hand -and another on the front of his lower -left leg just above the top of his -shoe. Refusing immediate medical attention, -though, Larkin continued to -direct the defense of Ewa Field.</p> - -<div id="ip_17b" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 23em;"> - <img src="images/i_017b.jpg" width="368" height="456" alt="" /> - <div class="captionr"><p>Jordan Collection, MCHC</p></div> - <div class="caption"> - -<p><i>TSgt Henry H. Anglin, the noncommissioned officer in charge of Ewa’s -Photography Section, stands before the mooring mast field’s dispensary on 8 -December 1941, solemnly displaying the slug that wounded him on the 7th.</i></p></div></div> - -<p>Pilots and ground crewmen alike -rushed out onto the mat to try to save -their planes from certain destruction. -At least a few pilots intended to get -airborne, but could not because most -of their aircraft were either afire or -riddled beyond any hope of immediate -use.</p> - -<p>Captain Milo G. Haines of -VMF-211 sought safety behind a -tractor, he and the machine’s driver -taking shelter on the side opposite to -the strafers. Another Zero came in -from another angle, however, and -strafed them from that direction. -Spraying bullets clipped off Haines’ -necktie just beneath his chin. Then, -as a momentarily relieved Haines put -his right hand at the back of his head -a bullet lacerated his right little finger -and a part of his scalp.</p> - -<p>In the midst of the confusion, an -excited three-year-old Hank Anglin -innocently took advantage of his -father’s distraction with the battle -and wandered toward the mat. All of -the noise seemed like a lot of fun. -Sergeant Anglin ran after his son, got -him to the ground, and, shielding -him with his own body, crawled -some 35 yards, little puffs of dirt -coming near them at times. As they -clambered inside the radio trailer to -get out of harm’s way, a bullet made -a hole above the door. Moving back -to the photo tent, the elder Anglin -put his son under a wooden bench. -As he set about gathering his camera -gear to take pictures of the action, a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">18</span> -bullet went through his left arm. -Deprived of the use of that arm for -a time, Anglin returned to the bench -under which his son still crouched -obediently, to see little Hank point -to a spent bullet on the floor and hear -him warn: “Don’t touch that, daddy, -it’s hot.”</p> - -<div id="ip_18" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 35em;"> - <img src="images/i_018.jpg" width="557" height="261" alt="" /> - <div class="captionr"><p>Larkin Collection, MCHC</p></div> - <div class="caption"> - -<p><i>One of the seven Vought SB2U-3s destroyed on the field at -Ewa. All of VMSB-231’s spares (the squadron was embarked -in</i> Lexington, <i>en route to Midway, at the time) were thus destroyed. -In the background is one of VMSB-232’s SBDs.</i></p></div></div> - -<p>Private First Class James W. Mann, -the driver assigned to Ewa’s 1938 Ford -ambulance, had been refueling the -vehicle when the attack began. When -Lieutenant Thomas L. Allman, Medical -Corps, USN, the group medical -officer, saw the first planes break into -flames, he ordered Mann to take the -ambulance to the flight line. Accompanied -by Pharmacist’s Mate 2d -Class Orin D. Smith, a corpsman -from sick bay, they sped off. The -Japanese planes seemed to be attracted -to the bright red crosses on the -ambulance, however, and halted its -progress near the mooring mast. -Realizing that they were under attack, -Mann floored the brake pedal -and the Ford screeched to a halt. -Rather than leave the vehicle for a -safer area, Mann and Smith crawled -underneath it so that they -could continue their mission as -quickly as possible. The strafing, -however, continued unabated. Ironically, -the first casualty Mann had to -collect was the man lying prone beside -him. Orin Smith felt a searing -pain as one of the Japanese -7.7-millimeter rounds found its mark -in the fleshy part of his left calf. Seeing -that the corpsman had been hurt, -Mann assisted him out from under -the vehicle and up into the cab. -Despite continued strafing that shot -out four tires, Mann pressed doggedly -ahead and delivered the wounded -Smith to sick bay.</p> - -<div id="ip_18b" class="figright" style="max-width: 12em;"> - <img src="images/i_018b.jpg" width="182" height="227" alt="" /> - <div class="captionr"><p>Larkin Collection, MCHC</p></div> - <div class="caption"> - -<p><i>Col Claude A. “Sheriff” Larkin, Commanding -Officer, Marine Aircraft Group -21, photographed circa early 1942.</i></p></div></div> - -<p>After seeing that the corpsman’s -bleeding was stopped and the painful -wound was cleaned and dressed, -Private First Class Mann sprinted to -his own tent. Grabbing his rifle, he -then returned to the battered ambulance -and, shot-out tires flopping, -drove toward Ewa’s garage. There, -Master Technical Sergeant Lawrence -R. Darner directed his men to replace -the damaged tires with those from a -mobile water purifier. Meanwhile, -Smith resumed his duties as a member -of the dressing station crew.</p> - -<p>Also watching the smoke beginning -to billow skyward was Sergeant -Duane W. Shaw, USMCR, the driver -of the station fire truck. Normally, -during off-duty hours, the truck sat -parked a quarter-mile from the landing -area. Shaw, figuring that it was -his job to put out the fires, climbed -into the fire engine and set off. Unfortunately, -like Private First Class -Mann’s ambulance, Sergeant Shaw’s -bright red engine moving across the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">19</span> -embattled camp soon attracted strafing -Zeroes. Unfazed by the enemy -fire that perforated his vehicle in -several places, he drove doggedly -toward the flight line until another -Zero shot out his tires. Only then -pausing to make a hasty estimate of -the situation, he reasoned that with -the fire truck at least temporarily out -of service he would have to do something -else. Jumping down from the -cab, he soon got himself a rifle and -some ammunition. Then, he set out -for the flight line. If he could not put -out fires, he could at least do some -firing of his own at the men who -caused them.</p> - -<p>With the parking area cloaked in -black smoke, Japanese fighter pilots -shifted their efforts to the planes -either out for repairs in the rear areas -or to the utility planes parked north -of the intersection of the main runways. -Inside ten minutes’ time, -machine gun fire likewise transformed -many of those planes into -flaming wreckage.</p> - -<p>Firing only small arms and rifles -in the opening stages, the Marines -fought back against <i>Kaga</i>’s fighters -as best they could, with almost reckless -heroism. Lieutenant Shiga -remembered one particular Leatherneck -who, oblivious to the machine -gun fire striking the ground around -him and kicking up dirt, stood transfixed, -emptying his sidearm at Shiga’s -Zero as it roared past. Years later, -Shiga would describe that lone, defiant, -and unknown Marine as the -bravest American he had ever met.</p> - -<p>A tragic drama, however, soon unfolded -amidst the Japanese attack. -One Marine, Sergeant William E. -Lutschan, Jr., USMCR, a truckdriver, -had been “under suspicion” of espionage -and he was ordered placed under -arrest. In the exchange of gunfire -that followed his resisting being -taken into custody, though, he was -shot dead. With that one exception, -the Marines at Ewa Field had fought -back to a man.</p> - -<div id="ip_19" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 35em;"> - <img src="images/i_019.jpg" width="557" height="408" alt="" /> - <div class="captionr"><p>Larkin Collection, MCHC</p></div> - <div class="caption"> - -<p><i>Ewa’s 1938 Ford ambulance, seen after the Japanese raid, its Red Cross status violated, took over 50 hits from strafing planes.</i></p></div></div> - -<p>As if <i>Akagi</i>’s and <i>Kaga</i>’s fighters -had not sown enough destruction on -Ewa, one division of Zeroes from -<i>Soryu</i> and one from <i>Hiryu</i> arrived -on the scene, fresh from laying waste -to many of the planes at Wheeler -Field. This second group of fighter pilots -went about their work with the -same deadly precision exhibited at -Wheeler only minutes before. The -raid caught Master Technical Sergeant -Darner’s crew in the middle of -changing the tires on the station’s<span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">20</span> -ambulance. Private First Class Mann, -who by that point had managed to -obtain some ammunition for his rifle, -dropped down with the rest of -the Marines at the garage and fired -at the attacking fighters as they -streaked by.</p> - -<p>Lieutenant Kiyokuma Okajima led -his six fighters down through the rolling -smoke, executing strafing attacks -until ground fire holed the forward -fuel tank of his wingman, Petty -Officer 1st Class Kazuo Muranaka. -When Okajima discovered the -damage to Muranaka’s plane, he -decided that his men had pressed -their luck far enough, and began to -assemble his unit and shepherd them -toward the rendezvous area some 10 -miles west of Kaena Point. The retiring -Japanese in all likelihood then -spotted incoming planes from <i>Enterprise</i> -(CV-6), that had been launched -at 0618 to scout 150 miles ahead of -the ship in nine two-plane sections. -Their planned flight path to Pearl -was to take many of them over Ewa -Mooring Mast Field, where some -would encounter Japanese aircraft.</p> - -<p>Meanwhile, back at Ewa, after -what must have seemed an eternity, -the Zeroes of the first wave at last -wheeled away toward their rendezvous -point. Having made a shambles -of the Marine air base, Japanese pilots -claimed the destruction of 60 aircraft -on the ground: <i>Akagi</i>’s airmen -accounted for 11, <i>Kaga</i>’s 15, <i>Soryu</i>’s -12, and <i>Hiryu</i>’s 22. Their figures were -not too far off the mark, for 47 aircraft -of all types had been parked at -the field at the beginning of the onslaught, -33 of which had been fully -operational.</p> - -<p>Although the Japanese had -wreaked havoc upon MAG-21’s complement -of planes, the group’s casualties -seemed miraculously light. -Apparently, the enemy fighter pilots -in the first wave maintained a fairly -high degree of discipline, eschewing -attacks on people and concentrating -their attacks on machines. Many of -Ewa’s Marines, however, had parked -their cars near the center of the station. -By the time the Japanese departed, -the parking lot resembled a junk -yard of mangled automobiles of various -makes and models.</p> - -<p>Overcoming the initial shock of -the first strafing attack, Ewa’s Marines -took stock of their situation. As -soon as the last of Itaya’s and Shiga’s -Zeroes had departed, Marines went -out and manned stations with rifles -and .30-caliber machine guns taken -from damaged aircraft and from the -squadron ordnance rooms. Technical -Sergeant William G. Turnage, an armorer, -supervised the setting up of -the free machine guns. Technical Sergeant -Anglin, meanwhile, took his -little boy to the guard house, where -a woman motorist agreed to drive -Hank home to his mother. As it -would turn out, that reunion was not -to be accomplished until much later -that day, “inasmuch as the distraught -mother had already left home to look -for her son.”</p> - -<p>Master Technical Sergeant Emil S. -Peters, a veteran of action in -Nicaragua, had, during the first attack, -reported to the central ordnance -tent to lend a hand in manning a gun. -By the time he arrived there, -however, there were none left to -man. Then he saw a Douglas SBD-2, -one of two spares assigned to -VMSB-232, parked behind the squadron’s -tents. Enlisting the aid of Private -William G. Turner, VMSB-231’s -squadron clerk, Peters ran over to the -ex-<i>Lexington</i> machine that still bore -her USN markings, 2-B-6, pulled the -after canopy forward, and clambered -in the after cockpit, stepping hard on -the foot pedal to unship the free -.30-caliber Browning from its housing -in the after fuselage, and then -locking it in place. Turner, having obtained -a supply of belted ammunition, -took his place on the wing as -Peters’ assistant.</p> - -<p>Elsewhere, nursing his painfully -wounded finger and leg, Lieutenant -Colonel Larkin ordered extra guards -posted on the perimeter of the field -and on the various roads leading into -the base. Men not engaged in active -defense went to work fighting the -many fires. Drivers parked what -trucks and automobiles had remained -intact on the runways to prevent -any possible landings by -airborne troops. Although hardly -transforming Ewa into a fortress, the -Marines ensured that they would be -ready for any future attack.</p> - -<p>Undoubtedly, most of the men at -Ewa expected—correctly—that the -Japanese would return. At about -0835, enemy planes again made their -appearance in the sky over Ewa, but -this time, Marines stood or crouched -ready and waiting for what proved -to be Lieutenant Commander Takahashi’s -dive bombing unit from -<i>Shokaku</i>, returning from its attacks -on the naval air station at Pearl Harbor -and the Army’s Hickam Field, -roaring in from just above the -treetops. Initially, their targets appeared -to be the planes, but, seeing -that most had already been destroyed, -the enemy pilots turned to -strafing buildings and people in a -“heavy and prolonged” assault.</p> - -<div id="if_i_021" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 35em;"> - <img src="images/i_021.jpg" width="559" height="445" alt="" /> - <div class="captionr"><p>Lord Collection, USMC</p></div> - <div class="caption"> - -<p><i>At their barracks, near the foundation of a swimming pool -under construction, three Marines gingerly seek out good vantage -points from which to fire, while two peer skyward, keeping -their eyes peeled for attacking Japanese planes. Headgear -varies from Hawley helmet to garrison cap to none, but the -weapon is the same for all—the Springfield 1903 rifle.</i></p></div></div> - -<p>Better prepared than they had been -when Lieutenant Commander Itaya’s -Zeroes had opened the battle, Ewa’s -Marines met Takahashi’s Vals with -heavy fire from rifles, Thompson -submachine guns, .30-caliber -machine guns, and even pistols. In -retaliation, after completing their -strafing runs, the Japanese pilots -pulled up in steep wing-overs, allowing -their rear seat gunners to take advantage -of the favorable deflection -angle to spray the defenders with -7.7-millimeter bullets. Marine observers -later recounted that <i>Shokaku</i>’s -planes also dropped light -bombs, perhaps of the 60-kilogram -variety, as they counted five small -craters on the field after the attack.</p> - -<p>In response to the second onslaught, -as they had in the first, all -available Marines threw themselves -into the desperate defense of their -base. The additional strafing attacks<span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">21</span> -started numerous fires within the -camp area, adding new columns of -dense smoke to those still rising from -the planes on the parking apron. Unfortunately, -the ground fire seemed -far more brave than accurate, because -all of <i>Shokaku</i>’s dive bombers -repeatedly zoomed skyward, seemingly -unhurt. Even taking into account -possible damage sustained -during attacks over Ford Island and -Hickam, only four of Takahashi’s -planes sustained any damage over -Oahu before they retired. The departure -of <i>Shokaku’</i>s Vals afforded Lieutenant -Colonel Larkin the -opportunity to reorganize the camp -defenses. There was ammunition to -be distributed, wounded men to be<span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">22</span> -succored, and seemingly innumerable -fires burning amongst the tents, -buildings, and planes, to be extinguished.</p> - -<div id="ip_22" class="figleft" style="max-width: 11em;"> - <img src="images/i_021b.jpg" width="171" height="184" alt="" /> - <div class="captionr"><p>Marine Corps Historical Collection</p></div> - <div class="caption"> - -<p><i>Sgt William G. Turnage enlisted in the -Corps in 1931. Recommended for a letter -of commendation for his “efficient action” -at Ewa Field on 7 December, he -ultimately was awarded a Bronze Star.</i></p></div></div> - -<p>However, around 0930, yet -another flight of enemy planes -appeared—about 15 Vals from <i>Kaga</i> -and <i>Hiryu</i>. Although the pilots of -those planes had expended their -250-kilogram bombs on ships at -Pearl Harbor, they still apparently retained -plenty of 7.7-millimeter ammunition, -and seemed determined to -expend much of what remained upon -Ewa. As in the previous attacks by -<i>Shokaku</i>’s Vals, the last group came -in at very low altitude from just over -the tops of the trees surrounding the -station. Quite taken by the high -maneuverability of the nimble dive -bombers, which they were seeing at -close hand for the second time that -day, the Marines mistook them for -fighter aircraft with fixed landing -gear.</p> - -<p>Around that time, Lieutenant -Colonel Larkin saw an American -plane and a Japanese one collide in -mid-air a short distance away from -the field. In all probability, Larkin -saw <i>Enterprise</i>’s Ensign John H. L. -Vogt’s Dauntless collide with a Val. -Vogt had become separated from his -section leader during the Pearl-bound -flight in from the carrier, may -have circled offshore, and then arrived -over Ewa in time to encounter -dive bombers from <i>Kaga</i> or <i>Hiryu</i>. -Vogt and his passenger, Radioman -Third Class Sidney Pierce, bailed out -of their SBD, but at too low an altitude, -for both died in the trees when -their ’chutes failed to deploy fully. -Neither of the Japanese crewmen escaped -from their Val when it crashed.</p> - -<div id="ip_22b" class="figright" style="max-width: 12em;"> - <img src="images/i_021c.jpg" width="180" height="182" alt="" /> - <div class="captionr"><p>Naval Historical Center Photo NH 102278</p></div> - <div class="caption"> - -<p><i>TSgt Emil S. Peters, seen here on 11 October -1938, was a veteran of service in -Nicaragua and a little more than three -weeks shy of his 48th birthday when -Japanese bombers attacked Ewa Field.</i></p></div></div> - -<p>Fortunately for the Marines, -however, the last raid proved comparatively -“light and ineffectual,” -something Lieutenant Colonel Larkin -attributed to the heavy gunfire -thrown skyward. The short respite -between the second and third strafing -attacks had allowed Ewa’s -defenders to bring all possible -weapons to bear against the -Japanese. Technical Sergeant Turnage, -after having gotten the base’s -machine guns set up and ready for -action, took over one of the mounts -himself and fired several bursts into -the belly of one Val that began trailing -smoke and began to falter soon -thereafter.</p> - -<p>Turnage, however, was by no means -the only Marine using his -weapon to good effect. Master Technical -Sergeant Peters and Private -Turner, from their improvised position -in the lamed SBD, had let fly at -whatever Vals came within range of -their gun. The two Marines shot -down what witnesses thought were -at least two of the attacking planes -and discouraged strafing in that area -of the station. However, the Japanese -soon tired of the tenacious bravery -of the grizzled veteran and the young -clerk, neither of whom flinched in -the face of repeated strafing. Two -particular enemy pilots repeatedly -peppered the grounded Dauntless -with 7.7-millimeter fire, ultimately -scoring hits near the cockpit area and -wounding both men. Turner toppled -from the wing, mortally wounded.</p> - -<p>Another Marine who distinguished -himself during the third -strafing attack was Sergeant Carlo A. -Micheletto of Marine Utility Squadron -(VMJ) 252. During the first -Japanese attack that morning, -Micheletto proceeded at once to -VMJ-252’s parking area and went to -work, helping in the attempts to extinguish -the fires that had broken out -amongst the squadron’s parked utility -planes. He continued in those -labors until the last strafing attack -began. Putting aside his firefighting -equipment and grabbing a rifle, he -took cover behind a small pile of -lumber, and heedless of the heavy -machine-gunning, continued to fire -at the attacking planes until a burst -of enemy fire struck him in the head -and killed him instantly.</p> - -<p>Eventually, in an almost predictable -way, the Japanese planes formed -up and flew off to the west, leaving -the once neatly manicured Mooring -Mast Field smouldering. The Marines -had barely had time to catch -their collective breath when, at 1000, -almost as a capstone to the complete -chaos wreaked by the initial Japanese -attack, seven more planes arrived.</p> - -<div class="tb">* * * * *</div> - -<p>Their markings, however, were of -a more familiar variety—red-centered -blue and white stars. The -newcomers proved to be a group of -Dauntlesses from <i>Enterprise</i>. For the -better part of an hour, Lieutenant -Wilmer E. Gallaher, executive officer -of Scouting Squadron 6, had circled -fitfully over the Pacific swells south -of Oahu, waiting for the situation -there to settle down. At about 0945, -when he had seen that the skies -seemed relatively clear of Japanese -planes, Gallaher decided rather than -face friendly fire over Pearl he would -go to Ewa instead. They had barely -stopped on the strip, however, when -a Marine ran out to Gallaher’s plane -and yelled, “For God’s sake, get into -the air or they’ll strafe you, too!” -Other <i>Enterprise</i> pilots likewise saw -ground crews frantically motioning -for them to take off immediately. Instructed -to “take off and stay in the -air until [the] air raid was over,” the -<i>Enterprise</i> pilots took off and headed -for Pearl Harbor. Although all -seven SBDs left Ewa, only three (Gallaher’s, -his wingman, Ensign William -P. West’s, and Ensign Cleo J. Dobson’s) -would make it as far as Ford -Island. A tremendous volume of antiaircraft -fire over the harbor rose to -meet what was thought to be yet -another attack; seeing the reception -accorded Gallaher, West, and Dobson, -the other four pilots—Lieutenant -(jg) Hart D. Hilton and -Ensigns Carlton T. Fogg, Edwin J. -Kroeger, and Frederick T. Weber—wheeled -around and headed back to -Ewa, landing around 1015 to find a -far better reception that time around. -Within a matter of minutes, the Marines -began rearming and refueling -Hilton’s, Kroeger’s and Weber’s SBDs.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">23</span> -The Marines discovered that Fogg’s -Dauntless, though, had taken a hit -that had holed a fuel tank, and -would require repairs.</p> - -<div id="ip_23" class="figleft" style="max-width: 12em;"> - <img src="images/i_023.jpg" width="178" height="184" alt="" /> - <div class="captionr"><p>Marine Corps Historical Collection</p> - </div> - <div class="caption"> - -<p><i>Sgt Carlo A. Micheletto had turned 26 -years old less than two months before -Japanese planes strafed Ewa. He was -recommended for a letter of commendation, -but was awarded a Bronze Star.</i></p></div></div> - -<p>Although it is unlikely that even -one of the Ewa Marines thought so -at the time, even as they serviced the -<i>Enterprise</i> SBDs which sat on the -landing mat, the Japanese raid on -Oahu was over. Vice Admiral Nagumo, -already feeling that he had -pushed his luck far enough, was -eager to get as far away from the -waters north of Oahu as soon as possible. -At least for the time being, the -Marines at Ewa had nothing to fear.</p> - -<p>Not privy to the musings of Nagumo -and his staff, however, Lieutenant -Colonel Larkin could only -wonder what the Marines would do -should the Japanese return. At 1025, -he completed a glum assessment of -the situation and forwarded it to Admiral -Kimmel. While casualties -among the Marines had been light—two -men had been killed and several -wounded—the Japanese had destroyed -“all bombing, fighting, and -transport planes” on the ground. Ewa -had no radio communications, no -power, and only one small gas generator -in commission. He also informed -the Commander-in-Chief, -Pacific Fleet, that he would retain the -four Enterprise planes at Ewa until -further orders. Larkin also notified -Wheeler Field Control of the SBDs -being held at his field.</p> - -<p>At 1100, Wheeler called and -directed all available planes to rendezvous -with a flight of B-17s over -Hickam. Lieutenant (jg) Hilton and -the two ensigns from Bombing Squadron -6, Kroeger and Weber, took off -at 1115 and the Marines never heard -from them again. Finding no Army -planes over Hickam (two flights of -B-17s and Douglas A-20s had only -just departed) the three Navy pilots -landed at Ford Island. Ensign Fogg’s -SBD represented the sole naval strike -capability at Ewa as the day ended.</p> - -<p>“They caught us flat-footed,” Larkin -unabashedly wrote Major General -Ross E. Rowell of the events of 7 -December. Over the next few -months, Ewa would serve as the focal -point for Marine aviation activities -on Oahu as the service acquired -replacement aircraft and began -rebuilding to carry out the mission -of standing ready to deploy with the -fleet wherever it was required.</p> - -<h3><i>They’re Kicking the Hell -Out of Pearl Harbor</i></h3> - -<p>Although the Japanese accorded -the battleships and air facilities priority -as targets for destruction on the -morning of 7 December 1941, it was -natural that the onslaught touched -the Marine Barracks at Pearl Harbor -Navy Yard as well.</p> - -<p>Colonel William E. Farthing, -Army Air Forces, commanding -officer of Hickam Field, thought that -he was witnessing some very realistic -maneuvers shortly before 0800 -that morning. From his vantage -point, virtually next door to the -Navy Yard, Farthing watched what -proved to be six Japanese dive bombers -swooping down toward Ford Island. -He thought that MAG-21’s -SB2Us or SBDs were out for an early -morning practice hop. “I wonder -what the Marines are doing to the -Navy so early Sunday?”</p> - -<p>Over at the Marine Barracks, the -officer of the guard, Second Lieutenant -Arnold D. Swartz, after having -inspected his sentries, had retired -to the officer-of-the-day’s room to -await breakfast. Stepping out onto -the lanai (patio) at about 0755 to talk -to the field music about morning -colors, he noticed several planes diving -in the direction of the naval air -station. He thought initially that it -seemed a bit early for practice bombing, -but then saw a flash and heard -the resulting explosion that immediately -dispelled any illusions he might -have held that what he was seeing -was merely an exercise. Seeing a -plane with “red balls” on the wings -roar by at low level convinced Swartz -that Japanese planes were attacking.</p> - -<div id="ip_23b" class="bboxleft p1 figleft" style="min-width: 11em; max-width: 33%;"> - <img src="images/i_023b.jpg" width="167" height="219" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="dc"><span class="smcap1">Major</span> Harold C. Roberts -had earned a Navy -Cross as a corpsman assigned -to Marines during World -War I, and a second award in 1928 -as a Marine officer in Nicaragua. -As acting commanding officer of -the 3d Defense Battalion at Pearl -Harbor on 7 December, he was a -veritable dynamo, organizing it to -battle the attacking Japanese. He -was killed at Okinawa in June -1945 while commanding the 22d -Marines, but not before his performance -of duty had merited him -the award of his third Navy Cross.</p></div></div> - -<p>Over in the squadroom of Barracks<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">24</span> -B, First Lieutenant Harry F. -Noyes, Jr., the range officer for Battery -E, 3-inch Antiaircraft Group, 3d -Defense Battalion, heard the sound -of a loud explosion coming from the -direction of the harbor at about -0750. First assuming that blasting -crews were busy—there had been a -lot of construction recently—Noyes -cocked his ears. The new sounds -seemed a bit different, “more higher-pitched, -and louder.” At that, he -sprang from his bed, ran across the -room, and peered northward just in -time to see a dirty column of water -rising from the harbor from another -explosion and a Japanese plane pulling -out of its dive. The plane, bearing -red <em>hinomaru</em> (rising sun insignia) -under its wings, left no doubt as to -its identity.</p> - -<div class="tb">* * * * *</div> - -<p>The explosions likewise awakened -Lieutenant Colonel William J. Whaling -and Major James “Jerry” Monaghan -who, while Colonel Gilder D. -Jackson, commanding officer of the -Marine Barracks, was at sea in <i>Indianapolis</i> -(CA-35) en route to Johnston -Island for tests of Higgins -landing boats, shared his quarters at -Pearl Harbor. Shortly before 0800, -Whaling rolled over and asked: “Jerry, -don’t you think the Admiral is a -little bit inconsiderate of guests?” -Monaghan, then also awake, replied: -“I’ll go down and see about it.” Whaling, -meanwhile, lingered in bed until -more blasts rattled the quarters’ -windows. Thinking that he had not -seen any 5-inch guns emplaced close -to the building, and that something -was wrong, he got up and walked -over to the window that faced the -harbor. Looking out, he saw smoke, -and, turning, remarked: “This thing -is so real that I believe that’s an oil -tank burning right in front there.” -Both men then dressed and hurried -across the parade ground, where they -encountered Lieutenant Colonel Elmer -E. Hall, commanding officer of -the 2d Engineer Battalion. “Elmer,” -Whaling said amiably, “this is a -mighty fine show you are putting on. -I have never seen anything quite like -it.”</p> - -<div id="ip_24" class="figright" style="max-width: 12em;"> - <img src="images/i_024.jpg" width="184" height="211" alt="" /> - <div class="captionr"><p>Department of Defense Photo (USMC) 65746</p></div> - <div class="caption"> - -<p><i>Col William J. Whaling, seen here circa -1945, was an observer to the Pearl Harbor -attack, being awakened from slumber -while staying in Col Gilder Jackson’s -quarters on the morning of 7 December.</i></p></div></div> - -<p>Meanwhile, Swartz ordered the -field music to sound “Call to Arms.” -Then, running into the officer’s section -of the mess hall, Swartz informed -the officer-of-the-day, First -Lieutenant Cornelius C. Smith, Jr., -who had been enjoying a cup of -coffee with Marine Gunner Floyd -McCorkle when sharp blasts had -rocked the building, that the -Japanese were attacking. Like -Swartz, they ran out onto the lanai. -Standing there, speechless, they -watched the first enemy planes diving -on Ford Island.</p> - -<p>Marines began to stumble, eyes -wide in disbelief, from the barracks. -Some were lurching, on the run, into -pants and shirts; a few wore only -towels. Swartz then ordered one of -the platoon sergeants to roust out the -men and get them under cover of the -trees outside. Smith, too, then ran -outside to the parade ground. As he -looked at the rising smoke and the -Japanese planes, he doubted those -who had derided the “Japs” as “cross-eyed, -second-rate pilots who couldn’t -hit the broad side of a barn door.” It -was enough to turn his stomach. -“They’re kicking the hell out of Pearl -Harbor,” he thought.</p> - -<p>Meanwhile, unable to reach -Colonel Harry B. Pickett, the 14th -Naval District Marine Officer, as well -as Colonel Jackson, and Captain -Samuel R. Shaw, commanding -officer of Company A, by telephone, -Swartz sent runners to the officers’ -respective quarters. He then ordered -a noncommissioned officer from the -quartermaster department to dispense -arms and ammunition.</p> - -<p>While Swartz organized the men -beneath the trees outside the barracks, -Lieutenant Noyes dressed and -then drove across the parade ground -to Building 277, arriving about 0805. -At the same time, like Swartz, First -Lieutenant James S. O’Halloran, the -3d Defense Battalion’s duty officer -and commanding officer of Battery -F, 3-inch Antiaircraft Group, wanted -to get in touch with his senior -officers. After having had “assembly” -sounded and signalling his men to -take cover, O’Halloran ordered Marine -Gunner Frederick M. Steinhauser, -the assistant battalion communications -officer, to telephone all -of the officers who resided outside -the reservation and inform them of -the attack.</p> - -<p>In Honolulu, mustachioed Major -Harold C. Roberts, acting commanding -officer of the 3d Defense Battalion -since Lieutenant Colonel Robert -H. Pepper had accompanied Colonel -Jackson to sea in <i>Indianapolis</i>, after -taking Steinhauser’s call with word -of the bombing of Pearl, jumped into -his car along with his neighbor, -Major Kenneth W. Benner, commanding -officer of the 3-inch Antiaircraft -Group and the -Headquarters and Service Battery of -the 3d Defense Battalion. As Roberts’ -car crept through the heavy traffic -toward Pearl, the two officers could -see Japanese aircraft flying along the -coast. When they reached the Water -Street Fish Market, a large crowd of -what seemed to be “Japanese residents -... cheering the Japanese -planes, waving to them, and trying -to obstruct traffic to Pearl Harbor by<span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">25</span> -pushing parked cars into the street” -blocked their way.</p> - -<div class="tb">* * * * *</div> - -<p>Meanwhile, as his acting battalion -commander was battling his way -through Honolulu’s congested streets, -O’Halloran was organizing his Marines -as they poured out of the barracks -into groups to break out small -arms and machine guns from the various -battalion storerooms. After Harry -Noyes drove up, O’Halloran told -him to do what he could to get the -3-inch guns, and fire control equipment, -if available, broken out and set -up, and then instructed other Marines -to “get tractors and start hauling -guns to the parade ground.” -Another detail of men hurried off to -recover an antiaircraft director that -lay crated and ready for shipment to -Midway.</p> - -<div class="tb">* * * * *</div> - -<p>Marines continued to stream out -onto the grounds, having been ordered -out of the barracks with their -rifles and cartridge belts; they doubled -the sentry posts and received instructions -to stand ready and armed, -to deploy in an emergency. Noyes -saw some Marines who had not been -assigned any tasks commencing fire -on enemy planes “which were considerably -out of range.” At the main -gate of the Navy Yard, the Marines -fired at whatever planes came close -enough—sailors from the high-speed -minelayer <i>Sicard</i> (DM-21), en route -to their ship, later attested to seeing -one Japanese plane shot down by the -guards’ rifle fire.</p> - -<p>Tai Sing Loo, who was to have -photographed those guards at the -new gate, had left Honolulu in a hurry -when he heard the sound of explosions -and gunfire, and saw the -rising columns of smoke. He arrived -at the naval reservation without his -Graflex and soon marveled at the -cool bravery of the “young, fighting -Marines” who stood their ground, -under fire, blazing away at enemy -planes with rifles while keeping -traffic moving.</p> - -<p>Finally, the more senior officers -quartered outside the reservation began -showing up. When Colonel Pickett -arrived, Lieutenant Swartz -returned to the officer-of-the-day’s -room and found that Captain Shaw -had reached there also. Securing -from his position as officer of the -guard, Swartz returned to his 3-inch -gun battery being set up near Building -277. Ordering Marines out of the -building, he managed to obtain a -steel helmet and a pistol each for -himself and Lieutenant O’Halloran. -Captain Samuel G. Taxis, commanding -officer of the 3d Defense Battalion’s -5-inch Artillery Group, -meanwhile, witnessed “terrific confusion” -ensuing from his men’s efforts -to obtain “ammunition, steel helmets, -and other items of equipment.”</p> - -<div id="ip_25" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 35em;"> - <img src="images/i_025.jpg" width="559" height="369" alt="" /> - <div class="captionr"><p>Naval Historical Center Photo NH 50926</p></div> - <div class="caption"> - -<p><i>Smoke darkens the sky over the Marine Barracks complex at -the Pearl Harbor Navy Yard; Marine in foreground appears -to be holding his head in disbelief. Marines at far left in background -appear to be unlimbering a 3-inch antiaircraft gun.</i></p></div></div> - -<p>Meanwhile, the comparatively few<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">26</span> -Marines of Lieutenant Colonel Bert -A. Bone’s 1st Defense Battalion—most -of which garrisoned Wake, -Johnston, and Palmyra—made their -presence felt. Urged on by Lieutenant -Noyes, one detail of men immediately -reported to the battalion gun shed -and storerooms, and issued rifles and -ammunition to all comers, while -another detachment worked feverishly -assembling machine guns. Navy -Yard workmen—enginemen Lokana -Kipihe and Oliver Bright, fireman -Gerard Williams, and rigger Ernest -W. Birch—appeared, looking for -some way to help the Marines, who -soon put them to work distributing -ammunition to the machine gun -crews. Soon, the Marines at the barracks -added the staccato hammering -of automatic weapons fire to the -general din around them. Meanwhile, -other Marines from the 1st -Defense Battalion broke out firefighting -equipment, as shrapnel from exploding -antiaircraft shells began to -strike the roof of the barracks and -adjacent buildings.</p> - -<p>At about 0820, Majors Roberts -and Benner reached the Marine Barracks -just in time to observe the beginning -of the Japanese second wave -attacks against Pearl. Roberts found -that Lieutenant O’Halloran had gotten -the 3d Battalion ready for battle, -with seven .50-caliber and six -.30-caliber machine guns set up and -with ammunition belted. Under Captain -Harry O. Smith, Jr., commanding -officer of Battery H, Machine -Gun Group, 3d Defense Battalion, -the 3d’s Marine gunners had already -claimed one Japanese plane shot -down. Lieutenant Noyes was, meanwhile, -in the process of deploying -seven 3-inch guns—three on the west -end of the parade ground and four -on the east.</p> - -<p>Sergeant Major Leland H. Alexander, -of the Headquarters and Service -Battery of the 3d Defense -Battalion, suggested to Lieutenant -O’Halloran that an armed convoy be -organized to secure ammunition for -the guns, as none was available in the -Navy Yard proper. Roberts gave -Alexander permission to put together -the requisite trucks, weapons, and -men. Lieutenant Colonel Bone had -the same idea, and, accordingly dispatched -a truck at 0830 to the nearest -ammunition dump near Fort Kamehameha. -Bone ordered another -group of men from the 5-inch battery -to the Naval Ammunition Depot at -Lualualei just in case. He hoped that -at least one truck would get through -the maelstrom of traffic. Marines -from the 2d Engineer Battalion made -ammunition runs as well as provided -men and motorcycles for messengers.</p> - -<p>Meanwhile, Roberts directed -Major Benner to have the 3d Battalion’s -guns operational before the ammunition -trucks returned, and to set -the fuzes for 1,000 yards, since the -guns lacked the necessary height-finding -equipment. The makeshift -emplacements, however, presented -less than ideal firing positions since -the barracks and nearby yard buildings -restricted the field of fire, and -many of the low-flying planes appeared -on the horizon only for an -instant.</p> - -<p>Necessity often being the mother -of invention, Roberts devised an impromptu -fire control system, stationing -a warning section of eight men, -equipped with field glasses and led -by Lieutenant Swartz, in the center -of the parade ground. The spotters -were to pass the word to a group of -field musics who, using their instruments, -were to sound appropriate -warnings: one blast meant planes approaching -from the north; two blasts, -from the east, and so on.</p> - -<p>Taking precautions against fires in -the temporary wooden barracks, -Roberts ordered hoses run out and -extinguishers placed in front of them, -along with shovels, axes, and buckets -of sand (the latter to deal with incendiary -bombs); hose reel and -chemical carts placed near the center -hydrant near the mess hall; and all -possible containers filled with water -for both fighting fires and drinking. -In addition, he ordered cooks and -messmen to prepare coffee and fill every -other container on hand with -water, and organized riflemen in -groups of about 16 to sit on the -ground with an officer or noncommissioned -officer in charge to direct -their fire. He also called for runners -from all groups in the battalion and -established his command post at the -parade ground’s south corner, and -ordered the almost 150 civilians who -had showed up looking for ways to -help out to report to the machine gun -storeroom and fill ammunition belts -and clean weapons. Among other actions, -he also instructed the battalion -sergeant major to be ready to -safeguard important papers from the -headquarters barracks.</p> - -<div class="tb">* * * * *</div> - -<p>Prior to Roberts’ arrival, Lieutenant -(j.g.) William R. Franklin -(Dental Corps), USN, the dental -officer for the 3d Defense Battalion’s -Headquarters and Service Battery, -and the only medical officer present, -had organized first aid and stretcher -parties in the barracks. As the other -doctors arrived, Roberts directed -them to set up dressing stations at -each battalion headquarters and one -at sick bay. Elsewhere, Marines vacated -one 100-man temporary barracks, -the noncommissioned officer’s -club and the post exchange, to ready -them for casualties. Parties of Marines -also reported to the waterfront -area to assist in collecting and transporting -casualties from the ships in -the harbor to the Naval Hospital.</p> - -<p>By the time the Marines had gotten -their new fire precautions in -place, the Japanese second wave attack -was in full swing. Although -their pilots selected targets exclusively -from among the Pacific Fleet warships, -the Marines at the barracks in -the Navy Yard still were able to take -the Japanese planes, most of which -seemed to be coming in from the west -and southwest, under fire. While -Marines were busily setting up the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">27</span> -3-inch guns, several civilian yard -workmen grabbed up rifles and -“brought their fire to bear upon the -enemy,” allowing Swartz’s men to -continue their work.</p> - -<div id="ip_27" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 35em;"> - <img src="images/i_027.jpg" width="558" height="385" alt="" /> - <div class="captionr"><p>Naval Historical Center Photo NH 50928</p></div> - <div class="caption"> - -<p><i>Oily smoke from the burning</i> Arizona (<i>BB-39</i>) <i>boils up in the -background beyond the Navy Yard water towers, one of them, -in center, signal-flag bedecked. Note several Marines attempting -to deploy a 3-inch antiaircraft gun in the foreground.</i></p></div></div> - -<p>The Japanese eventually put Major -Roberts’ ingenious fire control -methods—the field musics—to the -test. After hearing four hearty blasts -from the bandsmen, the .50-calibers -began hammering out cones of tracer -that caught two low-flying dive bombers -as they pulled out of their runs -over Pearl, prompting Roberts’ fear -that the ships would fire at them, too, -and hit the barracks. One Val slanted -earthward near what appeared to -be either the west end of the lower -tank farm or the south end of the -Naval Hospital reservation, while the -other, emitting great quantities of -smoke, crashed west-southwest of the -parade ground.</p> - -<p>Although the Marines success -against their tormentors must have -seemed sweet indeed, a skeptical -Captain Taxis thought it more likely -that the crews of the two Vals -bagged by the machine gunners had -just run out of luck. Most of the firing, -in his opinion, had been quite -ineffectual, mostly “directed at enemy -planes far beyond range of the -weapons and merely fired into the air -at no target at all.” Gunners on board -the fleet’s warships were faring little -better!</p> - -<p>Almost simultaneously with the -dive-bombing attacks, horizontal -bombing attacks began. Major -Roberts noted that the 18 bombers -“flew in two Vees of nine planes each -in column of Vees and [that] they -kept a good formation.” At least -some of those planes appeared to -have bombed the battleship <i>Pennsylvania</i> -and the destroyers <i>Cassin</i> and -<i>Downes</i> in Dry Dock No. 1. In the -confusion, however, Roberts probably -saw two divisions of <i>Kates</i> from -<i>Zuikaku</i> preparing for their attack -runs on Hickam Field. A single division -of such planes from <i>Shokaku</i>, -meanwhile, attacked the Navy Yard -and the Naval Air Station.</p> - -<p>Well removed from the barracks, -Marines assigned to the Navy Yards -Fire Department rendered invaluable -assistance in leading critical firefighting -efforts. Heading the department, -Sergeant Harold F. Abbott supervised -the distribution of the -various units, and coordinated the -flood of volunteers who stepped forward -to help.</p> - -<p>One of Abbott’s men, Private First -Class Marion M. Milbrandt, with his -1,000-gallon pumper, summoned to -the Naval Hospital grounds, found -that one of <i>Kaga</i>’s Kates—struck by -machine gun fire from the ships -moored in the Repair Basin—had<span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">28</span> -crashed near there. The resulting fire, -fed by the crashed plane’s gasoline, -threatened the facility, but Milbrandt -and his crew controlled the blaze.</p> - -<p>Other Marine firefighters were -hard at work alongside Dry Dock -No. 1. <i>Pennsylvania</i> had not been the -only ship not fully ready for war, -since she lay immobile at one end of -the drydock. <i>Downes</i> lay in the -dock, undergoing various items of -work, while <i>Cassin</i> had been having -ordnance alterations at the Yard and -thus had none of her 5-inch/38s -ready for firing. Both destroyers soon -came in for some unwanted attention.</p> - -<p>As bombs turned the two destroyers -into cauldrons of flames and their -crews abandoned ship, two sailors -from <i>Downes</i>, meanwhile, sprinted -over to the Marine Barracks: Gunner’s -Mate First Class Michael G. -Odietus and Gunner’s Mate Second -Class Curtis P. Schulze. After the -order to abandon ship had been -given, both had, on their own initiative, -gone to the Marine Barracks to -assist in the distribution of arms and -ammunition. They soon returned, -however, each gunner’s mate with a -Browning Automatic Rifle in hand, -to do his part in fighting back.</p> - -<div id="ip_28" class="bbox b2 figcenter" style="max-width: 35em;"> - <img src="images/i_028.jpg" width="559" height="415" alt="" /> - <div class="caption"><p class="center larger"><i>Antiaircraft Gun Fired to a Range of 14,500 Yards</i></p> - </div> - <div class="caption"> -<p class="dc a"><span class="smcap1">A</span> 5-inch/25-caliber open pedestal mount antiaircraft -gun—manned here by sailors on -board the heavy cruiser <i>Astoria</i> (CA-34) in -early 1942—was the standard battleship and heavy -cruiser antiaircraft weapon at Pearl Harbor. The -mount itself weighed more than 20,000 pounds, while -the gun fired a 53.8-pound projectile to a maximum -range (at 45 degrees elevation) of 14,500 yards. It was -a weapon such as this that Sergeants Hailey and -Wears, and Private First Class Curran, after the sinking -of their ship, <i>Oklahoma</i> (BB-37), helped man on -board <i>Maryland</i> (BB-46) on 7 December 1941.</p></div></div> - -<p>Utilizing three of the department’s -pumpers, meanwhile, the first firefighters -from the yard, who included -Corporal John Gimson, Privates -First Class William M. Brashear, William -A. Hopper, Peter Kerdikes, -Frank W. Feret, Marvin D. Dallman, -and Corporal Milbrandt, among -them, soon arrived and began to play<span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">29</span> -water on the burning ships. At about -0915, four torpedo warheads on -board <i>Downes</i> cooked off and exploded, -the concussion tearing the -hoses from the hands of the men -fighting the blaze and sending fragments -everywhere, temporarily forcing -all hands to retreat to the nearby -road and sprawl there. Knocked flat -several times by the explosions, the -Marines and other firefighters, which -included men from <i>Cassin</i> and -<i>Downes</i>, and civilian yard workmen, -remained on the job.</p> - -<p>Explosions continued to wrack the -two destroyers, while subsequent -partial flooding of the dock caused -<i>Cassin</i> to pivot on her forefoot and -heel over onto her sister ship. Working -under the direction of Lieutenant -William R. Spear, a 57-year-old retired -naval officer called to the colors, -the firemen were understandably -concerned that the oil fires burning -in proximity to the two destroyers -might drift aft in the partially flooded -dry dock and breach the caisson, -unleashing a wall of water that -would carry <i>Pennsylvania</i> (three of -whose four propeller shafts had been -pulled for overhaul) down upon the -burning destroyers. Preparing for -that eventuality, Private First Class -Don O. Femmer, in charge of the -750-gallon pumper, stood ready -should the conflagration spread to -the northeast through the dock.</p> - -<p>Fortunately, circumstances never -required Femmer and his men to defend -the caisson from fire, but the -young private had more than his -share of troubles, when his pumper -broke down at what could have been -a critical moment. Undaunted, Femmer -made temporary repairs and -stood his ground at the caisson -throughout the raid.</p> - -<p>At the opposite end of the dry -dock, meanwhile, Private First Class -Omar E. Hill fared little better with -his 500-gallon pumper. As if the firefighting -labors were not arduous -enough, a ruptured circulating water -line threatened to shut down his fire -engine. Holding a rag on the broken -line while his comrades raced away -to obtain spare parts, Hill kept his -pumper in the battle.</p> - -<div id="ip_29" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 37.5em;"> - <img src="images/i_029.jpg" width="593" height="375" alt="" /> - <div class="captionr"><p>National Archives Photo 80-G-32739</p></div> - <div class="caption"> - -<p><i>While firefighters train massive jets of water from dockside at left</i>, Shaw (<i>DD-373</i>) -<i>burns in the Floating Drydock YFD-2, after being hit by three bombs. Tug</i> Sotoyomo -(<i>YT-9</i>), <i>with which</i> Shaw <i>has been sharing the drydock, is barely visible ahead -of the crippled destroyer. Marines led these firefighting efforts on 7 December 1941.</i></p></div></div> - -<p>Meanwhile, firefighters on the -west side of the dock succeeded in -passing three hoses to men on <i>Pennsylvania</i>’s -forecastle, where they -directed blasts of water ahead of the -ship and down the starboard side to -prevent the burning oil, which resembled -a “seething cauldron,” from drifting -aft. A second 500-gallon engine -crew, led by Private First Class -Dallman, battled the fires at the -southwest end of the drydock, -despite the suffocating oily black -smoke billowing forth from <i>Cassin</i> -and <i>Downes</i>. Eventually, by 1035, -the Marines and other volunteers—who -included the indomitable Tai -Sing Loo—had succeeded in quelling -the fires on board <i>Cassin</i>; those on -board <i>Downes</i> were put out early -that afternoon.</p> - -<p>More work, however, lay in store -for Corporal Milbrandt and his crew. -Between 0755 and 0900, three Vals -had attacked the destroyer <i>Shaw</i> -(DD-373), which shared <i>YFD-2</i> with -the little yard tug <i>Sotoyomo</i>. All -three scored hits. Fires ultimately -reached <i>Shaw’</i>s forward magazines -and triggered an explosion that sent -tendrils of smoke into the sky and -severed the ship’s bow. Several other -volunteer units were already battling -the blaze with hose carts and two -350-gallon pumpers sent in from -Honolulu. Milbrandt, aided as well -by the Pan American Airways fire -boat normally stationed at Pearl -City, ultimately succeeded in extinguishing -the stricken destroyer’s fires.</p> - -<p>In the meantime, after having -pounded the military installations on -Oahu for nearly two hours, between -0940 and 1000 the Japanese planes -made their way westward to return -to the carrier decks from whence they -had arisen. With the respite offered -by the enemy’s departure (no one -knew for sure whether or not they -would be back), the Marines at last -found time to take stock of their situation. -Fortunately, the Marine Barracks -lay some distance away from -what had interested the Japanese the -most: the ships in the harbor proper. -Although some “shell fragments literally -rained at times” the material loss -sustained by the barracks was slight. -Moreover, it had been American -gunfire from the ships in the harbor, -rather than bombs from Japanese -planes overhead, that had inflicted<span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">30</span> -the damage; at one point that morning -a 3-inch antiaircraft shell crashed -through the roof of a storehouse—the -only damage sustained by the -barracks during the entire attack.</p> - -<p>Considering the carnage at the airfields -on Oahu, and especially, -among the units of the Pacific Fleet, -only four men of the 3d Defense Battalion -had been wounded: Sergeant -Samuel H. Cobb, Jr., of the 3d -Defense Battalion’s 3-inch Antiaircraft -Group, suffered head injuries -serious enough to warrant his being -transferred to the Naval Hospital for -treatment, while Private First Class -Jules B. Maioran and Private William -J. Whitcomb of the Machine Gun -Group and Sergeant Leo Hendricks -II, of the Headquarters and Service -Battery, suffered less serious injuries. -In addition, two men sent with the -trucks to find ammunition for the -3-inch batteries suffered injuries -when they fell off the vehicles.</p> - -<p>In their subsequent reports, the -defense battalion and barracks -officers declined to single out individuals, -noting no outstanding individual -behavior during the -raid—only the steady discharge of -duty expected of Marines. To be sure, -great confusion existed, especially at -first, but the command quickly settled -down to work and “showed no -more than the normal excitement and -no trace of panic or even uneasiness.” -If anything, the Marines tended to -place themselves at risk unnecessarily, -as they went about their business -coolly and, in many cases, “in utter -disregard of their own safety.” Major -Roberts recommended that the entire -3d Defense Battalion be commended -for “their initiative, coolness under -fire, and [the] alacrity with which -they emplaced their guns.”</p> - -<p>Commendations, however, were -not the order of the day on 7 December. -Although the Japanese had left, -the Marines expected them to return -and finish the job they had begun -(many Japanese pilots, including -Fuchida, wanted to do just that). If -another attack was to come, there -was much to do to prepare for it. As -the skies cleared of enemy planes, the -Marines at the barracks secured their -establishment and took steps to complete -the work already begun on the -defenses. At 1030, the 3d Defense -Battalion’s corporal of the guard -moved to the barracks and set the -battalion’s radio to the Army Information -Service frequency, thus enabling -them to pass “flash” messages -to all groups. The Marines also distributed -gas masks to all hands.</p> - -<div id="ip_30" class="figright" style="max-width: 13.5em;"> - <img src="images/i_030.jpg" width="214" height="263" alt="" /> - <div class="captionr"><p>National Archives Photo 80-G-19943</p></div> - <div class="caption"> - -<p><i>In the aftermath of the attack</i>, Pennsylvania -(<i>BB-38</i>) <i>lies astern of the wrecked -destroyers</i> Cassin (<i>DD-372</i>) <i>and</i> Downes -(<i>DD-375</i>) <i>in Dry Dock No. 1. Light -cruiser</i> Helena (<i>CL-50</i>) <i>lies alongside -1010 Dock in right background; pall of -smoke is from the still-burning</i> Arizona -(<i>BB-39</i>). <i>Marine firefighters distinguished -themselves in battling blazes in this area.</i></p></div></div> - -<p>The morning and afternoon passed -quickly, the men losing track of time. -The initial confusion experienced -during the opening moments of the -raid had by that point given way to -at least some semblance of order, as -officers and noncoms arrived from -leave and began to sort out their -commands. At 1105, the 3d Defense -Battalion’s Battery G deployed to -makeshift defense positions as an infantry -reserve in some ditches dug for -building foundations. All of the -messmen, many of whom had taken -an active hand in the defense of the -barracks against the Japanese attack, -returned to the three general mess -halls and opened up an around-the-clock -service to all comers, including -“about 6,000 meals ... to the civilian -workmen of the navy yard,” a service -discontinued only “after the food -supply at the regular established eating -places could be replenished.”</p> - -<p>By 1100, at least some of the -3-inch batteries were emplaced and -ready to answer any future Japanese -raids. At the north end of the parade -ground, the 3d Defense Battalion’s -Battery D stood ready for action at -1135 while another battery, consisting -of three guns and an antiaircraft -director (the one originally earmarked -for Midway) lay at the south -end. At 1220, Major Roberts organized -his battalion’s strength into -six task groups. Task group no. 1 was -to double the Navy Yard guard force, -no. 2 was to provide antiaircraft -defense, and no. 3 was to provide -machine gun defense. No. 4 was to -provide infantry reserve and firefighting -crews, no. 5 was to coordinate -transportation, and no. 6 was -to provide ammunition and equipment, -as well as messing and billeting -support.</p> - -<p>By 1300, meanwhile, all of the fires -in Dry Dock No. 1 had been extinguished, -permitting the Marine and -civilian firefighters to secure their -hard-worked equipment. Although -the two battered destroyers, <i>Cassin</i> -and <i>Downes</i>, appeared to be total -losses, those who had battled the -blaze could take great satisfaction in -knowing that they had not only -spared <i>Pennsylvania</i> from serious fire -damage but had also played a major -role in saving the drydock. As Tai -Sing Loo recounted later in his own -brand of English: “The Marines of the -Fire Dep[artmen]t of the Navy Yard -are the Heroes of the Day of Dec. 7, -1941 that save the <i>Cassin</i> and -<i>Downes</i> and USS <i>Pennsylvania</i> in -Dry Dock No. 1.”</p> - -<p>Later that afternoon, Battery D’s -four officers and 68 enlisted men, -with four .30-caliber machine guns<span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">31</span> -sent along with them for good measure, -moved from the barracks over -to Hickam Field to provide the Army -installation some measure of antiaircraft -protection. Hickam also -benefitted from the provision of the -2d Engineer Battalion’s service and -equipment. After the attack, the battalion’s -dump truck and two bulldozers -lumbered over to the stricken air -base to assist in clearing what remained -of the bombers that had been -parked wingtip to wingtip, and filling -bomb craters.</p> - -<div class="tb">* * * * *</div> - -<p>Around 1530, a Marine patrol approached -Tai Sing Loo, a familiar -figure about the Navy Yard, and -asked him to do them a favor. They -had had no lunch; some had had no -breakfast because of the events of the -day. Going to the garage, Loo rode -his bright red “putput” over to the 3d -Defense Battalion mess hall and -related to his old friend Technical Sergeant -Joseph A. Newland the tale of -the hungry Marines. Newland and -his messmen prepared ham and -chicken sandwiches and Loo made -the rounds of all the posts he could -reach.</p> - -<div class="tb">* * * * *</div> - -<p>In the afternoon and early evening -hours of 7 December, the men -received reports that their drinking -water was poisoned, and that various -points on Oahu were being -bombed and/or invaded. In the absence -of any real news, such alarming -reports—especially when added -to the already nervous state of the -defenders—only fueled the fear and -paranoia prevalent among all ranks -and rates. In addition, most of the -men were exhausted after their exertions -of the morning and afternoon. -Dog-tired, many would remain on -duty for 36 hours without relief. -Drawn, unshaven faces and puffy -eyes were common. Tense, expectant -and anxious Marines and sailors at -Pearl spent a fitful night on the 7th.</p> - -<div class="tb">* * * * *</div> - -<p>It is little wonder that mistakes -would be made that would have tragic -consequences, especially in the -stygian darkness of that first blacked-out -Hawaiian night following the -raid. Still some hours away from -Oahu, the carrier <i>Enterprise</i> and her -air group had been flying searches -and patrols throughout the day, in a -so-far fruitless effort to locate the -Japanese carrier force. South of -Oahu, one of her pilots spotted what -he thought was a Japanese ship and -<i>Enterprise</i> launched a 31-plane strike -at 1642. Nagumo’s fleet, however, -was homeward bound. While <i>Enterprise</i> -recovered the torpedo planes -and dive bombers after their fruitless -search, she directed the fighters to -land at NAS Pearl Harbor.</p> - -<p>Machine guns on board the battleship -<i>Pennsylvania</i> opened fire on the -flight as it came for a landing, -though, and soon the entire harbor -exploded into a fury of gunfire as -cones of tracers converged on the incoming -“Wildcats.” Three of the F4Fs -slanted earthward almost immediately; -a fourth crashed a short time -later. Two managed to land at Ford -Island. The 3d Defense Battalion’s -journalist later recorded that “six -planes with running lights under 400 -feet altitude tried Ford Island landing -and were machine gunned.” It was -a tragic footnote to what had been -a terrible day indeed.</p> - -<p>The Marines at Pearl Harbor had -been surprised by the attack that -descended upon them, but they rose -to the occasion and fought back in -the “best traditions of the naval service.” -While the enemy had attacked -with tenacity and daring, no less so -was the response from the Marines -on board the battleships and cruisers, -at Ewa Mooring Mast Field, and -at the Marine Barracks. One can only -think that Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto’s -worst fears of America’s “terrible -resolve” and that he had awakened -a sleeping giant would have been -confirmed if he could have peered -into the faces, so deeply etched with -grim determination, of the Marines -who had survived the events of that -December day in 1941.</p> - -<div id="ip_31" class="figcenter bbox" style="max-width: 26em;"> - <img src="images/i_031.jpg" width="414" height="236" alt="" /> - <div class="captionr"><p><i>Photo courtesy of Mrs. Evelyn Lee, via Paul Stillwell, U.S. Naval Institute</i></p></div> - <div class="caption"> - -<p class="center larger p1"><i>Tai Sing Loo and His Bright Red ‘Putput’</i></p> - -<p class="dc"><span class="smcap1">Tai</span> Sing Loo, Navy Yard photographer, had scheduled an -appointment to take a picture of the Main Gate guards at the -Navy Yard on the morning of 7 December 1941. While he ended -up not taking pictures of the Marines, he gallantly helped the Marines -of the Navy Yard Fire Department put out fires in Dry Dock No. -1 and later delivered food to famished Leathernecks. He is seen here -on his famous bright red “putput” that he drove around the yard that -day delivering sandwiches and fruit juice.</p></div></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">32</span></p> - -<div class="chapter bbox p4 wide"> -<h2 class="p1">Pearl Harbor Remembered</h2> - -<p>Several of the many memoirs in the Marine Corps Oral -History Collection are by Marines who were serving at -Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, and personally witnessed -the Japanese attack. Two such memoirs—one by -Lieutenant General Alan Shapley and a second by Brigadier -General Samuel R. Shaw—vividly describe the events of -that day as they remembered it. General Shapley, a major -in December 1941, had been relieved as commander of <i>Arizona</i>’s -Marine detachment on the 6th. He recalled:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>I was just finishing my breakfast, and I was just -about ready to go to my room and get in my baseball -uniform to play the <i>Enterprise</i> for the baseball championship -of the United States Fleet, and I heard this -terrible bang and crash. I thought it was a motor sailer -that they dropped on the fantail, and I ran up there -to see what it was all about. When I got up on deck -there, the sailors were aligned on the railing there, looking -towards Pearl Harbor, and I heard two or three of -them say, ‘This is the best damned drill the Army Air -Corps has ever put on.’ Then we saw a destroyer being -blown up in the dry dock across the way.</p> - -<p>The first thing I knew was when the fantail, which -was wood, was being splintered when we were being -strafed by machine guns. And then there was a little -bit of confusion, and I can remember this because they -passed the word on ship that all unengaged personnel -get below the third deck. You see, in a battleship the -third deck is the armored deck, and so realizing what -was going on, this attack and being strafed, the unengaged -personnel were ordered below the third deck.</p> - -<p>That started some people going down the ladders. -Then right after that, the <i>Pennsylvania</i>, which was the -flagship of the whole fleet, put up these signals, “Go -to general quarters.” So that meant that the people were -going the other way too. Lt [Carleton E.] Simensen did -quite a job of turning some of the sailors around, and -we went up in the director. [On the way up the mainmast -tripod, Lt Simensen was killed.] He caught a burst -through the heart and almost knocked me off the tripod -because I was behind him on the ladder, and I -boosted him up in the searchlight platform and went -in to my director. And of course when I got up there, -there were only seven or eight men there, and I thought -we were all going to get cooked to death because I -couldn’t see anything but fire below after a while. I -stayed there and watched this whole attack, because -I had a grandstand seat for that, and then it got pretty -hot. Anyway, the wind was blowing from the stern to -the stem and I sent the men down and got those men -off. Then I apparently got knocked off or blown off.</p> - -<p>I was pretty close to shore.... There was a dredging -pipeline that ran between the ship and Ford Island. -And I guess that I was only about 25 yards from the -pipeline and 10 yards from Ford Island, and managed -to get ashore. I wasn’t so much covered with oil. I didn’t -have any clothes on. [The burning fuel oil] burnt all -my clothes off. I walked up to the airfield which wasn’t -very bright of me, because this was still being attacked -at first. I wanted to get a machine gun in the administration -building but I couldn’t do that. Then I was given -a boat cloak from one of my men. It was quite a sight -to see 400 or 500 men walking around all burnt, just -like charred steak. You could just see their eyes and -their mouths. It was terrible. Later I went over to the -island and went to the Marine barracks and got some -clothes.</p></blockquote> - -<p>At the Marine Barracks, Captain Samuel R. Shaw, who -commanded one of the two barracks companies, vividly -remembered that Sunday morning as well:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>The boat guards were in place, and the music was -out there, and the old and new officer of the day. And -we had a music, and a hell of a fine sergeant bugler -who had been in Shanghai. He would stand beside the -officers of the day, and there came the airplanes, and -he looked up and he said, “Captain, those are Japanese -war planes.” And one of the two of them said, “My -God, they are, sound the call to arms.” So the bugler -started sounding the call to arms before the first bomb -hit.</p> - -<p>Of course they had already started taking out the -machine guns. They didn’t wait for the key in the OD’s -office, they just broke the door down and hauled out -the machine guns, put them in position. Everybody -that wasn’t involved in that drill grabbed their rifles -and ran out in the parade ground, and starting firing -at the airplanes. They must have had several hundred -men out there with rifles. And every [Japanese] plane -that was recovered there, or pieces of it, had lots of -.30-caliber holes—somebody was hitting them, -machine guns or rifles.</p> - -<p>Then I remembered—here we had all these guys on -the post who had not been relieved, and they had been -posted at 4 o’clock, and come 9 o’clock, 9:30 they not -only had not been relieved but had no chow and no -water. So I got hold of the mess sergeant and told him -to organize, to go around to the posts.</p> - -<p>They had a depot. At the beginning it was a supply -depot. I told him to send a party over there and draw -a lot of canteens and make sandwiches, and we’d send -water and sandwiches around to the guys on posts until -we found out some way to relieve all these guys, and -get people back. Then he told me that it was fine except -that he didn’t have nearly enough messmen, they -were all out in the parade ground shooting. I think the -second phase of planes came in at that time and we -had a hell of an uproar.</p></blockquote> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">33</span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="Sources"><i>Sources</i></h2> -</div> - -<p>The authors consulted primary -materials in the Marine Corps Historical -Center Reference Section -(November/December 1941 muster -rolls) and Personal Papers Section -(Claude A. Larkins, Roger M. Emmons, -and Wayne Jordan collections), -as well as in the Naval Historical -Center Operational Archives Branch -(action reports and/or microfilmed -deck logs for the 15 ships with embarked -Marine Detachments, and -those units included in the Commandant, -14th Naval District, report), in -the office of the Coast Guard Historian, -and in the Gordon W. Prange -Papers.</p> - -<p>The <cite>Pearl Harbor Attack: Hearings -Before the Joint Committee on the Investigation -of the Pearl Harbor Attack</cite> -(Washington, D.C.: Government -Printing Office, 1946) contains useful -accounts (Lieutenant Commander Fuqua, -Lieutenant Colonel Whaling, -and Lieutenant Colonel Larkin), as -does Paul Stillwell, ed., <cite>Air Raid: -Pearl Harbor! Recollections of a Day -of Infamy</cite> (Annapolis: Naval Institute -Press, 1981).</p> - -<p>General works concerning Pearl -Harbor that were consulted include -Gordon W. Prange, et al., <cite>December -7, 1941: The Day The Japanese Attacked -Pearl Harbor</cite> (New York: -McGraw Hill, 1987), Walter Lord, -<cite>Day of Infamy</cite> (Henry Holt & Co., -1957), and Japanese War History -Office, <cite>Senshi Sosho</cite> [War History -Series], Vol. 10, <cite>Hawaii Sakusen</cite> -(Tokyo: Asagumo Shimbunsa, 1970).</p> - -<p>Articles from the <cite>Naval Institute -Proceedings</cite> include: Cornelius C. -Smith Jr., “... A Hell of a Christmas,” -(Dec68), Thomas C. Hone, -“The Destruction of the Battle Line at -Pearl Harbor,” (Dec77) and Paul H. -Backus, “Why Them And Not Me?” -(Sep81). From <cite>Marine Corps Gazette</cite>: -Clifford B. Drake, “A Day at Pearl -Harbor,” (Nov65). From <cite>Shipmate</cite>: -Samuel R. Shaw, “Marine Barracks, -Navy Yard, Pearl Harbor,” (Dec73). -From <cite>Naval History</cite>: Albert A. Grasselli, -“The Ewa Marines” (Spring -1991). From <cite>Leatherneck</cite>: Philip N. -Pierce, “Twenty Years Ago ...” -(Dec61)</p> - -<hr /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="About_the_Authors"><i>About the Authors</i></h2> -</div> - -<div class="clear"> -<div id="ip_33" class="figright" style="max-width: 7.5em;"> - <img src="images/i_033.jpg" width="114" height="146" alt="" /></div> - -<p class="dc2"><span class="smcap2">Robert J. Cressman</span> is currently a civilian historian in the Naval -Historical Center’s Ships’ Histories Branch. A graduate of the -University of Maryland with a bachelor of arts in history in 1972, -he obtained his master of arts in history under the late Dr. Gordon -W. Prange at the University of Maryland in 1978. Mr. Cressman, -a former reference historian in the Marine Corps Historical -Center’s Reference Section (1979–1981), is author of <cite>That Gallant -Ship: USS Yorktown (CV-5)</cite>, and editor and principal contributor of <cite>A Glorious -Page in Our History: The Battle of Midway, 4–6 June 1942</cite>. He and the co-author -of this monograph, J. Michael Wenger, also co-authored <cite>Steady Nerves and Stout -Hearts: The USS Enterprise (CV-6) Air Group and Pearl Harbor, 7 December 1941</cite>.</p> -</div> - -<div class="clear"> -<div id="ip_33b" class="figright" style="max-width: 7.5em;"> - <img src="images/i_033b.jpg" width="117" height="143" alt="" /></div> - -<p class="p1 dc2"><span class="smcap2">J. Michael Wenger</span>, currently an analyst for the Square D Company -in Knightdale, North Carolina, graduated from Atlantic -Christian College in 1972, and obtained a master of arts from -Duke University in 1973. Mr. Wenger has taught in the Raleigh, -North Carolina, school system and writes as a free-lance military -historian. He is the co-author of <cite>The Way It Was: Pearl Harbor—The -Original Photographs</cite>. His publication credits include the -Raleigh <cite>News and Observer</cite> and <cite>Naval Aviation News</cite>.</p> -</div> - -<p class="p2 in0">About the Cover: In the aftermath of the attack, <i>Pennsylvania</i> (BB-38) lies astern -of the wrecked destroyers <i>Cassin</i> (DD-372) and <i>Downes</i> (DD-375).</p> - -<blockquote class="bbox"> - -<div id="ip_33c" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 14em;"> - <img src="images/i_033c.jpg" width="218" height="103" alt="" /></div> - -<p class="in0">This pamphlet history, one in a series devoted to U.S. Marines in the -World War II era, is published for the education and training of Marines by -the History and Museums Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, -Washington, D.C., as a part of the U.S. Department of Defense observance -of the 50th anniversary of victory in that war.</p> - -<p>Editorial costs of preparing this pamphlet have been defrayed in part by -a bequest from the estate of Emilie H. Watts, in memory of her late husband, -Thomas M. Watts, who served as a Marine and was the recipient of a Purple -Heart.</p> - -<div class="center"> -<p> -WORLD WAR II COMMEMORATIVE SERIES</p> - -<p><i>DIRECTOR OF MARINE CORPS HISTORY AND MUSEUMS</i><br /> -<b class="smaller">Brigadier General Edwin H. Simmons, USMC</b> (<b>Ret</b>)</p> - -<p><i>GENERAL EDITOR,<br /> -WORLD WAR II COMMEMORATIVE SERIES</i><br /> -<b class="smaller">Benis M. Frank</b></p> - -<p><i>EDITING AND DESIGN SECTION, HISTORY AND MUSEUMS DIVISION</i><br /> -<span class="smaller"><b>Robert E. Struder</b>, Senior Editor;<br /> -<b>W. Stephen Hill</b>, Visual Information Specialist;<br /> -<b>Catherine A. Kerns</b>, Composition Services Technician</span></p> - -<p>Marine Corps Historical Center<br /> -Building 58, Washington Navy Yard<br /> -Washington, D.C. 20374-0580</p> - -<p><b>1992</b></p> - -<p>PCN 190 003116 00</p> -</div> -</blockquote> - -<p class="center p1 small"> -For sale by the U.S. Government Printing Office<br /> -Superintendent of Documents, Mail Stop: SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-9328 -</p> - -<div class="chapter"><div class="transnote main"> -<h2 id="Transcribers_Notes" class="nobreak p1">Transcriber’s Notes</h2> - -<p class="htmlonly">Clicking <span class="lcolor bold larger">⦿</span> -shows a larger version of the picture just below it. If the Browser then -shows a magnifying glass, clicking again will show the picture full-size.</p> - -<p class="epubonly">On some eReaders, stretching and/or double-tapping an -image will magnify it and show more detail, including better readability of -small print.</p> -<p>Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made -consistent when a predominant preference was found -in the original book; otherwise they were not changed.</p> - -<p>Simple typographical errors were corrected; unbalanced -quotation marks were remedied when the change was -obvious, and otherwise left unbalanced.</p> - -<p>Illustrations in this eBook have been positioned -between paragraphs and outside quotations. Some have been -repositioned to improve the appearance of pages in eBook format.</p> - -<p>The Frontispiece originally was printed across two -facing pages, so part of the photograph was lost in -the binding. In this eBook, the two parts of that -photograph have been combined into one image, with -a vertical white gap indicating the lost area. The -complete photograph used by the original book may be -found by searching the Internet for images of -“ford island pearl harbor attack”, but this eBook -only used what was in the original book.</p> - -<p>Ship identifications in the original -book sometimes were printed with a hyphen (BB-43) -and sometimes with a space (BB 43). In this eBook, -they always are printed with a hyphen.</p> - -<p><a href="#Page_32">Page 32</a>: The text on this page was superimposed on -a background image that was too faint be reproduced -in this eBook. The caption of that image is:</p> - -<p class="p1 center smaller"> -Photo of USS <i>Arizona</i> Memorial, 1991, by Maj Charles D. Melson, USMC (Ret) -</p> -</div></div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Infamous Day: Marines at Pearl Harbor -7 December 1941, by Robert J. 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