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diff --git a/old/62636-0.txt b/old/62636-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 1eb19ae..0000000 --- a/old/62636-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,898 +0,0 @@ -Project Gutenberg's To the Person Sitting in Darkness, by Mark Twain - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll -have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using -this ebook. - - - -Title: To the Person Sitting in Darkness - -Author: Mark Twain - -Release Date: July 13, 2020 [EBook #62636] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TO THE PERSON SITTING IN DARKNESS *** - - - - -Produced by Richard Tonsing and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - - TO THE PERSON SITTING IN DARKNESS - - - BY - - MARK TWAIN - - REPRINTED BY PERMISSION FROM THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW, FEBRUARY, 1901 - - - - - TO THE PERSON SITTING IN DARKNESS. - -BY MARK TWAIN. - - -Extending the Blessings of Civilization to our Brother who Sits in -Darkness has been a good trade and has paid well, on the whole; and -there is money in it yet, if carefully worked—but not enough, in my -judgment, to make any considerable risk advisable. The People that Sit -in Darkness are getting to be too scarce—too scarce and too shy. And -such darkness as is now left is really of but an indifferent quality, -and not dark enough for the game. The most of those People that Sit in -Darkness have been furnished with more light than was good for them or -profitable for us. We have been injudicious. - -The Blessings-of-Civilization Trust, wisely and cautiously administered, -is a Daisy. There is more money in it, more territory, more sovereignty -and other kinds of emolument, than there is in any other game that is -played. But Christendom has been playing it badly of late years, and -must certainly suffer by it, in my opinion. She has been so eager to get -every stake that appeared on the green cloth, that the People who Sit in -Darkness have noticed it—they have noticed it, and have begun to show -alarm. They have become suspicious of the Blessings of Civilization. -More—they have begun to examine them. This is not well. The Blessings of -Civilization are all right, and a good commercial property; there could -not be a better, in a dim light. In the right kind of a light, and at a -proper distance, with the goods a little out of focus, they furnish this -desirable exhibit to the Gentlemen who Sit in Darkness: - -LOVE, JUSTICE, GENTLENESS, CHRISTIANITY, PROTECTION TO THE WEAK, -TEMPERANCE, LAW AND ORDER, LIBERTY, EQUALITY, HONORABLE DEALING, MERCY, -EDUCATION, - -—and so on. - -There. Is it good? Sir, it is pie. It will bring into camp any idiot -that sits in darkness anywhere. But not if we adulterate it. It is -proper to be emphatic upon that point. This brand is strictly for -Export—apparently. Apparently. Privately and confidentially, it is -nothing of the kind. Privately and confidentially, it is merely an -outside cover, gay and pretty and attractive, displaying the special -patterns of our Civilization which we reserve for Home Consumption, -while inside the bale is the Actual Thing that the Customer Sitting in -Darkness buys with his blood and tears and land and liberty. That Actual -Thing is, indeed, Civilization, but it is only for Export. Is there a -difference between the two brands? In some of the details, yes. - -We all know that the Business is being ruined. The reason is not far to -seek. It is because our Mr. McKinley, and Mr. Chamberlain, and the -Kaiser, and the Czar, and the French have been exporting the Actual -Thing with the outside cover left off. This is bad for the Game. It -shows that these new players of it are not sufficiently acquainted with -it. - -It is a distress to look on and note the mismoves, they are so strange -and so awkward. Mr. Chamberlain manufactures a war out of materials so -inadequate and so fanciful that they make the boxes grieve and the -gallery laugh, and he tries hard to persuade himself that it isn’t -purely a private raid for cash, but has a sort of dim, vague -respectability about it somewhere, if he could only find the spot; and -that, by and by, he can scour the flag clean again after he has finished -dragging it through the mud, and make it shine and flash in the vault of -heaven once more as it had shone and flashed there a thousand years in -the world’s respect until he laid his unfaithful hand upon it. It is bad -play—bad. For it exposes the Actual Thing to Them that Sit in Darkness, -and they say: “What! Christian against Christian? And only for money? Is -this a case of magnanimity, forbearance, love, gentleness, mercy, -protection of the weak—this strange and over-showy onslaught of an -elephant upon a nest of field-mice, on the pretext that the mice had -squeaked an insolence at him—conduct which ‘no self-respecting -government could allow to pass unavenged?’ as Mr. Chamberlain said. Was -that a good pretext in a small case, when it had not been a good pretext -in a large one?—for only recently Russia had affronted the elephant -three times and survived alive and unsmitten. Is this Civilization and -Progress? Is it something better than we already possess? These -harryings and burnings and desert-makings in the Transvaal—is this an -improvement on our darkness? Is it, perhaps, possible that there are two -kinds of Civilization—one for home consumption and one for the heathen -market?” - -Then They that Sit in Darkness are troubled, and shake their heads; and -they read this extract from a letter of a British private, recounting -his exploits in one of Methuen’s victories, some days before the affair -of Magersfontein, and they are troubled again: - - “We tore up the hill and into the intrenchments, and the Boers saw - we had them; so they dropped their guns and went down on their knees - and put up their hands clasped, and begged for mercy. And we gave it - them—_with the long spoon_.” - -The long spoon is the bayonet. See _Lloyd’s Weekly_, London, of those -days. The same number—and the same column—contains some quite -unconscious satire in the form of shocked and bitter upbraidings of the -Boers for their brutalities and inhumanities! - -Next to our heavy damage, the Kaiser went to playing the game without -first mastering it. He lost a couple of missionaries in a riot in -Shantung, and in his account he made an overcharge for them. China had -to pay a hundred thousand dollars apiece for them, in money; twelve -miles of territory, containing several millions of inhabitants and worth -twenty million dollars, and to build a monument and also a Christian -Church; whereas the people of China could have been depended upon to -remember the missionaries without the help of these expensive memorials. -This was all bad play. Bad, because it would not, and could not, and -will not now or ever, deceive the Person Sitting in Darkness. He knows -that it was an overcharge. He knows that a missionary is like any other -man; he is worth merely what you can supply his place for, and no more. -He is useful, but so is a doctor, so is a sheriff, so is an editor; but -a just Emperor does not charge war-prices for such. A diligent, -intelligent, but obscure missionary, and a diligent, intelligent country -editor are worth much, and we know it; but they are not worth the earth. -We esteem such an editor, and we are sorry to see him go; but, when he -goes, we should consider twelve miles of territory, and a church, and a -fortune, over-compensation for his loss. I mean, if he was a Chinese -editor, and we had to settle for him. It is no proper figure for an -editor or a missionary; one can get shop-worn kings for less. It was bad -play on the Kaiser’s part. It got this property, true; but it _produced -the Chinese revolt_, the indignant uprising of China’s traduced -patriots, the Boxers. The results have been expensive to Germany, and to -the other Disseminators of Progress and the Blessings of Civilization. - -The Kaiser’s claim was paid, yet it was bad play, for it could not fail -to have an evil effect upon Persons Sitting in Darkness in China. They -would muse upon the event, and be likely to say: “Civilization is -gracious and beautiful, for such is its reputation; but can we afford -it? There are rich Chinamen, perhaps they could afford it; but this tax -is not laid upon them, it is laid upon the peasants of Shantung; it is -they that must pay this mighty sum, and their wages are but four cents a -day. Is this a better civilization than ours, and holier and higher and -nobler? Is not this rapacity? Is not this extortion? Would Germany -charge America two hundred thousand dollars for two missionaries, and -shake the mailed fist in her face, and send warships, and send soldiers, -and say: ‘Seize twelve miles of territory, worth twenty millions of -dollars, as additional pay for the missionaries; and make those peasants -build a monument to the missionaries, and a costly Christian church to -remember them by?’ And later would Germany say to her soldiers: ‘March -through America and slay, _giving no quarter_; make the German face -there, as has been our Hun-face here, a terror for a thousand years; -march through the Great Republic and slay, slay, slay, carving a road -for our offended religion through its heart and bowels?’ Would Germany -do like this to America, to England, to France, to Russia? Or only to -China the helpless—imitating the elephant’s assault upon the field-mice? -Had we better invest in this Civilization—this Civilization which called -Napoleon a buccaneer for carrying off Venice’s bronze horses, but which -steals our ancient astronomical instruments from our walls, and goes -looting like common bandits—that is, all the alien soldiers except -America’s; and (Americans again excepted) storms frightened villages and -cables the result to glad journals at home every day: ‘Chinese losses, -450 killed; ours, _one officer and two men wounded_. Shall proceed -against neighboring village to-morrow, where a _massacre_ is reported.’ -Can we afford Civilization?” - -And, next, Russia must go and play the game injudiciously. She affronts -England once or twice—with the Person Sitting in Darkness observing and -noting; by moral assistance of France and Germany, she robs Japan of her -hard-earned spoil, all swimming in Chinese blood—Port Arthur—with the -Person again observing and noting; then she seizes Manchuria, raids its -villages, and chokes its great rivers with the swollen corpses of -countless massacred peasants—that astonished Person still observing and -noting. And perhaps he is saying to himself: “It is yet _another_ -Civilized Power, with its banner of the Prince of Peace in one hand and -its loot-basket and its butcher-knife in the other. Is there no -salvation for us but to adopt Civilization and lift ourselves down to -its level?” - -And by and by comes America, and our Master of the Game plays it -badly—plays it as Mr. Chamberlain was playing it in South Africa. It was -a mistake to do that; also, it was one which was quite unlooked for in a -Master who was playing it so well in Cuba. In Cuba, he was playing the -usual and regular _American_ game, and it was winning, for there is no -way to beat it. The Master, contemplating Cuba, said: “Here is an -oppressed and friendless little nation which is willing to fight to be -free; we go partners, and put up the strength of seventy million -sympathizers, and the resources of the United States: play!” Nothing but -Europe combined could call that hand: and Europe cannot combine on -anything. There, in Cuba, he was following our great traditions in a way -which made us very proud of him, and proud of the deep dissatisfaction -which his play was provoking in Continental Europe. Moved by a high -inspiration, he threw out those stirring words which proclaimed that -forcible annexation would be “criminal aggression;” and in that -utterance fired another “shot heard round the world.” The memory of that -fine saying will be outlived by the remembrance of no act of his but -one—that he forgot it within the twelvemonth, and its honorable gospel -along with it. - -For, presently, came the Philippine temptation. It was strong; it was -too strong, and he made that bad mistake: he played the European game, -the Chamberlain game. It was a pity; it was a great pity, that error; -that one grievous error, that irrevocable error. For it was the very -place and time to play the American game again. And at no cost. Rich -winnings to be gathered in, too; rich and permanent; indestructible; a -fortune transmissible forever to the children of the flag. Not land, not -money, not dominion—no, something worth many times more than that dross: -our share, the spectacle of a nation of long harassed and persecuted -slaves set free through our influence; our posterity’s share, the golden -memory of that fair deed. The game was in our hands. If it had been -played according to the American rules, Dewey would have sailed away -from Manila as soon as he had destroyed the Spanish fleet—after putting -up a sign on shore guaranteeing foreign property and life against damage -by the Filipinos, and warning the Powers that interference with the -emancipated patriots would be regarded as an act unfriendly to the -United States. The Powers cannot combine, in even a bad cause, and the -sign would not have been molested. - -Dewey could have gone about his affairs elsewhere, and left the -competent Filipino army to starve out the little Spanish garrison and -send it home, and the Filipino citizens to set up the form of government -they might prefer, and deal with the friars and their doubtful -acquisitions according to Filipino ideas of fairness and justice—ideas -which have since been tested and found to be of as high an order as any -that prevail in Europe or America. - -But we played the Chamberlain game, and lost the chance to add another -Cuba and another honorable deed to our good record. - -The more we examine the mistake, the more clearly we perceive that it is -going to be bad for the Business. The Person Sitting in Darkness is -almost sure to say: “There is something curious about this—curious and -unaccountable. There must be two Americas: one that sets the captive -free, and one that takes a once-captive’s new freedom away from him, and -picks a quarrel with him with nothing to found it on; then kills him to -get his land.” - -The truth is, the Person Sitting in Darkness is saying things like that; -and for the sake of the Business we must persuade him to look at the -Philippine matter in another and healthier way. We must arrange his -opinions for him. I believe it can be done; for Mr. Chamberlain has -arranged England’s opinion of the South African matter, and done it most -cleverly and successfully. He presented the facts—some of the facts—and -showed those confiding people what the facts meant. He did it -statistically, which is a good way. He used the formula: “Twice 2 are -14, and 2 from 9 leaves 35.” Figures are effective; figures will -convince the elect. - -Now, my plan is a still bolder one than Mr. Chamberlain’s, though -apparently a copy of it. Let us be franker than Mr. Chamberlain; let us -audaciously present the whole of the facts, shirking none, then explain -them according to Mr. Chamberlain’s formula. This daring truthfulness -will astonish and dazzle the Person Sitting in Darkness, and he will -take the Explanation down before his mental vision has had time to get -back into focus. Let us say to him: - -“Our case is simple. On the 1st of May, Dewey destroyed the Spanish -fleet. This left the Archipelago in the hands of its proper and rightful -owners, the Filipino nation. Their army numbered 30,000 men, and they -were competent to whip out or starve out the little Spanish garrison; -then the people could set up a government of their own devising. Our -traditions required that Dewey should now set up his warning sign, and -go away. But the Master of the Game happened to think of another -plan—the European plan. He acted upon it. This was, to send out an -army—ostensibly to help the native patriots put the finishing touch upon -their long and plucky struggle for independence, but really to take -their land away from them and keep it. That is, in the interest of -Progress and Civilization. The plan developed, stage by stage, and quite -satisfactorily. We entered into a military alliance with the trusting -Filipinos, and they hemmed in Manila on the land side, and by their -valuable help the place, with its garrison of 8,000 or 10,000 Spaniards, -was captured—a thing which we could not have accomplished unaided at -that time. We got their help by—by ingenuity. We knew they were fighting -for their independence, and that they had been at it for two years. We -knew they supposed that we also were fighting in their worthy cause—just -as we had helped the Cubans fight for Cuban independence—and we allowed -them to go on thinking so. _Until Manila was ours and we could get along -without them._ Then we showed our hand. Of course, they were -surprised—that was natural; surprised and disappointed; disappointed and -grieved. To them it looked un-American; un-characteristic; foreign to -our established traditions. And this was natural, too; for we were only -playing the American Game in public—in private it was the European. It -was neatly done, very neatly, and it bewildered them so they could not -understand it; for we had been so friendly—so affectionate, even—with -those simple-minded patriots! We, our own selves, had brought back -out of exile their leader, their hero, their hope, their -Washington—Aguinaldo; brought him in a warship, in high honor, under the -sacred shelter and hospitality of the flag; brought him back and -restored him to his people, and got their moving and eloquent gratitude -for it. Yes, we had been so friendly to them, and had heartened them up -in so many ways! We had lent them guns and ammunition; advised with -them; exchanged pleasant courtesies with them; placed our sick and -wounded in their kindly care; entrusted our Spanish prisoners to their -humane and honest hands; fought shoulder to shoulder with them against -“the common enemy” (our own phrase); praised their courage, praised -their gallantry, praised their mercifulness, praised their fine and -honorable conduct; borrowed their trenches, borrowed strong positions -which they had previously captured from the Spaniards; petted them, lied -to them—officially proclaiming that our land and naval forces came to -give them their freedom and displace the bad Spanish Government—fooled -them, used them until we needed them no longer; then derided the sucked -orange and threw it away. We kept the positions which we had beguiled -them of; by and by, we moved a force forward and overlapped patriot -ground—a clever thought, for we needed trouble, and this would produce -it. A Filipino soldier, crossing the ground, where no one had a right to -forbid him, was shot by our sentry. The badgered patriots resented this -with arms, without waiting to know whether Aguinaldo, who was absent, -would approve or not. Aguinaldo did not approve; but that availed -nothing. What we wanted, in the interest of Progress and Civilization, -was the Archipelago, unencumbered by patriots struggling for -independence; and the War was what we needed. We clinched our -opportunity. It is Mr. Chamberlain’s case over again—at least in its -motive and intention; and we played the game as adroitly as he played it -himself.” - -At this point in our frank statement of fact to the Person Sitting in -Darkness, we should throw in a little trade-taffy about the Blessings of -Civilization—for a change, and for the refreshment of his spirit—then go -on with our tale: - -“We and the patriots having captured Manila, Spain’s ownership -of the Archipelago and her sovereignty over it were at an -end—obliterated—annihilated—not a rag or shred of either remaining -behind. It was then that we conceived the divinely humorous idea of -_buying_ both of these spectres from Spain! [It is quite safe to confess -this to the Person Sitting in Darkness, since neither he nor any other -sane person will believe it.] In buying those ghosts for twenty -millions, we also contracted to take care of the friars and their -accumulations. I think we also agreed to propagate leprosy and smallpox, -but as to this there is doubt. But it is not important; persons -afflicted with the friars do not mind the other diseases. - -“With our treaty ratified, Manila subdued, and our Ghosts secured, we -had no further use for Aguinaldo and the owners of the Archipelago. We -forced a war, and we have been hunting America’s guest and ally through -the woods and swamps ever since.” - -At this point in the tale, it will be well to boast a little of our -war-work and our heroisms in the field, so as to make our performance -look as fine as England’s in South Africa; but I believe it will not be -best to emphasize this too much. We must be cautious. Of course, we must -read the war-telegrams to the Person, in order to keep up our frankness; -but we can throw an air of humorousness over them, and that will modify -their grim eloquence a little, and their rather indiscreet exhibitions -of gory exultation. Before reading to him the following display heads of -the dispatches of November 18, 1900, it will be well to practice on them -in private first, so as to get the right tang of lightness and gaiety -into them: - - “ADMINISTRATION WEARY OF PROTRACTED HOSTILITIES!” - - “REAL WAR AHEAD FOR FILIPINO REBELS!”[1] - - “WILL SHOW NO MERCY!” - - “KITCHENER’S PLAN ADOPTED!” - -Footnote 1: - - “Rebels!” Mumble that funny word—don’t let the Person catch it - distinctly. - -Kitchener knows how to handle disagreeable people who are fighting for -their homes and their liberties, and we must let on that we are merely -imitating Kitchener, and have no national interest in the matter, -further than to get ourselves admired by the Great Family of Nations, in -which august company our Master of the Game has bought a place for us in -the back row. - -Of course, we must not venture to ignore our General MacArthur’s -reports—oh, why do they keep on printing those embarrassing things?—we -must drop them trippingly from the tongue and take the chances: - -“During the last ten months our losses have been 268 killed and 750 -wounded; Filipino loss, _three thousand two hundred and twenty-seven -killed_, and 694 wounded.” - -We must stand ready to grab the Person Sitting in Darkness, for he will -swoon away at this confession, saying: “Good God, those ‘niggers’ spare -their wounded, and the Americans massacre theirs!” - -We must bring him to, and coax him and coddle him, and assure him that -the ways of Providence are best, and that it would not become us to find -fault with them; and then, to show him that we are only imitators, not -originators, we must read the following passage from the letter of an -American soldier-lad in the Philippines to his mother, published in -_Public Opinion_, of Decorah, Iowa, describing the finish of a -victorious battle: - -“WE NEVER LEFT ONE ALIVE. IF ONE WAS WOUNDED, WE WOULD RUN OUR BAYONETS -THROUGH HIM.” - -Having now laid all the historical facts before the Person Sitting in -Darkness, we should bring him to again, and explain them to him. We -should say to him: - -“They look doubtful, but in reality they are not. There have been -lies; yes, but they were told in a good cause. We have been -treacherous; but that was only in order that real good might come out -of apparent evil. True, we have crushed a deceived and confiding -people; we have turned against the weak and the friendless who trusted -us; we have stamped out a just and intelligent and well-ordered -republic; we have stabbed an ally in the back and slapped the face of -a guest; we have bought a Shadow from an enemy that hadn’t it to sell; -we have robbed a trusting friend of his land and his liberty; we have -invited our clean young men to shoulder a discredited musket and do -bandit’s work under a flag which bandits have been accustomed to fear, -not to follow; we have debauched America’s honor and blackened her -face before the world; but each detail was for the best. We know this. -The Head of every State and Sovereignty in Christendom and ninety per -cent. of every legislative body in Christendom, including our Congress -and our fifty State Legislatures, are members not only of the church, -but also of the Blessings-of-Civilization Trust. This world-girdling -accumulation of trained morals, high principles, and justice, cannot -do an unright thing, an unfair thing, an ungenerous thing, an unclean -thing. It knows what it is about. Give yourself no uneasiness; it is -all right.” - -Now then, that will convince the Person. You will see. It will restore -the Business. Also, it will elect the Master of the Game to the vacant -place in the Trinity of our national gods; and there on their high -thrones the Three will sit, age after age, in the people’s sight, each -bearing the Emblem of his service: Washington, the Sword of the -Liberator; Lincoln, the Slave’s Broken Chains; the Master, the Chains -Repaired. - -It will give the Business a splendid new start. You will see. - -Everything is prosperous, now; everything is just as we should wish it. -We have got the Archipelago, and we shall never give it up. Also, we -have every reason to hope that we shall have an opportunity before very -long to slip out of our Congressional contract with Cuba and give her -something better in the place of it. It is a rich country, and many of -us are already beginning to see that the contract was a sentimental -mistake. But now—right now—is the best time to do some profitable -rehabilitating work—work that will set us up and make us comfortable, -and discourage gossip. We cannot conceal from ourselves that, privately, -we are a little troubled about our uniform. It is one of our prides; it -is acquainted with honor; it is familiar with great deeds and noble; we -love it, we revere it; and so this errand it is on makes us uneasy. And -our flag—another pride of ours, our chiefest! We have worshipped it so; -and when we have seen it in far lands—glimpsing it unexpectedly in that -strange sky, waving its welcome and benediction to us—we have caught our -breath and uncovered our heads, and couldn’t speak, for a moment, for -the thought of what it was to us and the great ideals it stood for. -Indeed, we _must_ do something about these things: we must not have the -flag out there, and the uniform. They are not needed there; we can -manage in some other way. England manages, as regards the uniform, and -so can we. We have to send soldiers—we can’t get out of that—but we can -disguise them. It is the way England does in South Africa. Even Mr. -Chamberlain himself takes pride in England’s honorable uniform, and -makes the army down there wear an ugly and odious and appropriate -disguise, of yellow stuff such as quarantine flags are made of, and -which are hoisted to warn the healthy away from unclean disease and -repulsive death. This cloth is called khaki. We could adopt it. It is -light, comfortable, grotesque, and deceives the enemy, for he cannot -conceive of a soldier being concealed in it. - -And as for a flag for the Philippine Province, it is easily managed. We -can have a special one—our States do it: we can have just our usual -flag, with the white stripes painted black and the stars replaced by the -skull and cross-bones. - -And we do not need that Civil Commission out there. Having no powers, it -has to invent them, and that kind of work cannot be effectively done by -just anybody; an expert is required. Mr. Croker can be spared. We do not -want the United States represented there, but only the Game. - -By help of these suggested amendments, Progress and Civilization in that -country can have a boom, and it will take in the Persons who are Sitting -in Darkness, and we can resume Business at the old stand. - - MARK TWAIN. - - - * * * * * - -For copies, address the Anti-Imperialist League of New York, 150 Nassau -St., Room 1520. Please enclose postage. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES - - - 1. Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling. - 2. Archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings retained as printed. - 3. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_. - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's To the Person Sitting in Darkness, by Mark Twain - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TO THE PERSON SITTING IN DARKNESS *** - -***** This file should be named 62636-0.txt or 62636-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/2/6/3/62636/ - -Produced by Richard Tonsing and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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