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If you are not located in the United States, you'll -have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using -this ebook. - - - -Title: Technique of Eye Dissections - -Author: Frederic A. Woll - -Release Date: July 2, 2020 [EBook #62544] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TECHNIQUE OF EYE DISSECTIONS *** - - - - -Produced by deaurider, Harry Lame and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - Italics text has been transcribed _between underscores_. Small - capitals have been replaced with ALL CAPITALS. - - More Transcriber’s Notes may be found at the end of this text. - - - - - The eye--it cannot choose but see. - - --_Wordsworth._ - - - - -[Illustration: Brain, showing eyes with muscles removed, optic nerves, -and chiasm.] - - - - - TECHNIQUE - OF - EYE DISSECTIONS - - BY - - FREDERIC A. WOLL, Ph.D., - - _Associate Professor, Department of Hygiene, College of the - City of New York; Optometry Courses, Columbia University; - Member of New York State Board of Examiners in Optometry; - Honorary Member: American Optometric Association; State - Societies--Alabama, California, Connecticut, Kentucky, Maine, - Massachusetts, North Carolina, Rhode Island; Local Societies--Lehigh - Valley Society of Optometrists, Mahoning Valley Optometrists’ - Society, and Optometrists’ Club of Brooklyn_. - - _SECOND EDITION_ - - [Illustration] - - NEW YORK - FREDERIC A. WOLL - 1924 - - - - - COPYRIGHT, 1914, BY - FREDERIC A. WOLL - _Printed in the United States of America_ - First Edition, July, 1914 - Second Edition, April, 1924 - - - SCHLUETER PRINTING CO., NEW YORK - - - - - DEDICATION - - THIS LITTLE BOOK IS DEDICATED WITH AFFECTION - AND ESTEEM TO MY FIRST TEACHER - IN OPTICS, MY FRIEND FOR YEARS - - ANDREW JAY CROSS - - WHOSE RESEARCH IN THE FIELD OF APPLIED - OPTICS HAS WON FOR HIM RECOGNITION - AND HONOR - - - - -CONTENTS - - - PAGE - - Preface 13 - - Introduction 17 - - Removal of Hyaloid Membrane with Contents and Attachments Intact 25 - - Canal of Petit, The 35 - - Interior of the Eye, The 38 - - Posterior Half, The 40 - - Optic Nerve, The 47 - - Anterior Half, The 49 - - Iris, The 51 - - Cornea, The 52 - - Crystalline Lens, The 53 - - Choroid, The 62 - - Retina, The 74 - - Sagittal or Vertical Section of the Eye, The 86 - - Papilla, Puncta Lacrimalia, and Nasal Duct, The 92 - - Meibomian Glands and Ducts, The 96 - - Enucleation of the Orbital Contents, The 97 - - Ophthalmoscopic Examinations 106 - - Lacrimal Ducts, The 112 - - Lacrimal Gland, The 114 - - Capsule of Tenon, The 115 - - Superior Oblique Muscle and its Pulley 117 - - Other Extrinsic Muscles, The 118 - - Three Tunics of the Eye, the Hyaloid and its Attachments, The 120 - - - - -ILLUSTRATIONS - - - PAGE - - 0. Brain showing eyes with muscles removed, optic nerves, and - chiasm _Frontispiece_ - - 1. Glassware and tools 22 - - 2. The first cut 28 - - 3. How the point of the scissors is kept away from the underlying - tissues 29 - - 4. Half of the sclerotic separated 30 - - 5. Picking up the choroid 31 - - 6. Emptying the eye of its contents 32 - - 7. Isolated hyaloid, contents and attachments intact 33 - - 8. Petit’s Canal 36 - - 9. Cutting eye into anterior and posterior sections with - safety-razor blade 39 - - 10. Posterior half showing retinal vessels and choroid 40 - - 11. Showing network of vitreous 42 - - 12. Tearing retina away from posterior half of eye 44 - - 13. Posterior half of eye with retina removed 45 - - 14. Excavated posterior half of eye 46 - - 15. Split optic nerve 47 - - 16. Ciliary processes and the lens 48 - - 17. How to pull off vitreous 50 - - 18. Processus Zonuloe 54 - - 19. Onion-like layers of lens removed 56 - - 20. Cross section of lens 57 - - 21. Lenses showing the results of different kinds of treatment 60 - - 22. Puncturing the cornea 63 - - 23. Removing the cornea 64 - - 24. How to separate the choroid from the sclerotic 65 - - 25. Cutting away the separated sclerotic 67 - - 26. Scraping the choroid free from the sclerotic 68 - - 27. The isolated choroid 69 - - 28. Inserting scalpel to loosen lens and cut through vitreous 70 - - 29. Taking out lens and “core” of vitreous 71 - - 30. Squeezing out remaining part of vitreous 72 - - 31. Cutting through the iris 75 - - 32. Cutting around the ciliary ring 76 - - 33. Lens, iris, and part of vitreous removed 77 - - 34. How to force blowpipe into the vitreous 78 - - 35. Bulging out of vitreous caused by blowing air through glass - blowpipe 79 - - 36. Showing vitreous removed 80 - - 37. Folding the retina by blowing air at it through blowpipe 81 - - 38. Suspended retina. Sclerotic ready to be cut away 82 - - 39. Showing sclerotic nearly all cut away 83 - - 40. Isolated retina 84 - - 41. The beginning of the cutting of the eye for sagittal sections 87 - - 42. Method of cutting through the crystalline lens 88 - - 43. Cutting through cornea to complete the sagittal sections 89 - - 44. Sagittal section enlarged 90 - - 45. Part of calf’s head showing knitting needles inserted in - puncta 93 - - 46. Course of knitting needles showing the course of the - canaliculi 94 - - 47. Initial cuts to be made in the skin 98 - - 48. First cut in bones of orbit 99 - - 49. All the cuts to be made in bones of orbit 100 - - 50. How to pry bone loose 101 - - 51. Dissecting close to bones of orbit 102 - - 52. Excavated orbit 103 - - 53. Anterior view of enucleated eye 104 - - 54. Side view of enucleated eye. All parts _in situ_ 104 - - 55. Enlarging pupil for ophthalmoscopic inspection 107 - - 56. How to get rid of the pucker in the cornea 108 - - 57. Window cut in the eye 110 - - 58. Pins inserted in lacrimal ducts 112 - - 59. Capsule of Tenon blown up 115 - - 60. Showing the extrinsic muscles of the eye 118 - - 61. Cutting through the iris 120 - - 62. Scraping ciliary processes free. Choroid cut around ciliary - ring 121 - - 63. Cutting away choroid 122 - - 64. Three tunics, hyaloid, and lens 123 - - - - -PREFACE - - -The aim of this booklet is to present to the eye-specialist, the -teacher, the student, and others interested in the study of the anatomy -and physiology of the eye, some definite methods to follow in the -dissection of that organ. - -Most dissections of the eye are not made with the same degree of care -and skill used in the dissections of other organs. In following the -usual method of dissecting eyes, much of the important detail is lost. -Often certain membranes are confounded with others, and wrongly -demonstrated. Furthermore, an eye is merely divided by some -demonstrators into an anterior and a posterior half, a very short time -is spent by the students scrutinizing each half; then the text-book is -turned to, and the anatomy is studied descriptively. - -Not enough time has been given to thoroughly dissecting all parts of the -eye. As much time should be given as is necessary to bring out -prominently all its parts. Other organs of the body are more thoroughly -dissected, and, therefore, the student has better opportunity to gain a -clearer comprehension and better understanding of the anatomy and -physiology of those organs. Also, as much time should be given, -proportionately, to the learning of the technique of the dissection of -the eye as is given to the learning of the technique of dissecting other -organs of the body. - -Many now make a direct specialty of ministering to those suffering from -errors of ocular refraction, ocular diseases, and ocular reflexes, and -for those specialists, principally, this book is written. It is to -fulfil its mission to them by acting as a guide and as a complement to -the descriptive matter in the text-book. It is sent forth in the hope -that it will tend to create more interest in the study of the practical -anatomy of the eye. It is written with a desire to stimulate the ability -to make careful and intelligent observation. It carries with it, as a -final end, an earnest wish that it may, in some small way, be the means -of opening up to the original researcher, a larger field for the -further study of the most important of the senses--the eyesight. - -Most of the dissections explained in the following pages are original; -some, however, are only revisions of old methods. - -This opportunity is taken to acknowledge the many helpful suggestions -that were made by Dr. Ivin Sickels, of the College of the City of New -York, and by the late Dr. Edward C. Spitzka, of New York. Thanks are due -Mr. E. F. Howes, of Messrs. Swift & Co., for furnishing the necessary -supply of beef eyes; to Messrs. Lee & Beach, photographers, of New York, -for their painstaking efforts in producing good photographs of the -actual dissections; and to Schlueter Printing Company, of New York, for -their many courtesies and interest in the production of the book. - - FREDERIC A. WOLL. - - _New York, July 21, 1914._ - - - - -INTRODUCTION - - -In eye dissections it is unnecessary to have either a large equipment of -instruments or a special room. To have a laboratory at one’s disposal is -but a small added convenience. Not to have it, is no serious hindrance. -The work may be carried on and successfully done in one’s office or in -the home, as well as in class-room or laboratory. If it is true that the -atmosphere of a laboratory adds zeal to the efforts of a worker, but -there is no laboratory available, then reverse the order; let the zeal -of the worker add to the atmosphere of the place in which he is doing -his work. - -Two things, among others to be mentioned later, are essential; a table -of convenient height, and a good light, natural or artificial. Both are -but modest needs. Compared with other dissections, there will be found -an absence of offensive odors. Neither are there any repulsive -sensations experienced. Such experiences are quite common when making -other kinds of dissections. This work is clean and attractive. Indeed, -one may even develop a rather keen sense of the æsthetic. Many of the -various parts of the eye, when separated and properly preserved, then -viewed and inspected, are bound to bring forth exclamations of -appreciation and wonderment. One can then better understand the -statement: “When Nature perfected the first eye she took a day off so -she could admire the result of her finest piece of handiwork.” - -This does not imply that dissections of the eye tend to develop art -appreciation. Appreciation of the wonderful in Nature’s construction of -the special organs is not, however, to be relegated to a distant point. -Such appreciation is concomitant with the knowledge that comes from -having seen, handled, and examined the object studied. - -The orchestra leader must have a good listening and hearing ear. This is -developed in him because he has to exercise constantly his power of -listening and hearing. The dissector who would become proficient in eye -dissections and in anatomical investigations must have a good seeing -eye and a dextrous hand. To acquire these two most valuable aids -necessary to carry on careful inquiry or research, it is essential to -practise using the eye and the hand. Combined with the expertness of -these two, must be the ability to continue one’s efforts in the face of -failure; to redouble one’s efforts to attain success despite the -shortcomings of eye or hand. This simply means practise and patience. -And the one who is without that wonderful virtue, patience, will never -stay long enough with his problem to gain either an observing eye or an -expert hand, or to achieve his end, and thereby reap the full and -pleasing results of his efforts. In order of importance, patience really -precedes dexterity, skill, and observation; and persistence of effort is -a factor not to be entirely outshone by any other virtue. With these -attributes, knowledge of the subject in hand naturally follows. - -One reason why eye dissections are easily carried on is because material -can always be readily procured. Any butcher will furnish sheep, pig, or -beef eyes. Or, if one has the time to visit the manager of a -slaughter-house, and make known to him one’s needs, he will supply -enough eyes to carry through a host of interesting dissections and -experiments, and give sufficient material for careful, orderly, and -fruitful study. Perhaps in no other kinds of dissections will the -investigator find so much of interest, or have his efforts crowned with -such abundant and satisfactory results, as in the dissections of the -eye. But no one should try to study all parts of the eye with only one -specimen. To try to do so is an error, and a common one often committed -by both teachers and students. Specimens cost little or nothing, and it -is no more trouble to prepare a half-dozen eyes for dissection than one. -The cost of preparation, too, is but little more for a number of eyes -than it is for one, and may be no more in some instances. Besides, -having enough material on hand saves time in case of a failure. Also, -one can quickly repeat a dissection, and so procure any number of -desired specimens of specific parts, or do over again the same -dissection on another eye just for the purpose of practise, and thus add -to one’s dexterity. It is, therefore, strongly advocated to have plenty -of material on hand before beginning work. Economy here is not even -“penny wise.” - -The tools, or instruments, needed are but few in number; an ordinary -scalpel, a pair of blunt tweezers, or forceps, as they are sometimes -called; a pair of sharp-pointed tweezers, a pair of small, sharp-pointed -scissors of about three to three and a half inches in length, and a pair -of large scissors, about four or five inches in length, having one jaw -sharp-pointed and one jaw blunt. - -For glassware, any wide-mouthed jar or bottle, such as the ordinary -fruit or jelly jar, will do for preparing material. For clarifying -tissues, or for preserving and keeping them, small, wide-mouthed bottles -or vials should be used. And for temporary keeping, or for purposes of -“running through” various fluids, the regular Stender dishes are most -convenient. A glass graduate is almost indispensable if accuracy in -measuring fluids is desired. (Fig. 1.) - -[Illustration: Fig. 1.] - -The chemicals needed are few in number and small in quantity: Alcohols -in varying strength, which can be made by diluting a 95 per cent. -alcohol, and keeping an absolute alcohol on hand. A few ounces of -formaldehyde will make enough solutions of different strengths to be -sufficient for the preparation and keeping of many specimens. Of other -chemicals, such as xylol and cedar oil, only small quantities are -needed; enough to cover a specimen. Fifteen to twenty cents worth of -each will be an ample supply to keep on hand. All of these may be -procured at any large drug store, and are the only chemicals required -for doing the dissections as explained in this book. - -Before further advance is made, it will be best to state that this work -deals only with methods for dissecting the various parts of an eye, and -is primarily intended to aid in the study of the anatomy and physiology -of the eye by being used in conjunction with such books as “Gray’s -Anatomy,” “A Text-Book of Physiology,” by Howell, “The Anatomy and the -Physiology of the Eye,” by Brown and Zoethout, and similar other works -of authority. However, if it is desired to acquire only specimens, then, -of course, no other works are necessary, and the matter contained herein -is sufficient to enable one to procure just what is wanted. - -It is also wise to state here that since human eyes are hard to procure, -and not available in large quantities, one must resort to the use of -the eyes of animals, which are procurable in large quantities, and which -may be used without “feelings” in the matter. Though there is a -difference between the eyes of human beings and the eyes of other -animals, the difference is slight and of minor importance when compared -with the similarity of the more important parts. - - - - -TECHNIQUE OF EYE DISSECTIONS - - - - -REMOVAL OF THE HYALOID MEMBRANE WITH CONTENTS AND ATTACHMENTS -INTACT[1][2] - - -One of the easiest and most satisfactory dissections to attempt is the -isolating of the hyaloid membrane with its contents and its attachments. -The success one meets with in making this dissection will surely prove a -strong incentive for making all the rest. For these reasons this has -been placed first in this arrangement. - -In eye dissections it is quite customary, in giving directions for -dissections, merely to mention the hyaloid membrane and its relations -with other parts of the eye. Rarely is there any attempt made to isolate -it. Often, too, the retina is mistaken for the hyaloid, and the retina -then wrongly demonstrated as being attached to the choroid. Of course, -it is impossible to separate the hyaloid from the vitreous; but a -dissection can be made which, when placed in a glass of some kind, will -show the hyaloid. If the following simple technique is carefully -observed, the membrane, with all its connections, can be easily -separated from certain other parts of the eye. Opportunity for thorough -study and observation will then be made extremely easy. - -Procure the eye of either a sheep or a bullock. Instead of following the -usual procedure of hardening in any one of the several solutions used -for the purpose of toughening the ocular tissues, place the eye in a -cool place and permit it to collapse a trifle. Usually two or three days -is a sufficient length of time to accomplish the result. - -Experiments have shown that if an eye is too fresh the ciliary -processes will not be easily detached from the hyaloid (zonular -processes), and if the eye has been in a preserving fluid, the same -result will follow. A sheep’s eye will make a better specimen even if it -is small, because the ciliary processes are more easily separated from -the zonular processes. If a bullock’s eye is used, it must be left in a -cool place a day or two longer than in the case of a sheep’s eye, in -order to permit a long enough time to elapse to allow disintegration of -the eye to take place sufficient to have the two processes separate -easily and cleanly. - -[Illustration: Fig. 2--Making the first cut. (Page 27.)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 3--Showing how the point of the lower jaw of the -scissors is to be kept away from the underlying tissues. (Page 27.)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 4--Showing about half of the sclerotic separated. -(Page 29.)] - -With a pair of dissecting forceps pinch up the sclerotic about 5 mm. -anterior to the equator. With a pair of small, fine-pointed scissors, -make an incision. (Fig. 2.) Next hold the eye in the left hand without -exerting any pressure. Insert the point of the scissors into the -incision which has been made, and cut. Be careful to keep the point of -the scissors close to the sclerotic or an untimely puncturing of the -choroid will occur. (Fig. 3.) Continue the cutting on a line parallel -to the equatorial meridian and about 5 mm. anterior to it until about -half the sclerotic has been separated. In cutting, always move the point -of the scissors forward with a slight oscillating lateral movement. -(Fig. 4.) While doing this, partly suspend the eyeball from the point of -the scissors. Doing these things will tend to loosen the choroid from -the sclerotic and prevent puncturing too soon the former mentioned -membrane. Now apply pressure in such a manner that the lips of the cut -sclerotic will gap. Into this put the point of the scissors and very -carefully pick up the choroid and the retina with the point of the -scissors and cut them. (Fig. 5.) If the choroid alone has been picked -up and separated, the retina will show milky white or yellowish white -underneath. The retina must then also be separated. Care must be taken -not to go deeper than the retina or the hyaloid may be damaged. Continue -the cutting of the choroid and the retina for a distance of about 20 mm. -Apply enough pressure occasionally so that the vitreous will be forced -upward and above the cut choroid and the retina. This will show whether -any strands of the two membranes have been left uncut. If the separation -is complete for the distance specified above, invert the eyeball, -squeeze and shake gently over some receptacle, such as a Stender dish, -three-fourths filled with a 2½ or 5 per cent. solution of formaldehyde, -and the hyaloid membrane containing the vitreous, its attachments, -suspensory ligament to the lens capsule, and lens, will drop out intact, -as when one empties the contents of an egg. (Fig. 6.) - -[Illustration: Fig. 5.--Picking up the choroid with the point of the -scissors.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 6--A. Hyaloid, vitreous, and lens ready to drop out -of the eyeball.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 7--Photograph of dissected hyaloid membrane (A), -with pigmented indentations of the ciliary processes, the suspensory -ligament (B), and the crystalline lens in its capsule (C). (Page 34.)] - -Many times a considerable amount of pigment from the second tunic will -remain attached to the _processus zonuloe_. This pigment may be easily -removed by scraping it off with the sharp edge of the scalpel or by -brushing it off with a soft, wet tooth-brush. - -It is unwise to use alcohol as a preservative because it produces an -almost immediate opaqueness and hardness which spoils the specimen for -further study. - -This description may give the impression that the dissection is a -lengthy one; however, it can be done by an expert in two or three -minutes; by a beginner in five or six minutes. - -For purposes of demonstration or study the specimen should be placed in -a small bottle or a vial containing a 5 per cent. solution of -formaldehyde. It can then be examined with hand lens or microscope. -(Fig. 7.) - - [1] Approved as an original article in _The Anatomical Record_, - September, 1912. - - [2] This dissection, and several of the following, appeared in _The - Optical Journal and Review_, beginning with the issue of January 16, - 1913. - - - - -THE CANAL OF PETIT - - -The canal of Petit is a “triangular space around the circumference of -the lens.” That it can be “inflated through a fine blowpipe inserted -through the suspensory ligament,” is the usual direction given. However, -the ordinary “fine blowpipe” is much too large and too dull to be -inserted through the suspensory ligament. Take a long medicine-dropper -(5 or 10 cents at a drug store), or a pipette, and heat it until it is -red hot over an alcohol lamp or a Bunsen burner; hold one end with one -hand and the other end with a pair of tweezers. As the glass becomes -white hot pull the tube apart. This will leave the places of separation -pointed and sharp-edged. Use the larger of the two pieces. Sometimes the -point or tapering end of the tube is too long and the bore too small. -All that is necessary is to first mark off with a file the length to be -broken off, and then that length may be snapped off, leaving a -sharp-edged, tapering point. - -[Illustration: Fig. 8--A. Glass blowpipe. B. Petit’s canal.] - -After having completed the first dissection (the hyaloid, contents and -attachments), and the specimen has been in the formaldehyde solution for -ten days or two weeks, it will have become hard and tough enough to -stand a considerable amount of rough handling. If the specimen has been -kept in a large receptacle, such, for instance, as a jar, remove it -with a spoon; if in a small jar or vial, empty out the fluid, then -slide the specimen out on whatever has been prepared to receive it. Turn -it so that the lens will be uppermost. Find the suspensory ligament in -the Zone of Zinn. Insert the pointed end of the glass tube, close to the -lens, and blow gently until the canal shows its sacculated construction -by filling with air, giving the appearance of a lot of little bubbles -surrounding the periphery of the lens. (Fig. 8.) It may be necessary to -move the blowpipe in and out in order to find the canal, all the while -blowing steadily through the tube. - - - - -THE INTERIOR OF THE EYE - - -For the study of the interior of the eye and its contents _in situ_ -either a fresh or a hardened eye will do; a hardened eye is preferable. -In the dissection for isolating the hyaloid membrane, vitreous, lens, -and other parts, the anterior and posterior halves of the evacuated eye -may be separated entirely, and each half studied. However, the choroid -and the retina will be more or less mutilated, and the vitreous and -other parts will be removed. The absence of these parts will prevent one -from receiving a definite idea of their anatomical relationships. -Therefore, it is better to work with an entire and complete eye. - -[Illustration: Fig. 9--Showing method of cutting eye into anterior and -posterior sections with safety-razor blade.] - -Remove all the muscles and fatty tissues from the outside of the globe; -then cut it in half through the equator, thus dividing it into an -anterior and a posterior half. The cutting of the sclerotic, as well as -the underlying tissues and the vitreous, should be done with the large -scissors; using a knife or scalpel will tend to disturb the positions of -those tissues or so tear them that they will not be of much use for -purposes of study. An ordinary safety-razor blade makes an excellent -instrument for separating the eye into two halves, because it cuts -through the tissues without tearing them in any way. (Fig. 9.) The -rather dark colored, viscid fluid that escapes when the eye is halved -is the perichoroidal lymph, not the aqueous, as is sometimes stated. - - -THE POSTERIOR HALF - -The posterior half is taken first because it is the simplest and easiest -of the two halves to dissect. In this half of the eye the retina may be -readily seen through the vitreous; the choroid and its apparent -iridescent colors through both vitreous and retina. (Fig. 10.) Remove -the vitreous by simply tilting this half of the eye, and with the finger -push out the vitreous. - -[Illustration: Fig. 10--The retina, retinal vessels, and iridescent -choroid showing through the vitreous.] - -Sometimes the vitreous will adhere very closely to the retina. This -occurs especially when the eye has been in formaldehyde for a long time. -In such a case the removal of the vitreous without injuring the retina -requires patience and care. The use of the scalpel and the scissors may -become necessary. Another very good way to remove the vitreous is to -take hold of the sclerotic, turn it so that the vitreous is downward, -and then shake gently until the vitreous separates itself from the -retina and, drops out. After the vitreous has been removed, notice its -glassy appearance; hence its name--hyaloid body. Try to pull it apart -with the fingers, and it will be noticed that it seems to be held -together by more or less of a network of fibres. (Fig. 11.) - -[Illustration: Fig. 11--Showing how vitreous seems to be held together -by a network of fibres. (Page 41.)] - -Whichever method for removing the vitreous is followed, the retina will -be left rather badly wrinkled and out of place. If the last-mentioned -method, which is really the best of the three described, is the one -adopted, the retina will be left in an entirely collapsed and folded -form. In any case, to straighten out the retina against the choroid, -immerse the whole posterior half in water, inside uppermost. The retina -will then slowly unfold itself and lie flat against the choroid. With -the tweezers remove the whole half from the water; tilting it slowly to -empty it of all the water, and, having done so, turn it down upon the -table rather forcibly in order to help it drain itself of all the water. - -Notice the thinness of the retina, and, also, that the seeming -iridescence of the choroid shows through. The optic disc, which is the -point of entrance of the optic nerve, and the optic cup are easily -recognized, though neither will be seen as large as when viewed in the -living eye with an ophthalmoscope. The blood vessels of the retina, as -they ramify outward or forward, after their entrance through the optic -nerve through which they pass, are also very plainly seen. A closer -inspection will show, in the very centre of the “entrance” of the optic -nerve, a whitish, pointed vessel, about 1 or 2 mm. long. That is the -sloughed-off and atrophied end of the hyaloid artery, which, when the -eye was in an embryonic state, ran forward from the central artery of -the retina through the hyaloid canal to the posterior surface of the -lens. With the forceps pick up the peripheral edge of the retina, and, -by pulling gently upward, tear it away from its apparent place of -attachment to the “entrance” of the optic nerve. (Fig. 12.) When this -has been done, there will be seen some threads protruding from the -optic nerve. Filling the half with water will tend to separate these -strands, which are optic-nerve elements. - -[Illustration: Fig. 12--Picking up the retina in order to tear it away -from the entrance of the optic nerve.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 13--The lighter area is the field of iridescence of -the choroid.] - -After the removal of the retina, the iridescence of the choroid -(_tapetum lucidum_) (Fig. 13) may be examined with a hand lens, or, -after its removal, a piece may be cut and placed under a microscope. -This iridescence is, of course, not present in the human eye. -(“Physiology of the Senses,” McKendrick & Snodgrass, page 101.) - -[Illustration: Fig. 14--Excavated posterior half of the sclerotic.] - -After the choroid is removed, which is accomplished in the same manner -that the retina is removed, the inner side of the sclerotic is laid bare -to view. The brownish color is mostly due to the presence of a small -amount of pigment in the cells of one of the inner layers, it is also -due, to a slight extent, to the staining influence of the perichoroidal -fluid. (Fig. 14.) - - -THE OPTIC NERVE - -[Illustration: Fig. 15--Enlarged to show the entrance of the optic -nerve. (Page 48.)] - -The excavated posterior half may be used now to show and to study the -construction of the optic nerve. In cutting the optic nerve away from -the sclerotic leave at least 5 mm. of the sclerotic attached. It will -make handling easier. With the thumb and forefinger of the left hand -hold the nerve in such a way on the table that it will be straightened -out lengthwise, and then, using the scalpel or a safety-razor blade, -the latter being preferable, cut the nerve in two longitudinally. (Fig. -15.) The cutting must be done with one movement, otherwise the nerve -will be hacked, and will not make a good specimen. This specimen will -show the way the nerve fibers are arranged. A cross section should be -cut from the optic nerve of another eye, and then the two sections -should be compared. The cross section will show the sheath of the nerve -a little better than will the longitudinal section. - -[Illustration: Fig. 16--Showing ciliary processes and crystalline lens.] - -In cutting the longitudinal section, one is sometimes so fortunate as to -cut through the central blood vessels of the retina. These vessels will -show up then as a rather thin dark streak about 5 or 6 mm. long. - - -THE ANTERIOR HALF - -The anterior half will show the lens _in situ_, the ciliary processes, -the posterior aspects of the iris and the lens, the corona ciliaris, the -orbicularis ciliaris, and the ora serrata. (Fig. 16.) If the eye has -been cut in two too far forward of its equator, the ora serrata will not -be present. The ciliary processes and posterior aspect of the lens may -be seen to better advantage when the anterior half of the vitreous is -removed. This is done with the dull-pointed tweezers, by catching hold -of the vitreous at any part of its free or cut margin, and stripping it -off both the ciliary processes and the lens, using a prying, pulling -movement to do so. (Fig. 17.) The two layers of the pigment cells, pars -ciliaris retinae, which cover the inner surface of the processes, may -be removed by picking them away carefully with the tweezers. The -processes then will be seen to be a whitish color. The pupillary edge of -the iris rests upon the capsule of the lens, but the nearer the approach -is to the choroidal edge the farther the iris is from the lens; thus are -formed the anterior and the posterior chambers of the eye. The -dissection of the sagittal section of the eye, explained further on, -will show these two chambers in section. One will gain a much clearer -conception of their construction in that section than in the “anterior -half” specimen. - -[Illustration: Fig. 17--Anterior half, showing how to pull off vitreous. -(Page 49.)] - -Now, remove the lens, using the point of the scalpel to cut through the -suspensory ligament close to the lens. When this has been done there -will be seen in the anterior chamber a thin, watery liquid--the aqueous -humor. - -The corona ciliaris and orbicularis ciliaris may be better seen and -studied if viewed through a hand lens. - - -THE IRIS - -To see the iris, take hold of the cut edge of the choroid, and, gently -pulling, separate it from its attachment to the corneo-scleral junction. -The white ring on the anterior surface of this part of the second coat -of the eye is the ciliary ring. With a scissors, cut around this ciliary -ring at its outer edge. This specimen will show the anterior surface of -the iris, and on the posterior side it will show the close relationship -between the iris and the ciliary processes. A hand lens will help -greatly to bring out the very interesting fine points. - - -THE CORNEA - -After the anterior portion has had everything removed from it there will -be left nothing but the first coat or tunic of the eye--the anterior -portion of the sclerotic and the cornea. The way the cornea seems to fit -into the sclerotic is not quite as one is led to believe when told that -it fits into the sclerotic much the same way in which a watch crystal -fits into a watch.[3] Holding this part of the eye up to a strong light -one will see that the sclerotic seems to overlap the cornea in the -vertical axis. - -By using the tweezers the cornea may be split. Nothing in the way of -locating its layers can be recognized, however, unless a section is made -for microscopic examination. The epithelial may be scraped off when the -cornea is a trifle dry. This is the ocular epithelium reduced to a layer -of flattened cells. - - -THE CRYSTALLINE LENS - -If the preceding dissections have been done, the crystalline lens will -already have received some notice. To study the lens properly one should -use an eye that has not been hardened and also an eye or the lens of an -eye that has been in a 5 per cent. solution of formaldehyde for about -two weeks. - -The lens in the unhardened eye will prove too friable to permit much -handling. The dissection should be made, however, in order to give -opportunity to notice the crystalline clearness of the lens substance, -its great magnifying power, its attachments, its capsule, etc. For this -purpose it is necessary to proceed only as in the dissection for the -“hyaloid membrane, etc.” That is, use an eye that has been kept in a -cool place for several days, and then open it, and remove hyaloid, -vitreous, and lens intact, as in the first dissection taken up in this -book. To examine the specimen in detail, turn it so the lens will be -uppermost. (Fig. 18.) - -To remove the lens it is necessary to separate the suspensory ligament, -using for this purpose the small-pointed scissors. The capsule may be -removed by picking it up on the periphery of the lens, and stripping it -off. It will peel off about the same way that the outer skin of a bean -or pea does. - -[Illustration: Fig. 18--Enlarged to show the processus zonuloe. (Page -53.)] - -The tri-radiate lines on the posterior and the anterior surfaces of the -lens will not be as clearly discernible as in the lens coming from the -hardened eye. Close inspection and the use of a hand lens will help -bring them out more clearly. - -Now, with the point of the scalpel try to separate the outer layers -(cortex) from the harder inner layers (nucleus). This will not prove -very successful but is suggested for the purpose of comparison when the -same thing is done to the hardened lens. - -It will be found that the lens after having been in the formaldehyde -solution is no longer crystal like, but more or less translucent. When -viewed from either the anterior side or the posterior side, the -tri-radiate lines on each surface will be seen to begin at the poles of -the lens and radiate outward toward the lens equator. Holding the lens -up to a strong light will show that though the lines on either surface -form angles of 120 degrees, the angles formed by the lines on one side -with the lines on the other side are 60 degrees. On the anterior surface -of the lens the vertical line extends upward from the pole; on the -posterior surface downward from the pole. - -To study the laminated structure of the lens, it is best to boil the -lens. The best way to do that is to drop the lens from either a hardened -or unhardened eye into boiling water. Let it boil in the water for about -two and a half to three minutes. Longer than that time will cause the -lens to be put out of shape, and make it so fragile that it can no -longer be handled without having it fall apart. If the lens comes from -an unhardened eye it might be best to boil it not more than about two -minutes. - -[Illustration: Fig. 19--Showing the way the onion-like layers of the -lens may be peeled off.] - -Insert the point of the scalpel carefully at one of the poles, and lift -gently in the direction of one of the radiating lines. This will tend to -raise one of the concentric layers, which can be easily peeled off. -Repeat this in the direction of the other two radiating lines. -Examining, with a hand lens, the exposed surfaces and the layers, as -they are taken off, will show the arrangement of the lens fibres, and -will also show plainly their directions. (Fig. 19.) To get another view -of the onion-like layers of the lens, cut through it with a safety-razor -blade, either longitudinally or equatorially. (Fig. 20.) The better way -is to have enough lenses to make one of each kind. Never try to work -with only one piece of material. If the lens is first stained with -chromic acid the layers may be seen better, or, a simpler way is to drop -the lens, before cutting it in two, into a carmine solution; red ink -slightly diluted, will do. - -[Illustration: Fig. 20--Section through lens showing its concentric -layers.] - -A lens that has been boiled and partly dissected may be placed in a 5 -per cent. formaldehyde solution, and kept indefinitely. The lens fibres, -concentric layers, and lens laminae in such a specimen will always be -interesting. - -A lens that has lost its transparency because of hardening in -formaldehyde or boiling may be made clear and nearly transparent again -in the following way: First: Place the lens in a 50 per cent. alcohol -for several hours. Second: Remove the lens, and let it drain on a piece -of blotting-paper; then place it in a 75 per cent. alcohol. Third: -Remove the lens, as before, then place it in an 85 per cent. alcohol. -The lens may be left in this alcohol from ten to twelve hours, after -which length of time it should be removed and drained. Fourth: Place the -lens in an absolute alcohol, and leave it there for ten or twelve hours. -Several hours longer will not injure the lens, nor interfere with the -success of the work. Fifth: Remove the lens from the absolute alcohol. -Place it upon a piece of blotting-paper, moving it to another place on -the blotting-paper whenever the paper around the lens seems to have -taken up as much moisture as it can hold. Be sure that the lens has -given up nearly all, if not all, moisture. “Running through the -alcohols,” as this process is called, is for the purpose of dehydrating -the tissue. It will be on the side of safety to let the lens lie exposed -on the blotting-paper for an hour. Sometimes, if the capsule has not -been removed, a small quantity of alcohol will remain between the lens -and the inner surface of the capsule. This must be removed. It may be -done by either puncturing the capsule with a pin or needle, and -squeezing out the fluid, or by removing the capsule entirely. The latter -is preferable. - -Now drop the lens into xylol. Benzine will answer, though it will not -produce quite so clear a lens as the xylol does. At the end of 24 or 36 -hours the softer cortex will show quite clear, while the harder nucleus -will be still cloudy. At the end of a week the whole lens, if it is a -small one--pig, calf, sheep--will have become quite clear and -transparent; if from a beef eye it will take longer. It sometimes takes -nearly two weeks. In the case of a boiled lens it will take much longer -to clear; it may take a month. - -Cedar oil may also be used for the purpose of clarifying or “clearing” -the lens. Harden in the usual way, run through the alcohols, and then -place in cedar oil. The oil, however, will stain the lens a yellowish -brown, and the lens will not be as transparent and clear as when xylol -is used. - -[Illustration: Fig. 21. - -A. Lens hardened in formaldehyde. - -B. Lens hardened in formaldehyde, run through the alcohols, and cleared -in xylol. - -C. Lens hardened in formaldehyde, run through the alcohols, and cleared -in cedar oil. - -D. Boiled lens.] - -The longer a lens is left in either of these two clarifying fluids the -harder and smaller it will become. At the end of a month or six weeks -the lens will have become so hard that it can no longer be cut through -with a knife. If it is desired to halve it, a scroll saw will be found -to be the best thing to use for this purpose. (Fig. 21.) - - [3] “Anatomy and Physiology of the Eye,” Brown & Zoethout. - - - - -THE CHOROID - - -Select an eye that has had a long part of the optic nerve left on it and -place it into a 5 per cent. solution of formaldehyde. Leave it in that -solution for from two to three weeks. That period of time in the fluid -will be sufficient to permit the choroid to become sufficiently -toughened and hardened. Leaving it in the solution longer than that -length of time will not injure the eye in any way. - -[Illustration: Fig. 22--Showing how to puncture the cornea. (Page 62.)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 23--Removing the cornea. (Page 63.)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 24--Showing method of inserting the scalpel to -separate the choroid from the sclerotic.] - -After having removed the eye from the formaldehyde, wash it for a few -moments in running water. This will remove the preserving and hardening -fluid from the surface, and will save the hands a little from the -effects of the fluid. Next remove all the muscles and fatty tissues from -the sclerotic. After that has been done, puncture the cornea with the -pointed jaw of the scissors about 2 mm. from the corneo-scleral -junction. (Fig. 22.) Then proceed to cut the cornea away, being careful -not to lacerate the choroid or the iris. (Fig. 23.) The escaping aqueous -humor will flow over the eye and make it very slippery, and, therefore, -difficult to hold. Dip the eye in water, wash it, and then take it out -and thoroughly dry it with a cloth. This procedure is absolutely -necessary, and, if omitted, will surely result in the dropping of the -eye about the time the work on the specimen is nearly finished. Insert -the scalpel between the peripheral edge of the exposed iris and what is -left of the cornea. With the back edge of the scalpel, gently loosen the -choroid from the inner side of the corneo-scleral junction to which -part it is not securely attached. (Fig. 24.) This requires only ordinary -care, and but little skill other than that necessary to always keep the -scalpel close to the inner surface of the sclerotic. When the -choroid-iris edge has been detached from the inner side of the -corneo-scleral junction, the weight of the contents of the second tunic -will cause it to sag and give opportunity to easily separate, with the -back edge of the scalpel, the choroid from the sclerotic for about a -distance of from 8 to 10 mm. - -It has been the method in the past to force water through a blowpipe -between the sclerotic and the choroid, in order to separate the -attachments. It has also been the method to work under water when -wishing to expose or isolate either the choroid or the retina. It is -unnecessary to do either of these two things. - -When the sclerotic has been loosened from the choroid for about 10 mm. -back from its cut edge around the eye, carefully cut the loosened part -away. (Fig. 25.) Then loosen the choroid as far back as to within 1 cm. -of the optic nerve. Cut the separated sclerotic away. It will be well to -state here that during this dissection the specimen should not be lifted -from the table. Keep the eye resting on the table all the time, and -never lift it by holding it suspended from the optic nerve. Loosening -the choroid from the sclerotic up to this point is a very easy matter; -ordinary precaution is all that is necessary to prevent puncturing the -choroid with the scalpel, just be sure to remember to keep the point of -the scalpel close to the sclerotic. - -[Illustration: Fig. 25--Cutting away the sclerotic after it has been -loosened from the choroid, as shown in Fig. 24.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 26.--Showing how to scrape the choroid free from the -sclerotic near the optic nerve.] - -To remove the remaining part of the first coat is a little more -difficult, and needs a little more care. Hold the optic nerve in the -left hand, and pull it so that the sclerotic will pull away from the -choroid. Then, using the cutting edge of the scalpel, scrape the choroid -loose from the sclerotic close up to the entrance of the optic nerve. -(Fig. 26.) Do not separate the optic nerve from the choroid. Cut away -the remainder of the sclerotic close up to the optic nerve and the -choroid will be free. (Fig. 27.) - -[Illustration: Fig. 27--Showing the choroid, the optic nerve still -attached, the ciliary ring, and the ciliary nerves.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 28--Showing method of inserting scalpel in order to -loosen the lens and cut through the vitreous.] - -To get a perfect specimen and completely isolated choroid, it must be -emptied of its contents. Insert the scalpel between the lens and the -iris, force it on through, and in such a manner as to keep the scalpel -close to the ciliary processes. (Fig. 28.) Cut the vitreous around the -processes. Push the scalpel further into the vitreous, and cut out the -central part of it, just as one would cut out the core of an apple. -(Fig. 29.) Remove the scalpel, pick out the lens and the cut centre of -the vitreous with the broad-point tweezers, holding the choroid a trifle -suspended by the optic nerve. The remaining part of the vitreous may be -broken down by cutting with the scalpel, and by squeezing and crushing -with the fingers of both hands. (Fig. 30.) The choroid will be tough -enough to stand this treatment provided the pupil is left clear and open -to prevent inter-choroidal pressure. After the vitreous has been removed -the choroid will be left in a greatly collapsed condition. Dropping it -into water and letting it fill up will make it resume its original -shape immediately. The retina does not always come out with the -vitreous. In such a case, the tweezers may be used to pick out the -retina when the choroid is in a collapsed condition. - -[Illustration: Fig. 29--Taking out the lens and “core” of the vitreous.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 30--Showing how to squeeze out the remaining part of -the vitreous (A) from the choroid. (Page 71.)] - -This specimen will show the vena vorticosa, the ciliary nerves, and -their way of ramifying, and the long ciliary arteries, which run -opposite each other and which may be recognized by their rather -colorless, tubular appearance. The evacuated choroid makes an excellent -specimen and one easily examined. Place it in a 3 per cent. solution of -formaldehyde, and then examine with a skiascope, an ophthalmoscope, or -by “oblique illumination.” - -This dissection is wholly original, and may be done in about five -minutes. The old technique for doing it required at least an hour of -time with the possibility of procuring one perfect specimen in every six -or seven. The technique as given here will make it possible to do the -work in not longer than five or six minutes for the beginner, and about -four minutes for the expert. - - - - -THE RETINA - - -Isolating the retina from the other tissues requires considerable -patience and dexterity. When the retina has been removed and placed in a -special receptacle, it will be found that the specimen is well worth the -little amount of time spent in making it. Previous techniques, even the -writer’s own, sometimes took nearly two hours to do, and rarely was the -retina isolated without puncturing or tearing it; perfect specimens were -almost impossible. The following method will assure one of success in -nearly every instance. Failures are almost impossible. Punctures, -perforations, tears, etc., are rare. The beginner should isolate the -retina in about six to seven minutes; the expert in about four and a -half to five minutes. - -Select an eye with a long optic nerve, and prepare it for this -dissection by placing it in a 10 per cent. solution of formaldehyde for -about ten to fourteen days, but no longer. If it is left in the -hardening fluid longer than that length of time, it will interfere with -the easy removal of the vitreous. - -[Illustration: Fig. 31--Cutting through the iris. (Page 77.)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 32--Showing how to cut around the ciliary ring. -(Page 77.)] - -The first part of this dissection is the same as the beginning of the -dissection for the isolation of the choroid. Remove all the outside -tissues first, and then the cornea, and about 10 mm. of the sclerotic, -as described in the preceding dissection. (See Figs. 22, 23, 24, and -25.) That will lay bare the iris and a few millimetres of the choroid. - -[Illustration: Fig. 33--Lens, iris, and part of vitreous removed. (Page -78.)] - -After that has been done, turn the eye so the iris will be uppermost. -With the tweezers pick up the pupillary margin of the iris, and with the -fine-pointed scissors cut through the iris and the ciliary processes -(Fig. 31); separate both from the choroid by cutting close to the -posterior edge of the processes. (Fig. 32.) In doing that, cut partly -through the vitreous also, but be careful not to injure the peripheral -edge of the retina--ora serrata. After the iris has been separated from -the choroid, cut completely through the vitreous in such a way that the -lens will also be removed with the iris. (Fig. 33.) - -[Illustration: Fig. 34--Showing how to force glass blowpipe (A) into -vitreous (B). (Page 80.)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 35--Showing bulging out of vitreous caused by -blowing air through glass blowpipe. (Page 80.)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 36--Showing the vitreous (A) removed.] - -Holding the eye suspended by its optic nerve, force the glass blowpipe -through the vitreous until it all but touches the posterior part of -the retina (Fig. 34); blow gently at first, increasing the pressure -until the vitreous suddenly bulges outward. (Fig. 35.) If the iris has -been cut away close to the ora serrata, the vitreous will not only bulge -forward, but it will fall out. If, however, it does not detach itself at -once, insert the scalpel close to the choroid and with its flat side -press downward until a separation occurs. Do not let the vitreous drop -out too suddenly, because it may tear the retina. Let the vitreous -detach itself slowly by the force of its own weight, though it will be -well to hold some of its weight on the scalpel. (Fig. 36.) - -[Illustration: Fig. 37--A. Showing retina folded upon itself by blowing -air at it through the glass blowpipe. (Page 83.)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 38--A. Showing folded retina suspended from its -attachment, so sclerotic and choroid may be easily cut away. (Page 83.)] - -After the vitreous has been removed, turn the eye upward, and by blowing -strongly through the blowpipe at the marginal edge of the retina, turn -the retina upon itself. Repeat this until the retina lies in a small -wrinkled lump at the “bottom” of the posterior part of the eye. (Fig. -37.) Invert the eye (Fig. 38) and cut away both the choroid and the -sclerotic close to the optic nerve. No care need be taken in doing this -until the scissors come close to the optic nerve. (Fig. 39.) - -[Illustration: Fig. 39--Showing the sclerotic nearly all cut away.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 40--Isolated retina, with optic nerve attached.] - -After the choroid and the sclerotic have been cut away, drop the retina -into some water, and it will slowly unfold itself by “ballooning” out -into a perfect and beautiful specimen. (Fig. 40.) But, if it is desired -to study the specimen closely, it is better to suspend it in a jar or -bottle made of thin glass, and containing a 5 per cent. solution of -formaldehyde. Remember that the retina is a delicate membrane in any -state; the slightest rough handling may cause it to be torn, or -otherwise damaged. If the vessel, in which the specimen has been placed -and suspended, has enough preserving fluid to completely fill it, and it -is firmly stoppered, the whole thing may be inverted, and turned in any -direction, even abruptly, without fear of damaging the retina. This way -of keeping the retina will give opportunity to inspect and study the -inside as well as the outside of the membrane; the blood-vessels, and -other important parts easily recognized. - - - - -THE SAGITTAL OR VERTICAL SECTION OF THE EYE - - -Place an eye in a 5 per cent. solution of formaldehyde for about two -weeks. If the eye is kept in that solution longer than that time, the -lens is apt to become so hard that in cutting it the capsule and -suspensory ligament will be torn, and the lens will then become -detached; if for a shorter space of time, the lens and other tissues -will be so soft that all may be so badly torn or lacerated, that a -perfect specimen will not be possible. - -It sometimes happens that in keeping a number of eyes together in a -vessel for the purpose of hardening them in the formaldehyde solution, -the corneas of some will be crushed in. For this dissection, select an -eye that has the cornea in perfect condition. - -Remove all the outside tissues with the scissors, being particular to -have the region immediately surrounding the optic nerve perfectly clear -and clean. If the optic nerve is longer than 5 mm., cut it off to that -length. - -[Illustration: Fig. 41--Showing the beginning of the cutting of the eye -for sagittal sections.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 42--Showing method of cutting through the -crystalline lens.] - -To cut the eye in two, use a safety-razor blade; never a scalpel. The -latter is too thick, too dull, and too clumsy a tool. Begin by cutting -through the optic nerve; dividing it as nearly as possible into halves. -(Fig. 41.) Continue cutting through the sclerotic and all underlying -tissues, stopping at the corneo-scleral junction, but do not, during -this procedure, even touch the lens. After the eye has been thus partly -separated into, as nearly as possible, two equal parts, lay it down upon -the cornea, and, holding the razor blade in the forefingers and thumbs -of both hands, cut the lens in two by forcing the blade down through it. -(Fig. 42.) Partly open the cut eye to allow one jaw of the large -scissors to enter, turn the eye over so the cornea will rest on that -jaw, and then cut through the cornea. (Fig. 43.) - -[Illustration: Fig. 43--Showing method of cutting through the cornea and -completing the two sagittal sections.] - -The two specimens may be kept indefinitely by placing them in a 3 per -cent. formaldehyde solution. It will be well to remove the lens from one -of the specimens, because it will give better opportunity to see the -anatomical relationships. Also, these specimens should be mounted, one -above the other, between two pieces of glass, before placing them in the -receptacle that is to hold them. - -Much can be studied in such specimens. Moreover, they present to view -the various parts of the organ of vision in such an impressive way, that -one does not soon forget the wonderful appearance of the construction of -this, Nature’s perfect camera. (Fig. 44.) - -[Illustration: Fig. 44--Sagittal section enlarged.] - -If another eye is cut into two parts, additional interesting specimens -may be procured; for instance, one showing the presence of the second -coat only, the retina having been torn out. Another good specimen may be -made by removing all of the inner tissues, and leaving only the -sclerotic and cornea. This specimen will show that the first coat is -almost entirely a coat which affords strength and protection to the -parts that lie within. - - - - -THE PAPILLA, PUNCTA LACRIMALIA, AND NASAL DUCT - - -The only way to dissect the lacrimal apparatus, other ocular -accessories, and the extrinsic muscles, is to procure the head of some -animal, preferably a calf’s head, because of its size. Any butcher will -supply one for from forty to sixty cents. Have the lower jaw removed. It -will make a less bulky piece of material to handle. - -Close to the inner canthus, on the inner side of each lid, will be found -a little rounded eminence--lacrimal papilla--in the centre of which is a -small opening--punctum lacrimalis. Both may be seen better on the lower -lid, if it is pulled down, and on the upper lid, if it is pulled up. - -[Illustration: Fig. 45--Showing only a part of a calf’s head and the -knitting-needles inserted in the puncta. (Page 94.)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 46.] - -Be supplied with two knitting-needles. Take one, lubricate its full -length with a little vaseline, lard, oil, or any other lubricant. Insert -the needle into the punctum of the lower lid, and push it downward and -forward, aiming to come out in the nose a short distance from its end. -At first it may be a little difficult to get the needle started; if so, -just wiggle the needle, pushing it at the same time as directed, until -the nasal duct is found. Do not remove the needle. To insert the other -needle into the punctum of the upper lid is rather difficult; for that -reason the punctum of the lower lid was chosen, first. Grease the -needle, as was done to the first one, and, with a little patience and -careful manipulation, the canal opening and its course will soon be -found. The needle may then be pushed through until it meets the first -one. (Fig. 45.) From the puncta lacrimalia to the place of meeting of -the two needles, marks the course of the two canaliculi and their -junction before they merge and form the nasal duct. Leave the needles -where they are, and begin cutting away the skin. The needles will then -mark the course of each canal and the duct very plainly. With the small -scissors the canals and the duct may be loosened from the surrounding -tissues. Or, the scalpel may be used to lay open the canals, cutting -along over the top of the needles. (Fig. 46.) - -The cilia, palpebræ, palpebral conjunctiva, ocular conjunctiva, and -other superficial ocular accessories may be examined without -dissection. - - - - -MEIBOMIAN GLANDS AND DUCTS - - -An examination of the eyelids will show the openings of the ducts of the -meibomian glands a short distance back of the cilia. Very fine pins or -needles that have been greased may be easily inserted for a short -distance into the ducts, and then a dissection made along the course of -the duct as outlined by the presence of the inserted pins or needles. -Another way to see the glands is to slice through the ducts, with the -scalpel or safety-razor blade, the entire width of either eyelid. This -will separate the glands into two parts and show their length, breadth -and structure. - - - - -ENUCLEATION OF THE ORBITAL CONTENTS - - -The eyes one procures from a butcher or a slaughter house will always -have the extrinsic tissues so badly cut and torn that identification of -the various parts and their relations is impossible. Therefore, it is -best to supply one’s self with the head of an animal, such as a sheep or -a calf, and dissect an eye with all its extrinsic tissues intact. For -this dissection, a hammer and a chisel are necessary in addition to the -tools needed for doing the previous dissections. - -[Illustration: Fig. 47--Showing method of making the initial cuts in the -skin. (Page 97.)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 48--Part of calf’s head, showing the first cut to be -made in the bones of the orbit. (Page 102.)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 49--Showing all the cuts to be made through the -bones of the orbit. (Page 102.)] - -Using the left orbit, begin the dissection by making an incision -directly over the supra-orbital ridge, extending from over the inner to -the outer canthus. At the middle of that line, make an incision, and cut -at right angles upward to the top of the head. Next make a cut below the -eye, extending from the outer to the inner canthus. (Fig. 47.) Loosen -the skin from the bone with the scalpel, and lay bare the skull -immediately over the orbit. Fold the flaps of the skin back and fasten -them down to the skull with pins or tacks so they will not interfere -with the work. - -[Illustration: Fig. 50--Showing how to pry the cut bone loose. (Page -102.)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 51--“In removing orbital contents dissect close to -the bone.”] - -[Illustration: Fig. 52--Showing excavated orbit. (Page 105.)] - -Using the hammer and the chisel, cut through the roof of the orbit at -the middle of the supra-orbital ridge, and continue upward for about two -and one-half inches. Do not strike hard blows, or the chisel may be -driven through the underlying tissues. Listen for the peculiar sound -that is heard when the bone has been completely penetrated; then remove -the chisel. Continue until the full distance of two and one-half inches -of bone has been separated. (Fig. 48.) Now, begin at the upper end, -and cut through the bone downward to the right for about two inches -toward the outer canthus. A similar line should be cut on the right of -the centre line toward the inner canthus. This will mark out two -irregular, triangular-shaped pieces of bone. (Fig. 49.) Remove the piece -on the right-hand side by prying it off. (Fig. 50.) The left-hand piece -should be pried loose and then carefully cut away with the scalpel, so -that the pulley through which the superior oblique muscle runs its -tendon, will not be injured. In removing the orbital contents, dissect -close to the bone (Fig. 51), so that the periosteum will also be -removed, and form a sort of sac or capsule in which will be contained -the eye with all its extrinsic tissues. If difficulty is experienced in -getting at the posterior parts of the orbit, it will be best to cut away -as much more of the obstructing bone as is necessary. In this way the -“capsule” containing the eye, its six muscles, the lacrimal gland, and -both eyelids, all _in situ_, will be removed. (Fig. 54.) As the orbital -entrance of the optic nerve is neared, care must be exercised not to cut -into this “capsule,” or sever any of the muscles. (Fig. 52 shows the -excavated orbit. Fig. 53 shows an anterior view of the enucleated eye. -Fig. 54 is a side view of the enucleated eye.) - -[Illustration: Fig. 53--Anterior view of the enucleated eye.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 54--Showing the enucleated eye, its muscles, and its -accessories, all in situ.] - - - - -OPHTHALMOSCOPIC EXAMINATION - - -By practising on an enucleated eye, one may gain considerable ability in -the use of the ophthalmoscope, and also learn to recognize the -blood-vessels and other important parts of the retina. To do this, the -eye to be examined must be very fresh, for only in this condition will -the cornea and lens be sufficiently clear to permit rays of light to -enter the inside of the eye. - -However, since the pupil is oblong in shape, and often only a narrow -slit--but several millimetres in diameter--the field presented for -observation is a rather limited one. To increase the pupillary aperture, -take a pin, and force the point through the cornea about three or four -millimetres from the corneo-scleral junction, and at right angles to the -direction of the parallel edges of the pupil. After the pin has been -pushed through until it has reached to within a short distance (one -millimetre) of the edge of the iris, carefully pick up the iris by -raising the pin into a position perpendicular to the cornea, and force -the pin further down into the eye. The pupil will have been enlarged on -one side. Do the same thing on the opposite side, and at each extremity -of the pupil. (Fig. 55.) - -[Illustration: Fig. 55--Showing one pin before the iris has been picked -up and pulled back, and three pins after the iris has been picked up and -pulled back.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 56--Showing method of gathering up the extrinsic -tissues in order to get rid of the pucker in the cornea.] - -The pupil will now have been made square, and so large that no -difficulty will be experienced in reflecting either light into the eye, -or in examining the inside of the eye. Care must be taken not to -lacerate the anterior surface of the lens when the iris is drawn back by -the pins. - -Putting the pins into the cornea, and using them as levers with the -point of entrance in the cornea as a fulcrum, will pucker the cornea -considerably, and a good clear fundus cannot be obtained. This is easily -overcome. Simply gather up all the tissues surrounding the eye, force -them backward, and hold them firmly with the fingers of the left hand. -(Fig. 56.) The right hand is then free to handle the skiascope or -ophthalmoscope, so that the interior of the eye may be thoroughly -examined. - -Another way to prepare an eye for ophthalmoscopic examination is as -follows: Go to a slaughter house and procure a beef eye from an animal -that has been killed but a few minutes previously. Placing the eye -immediately into an 8 per cent. solution of cocaine and leaving it there -for about an hour will dilate the pupil to such an extent that work with -the ophthalmoscope will be made very easy. This, as indicated, can be -done only with an eye that is very fresh. - -[Illustration: Fig. 57--Showing window cut in sclerotic, choroid, and -retina.] - -Still another way to see the interior is to cut out a piece of the -sclerotic about the size of a twenty-five-cent piece; then pinch up and -tear out the choroid and the retina under the opening made in the -sclerotic. (Fig. 57.) Hold the eye, the cornea forward, close to a -bright light, and the image of the light will be seen upon the retina. -The closer the light is to the eye, the greater the illumination will be -in the interior of the eye. If the opening or “window” is close enough -to the optic nerve, the optic papilla can be seen easily. And, if care -has been taken to have the opening made midway between the two branches -of the retinal artery, the entire course may be followed. The direction -of the retinal artery can be determined by ophthalmoscopic examination. - - - - -THE LACRIMAL DUCTS - - -To find the lacrimal ducts, cut across the outer and inner canthi of the -enucleated eye, pushing the eye forward and the lids backward. That will -expose the conjunctiva of both eyelids and eye, and also show the -conjunctival fornices. On the upper surface of the palpebral -conjunctiva, and near the outer canthus, will be seen, upon close -inspection, a number of minute openings, usually eight. These are the -openings of the lacrimal ducts. Pins or straw that have been lubricated -with vaseline, may be inserted and pushed into these openings for a -considerable distance, and the course of the ducts then can be traced -easily. (Fig. 58.) - -[Illustration: Fig. 58--Showing how pins may be inserted in the lacrimal -ducts.] - - - - -THE LACRIMAL GLAND - - -The lacrimal gland is easily distinguished by its pink appearance. There -are two parts, inferior and superior. The gland lies directly over the -eye and near the outer angle of the orbit. In the enucleated eye, it -will be found to lie near the outer canthus and over the eye. The gland -may be easily dissected out of its position and then examined more -closely. A hand lens will show the racemose construction of the gland. -If the gland is cut in two, the racemose construction may be seen even -better. - - - - -THE CAPSULE OF TENON - - -To dissect the capsule of Tenon, it is necessary to carefully remove the -superficial fat and connective tissue. In text-books and illustrations, -the capsule is usually shown as a definite sac-like membrane of -considerable thickness, with all its parts well defined. The dissector -will soon find that the capsule is not discerned so easily. It will be -found to be the thin, semi-transparent, fibrous membrane that surrounds -each muscle, as well as the “posterior two-thirds of the eye,” and is -continuous anteriorly with the ocular conjunctiva. Portions may be -pinched up and inflated through an inserted blow-pipe. This will help to -merely demonstrate its location and parts. (Fig. 59.) - -[Illustration: Fig. 59--Enlarged to show part of the Capsule of Tenon -blown up. (Page 116.)] - - - - -THE SUPERIOR OBLIQUE MUSCLE AND ITS PULLEY - - -After the lacrimal gland has been dissected away, a beginning will have -been made for cutting away the fat and the connective tissue. The first -thing to do then is to locate the superior oblique muscle. Try to keep -track of which part of the eye is the inner side. Having located the -inner side, feel along the top for a little hard eminence. That is the -pulley. Begin to dissect around the pulley, not through it, and then -follow the muscle along to its origin; do not separate the muscle from -its origin. When the superior oblique is completely freed, the action of -the muscle may be readily demonstrated by holding the “ring” or -tendinous pulley with the fingers of one hand, while the muscle is -pulled backward and forward with the other. - - - - -THE OTHER EXTRINSIC MUSCLES - - -With the dissection of Tenon’s capsule and the superior oblique muscle, -the work of isolating the other extrinsic muscles will have begun. This -work needs no directions except a warning to be careful not to injure -the pulley of the superior oblique, and to be careful not to cut away -the inferior oblique. The inferior oblique will be found to be near the -“pulley.” If the dissection is not carried too close to the origin of -the recti muscles, all the muscles may be kept in place. - -If the eye has not been previously subjected to the hardening influence -of formaldehyde, it may be put into a 5 per cent. solution, and at the -end of ten or twelve hours the muscles will have become rigid. They can -then be better studied, and may be kept indefinitely. (Fig. 60.) - -[Illustration: Fig. 60--Showing the tendinous pulley of the superior -oblique muscle and the extrinsic muscles.] - - - - -THE THREE TUNICS OF THE EYE, THE HYALOID AND ITS ATTACHMENTS - - -This dissection is a rather difficult one to make, and requires -patience. - -[Illustration: Fig. 61--Cutting through the iris.] - -Prepare an eye by placing it in a 5 per cent. solution of formaldehyde -for about ten days to two weeks. Remove all the outside tissues. Cut -away the cornea, as in the dissection for the choroid or the retina. -Loosen, as far back as possible, the sclerotic from the choroid. Remove -the sclerotic for about 10 mm. back of the equator of the eye. With the -tweezers pick up the pupillary edge of the iris. Using the small pointed -scissors, cut through the iris. (Fig. 61.) Lift either one of the cut -edges of the iris, and, with the sharp edge of the scalpel, gently -scrape the _processus zonuloe_ free from the ciliary processes, cutting -through the ciliary ring as the ciliary processes are detached from the -hyaloid (_processus zonuloe_). (Fig. 62.) - -[Illustration: Fig. 62--Scraping the ciliary processes free. Showing, -also, the choroid cut around the ciliary ring.] - -Great care must be taken not to thrust the point of the scissors into -the hyaloid, suspensory ligament, or vitreous, else the lens may become -detached. - -After the iris with the processes has been removed, pinch up with the -tweezers a fold in the choroid. Make an incision with the fine-pointed -scissors, and begin removing the choroid to within about 5 mm. of the -cut end of the sclerotic. (Fig. 63.) Care must be taken not to penetrate -the underlying retina while making this part of the dissection. - -[Illustration: Fig. 63--Cutting away the choroid.] - -After part of the choroid has been removed, the specimen will show the -three coats of the eye in layer-like arrangement, the hyaloid and lens. -The lens may now be cut away, if the specimen is preferred without it. -Removing the lens before this time is unwise, because it acts as a -protection to the other tissues while the specimen is being handled -during the dissection. - -This specimen will show to the best advantage if it is suspended in a -jar containing a 5 per cent. solution of formaldehyde. Figure 64 shows -the specimen. - -[Illustration: Fig. 64--A. Optic nerve. B. Sclerotic. C. Choroid. D. -Retina. E. Hyaloid. F. Lens.] - - - - -INDEX - - - A - - Accessories, ocular, 95 - - Alcohol as a preservative, 34 - - Alcohols, method of running through, 58, 59 - - Anterior chamber, 50, 51, 86, 90 - half of eye, 49 - half, removing vitreous from, 49 - surface of lens, 55 - - Aperture, increasing pupillary, 106, 107, 109 - - Aqueous humor, 51 - - Arteria centralis retinæ, 43, 49 - - Arteries, ciliary, 72 - course of retinal, 111 - - Artery of retina, central, 43, 49 - hyaloid, 43 - - - B - - Beef eyes, 26, 27 - - Beginning of dissection of orbital contents, 97 - - Benzine, 59 - - Blood-vessels of retina, 106 - - Blowing through blowpipe, folding retina by, 81, 82 - - Blowpipe, folding retina by blowing through, 81, 82 - glass, 35 - using it to force out vitreous, 78-81 - - Body, hyaloid, 41 - - Boiling crystalline lens, 55, 56 - - Books, text, 23, 25, 46, 52 - - - C - - Canal, hyaloid, 43 - of Petit, 35-37 - - Canaliculi, puncta, papilla, and nasal duct, locating, 92-95 - - Capsule of lens, 33, 50, 54 - of lens, removing, 59 - - Capsule of Tenon, 115 - of Tenon and conjunctiva, 116 - - Cedar oil, 60 - - Cells of processes, pigment, 49, 50 - - Central artery of retina, 43, 49 - - Chamber, anterior, 50, 51, 86, 90 - posterior, 50, 51, 86, 90 - - Chemicals, 22, 23 - - Chisel and hammer, use of, 99-101 - - Choroid, 62 - and sclerotic, cutting them away for isolating retina, 83 - emptying, 69, 70 - for dissecting three tunics, removing, 122 - from sclerotic, for dissection of three tunics and hyaloid, - loosening, 120 - iridescence of, 45 - loosening from corneo-scleral junction, 64, 65 - loosening sclerotic from, 64, 66, 67, 68 - or retina, removing cornea for isolating, 62, 63, 64 - picking up retina and, 30, 31 - preparing eye for isolating, 62 - preserving isolated, 72 - removing, 46 - removing lens from, 69, 70, 71 - scraping sclerotic from, 68 - separating sclerotic from, 27, 29 - - Cilia and other superficial accessories, 95 - - Ciliaris, corona, 49, 51 - orbicularis, 49, 51 - retinæ, pars, 49 - - Ciliary arteries, 72 - nerves, 72 - processes, 27, 33, 49 - processes free from _processus zonuloe_, scraping, 121 - ring, 51 - ring, cutting ciliary, 121 - - Ciliary, clarifying lens, 58, 59 - - Coats, preparing eye for dissection to show, _in situ_, the three, 120 - - Cocaine, 109 - - Color of processes, 50 - - Concentric layers of lens, 56, 57 - - Conjunctiva and Capsule of Tenon, 116 - - Conjunctival fornices, 113 - - Cornea, epithelium of, 52 - removing it for isolating choroid or retina, 62, 63, 64 - - Construction of lacrimal gland, racemose, 114 - - Contents, beginning of dissection of orbital, 97-101 - dissecting orbital, 97-105 - emptying eyeball of, 32, 33 - enucleating orbital, 102-104 - material for enucleation of orbital, 97 - preserving of hyaloid, 32, 33, 34, 36 - - Cornea, 52 - and sclerotic, 52 - layers of, 52 - smoothing it for ophthalmoscopic examination, 109 - - Corneo-scleral junction, loosening choroid from, 64, 65 - - Corona ciliaris, 49, 51 - - Cortex of lens, 54, 59 - - Course of retinal arteries, 111 - - Cross section of optic nerve, 48 - - Crystalline lens, 33, 49, 53 - lens boiling, 55 - - Cutting away sclerotic and choroid for isolating retina, 83 - ciliary ring, 121 - cross section of optic nerve, 48 - eye for sagittal section, 87-89 - eye in half, 38, 39 - iris for dissection of three tunics, 120 - optic nerve longitudinally, 47, 48 - - - D - - Dehydrating lens, 58, 59 - - Demonstration of hyaloid, etc., 34 - - Disc, optic, 43 - - Dishes, Stender, 21 - - Dissected hyaloid, 33 - - Dissecting lacrimal gland, 114 - nasal duct, papilla and puncta, 92 - orbital contents, 97-105 - of hyaloid membrane, 25, 33 - of hyaloid, method of preparing for, 26, 27 - of orbital contents, beginning of, 97-101 - three tunics, removing choroid, for, 122 - - Dissection, preparing eye for interior, 38 - preparing eye to show the three tunics _in situ_, 120 - of three tunics and hyaloid, loosening choroid from sclerotic for, - 120 - of three tunics, cutting iris, for, 120 - - Duct, material for dissecting papilla, puncta, and nasal, 92 - papilla, puncta lacrimalia, and nasal, 92 - - Ducts, meibomian gland and, 96 - lacrimal, 112, 113 - - - E - - Emptying choroid, 69, 70 - eyeball of contents, 32, 33 - - Entrance of optic nerve, 43 - - Enucleated eye, 104 - - Enucleating orbital contents, 102-104 - - Enucleation of orbital contents, 97-105 - of orbital contents, material for, 97 - - Epithelium of cornea, 52 - - Equipment, 17-24 - - Examination, ophthalmoscopic, 106 - preparing eye for ophthalmoscopic, 106-110 - smoothing out cornea for ophthalmoscopic, 109 - - Excavated posterior half, 46, 47 - sagittal, 90 - - Extrinsic muscles, other, 118 - muscles, preserving, 119 - - Eye, anterior half of the, 49 - contents, emptying, 32, 33 - cutting it for sagittal section, 87-89 - for dissection of hyaloid, etc., preparing, 26, 27 - in half, cutting, 38, 39 - interior of, 38 - posterior half of the, 40 - preparing for dissecting interior, 38 - preparing it for dissection, to show the three tunics, _in situ_, - 120 - preparing for isolating choroid, 62 - preparing for isolating retina, 74, 75 - preparing for ophthalmoscopic examination of, 106-110 - preparing for sagittal section of, 86 - sagittal section of, 86 - seeing interior of, 110 - vertical section of, 86 - cutting window in, 110 - - Eyelids, 95, 105 - - Eyes, sheep and beef, 26, 27 - - - F - - Fibres of lens, 56, 57 - network of vitreous, 41, 42 - - Fluid, perichoroidal, 40, 46 - - Folding retina by blowing air through blowpipe, 81, 82 - - Forcing out vitreous, using blowpipe in, 78-81 - - Fornices, conjunctival, 113 - - - G - - Gland, dissecting lacrimal, 114 - lacrimal, 114 - racemose construction, 114 - - Glands and ducts, meibomian, 96 - - Glass blowpipe, 35 - - Glassware, 21 - - - H - - Half, anterior, 49 - cutting eye in, 38, 39 - - Half, excavated posterior, 46 - posterior, 40 - posterior, excavated, 46 - preparing eye for dissecting interior, 38 - removing vitreous from anterior, 49 - removing vitreous from posterior, 41 - - Hammer and chisel, use of, 99-101 - - Humor, aqueous, 51 - vitreous, 33 - - Hyaloid and attachments, demonstration of, 34 - artery, 43 - body, 41 - canal, 43 - dissected, 33 - membrane, dissection of, 25-33 - membrane with contents and attachments intact, removal of, 25 - preserving contents of, 32, 33, 34, 36 - preserving three tunics and, 123 - - - I - - Image, retinal, 110 - - Increasing pupillary aperture, 106, 107, 109 - - Inferior oblique muscle, 119 - - Instruments, 21 - - Interior of the eye, 38 - of the eye, seeing, 110 - - Interior section, preparing the eye for dissecting, 38 - - Iridescence of choroid, 45 - - Iridescent choroid, 40, 43 - - Iris, 49, 51 - and lens, removing, 75, 77 - and processes, removing, 121 - for dissection of three tunics, cutting, 120 - relation between processes and, 51, 52 - - Isolated choroid, preserving, 72 - - Isolating choroid or retina, removing cornea for, 62-64 - choroid, preparing eye for, 62 - - Isolated retina, preserving, 84, 85 - - Isolating retina, cutting sclerotic and choroid away for, 83 - retina, preparing eye for, 74, 75 - - - J - - Junction, loosening choroid from corneo-scleral, 64, 65 - - - K - - Knitting-needles, use of, 92-95 - - - L - - Lacrimal ducts, 112, 113 - gland, 114 - gland, dissecting, 114 - gland, racemose construction of, 114 - - Lacrimalia, nasal duct, papilla, and puncta, 92 - - Laminated structure of lens, 55, 56 - - Layers, concentric lens, 56, 57 - of cornea, 52 - separating outer lens, 54 - - Lens and iris, removing, 75, 77 - anterior surface of, 55 - boiling of, 55, 56 - capsule, 33, 50, 54 - clarifying, 58, 59 - concentric layers of, 56, 57 - cortex of, 54, 59 - crystalline, 33, 49, 53 - dehydrating, 58, 59 - fibres, 56, 57 - laminated structure of, 55, 56 - nucleus of, 55, 59 - posterior surface of, 55 - preparing the, 53 - preserving the, 57, 58 - removing capsule of, 59 - removing it from choroid, 69-71 - removing the, 51, 53 - separating outer layers of, 54 - staining, 57 - - Ligament, suspensory, 33, 37 - - Lines, tri-radiate, 54-56 - - Locating papilla, puncta, canaliculi, and nasal duct, 92-95 - - Longitudinally, cutting optic nerve, 47, 48 - - Loosening choroid from corneo-scleral junction, 64, 65 - choroid from sclerotic, 64, 66-68 - choroid from sclerotic, for dissection of the three tunics and - hyaloid, 120 - - Lucidum, tapetum, 45 - - - M - - Material, 19, 20, 21 - for dissecting nasal duct, papilla, and puncta, 92 - for enucleation of orbital contents, 97 - - Meibomian glands and ducts, 96 - - Membrane with contents and attachments intact, removal of, 25 - - Method of preparing eye for dissection of hyaloid, 26, 27 - of running through the alcohols, 58, 59 - - Muscle, superior oblique and its pulley, 117 - - Muscles, other extrinsic, 118 - preserving extrinsic, 119 - - - N - - Nasal duct, canaliculi, puncta, and papilla, locating, 92-95 - canaliculi, puncta, and papilla, 92 - canaliculi, puncta, and papilla, material for dissecting, 92 - - Needles and pins, use of, 96, 106, 107, 108, 109, 112, 113 - use of knitting, 92-95 - - Nerve, cross section of optic, 48 - entrance of optic, 43 - optic, 47 - optic, cutting it longitudinally, 47, 48 - - Nerves, ciliary, 72 - - Network of fibres in vitreous, 41, 42 - - Nucleus of lens, 55, 59 - - - O - - Oblique, inferior, 119 - pulley of superior, 117 - - Ocular accessories, 95 - conjunctiva and Capsule of Tenon, 116 - conjunctiva and other superficial accessories, 95 - - Oil, cedar, 60 - - Ophthalmoscope, 109 - - Ophthalmoscopic examination, 106 - examination, preparing eye for, 106-110 - examination, smoothing out cornea for, 109 - - Optic disc, 43 - nerve, 47 - nerve, cross section of, 48 - nerve, cutting it longitudinally, 47, 48 - nerve, entrance of, 43 - papilla, 111 - - Ora serrata, 49 - - Orbicularis ciliaris, 49, 51 - - Orbital contents, beginning dissection of, 97-101 - contents, dissecting, 97-105 - contents, enucleating, 102-104 - contents, enucleation of, 97 - contents, material for enucleation of, 97 - - - P - - Palpebræ and other superficial accessories, 95 - - Palpebral conjunctiva and other superficial accessories, 95 - - Papilla, nasal duct, and puncta lacrimalia, 92 - nasal duct, and puncta lacrimalia, material for dissecting, 92 - optic, 111 - puncta, canaliculi, and nasal, duct, locating, 92-95 - - Pars ciliaris retinæ, 49 - - Perichoroidal fluid, 40-46 - - Petit’s canal, 35-37 - - Picking up choroid and retina, 30, 31 - - Pigment cells of processes, 49, 50 - of sclerotic, 46 - removal of, 34 - - Pinching up sclerotic, 27, 28 - - Pins and needles, use of, 96, 106-109, 112, 113 - - Pipette, 35 - - Posterior chamber, 50, 51, 86, 90 - half excavated, 47 - half of the eye, 40 - half, removing vitreous from, 41 - surface of the lens, 55 - - Preparing eye for dissecting interior, 38 - eye for dissecting hyaloid, 26, 27 - eye for dissection to show the three tunics, _in situ_, 120 - eye for isolating choroid, 62 - eye for isolating retina, 74, 75 - eye for ophthalmoscopic examination, 106-110 - eye for sagittal section, 86 - the lens, 53 - - Preservative, alcohol as a, 34 - - Preserving extrinsic muscles, 119 - hyaloid, contents and attachments, etc., 32-34, 36 - isolated choroid, 72 - isolated retina, 84, 85 - lens, 57, 58 - sagittal sections, 89 - three tunics and hyaloid, 123 - - Processes, ciliary, 27, 33, 49 - and iris, removing, 121 - color of, 50 - pigment cells of, 49, 50 - relation between iris and, 51, 52 - zonular, 27, 34 - - Processus zonulœ, 34 - zonulœ free from ciliary processes, scraping, 121 - - Pulley of superior oblique muscle, 117 - - Puncta lacrimalia, nasal duct, and papilla, 92 - lacrimalia, papilla, canaliculi, and nasal duct, locating, 92, 95 - lacrimalia, papilla, canaliculi, and nasal duct, material for - dissecting, 92 - - Pupillary aperture increasing, 106, 107, 109 - - - R - - Racemose construction of lacrimal gland, 114 - - References, 23, 25, 46, 52 - - Relation between iris and processes, 51, 52 - - Removal of hyaloid membrane with contents and attachments intact, 25 - of pigment from processus zonulœ, 34 - - Removing capsule of lens, 59 - choroid, 46 - cornea for isolating choroid or retina, 62-64 - choroid for dissecting three tunics, 122 - iris and lens, 75, 77 - iris and processes, 121 - lens from choroid, 69-71 - lens from anterior half and other parts, 51, 53, 54 - sclerotic to show the three tunics, 120 - the retina from posterior half, 44 - vitreous from anterior half, 49 - vitreous from choroid, 70-72 - vitreous from posterior half, 41 - - Retina, 40-74 - blood-vessels of, 106 - central artery of, 43, 49 - cutting away sclerotic and choroid for isolating, 83 - folding it by blowing air through blowpipe, 81, 82 - or choroid, removing cornea for isolating, 62-64 - picking up choroid and, 30, 31 - preparing eye for isolating, 74, 75 - preserving isolated, 84, 85 - removing, 44 - straightening, 42, 43 - - Retinæ, pars ciliaris, 49 - - Retinal artery, course of, 111 - image, 110 - vessels, 40, 49 - - Ring, ciliary, 51 - cutting ciliary, 121 - of superior oblique muscle tendinous, 117 - - Running through the alcohols, 58, 59 - - - S - - Sagittal section, cutting eye for, 87-89 - section, excavated, 90 - section of the eye, 86 - section, preparing eye for, 86 - sections, preserving, 89 - - Sclerotic and choroid, cutting them away for isolating retina, 83 - and cornea, 52 - from choroid, for dissection of three tunics and hyaloid, - loosening, 120 - loosening choroid from, 64, 66-68 - pigment of, 46 - pinching up, 27, 28 - scraping choroid from, 68 - separating choroid from, 27, 29 - to show the three tunics, removing, 120 - - Scraping choroid from sclerotic, 68 - processus zonulœ free from ciliary processes, 121 - - Section of optic nerve, cross, 48 - cutting eye for sagittal, 87-89 - preparing eye for sagittal, 86 - sagittal, 86 - vertical, 86 - - Sections, preparing eye for dissecting interior, 38 - preserving sagittal, 89 - - Seeing interior of eye, 110 - - Separating choroid from sclerotic, 27, 29, 64-68 - outer layers of the lens, 54 - - Serrata, ora, 49 - - Sheep eyes, 26, 27 - - Skiascope, 109 - - Smoothing cornea for ophthalmoscopic examination, 109 - - Superior oblique muscle and its pulley, 117 - - Staining lens, 57 - - Stender dishes, 21 - - Straightening retina, 42, 43 - - Structure of lens, laminated, 55, 56 - - Superior oblique muscle, pulley of, 117 - - Surface of anterior of lens, 55 - of posterior of lens, 55 - - Suspensory ligament, 55 - - - T - - Tapetum lucidum, 45 - - Tendinous ring of the superior oblique muscle, 117 - - Tenon and ocular conjunctiva, Capsule of, 116 - - Tenon’s Capsule, 115 - - Text-books, 23, 25, 46, 52 - - Three tunics, removing choroid, for dissecting, 122 - - Tools, 21 - - Tri-radiate lines, 54-56 - - Tunics, _in situ_, preparing eye for dissection to show the three, 120 - preserving hyaloid and three, 123 - removing the sclerotic, to show the three, 120 - - - U - - Use of hammer and chisel, 99-101 - of knitting-needles, 92-95 - - Using blowpipe in forcing out vitreous, 78-81 - - - V - - Vena vorticosa, 72 - - Vertical section of the eye, 86 - - Vessels of retina, blood-, 40, 49, 106 - - Vitreous, 33 - network of fibres in, 41, 42 - removing from anterior half, 49 - removing from posterior half, 41 - using blowpipe to force out, 78-81 - - Vorticosa, vena, 72 - - - W - - Window, in eye, cutting, 110 - - - X - - Xylol, 59 - - - Z - - Zone of Zinn, 36, 37 - - Zonular processes, 27, 34 - - Zonulii Zinii, 36, 37 - - Zonulœ processus, 34 - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - - Page 127, cutting window in: either in the wrong place alphabetically, - or it is an error for window, cutting in. - - The (unusual) spellings zonuloe and zonulœ have been retained. - - - Changes: - - Footnotes have been moved to the end of the chapter in which they are - referenced. Illustrations have been moved out of text paragraphs. - - Some obvious minor typographical and punctuation errors have been - corrected silently. - - In some illustrations the reference letters have been accentuated. - - Page 11, 12: Illustration numbers added. - - Page 127, Gland, racemose construction: page number 114 added. - - Page 130: the entries iris and lens have been moved to their proper - place; the entry Retinæ, pars ciliaris has been moved to a separate - line. - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's Technique of Eye Dissections, by Frederic A. 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Woll - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll -have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using -this ebook. - - - -Title: Technique of Eye Dissections - -Author: Frederic A. Woll - -Release Date: July 2, 2020 [EBook #62544] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TECHNIQUE OF EYE DISSECTIONS *** - - - - -Produced by deaurider, Harry Lame and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<div class="tnbox"> - -<p class="center">Please see the <a href="#TN">Transcriber’s Notes</a> at the end of this text.</p> - -</div><!--tnbox--> - -<div class="scr"> -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/cover_sm.jpg" alt="Cover image" width="400" height="608" /> -</div> -</div> - -<hr class="poem" /> - -<div class="poemcenter"> - -<div class="poem"> -<div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">The eye—it cannot choose but see.<br /></span> -</div> -</div> - -<p class="poemcredit">—<i>Wordsworth.</i></p> - -</div><!--poemcenter--> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="figcenter w550" id="Fig0"> -<img src="images/illo004.jpg" alt="" width="550" height="602" /> -<p class="caption">Brain, showing eyes with muscles removed, optic nerves, and -chiasm.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="titlepage"> - -<h1>TECHNIQUE<br /> -<span class="fsize60">OF</span><br /> -EYE DISSECTIONS</h1> - -<p class="center highline15 blankbefore75"><span class="fsize90">BY</span><br /> -<span class="fsize125">FREDERIC A. WOLL, Ph.D.,</span></p> - -<p class="center blankbefore75"><i>Associate Professor, Department of Hygiene, College of the -City of New York; Optometry Courses, Columbia University; -Member of New York State Board of Examiners in Optometry; -Honorary Member: American Optometric Association; State -Societies—Alabama, California, Connecticut, Kentucky, Maine, -Massachusetts, North Carolina, Rhode Island; Local Societies—Lehigh -Valley Society of Optometrists, Mahoning Valley Optometrists’ -Society, and Optometrists’ Club of Brooklyn</i>.</p> - -<p class="center highline8"><i>SECOND EDITION</i></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/illo005.png" alt="Ornament" width="150" height="92" /> -</div> - -<p class="center highline2"><span class="fsize90">NEW YORK</span><br /> -<span class="fsize110">FREDERIC A. WOLL</span><br /> -<span class="fsize120">1924</span></p> - -</div><!--titlepage--> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p class="center highline2"><span class="smcap">Copyright, 1914, by</span><br /> -FREDERIC A. WOLL<br /> -<i>Printed in the United States of America</i><br /> -First Edition, July, 1914<br /> -Second Edition, April, 1924</p> - -<p class="center highline4 blankbefore8 fsize60"><span class="bt">SCHLUETER PRINTING CO., NEW YORK</span></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p class="center highline2 blankbefore4 gesp2 fsize125">DEDICATION</p> - -<p class="center highline2 fsize90">THIS LITTLE BOOK IS DEDICATED WITH AFFECTION<br /> -AND ESTEEM TO MY FIRST TEACHER<br /> -IN OPTICS, MY FRIEND FOR YEARS</p> - -<p class="center highline4 gesp2 fsize125">ANDREW JAY CROSS</p> - -<p class="center highline2 fsize90">WHOSE RESEARCH IN THE FIELD OF APPLIED<br /> -OPTICS HAS WON FOR HIM RECOGNITION<br /> -AND HONOR</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page9">[9]</span></p> - -<h2 class="gesp2">CONTENTS</h2> - -<table class="tocloi" summary="ToC"> - -<tr> -<th> </th> -<th class="right fsize80 padl2">PAGE</th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chap">Preface</td> -<td class="page"><a href="#Page13">13</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chap">Introduction</td> -<td class="page"><a href="#Page17">17</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chap">Removal of Hyaloid Membrane with Contents and Attachments Intact</td> -<td class="page"><a href="#Page25">25</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chap">Canal of Petit, The</td> -<td class="page"><a href="#Page35">35</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chap">Interior of the Eye, The</td> -<td class="page"><a href="#Page38">38</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chap level2">Posterior Half, The</td> -<td class="page"><a href="#Page40">40</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chap level2">Optic Nerve, The</td> -<td class="page"><a href="#Page47">47</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chap level2">Anterior Half, The</td> -<td class="page"><a href="#Page49">49</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chap level2">Iris, The</td> -<td class="page"><a href="#Page51">51</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chap level2">Cornea, The</td> -<td class="page"><a href="#Page52">52</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chap level2">Crystalline Lens, The</td> -<td class="page"><a href="#Page53">53</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chap">Choroid, The</td> -<td class="page"><a href="#Page62">62</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chap">Retina, The</td> -<td class="page"><a href="#Page74">74</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chap">Sagittal or Vertical Section of the Eye, The</td> -<td class="page"><a href="#Page86">86</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chap">Papilla, Puncta Lacrimalia, and Nasal Duct, The</td> -<td class="page"><a href="#Page92">92</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chap">Meibomian Glands and Ducts, The</td> -<td class="page"><a href="#Page96">96</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chap">Enucleation of the Orbital Contents, The</td> -<td class="page"><a href="#Page97">97</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chap">Ophthalmoscopic Examinations</td> -<td class="page"><a href="#Page106">106</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chap">Lacrimal Ducts, The</td> -<td class="page"><a href="#Page112">112</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chap">Lacrimal Gland, The</td> -<td class="page"><a href="#Page114">114</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chap">Capsule of Tenon, The</td> -<td class="page"><a href="#Page115">115</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chap">Superior Oblique Muscle and its Pulley</td> -<td class="page"><a href="#Page117">117</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chap">Other Extrinsic Muscles, The</td> -<td class="page"><a href="#Page118">118</a></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="chap">Three Tunics of the Eye, the Hyaloid and its Attachments, The</td> -<td class="page"><a href="#Page120">120</a></td> -</tr> - -</table> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page10">[10-<br />11]<a id="Page11"></a></span></p> - -<h2 class="gesp2">ILLUSTRATIONS</h2> - -<table class="tocloi" summary="LoI"> - -<tr> -<th colspan="2"> </th> -<th class="right padl2 fsize80">PAGE</th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig0">0</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Brain showing eyes with muscles removed, optic nerves, and chiasm</td> -<td class="page"><i>Frontispiece</i></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig1">1</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Glassware and tools</td> -<td class="page">22</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig2">2</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">The first cut</td> -<td class="page">28</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig3">3</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">How the point of the scissors is kept away from the underlying tissues</td> -<td class="page">29</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig4">4</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Half of the sclerotic separated</td> -<td class="page">30</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig5">5</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Picking up the choroid</td> -<td class="page">31</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig6">6</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Emptying the eye of its contents</td> -<td class="page">32</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig7">7</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Isolated hyaloid, contents and attachments intact</td> -<td class="page">33</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig8">8</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Petit’s Canal</td> -<td class="page">36</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig9">9</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Cutting eye into anterior and posterior sections with safety-razor blade</td> -<td class="page">39</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig10">10</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Posterior half showing retinal vessels and choroid</td> -<td class="page">40</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig11">11</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Showing network of vitreous</td> -<td class="page">42</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig12">12</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Tearing retina away from posterior half of eye</td> -<td class="page">44</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig13">13</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Posterior half of eye with retina removed</td> -<td class="page">45</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig14">14</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Excavated posterior half of eye</td> -<td class="page">46</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig15">15</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Split optic nerve</td> -<td class="page">47</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig16">16</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Ciliary processes and the lens</td> -<td class="page">48</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig17">17</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">How to pull off vitreous</td> -<td class="page">50</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig18">18</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Processus Zonuloe</td> -<td class="page">54</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig19">19</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Onion-like layers of lens removed</td> -<td class="page">56</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig20">20</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Cross section of lens</td> -<td class="page">57</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig21">21</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Lenses showing the results of different kinds of treatment</td> -<td class="page">60</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig22">22</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Puncturing the cornea</td> -<td class="page">63</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig23">23</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Removing the cornea</td> -<td class="page">64</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig24">24</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">How to separate the choroid from the sclerotic</td> -<td class="page">65</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig25">25</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Cutting away the separated sclerotic</td> -<td class="page">67</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig26">26</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Scraping the choroid free from the sclerotic</td> -<td class="page">68</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig27">27</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">The isolated choroid</td> -<td class="page">69</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig28">28</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Inserting scalpel to loosen lens and cut through vitreous</td> -<td class="page">70</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig29">29</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Taking out lens and “core” of vitreous</td> -<td class="page">71</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig30">30</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Squeezing out remaining part of vitreous</td> -<td class="page">72</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig31">31</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Cutting through the iris</td> -<td class="page">75</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig32">32</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Cutting around the ciliary ring</td> -<td class="page">76</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig33">33</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Lens, iris, and part of vitreous removed<span class="pagenum" id="Page12">[12]</span></td> -<td class="page">77</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig34">34</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">How to force blowpipe into the vitreous</td> -<td class="page">78</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig35">35</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Bulging out of vitreous caused by blowing air through glass blowpipe</td> -<td class="page">79</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig36">36</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Showing vitreous removed</td> -<td class="page">80</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig37">37</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Folding the retina by blowing air at it through blowpipe</td> -<td class="page">81</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig38">38</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Suspended retina. Sclerotic ready to be cut away</td> -<td class="page">82</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig39">39</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Showing sclerotic nearly all cut away</td> -<td class="page">83</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig40">40</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Isolated retina</td> -<td class="page">84</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig41">41</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">The beginning of the cutting of the eye for sagittal sections</td> -<td class="page">87</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig42">42</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Method of cutting through the crystalline lens</td> -<td class="page">88</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig43">43</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Cutting through cornea to complete the sagittal sections</td> -<td class="page">89</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig44">44</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Sagittal section enlarged</td> -<td class="page">90</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig45">45</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Part of calf’s head showing knitting needles inserted in puncta</td> -<td class="page">93</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig46">46</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Course of knitting needles showing the course of the canaliculi</td> -<td class="page">94</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig47">47</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Initial cuts to be made in the skin</td> -<td class="page">98</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig48">48</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">First cut in bones of orbit</td> -<td class="page">99</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig49">49</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">All the cuts to be made in bones of orbit</td> -<td class="page">100</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig50">50</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">How to pry bone loose</td> -<td class="page">101</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig51">51</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Dissecting close to bones of orbit</td> -<td class="page">102</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig52">52</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Excavated orbit</td> -<td class="page">103</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig53">53</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Anterior view of enucleated eye</td> -<td class="page">104</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig54">54</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Side view of enucleated eye. All parts <i>in situ</i></td> -<td class="page">104</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig55">55</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Enlarging pupil for ophthalmoscopic inspection</td> -<td class="page">107</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig56">56</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">How to get rid of the pucker in the cornea</td> -<td class="page">108</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig57">57</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Window cut in the eye</td> -<td class="page">110</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig58">58</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Pins inserted in lacrimal ducts</td> -<td class="page">112</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig59">59</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Capsule of Tenon blown up</td> -<td class="page">115</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig60">60</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Showing the extrinsic muscles of the eye</td> -<td class="page">118</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig61">61</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Cutting through the iris</td> -<td class="page">120</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig62">62</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Scraping ciliary processes free. Choroid cut around ciliary ring</td> -<td class="page">121</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig63">63</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Cutting away choroid</td> -<td class="page">122</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="figno"><a href="#Fig64">64</a>.</td> -<td class="figure">Three tunics, hyaloid, and lens</td> -<td class="page">123</td> -</tr> - -</table> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page13">[13]</span></p> - -<h2 class="gesp2">PREFACE</h2> - -<p>The aim of this booklet is to present to the -eye-specialist, the teacher, the student, and -others interested in the study of the anatomy -and physiology of the eye, some definite methods -to follow in the dissection of that organ.</p> - -<p>Most dissections of the eye are not made -with the same degree of care and skill used in -the dissections of other organs. In following -the usual method of dissecting eyes, much -of the important detail is lost. Often certain -membranes are confounded with others, and -wrongly demonstrated. Furthermore, an eye -is merely divided by some demonstrators into -an anterior and a posterior half, a very short -time is spent by the students scrutinizing each -half; then the text-book is turned to, and the -anatomy is studied descriptively.</p> - -<p>Not enough time has been given to thoroughly -dissecting all parts of the eye. As much -time should be given as is necessary to bring<span class="pagenum" id="Page14">[14]</span> -out prominently all its parts. Other organs of -the body are more thoroughly dissected, and, -therefore, the student has better opportunity -to gain a clearer comprehension and better understanding -of the anatomy and physiology of -those organs. Also, as much time should be -given, proportionately, to the learning of the -technique of the dissection of the eye as is -given to the learning of the technique of dissecting -other organs of the body.</p> - -<p>Many now make a direct specialty of ministering -to those suffering from errors of ocular -refraction, ocular diseases, and ocular reflexes, -and for those specialists, principally, this book -is written. It is to fulfil its mission to them by -acting as a guide and as a complement to the -descriptive matter in the text-book. It is sent -forth in the hope that it will tend to create -more interest in the study of the practical -anatomy of the eye. It is written with a desire -to stimulate the ability to make careful -and intelligent observation. It carries with it, -as a final end, an earnest wish that it may, in -some small way, be the means of opening up<span class="pagenum" id="Page15">[15]</span> -to the original researcher, a larger field for -the further study of the most important of the -senses—the eyesight.</p> - -<p>Most of the dissections explained in the following -pages are original; some, however, are -only revisions of old methods.</p> - -<p>This opportunity is taken to acknowledge -the many helpful suggestions that were made -by Dr. Ivin Sickels, of the College of the City -of New York, and by the late Dr. Edward C. -Spitzka, of New York. Thanks are due Mr. -E. F. Howes, of Messrs. Swift & Co., for furnishing -the necessary supply of beef eyes; -to Messrs. Lee & Beach, photographers, of -New York, for their painstaking efforts in producing -good photographs of the actual dissections; -and to Schlueter Printing Company, of -New York, for their many courtesies and interest -in the production of the book.</p> - -<p class="right blankbefore75 padr2"><span class="smcap">Frederic A. Woll.</span></p> - -<p class="blankbefore75 fsize90"><i>New York, July 21, 1914.</i></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page16">[16-<br />17]<a id="Page17"></a></span></p> - -<h2 class="gesp2">INTRODUCTION</h2> - -<p>In eye dissections it is unnecessary to have -either a large equipment of instruments or -a special room. To have a laboratory at -one’s disposal is but a small added convenience. -Not to have it, is no serious hindrance. -The work may be carried on and successfully -done in one’s office or in the home, as well as -in class-room or laboratory. If it is true that -the atmosphere of a laboratory adds zeal to -the efforts of a worker, but there is no laboratory -available, then reverse the order; let the -zeal of the worker add to the atmosphere of -the place in which he is doing his work.</p> - -<p>Two things, among others to be mentioned -later, are essential; a table of convenient -height, and a good light, natural or artificial. -Both are but modest needs. Compared with -other dissections, there will be found an absence -of offensive odors. Neither are there -any repulsive sensations experienced. Such -experiences are quite common when making<span class="pagenum" id="Page18">[18]</span> -other kinds of dissections. This work is -clean and attractive. Indeed, one may even -develop a rather keen sense of the æsthetic. -Many of the various parts of the eye, when -separated and properly preserved, then viewed -and inspected, are bound to bring forth exclamations -of appreciation and wonderment. -One can then better understand the statement: -“When Nature perfected the first eye -she took a day off so she could admire the result -of her finest piece of handiwork.”</p> - -<p>This does not imply that dissections of the -eye tend to develop art appreciation. Appreciation -of the wonderful in Nature’s construction -of the special organs is not, however, to -be relegated to a distant point. Such appreciation -is concomitant with the knowledge -that comes from having seen, handled, and -examined the object studied.</p> - -<p>The orchestra leader must have a good listening -and hearing ear. This is developed in -him because he has to exercise constantly his -power of listening and hearing. The dissector -who would become proficient in eye dissections<span class="pagenum" id="Page19">[19]</span> -and in anatomical investigations must have a -good seeing eye and a dextrous hand. To acquire -these two most valuable aids necessary -to carry on careful inquiry or research, it is -essential to practise using the eye and the -hand. Combined with the expertness of these -two, must be the ability to continue one’s efforts -in the face of failure; to redouble one’s -efforts to attain success despite the shortcomings -of eye or hand. This simply means -practise and patience. And the one who is -without that wonderful virtue, patience, will -never stay long enough with his problem to -gain either an observing eye or an expert -hand, or to achieve his end, and thereby reap -the full and pleasing results of his efforts. In -order of importance, patience really precedes -dexterity, skill, and observation; and persistence -of effort is a factor not to be entirely -outshone by any other virtue. With these attributes, -knowledge of the subject in hand -naturally follows.</p> - -<p>One reason why eye dissections are easily -carried on is because material can always be<span class="pagenum" id="Page20">[20]</span> -readily procured. Any butcher will furnish -sheep, pig, or beef eyes. Or, if one has the -time to visit the manager of a slaughter-house, -and make known to him one’s needs, he will -supply enough eyes to carry through a host -of interesting dissections and experiments, and -give sufficient material for careful, orderly, -and fruitful study. Perhaps in no other kinds -of dissections will the investigator find so -much of interest, or have his efforts crowned -with such abundant and satisfactory results, -as in the dissections of the eye. But no one -should try to study all parts of the eye with -only one specimen. To try to do so is an error, -and a common one often committed by both -teachers and students. Specimens cost little -or nothing, and it is no more trouble to prepare -a half-dozen eyes for dissection than one. -The cost of preparation, too, is but little more -for a number of eyes than it is for one, and -may be no more in some instances. Besides, -having enough material on hand saves time in -case of a failure. Also, one can quickly repeat -a dissection, and so procure any number of<span class="pagenum" id="Page21">[21]</span> -desired specimens of specific parts, or do over -again the same dissection on another eye just -for the purpose of practise, and thus add to -one’s dexterity. It is, therefore, strongly advocated -to have plenty of material on hand before -beginning work. Economy here is not -even “penny wise.”</p> - -<p>The tools, or instruments, needed are but -few in number; an ordinary scalpel, a pair of -blunt tweezers, or forceps, as they are sometimes -called; a pair of sharp-pointed tweezers, -a pair of small, sharp-pointed scissors of -about three to three and a half inches in -length, and a pair of large scissors, about -four or five inches in length, having one jaw -sharp-pointed and one jaw blunt.</p> - -<p>For glassware, any wide-mouthed jar or -bottle, such as the ordinary fruit or jelly jar, -will do for preparing material. For clarifying -tissues, or for preserving and keeping them, -small, wide-mouthed bottles or vials should be -used. And for temporary keeping, or for -purposes of “running through” various fluids, -the regular Stender dishes are most convenient.<span class="pagenum" id="Page22">[22]</span> -A glass graduate is almost indispensable -if accuracy in measuring fluids is desired. -(<a href="#Fig1">Fig. 1</a>.)</p> - -<div class="figcenter w600" id="Fig1"> - -<img src="images/illo022.jpg" alt="Stuff needed" width="600" height="407" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 1.</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<p>The chemicals needed are few in number -and small in quantity: Alcohols in varying -strength, which can be made by diluting a 95 -per cent. alcohol, and keeping an absolute alcohol -on hand. A few ounces of formaldehyde -will make enough solutions of different -strengths to be sufficient for the preparation -and keeping of many specimens. Of other -chemicals, such as xylol and cedar oil, only -small quantities are needed; enough to cover<span class="pagenum" id="Page23">[23]</span> -a specimen. Fifteen to twenty cents worth of -each will be an ample supply to keep on hand. -All of these may be procured at any large -drug store, and are the only chemicals required -for doing the dissections as explained -in this book.</p> - -<p>Before further advance is made, it will be -best to state that this work deals only with -methods for dissecting the various parts of an -eye, and is primarily intended to aid in the -study of the anatomy and physiology of the -eye by being used in conjunction with such -books as “Gray’s Anatomy,” “A Text-Book -of Physiology,” by Howell, “The Anatomy -and the Physiology of the Eye,” by Brown and -Zoethout, and similar other works of authority. -However, if it is desired to acquire only specimens, -then, of course, no other works are -necessary, and the matter contained herein is -sufficient to enable one to procure just what is -wanted.</p> - -<p>It is also wise to state here that since human -eyes are hard to procure, and not available -in large quantities, one must resort to the<span class="pagenum" id="Page24">[24]</span> -use of the eyes of animals, which are procurable -in large quantities, and which may be -used without “feelings” in the matter. -Though there is a difference between the eyes -of human beings and the eyes of other animals, -the difference is slight and of minor importance -when compared with the similarity -of the more important parts.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page25">[25]</span></p> - -<p class="center highline2 fsize200 gesp1">TECHNIQUE<br /> -OF EYE DISSECTIONS</p> - -<hr class="sec" /> - -<h2>REMOVAL OF THE HYALOID MEMBRANE -WITH CONTENTS AND -ATTACHMENTS <span class="nowrap">INTACT<sup><a id="FNanchor1"></a><a href="#Footnote1">[1]</a><a -id="FNanchor2"></a><a href="#Footnote2">[2]</a></sup></span></h2> - -<p>One of the easiest and most satisfactory dissections -to attempt is the isolating of the hyaloid -membrane with its contents and its attachments. -The success one meets with in -making this dissection will surely prove a -strong incentive for making all the rest. For -these reasons this has been placed first in this -arrangement.</p> - -<p>In eye dissections it is quite customary, in -giving directions for dissections, merely to<span class="pagenum" id="Page26">[26]</span> -mention the hyaloid membrane and its relations -with other parts of the eye. Rarely is -there any attempt made to isolate it. Often, -too, the retina is mistaken for the hyaloid, and -the retina then wrongly demonstrated as -being attached to the choroid. Of course, it is -impossible to separate the hyaloid from the -vitreous; but a dissection can be made which, -when placed in a glass of some kind, will show -the hyaloid. If the following simple technique -is carefully observed, the membrane, -with all its connections, can be easily separated -from certain other parts of the eye. -Opportunity for thorough study and observation -will then be made extremely easy.</p> - -<p>Procure the eye of either a sheep or a bullock. -Instead of following the usual procedure -of hardening in any one of the several solutions -used for the purpose of toughening the -ocular tissues, place the eye in a cool place -and permit it to collapse a trifle. Usually two -or three days is a sufficient length of time to -accomplish the result.</p> - -<p>Experiments have shown that if an eye is<span class="pagenum" id="Page27">[27]</span> -too fresh the ciliary processes will not be -easily detached from the hyaloid (zonular processes), -and if the eye has been in a preserving -fluid, the same result will follow. A -sheep’s eye will make a better specimen even if -it is small, because the ciliary processes are -more easily separated from the zonular processes. -If a bullock’s eye is used, it must be -left in a cool place a day or two longer than -in the case of a sheep’s eye, in order to permit -a long enough time to elapse to allow disintegration -of the eye to take place sufficient to -have the two processes separate easily and -cleanly.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w500" id="Fig2"> - -<img src="images/illo028.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="615" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 2—Making the first cut. (Page 27.)</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<div class="figcenter w600" id="Fig3"> - -<img src="images/illo029.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="487" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 3—Showing how the point of the lower jaw of the scissors -is to be kept away from the underlying tissues. (Page 27.)</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<div class="figcenter w600" id="Fig4"> - -<img src="images/illo030.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="570" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 4—Showing about half of the sclerotic separated. (<a href="#Page29">Page 29</a>.)</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<p>With a pair of dissecting forceps pinch up -the sclerotic about 5 mm. anterior to the equator. -With a pair of small, fine-pointed scissors, -make an incision. (<a href="#Fig2">Fig. 2</a>.) Next hold the -eye in the left hand without exerting any pressure. -Insert the point of the scissors into the -incision which has been made, and cut. Be -careful to keep the point of the scissors close -to the sclerotic or an untimely puncturing of -the choroid will occur. (<a href="#Fig3">Fig. 3</a>.) Continue -the<span class="pagenum" id="Page28">[28-<br />29]<a id="Page29"></a></span> -cutting on a line parallel to the equatorial meridian -and about 5 mm. anterior to it until -about half the sclerotic has been separated. -In cutting, always move the point of the scissors -forward with a slight oscillating lateral -movement. (<a href="#Fig4">Fig. 4</a>.) While doing this, partly -suspend the eyeball from the point of the scissors. -Doing these things will tend to loosen<span class="pagenum" id="Page30">[30]</span> -the choroid from the sclerotic and prevent -puncturing too soon the former mentioned -membrane. Now apply pressure in such a -manner that the lips of the cut sclerotic will -gap. Into this put the point of the scissors -and very carefully pick up the choroid and the -retina with the point of the scissors and cut<span class="pagenum" id="Page31">[31]</span> -them. (<a href="#Fig5">Fig. 5</a>.) If the choroid alone has been -picked up and separated, the retina will show -milky white or yellowish white underneath. -The retina must then also be separated. Care -must be taken not to go deeper than the retina -or the hyaloid may be damaged. Continue the -cutting of the choroid and the retina for a -distance of about 20 mm. Apply enough pressure -occasionally so that the vitreous will be<span class="pagenum" id="Page32">[32]</span> -forced upward and above the cut choroid and -the retina. This will show whether any -strands of the two membranes have been left -uncut. If the separation is complete for the -distance specified above, invert the eyeball, -squeeze and shake gently over some receptacle, -such as a Stender dish, three-fourths filled<span class="pagenum" id="Page33">[33]</span> -with a 2 or 5 per cent. solution of formaldehyde, -and the hyaloid membrane containing -the vitreous, its attachments, suspensory ligament -to the lens capsule, and lens, will drop -out intact, as when one empties the contents -of an egg. (<a href="#Fig6">Fig. 6</a>.)</p> - -<div class="figcenter w600" id="Fig5"> - -<img src="images/illo031.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="479" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 5—Picking up the choroid with the point of the scissors.</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<div class="figcenter w600" id="Fig6"> - -<img src="images/illo032.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="515" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 6—A. Hyaloid, vitreous, and lens ready to drop out of the -eyeball.</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<div class="figcenter w500" id="Fig7"> - -<img src="images/illo033.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="474" /> - -<p class="caption long">Fig. 7—Photograph of dissected hyaloid membrane -(A), with pigmented indentations -of the ciliary processes, the suspensory -ligament (B), and the crystalline lens in -its capsule (C). (<a href="#Page34">Page 34</a>.)</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<p>Many times a considerable amount of pigment -from the second tunic will remain attached<span class="pagenum" id="Page34">[34]</span> -to the <i>processus zonuloe</i>. This pigment -may be easily removed by scraping it off -with the sharp edge of the scalpel or by -brushing it off with a soft, wet tooth-brush.</p> - -<p>It is unwise to use alcohol as a preservative -because it produces an almost immediate -opaqueness and hardness which spoils the -specimen for further study.</p> - -<p>This description may give the impression -that the dissection is a lengthy one; however, -it can be done by an expert in two or three -minutes; by a beginner in five or six minutes.</p> - -<p>For purposes of demonstration or study the -specimen should be placed in a small bottle or -a vial containing a 5 per cent. solution of -formaldehyde. It can then be examined with -hand lens or microscope. (<a href="#Fig7">Fig. 7</a>.)</p> - -<hr class="footnote" /> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote1"></a><a href="#FNanchor1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Approved as an original article in <i>The Anatomical -Record</i>, September, 1912.</p> - -<p><a id="Footnote2"></a><a href="#FNanchor2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> This dissection, and several of the following, appeared -in <i>The Optical Journal and Review</i>, beginning with the -issue of January 16, 1913.</p> - -</div><!--footnote--> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page35">[35]</span></p> - -<h2>THE CANAL OF PETIT</h2> - -<p>The canal of Petit is a “triangular space -around the circumference of the lens.” That -it can be “inflated through a fine blowpipe inserted -through the suspensory ligament,” is -the usual direction given. However, the ordinary -“fine blowpipe” is much too large and -too dull to be inserted through the suspensory -ligament. Take a long medicine-dropper (5 -or 10 cents at a drug store), or a pipette, -and heat it until it is red hot over an alcohol -lamp or a Bunsen burner; hold one end with -one hand and the other end with a pair of -tweezers. As the glass becomes white hot -pull the tube apart. This will leave the places -of separation pointed and sharp-edged. Use -the larger of the two pieces. Sometimes the -point or tapering end of the tube is too long -and the bore too small. All that is necessary -is to first mark off with a file the length to be -broken off, and then that length may be snapped<span class="pagenum" id="Page36">[36]</span> -off, leaving a sharp-edged, tapering point.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w500" id="Fig8"> - -<img src="images/illo036.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="485" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 8—A. Glass blowpipe. B. Petit’s canal.</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<p>After having completed the first dissection -(the hyaloid, contents and attachments), and -the specimen has been in the formaldehyde -solution for ten days or two weeks, it will have -become hard and tough enough to stand a -considerable amount of rough handling. If -the specimen has been kept in a large receptacle, -such, for instance, as a jar, remove it with<span class="pagenum" id="Page37">[37]</span> -a spoon; if in a small jar or vial, empty out -the fluid, then slide the specimen out on whatever -has been prepared to receive it. Turn it -so that the lens will be uppermost. Find the -suspensory ligament in the Zone of Zinn. Insert -the pointed end of the glass tube, close to -the lens, and blow gently until the canal shows -its sacculated construction by filling with air, -giving the appearance of a lot of little bubbles -surrounding the periphery of the lens. (<a href="#Fig8">Fig. -8</a>.) It may be necessary to move the blowpipe -in and out in order to find the canal, all -the while blowing steadily through the tube.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page38">[38]</span></p> - -<h2>THE INTERIOR OF THE EYE</h2> - -<p>For the study of the interior of the eye and -its contents <i>in situ</i> either a fresh or a hardened -eye will do; a hardened eye is preferable. -In the dissection for isolating the hyaloid -membrane, vitreous, lens, and other parts, -the anterior and posterior halves of the evacuated -eye may be separated entirely, and each -half studied. However, the choroid and the -retina will be more or less mutilated, and the -vitreous and other parts will be removed. The -absence of these parts will prevent one from -receiving a definite idea of their anatomical -relationships. Therefore, it is better to work -with an entire and complete eye.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w600" id="Fig9"> - -<img src="images/illo039.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="516" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 9—Showing method of cutting eye into anterior and posterior -sections with safety-razor blade.</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<p>Remove all the muscles and fatty tissues -from the outside of the globe; then cut it in -half through the equator, thus dividing it into -an anterior and a posterior half. The cutting -of the sclerotic, as well as the underlying tissues -and the vitreous, should be done with the<span class="pagenum" id="Page39">[39]</span> -large scissors; using a knife or scalpel will -tend to disturb the positions of those tissues -or so tear them that they will not be of much -use for purposes of study. An ordinary safety-razor -blade makes an excellent instrument for -separating the eye into two halves, because it -cuts through the tissues without tearing them -in any way. (<a href="#Fig9">Fig. 9</a>.) The rather dark colored,<span class="pagenum" id="Page40">[40]</span> -viscid fluid that escapes when the eye is -halved is the perichoroidal lymph, not the -aqueous, as is sometimes stated.</p> - -<h3>THE POSTERIOR HALF</h3> - -<p>The posterior half is taken first because it -is the simplest and easiest of the two halves -to dissect. In this half of the eye the retina -may be readily seen through the vitreous; the -choroid and its apparent iridescent colors -through both vitreous and retina. (<a href="#Fig10">Fig. 10</a>.)<span class="pagenum" id="Page41">[41]</span> -Remove the vitreous by simply tilting this -half of the eye, and with the finger push out -the vitreous.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w500" id="Fig10"> - -<img src="images/illo040.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="428" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 10—The retina, retinal vessels, and -iridescent choroid showing through -the vitreous.</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<p>Sometimes the vitreous will adhere very -closely to the retina. This occurs especially -when the eye has been in formaldehyde for a -long time. In such a case the removal of the -vitreous without injuring the retina requires -patience and care. The use of the scalpel and -the scissors may become necessary. Another -very good way to remove the vitreous is to -take hold of the sclerotic, turn it so that the vitreous -is downward, and then shake gently until -the vitreous separates itself from the retina -and, drops out. After the vitreous has been -removed, notice its glassy appearance; hence -its name—hyaloid body. Try to pull it apart -with the fingers, and it will be noticed that it -seems to be held together by more or less of a -network of fibres. (<a href="#Fig11">Fig. 11</a>.)</p> - -<div class="figcenter w500" id="Fig11"> - -<img src="images/illo042.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="551" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 11—Showing how vitreous seems to be held -together by a network of fibres. (Page 41.)</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<p>Whichever method for removing the vitreous -is followed, the retina will be left rather badly -wrinkled and out of place. If the last-mentioned -method, which is really the best of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page42">[42]</span> -three described, is the one adopted, the retina -will be left in an entirely collapsed and folded -form. In any case, to straighten out the retina -against the choroid, immerse the whole -posterior half in water, inside uppermost. The -retina will then slowly unfold itself and lie -flat against the choroid. With the tweezers remove<span class="pagenum" id="Page43">[43]</span> -the whole half from the water; tilting it -slowly to empty it of all the water, and, having -done so, turn it down upon the table rather -forcibly in order to help it drain itself of all -the water.</p> - -<p>Notice the thinness of the retina, and, also, -that the seeming iridescence of the choroid -shows through. The optic disc, which is the -point of entrance of the optic nerve, and the -optic cup are easily recognized, though neither -will be seen as large as when viewed in the -living eye with an ophthalmoscope. The -blood vessels of the retina, as they ramify -outward or forward, after their entrance -through the optic nerve through which they -pass, are also very plainly seen. A closer -inspection will show, in the very centre of -the “entrance” of the optic nerve, a whitish, -pointed vessel, about 1 or 2 mm. long. -That is the sloughed-off and atrophied end -of the hyaloid artery, which, when the eye -was in an embryonic state, ran forward from -the central artery of the retina through the -hyaloid canal to the posterior surface of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page44">[44]</span> -lens. With the forceps pick up the peripheral -edge of the retina, and, by pulling gently upward, -tear it away from its apparent place of -attachment to the “entrance” of the optic -nerve. (<a href="#Fig12">Fig. 12</a>.) When this has been done, -there will be seen some threads protruding<span class="pagenum" id="Page45">[45]</span> -from the optic nerve. Filling the half with -water will tend to separate these strands, -which are optic-nerve elements.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w500" id="Fig12"> - -<img src="images/illo044.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="571" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 12—Picking up the retina in order to tear it away -from the entrance of the optic nerve.</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<div class="figcenter w500" id="Fig13"> - -<img src="images/illo045.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="545" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 13—The lighter area is the -field of iridescence of -the choroid.</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<p>After the removal of the retina, the iridescence -of the choroid (<i>tapetum lucidum</i>) -(<a href="#Fig13">Fig. 13</a>) may be examined with a hand lens, -or, after its removal, a piece may be cut -and placed under a microscope. This iridescence -is, of course, not present in the human<span class="pagenum" id="Page46">[46]</span> -eye. (“Physiology of the Senses,” McKendrick -& Snodgrass, page 101.)</p> - -<div class="figcenter w500" id="Fig14"> - -<img src="images/illo046.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="489" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 14—Excavated posterior half of -the sclerotic.</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<p>After the choroid is removed, which is accomplished -in the same manner that the retina -is removed, the inner side of the sclerotic is -laid bare to view. The brownish color is -mostly due to the presence of a small amount -of pigment in the cells of one of the inner layers, -it is also due, to a slight extent, to the -staining influence of the perichoroidal fluid. -(<a href="#Fig14">Fig. 14</a>.)</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page47">[47]</span></p> - -<h3>THE OPTIC NERVE</h3> - -<div class="figcenter w500" id="Fig15"> - -<img src="images/illo047.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="400" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 15—Enlarged to show the entrance of the optic -nerve. (<a href="#Page48">Page 48</a>.)</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<p>The excavated posterior half may be used -now to show and to study the construction of -the optic nerve. In cutting the optic nerve -away from the sclerotic leave at least 5 mm. of -the sclerotic attached. It will make handling -easier. With the thumb and forefinger of the -left hand hold the nerve in such a way on the -table that it will be straightened out lengthwise, -and then, using the scalpel or a safety-razor<span class="pagenum" id="Page48">[48]</span> -blade, the latter being preferable, cut the -nerve in two longitudinally. (<a href="#Fig15">Fig. 15</a>.) The -cutting must be done with one movement, -otherwise the nerve will be hacked, and will -not make a good specimen. This specimen -will show the way the nerve fibers are arranged. -A cross section should be cut from -the optic nerve of another eye, and then the -two sections should be compared. The cross -section will show the sheath of the nerve a<span class="pagenum" id="Page49">[49]</span> -little better than will the longitudinal section.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w500" id="Fig16"> - -<img src="images/illo048.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="501" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 16—Showing ciliary processes -and crystalline lens.</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<p>In cutting the longitudinal section, one is -sometimes so fortunate as to cut through the -central blood vessels of the retina. These vessels -will show up then as a rather thin dark -streak about 5 or 6 mm. long.</p> - -<h3>THE ANTERIOR HALF</h3> - -<p>The anterior half will show the lens <i>in situ</i>, -the ciliary processes, the posterior aspects of -the iris and the lens, the corona ciliaris, the -orbicularis ciliaris, and the ora serrata. (<a href="#Fig16">Fig. -16</a>.) If the eye has been cut in two too far -forward of its equator, the ora serrata will -not be present. The ciliary processes and posterior -aspect of the lens may be seen to better -advantage when the anterior half of the vitreous -is removed. This is done with the dull-pointed -tweezers, by catching hold of the vitreous -at any part of its free or cut margin, and -stripping it off both the ciliary processes and -the lens, using a prying, pulling movement to -do so. (<a href="#Fig17">Fig. 17</a>.) The two layers of the pigment -cells, pars ciliaris retinae, which cover<span class="pagenum" id="Page50">[50]</span> -the inner surface of the processes, may be removed -by picking them away carefully with -the tweezers. The processes then will be seen -to be a whitish color. The pupillary edge -of the iris rests upon the capsule of the lens, -but the nearer the approach is to the choroidal -edge the farther the iris is from the lens; thus -are formed the anterior and the posterior -chambers of the eye. The dissection of the -sagittal section of the eye, explained further<span class="pagenum" id="Page51">[51]</span> -on, will show these two chambers in section. -One will gain a much clearer conception of -their construction in that section than in the -“anterior half” specimen.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w600" id="Fig17"> - -<img src="images/illo050.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="444" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 17—Anterior half, showing how to pull off vitreous. -(<a href="#Page49">Page 49</a>.)</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<p>Now, remove the lens, using the point of -the scalpel to cut through the suspensory ligament -close to the lens. When this has been -done there will be seen in the anterior chamber -a thin, watery liquid—the aqueous humor.</p> - -<p>The corona ciliaris and orbicularis ciliaris -may be better seen and studied if viewed -through a hand lens.</p> - -<h3>THE IRIS</h3> - -<p>To see the iris, take hold of the cut edge of -the choroid, and, gently pulling, separate it -from its attachment to the corneo-scleral junction. -The white ring on the anterior surface -of this part of the second coat of the eye is -the ciliary ring. With a scissors, cut around -this ciliary ring at its outer edge. This specimen -will show the anterior surface of the iris, -and on the posterior side it will show the close -relationship between the iris and the ciliary<span class="pagenum" id="Page52">[52]</span> -processes. A hand lens will help greatly to -bring out the very interesting fine points.</p> - -<h3>THE CORNEA</h3> - -<p>After the anterior portion has had everything -removed from it there will be left -nothing but the first coat or tunic of the eye—the -anterior portion of the sclerotic and -the cornea. The way the cornea seems to fit -into the sclerotic is not quite as one is led to -believe when told that it fits into the sclerotic -much the same way in which a watch crystal -fits into a watch.<a id="FNanchor3"></a><a href="#Footnote3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> Holding this part of the -eye up to a strong light one will see that the -sclerotic seems to overlap the cornea in the -vertical axis.</p> - -<p>By using the tweezers the cornea may be split. -Nothing in the way of locating its layers can -be recognized, however, unless a section is -made for microscopic examination. The epithelial -may be scraped off when the cornea is -a trifle dry. This is the ocular epithelium reduced -to a layer of flattened cells.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page53">[53]</span></p> - -<h3>THE CRYSTALLINE LENS</h3> - -<p>If the preceding dissections have been done, -the crystalline lens will already have received -some notice. To study the lens properly one -should use an eye that has not been hardened -and also an eye or the lens of an eye that has -been in a 5 per cent. solution of formaldehyde -for about two weeks.</p> - -<p>The lens in the unhardened eye will prove -too friable to permit much handling. The dissection -should be made, however, in order to -give opportunity to notice the crystalline clearness -of the lens substance, its great magnifying -power, its attachments, its capsule, etc. -For this purpose it is necessary to proceed -only as in the dissection for the “hyaloid membrane, -etc.” That is, use an eye that has been -kept in a cool place for several days, and then -open it, and remove hyaloid, vitreous, and lens -intact, as in the first dissection taken up in -this book. To examine the specimen in detail, -turn it so the lens will be uppermost. -(<a href="#Fig18">Fig. 18</a>.)</p> - -<p>To remove the lens it is necessary to separate<span class="pagenum" id="Page54">[54]</span> -the suspensory ligament, using for this -purpose the small-pointed scissors. The capsule -may be removed by picking it up on the -periphery of the lens, and stripping it off. It -will peel off about the same way that the outer -skin of a bean or pea does.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w600" id="Fig18"> - -<img src="images/illo054.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="320" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 18—Enlarged to show the processus zonuloe. (<a href="#Page53">Page 53</a>.)</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<p>The tri-radiate lines on the posterior and -the anterior surfaces of the lens will not be -as clearly discernible as in the lens coming -from the hardened eye. Close inspection and -the use of a hand lens will help bring them -out more clearly.</p> - -<p>Now, with the point of the scalpel try to -separate the outer layers (cortex) from the<span class="pagenum" id="Page55">[55]</span> -harder inner layers (nucleus). This will -not prove very successful but is suggested for -the purpose of comparison when the same -thing is done to the hardened lens.</p> - -<p>It will be found that the lens after having -been in the formaldehyde solution is no longer -crystal like, but more or less translucent. -When viewed from either the anterior side or -the posterior side, the tri-radiate lines on each -surface will be seen to begin at the poles of -the lens and radiate outward toward the lens -equator. Holding the lens up to a strong -light will show that though the lines on either -surface form angles of 120 degrees, the angles -formed by the lines on one side with the lines -on the other side are 60 degrees. On the anterior -surface of the lens the vertical line extends -upward from the pole; on the posterior -surface downward from the pole.</p> - -<p>To study the laminated structure of the lens, -it is best to boil the lens. The best way to do -that is to drop the lens from either a hardened -or unhardened eye into boiling water. Let it -boil in the water for about two and a half to<span class="pagenum" id="Page56">[56]</span> -three minutes. Longer than that time will -cause the lens to be put out of shape, and make -it so fragile that it can no longer be handled -without having it fall apart. If the lens comes -from an unhardened eye it might be best to -boil it not more than about two minutes.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w500" id="Fig19"> - -<img src="images/illo056.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="310" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 19—Showing the way the onion-like layers of -the lens may be peeled off.</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<p>Insert the point of the scalpel carefully at -one of the poles, and lift gently in the direction -of one of the radiating lines. This will -tend to raise one of the concentric layers, -which can be easily peeled off. Repeat this in -the direction of the other two radiating lines. -Examining, with a hand lens, the exposed surfaces<span class="pagenum" id="Page57">[57]</span> -and the layers, as they are taken off, -will show the arrangement of the lens fibres, -and will also show plainly their directions. -(<a href="#Fig19">Fig. 19</a>.) To get another view of the onion-like -layers of the lens, cut through it with a -safety-razor blade, either longitudinally or -equatorially. (<a href="#Fig20">Fig. 20</a>.) The better way is to -have enough lenses to make one of each kind. -Never try to work with only one piece of -material. If the lens is first stained with chromic -acid the layers may be seen better, or, a -simpler way is to drop the lens, before cutting -it in two, into a carmine solution; red ink -slightly diluted, will do.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w500" id="Fig20"> - -<img src="images/illo057.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="329" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 20—Section through lens showing -its concentric layers.</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<p>A lens that has been boiled and partly dissected<span class="pagenum" id="Page58">[58]</span> -may be placed in a 5 per cent. formaldehyde -solution, and kept indefinitely. The lens -fibres, concentric layers, and lens laminae in -such a specimen will always be interesting.</p> - -<p>A lens that has lost its transparency because -of hardening in formaldehyde or boiling -may be made clear and nearly transparent -again in the following way: First: Place the -lens in a 50 per cent. alcohol for several hours. -Second: Remove the lens, and let it drain on a -piece of blotting-paper; then place it in a 75 -per cent. alcohol. Third: Remove the lens, as -before, then place it in an 85 per cent. alcohol. -The lens may be left in this alcohol from -ten to twelve hours, after which length of time -it should be removed and drained. Fourth: -Place the lens in an absolute alcohol, and leave -it there for ten or twelve hours. Several hours -longer will not injure the lens, nor interfere -with the success of the work. Fifth: Remove -the lens from the absolute alcohol. Place it -upon a piece of blotting-paper, moving it to -another place on the blotting-paper whenever -the paper around the lens seems to have taken<span class="pagenum" id="Page59">[59]</span> -up as much moisture as it can hold. Be sure -that the lens has given up nearly all, if not all, -moisture. “Running through the alcohols,” -as this process is called, is for the purpose of -dehydrating the tissue. It will be on the side -of safety to let the lens lie exposed on the blotting-paper -for an hour. Sometimes, if the -capsule has not been removed, a small quantity -of alcohol will remain between the lens -and the inner surface of the capsule. This -must be removed. It may be done by either -puncturing the capsule with a pin or needle, -and squeezing out the fluid, or by removing the -capsule entirely. The latter is preferable.</p> - -<p>Now drop the lens into xylol. Benzine will -answer, though it will not produce quite so -clear a lens as the xylol does. At the end of -24 or 36 hours the softer cortex will show quite -clear, while the harder nucleus will be still -cloudy. At the end of a week the whole lens, -if it is a small one—pig, calf, sheep—will have -become quite clear and transparent; if from a -beef eye it will take longer. It sometimes takes -nearly two weeks. In the case of a boiled lens<span class="pagenum" id="Page60">[60]</span> -it will take much longer to clear; it may take -a month.</p> - -<p>Cedar oil may also be used for the purpose -of clarifying or “clearing” the lens. Harden -in the usual way, run through the alcohols, and -then place in cedar oil. The oil, however, will -stain the lens a yellowish brown, and the lens -will not be as transparent and clear as when -xylol is used.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w600" id="Fig21"> - -<img src="images/illo060.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="184" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 21.</p> - -<div class="centerblock"> - -<p class="legend21">A. Lens hardened in formaldehyde.<br /> -B. Lens hardened in formaldehyde, run through the alcohols, -and cleared in xylol.<br /> -C. Lens hardened in formaldehyde, run through the alcohols, -and cleared in cedar oil.<br /> -D. Boiled lens.</p> - -</div><!--centerblock--> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<p>The longer a lens is left in either of these -two clarifying fluids the harder and smaller it -will become. At the end of a month or six<span class="pagenum" id="Page61">[61]</span> -weeks the lens will have become so hard that -it can no longer be cut through with a knife. -If it is desired to halve it, a scroll saw will -be found to be the best thing to use for this -purpose. (<a href="#Fig21">Fig. 21</a>.)</p> - -<hr class="footnote" /> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote3"></a><a href="#FNanchor3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> -“Anatomy and Physiology of the Eye,” Brown & -Zoethout.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page62">[62]</span></p></div> - -<h2>THE CHOROID</h2> - -<p>Select an eye that has had a long part of -the optic nerve left on it and place it into a -5 per cent. solution of formaldehyde. Leave -it in that solution for from two to three -weeks. That period of time in the fluid will -be sufficient to permit the choroid to become -sufficiently toughened and hardened. Leaving -it in the solution longer than that length of -time will not injure the eye in any way.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w600" id="Fig22"> - -<img src="images/illo063.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="509" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 22—Showing how to puncture the cornea. -(Page 62.)</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<div class="figcenter w600" id="Fig23"> - -<img src="images/illo064.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="614" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 23—Removing the cornea. (<a href="#Page63">Page 63</a>.)</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<div class="figcenter w600" id="Fig24"> - -<img src="images/illo065.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="582" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 24—Showing method of inserting the scalpel to separate -the choroid from the sclerotic.</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<p>After having removed the eye from the -formaldehyde, wash it for a few moments in -running water. This will remove the preserving -and hardening fluid from the surface, and -will save the hands a little from the effects -of the fluid. Next remove all the muscles -and fatty tissues from the sclerotic. After -that has been done, puncture the cornea with -the pointed jaw of the scissors about 2 mm. -from the corneo-scleral junction. (<a href="#Fig22">Fig. 22</a>.) -Then proceed to cut the cornea away, being<span class="pagenum" id="Page63">[63]</span> -careful not to lacerate the choroid or the -iris. (<a href="#Fig23">Fig. 23</a>.) The escaping aqueous humor -will flow over the eye and make it very slippery, -and, therefore, difficult to hold. Dip the -eye in water, wash it, and then take it out and -thoroughly dry it with a cloth. This procedure -is absolutely necessary, and, if omitted, will -surely result in the dropping of the eye about<span class="pagenum" id="Page64">[64]</span> -the time the work on the specimen is nearly -finished. Insert the scalpel between the -peripheral edge of the exposed iris and what -is left of the cornea. With the back edge of -the scalpel, gently loosen the choroid from -the inner side of the corneo-scleral junction to<span class="pagenum" id="Page65">[65]</span> -which part it is not securely attached. (<a href="#Fig24">Fig. -24</a>.) This requires only ordinary care, and but -little skill other than that necessary to always -keep the scalpel close to the inner surface of the -sclerotic. When the choroid-iris edge has -been detached from the inner side of the corneo-scleral<span class="pagenum" id="Page66">[66]</span> -junction, the weight of the contents -of the second tunic will cause it to sag -and give opportunity to easily separate, with -the back edge of the scalpel, the choroid from -the sclerotic for about a distance of from 8 -to 10 mm.</p> - -<p>It has been the method in the past to force -water through a blowpipe between the sclerotic -and the choroid, in order to separate the -attachments. It has also been the method to -work under water when wishing to expose or -isolate either the choroid or the retina. It -is unnecessary to do either of these two things.</p> - -<p>When the sclerotic has been loosened from -the choroid for about 10 mm. back from its -cut edge around the eye, carefully cut the -loosened part away. (<a href="#Fig25">Fig. 25</a>.) Then loosen -the choroid as far back as to within 1 cm. of -the optic nerve. Cut the separated sclerotic -away. It will be well to state here that during -this dissection the specimen should not be -lifted from the table. Keep the eye resting -on the table all the time, and never lift it by -holding it suspended from the optic nerve.<span class="pagenum" id="Page67">[67]</span> -Loosening the choroid from the sclerotic up -to this point is a very easy matter; ordinary -precaution is all that is necessary to prevent -puncturing the choroid with the scalpel, just -be sure to remember to keep the point of the -scalpel close to the sclerotic.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w600" id="Fig25"> - -<img src="images/illo067.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="561" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 25—Cutting away the sclerotic after it has been loosened -from the choroid, as shown in <a href="#Fig24">Fig. 24</a>.</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page68">[68]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter w600" id="Fig26"> - -<img src="images/illo068.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="509" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 26—Showing how to scrape the choroid free from the -sclerotic near the optic nerve.</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<p>To remove the remaining part of the first -coat is a little more difficult, and needs a little -more care. Hold the optic nerve in the left -hand, and pull it so that the sclerotic will pull -away from the choroid. Then, using the cutting -edge of the scalpel, scrape the choroid -loose from the sclerotic close up to the entrance -of the optic nerve. (<a href="#Fig26">Fig. 26</a>.) Do not<span class="pagenum" id="Page69">[69]</span> -separate the optic nerve from the choroid. -Cut away the remainder of the sclerotic close -up to the optic nerve and the choroid will be -free. (<a href="#Fig27">Fig. 27</a>.)</p> - -<div class="figcenter w450" id="Fig27"> - -<img src="images/illo069.jpg" alt="" width="450" height="515" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 27—Showing the choroid, the optic -nerve still attached, the ciliary ring, -and the ciliary nerves.</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<div class="figcenter w600" id="Fig28"> - -<img src="images/illo070.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="338" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 28—Showing method of inserting scalpel in order to loosen -the lens and cut through the vitreous.</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<p>To get a perfect specimen and completely -isolated choroid, it must be emptied of its contents. -Insert the scalpel between the lens<span class="pagenum" id="Page70">[70]</span> -and the iris, force it on through, and in such -a manner as to keep the scalpel close to the -ciliary processes. (<a href="#Fig28">Fig. 28</a>.) Cut the vitreous -around the processes. Push the scalpel further -into the vitreous, and cut out the central -part of it, just as one would cut out the core -of an apple. (<a href="#Fig29">Fig. 29</a>.) Remove the scalpel, -pick out the lens and the cut centre of the -vitreous with the broad-point tweezers, holding -the choroid a trifle suspended by the optic -nerve. The remaining part of the vitreous may -be broken down by cutting with the scalpel, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page71">[71]</span> -by squeezing and crushing with the fingers of -both hands. (<a href="#Fig30">Fig. 30</a>.) The choroid will be -tough enough to stand this treatment provided -the pupil is left clear and open to prevent -inter-choroidal pressure. After the vitreous -has been removed the choroid will be left in a -greatly collapsed condition. Dropping it into<span class="pagenum" id="Page72">[72]</span> -water and letting it fill up will make it resume -its original shape immediately. The retina -does not always come out with the vitreous. -In such a case, the tweezers may be used to -pick out the retina when the choroid is in a -collapsed condition.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w600" id="Fig29"> - -<img src="images/illo071.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="563" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 29—Taking out the lens and “core” of the vitreous.</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<div class="figcenter w600" id="Fig30"> - -<img src="images/illo072.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="588" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 30—Showing how to squeeze out the remaining part of the -vitreous (A) from the choroid. (<a href="#Page71">Page 71</a>.)</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page73">[73]</span></p> - -<p>This specimen will show the vena vorticosa, -the ciliary nerves, and their way of ramifying, -and the long ciliary arteries, which run opposite -each other and which may be recognized -by their rather colorless, tubular appearance. -The evacuated choroid makes an excellent -specimen and one easily examined. Place it -in a 3 per cent. solution of formaldehyde, and -then examine with a skiascope, an ophthalmoscope, -or by “oblique illumination.”</p> - -<p>This dissection is wholly original, and may -be done in about five minutes. The old technique -for doing it required at least an hour -of time with the possibility of procuring one -perfect specimen in every six or seven. The -technique as given here will make it possible -to do the work in not longer than five or six -minutes for the beginner, and about four minutes -for the expert.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page74">[74]</span></p> - -<h2>THE RETINA</h2> - -<p>Isolating the retina from the other tissues -requires considerable patience and dexterity. -When the retina has been removed and placed -in a special receptacle, it will be found -that the specimen is well worth the little -amount of time spent in making it. Previous -techniques, even the writer’s own, sometimes -took nearly two hours to do, and rarely was -the retina isolated without puncturing or tearing -it; perfect specimens were almost impossible. -The following method will assure one of -success in nearly every instance. Failures are -almost impossible. Punctures, perforations, -tears, etc., are rare. The beginner should -isolate the retina in about six to seven minutes; -the expert in about four and a half to -five minutes.</p> - -<p>Select an eye with a long optic nerve, and -prepare it for this dissection by placing it in -a 10 per cent. solution of formaldehyde for<span class="pagenum" id="Page75">[75]</span> -about ten to fourteen days, but no longer. If -it is left in the hardening fluid longer than that -length of time, it will interfere with the easy -removal of the vitreous.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w500" id="Fig31"> - -<img src="images/illo075.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="571" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 31—Cutting through the iris. (<a href="#Page77">Page 77</a>.)</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page76">[76]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter w600" id="Fig32"> - -<img src="images/illo076.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="510" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 32—Showing how to cut around the ciliary ring. -(<a href="#Page77">Page 77</a>.)</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<p>The first part of this dissection is the same -as the beginning of the dissection for the -isolation of the choroid. Remove all the outside -tissues first, and then the cornea, and -about 10 mm. of the sclerotic, as described in -the preceding dissection. (See <a href="#Fig22">Figs. 22</a>, <a href="#Fig23">23</a>, -<a href="#Fig24">24</a>, and <a href="#Fig25">25</a>.) That will lay bare the iris and -a few millimetres of the choroid.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page77">[77]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter w500" id="Fig33"> - -<img src="images/illo077.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="337" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 33—Lens, iris, and part of vitreous removed. -(<a href="#Page78">Page 78</a>.)</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<p>After that has been done, turn the eye so -the iris will be uppermost. With the tweezers -pick up the pupillary margin of the iris, and -with the fine-pointed scissors cut through the -iris and the ciliary processes (<a href="#Fig31">Fig. 31</a>); separate -both from the choroid by cutting close -to the posterior edge of the processes. (<a href="#Fig32">Fig. -32</a>.) In doing that, cut partly through the -vitreous also, but be careful not to injure the -peripheral edge of the retina—ora serrata. -After the iris has been separated from the -choroid, cut completely through the vitreous<span class="pagenum" id="Page78">[78]</span> -in such a way that the lens will also be -removed with the iris. (<a href="#Fig33">Fig. 33</a>.)</p> - -<div class="figcenter w450" id="Fig34"> - -<img src="images/illo078.jpg" alt="" width="450" height="576" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 34—Showing how to force glass blowpipe (A) -into vitreous (B). (<a href="#Page80">Page 80</a>.)</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<div class="figcenter w350" id="Fig35"> - -<img src="images/illo079.jpg" alt="" width="350" height="572" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 35—Showing bulging out of vitreous -caused by blowing air through -glass blowpipe. (<a href="#Page80">Page 80</a>.)</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<div class="figcenter w600" id="Fig36"> - -<img src="images/illo080.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="518" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 36—Showing the vitreous (A) removed.</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<p>Holding the eye suspended by its optic -nerve, force the glass blowpipe through the -vitreous until it all but touches the posterior<span class="pagenum" id="Page79">[79-<br />80]<a id="Page80"></a></span> -part of the retina (<a href="#Fig34">Fig. 34</a>); blow gently at -first, increasing the pressure until the vitreous -suddenly bulges outward. (<a href="#Fig35">Fig. 35</a>.) If the -iris has been cut away close to the ora serrata, -the vitreous will not only bulge forward, but it -will fall out. If, however, it does not detach -itself at once, insert the scalpel close to the -choroid and with its flat side press downward<span class="pagenum" id="Page81">[81]</span> -until a separation occurs. Do not let the -vitreous drop out too suddenly, because it may -tear the retina. Let the vitreous detach itself -slowly by the force of its own weight, though -it will be well to hold some of its weight on the -scalpel. (<a href="#Fig36">Fig. 36</a>.)</p> - -<div class="figcenter w550" id="Fig37"> - -<img src="images/illo081.jpg" alt="" width="550" height="600" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 37—A. Showing retina folded upon itself by blowing -air at it through the glass blowpipe. (<a href="#Page83">Page 83</a>.)</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page82">[82]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter w600" id="Fig38"> - -<img src="images/illo082.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="565" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 38—A. Showing folded retina suspended from its attachment, -so sclerotic and choroid may be easily cut away. -(<a href="#Page83">Page 83</a>.)</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<p>After the vitreous has been removed, turn -the eye upward, and by blowing strongly -through the blowpipe at the marginal edge of -the retina, turn the retina upon itself. Repeat -this until the retina lies in a small wrinkled -lump at the “bottom” of the posterior part<span class="pagenum" id="Page83">[83]</span> -of the eye. (<a href="#Fig37">Fig. 37</a>.) Invert the eye (<a href="#Fig38">Fig. 38</a>) -and cut away both the choroid and the sclerotic -close to the optic nerve. No care need be -taken in doing this until the scissors come -close to the optic nerve. (<a href="#Fig39">Fig. 39</a>.)</p> - -<div class="figcenter w600" id="Fig39"> - -<img src="images/illo083.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="562" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 39—Showing the sclerotic nearly all cut away.</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<div class="figcenter w500" id="Fig40"> - -<img src="images/illo084.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="463" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 40—Isolated retina, with optic nerve attached.</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<p>After the choroid and the sclerotic have -been cut away, drop the retina into some<span class="pagenum" id="Page84">[84]</span> -water, and it will slowly unfold itself by “ballooning” -out into a perfect and beautiful -specimen. (<a href="#Fig40">Fig. 40</a>.) But, if it is desired to -study the specimen closely, it is better to suspend -it in a jar or bottle made of thin glass, -and containing a 5 per cent. solution of formaldehyde. -Remember that the retina is a delicate -membrane in any state; the slightest -rough handling may cause it to be torn, or -otherwise damaged. If the vessel, in which<span class="pagenum" id="Page85">[85]</span> -the specimen has been placed and suspended, -has enough preserving fluid to completely fill -it, and it is firmly stoppered, the whole thing -may be inverted, and turned in any direction, -even abruptly, without fear of damaging the -retina. This way of keeping the retina will -give opportunity to inspect and study the -inside as well as the outside of the membrane; -the blood-vessels, and other important parts -easily recognized.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page86">[86]</span></p> - -<h2>THE SAGITTAL OR VERTICAL SECTION -OF THE EYE</h2> - -<p>Place an eye in a 5 per cent. solution of -formaldehyde for about two weeks. If the eye -is kept in that solution longer than that time, -the lens is apt to become so hard that in cutting -it the capsule and suspensory ligament -will be torn, and the lens will then become -detached; if for a shorter space of time, the -lens and other tissues will be so soft that all -may be so badly torn or lacerated, that a perfect -specimen will not be possible.</p> - -<p>It sometimes happens that in keeping a -number of eyes together in a vessel for the -purpose of hardening them in the formaldehyde -solution, the corneas of some will be -crushed in. For this dissection, select an eye -that has the cornea in perfect condition.</p> - -<p>Remove all the outside tissues with the -scissors, being particular to have the region -immediately surrounding the optic nerve perfectly<span class="pagenum" id="Page87">[87]</span> -clear and clean. If the optic nerve is -longer than 5 mm., cut it off to that length.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w450" id="Fig41"> - -<img src="images/illo087.jpg" alt="" width="450" height="472" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 41—Showing the beginning of -the cutting of the eye for -sagittal sections.</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<div class="figcenter w600" id="Fig42"> - -<img src="images/illo088.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="472" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 42—Showing method of cutting through the crystalline lens.</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<p>To cut the eye in two, use a safety-razor -blade; never a scalpel. The latter is too thick, -too dull, and too clumsy a tool. Begin by cutting -through the optic nerve; dividing it as -nearly as possible into halves. (<a href="#Fig41">Fig. 41</a>.) Continue -cutting through the sclerotic and all -underlying tissues, stopping at the corneo-scleral -junction, but do not, during this procedure,<span class="pagenum" id="Page88">[88]</span> -even touch the lens. After the eye -has been thus partly separated into, as nearly -as possible, two equal parts, lay it down upon -the cornea, and, holding the razor blade in the -forefingers and thumbs of both hands, cut the -lens in two by forcing the blade down through -it. (<a href="#Fig42">Fig. 42</a>.) Partly open the cut eye to allow -one jaw of the large scissors to enter, turn -the eye over so the cornea will rest on that<span class="pagenum" id="Page89">[89]</span> -jaw, and then cut through the cornea. (<a href="#Fig43">Fig. 43</a>.)</p> - -<div class="figcenter w600" id="Fig43"> - -<img src="images/illo089.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="521" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 43—Showing method of cutting through the -cornea and completing the two sagittal sections.</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<p>The two specimens may be kept indefinitely -by placing them in a 3 per cent. formaldehyde -solution. It will be well to remove the lens -from one of the specimens, because it will give -better opportunity to see the anatomical relationships. -Also, these specimens should be -mounted, one above the other, between two -pieces of glass, before placing them in the -receptacle that is to hold them.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page90">[90]</span></p> - -<p>Much can be studied in such specimens. -Moreover, they present to view the various -parts of the organ of vision in such an impressive -way, that one does not soon forget -the wonderful appearance of the construction -of this, Nature’s perfect camera. (<a href="#Fig44">Fig. 44</a>.)</p> - -<div class="figcenter w560" id="Fig44"> - -<img src="images/illo090.jpg" alt="" width="560" height="596" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 44—Sagittal section enlarged.</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<p>If another eye is cut into two parts, additional<span class="pagenum" id="Page91">[91]</span> -interesting specimens may be procured; -for instance, one showing the presence of the -second coat only, the retina having been torn -out. Another good specimen may be made by -removing all of the inner tissues, and leaving -only the sclerotic and cornea. This specimen -will show that the first coat is almost entirely -a coat which affords strength and protection -to the parts that lie within.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page92">[92]</span></p> - -<h2>THE PAPILLA, PUNCTA LACRIMALIA, -AND NASAL DUCT</h2> - -<p>The only way to dissect the lacrimal apparatus, -other ocular accessories, and the extrinsic -muscles, is to procure the head of some animal, -preferably a calf’s head, because of its size. -Any butcher will supply one for from forty -to sixty cents. Have the lower jaw removed. -It will make a less bulky piece of material to -handle.</p> - -<p>Close to the inner canthus, on the inner side -of each lid, will be found a little rounded -eminence—lacrimal papilla—in the centre of -which is a small opening—punctum lacrimalis. -Both may be seen better on the lower lid, if -it is pulled down, and on the upper lid, if it -is pulled up.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w600" id="Fig45"> - -<img src="images/illo093.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="559" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 45—Showing only a part of a calf’s head and the knitting-needles -inserted in the puncta. (<a href="#Page94">Page 94</a>.)</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<div class="figcenter w600" id="Fig46"> - -<img src="images/illo094.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="545" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 46.</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<p>Be supplied with two knitting-needles. Take -one, lubricate its full length with a little -vaseline, lard, oil, or any other lubricant. -Insert the needle into the punctum of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page93">[93]</span> -lower lid, and push it downward and forward, -aiming to come out in the nose a short distance -from its end. At first it may be a little -difficult to get the needle started; if so, just -wiggle the needle, pushing it at the same time -as directed, until the nasal duct is found. Do -not remove the needle. To insert the other<span class="pagenum" id="Page94">[94]</span> -needle into the punctum of the upper lid is -rather difficult; for that reason the punctum -of the lower lid was chosen, first. Grease the -needle, as was done to the first one, and, with -a little patience and careful manipulation, the -canal opening and its course will soon be -found. The needle may then be pushed -through until it meets the first one. (<a href="#Fig45">Fig. 45</a>.)<span class="pagenum" id="Page95">[95]</span> -From the puncta lacrimalia to the place of -meeting of the two needles, marks the course -of the two canaliculi and their junction before -they merge and form the nasal duct. Leave -the needles where they are, and begin cutting -away the skin. The needles will then mark -the course of each canal and the duct very -plainly. With the small scissors the canals -and the duct may be loosened from the surrounding -tissues. Or, the scalpel may be used -to lay open the canals, cutting along over the -top of the needles. (<a href="#Fig46">Fig. 46</a>.)</p> - -<p>The cilia, palpebræ, palpebral conjunctiva, -ocular conjunctiva, and other superficial ocular -accessories may be examined without dissection.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page96">[96]</span></p> - -<h2>MEIBOMIAN GLANDS AND DUCTS</h2> - -<p>An examination of the eyelids will show the -openings of the ducts of the meibomian glands -a short distance back of the cilia. Very fine -pins or needles that have been greased may -be easily inserted for a short distance into the -ducts, and then a dissection made along the -course of the duct as outlined by the presence -of the inserted pins or needles. Another way -to see the glands is to slice through the ducts, -with the scalpel or safety-razor blade, the -entire width of either eyelid. This will separate -the glands into two parts and show their -length, breadth and structure.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page97">[97]</span></p> - -<h2>ENUCLEATION OF THE ORBITAL -CONTENTS</h2> - -<p>The eyes one procures from a butcher or a -slaughter house will always have the extrinsic -tissues so badly cut and torn that identification -of the various parts and their relations is -impossible. Therefore, it is best to supply -one’s self with the head of an animal, such as -a sheep or a calf, and dissect an eye with all -its extrinsic tissues intact. For this dissection, -a hammer and a chisel are necessary in -addition to the tools needed for doing the -previous dissections.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w600" id="Fig47"> - -<img src="images/illo098.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="362" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 47—Showing method of making the initial cuts in the skin. (Page 97.)</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<div class="figcenter w600" id="Fig48"> - -<img src="images/illo099.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="609" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 48—Part of calf’s head, showing the first cut to be made -in the bones of the orbit. (<a href="#Page102">Page 102</a>.)</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<div class="figcenter w600" id="Fig49"> - -<img src="images/illo100.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="456" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 49—Showing all the cuts to be made through the bones -of the orbit. (<a href="#Page102">Page 102</a>.)</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<p>Using the left orbit, begin the dissection by -making an incision directly over the supra-orbital -ridge, extending from over the inner -to the outer canthus. At the middle of that line, -make an incision, and cut at right angles upward -to the top of the head. Next make a cut -below the eye, extending from the outer to -the inner canthus. (<a href="#Fig47">Fig. 47</a>.) Loosen the -skin<span class="pagenum" id="Page98">[98-<br />99]<a id="Page99"></a></span> -from the bone with the scalpel, and lay bare -the skull immediately over the orbit. Fold the -flaps of the skin back and fasten them down -to the skull with pins or tacks so they will not -interfere with the work.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w500" id="Fig50"> - -<img src="images/illo101.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="574" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 50—Showing how to pry the cut bone loose. (<a href="#Page102">Page 102</a>.)</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<div class="figcenter w600" id="Fig51"> - -<img src="images/illo102.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="402" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 51—“In removing orbital contents dissect close -to the bone.”</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<div class="figcenter w600" id="Fig52"> - -<img src="images/illo103.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="393" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 52—Showing excavated orbit. (<a href="#Page105">Page 105</a>.)</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<p>Using the hammer and the chisel, cut<span class="pagenum" id="Page100">[100]</span> -through the roof of the orbit at the middle of -the supra-orbital ridge, and continue upward -for about two and one-half inches. Do not -strike hard blows, or the chisel may be driven -through the underlying tissues. Listen for -the peculiar sound that is heard when the -bone has been completely penetrated; then remove -the chisel. Continue until the full distance -of two and one-half inches of bone has<span class="pagenum" id="Page101">[101-<br />102]<a id="Page102"></a></span> -been separated. (<a href="#Fig48">Fig. 48</a>.) Now, begin at the -upper end, and cut through the bone downward -to the right for about two inches toward the -outer canthus. A similar line should be cut -on the right of the centre line toward the inner -canthus. This will mark out two irregular, -triangular-shaped pieces of bone. (<a href="#Fig49">Fig. 49</a>.) -Remove the piece on the right-hand side by -prying it off. (<a href="#Fig50">Fig. 50</a>.) The left-hand piece -should be pried loose and then carefully cut -away with the scalpel, so that the pulley through<span class="pagenum" id="Page103">[103]</span> -which the superior oblique muscle runs its -tendon, will not be injured. In removing the -orbital contents, dissect close to the bone (<a href="#Fig51">Fig. -51</a>), so that the periosteum will also be removed, -and form a sort of sac or capsule in -which will be contained the eye with all its -extrinsic tissues. If difficulty is experienced -in getting at the posterior parts of the orbit, -it will be best to cut away as much more of -the obstructing bone as is necessary. In this -way the “capsule” containing the eye, its six<span class="pagenum" id="Page104">[104-<br />105]<a id="Page105"></a></span> -muscles, the lacrimal gland, and both eyelids, -all <i>in situ</i>, will be removed. (<a href="#Fig54">Fig. 54</a>.) As the -orbital entrance of the optic nerve is neared, -care must be exercised not to cut into this -“capsule,” or sever any of the muscles. (<a href="#Fig52">Fig. -52</a> shows the excavated orbit. <a href="#Fig53">Fig. 53</a> shows -an anterior view of the enucleated eye. <a href="#Fig54">Fig. 54</a> -is a side view of the enucleated eye.)</p> - -<div class="figcenter w600" id="Fig53"> - -<img src="images/illo104a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="455" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 53—Anterior view of the enucleated eye.</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<div class="figcenter w600" id="Fig54"> - -<img src="images/illo104b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="375" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 54—Showing the enucleated eye, its muscles, and its -accessories, all in situ.</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page106">[106]</span></p> - -<h2>OPHTHALMOSCOPIC EXAMINATION</h2> - -<p>By practising on an enucleated eye, one may -gain considerable ability in the use of the -ophthalmoscope, and also learn to recognize -the blood-vessels and other important parts of -the retina. To do this, the eye to be examined -must be very fresh, for only in this condition -will the cornea and lens be sufficiently clear to -permit rays of light to enter the inside of the -eye.</p> - -<p>However, since the pupil is oblong in shape, -and often only a narrow slit—but several -millimetres in diameter—the field presented -for observation is a rather limited one. To -increase the pupillary aperture, take a pin, -and force the point through the cornea about -three or four millimetres from the corneo-scleral -junction, and at right angles to the -direction of the parallel edges of the pupil. -After the pin has been pushed through until -it has reached to within a short distance (one<span class="pagenum" id="Page107">[107]</span> -millimetre) of the edge of the iris, carefully -pick up the iris by raising the pin into a -position perpendicular to the cornea, and force -the pin further down into the eye. The pupil -will have been enlarged on one side. Do the -same thing on the opposite side, and at each -extremity of the pupil. (<a href="#Fig55">Fig. 55</a>.)</p> - -<div class="figcenter w600" id="Fig55"> - -<img src="images/illo107.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="504" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 55—Showing one pin before the iris has been picked up -and pulled back, and three pins after the iris has -been picked up and pulled back.</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page108">[108]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter w520" id="Fig56"> - -<img src="images/illo108.jpg" alt="" width="520" height="597" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 56—Showing method of gathering up the extrinsic tissues -in order to get rid of the pucker in the cornea.</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<p>The pupil will now have been made square, -and so large that no difficulty will be experienced -in reflecting either light into the eye, or<span class="pagenum" id="Page109">[109]</span> -in examining the inside of the eye. Care must -be taken not to lacerate the anterior surface -of the lens when the iris is drawn back by -the pins.</p> - -<p>Putting the pins into the cornea, and using -them as levers with the point of entrance in -the cornea as a fulcrum, will pucker the cornea -considerably, and a good clear fundus cannot -be obtained. This is easily overcome. Simply -gather up all the tissues surrounding the eye, -force them backward, and hold them firmly -with the fingers of the left hand. (<a href="#Fig56">Fig. 56</a>.) -The right hand is then free to handle the skiascope -or ophthalmoscope, so that the interior -of the eye may be thoroughly examined.</p> - -<p>Another way to prepare an eye for ophthalmoscopic -examination is as follows: Go to a -slaughter house and procure a beef eye from -an animal that has been killed but a few minutes -previously. Placing the eye immediately -into an 8 per cent. solution of cocaine and -leaving it there for about an hour will dilate -the pupil to such an extent that work with the -ophthalmoscope will be made very easy. This,<span class="pagenum" id="Page110">[110]</span> -as indicated, can be done only with an eye that -is very fresh.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w450" id="Fig57"> - -<img src="images/illo110.jpg" alt="" width="450" height="428" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 57—Showing window cut in -sclerotic, choroid, -and retina.</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<p>Still another way to see the interior is to cut -out a piece of the sclerotic about the size of a -twenty-five-cent piece; then pinch up and tear -out the choroid and the retina under the opening -made in the sclerotic. (<a href="#Fig57">Fig. 57</a>.) Hold the -eye, the cornea forward, close to a bright light, -and the image of the light will be seen upon -the retina. The closer the light is to the eye, -the greater the illumination will be in the<span class="pagenum" id="Page111">[111]</span> -interior of the eye. If the opening or “window” -is close enough to the optic nerve, the -optic papilla can be seen easily. And, if care -has been taken to have the opening made midway -between the two branches of the retinal -artery, the entire course may be followed. The -direction of the retinal artery can be determined -by ophthalmoscopic examination.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page112">[112]</span></p> - -<h2>THE LACRIMAL DUCTS</h2> - -<p>To find the lacrimal ducts, cut across the -outer and inner canthi of the enucleated eye, -pushing the eye forward and the lids backward. -That will expose the conjunctiva of<span class="pagenum" id="Page113">[113]</span> -both eyelids and eye, and also show the conjunctival -fornices. On the upper surface -of the palpebral conjunctiva, and near the -outer canthus, will be seen, upon close inspection, -a number of minute openings, usually -eight. These are the openings of the lacrimal -ducts. Pins or straw that have been lubricated -with vaseline, may be inserted and pushed -into these openings for a considerable distance, -and the course of the ducts then can be traced -easily. (<a href="#Fig58">Fig. 58</a>.)</p> - -<div class="figcenter w600" id="Fig58"> - -<img src="images/illo112.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="556" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 58—Showing how pins may be inserted in the -lacrimal ducts.</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page114">[114]</span></p> - -<h2>THE LACRIMAL GLAND</h2> - -<p>The lacrimal gland is easily distinguished -by its pink appearance. There are two parts, -inferior and superior. The gland lies directly -over the eye and near the outer angle of the -orbit. In the enucleated eye, it will be found -to lie near the outer canthus and over the -eye. The gland may be easily dissected out -of its position and then examined more closely. -A hand lens will show the racemose construction -of the gland. If the gland is cut in two, -the racemose construction may be seen even -better.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page115">[115]</span></p> - -<h2>THE CAPSULE OF TENON</h2> - -<p>To dissect the capsule of Tenon, it is necessary -to carefully remove the superficial fat -and connective tissue. In text-books and illustrations, -the capsule is usually shown as a -definite sac-like membrane of considerable -thickness, with all its parts well defined. The<span class="pagenum" id="Page116">[116]</span> -dissector will soon find that the capsule is not -discerned so easily. It will be found to be the -thin, semi-transparent, fibrous membrane that -surrounds each muscle, as well as the “posterior -two-thirds of the eye,” and is continuous -anteriorly with the ocular conjunctiva. -Portions may be pinched up and inflated -through an inserted blow-pipe. This will help -to merely demonstrate its location and parts. -(<a href="#Fig59">Fig. 59</a>.)</p> - -<div class="figcenter w600" id="Fig60"> - -<img src="images/illo115.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="465" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 59—Enlarged to show part of the Capsule of Tenon -blown up. (Page 116.)</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page117">[117]</span></p> - -<h2>THE SUPERIOR OBLIQUE MUSCLE AND -ITS PULLEY</h2> - -<p>After the lacrimal gland has been dissected -away, a beginning will have been made for cutting -away the fat and the connective tissue. -The first thing to do then is to locate the superior -oblique muscle. Try to keep track of -which part of the eye is the inner side. Having -located the inner side, feel along the top -for a little hard eminence. That is the pulley. -Begin to dissect around the pulley, not through -it, and then follow the muscle along to its -origin; do not separate the muscle from its -origin. When the superior oblique is completely -freed, the action of the muscle may be -readily demonstrated by holding the “ring” -or tendinous pulley with the fingers of one -hand, while the muscle is pulled backward and -forward with the other.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page118">[118]</span></p> - -<h2>THE OTHER EXTRINSIC MUSCLES</h2> - -<p>With the dissection of Tenon’s capsule and -the superior oblique muscle, the work of isolating -the other extrinsic muscles will have -begun. This work needs no directions except<span class="pagenum" id="Page119">[119]</span> -a warning to be careful not to injure the pulley -of the superior oblique, and to be careful -not to cut away the inferior oblique. The inferior -oblique will be found to be near the -“pulley.” If the dissection is not carried -too close to the origin of the recti muscles, all -the muscles may be kept in place.</p> - -<p>If the eye has not been previously subjected -to the hardening influence of formaldehyde, it -may be put into a 5 per cent. solution, and at -the end of ten or twelve hours the muscles -will have become rigid. They can then be better -studied, and may be kept indefinitely. -(<a href="#Fig60">Fig. 60</a>.)</p> - -<div class="figcenter w600" id="Fig59"> - -<img src="images/illo118.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="556" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 60—Showing the tendinous pulley of the superior oblique -muscle and the extrinsic muscles.</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page120">[120]</span></p> - -<h2>THE THREE TUNICS OF THE EYE, THE -HYALOID AND ITS ATTACHMENTS</h2> - -<p>This dissection is a rather difficult one to -make, and requires patience.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w600" id="Fig61"> - -<img src="images/illo120.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="410" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 61—Cutting through the iris.</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<p>Prepare an eye by placing it in a 5 per -cent. solution of formaldehyde for about ten -days to two weeks. Remove all the outside -tissues. Cut away the cornea, as in the dissection -for the choroid or the retina. Loosen, -as far back as possible, the sclerotic from the -choroid. Remove the sclerotic for about 10 -mm. back of the equator of the eye. With the -tweezers pick up the pupillary edge of the iris. -Using the small pointed scissors, cut through<span class="pagenum" id="Page121">[121]</span> -the iris. (<a href="#Fig61">Fig. 61</a>.) Lift either one of the cut -edges of the iris, and, with the sharp edge of -the scalpel, gently scrape the <i>processus zonuloe</i> -free from the ciliary processes, cutting -through the ciliary ring as the ciliary processes -are detached from the hyaloid (<i>processus -zonuloe</i>). (<a href="#Fig62">Fig. 62</a>.)</p> - -<div class="figcenter w600" id="Fig62"> - -<img src="images/illo121.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="482" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 62—Scraping the ciliary processes free. Showing, also, -the choroid cut around the ciliary ring.</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<p>Great care must be taken not to thrust the -point of the scissors into the hyaloid, suspensory -ligament, or vitreous, else the lens may -become detached.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page122">[122]</span></p> - -<p>After the iris with the processes has been -removed, pinch up with the tweezers a fold in -the choroid. Make an incision with the fine-pointed -scissors, and begin removing the choroid -to within about 5 mm. of the cut end of the -sclerotic. (<a href="#Fig63">Fig. 63</a>.) Care must be taken not -to penetrate the underlying retina while making -this part of the dissection.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w600" id="Fig63"> - -<img src="images/illo122.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="477" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 63—Cutting away the choroid.</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<p>After part of the choroid has been removed, -the specimen will show the three coats of the -eye in layer-like arrangement, the hyaloid and<span class="pagenum" id="Page123">[123]</span> -lens. The lens may now be cut away, if the -specimen is preferred without it. Removing -the lens before this time is unwise, because it -acts as a protection to the other tissues while -the specimen is being handled during the dissection.</p> - -<p>This specimen will show to the best advantage -if it is suspended in a jar containing a 5 -per cent. solution of formaldehyde. Figure 64 -shows the specimen.</p> - -<div class="figcenter w500" id="Fig64"> - -<img src="images/illo123.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="575" /> - -<p class="caption">Fig. 64—A. Optic nerve. B. Sclerotic. -C. Choroid. D. Retina. E. Hyaloid. -F. Lens.</p> - -</div><!--figcenter--> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page124">[124-<br />125]<a id="Page125"></a></span></p> - -<h2 class="gesp2">INDEX</h2> - -<ul class="index"> - -<li class="newletter">A</li> - -<li>Accessories, ocular, <a href="#Page95">95</a></li> - -<li>Alcohol as a preservative, <a href="#Page34">34</a></li> - -<li>Alcohols, method of running through, <a href="#Page58">58</a>, <a href="#Page59">59</a></li> - -<li>Anterior chamber, <a href="#Page50">50</a>, <a href="#Page51">51</a>, <a href="#Page86">86</a>, <a href="#Page90">90</a></li> -<li class="level1">half of eye, <a href="#Page49">49</a></li> -<li class="level1">half, removing vitreous from, <a href="#Page49">49</a></li> -<li class="level1">surface of lens, <a href="#Page55">55</a></li> - -<li>Aperture, increasing pupillary, <a href="#Page106">106</a>, <a href="#Page107">107</a>, <a href="#Page109">109</a></li> - -<li>Aqueous humor, <a href="#Page51">51</a></li> - -<li>Arteria centralis retinæ, <a href="#Page43">43</a>, <a href="#Page49">49</a></li> - -<li>Arteries, ciliary, <a href="#Page72">72</a></li> -<li class="level1">course of retinal, <a href="#Page111">111</a></li> - -<li>Artery of retina, central, <a href="#Page43">43</a>, <a href="#Page49">49</a></li> -<li class="level1">hyaloid, <a href="#Page43">43</a></li> - -<li class="newletter">B</li> - -<li>Beef eyes, <a href="#Page26">26</a>, <a href="#Page27">27</a></li> - -<li>Beginning of dissection of orbital contents, <a href="#Page97">97</a></li> - -<li>Benzine, <a href="#Page59">59</a></li> - -<li>Blood-vessels of retina, <a href="#Page106">106</a></li> - -<li>Blowing through blowpipe, folding retina by, <a href="#Page81">81</a>, <a href="#Page82">82</a></li> - -<li>Blowpipe, folding retina by blowing through, <a href="#Page81">81</a>, <a href="#Page82">82</a></li> -<li class="level1">glass, <a href="#Page35">35</a></li> -<li class="level1">using it to force out vitreous, <a href="#Page78">78</a>-<a href="#Page81">81</a></li> - -<li>Body, hyaloid, <a href="#Page41">41</a></li> - -<li>Boiling crystalline lens, <a href="#Page55">55</a>, <a href="#Page56">56</a></li> - -<li>Books, text, <a href="#Page23">23</a>, <a href="#Page25">25</a>, <a href="#Page46">46</a>, <a href="#Page52">52</a></li> - -<li class="newletter">C</li> - -<li>Canal, hyaloid, <a href="#Page43">43</a></li> -<li class="level1">of Petit, <a href="#Page35">35</a>-<a href="#Page37">37</a></li> - -<li>Canaliculi, puncta, papilla, and nasal duct, locating, <a href="#Page92">92</a>-<a href="#Page95">95</a></li> - -<li>Capsule of lens, <a href="#Page33">33</a>, <a href="#Page50">50</a>, <a href="#Page54">54</a></li> -<li class="level1">of lens, removing, <a href="#Page59">59</a></li> - -<li>Capsule of Tenon, <a href="#Page115">115</a></li> -<li class="level1">of Tenon and conjunctiva, <a href="#Page116">116</a></li> - -<li>Cedar oil, <a href="#Page60">60</a></li> - -<li>Cells of processes, pigment, <a href="#Page49">49</a>, <a href="#Page50">50</a></li> - -<li>Central artery of retina, <a href="#Page43">43</a>, <a href="#Page49">49</a></li> - -<li>Chamber, anterior, <a href="#Page50">50</a>, <a href="#Page51">51</a>, <a href="#Page86">86</a>, <a href="#Page90">90</a></li> -<li class="level1">posterior, <a href="#Page50">50</a>, <a href="#Page51">51</a>, <a href="#Page86">86</a>, <a href="#Page90">90</a></li> - -<li>Chemicals, <a href="#Page22">22</a>, <a href="#Page23">23</a></li> - -<li>Chisel and hammer, use of, <a href="#Page99">99</a>-<a href="#Page101">101</a></li> - -<li>Choroid, <a href="#Page62">62</a></li> -<li class="level1">and sclerotic, cutting them away for isolating retina, <a href="#Page83">83</a></li> -<li class="level1">emptying, <a href="#Page69">69</a>, <a href="#Page70">70</a></li> -<li class="level1">for dissecting three tunics, removing, <a href="#Page122">122</a></li> -<li class="level1">from sclerotic, for dissection of three tunics and hyaloid, loosening, <a href="#Page120">120</a></li> -<li class="level1">iridescence of, <a href="#Page45">45</a></li> -<li class="level1">loosening from corneo-scleral junction, <a href="#Page64">64</a>, <a href="#Page65">65</a></li> -<li class="level1">loosening sclerotic from, <a href="#Page64">64</a>, <a href="#Page66">66</a>, <a href="#Page67">67</a>, -<a href="#Page68">68</a></li> -<li class="level1">or retina, removing cornea for isolating, <a href="#Page62">62</a>, <a href="#Page63">63</a>, -<a href="#Page64">64</a></li> -<li class="level1">picking up retina and, <a href="#Page30">30</a>, <a href="#Page31">31</a></li> -<li class="level1">preparing eye for isolating, <a href="#Page62">62</a></li> -<li class="level1">preserving isolated, <a href="#Page72">72</a></li> -<li class="level1">removing, <a href="#Page46">46</a></li> -<li class="level1">removing lens from, <a href="#Page69">69</a>, <a href="#Page70">70</a>, <a href="#Page71">71</a></li> -<li class="level1">scraping sclerotic from, <a href="#Page68">68</a></li> -<li class="level1">separating sclerotic from, <a href="#Page27">27</a>, <a href="#Page29">29</a></li> - -<li>Cilia and other superficial accessories, <a href="#Page95">95</a></li> - -<li>Ciliaris, corona, <a href="#Page49">49</a>, <a href="#Page51">51</a></li> -<li class="level1">orbicularis, <a href="#Page49">49</a>, <a href="#Page51">51</a></li> -<li class="level1">retinæ, pars, <a href="#Page49">49</a></li> - -<li>Ciliary arteries, <a href="#Page72">72</a></li> -<li class="level1">nerves, <a href="#Page72">72</a></li> -<li class="level1">processes, <a href="#Page27">27</a>, <a href="#Page33">33</a>, <a href="#Page49">49</a></li> -<li class="level1">processes free from <i>processus zonuloe</i>, scraping, <a href="#Page121">121</a></li> -<li class="level1">ring, <a href="#Page51">51</a></li> -<li class="level1">ring, cutting ciliary, <a href="#Page121">121</a></li> - -<li>Ciliary, clarifying lens,<span class="pagenum" id="Page126">[126]</span> <a href="#Page58">58</a>, <a href="#Page59">59</a></li> - -<li>Coats, preparing eye for dissection to show, <i>in situ</i>, the three, <a href="#Page120">120</a></li> - -<li>Cocaine, <a href="#Page109">109</a></li> - -<li>Color of processes, <a href="#Page50">50</a></li> - -<li>Concentric layers of lens, <a href="#Page56">56</a>, <a href="#Page57">57</a></li> - -<li>Conjunctiva and Capsule of Tenon, <a href="#Page116">116</a></li> - -<li>Conjunctival fornices, <a href="#Page113">113</a></li> - -<li>Cornea, epithelium of, <a href="#Page52">52</a></li> -<li class="level1">removing it for isolating choroid or retina, <a href="#Page62">62</a>, <a href="#Page63">63</a>, -<a href="#Page64">64</a></li> - -<li>Construction of lacrimal gland, racemose, <a href="#Page114">114</a></li> - -<li>Contents, beginning of dissection of orbital, <a href="#Page97">97</a>-<a href="#Page101">101</a></li> -<li class="level1">dissecting orbital, <a href="#Page97">97</a>-<a href="#Page105">105</a></li> -<li class="level1">emptying eyeball of, <a href="#Page32">32</a>, <a href="#Page33">33</a></li> -<li class="level1">enucleating orbital, <a href="#Page102">102</a>-<a href="#Page104">104</a></li> -<li class="level1">material for enucleation of orbital, <a href="#Page97">97</a></li> -<li class="level1">preserving of hyaloid, <a href="#Page32">32</a>, <a href="#Page33">33</a>, <a href="#Page34">34</a>, -<a href="#Page36">36</a></li> - -<li>Cornea, <a href="#Page52">52</a></li> -<li class="level1">and sclerotic, <a href="#Page52">52</a></li> -<li class="level1">layers of, <a href="#Page52">52</a></li> -<li class="level1">smoothing it for ophthalmoscopic examination, <a href="#Page109">109</a></li> - -<li>Corneo-scleral junction, loosening choroid from, <a href="#Page64">64</a>, <a href="#Page65">65</a></li> - -<li>Corona ciliaris, <a href="#Page49">49</a>, <a href="#Page51">51</a></li> - -<li>Cortex of lens, <a href="#Page54">54</a>, <a href="#Page59">59</a></li> - -<li>Course of retinal arteries, <a href="#Page111">111</a></li> - -<li>Cross section of optic nerve, <a href="#Page48">48</a></li> - -<li>Crystalline lens, <a href="#Page33">33</a>, <a href="#Page49">49</a>, <a href="#Page53">53</a></li> -<li class="level1">lens boiling, <a href="#Page55">55</a></li> - -<li>Cutting away sclerotic and choroid for isolating retina, <a href="#Page83">83</a></li> -<li class="level1">ciliary ring, <a href="#Page121">121</a></li> -<li class="level1">cross section of optic nerve, <a href="#Page48">48</a></li> -<li class="level1">eye for sagittal section, <a href="#Page87">87</a>-<a href="#Page89">89</a></li> -<li class="level1">eye in half, <a href="#Page38">38</a>, <a href="#Page39">39</a></li> -<li class="level1">iris for dissection of three tunics, <a href="#Page120">120</a></li> -<li class="level1">optic nerve longitudinally, <a href="#Page47">47</a>, <a href="#Page48">48</a></li> - -<li class="newletter">D</li> - -<li>Dehydrating lens, <a href="#Page58">58</a>, <a href="#Page59">59</a></li> - -<li>Demonstration of hyaloid, etc., <a href="#Page34">34</a></li> - -<li>Disc, optic, <a href="#Page43">43</a></li> - -<li>Dishes, Stender, <a href="#Page21">21</a></li> - -<li>Dissected hyaloid, <a href="#Page33">33</a></li> - -<li>Dissecting lacrimal gland, <a href="#Page114">114</a></li> -<li class="level1">nasal duct, papilla and puncta, <a href="#Page92">92</a></li> -<li class="level1">orbital contents, <a href="#Page97">97</a>-<a href="#Page105">105</a></li> -<li class="level1">of hyaloid membrane, <a href="#Page25">25</a>, <a href="#Page33">33</a></li> -<li class="level1">of hyaloid, method of preparing for, <a href="#Page26">26</a>, <a href="#Page27">27</a></li> -<li class="level1">of orbital contents, beginning of, <a href="#Page97">97</a>-<a href="#Page101">101</a></li> -<li class="level1">three tunics, removing choroid, for, <a href="#Page122">122</a></li> - -<li>Dissection, preparing eye for interior, <a href="#Page38">38</a></li> -<li class="level1">preparing eye to show the three tunics <i>in situ</i>, <a href="#Page120">120</a></li> -<li class="level1">of three tunics and hyaloid, loosening choroid from sclerotic for, <a href="#Page120">120</a></li> -<li class="level1">of three tunics, cutting iris, for, <a href="#Page120">120</a></li> - -<li>Duct, material for dissecting papilla, puncta, and nasal, <a href="#Page92">92</a></li> -<li class="level1">papilla, puncta lacrimalia, and nasal, <a href="#Page92">92</a></li> - -<li>Ducts, meibomian gland and, <a href="#Page96">96</a></li> -<li class="level1">lacrimal, <a href="#Page112">112</a>, <a href="#Page113">113</a></li> - -<li class="newletter">E</li> - -<li>Emptying choroid, <a href="#Page69">69</a>, <a href="#Page70">70</a></li> -<li class="level1">eyeball of contents, <a href="#Page32">32</a>, <a href="#Page33">33</a></li> - -<li>Entrance of optic nerve, <a href="#Page43">43</a></li> - -<li>Enucleated eye, <a href="#Page104">104</a></li> - -<li>Enucleating orbital contents, <a href="#Page102">102</a>-<a href="#Page104">104</a></li> - -<li>Enucleation of orbital contents, <a href="#Page97">97</a>-<a href="#Page105">105</a></li> -<li class="level1">of orbital contents, material for, <a href="#Page97">97</a></li> - -<li>Epithelium of cornea, <a href="#Page52">52</a></li> - -<li>Equipment, <a href="#Page17">17</a>-<a href="#Page24">24</a></li> - -<li>Examination, ophthalmoscopic, <a href="#Page106">106</a></li> -<li class="level1">preparing eye for ophthalmoscopic, <a href="#Page106">106</a>-<a href="#Page110">110</a></li> -<li class="level1">smoothing out cornea for ophthalmoscopic, <a href="#Page109">109</a></li> - -<li>Excavated posterior half, <a href="#Page46">46</a>, <a href="#Page47">47</a></li> -<li class="level1">sagittal, <a href="#Page90">90</a></li> - -<li>Extrinsic muscles, other,<span class="pagenum" id="Page127">[127]</span> <a href="#Page118">118</a></li> -<li class="level1">muscles, preserving, <a href="#Page119">119</a></li> - -<li>Eye, anterior half of the, <a href="#Page49">49</a></li> -<li class="level1">contents, emptying, <a href="#Page32">32</a>, <a href="#Page33">33</a></li> -<li class="level1">cutting it for sagittal section, <a href="#Page87">87</a>-<a href="#Page89">89</a></li> -<li class="level1">for dissection of hyaloid, etc., preparing, <a href="#Page26">26</a>, <a href="#Page27">27</a></li> -<li class="level1">in half, cutting, <a href="#Page38">38</a>, <a href="#Page39">39</a></li> -<li class="level1">interior of, <a href="#Page38">38</a></li> -<li class="level1">posterior half of the, <a href="#Page40">40</a></li> -<li class="level1">preparing for dissecting interior, <a href="#Page38">38</a></li> -<li class="level1">preparing it for dissection, to show the three tunics, <i>in situ</i>, <a href="#Page120">120</a></li> -<li class="level1">preparing for isolating choroid, <a href="#Page62">62</a></li> -<li class="level1">preparing for isolating retina, <a href="#Page74">74</a>, <a href="#Page75">75</a></li> -<li class="level1">preparing for ophthalmoscopic examination of, <a href="#Page106">106</a>-<a href="#Page110">110</a></li> -<li class="level1">preparing for sagittal section of, <a href="#Page86">86</a></li> -<li class="level1">sagittal section of, <a href="#Page86">86</a></li> -<li class="level1">seeing interior of, <a href="#Page110">110</a></li> -<li class="level1">vertical section of, <a href="#Page86">86</a></li> -<li class="level1">cutting window in, <a href="#Page110">110</a></li> - -<li>Eyelids, <a href="#Page95">95</a>, <a href="#Page105">105</a></li> - -<li>Eyes, sheep and beef, <a href="#Page26">26</a>, <a href="#Page27">27</a></li> - -<li class="newletter">F</li> - -<li>Fibres of lens, <a href="#Page56">56</a>, <a href="#Page57">57</a></li> -<li class="level1">network of vitreous, <a href="#Page41">41</a>, <a href="#Page42">42</a></li> - -<li>Fluid, perichoroidal, <a href="#Page40">40</a>, <a href="#Page46">46</a></li> - -<li>Folding retina by blowing air through blowpipe, <a href="#Page81">81</a>, <a href="#Page82">82</a></li> - -<li>Forcing out vitreous, using blowpipe in, <a href="#Page78">78</a>-<a href="#Page81">81</a></li> - -<li>Fornices, conjunctival, <a href="#Page113">113</a></li> - -<li class="newletter">G</li> - -<li>Gland, dissecting lacrimal, <a href="#Page114">114</a></li> -<li class="level1">lacrimal, <a href="#Page114">114</a></li> -<li class="level1">racemose construction, <a href="#Page114">114</a></li> - -<li>Glands and ducts, meibomian, <a href="#Page96">96</a></li> - -<li>Glass blowpipe, <a href="#Page35">35</a></li> - -<li>Glassware, <a href="#Page21">21</a></li> - -<li class="newletter">H</li> - -<li>Half, anterior, <a href="#Page49">49</a></li> -<li class="level1">cutting eye in, <a href="#Page38">38</a>, <a href="#Page39">39</a></li> - -<li>Half, excavated posterior, <a href="#Page46">46</a></li> -<li class="level1">posterior, <a href="#Page40">40</a></li> -<li class="level1">posterior, excavated, <a href="#Page46">46</a></li> -<li class="level1">preparing eye for dissecting interior, <a href="#Page38">38</a></li> -<li class="level1">removing vitreous from anterior, <a href="#Page49">49</a></li> -<li class="level1">removing vitreous from posterior, <a href="#Page41">41</a></li> - -<li>Hammer and chisel, use of, <a href="#Page99">99</a>-<a href="#Page101">101</a></li> - -<li>Humor, aqueous, <a href="#Page51">51</a></li> -<li class="level1">vitreous, <a href="#Page33">33</a></li> - -<li>Hyaloid and attachments, demonstration of, <a href="#Page34">34</a></li> -<li class="level1">artery, <a href="#Page43">43</a></li> -<li class="level1">body, <a href="#Page41">41</a></li> -<li class="level1">canal, <a href="#Page43">43</a></li> -<li class="level1">dissected, <a href="#Page33">33</a></li> -<li class="level1">membrane, dissection of, <a href="#Page25">25</a>-<a href="#Page33">33</a></li> -<li class="level1">membrane with contents and attachments intact, removal of, <a href="#Page25">25</a></li> -<li class="level1">preserving contents of, <a href="#Page32">32</a>, <a href="#Page33">33</a>, <a href="#Page34">34</a>, -<a href="#Page36">36</a></li> -<li class="level1">preserving three tunics and, <a href="#Page123">123</a></li> - -<li class="newletter">I</li> - -<li>Image, retinal, <a href="#Page110">110</a></li> - -<li>Increasing pupillary aperture, <a href="#Page106">106</a>, <a href="#Page107">107</a>, <a href="#Page109">109</a></li> - -<li>Inferior oblique muscle, <a href="#Page119">119</a></li> - -<li>Instruments, <a href="#Page21">21</a></li> - -<li>Interior of the eye, <a href="#Page38">38</a></li> -<li class="level1">of the eye, seeing, <a href="#Page110">110</a></li> - -<li>Interior section, preparing the eye for dissecting, <a href="#Page38">38</a></li> - -<li>Iridescence of choroid, <a href="#Page45">45</a></li> - -<li>Iridescent choroid, <a href="#Page40">40</a>, <a href="#Page43">43</a></li> - -<li>Iris, <a href="#Page49">49</a>, <a href="#Page51">51</a></li> -<li class="level1">and lens, removing, <a href="#Page75">75</a>, <a href="#Page77">77</a></li> -<li class="level1">and processes, removing, <a href="#Page121">121</a></li> -<li class="level1">for dissection of three tunics, cutting, <a href="#Page120">120</a></li> -<li class="level1">relation between processes and, <a href="#Page51">51</a>, <a href="#Page52">52</a></li> - -<li>Isolated choroid, preserving, <a href="#Page72">72</a></li> - -<li>Isolating choroid or retina, removing cornea for, <a href="#Page62">62</a>-<a href="#Page64">64</a></li> -<li class="level1">choroid, preparing eye for, <a href="#Page62">62</a></li> - -<li>Isolated retina, preserving, <a href="#Page84">84</a>, <a href="#Page85">85</a></li> - -<li>Isolating retina, cutting sclerotic and choroid away for,<span class="pagenum" id="Page128">[128]</span> <a href="#Page83">83</a></li> -<li class="level1">retina, preparing eye for, <a href="#Page74">74</a>, <a href="#Page75">75</a></li> - -<li class="newletter">J</li> - -<li>Junction, loosening choroid from corneo-scleral, <a href="#Page64">64</a>, <a href="#Page65">65</a></li> - -<li class="newletter">K</li> - -<li>Knitting-needles, use of, <a href="#Page92">92</a>-<a href="#Page95">95</a></li> - -<li class="newletter">L</li> - -<li>Lacrimal ducts, <a href="#Page112">112</a>, <a href="#Page113">113</a></li> -<li class="level1">gland, <a href="#Page114">114</a></li> -<li class="level1">gland, dissecting, <a href="#Page114">114</a></li> -<li class="level1">gland, racemose construction of, <a href="#Page114">114</a></li> - -<li>Lacrimalia, nasal duct, papilla, and puncta, <a href="#Page92">92</a></li> - -<li>Laminated structure of lens, <a href="#Page55">55</a>, <a href="#Page56">56</a></li> - -<li>Layers, concentric lens, <a href="#Page56">56</a>, <a href="#Page57">57</a></li> -<li class="level1">of cornea, <a href="#Page52">52</a></li> -<li class="level1">separating outer lens, <a href="#Page54">54</a></li> - -<li>Lens and iris, removing, <a href="#Page75">75</a>, <a href="#Page77">77</a></li> -<li class="level1">anterior surface of, <a href="#Page55">55</a></li> -<li class="level1">boiling of, <a href="#Page55">55</a>, <a href="#Page56">56</a></li> -<li class="level1">capsule, <a href="#Page33">33</a>, <a href="#Page50">50</a>, <a href="#Page54">54</a></li> -<li class="level1">clarifying, <a href="#Page58">58</a>, <a href="#Page59">59</a></li> -<li class="level1">concentric layers of, <a href="#Page56">56</a>, <a href="#Page57">57</a></li> -<li class="level1">cortex of, <a href="#Page54">54</a>, <a href="#Page59">59</a></li> -<li class="level1">crystalline, <a href="#Page33">33</a>, <a href="#Page49">49</a>, <a href="#Page53">53</a></li> -<li class="level1">dehydrating, <a href="#Page58">58</a>, <a href="#Page59">59</a></li> -<li class="level1">fibres, <a href="#Page56">56</a>, <a href="#Page57">57</a></li> -<li class="level1">laminated structure of, <a href="#Page55">55</a>, <a href="#Page56">56</a></li> -<li class="level1">nucleus of, <a href="#Page55">55</a>, <a href="#Page59">59</a></li> -<li class="level1">posterior surface of, <a href="#Page55">55</a></li> -<li class="level1">preparing the, <a href="#Page53">53</a></li> -<li class="level1">preserving the, <a href="#Page57">57</a>, <a href="#Page58">58</a></li> -<li class="level1">removing capsule of, <a href="#Page59">59</a></li> -<li class="level1">removing it from choroid, <a href="#Page69">69</a>-<a href="#Page71">71</a></li> -<li class="level1">removing the, <a href="#Page51">51</a>, <a href="#Page53">53</a></li> -<li class="level1">separating outer layers of, <a href="#Page54">54</a></li> -<li class="level1">staining, <a href="#Page57">57</a></li> - -<li>Ligament, suspensory, <a href="#Page33">33</a>, <a href="#Page37">37</a></li> - -<li>Lines, tri-radiate, <a href="#Page54">54</a>-<a href="#Page56">56</a></li> - -<li>Locating papilla, puncta, canaliculi, and nasal duct, <a href="#Page92">92</a>-<a href="#Page95">95</a></li> - -<li>Longitudinally, cutting optic nerve, <a href="#Page47">47</a>, <a href="#Page48">48</a></li> - -<li>Loosening choroid from corneo-scleral junction, <a href="#Page64">64</a>, <a href="#Page65">65</a></li> -<li class="level1">choroid from sclerotic, <a href="#Page64">64</a>, <a href="#Page66">66</a>-<a href="#Page68">68</a></li> -<li class="level1">choroid from sclerotic, for dissection of the three tunics and hyaloid, <a href="#Page120">120</a></li> - -<li>Lucidum, tapetum, <a href="#Page45">45</a></li> - -<li class="newletter">M</li> - -<li>Material, <a href="#Page19">19</a>, <a href="#Page20">20</a>, <a href="#Page21">21</a></li> -<li class="level1">for dissecting nasal duct, papilla, and puncta, <a href="#Page92">92</a></li> -<li class="level1">for enucleation of orbital contents, <a href="#Page97">97</a></li> - -<li>Meibomian glands and ducts, <a href="#Page96">96</a></li> - -<li>Membrane with contents and attachments intact, removal of, <a href="#Page25">25</a></li> - -<li>Method of preparing eye for dissection of hyaloid, <a href="#Page26">26</a>, <a href="#Page27">27</a></li> -<li class="level1">of running through the alcohols, <a href="#Page58">58</a>, <a href="#Page59">59</a></li> - -<li>Muscle, superior oblique and its pulley, <a href="#Page117">117</a></li> - -<li>Muscles, other extrinsic, <a href="#Page118">118</a></li> -<li class="level1">preserving extrinsic, <a href="#Page119">119</a></li> - -<li class="newletter">N</li> - -<li>Nasal duct, canaliculi, puncta, and papilla, locating, <a href="#Page92">92</a>-<a href="#Page95">95</a></li> -<li class="level1">canaliculi, puncta, and papilla, <a href="#Page92">92</a></li> -<li class="level1">canaliculi, puncta, and papilla, material for dissecting, <a href="#Page92">92</a></li> - -<li>Needles and pins, use of, <a href="#Page96">96</a>, <a href="#Page106">106</a>, <a href="#Page107">107</a>, <a href="#Page108">108</a>, -<a href="#Page109">109</a>, <a href="#Page112">112</a>, <a href="#Page113">113</a></li> -<li class="level1">use of knitting, <a href="#Page92">92</a>-<a href="#Page95">95</a></li> - -<li>Nerve, cross section of optic, <a href="#Page48">48</a></li> -<li class="level1">entrance of optic, <a href="#Page43">43</a></li> -<li class="level1">optic, <a href="#Page47">47</a></li> -<li class="level1">optic, cutting it longitudinally, <a href="#Page47">47</a>, <a href="#Page48">48</a></li> - -<li>Nerves, ciliary, <a href="#Page72">72</a></li> - -<li>Network of fibres in vitreous, <a href="#Page41">41</a>, <a href="#Page42">42</a></li> - -<li>Nucleus of lens, <a href="#Page55">55</a>, <a href="#Page59">59</a></li> - -<li class="newletter">O</li> - -<li>Oblique, inferior, <a href="#Page119">119</a></li> -<li class="level1">pulley of superior, <a href="#Page117">117</a></li> - -<li>Ocular accessories,<span class="pagenum" id="Page129">[129]</span> <a href="#Page95">95</a></li> -<li class="level1">conjunctiva and Capsule of Tenon, <a href="#Page116">116</a></li> -<li class="level1">conjunctiva and other superficial accessories, <a href="#Page95">95</a></li> - -<li>Oil, cedar, <a href="#Page60">60</a></li> - -<li>Ophthalmoscope, <a href="#Page109">109</a></li> - -<li>Ophthalmoscopic examination, <a href="#Page106">106</a></li> -<li class="level1">examination, preparing eye for, <a href="#Page106">106</a>-<a href="#Page110">110</a></li> -<li class="level1">examination, smoothing out cornea for, <a href="#Page109">109</a></li> - -<li>Optic disc, <a href="#Page43">43</a></li> -<li class="level1">nerve, <a href="#Page47">47</a></li> -<li class="level1">nerve, cross section of, <a href="#Page48">48</a></li> -<li class="level1">nerve, cutting it longitudinally, <a href="#Page47">47</a>, <a href="#Page48">48</a></li> -<li class="level1">nerve, entrance of, <a href="#Page43">43</a></li> -<li class="level1">papilla, <a href="#Page111">111</a></li> - -<li>Ora serrata, <a href="#Page49">49</a></li> - -<li>Orbicularis ciliaris, <a href="#Page49">49</a>, <a href="#Page51">51</a></li> - -<li>Orbital contents, beginning dissection of, <a href="#Page97">97</a>-<a href="#Page101">101</a></li> -<li class="level1">contents, dissecting, <a href="#Page97">97</a>-<a href="#Page105">105</a></li> -<li class="level1">contents, enucleating, <a href="#Page102">102</a>-<a href="#Page104">104</a></li> -<li class="level1">contents, enucleation of, <a href="#Page97">97</a></li> -<li class="level1">contents, material for enucleation of, <a href="#Page97">97</a></li> - -<li class="newletter">P</li> - -<li>Palpebræ and other superficial accessories, <a href="#Page95">95</a></li> - -<li>Palpebral conjunctiva and other superficial accessories, <a href="#Page95">95</a></li> - -<li>Papilla, nasal duct, and puncta lacrimalia, <a href="#Page92">92</a></li> -<li class="level1">nasal duct, and puncta lacrimalia, material for dissecting, <a href="#Page92">92</a></li> -<li class="level1">optic, <a href="#Page111">111</a></li> -<li class="level1">puncta, canaliculi, and nasal, duct, locating, <a href="#Page92">92</a>-<a href="#Page95">95</a></li> - -<li>Pars ciliaris retinæ, <a href="#Page49">49</a></li> - -<li>Perichoroidal fluid, <a href="#Page40">40</a>-<a href="#Page46">46</a></li> - -<li>Petit’s canal, <a href="#Page35">35</a>-<a href="#Page37">37</a></li> - -<li>Picking up choroid and retina, <a href="#Page30">30</a>, <a href="#Page31">31</a></li> - -<li>Pigment cells of processes, <a href="#Page49">49</a>, <a href="#Page50">50</a></li> -<li class="level1">of sclerotic, <a href="#Page46">46</a></li> -<li class="level1">removal of, <a href="#Page34">34</a></li> - -<li>Pinching up sclerotic, <a href="#Page27">27</a>, <a href="#Page28">28</a></li> - -<li>Pins and needles, use of, <a href="#Page96">96</a>, <a href="#Page106">106</a>-<a href="#Page109">109</a>, <a href="#Page112">112</a>, -<a href="#Page113">113</a></li> - -<li>Pipette, <a href="#Page35">35</a></li> - -<li>Posterior chamber, <a href="#Page50">50</a>, <a href="#Page51">51</a>, <a href="#Page86">86</a>, <a href="#Page90">90</a></li> -<li class="level1">half excavated, <a href="#Page47">47</a></li> -<li class="level1">half of the eye, <a href="#Page40">40</a></li> -<li class="level1">half, removing vitreous from, <a href="#Page41">41</a></li> -<li class="level1">surface of the lens, <a href="#Page55">55</a></li> - -<li>Preparing eye for dissecting interior, <a href="#Page38">38</a></li> -<li class="level1">eye for dissecting hyaloid, <a href="#Page26">26</a>, <a href="#Page27">27</a></li> -<li class="level1">eye for dissection to show the three tunics, <i>in situ</i>, <a href="#Page120">120</a></li> -<li class="level1">eye for isolating choroid, <a href="#Page62">62</a></li> -<li class="level1">eye for isolating retina, <a href="#Page74">74</a>, <a href="#Page75">75</a></li> -<li class="level1">eye for ophthalmoscopic examination, <a href="#Page106">106</a>-<a href="#Page110">110</a></li> -<li class="level1">eye for sagittal section, <a href="#Page86">86</a></li> -<li class="level1">the lens, <a href="#Page53">53</a></li> - -<li>Preservative, alcohol as a, <a href="#Page34">34</a></li> - -<li>Preserving extrinsic muscles, <a href="#Page119">119</a></li> -<li class="level1">hyaloid, contents and attachments, etc., <a href="#Page32">32</a>-<a href="#Page34">34</a>, -<a href="#Page36">36</a></li> -<li class="level1">isolated choroid, <a href="#Page72">72</a></li> -<li class="level1">isolated retina, <a href="#Page84">84</a>, <a href="#Page85">85</a></li> -<li class="level1">lens, <a href="#Page57">57</a>, <a href="#Page58">58</a></li> -<li class="level1">sagittal sections, <a href="#Page89">89</a></li> -<li class="level1">three tunics and hyaloid, <a href="#Page123">123</a></li> - -<li>Processes, ciliary, <a href="#Page27">27</a>, <a href="#Page33">33</a>, <a href="#Page49">49</a></li> -<li class="level1">and iris, removing, <a href="#Page121">121</a></li> -<li class="level1">color of, <a href="#Page50">50</a></li> -<li class="level1">pigment cells of, <a href="#Page49">49</a>, <a href="#Page50">50</a></li> -<li class="level1">relation between iris and, <a href="#Page51">51</a>, <a href="#Page52">52</a></li> -<li class="level1">zonular, <a href="#Page27">27</a>, <a href="#Page34">34</a></li> - -<li>Processus zonulœ, <a href="#Page34">34</a></li> -<li class="level1">zonulœ free from ciliary processes, scraping, <a href="#Page121">121</a></li> - -<li>Pulley of superior oblique muscle, <a href="#Page117">117</a></li> - -<li>Puncta lacrimalia, nasal duct, and papilla, <a href="#Page92">92</a></li> -<li class="level1">lacrimalia, papilla, canaliculi, and nasal duct, locating, <a href="#Page92">92</a>, <a href="#Page95">95</a></li> -<li class="level1">lacrimalia, papilla, canaliculi, and nasal duct, material for dissecting, <a href="#Page92">92</a></li> - -<li>Pupillary aperture increasing, <a href="#Page106">106</a>, <a href="#Page107">107</a>, -<a href="#Page109">109</a></li> - -<li class="newletter">R<span class="pagenum" id="Page130">[130]</span></li> - -<li>Racemose construction of lacrimal gland, <a href="#Page114">114</a></li> - -<li>References, <a href="#Page23">23</a>, <a href="#Page25">25</a>, <a href="#Page46">46</a>, <a href="#Page52">52</a></li> - -<li>Relation between iris and processes, <a href="#Page51">51</a>, <a href="#Page52">52</a></li> - -<li>Removal of hyaloid membrane with contents and attachments intact, <a href="#Page25">25</a></li> -<li class="level1">of pigment from processus zonulœ, <a href="#Page34">34</a></li> - -<li>Removing capsule of lens, <a href="#Page59">59</a></li> -<li class="level1">choroid, <a href="#Page46">46</a></li> -<li class="level1">cornea for isolating choroid or retina, <a href="#Page62">62</a>-<a href="#Page64">64</a></li> -<li class="level1">choroid for dissecting three tunics, <a href="#Page122">122</a></li> -<li class="level1">iris and lens, <a href="#Page75">75</a>, <a href="#Page77">77</a></li> -<li class="level1">iris and processes, <a href="#Page121">121</a></li> -<li class="level1">lens from choroid, <a href="#Page69">69</a>-<a href="#Page71">71</a></li> -<li class="level1">lens from anterior half and other parts, <a href="#Page51">51</a>, <a href="#Page53">53</a>, -<a href="#Page54">54</a></li> -<li class="level1">sclerotic to show the three tunics, <a href="#Page120">120</a></li> -<li class="level1">the retina from posterior half, <a href="#Page44">44</a></li> -<li class="level1">vitreous from anterior half, <a href="#Page49">49</a></li> -<li class="level1">vitreous from choroid, <a href="#Page70">70</a>-<a href="#Page72">72</a></li> -<li class="level1">vitreous from posterior half, <a href="#Page41">41</a></li> - -<li>Retina, <a href="#Page40">40</a>-<a href="#Page74">74</a></li> -<li class="level1">blood-vessels of, <a href="#Page106">106</a></li> -<li class="level1">central artery of, <a href="#Page43">43</a>, <a href="#Page49">49</a></li> -<li class="level1">cutting away sclerotic and choroid for isolating, <a href="#Page83">83</a></li> -<li class="level1">folding it by blowing air through blowpipe, <a href="#Page81">81</a>, <a href="#Page82">82</a></li> -<li class="level1">or choroid, removing cornea for isolating, <a href="#Page62">62</a>-<a href="#Page64">64</a></li> -<li class="level1">picking up choroid and, <a href="#Page30">30</a>, <a href="#Page31">31</a></li> -<li class="level1">preparing eye for isolating, <a href="#Page74">74</a>, <a href="#Page75">75</a></li> -<li class="level1">preserving isolated, <a href="#Page84">84</a>, <a href="#Page85">85</a></li> -<li class="level1">removing, <a href="#Page44">44</a></li> -<li class="level1">straightening, <a href="#Page42">42</a>, <a href="#Page43">43</a></li> - -<li>Retinæ, pars ciliaris, <a href="#Page49">49</a></li> - -<li>Retinal artery, course of, <a href="#Page111">111</a></li> -<li class="level1">image, <a href="#Page110">110</a></li> -<li class="level1">vessels, <a href="#Page40">40</a>, <a href="#Page49">49</a></li> - -<li>Ring, ciliary, <a href="#Page51">51</a></li> -<li class="level1">cutting ciliary, <a href="#Page121">121</a></li> -<li class="level1">of superior oblique muscle tendinous, <a href="#Page117">117</a></li> - -<li>Running through the alcohols, <a href="#Page58">58</a>, <a href="#Page59">59</a></li> - -<li class="newletter">S</li> - -<li>Sagittal section, cutting eye for, <a href="#Page87">87</a>-<a href="#Page89">89</a></li> -<li class="level1">section, excavated, <a href="#Page90">90</a></li> -<li class="level1">section of the eye, <a href="#Page86">86</a></li> -<li class="level1">section, preparing eye for, <a href="#Page86">86</a></li> -<li class="level1">sections, preserving, <a href="#Page89">89</a></li> - -<li>Sclerotic and choroid, cutting them away for isolating retina, <a href="#Page83">83</a></li> -<li class="level1">and cornea, <a href="#Page52">52</a></li> -<li class="level1">from choroid, for dissection of three tunics and hyaloid, loosening, <a href="#Page120">120</a></li> -<li class="level1">loosening choroid from, <a href="#Page64">64</a>, <a href="#Page66">66</a>-<a href="#Page68">68</a></li> -<li class="level1">pigment of, <a href="#Page46">46</a></li> -<li class="level1">pinching up, <a href="#Page27">27</a>, <a href="#Page28">28</a></li> -<li class="level1">scraping choroid from, <a href="#Page68">68</a></li> -<li class="level1">separating choroid from, <a href="#Page27">27</a>, <a href="#Page29">29</a></li> -<li class="level1">to show the three tunics, removing, <a href="#Page120">120</a></li> - -<li>Scraping choroid from sclerotic, <a href="#Page68">68</a></li> -<li class="level1">processus zonulœ free from ciliary processes, <a href="#Page121">121</a></li> - -<li>Section of optic nerve, cross, <a href="#Page48">48</a></li> -<li class="level1">cutting eye for sagittal, <a href="#Page87">87</a>-<a href="#Page89">89</a></li> -<li class="level1">preparing eye for sagittal, <a href="#Page86">86</a></li> -<li class="level1">sagittal, <a href="#Page86">86</a></li> -<li class="level1">vertical, <a href="#Page86">86</a></li> - -<li>Sections, preparing eye for dissecting interior, <a href="#Page38">38</a></li> -<li class="level1">preserving sagittal, <a href="#Page89">89</a></li> - -<li>Seeing interior of eye, <a href="#Page110">110</a></li> - -<li>Separating choroid from sclerotic, <a href="#Page27">27</a>, <a href="#Page29">29</a>, -<a href="#Page64">64</a>-<a href="#Page68">68</a></li> -<li class="level1">outer layers of the lens, <a href="#Page54">54</a></li> - -<li>Serrata, ora, <a href="#Page49">49</a></li> - -<li>Sheep eyes, <a href="#Page26">26</a>, <a href="#Page27">27</a></li> - -<li>Skiascope, <a href="#Page109">109</a></li> - -<li>Smoothing cornea for ophthalmoscopic examination, <a href="#Page109">109</a></li> - -<li>Superior oblique muscle and its pulley, <a href="#Page117">117</a></li> - -<li>Staining lens, <a href="#Page57">57</a></li> - -<li>Stender dishes, <a href="#Page21">21</a></li> - -<li>Straightening retina,<span class="pagenum" id="Page131">[131]</span> <a href="#Page42">42</a>, <a href="#Page43">43</a></li> - -<li>Structure of lens, laminated, <a href="#Page55">55</a>, <a href="#Page56">56</a></li> - -<li>Superior oblique muscle, pulley of, <a href="#Page117">117</a></li> - -<li>Surface of anterior of lens, <a href="#Page55">55</a></li> -<li class="level1">of posterior of lens, <a href="#Page55">55</a></li> - -<li>Suspensory ligament, <a href="#Page55">55</a></li> - -<li class="newletter">T</li> - -<li>Tapetum lucidum, <a href="#Page45">45</a></li> - -<li>Tendinous ring of the superior oblique muscle, <a href="#Page117">117</a></li> - -<li>Tenon and ocular conjunctiva, Capsule of, <a href="#Page116">116</a></li> - -<li>Tenon’s Capsule, <a href="#Page115">115</a></li> - -<li>Text-books, <a href="#Page23">23</a>, <a href="#Page25">25</a>, <a href="#Page46">46</a>, <a href="#Page52">52</a></li> - -<li>Three tunics, removing choroid, for dissecting, <a href="#Page122">122</a></li> - -<li>Tools, <a href="#Page21">21</a></li> - -<li>Tri-radiate lines, <a href="#Page54">54</a>-<a href="#Page56">56</a></li> - -<li>Tunics, <i>in situ</i>, preparing eye for dissection to show the three, <a href="#Page120">120</a></li> -<li class="level1">preserving hyaloid and three, <a href="#Page123">123</a></li> -<li class="level1">removing the sclerotic, to show the three, <a href="#Page120">120</a></li> - -<li class="newletter">U</li> - -<li>Use of hammer and chisel, <a href="#Page99">99</a>-<a href="#Page101">101</a></li> -<li class="level1">of knitting-needles, <a href="#Page92">92</a>-<a href="#Page95">95</a></li> - -<li>Using blowpipe in forcing out vitreous, <a href="#Page78">78</a>-<a href="#Page81">81</a></li> - -<li class="newletter">V</li> - -<li>Vena vorticosa, <a href="#Page72">72</a></li> - -<li>Vertical section of the eye, <a href="#Page86">86</a></li> - -<li>Vessels of retina, blood-, <a href="#Page40">40</a>, <a href="#Page49">49</a>, <a href="#Page106">106</a></li> - -<li>Vitreous, <a href="#Page33">33</a></li> -<li class="level1">network of fibres in, <a href="#Page41">41</a>, <a href="#Page42">42</a></li> -<li class="level1">removing from anterior half, <a href="#Page49">49</a></li> -<li class="level1">removing from posterior half, <a href="#Page41">41</a></li> -<li class="level1">using blowpipe to force out, <a href="#Page78">78</a>-<a href="#Page81">81</a></li> - -<li>Vorticosa, vena, <a href="#Page72">72</a></li> - -<li class="newletter">W</li> - -<li>Window, in eye, cutting, <a href="#Page110">110</a></li> - -<li class="newletter">X</li> - -<li>Xylol, <a href="#Page59">59</a></li> - -<li class="newletter">Z</li> - -<li>Zone of Zinn, <a href="#Page36">36</a>, <a href="#Page37">37</a></li> - -<li>Zonular processes, <a href="#Page27">27</a>, <a href="#Page34">34</a></li> - -<li>Zonulii Zinii, <a href="#Page36">36</a>, <a href="#Page37">37</a></li> - -<li>Zonulœ processus, <a href="#Page34">34</a></li> - -</ul> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="tnbot" id="TN"> - -<h2>Transcriber’s Notes</h2> - -<p>Page 127, cutting window in: either in the wrong place alphabetically, or it is an error for window, cutting in.</p> - -<p>The (unusual) spellings zonuloe and zonulœ have been retained.</p> - -<p class="blankbefore75">Changes:</p> - -<p>Footnotes have been moved to the end of the chapter in which they are referenced. Illustrations have been moved out of text -paragraphs.</p> - -<p>Some obvious minor typographical and punctuation errors have been corrected silently.</p> - -<p>In some illustrations the reference letters have been accentuated.</p> - -<p>Page 11, 12: Illustration numbers added.</p> - -<p>Page 127, Gland, racemose construction: page number 114 added.</p> - -<p>Page 130: the entries iris and lens have been moved to their proper place; the entry Retin, pars ciliaris has been moved to a -separate line.</p> - -</div><!--TN--> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's Technique of Eye Dissections, by Frederic A. 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