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diff --git a/old/62784-0.txt b/old/62784-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index e8afc96..0000000 --- a/old/62784-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1081 +0,0 @@ -Project Gutenberg's Oration: The American Mind, by Charles W. Lyons - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Oration: The American Mind - -Author: Charles W. Lyons - -Contributor: C. W. Ernst - -Release Date: July 30, 2020 [EBook #62784] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ORATION: THE AMERICAN MIND *** - - - - -Produced by Charlene Taylor, David E. Brown, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - - - - - -[Illustration: C. W. Lyons S. J.] - - - - - ORATION - - THE AMERICAN MIND - - BY - - REV. CHARLES W. LYONS, S. J. - - DELIVERED BEFORE THE CITY GOVERNMENT AND CITIZENS OF BOSTON - IN FANEUIL HALL, ON THE ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY-SEVENTH - ANNIVERSARY OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE - OF THESE UNITED STATES, JULY 4, 1923 - - [Illustration] - - CITY OF BOSTON - PRINTING DEPARTMENT - 1923 - - - - -THE AMERICAN MIND. - -FOURTH OF JULY ORATION, 1923. - -BY REV. CHARLES W. LYONS, S. J. - - -In the evolution of any life, whether it be that of an individual or -of that corporate moral union we know as society, there are times -when it seems fitting and proper to pause from the whirl of incessant -activities, turn aside from accustomed line of thought, and let the -mind run sweetly and lovingly over a treasured past. - -And today our beloved country, in the fulness of her achievement, with -the memories of one hundred and forty-seven years, one hundred and -forty-seven golden years, lived only that her children might grow, -as from eternity the Creator had destined them to grow, in the full -security of rights that are inalienable. - -Today our beloved country turns to us children of a later generation -and pleads that we follow this generous impulse of nature, and tarry -for the moment, while she lives over again the thoughts and emotions -and heroic sacrifices that gave her birth. - -They were not new thoughts or unknown emotions. As John Quincy Adams -so well remarked in his scholarly discourse on the Jubilee of the -Constitution: “The Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of -the United States are parts of one constant whole, founded upon one -and the same theory of government, then new not as a theory, for it -had been working itself into the mind of man for many ages, but it had -never before been adopted by a great nation.” - -Moses, as narrated in Deuteronomy, had charged the judges in Israel: -“There shall be no difference of persons; you shall hear the little as -well as the great; neither shall you respect any man’s person, because -it is the judgment of God.” - -Aristotle had taught that, “the State is not merely an institution for -repressing vice, but a necessary formation for the full development of -humanity.” - -In the Magna Charter the germ of true liberty and equality is seen in -the pledges of the king to his people: “We will not set forth against -any freeman, nor send against him, unless by the lawful judgment of his -peers and by the law of the land; to no one will we sell, to no one -will we refuse or delay right or justice.” - -The mediæval councils, the military orders, the guilds, followed -centuries after by the contract of the Pilgrim Fathers made in the -cabin of the “Mayflower” in which they “covenanted and combined -themselves into a civil body politic for their better order and -preservation,” as well as the charters of the Providence Plantations, -of Virginia, and of Maryland, had accustomed the people to joint action -of mutual compact and deliberate agreement in defense of liberty and -justice which, after all, is the mother of democracy. - -While the schoolmen, with scarcely an exception, as Sidwick tells us, -taught that, “governments derive their just powers from the consent of -the governed.” - -“Every constitution,” says Nicholas of Cusa, three and a half centuries -before the Declaration of Independence, “is rooted in natural law and -cannot be valid if it contradicts it.” - -“Since all are free by nature,” he continues, “all government, whether -by written law or a prince, is based solely on the agreement and -consent of the subject. For if by nature men are equally powerful and -free, true and ordered power in the hands of one can be established -only by the election and consent of the others, just as law also is -established by consent.” - -“It is clear, therefore,” he adds, “that the binding validity of all -constitutions is based on tacit and expressed agreement and consent.” - -And although Elizabeth had asserted in 1585 that “kings and princes -sovereign owe their homage and service only to Almighty God,” and James -defended the Divine Right of Kings, and the University of Cambridge, -in its address to Charles II, had declared that they believed and -maintained that “our kings derive not their title from the people -but from God,” “Defenders of Liberty” were not wanting, Bellarmine -declaring boldly, as Sir Robert Filmer tells us, that “secular or civil -power is instituted by men; it is in the people unless they bestow it -on a prince. This power is immediately in the whole multitude as in -the subject of it. For this power is in the Divine Law, but the Divine -Law hath given this power to no particular men; if the positive law be -taken away, there is left no reason why amongst a multitude (who are -equal) one rather than another should bear rule over the rest. Power is -given by the multitude to one man or to more by the same law of nature; -for the commonwealth cannot exercise this power, therefore it is bound -to bestow it upon some one man or some few. It depends upon the consent -of the multitude to ordain over themselves a king or consul or other -magistrates. And if there be a lawful cause, the multitude may change -the kingdom into an aristocracy or democracy.” - -These thoughts and emotions, expressed and re-expressed by the writers, -philosophers and political leaders of their day, had seeped down -through the ages unactuated, mere themes for academic speculation, -until they filtered into the minds and souls of those simple, yet truly -great men, who, in signing the Declaration of Independence, gave birth -to the nation we so rightfully cherish and so lovingly serve. - -In a letter to his friend Henry Lee, dated May 8, 1825, Jefferson, as -if in confirmation of what we have just held, notes that the object of -the Declaration of Independence was “not to find out new principles, -or new arguments, never before thought of, not merely to say things -which had never before been said; but to place before mankind the -common sense of the subject in terms so plain and firm as to command -their assent and to justify ourselves in the independent stand we -are compelled to take. Neither aiming at originality of principle or -sentiment, nor yet copied from any particular or previous writing, it -was intended to be an expression of the _American mind_, and to give to -that expression the proper tone and spirit called for by the occasion. -All its authority rests then on the harmonizing sentiments of the day, -whether expressed in conversation, in letters, printed essays, or in -the elementary books of public right, as Aristotle, Cicero, Locke, -Sidney, etc.” - -What, then, was this American mind, that, amid problems vexed and -theories varied, had sifted the wisdom and folly of the past, -discerning the true from the false, the good from the evil, and “of -which,” Jefferson was pleased to say, “the Declaration of Independence -was intended to be an expression?” And what, again, was “the proper -tone and spirit called for by the occasion” that the Declaration of -Independence was to give to this expression of the American mind? - -If we look more closely at the type of men whose united action founded -our nation the answer to this question will not be far to seek. They, -like many of us here today, were either immigrants or the immediate -descendants of immigrants. They differed in origin, in education, -in race, and in creed. They had the traditions, the affections, the -prejudices of their times and of their peoples. Yet in common they -had left home and country, led on by a vision or an ideal that made a -fitting basis for the union that was to come. They would break away -from an effete civilization; they would start life anew, freed from the -tyranny of unjust laws; they would enjoy liberty to worship their God -according to the dictates of their own conscience; they would exercise, -without unwarranted interference, their natural and inalienable right -to the pursuit of happiness. - -Crossing, as they did, the same unknown seas, buffeted by the -same winds and waves, coming to the same uncultivated, though not -inhospitable shores, their difficulties, their interests, their common -foe, drew them together in mutual helpfulness, in united enterprise, -and in common defense. - -Thus they came to know one another; thus they learned to bear with -one another; thus they grew to love one another; and understanding, -and tolerance, and brotherly love developed the American mind. So -that, when the occasion arose, in proper tone and spirit, it expressed -itself in the immortal Declaration of Independence that solved the -speculative problems of the past, secured full enjoyment of liberty for -its people, and gave hope and inspiration to all mankind and for all -time. - -And shall we mar the beauty of her gift? Shall we, forgetting our -common interests, our common enterprises, our common foes, destroy the -unity of purpose and of action that is essential for individual and -national prosperity? Shall we, by misunderstanding, by intolerance -and hatred, sully the luster of our heritage, breaking the bondage of -brotherhood? - -Ours is a most responsible trust. We must hand it down to posterity -sacred and intact. Capital must make truce with labor; labor must make -pact with capital; each must measure even in the scales of justice. The -rights--inalienable rights--of man to life, liberty and the pursuit -of happiness, must not be infringed. The rights--natural and civic -rights--of property must not be denied. Class prejudices, racial pride, -assumed superiority, must be dislodged from the minds of men, that -justice may function and equality and the dignity of human nature be -sustained. - -The home must be safeguarded, and its sanctity preserved, that our -children be protected and grow--as nature destined them to grow--in -wisdom and grace before God and man. - -The school--the private and the public school--free as speech and the -press are free--must be encouraged that our citizens may understand -the Constitution and our laws, and in the full development of their -intellectual faculties realize the burdens as well as the privileges of -representative government. - -The church, the House of God, must have its place of respect, that our -children may continue moral and grow in reverence for authority and for -the divine and human law. - -As Hamilton wrote to Washington, on the occasion of his farewell -address: “In all those dispositions which promote political happiness, -religion and morality are essential props.” - -This, I take it, is the message our beloved country would send to us -today. That we be men of _American mind_, the mind that expressed -itself in the Declaration of Independence, the mind that was born of -understanding, tolerance, and brotherly love, the mind that didn’t -hesitate to say, in the closing words of the great document that gave -to us our nation, “For the support of this declaration, with a firm -reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to -each other our lives, our fortunes and our sacred honor.” - - - - - A LIST - OF - BOSTON MUNICIPAL ORATORS. - - BY C. W. ERNST. - - - - -BOSTON ORATORS - -APPOINTED BY THE MUNICIPAL AUTHORITIES. - - -_For the Anniversary of the Boston Massacre, March 5, 1770._ - - NOTE.--The Fifth of March orations were published in handsome quarto - editions, now very scarce; also collected in book form in 1785 and - again in 1807. The oration of 1776 was delivered in Watertown. - - 1771.--LOVELL, JAMES. - - 1772.--WARREN, JOSEPH.[2] - - 1773.--CHURCH, BENJAMIN.[B] - - 1774.--HANCOCK, JOHN.[A][2] - - 1775.--WARREN, JOSEPH. - - 1776.--THACHER, PETER. - - 1777.--HICHBORN, BENJAMIN. - - 1778.--AUSTIN, JONATHAN WILLIAMS. - - 1779.--TUDOR, WILLIAM. - - 1780.--MASON, JONATHAN, JUN. - - 1781.--DAWES, THOMAS, JUN. - - 1782.--MINOT, GEORGE RICHARDS. - - 1783.--WELSH, THOMAS. - - -_For the Anniversary of National Independence, July 4, 1776._ - - NOTE.--A collected edition, or a full collection, of these orations - has not been made. For the names of the orators, as officially - printed on the title pages of the orations, see the Municipal - Register of 1890. - - 1783.--WARREN, JOHN.[1] - - 1784.--HICHBORN, BENJAMIN. - - 1785.--GARDNER, JOHN. - - 1786.--AUSTIN, JONATHAN LORING. - - 1787.--DAWES, THOMAS, JUN. - - 1788.--OTIS, HARRISON GRAY. - - 1789.--STILLMAN, SAMUEL. - - 1790.--GRAY, EDWARD. - - 1791.--CRAFTS, THOMAS, JUN. - - 1792.--BLAKE, JOSEPH, JUN.[2] - - 1793.--ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY.[2] - - 1794.--PHILLIPS, JOHN. - - 1795.--BLAKE, GEORGE. - - 1796.--LATHROP, JOHN, JUN. - - 1797.--CALLENDER, JOHN. - - 1798.--QUINCY, JOSIAH.[2][3] - - 1799.--LOWELL, JOHN, JUN.[2] - - 1800.--HALL, JOSEPH. - - 1801.--PAINE, CHARLES. - - 1802.--EMERSON, WILLIAM. - - 1803.--SULLIVAN, WILLIAM. - - 1804.--DANFORTH, THOMAS.[2] - - 1805.--DUTTON, WARREN. - - 1806.--CHANNING, FRANCIS DANA.[4] - - 1807.--THACHER, PETER.[2][5] - - 1808.--RITCHIE, ANDREW, JUN.[2] - - 1809.--TUDOR, WILLIAM, JUN.[2] - - 1810.--TOWNSEND, ALEXANDER. - - 1811.--SAVAGE, JAMES.[2] - - 1812.--POLLARD, BENJAMIN.[4] - - 1813.--LIVERMORE, EDWARD ST. LOE. - - 1814.--WHITWELL, BENJAMIN. - - 1815.--SHAW, LEMUEL. - - 1816.--SULLIVAN, GEORGE.[2] - - 1817.--CHANNING, EDWARD TYRREL. - - 1818.--GRAY, FRANCIS CALLEY. - - 1819.--DEXTER, FRANKLIN. - - 1820.--LYMAN, THEODORE, JUN. - - 1821.--LORING, CHARLES GREELY.[2] - - 1822.--GRAY, JOHN CHIPMAN. - - 1823.--CURTIS, CHARLES PELHAM.[2] - - 1824.--BASSETT, FRANCIS. - - 1825.--SPRAGUE, CHARLES.[6] - - 1826.--QUINCY, JOSIAH.[7] - - 1827.--MASON, WILLIAM POWELL. - - 1828.--SUMNER, BRADFORD. - - 1829.--AUSTIN, JAMES TRECOTHICK. - - 1830.--EVERETT, ALEXANDER HILL. - - 1831.--PALFREY, JOHN GORHAM. - - 1832.--QUINCY, JOSIAH, JUN. - - 1833.--PRESCOTT, EDWARD GOLDSBOROUGH. - - 1834.--FAY, RICHARD SULLIVAN. - - 1835.--HILLARD, GEORGE STILLMAN. - - 1836.--KINSMAN, HENRY WILLIS. - - 1837.--CHAPMAN, JONATHAN. - - 1838.--WINSLOW, HUBBARD. “The Means of the Perpetuity and Prosperity - of our Republic.” - - 1839.--AUSTIN, IVERS JAMES. - - 1840.--POWER, THOMAS. - - 1841.--CURTIS, GEORGE TICKNOR.[8] “The True Uses of American - Revolutionary History.” - - 1842.--MANN, HORACE.[9] - - 1843.--ADAMS, CHARLES FRANCIS. - - 1844.--CHANDLER, PELEG WHITMAN. “The Morals of Freedom.” - - 1845.--SUMNER, CHARLES.[10] “The True Grandeur of Nations.” - - 1846.--WEBSTER, FLETCHER. - - 1847.--GARY, THOMAS GREAVES. - - 1848.--GILES, JOEL. “Practical Liberty.” - - 1849.--GREENOUGH, WILLIAM WHITWELL. “The Conquering Republic.” - - 1850.--WHIPPLE, EDWIN PERCY.[11] “Washington and the Principles of - the Revolution.” - - 1851.--RUSSELL, CHARLES THEODORE. - - 1852.--KING, THOMAS STARR. “The Organization of Liberty on the - Western Continent.”[12] - - 1853.--BIGELOW, TIMOTHY.[13] - - 1854.--STONE, ANDREW LEETE.[2] “The Struggles of American History.” - - 1855.--MINER, ALONZO AMES. - - 1856.--PARKER, EDWARD GRIFFIN. “The Lesson of ’76 to the Men of ’56.” - - 1857.--ALGER, WILLIAM ROUNSEVILLE.[14] “The Genius and Posture of - America.” - - 1858.--HOLMES, JOHN SOMERS.[2] - - 1859.--SUMNER, GEORGE.[4][15] - - 1860.--EVERETT, EDWARD. - - 1861.--PARSONS, THEOPHILUS. - - 1862.--CURTIS, THOMAS TICKNOR.[8] - - 1863.--HOLMES, OLIVER WENDELL.[16] - - 1864.--RUSSELL, THOMAS. - - 1865.--MANNING, JACOB MERRILL. “Peace under Liberty.”[2] - - 1866.--LOTHROP, SAMUEL KIRKLAND. - - 1867.--HEPWORTH, GEORGE HUGHES. - - 1868.--ELIOT, SAMUEL. “The Functions of a City.” - - 1869.--MORTON, ELLIS WESLEY. - - 1870.--EVERETT, WILLIAM. - - 1871.--SARGENT, HORACE BINNEY. - - 1872.--ADAMS, CHARLES FRANCIS, JUN. - - 1873.--WARE, JOHN FOTHERGILL WATERHOUSE. - - 1874.--FROTHINGHAM, RICHARD. - - 1875.--CLARKE, JAMES FREEMAN. “Worth of Republican Institutions.” - - 1876.--WINTHROP, ROBERT CHARLES.[17] - - 1877.--WARREN, WILLIAM WIRT. - - 1878.--HEALY, JOSEPH. - - 1879.--LODGE, HENRY CABOT. - - 1880.--SMITH, ROBERT DICKSON.[18] - - 1881.--WARREN, GEORGE WASHINGTON. “Our Republic--Liberty and Equality - Founded on Law.” - - 1882.--LONG, JOHN DAVIS. - - 1883.--CARPENTER, HENRY BERNARD. “American Character and Influence.” - - 1884.--SHEPARD, HARVEY NEWTON. - - 1885.--GARGAN, THOMAS JOHN. - - 1886.--WILLIAMS, GEORGE FREDERICK. - - 1887.--FITZGERALD, JOHN EDWARD. - - 1888.--DILLAWAY, WILLIAM EDWARD LOVELL. - - 1889.--SWIFT, JOHN LINDSAY.[19] “The American Citizen.” - - 1890.--PILLSBURY, ALBERT ENOCH. “Public Spirit.” - - 1891.--QUINCY, JOSIAH.[20] “The Coming Peace.” - - 1892.--MURPHY, JOHN ROBERT. - - 1893.--PUTNAM, HENRY WARE. “The Mission of Our People.” - - 1894.--O’NEIL, JOSEPH HENRY. - - 1895.--BERLE, ADOLPH AUGUSTUS. “The Constitution and the Citizens.” - - 1896.--FITZGERALD, JOHN FRANCIS. - - 1897.--HALE, EDWARD EVERETT. “The Contribution of Boston to American - Independence.” - - 1898.--O’CALLAGHAN, REV. DENIS. - - 1899.--MATTHEWS, NATHAN, JR. “Be Not Afraid of Greatness.” - - 1900.--O’MEARA, STEPHEN. “Progress Through Conflict.” - - 1901.--GUILD, CURTIS, JR. “Supremacy and its Conditions.” - - 1902.--CONRY, JOSEPH A. - - 1903.--MEAD, EDWIN D. “The Principles of the Founders.” - - 1904.--SULLIVAN, JOHN A. “Boston’s Past and Present. What Will Its - Future Be?” - - 1905.--COLT, LE BARON BRADFORD. “America’s Solution of the Problem of - Government.” - - 1906.--COAKLEY, TIMOTHY WILFRED. “The American Race: Its Origin, the - Fusion of Peoples; Its Aim, Fraternity.” - - 1907.--HORTON, REV. EDWARD A. “Patriotism and the Republic.” - - 1908.--HILL, ARTHUR DEHON. “The Revolution and a Problem of the - Present.” - - 1909.--SPRING, ARTHUR LANGDON. “The Growth of Patriotism.” - - 1910.--WOLFF, JAMES HARRIS. “The Building of the Republic.” - - 1911.--ELIOT, CHARLES W. “The Independence of 1776 and the Dependence - of 1911.” - - 1912.--PELLETIER, JOSEPH C. “Respect for the Law.” - - 1913.--MACFARLAND, GRENVILLE S. “A New Declaration of Independence.” - - 1914.--SUPPLE, REV. JAMES A. “Religion: The Hope of the Nation.” - - 1915.--BRANDEIS, LOUIS D. “True Americanism.” - - 1916.--CHAPPLE, JOE MITCHELL. “The New Americanism.” - - 1917.--GALLAGHER, DANIEL J. “Americans Welded by War.” - - 1918.--FAUNCE, WILLIAM H. P. “The New Meaning of Independence Day.” - - 1919.--DECOURCY, CHARLES A. “Real and Ideal American Democracy.” - - 1920.--WISEMAN, JACOB L. “America and its Vital Problem.” - - 1921.--MURLIN, DR. L. H. “Our Great American.” - - 1922.--BURKE, DR. JEREMIAH E. “Democracy and Education.” - - 1923.--LYONS, REV. CHARLES W., S. J. “The American Mind.” - - - - -FOOTNOTES: - - -[A] Reprinted in Newport, R. I., 1774, 8vo., 19 pp. - -[B] A third edition was published in 1773. - -[1] Reprinted in Warren’s Life. The orations of 1783 to 1786 were -published in large quarto; the oration of 1787 appeared in octavo; the -oration of 1788 was printed in small quarto; all succeeding orations -appeared in octavo, with the exceptions stated under 1863 and 1876. - -[2] Passed to a second edition. - -[3] Delivered another oration in 1826. Quincy’s oration of 1798 was -reprinted, also, in Philadelphia. - -[4] Not printed. - -[5] On February 26, 1811, Peter Thacher’s name was changed to Peter -Oxenbridge Thacher. (List of Persons whose Names have been Changed in -Massachusetts, 1780-1892, p. 21.) - -[6] Six editions up to 1831. Reprinted also in his Life and Letters. - -[7] Reprinted in his Municipal History of Boston. See 1798. - -[8] Delivered another oration in 1862. - -[9] There are five or more editions; only one by the City. - -[10] Passed through three editions in Boston and one in London, and was -answered in a pamphlet, Remarks upon an Oration delivered by Charles -Sumner.... July 4th, 1845. By a Citizen of Boston. See Memoir and -Letters of Charles Sumner, by Edward L. Pierce, vol. ii. 337-384. - -[11] There is a second edition. (Boston: Ticknor, Reed & Fields. 1850. -49 pp. 12^o.) - -[12] First published by the City in 1892. - -[13] This and a number of the succeeding orations, up to 1861, contain -the speeches, toasts etc., of the City dinner usually given in Faneuil -Hall on the Fourth of July. - -[14] Probably four editions were printed in 1857. (Boston: Office -Boston Daily Bee 60 pp.) Not until November 22, 1864, was Mr. Alger -asked by the City to furnish a copy for publication. He granted the -request, and the first official edition (J. E. Farwell & Co., 1864, 53 -pp.) was then issued. It lacks the interesting preface and appendix of -the early editions. - -[15] There is another edition. (Boston: Ticknor & Fields, 1859, 69 pp.) -A third (Boston: Rockwell & Churchill, 1882, 46 pp.) omits the dinner -at Faneuil Hall, the correspondence and events of the celebration. - -[16] There is a preliminary edition of twelve copies. (J. E. Farwell & -Co., 1863. (7), 71 pp.) It is “the first draft of the author’s address, -turned into larger, legible type, for the sole purpose of rendering -easier its public delivery.” It was done by “the liberality of the -City Authorities,” and is, typographically, the handsomest of these -orations. This resulted in the large-paper 75-page edition, printed -from the same type as the 71-page edition, but modified by the author. -It is printed “by order of the Common Council.” The regular edition is -in 60 pp., octavo size. - -[17] There is a large paper edition of fifty copies printed from this -type, and also an edition from the press of John Wilson & Son, 1876. 55 -pp. 8^o. - -[18] On Samuel Adams, a statue of whom, by Miss Anne Whitney, had just -been completed for the City. A photograph of the statue is added. - -[19] Contains a bibliography of Boston Fourth of July orations, from -1783 to 1889, inclusive, compiled by Lindsay Swift, of the Boston -Public Library. - -[20] Reprinted by the American Peace Society. - - - - -TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES: - - - Italicized text is surrounded by underscores: _italics_. - - Superscripted characters are preceded by a carat character: 12^o. - - Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. - - Irregularities with the footnote numbering have been corrected. - - - - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's Oration: The American Mind, by Charles W. Lyons - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ORATION: THE AMERICAN MIND *** - -***** This file should be named 62784-0.txt or 62784-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/2/7/8/62784/ - -Produced by Charlene Taylor, David E. 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