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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e326a9a --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #62959 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/62959) diff --git a/old/62959-0.txt b/old/62959-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index c167761..0000000 --- a/old/62959-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,8513 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Horse and His Rider, by Francis Bond Head - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Horse and His Rider - -Author: Francis Bond Head - -Release Date: August 17, 2020 [EBook #62959] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER *** - - - - -Produced by Julia Miller, Jana Palkova and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - - - - -Transcriber's notes: - - +Plus signs+ have been used to indicate small caps. - _underscores_ have been used to identify italics. - =equal signs= have been used to identify bold text. - - Minor punctuation errors have been corrected. - - The original book contains instances of hyphenated and - unhyphenated variants of words. These have been retained. - - - - - - THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER. - - +By SIR FRANCIS B. HEAD, Bart.+ - - - - -WORKS BY SIR FRANCIS HEAD. - - ROUGH NOTES OF JOURNEYS ACROSS THE PAMPAS AND OVER THE ANDES. - Post 8vo. 2_s._ 6_d._ - - "None of Sir Francis Head's works have achieved a greater - popularity than his Gallop across the Pampas. Written - thoroughly _con amore_, and with the easy flow of ideas - that seem, like their originator, to be swinging along - at a hand-gallop, he carries us away with him over the - boundless plains of South America, free and untrammelled as - himself."--_Frazer's Magazine, Jan. 1861._ - - DESCRIPTIVE ESSAYS. 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 18_s._ - - BUBBLES FROM THE BRUNNEN OF NASSAU. By an +Old Man+. 16mo. 5_s._ - - THE EMIGRANT. Fcap. 8vo. 2_s._ 6_d._ - - STOKERS AND POKERS; or, the London and North-Western Railway. - Post 8vo. 2_s._ 6_d._ - - DEFENCELESS STATE OF GREAT BRITAIN. Post 8vo. 12_s._ - - A FAGGOT OF FRENCH STICKS. 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 12_s._ - - A FORTNIGHT IN IRELAND. Map. 8vo. 12_s._ - - "Sir Francis Head's works are now so well known to the British - public that it is almost superfluous to criticise their merits - or their style. - - "His descriptions remind us of Hogarth. There is the same - minute attention to details, the same truthfulness of outline, - the same undercurrent of humour."--_Frazer's Magazine, Jan. - 1861._ - - -JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET. - -LONDON: PRINTED BY W. CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET, AND CHARING -CROSS. - -[Illustration: - - +the hounds are LATE to-day!+ - - FRONTISPIECE] - - - - - THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER. - - +By SIR FRANCIS B. HEAD, Bart.+ - - [Illustration] - - He grew unto his seat; - And to such wond'rous doing brought his horse, - As he had been incorps'd and demy-natur'd - With the brave beast. - - _Hamlet_, Act iv. Scene 7. - - _SECOND EDITION._ - - LONDON: - JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET. - 1861. - - _The right of Translation is reserved._ - - - - -PREFACE. - - -The writer of this little volume deems it only fair to forewarn his -readers that he is not, and never has been, an inhabitant of that -variegated region in creation commonly called "the sporting world." - -He has never bred, raced, steeple-chased, nor betted sixpence on any -colt, filly, horse, or mare. He has never seen, nor been seen by, the -Jockey-Club. He has never been on the turf. He does not belong to "the -ring." - -Nevertheless, sometimes in the performance of public -duties,--sometimes from private inclination,--sometimes for the -benefit of his health,--sometimes for recreation,--sometimes for -rumination,--sometimes to risk his life,--and more than once to save -it, he has, throughout a long and chequered career, had to do an amount -of rough-riding, a little larger than has fallen to the lot of many men. - -His observations and reflections on horses and horsemen he now ventures -to submit to that portion only of the community who, like himself, -preferring a long tether to a short one, take exercise on four legs, -instead of on two. - - - - -CONTENTS. - - - +Page+ - - +Preface+ 3 - - +Contents+ 5 - - +Preliminary Observations--The Horse+ 7 - - +Mr. Rarey's mode of subduing Horses--compared - with that practised in South America+ 16 - - +Difference between the character and conduct of - a wild horse and a tame one+ 24 - - +Horsemanship--a just seat--a light hand--their - advantages in riding, in leaping, in galloping - over rough ground, in going fast down hill, in - falling+ 28 - - +A jump into a stone-quarry--the Mameluke's leap - out of the Citadel of Cairo--Letter from Gen. - Moore, and story of his fall on horseback over - a precipice of 237 feet+ 44 - - +Mode of riding at Timber+ 51 - - +Water Jumping--Scene at a Northamptonshire - brook+ 54 - - +Different ways of Swimming a Horse+ 62 - - +Judicious Riding+ 63 - - +Use and Abuse of Spurs+ 65 - - +How to treat a Hunter in the Field+ 74 - - +How to bring a Hunter Home+ 80 - - +How to Dress for Hunting+ 89 - - +How to Eat and Drink for Hunting+ 97 - - +Difference between Leicestershire and Surrey - Hunting+ 104 - - +The Stable+ 106 - - +On Shoeing+ 114 - - +On Roughing Horses+ 119 - - +Saddles+ 121 - - +Bridles+ 126 - - +Intrinsic Value of a Horse+ 130 - - +On Shying+ 132 - - +On Singeing+ 136 - - +Meet of the Pytchley Hounds at Arthingworth to - draw Waterloo Gorse+ 143 - - +Effects created by the Sight of Hounds on Horses, - Men, Women, Children, Sheep, Lambs+ 152 - - +Cruelty of Hunting Considered+ 159 - - +The Lamb and the Fox+ 163 - - +Beneficial Results, social and pecuniary, of - Hunting+ 167 - - +Sketch of the Life and Death of Thomas Assheton - Smith+ 173 - - +On Military Horse-power+ 195 - - +On Hobbling and Anchoring Cavalry Horses+ 206 - - +On Chloroforming Horses+ 215 - - - - -[Illustration: - -MAN AND HIS RIDER. - -MODE, IN NORTHERN PARTS OF SOUTH AMERICA, OF RIDING OVER THE ANDES, ON -A RED INDIAN. - -QUERY, _which_ IS "THE SAVAGE?" - -To face page 7.] - - - - -THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER. - - - - -+The Horse.+ - - -In almost every region of the globe, not only on its surface, but at -different depths beneath it, the history of the horse is recorded. - - "Fossil remains," says Colonel Hamilton Smith in the twelfth - volume of the Naturalist's Library, "of the horse have been - found in nearly every part of the world. His teeth lie in the - Polar ice along with the bones of the Siberian mammoth; in - the Himalaya mountains with lost, and but recently obtained, - genera; in the caverns of Ireland; and, in one instance, from - Barbary, completely fossilized. His bones, accompanied by - those of the elephant, rhinoceros, tiger, and hyæna, rest by - thousands in the caves in Constadt; in Sevion at Argenteuil - with those of the mastodon; in Val d'Arno and on the borders of - the Rhine with colossal urus." - -But what is most deserving of attention is that while all the other -genera and species, found under the same conditions, have either ceased -to exist, or have removed to higher temperatures, the horse alone -has remained to the present time in the same regions, without, it -would appear, any protracted interruption; fragments of his skeleton -continuing to be traced upwards, in successive formations, to the -present surface of the earth--the land we live in. - -In like manner in history, sacred, profane, and modern, the horse is -to be found omnipresent, sharing in the conquests, in the defeats, in -the prosperity, in the adversity, in the joys, in the sorrows, in the -occupations, and in the amusements of man. - -In Genesis xlvii. 17, Moses records that the Egyptians (1729 years -before Christ), at a time when the famine was sore in the land of -Canaan, gave to Joseph their _horses_ in exchange for bread. - -Two hundred and thirty-eight years afterwards (1491 +B.C.+), six -hundred chosen chariots for nobles and generals, all the war chariots -of Egypt armed with iron to break the enemy's battalions, _the -horsemen_, and all the host of Pharaoh, in their pursuit of the -children of Israel, were overthrown in the midst of the Red Sea, so -that there remained not so much as one of them.--(Exodus, chap. xiv.) - - "Then sang Moses and the children of Israel this song unto the - Lord, and spake, saying, I will sing unto the Lord, for he has - triumphed gloriously: _the horse and his rider_ hath he thrown - into the sea."--Exodus, chap. xv. - -The Canaanites whom Joshua engaged at the waters of Merom had -_cavalry_, and a multitude of chariots drawn by _horses_. Sisera, -general of Jabin, King of Hazor, had 900 chariots of iron. Judah could -not get possession of the lands because the ancient inhabitants of the -country were strong in chariots of iron. The Philistines, in their war -against Saul, had 30,000 chariots and 6000 _horsemen_. David having -taken 1000 chariots of war from Hadadezer, King of Syria, hamstrung the -_horses_, and burned 900 chariots. During the latter periods of the -Jewish monarchy Palestine abounded in horses. - -In 1 Kings, chap, iv., it is stated that Solomon had 40,000 stalls _of -horses_ for his chariots, and 12,000 _horsemen_. - -Cyntacus, a King of Ethiopia, entered Egypt at the head of 100,000 -cavalry; and from that period to Balaklava, and from it to the last -battle in modern history, horses in greater or less numbers have shared -in the dangers of war. - -In many instances the history of an individual horse forms part -and parcel of the history of his rider: accordingly we learn that -Bucephalus (so called because his head resembled that of a bull, -Βου κεφαλος), when thirty years old, saved the life of -Alexander the Great, who, in remembrance, built a city which he called -after his name. - -We are, moreover, taught in our schools, that the Emperor C. Caligula, -as an especial honour to his favourite horse, not only created him a -high-priest and consul, but caused him to live in marble apartments, in -which he stalked about adorned with the most valuable trappings and -pearls the Roman empire could supply. - -In statuary, ancient as well as modern, the horse lives with his rider. - -On the frieze of the Temple of Minerva, in the Acropolis of Athens, at -Nineveh, and numerous other localities, are to be seen sculptured or -painted, more or less beautifully, ancient figures of men on horseback. - -In all the great cities of Europe the horse and his rider, or rather -the rider and his horse, are ornaments deemed worthy to occupy -conspicuous positions in the most important thoroughfares. Accordingly -in London, within a few hundred yards of each other, are to be seen -equestrian statues of Kings Charles I., William III., George III., and -George IV. - -Mounted on one charger, the Duke of Wellington in his cocked hat and -feathers, military cloak, sword, pistols and spurs, in all weathers, -rides triumphantly on the summit of an arch at the western end of -London, while, at the same moment, in pantaloons and shoes, without -hat, stirrups, or spurs, mounted on another charger, he appears, as a -sentinel, in front of the Bank of England, the commercial heart of the -empire. - -Among the great potentates of the earth, the coin that is most -currently used, in proffers to each other of amity and friendship, -is _a horse_. And accordingly, the Beys of Tunis, of Algiers, and -Egypt; every sovereign in Europe, including the Czar of Russia, and the -Sultan of the Turks; the Emperor of Morocco, the Kings of Persia and -Abyssinia, and other rulers of smaller name, have transmitted to the -Queen of Great Britain, with due compliments, specimens of their finest -_horses_. - -In the Life of Bruce, the Abyssinian traveller, it is recorded that -Fasil, after having assembled the leaders of the Galla tribes, said to -the noble Briton, "Now, before all these men, ask me any thing you have -at heart, and be it what it may, they know I cannot deny it to you!" -Bruce, of course, asked to be conducted immediately to the head of the -Nile. Fasil then turned to his seven chiefs, who got up. They all stood -round in a circle and raised the palms of their hands, while he and the -Galla with great apparent devotion repeated together a prayer, about a -minute long. "Now," says Fasil, "go in peace: you are a Galla. This is -a curse upon them and their children, their corn, grass, and cattle, -if ever they lift their hand against you or yours, or do not defend -you to the utmost, if attacked by others." Upon this, Bruce offered to -kiss his hand, and they all went to the door of the tent, where there -stood a very handsome grey horse. "Take this horse," said Fasil, "as -a present from me. But do not mount it yourself. Drive it before you, -saddled and bridled as it is. No man of Maitsha will touch you when he -sees _that horse_,"--which proved a magician that led him towards his -object--an Ægis that shielded him on his way. - -In like manner to the people of France, the '_Moniteur_' has just -officially made the two following announcements:-- - - "Algiers, 19th September, 1860. - - "The Emperor and Empress yesterday morning laid the first stone - of the fine boulevard which is to run along the shore. An immense - concourse of persons, both French and native, were collected, - eager to see their Majesties, and the ceremony displayed a most - picturesque character. Under the skilful direction of General - Jusuf, contingents of the Kabyle infantry and cavalry of the - three provinces, with all the Aghas and Caids at their head, had - been assembled to come and pay homage to the Emperor. After a - sham fight between the different tribes a grand fantasia took - place by from 9000 to 10,000 horsemen rushing forward at the - swiftest gallop, and discharging their firearms before their - Majesties' tent; afterwards a magnificent charge was given by - twelve squadrons of Spahis, crossing the plain like a hurricane; - then followed tilting matches, gazelle, ostrich, and falcon - hunts; a grand filing-off of the Touaregs, with their faces - veiled, and mounted on their camels; and of the Chambaas, those - inhabitants of the depths of the Desert, and the future carriers - of French commerce into the Soudan. After, in short, one of the - most splendid spectacles that could be imagined, all the Goums, - forming an immense line of battle, advanced majestically, with - banners displayed and muskets held high in the air, towards - the eminence on which the Emperor's tent had been pitched. The - chiefs, clad in the richest burnous, alighted from their steeds - and came in a body to present _the horse of homage_, caparisoned - with gold, and thus perform an act of submission to the Sovereign - of France. At this moment, rendered solemn by the beauty of the - scene and the warlike appearance of the various tribes whose long - resistance has given glory to the French arms, the Emperor could - not prevent himself from giving way to visible emotion. The Bey - of Tunis was present at this grand solemnity." - - "Paris, 28th September, 1860. - - "General Count Pierre Schouvaloff, Grand Master of Police at - St. Petersburg, and his brother, Count Paul Schouvaloff, both - aides-de-camp to the Emperor of Russia, were received the day - before yesterday by the Emperor Napoleon, and had the honour - of presenting to his Majesty four horses, sent as a present - by the Emperor Alexander. These fine animals, which have been - accompanied to Paris by a veterinary surgeon, four hussars, and - a non-commissioned officer of the Imperial Guard, are of the - celebrated Orloff race, and come from the Imperial breeding stud - at Chrenovsky. They were selected from among a great number by - the Czar himself; and during the two mouths that their journey - from the very heart of Russia has occupied, they have been the - objects of the greatest care. His Majesty greatly admired the - beauty, strength, and symmetry of _the horses_, and expressed - to the Counts Schouvaloff how gratified he felt at a mark of - attention which showed the friendly relations existing between - the two Sovereigns." - -In war, the value of these noble animals to man is well described by -Shakspeare's thrilling exclamation of King Richard-- - - "_A horse! a horse!_ my kingdom for _a horse_!" - -In like manner, in civil life, how often has the schoolboy, who in his -infancy had clutched with ecstasy his toy--a little spotted horse on -wheels--felt that he would give his birthright for _a pony_! - -On his arriving at Oxford or Cambridge, how often has the -undergraduate, for the professed purposes of application and -recreation, submitted to his parents or guardians a supplication for -those three stereotyped wants of college life, "a little money, a -private tutor, and _a horse_!" Afterwards, in his manhood, and even -in his old age, how often has the Prime Minister of England, during a -most important debate, risen from his seat in Parliament to propose to -the legion of senators around him "that this House shall adjourn from -Tuesday to Thursday," for the well known object (acknowledged by "loud -and protracted cheering") of enabling _himself_, those who surround -him, and everybody else, "to go to the Derby," to purchase "_Dorling's -correct card of the names of the =+HORSES+=, and the colours of their_ -+RIDERS+!" - -Among our leading statesmen, how many, as patrons of the turf, have -purchased for several thousand guineas--_a horse_! How many, including -Pitt, Fox, Lord Althorp, Lord Derby, Lord Palmerston, Sir Francis -Burdett, &c., &c., have been ardent followers of hounds! - -Her Majesty Queen Victoria and the Emperor Napoleon III. each keep a -pack of stag-hounds; the Prince Consort, a pack of harriers. During -the Peninsular war, and again while commanding the army of occupation -in France, the Duke of Wellington, besides fighting and writing, -maintained either a pack of fox-hounds or boar-hounds.[A] George III. -was strongly attached to hunting; his great grandson, the Prince of -Wales, "loves it better still." - -In all our streets, in our fields, in our highways and bye-ways, -along the surface of merry England, and across it; under ground in -coal-mines; revolving in a mill;--in short, in every direction, and -wherever we go, we see before us--sometimes as man's companion, -sometimes as his servant, sometimes as his slave, and occasionally as -his master--_the horse_, respecting which and his rider we will now, -without further preamble, venture to offer to our readers the few -following remarks. - -[Footnote A: About 44 years ago a Frenchwoman, the proprietor of a -small farm, showed us, as a great curiosity, a "billet de logement," -which had been inflicted upon her, of which the following is a -translated copy:-- - - "The widow ---- will lodge for one night fifty-four dogs." [The - Duke of Wellington's hounds just arrived from England.] - - (Signed) ----, - "Mayor." - -"Imaginez-vous donc," exclaimed the poor old lady, uplifting her eyes -and the palms of both hands; "Imaginez-vous donc--cinquante-quatre -chiens!!"] - - - - -+Mr. Rarey's Mode of Subduing Horses.+ - - -It is a singular fact, that although England produces the finest -horses in the world, and though the English people have always fancied -they understood their management better than any other nation, yet, -lately, not only have we all been astonished by the superior knowledge -on this subject of a trans-Atlantic cousin, but what is still more -surprising, our sporting men have rushed forwards to pay to Mr. Rarey -no less a sum than about 15,000_l._ for exhibiting to them a system -of horse-breaking, the philosophy of which is based upon a few simple -facts, which, although unreflected on, have ever been lying close -before our eyes. - -Of all animals in creation, there is no one we should all of us be so -very sorry to lose as the horse. In peace and in war, on burning sands -under the equator, or on eternal snow in the frigid zone, for pleasure -or for business, well fed or starving, he is always not only ready, but -eager, to the utmost of his strength, to serve a master, but too often -inconsiderate, ungrateful to him, and unjust. As soon as his courage is -excited, no fall, bruise, blow, or wound, that does not paralyse the -mechanism of his limbs, will stop him; indeed, with his upper and lower -jaw shot away, and with the skin dangling in ribands, we have seen him -cantering, apparently careless and unconscious of his state, alongside -of the horse artillery gun from which he had just been cut adrift. - -But although in the hunting-field, on the race-course, or in harness, a -horse will generally, from sheer pluck, go till he drops, yet, whenever -he encounters physical strength greater than his own, our hero all of a -sudden acts like an arrant coward. - -For instance, in the mail, it apparently matters not to the spirit of -the horses whether there be one passenger or six--light bags or heavy -ones; on the contrary, the greater the weight, the more eagerly do they -strain to force it to follow them. The faster they are allowed to go, -the harder do they pull, until, if the reins were to break, they would -enjoy the opportunity by running away, not as in the days of Phaeton -with the chariot of the sun, but with say a ton and a half, of they -know not what, at their heels. And yet, if on the following day the -same high-flying, high-spirited, high-mettled horses were to be hooked -to a sturdy living oak tree, after two or three ineffectual snatches -to move it, no amount of punishment would be sufficient to induce -them to go to the end of their traces; in short, to use a well-known -expression, they would all "_jib_." Again, if a horse in harness, -however resolutely he may be proceeding, slips upon pavement, and -falls heavily on his side, after vainly making three or four violent -struggles to rise, he becomes all of a sudden so completely cowed, that -not only without any resistance does he allow his harness piecemeal to -be unbuckled, the carriage detached, and pushed away far behind him, -but, when lying thus perfectly unfettered, it requires kicks, stripes, -and a malediction or two, to induce him to make the little effort -necessary to rise from his prostrate state. - -Again, in the hunting-field, a noble, high-couraged horse, a rusher at -any description of fence, the very sight of which seems to inflame his -ardour, in most gallant style charges a brook, which when he is in the -air he sees is too broad to be cleared. On his chest striking against -the bank, and while his rider, delighted at feeling that he is not a -bit hurt, is luxuriously rolling over and over on the green grass like -a rabbit that at full speed has been shot dead, this gallant steed -makes two, three, or four desperate efforts to get to him; and yet, -simply because the mud at the bottom of the brook catches hold of his -hind feet, and the sticky perpendicular clay bank grasps his fore ones, -his courage suddenly fails him, and as nothing will then induce him to -make another effort, it becomes necessary to send, often several miles, -for cart-horses to drag this high-bred animal out by his neck. - -But although this strange mixture of courage and cowardice appears to -us at first to be inexplicable, yet on reflection we must perceive that -it is in strict accordance with the beneficent decree that "man should -have dominion over every beast of the field." - -The weight and muscular strength of a horse multiplied into each other, -form a momentum which, if his courage were as indomitable as that of -man, would make him the master instead of the servant of the human -race; and accordingly, although, for all the purposes for which man can -require them, his energy and endurance are invincible, yet, to ensure -his subjection, his courage has been so curiously constituted, that, -as it were, by touching the small secret spring of a safety valve, -the whole of it instantly evaporates; and although Mr. Rarey has not -exactly explained this theory, he has, with extraordinary intelligence -and success, reduced it to practice as follows:-- - -When a horse of a sensitive and sensible disposition is placed under -the care of a man of weak nerves, he very soon finds out that, by -the help of his body, teeth, and heels, that is to say by squeezing, -crushing, biting, and kicking his groom, he is able to frighten him; -and no sooner is this victory attained, than the tyrant begins to -misbehave himself to everybody in every possible way, until, as in -the case of _Cruiser_, it is declared dangerous to approach him, even -with food; that no man can ride him; in fact, that he is an animal -beautiful to look at, but thoroughly useless to mankind. - -Now, to cure this disorder, the wild beast, for such he is, with great -precaution, by several guy-ropes, is led close to the wheel of a -waggon, under which Mr. Rarey, putting his hands through the spokes, -manages to lift up and gently strap up one fore-leg, and to affix a -long strap to the fetlock of the other, which two simple operations at -once ensure the victory he is about to attain. - -As it gives a horse not the slightest pain or inconvenience to stand -for a short time on one fore-leg, Cruiser, while "amazed he stares -around," is scarcely aware that he is doing so; and as he is totally -unconscious of the existence of the other strap, he is perfectly -astounded to find that no sooner does he attempt to resent Mr. Rarey's -bold approach and grasp, than, apparently by the irresistible power of -man, he is suddenly deprived of the use of both his fore-legs. - -The longer and the more violently he can be encouraged to resist, the -more deathlike will be the trance in which he is about to lie. He -struggles--struggles--struggles--until, as in the three instances we -have described, his courage all at once evaporates, and with heaving -flank, panting nostrils, palpitating heart, flabby muscles, and the -perspiration bursting through every pore in the skin, he then allows -his conqueror to sit on his ribs, to fiddle in his ears, drum to the -gaping and gasping audience: in short, as the Duke of Wellington -described Lord Ellenborough's proclamation about the gates of Sumnauth, -to sing over his carcase "a song of triumph." And thus as Achilles was -mortally wounded in the only vulnerable part of his body--the heel,--so -does Cruiser find that in a heart which had never before failed him, -and which had been the terror of all who approached him, there exists -a weak point, discovered by Mr. Rarey, which has caused his complete -subjection to man. - - "Is this the face that faced ten thousand men, - And was at last out-faced by Bolingbroke?" - -In old times this conversion of the bully into the coward could only be -effected, at great risk, by courage and physical force, as follows:-- - -Some years ago Captain ----, the well-known steeple-chase rider, bought -at Tattersall's, for a very small sum, a magnificent horse that no -stranger in the yard dared approach, and which therefore was "put up" -and honestly sold as a "man-killer." - -On these propensities being explained by the purchaser to his head -groom, the resolute fellow bluntly replied that he would not at -all object to take care of the beast provided he were allowed, "in -self-defence, to kill or cure him;" and accordingly, as soon as -the homicide entered his stable, with a steady step, but avoiding -looking into his eye, he walked up to him, and then, not waiting for -a declaration of war, but with a short, heavy bludgeon, striking the -inside of his knees, he knocked his fore legs from under him, and -the instant he fell, belaboured his head and body until the savage -proprietor of both became so completely terrified, that he ever -afterwards seemed almost to quail whenever his conqueror walked up to -him. - -Now, on comparing the two opposite systems, humane and inhuman, -scientific and unscientific, just described, it must be apparent to -everybody, that while for the latter a powerful hero must be procured, -all that is requisite for the former is calmness, gentleness, and two -little straps which, in a lower stratum, physically fight a desperate -battle, above which man morally and serenely presides; the horse, -nevertheless, all the while ascribing to him alone the whole credit of -the victory eventually attained. - -Under the ordinary process used by horse-breakers, it requires several -weeks before a colt--often broken _down_ as well as _in_ by the -operation--surrenders his own will to that of his rider, whereas Mr. -Rarey has not only in public repeatedly demonstrated, but many who have -followed his prescription have testified, that a young thorough-bred -horse, perfectly unbroken, can, in the course of about half-an-hour, be -so thoroughly conquered by the two straps which he conceives to be part -and parcel of the irresistible strength of his master, that so soon -as he is satisfied that his own powers of resistance are of no avail, -he subserviently allows himself to be bridled, saddled, mounted, and -ridden. - -The principle of Mr. Rarey's system of domination is at this moment -curiously exemplified in the little dairy farm-yard of Mr. Roff, -residing on the Brighton road, near Croydon. - -Some months ago, on approaching these premises, we observed a lot -of children playing with a yearling colt, who, to our surprise, was -allowing them to crawl between his legs and fondle him in various ways, -just as if he were a dog. On riding into the yard to inquire by what -magical means the little quadruped had been made so gentle and tame, we -were informed by the old farmer who owned him that his wife, kind to -all her beasts,-- - - "She milk'd the dun cow that ne'er offer'd to stir: - Though wicked to all, it was gentle to her,"-- - -had for many years been yearning to add to them a pet colt; that -accordingly he had lately bought her one, and that she had tamed it: -with uxorious pride he added "she could tame anything." As, however, we -were perfectly convinced that his good wife, in spite of her comely, -honest face, could not fascinate a horse's heart quite as easily as -a husband's, we cross-questioned the latter for a considerable time, -until he at last mentioned (as if it had nothing whatever to do with -the subject) that when he purchased the yearling (whose mother had just -died), not knowing how to bring it to his wife, with the assistance -of one or two men he strapped together all its four feet, and then, -lifting it into his cart, just as if it had been a calf, he trotted -away with it, jolting it and jumbling it till he reached his home, -where he uncarted it, and, in due time, with his own hands, restored to -it the use of its limbs. - -Of course this was a much stronger dose of discipline and subjection -than Mr. Rarey has ever found necessary to administer, even to Cruiser; -and there can exist no doubt it was this cooling medicine, this -soothing mixture, which had produced the strange and salutary effects -that had attracted us into the little yard. And thus, in every region -of the globe, not only colts and horses, but all living animals, man -especially included, surrender at discretion to any authority which, -after a fruitless struggle--such a one for instance as induced Napoleon -I., on the 15th of July, 1815, to seek for refuge on board H. M. ship -Bellerophon from the allied armies of Europe--they find it to be -utterly impossible to resist. - - * * * * * - -The differences between the character and conduct of a wild horse -and a tame one are, we believe, not very clearly understood. It is -generally conceived that in the difficulty of adhering, technically -termed sticking to the back of a horse, there exist three degrees of -comparison, namely:-- - -1. That it is rather difficult to ride a horse that has been broken in. - -2. That it is exceedingly difficult to ride one that has been petted, -patted, bitted, lounged, but not mounted. - -3. That it must be almost impossible to mount and ride a wild horse -just caught, that has never been touched by a human hand. - -We will, however, humbly venture to assert that, in certain instances, -the three steps of this little ladder might be reversed. - -1. In a state of nature the horse is such a zealous advocate of our -popular principle of "self-government," he is so desirous to maintain -his "independence," that although he will allow almost any quadruped, -even wolves and lions, to approach within a certain distance, yet the -moment he sees a man, though on horseback, he instinctively turns his -tail towards him, and, when followed, gallops away. - -If, consequently, by the triumph of reason over instinct he be caught, -or rather by the lasso tumbled head over heels, saddled, and if all -of a sudden, to his vast astonishment, he finds sitting astride his -back, with a cigar in his mouth, the very human being he has always -been avoiding, his first and almost only feeling is that of _fear_; and -accordingly, if he be retained by the bridle, instantaneously, by a -series of jumps on all four legs, he makes impromptu his first hurried, -untaught, unpractised effort to dislocate a rider. But if, instead of -being as it were invited to perform these unsophisticated antics, he be -allowed, or rather, by whip and severe spurs, be propelled to do what -he most ardently desires, namely, run away, his power of resistance -is over, and his subjection inevitable. For at the top of his speed, -just as when swimming, a horse can neither rear, kick, nor plunge, -and therefore at his best pace he proceeds on his sure road to ruin, -until not only all his wind is pumped out of him, but after that, -until twisted hide-thong and sharp iron have converted his terror of -man into an ardent desire to be obedient to his will. In fact, like a -small nation that has unsuccessfully been contending against a great -one, he wishes to put an end to the horrors of war, and to sue for the -blessings of peace. - -2. If a domestic horse that has been handled, fondled, but never -ridden, be suddenly saddled and mounted, the rider has greater -difficulties to encounter than those just described: for the animal is -not only gifted by nature with all the propensities of the wild horse -to reject man, but, from being better fed, he has greater strength to -indulge in them; besides which he enjoys the immense advantage of being -in a civilized, or, in plainer terms, an enclosed country. Accordingly, -instead of being forced to run away, his rider is particularly afraid -lest he should do so, simply because he knows that the remedy which -would cure the wild horse, would probably kill _him_. In fact, the -difference to the rider between an open and an enclosed field of battle -is exactly that which a naval officer feels in scudding in a gale of -wind out of sight of land, and in being caught among sandbanks and -rocks in a narrow channel. - -3. Of all descriptions of horses, wild and tame, by far the most -difficult to ride is that young British thorough-bred colt of two or -three years old that has been regularly "broken in" _by himself_, -without giving the slightest warning, to jump away sideways, spin -round, and at the same moment kick off his rider. The feat is a -beautiful and well-arranged combination of nature and of art. Like -the pugilistic champion of England--Tom Sayers--he is a professional -performer, gifted with so much strength and activity, and skilful in -so many quick, artful tricks and dodges, that any country practitioner -who comes to deal with him is no sooner up than down, to rise from his -mother earth with a vague, bewildered, incoherent idea as to what had -befallen him, or "how he got there." - -If a horse of this description and a wild one were to be mounted -simultaneously, each by an equally good rider, in an unenclosed, -uncultivated region, both the quadrupeds probably at the same moment -would be seen to run away: the Briton for ever, to gain his liberty; -the other quadruped, just as surely, to lose it! - -Having now sufficiently discussed the character and conduct of the -horse, we will presume to offer, or rather to bequeath to our readers, -a very few observations as regards his rider. - - - - -+Seat on a Horse.+ - - -The best position of a man on horseback is, of course, that which -is most agreeable to both animals, and which, from its ease and -flexibility, as they skim together over the surface of the earth, -apparently combines them into one. - -Like everything in Nature, the variety of seats is infinite. They may, -however, generically be divided into two classes: - -1. In the great plains of South America, in which it may truly -be stated that for every male inhabitant above five or six years -of age Nature maintains at no cost, no tax, and at no trouble to -him, a stud of horses whose number is legion, the rider sits almost -perpendicularly, with the great toe of each foot resting very lightly -on, and often merely touching its small triangular stirrup, his legs -grasping the horse's sides slightly or tightly, as prosperous or -adverse circumstances may require. - -In this attitude, which may be said to be that of standing astride over -rather than sitting upon the saddle, the pivot upon which the rider, -gracefully bending his body with a ball and socket movement, turns--in -throwing his lasso, in thrusting his lance forwards on either side, or -in looking behind him--is what is termed by sporting men his "fork." - -In the few instances where pistols are carried, they are affixed -_behind_ the right thigh, firstly, that in the common occurrence of -the horse falling in his gallop, they may not prevent the rider from -rolling clear away from him; and, secondly, because in that position -the weapons are close to the rider's right hand, which, as he flies -along, is to be seen always dangling just above the but ends, ready to -grasp them the instant they are required. - -This attitude is not only highly picturesque, but particularly easy to -the rider, who, while partaking of the undulating motion of his horse, -can rest his wearied body by slight imperceptible changes of position -on the pivot or "fork," on which, like corn waving in the wind, it -bends. - -The British cavalry sit astride above their saddles very nearly in this -attitude, which, as we have just explained, enables them with great -facility to cut, or give point in front, right or left, at cavalry -or at infantry; and if they were not embarrassed by their clothing, -as well as by their accoutrements, and if, as in the region to which -we have alluded, they were to use no pace but the gallop, each would -soon become, or rather he could not help apparently becoming, part -and parcel of his horse. But our gallant men, although they have been -subjected to innumerable experimental changes of dress, &c., continue -not only hampered and imperilled by a hard cloak, holsters, and carbine -affixed in _front_ of their thighs, and imprisoned, especially round -their necks, within tight clothing, but their travelling pace, the -trot (a jolting movement unknown and unheard of in the plains of South -America), gives to their body and limbs a rigidity painful to look at, -and in long journeys wearisome to man and horse. Indeed in the French -cavalry, and occasionally in our own, the manner in which the soldier, -in not a bad attitude, is seen hopping high into the air, on and off -his saddle, as his horse, at apparently a different rate, trots beneath -him, forms as ridiculous a caricature of _the art of riding_ as the -pencil of our Punch's "Leech" could possibly delineate. - -2. Throughout the United Kingdom, civilians of all classes, gentlemen, -farmers, and yeomen, especially those who occasionally follow the -hounds, adopt what is commonly called "the hunting seat," in which, -instead of "the fork," the _knees_ form the pivot, or rather hinge, the -legs beneath them the grasp, while the thighs, like the pastern of a -horse, enable the body above to rise and fall as lightly as a carriage -on its springs. - -In this attitude the rider cannot turn his body to the right or left, -or look behind him as easily as he could revolve upon his "fork." - -For rough riding, however, of every description, the hunting seat, -though infinitely less graceful, is superior to that of the cavalry of -Europe, for the following reasons:-- - -One of the most usual devices by which a horse endeavours to, and but -too often succeeds in dislodging his rider, is by giving to his back, -by a sudden kick, a jerk upwards, which, of course, forces in the same -direction towards the sky that nameless portion of humanity which was -partly resting on it, and which in the cavalry cannot possibly get very -far away from it. - -But, in the hunting seat, the instant the rider expects such a kick, by -merely rising in his stirrups he at once raises or abstracts from the -saddle the point his enemy intends to attack, and accordingly the blow -aimed at it fails to reach it. - -Again, on approaching a large fence, by the same simple precaution, -the rider entirely avoids the concussion of that sudden jerk or effort -necessary to enable the horse to clear it. In a fall, the pommel of -the saddle and the horse's neck and head are much easier cleared by -short stirrup-leathers than by long ones. Lastly, in a common trot, the -former soften the jolt, which the latter cannot easily avoid. In short, -in a hunting seat, the rider, to his great comfort and relief, rests -more or less on his saddle as long as he likes, and yet, the instant he -anticipates a blow from it, leaves it, without metaphor ... behind him. - -Of horsemanship it may truly be said, that about four-fifths of the -art depend on attaining a _just_ seat, and one-fifth on possessing a -pair of light hands.[B] But although the attainment of these advantages -is not incompatible with an easy, erect position on horseback, the -generality of riders are but too apt to sit on their horses in the bent -attitude of the last paroxysm or exertion which helped them into the -saddle. Now, when a man in this toad-like position rides along--say a -macadamized road--he travels always ready, at a moment's notice, to -proceed by himself in the direction in which he is pointing, in case -the progress of his horse should be suddenly stopped by his falling -down. Indeed, when a horse, without falling down, recovers by a violent -struggle from a bad trip, a heavy rider in this attitude (called by Sir -Bellingham Graham "a wash-ball seat") is very liable to shoot forwards -over his head in a parabolic curve, ending in a concussion of his -brain or in the dislocation of his neck,--the horse standing by his -motionless body perfectly uninjured. - -On the other hand, when a man sits upright, justly balanced on his -saddle, any sudden jerk or movement forwards throws his shoulders -backwards. If therefore, while proceeding in that position, the horse -thinks proper to fall, the animal in the first instance is the sole -sufferer. He cuts his forehead, hurts his nose, breaks his knees, -bruises his chest, while his head, neck, fore-legs, and the forepart -of his body, forced into each other like the joints of a telescope, -form a buffer, preventing the concussion the horse has received, from -injuring, in the smallest degree, the rider, or even the watch in his -pocket, which, without being ejected from the saddle, goes ticking, -ticking, ticking on, just as merrily as if nothing had happened. If he -only trips, a rider poised justly in his saddle can easily recover him. - -A horse will not only refrain from treading upon any creature lying on -the ground, but in hunting he will make the utmost possible effort to -avoid putting a foot upon his master whenever - - "On the bare earth exposed he lies." - -If, however, his owner, from a bad seat or from false precaution, has -suddenly thrown himself from his back, it is often impossible for the -animal, while struggling to recover from a desperate trip, to avoid -either trampling upon or violently striking him. - -For this reason a rider should never abandon his saddle so long as his -horse beneath it has a leg, or an infinitesimal part of one, to stand -on. But so soon as his downfall is announced by that heavy, thundering -concussion against the ground, the meaning of which it is impossible -to mistake, the partnership should instantaneously be dissolved by the -horseman rolling, if possible, out of harm's way. - -But it occasionally happens not only that the horse rolls too, but that -the larger roller overtakes the smaller one, the two lying prostrate, -with the legs in boots under the body whose limbs wear only shoes. - -If the rider happens fortunately to have the saddle between him and -the horse, his legs merely sustain a heavy weight, from which they are -harmlessly extricated the instant the animal rises. - -Should he happen _un_fortunately to have the girths between him and the -horse, he lies, like Ariel in the cloven pine, "painfully imprisoned," -in a predicament of which it is impossible for any one to foretell the -results. - -As the quadruped is always more or less cowed by his fall, he remains -usually for about a minute or two as still as if he were dead. - -All of a sudden, however, just as if a bayonet had been run into him, -he struggles to rise. - -To do so it is necessary that all his feet should take hold of the -ground. This they are prevented from doing by the rider's boots, which, -operating as a handspike under the body, keep it in a horizontal -position, thereby causing the four legs, like two pairs of blacksmith's -sledge-hammers, to continue to strike heavily towards each other. - -Between them lies, acting in this little tragedy the part of Anvil, the -poor rider, who can only avoid the hard blows of two fore iron shoes, -by wincing from them to within the reach of two hind ones. - -This violent struggle eventually ends by the horse rising, leaving on -the field of battle, slightly, seriously, or desperately wounded, his -master, whom he never intended to hurt. - -In the hunting field, the bent position in the saddle produces equally -unpleasant results. On man and horse coming cheerily to a fence, with -what mathematicians call "an unknown quantity" on the other side, if -the rider sits justly on his saddle, it is the horse and not he that -receives the concussion of any fall that may ensue, simply because -the spring of his animal in taking the leap had thrown his shoulders -backwards, and consequently his head out of danger; whereas the nose of -the gentleman who had been riding alongside of him in the bent attitude -of a note of interrogation, is seen to plough into its mother earth the -instant the muzzle of his horse impinges upon it. - -For exactly the same reasons, in every description of fall (and no -volume would be large enough to contain them all), similar results -occur; and yet there is no predicament in which "Toady" appears to -greater disadvantage, and so keenly feels it, than when, in following -the hounds, he has to descend a very precipitous and rather slippery -grass hill. - -If a horse be but properly dealt with, he can gallop down a turf hill -with nearly as much rapidity as along a race-course. A tea-table -would stand ill at ease on the declivity, because its limbs are -immoveable; but a quadruped, by throwing all his legs forwards and his -body backwards, has the power to adjust himself, with mathematical -precision, to almost any descent. - -To insure his safety, however, it is essential that he should be -encouraged, by a loose rein, to carry his head as low as possible, -to enable him to take care of his feet, and in case of treading on a -rolling-stone to recover his balance by throwing it up. Now, when in -this position, if the rider, following the instinct and the example of -the horse, throws his weight backwards--in fact, if from the saddle the -backs of the two animals are separated from each other by only a very -small angle, both can descend the hill together at considerable speed -without the smallest danger. The only embarrassment the rider has to -contend against is an over-caution on the part of the horse, amounting -to fear, which induces him to try to take the slope diagonally, very -likely to result in the poor animal slipping up on his side. In keeping -his head straight, however, care must be taken not to induce him to -raise it _up_; and when this little difficulty is overcome, no other of -any sort or kind remains to impede a safe and rapid descent. - -Seated on his saddle, in the attitude we have described, that admirable -rider Jack Shirley, whipper-in to the Tedworth hunt, with a large open -clasp-knife in his mouth, was one day observed fixing a piece of -whipcord to his lash, while following his hounds at a slapping pace, -down hill, his reins lying nearly loose on old "Gadsby's" neck. - -On the other hand when a gentleman, however fearless he may be, sitting -at an angle of 45°, like a 13-inch mortar on its bed, attempts to -ride down the steep declivity described, the afflictions that befall -him are really piteous, for the instant his horse's fore legs sink -considerably lower than the hind ones, he feels that unless he holds -on very tightly, he must inevitably pitch over the bows of the vessel -that is carrying him. To maintain his equilibrium he therefore pulls -a little at his curb-bit, which not only raises his horse's head till -it nearly touches his nose, but throws the animal and the weight he -carries into such a false position, that it becomes difficult and -dangerous to advance. The restrained quadruped, impatient to follow the -horses before him, yet altogether out of gear, on every little twitch -at his bridle keeps chucking up his head, until the rider, who a moment -ago expected to fall over his ears, now feels that he is going to glide -backwards over his tail, which is nearly touching the hill. In short, -the poor horse is resting on his hocks instead of his hoofs, with his -fore feet barely touching the ground. - -When a lot of riders find themselves in this hopeless attitude, they -generally, according to their amount of activity, crawl, jump, or -vault from their saddles to descend on foot, which they soon find very -little improves their case, for the heels of their boots not being, -like horse-shoes, concave, take insufficient hold of the turf; and -thus while they are slipping, sliding, and tottering in the descent, -each linked to a quadruped that is bothering him to death, if, feeling -a little alarmed, they resolve to stop for a moment or two, their -impatient horses, unable to advance and unwilling to stand still, often -compromise the matter by running round their masters, with the chance -of rolling them, like ninepins, down the hill. - -In galloping for many hours, and especially for many days, as soon as -the muscles of the rider, by getting tired, lose their obstinacy, it -becomes impossible for him, if he sits upright, to prevent his body -undulating, to the infinite relief of both parties, with every movement -of the horse; whereas, if, like an English jockey, whose seat is well -adapted for galloping at the utmost speed for a few minutes, he rides -like a frog on a shovel, he inflicts upon his whole frame, as well as -upon the poor animal that carries him, an amount of unnecessary fatigue -which prematurely tires both. - -For the foregoing reasons if gentlemen sportsmen who occupy on the -road and the hunting-field this false position, would but allow Mr. -Calcraft, in his peculiar way, to lift them about half a dozen times -a few inches into the air, and then, as a tallow-chandler dips his -candles, lower them gently, easily, and perpendicularly to their -saddles, they would find themselves promoted in the world to a seat on -horseback which they would never wish to abandon. - -As, however, our readers, we fear, must have become very tired of the -saddle, we will now relieve them from hogskin, to submit to them a -very few practical observations on the management of the bridle, the -ordinary uses of which, as everybody knows, are twofold, namely, first -to guide a horse, and secondly to restrain, or, when requisite, to stop -him. - - * * * * * - -As it is the disposition of a horse, when mounted, to go fast, and as -it is the disposition of a man to pull at any thing in this world as -little as possible, curb-bits and curb-chains (as their names truly -denote) have been invented, by which the animal in all his movements -on parade or on the road is slightly thrown on his haunches, with his -head raised more or less above its natural level. In this position his -eyes are of course proportionally elevated, and as there exists no -obstruction on the macadamized roads, &c., on which he travels, he soon -ceases to look downwards; and although, if he then happens to pass over -a little hole, he may put a foot into it, or may slightly blunder over -half a shovelfull of loose stones which had escaped his observation, -yet, if he has good action, and a tolerable rider, he earns the -character of being a "capital hack." - -Now to metamorphose "a hack" into "a hunter" is principally effected -by the bridle, and yet the great difficulty of the art is to learn not -how much, but how little to use it; in short, a considerable portion -of what the bridle has done has to be undone. Accordingly, instead of -being encouraged to travel on his haunches with his fore legs lightly -touching the ground, the latter must be required to bear the greater -portion of the burden, which it is the duty of the hind legs to propel. -The head has to be brought down to its proper level; and to induce or -rather to oblige the horse to make his eyes the lantern of his feet, to -study geology instead of astronomy, he should be slowly ridden, with a -loose rein, over every little hole, grip, or heap that would be likely -to throw a hack down. Whenever he can be made to stumble (if the rider -feels that he will not actually fall), the reins should instantly be -dropped. In like manner he should be walked for several days over the -roughest ground that can be found, particularly land that has been -excavated to obtain the substratum and left in holes. With a perfectly -loose rein he should be gently trotted, gently cantered, and gently -galloped over a surface of this description, the rider always dropping -the rein when he blunders. Vegetius, in describing the horsemanship of -the Parthians in the time of Xerxes, states that in order to make their -horses sure-footed over rough, broken ground, they placed on a space of -level ground a number of wooden troughs of different heights, filled -with earth, over which in galloping they had many falls. - -Under similar treatment, the strength, activity, intelligence, and -eyesight of the animal will, as in a wild state, cordially be combined -by him to protect himself from the degradation as well as punishment -of falling; and so ample and sufficient are these powers, that the -rider will soon find, that instead of having to hold his horse up, -it has become out of his power to throw him down. In fact, under the -guidance of nature, rather than of man, "the hack" in a very short -period, and without going over a fence of any sort or kind, may thus -be made competent to follow hounds across any country in the United -Kingdom; while, on the other hand, the nag that had only been taught in -a riding-school or in a dealer's yard to jump neatly over bars, gates, -and hurdles, would, most particularly to the neck of his rider, prove -to be infinitely worse than useless. - -Of course a horse is not a perfect hunter until he has had a small -amount (for he does not require much) of experience in leaping; but as, -with the exception of water, every horse is able, willing, and eager to -jump, generally speaking, more than is desired, his rider has merely -to teach the noble animal beneath him to add to his valour just enough -discretion to induce him to look, not _before_, but _while_ he leaps. - -A hunter when following hounds is so excited, that if, in addition to -his own eagerness, he be hurried at his fences, he rushes more and -more recklessly at them, until he gets into needless trouble. On the -other hand, just as he approaches every fence, if he be always patted -on the neck, and gently restrained, he feels satisfied that he is to -be allowed to do the job; and accordingly, curtailing his stride as -he approaches, he does it not only cleverly, but without any waste of -exertion, which, to use a common hunting-field expression, "he may want -before the day's over." - -When a horse is enabled, like a soldier whose stiff stock has just -been unbuckled, to drop his head to its natural position, he not only -goes safely, but, without risk of cutting his fetlocks, he can gallop -over ground deeply covered with loose impediments of any description; -and, accordingly, in Surrey it has long been a hunting axiom that it -is the curb bridles which by throwing hunters on their haunches in a -false position cause them to cut their back sinews with those sharp -flints which, in a snaffle bit, they can clatter over without injury. A -good Northamptonshire rider, in lately taking a fence, jumped over it -into a stone quarry. Now, if he had been in the bent attitude we have -described, he must inevitably have pitched on, and have fractured his -skull. From, however, sitting correctly on his saddle, his ankles, and -not his head, suffered. - -In like manner when Mehemet Ali, under the pretence of investing his -son, Toossoon Pacha, with the command of an army, by a treacherous -invitation inveigled the Mamelukes into the summit of the citadel of -El Kahira (the Victorious), commonly called Cairo, and then suddenly -dropping the portcullis, directed upon them from barred windows on -three sides a murderous fire, Amyn Bey, rather than submit to such a -death, spurring his Arab charger over his writhing comrades, and across -the low crenated wall, jumped over a precipice of about fifty feet; and -yet, although of the horse it may truly be said that - - "Headlong from the mountain's height - He plunged to endless night," - -for, on reaching the hard rock, he was smashed to death, the rider, -who, no doubt, had expected the same fate, was enabled, with only a -broken ankle, to crawl away, recover, and for nearly thirty years -enjoy, with health and wealth, the well-earned appellation of "the last -of the Mamelukes;" in short - - "The man recovered from the blow, the _horse_ it was that died." - -In further evidence, however, of the theory that when a man sits -properly in his saddle, it is the horse, and not he, who suffers by a -tumble, we submit to our readers the following extraordinary narration -by a young General officer of high character, who has kindly permitted -us to publish it, briefly describing a fall on horseback to a depth -equal to 40 feet more than the height of the weather-cock on the -steeple of St. Martin's church, in London, or to double the height of -the Duke of York's monument at the bottom of Regent Street. - - "United Service Club, 18th March, 1860." - - "In June, 1848, at the island of Dominica, in the West Indies, - I fell over a precipice of 237 feet perpendicular height, upon - the rocks by the sea-side. This occurred about a quarter past - 7 o'clock +P.M.+, then quite dark, as no twilight exists in - the tropics. Every bone of my horse was broken, and I conceive - my escape from instant death the most miraculous that ever - occurred. Three men, at various periods, had previously been - dashed to atoms at the same spot, and one man twelve months - after me, when the Legislative Assembly passed a resolution to - secure the road; but if twenty thousand men were to fall there, - I think nothing short of a miracle could save one of them. My - recovery from the shock I sustained was also as miraculous as - my escape with life. I sent out an artist to take a drawing - on the spot, and also had the place surveyed by an engineer. - I have often thought of putting down all the circumstances of - that extraordinary accident, but the dread of being taken for - a Baron Munchausen has restrained me. I do not expect that any - one will believe it, although there are many living witnesses. - Nor do I expect any sympathy, for, as soon as I could hold - a pen, I detailed the catastrophe to my mother to account - for my long silence. I received, in reply, in due course, a - long letter detailing family news, without any allusion to my - unfortunate case, except in a postscript, in which she merely - said, '_Oh! William, I wish you would give up riding after - dinner._'[C] - - "+Wm. Yorke Moore+, Major-Gen." - - "P.S. During the fall I stuck to my horse." - -The details of this astonishing accident are very shortly as follows:-- - -Colonel Moore, while commanding the troops in Dominica, lost his way -one evening after sunset. - -As, in utter darkness, he was endeavouring to get home, he came to -several little imperceptible objects which he forced his horse to -cross. Shortly afterwards the animal stopped at one which he seemed -particularly afraid of. - -The soldier, unwilling to halt between two opinions, but, on the -contrary, determined to proceed as he thought straight towards his -home, at almost full speed rode at the unknown impediment several -times in vain, until the animal, surrendering his instinctive fears, -and possibly knowledge, to the spurs that were propelling him, with -a violent jump into the air cleared the little low hedge, for such -it proved to be, bounding that awful precipice which, like a wall, -connected the upper story or table-land of the island with the ocean -which in solemn darkness reigned beneath it. - -Colonel Moore states that during his passage on horseback -through the air, almost every event of his life, large as well as -small, at about the rate of the electric telegraph, which transmits its -ideas one hundred and eighty thousand miles in a second, flashed across -his mind as distinctly and as vividly as if they were recurring. - -By a sort of clairvoyance, of which in medical annals there exist -recorded several similar instances, he saw all that in his lifetime -he had done or left undone, and was thinking, seriatim, of almost -every friend and relative, when, in an instant, all these bright fiery -thoughts on the past, present, or future tenses of his existence became -extinguished by a concussion which, depriving him of his senses, left -him with his legs in the sea and his body on the rocks, apparently dead. - -While lying, corpse-like, in this lonely state, whose beneficent hand -was it that all of a sudden dashed upon his face the cool, fresh soft -water that recovered him? Whose voice was it that, almost at the same -moment, explained to him, not only the accident which had befallen him, -but the time that had elapsed since it occurred? - -The hand that restored to him his senses was that which had already -graciously placed his head in safety upon the rock above the ocean -that would have drowned him, but in which his feet had been harmlessly -floating. It was the hand that had just created the tropical shower -which, as if administered to him by an angel, awakened him from his -swoon. - -It was the hand that, "in the beginning," when the earth was without -form and void, and darkness was upon the face of the deep, had created -that "lesser light to rule the night," which, just before he fell, he -had observed rising from the horizon, but which now, shining above -his head, upon four upturned glittering horse-shoes (all he could see -of his mangled beast), made known to him, at a glance, that what had -evidently befallen him, according to the illuminated clock in the -heavens, must have occurred many hours ago. - -With cool presence of mind, Colonel Moore, after making several -experimental movements, ascertained that he was severely cut about -the body and head; that his right ankle was dislocated, and that his -back was benumbed or paralysed by the concussion of his fall. As soon, -however, as the long wished-for sun rose, it shone upon his bare, -bleeding head with such excruciating force, that, as a protection -from its rays, he transferred his cotton neckerchief to his scalp and -forehead, leaving sticking up above them the two ends, which, like the -remainder, were stained with his red blood. - -After remaining in extreme pain for several hours, to his great joy he -saw a boat full of sable natives rowing towards the spot on which, in -the head-dress just described, he was reclining. As soon as they came -near to him, in a faint tone he hailed them. On hearing his voice, for -a few moments they looked eagerly around in all directions, until they -espied him, when, instantly, just as if they had seen and were pursued -by an evil spirit, away they rowed at their utmost speed. - -After a considerable interval another black man came clambering over -the rocks, intent only on catching fish. - -As soon, however, as his eyes caught a glimpse of the poor sufferer's -bloody head and head-gear, the fisherman was evidently seized with the -same impression, and, accordingly, in a paroxysm of fear, chucking his -rod and line upwards to fall into the sea, as fast as his hands and -feet could carry him, he also, in his way, scrambled out of sight. - -After a long, painful interval, Colonel Moore's servant, who, alarmed -by his master not having returned, had for many hours been in search -of him, at last tracked his horse's feet to the edge of the precipice, -and on looking over it, seeing about half way down a pockethandkerchief -sticking in the boughs of a small projecting tree, he returned to the -barracks, gave the alarm, and accordingly, as soon as a boat could be -procured, the soldiers, who rushed forward to man it, proceeded round -the rocks, until Colonel Moore (who knew nothing of his servant's -discovery) joyfully saw them pulling, as hard as they could lay to -their oars, towards him. - -It need scarcely be added that, regardless of the overwhelming heat of -the sun, the gallant fellows succeeded in conveying their commanding -officer on their shoulders to the barracks, where he lay for some -months in great pain and danger. - -However, in due time, the paralysed muscles of his back recovered -their tone, and eventually, without even being lame, he became -completely restored to the health, activity, and energy that had always -characterised him. - -For a considerable time portions of his saddle, strips of the hide and -the broken bones of his horse, which, lacerated by the branches of the -trees through which the poor animal had fallen, was literally smashed -to atoms, were collected by people, who amassed a considerable amount -of money by exhibiting and selling them as relics in evidence of one -of the most extraordinary accidents that, under the superintending -direction of Divine Providence, has ever been survived by man. - -[Footnote B: Beckford says, "First attribute of a good huntsman is -courage. Next, hands and seat."] - -[Footnote C: The accident occurred _before_ dinner.] - - - - -+Mode of riding at Timber.+ - - -In getting rapidly across a difficult country there are two sorts of -fences, each of which has to be jumped in a manner the very opposite -of that required by the other. A young hunter will leap almost any -ordinary fence, particularly if it be broad, as well, and, from his -impetuosity, often better than an old one. But there is one description -of barrier, called by hunting men "timber" (that is to say stiles, -gates, and rails, that cannot be broken), which requires, in both rider -and horse, a great deal more discretion than valour: indeed of "timber" -it may truly be said that it is the most dangerous and, on the other -hand, the safest fence a man can ride at. - -If a young horse, highly excited, be ridden fast for the first time in -his life at a gate, it is very likely he will clear it; on the other -hand, it is quite certain that if, despising bars through which he can -see daylight, he resolves to break the top one, the penalty attached -to his mistake will be a very heavy one: indeed nothing can be more -disagreeable to a rider and frightful to look at than the result. -Now, of course, the obvious way of preventing this catastrophe is -simply to teach a horse--firstly, that he cannot break timber,--and -secondly, that he will have to suffer acute pain if he attempts to do -so. Accordingly, away from hounds and under no excitement, he should be -slowly ridden over two or three low rails that will not break, with an -unexpected little twitch at his rein sufficient to make them severely -strike his hind legs. The moment this is effected the rider should jump -off, to allay anything like excitement, and to allow the animal, who -will probably stand lifting up the injured leg, to feel, appreciate, -and reflect on the whole amount of the pain he has incurred. As soon -as it has subsided, he should be again quietly ridden two or three -times over the offending rails, which, it will then be found, nothing -can induce him to touch; and having thus, at a small cost, purchased -for himself very valuable experience, he may afterwards in the -hunting-field be carefully made to jump any ordinary amount of timber. - -A sportsman can hardly ride too slowly at high timber; for as height -and width (that is to say to jump upwards or forwards) require -different efforts, it is a waste of the poor animal's powers to make -him do both when one only is required. In slowly trotting up to timber -of any height or description, the rider should carefully abstain from -attempting, by the bridle, to give his horse the smallest assistance. -On the contrary, the moment the animal begins to rise, his reins -should be loosened, to be drawn up and tightened only as he descends. -With the single exception we shall soon notice, this principle of -self-management applies to jumps of all sorts and sizes; for although, -by a firm management of his bridle, a hunter ought to be made to feel -as he approaches a fence that it is utterly impossible for him to -swerve from it, yet the instant he is on the brink of taking it, his -reins, as if by paralysis, should suddenly cease to afford him the -smallest help, or to interfere with the mode in which (with only half -a second to think) he may determine to deal with it. If he expects -assistance, it may arrive a little sooner or a little later than his -patience or impatience approves of, and thus between two stools (his -own will and that of his rider) both come to the ground; whereas, if -he knows that he has nothing to rely on but himself, he rises at his -timber in the best and safest possible manner--namely, _in his own way_. - -If we should have succeeded in satisfying our readers that they cannot -ride too slowly at timber, we trust they will pardon us if we now -endeavour to enforce upon them as an equally immutable axiom, that it -is impossible for them to ride too fast at water. - - - - -+Water Jumping.+ - - -Throughout England, and especially in Leicestershire and -Northamptonshire, there are two descriptions of brooks. In one the -water is about a foot or two below the level of the green fields -through which it peacefully meanders. In the other, though deep enough -to drown a man, it flows and occasionally rushes ten or twelve feet -below the surface, between two loamy banks as perpendicular as the -wall of a house. If a red, brown, or black coat, attended by a pair of -leather, kersey, or corduroy breeches, ending in boots, plunge together -into the first, they simply go in dry and come out wet. But, if a horse -fails to clear the chasm, he is liable not only to fall backwards upon -these articles of apparel, but afterwards, quite unintentionally, to -strike their owner during the awkward struggles of both animals to swim. - -Now, although to some of our readers it may possibly appear that the -act of riding over "a bit of water" of the latter description has no -legal claim to be included in the schedule headed "the pleasures and -amusements of man," yet it may most truly be said that in a good run, -or even in a bad one, there exists nothing that gives an ordinary -rider more intense pleasure than the sight, say a quarter of a mile -before him, of those well-known willows that indicate to him the -line of beauty of the brook he is shortly to have the enjoyment of -encountering--provided always that he knows his horse to be, what -is justly called, "_good at water_." On the other hand, it would be -quite impossible to describe into how very small a compass the same -man's heart would gradually collapse, as it approached the very same -brook, on what is just as truly termed "_a brute at water_." In any -other description of fence the rider, if he has not ruined his horse's -courage by vacillation of hand or heart, may confidently rely that he -will accomplish it for him if he can, and if it cannot be accomplished, -that he will try to jump through or over it, or, generally speaking, a -good deal more than humanity dares to ride at. - -If the bull-finch be too strong, the hunter may stick in it, or forcing -through it into the ditch on the other side, may leave his owner -hanging like a bird's-nest in its branches. An ox-fence--composed of -two ditches, a bank, a pair of hedges, and a stiff, low, oak rail--may -altogether prove too broad to be cleared. Timber also may be too high -to be topped; yet, in all these cases, if the rider be but willing, -the noble horse is always ready, ay, eager, to do his very best, and -many a broken back and prostrate carcase, divested of its saddle -and bridle, has been the melancholy result; and yet, with all this -superabundance of high courage, almost every horse instinctively -dislikes to jump water, an element which (until by a good rider it has -been unbewitched) he appears to conceive to be forbidden to him to -cross. For this reason, before a sportsman can ride with confidence at -a brook, he requires not only a stout horse, but to know what sort of -a heart lived beneath the waistcoat of the man by whom the animal was -last hunted, for however badly bred he may be, he may have been made -bold at water; while, on the other hand, however high-bred and handsome -he may appear, however splendidly and cleverly he may throughout the -run have been crossing single and double fences of every variety, yet, -by an irresolute pair of hands, he may have been spoiled at water. -Accordingly, when a gallant fox, followed after a short interval by a -pack of hounds and a large scattered body of men and horses, passing -like the shadows of summer clouds over the beautiful green sward of -Northamptonshire, glide rapidly towards a brook, there occasionally -appears among several of them a sudden transmigration of hearts and -bodies, which to a foreigner, who did not understand the reason, would -appear to be utterly inexplicable. - -Although ten or twelve horses, gallantly taking it in their stride, -have proved the jump to be an easy one, two or three of the foremost -riders are seen to pull up, apparently afraid. In like manner, as -horses and horsemen who had been riding boldly approach, it becomes -evident to the meanest capacity, that the peg that holds in their -steam is getting--sometimes in the biped, sometimes in the quadruped, -and sometimes in both--looser and looser as they advance. The gallop -is observed gradually to faint into a canter, which, as they approach -the water, gets slower and slower, until souse! souse! souse! they one -after the other blunder into it. - -While a horse here is swimming, and there is struggling, and while a -human head with handsome aristocratic features and black lank hair -looking like that of Don Quixote when drenched with curds and whey, is -seen rising in agony from below, two little thick-set, short-thighed -men in scarlet, who throughout the run had been shirking many a small -fence, cross the brook with terrific courage. That thoroughbred-mare, -which has been clearing everything, swerves, while the ugly brute -in her wake bucks over what she had refused as if he enjoyed the -fun, which he really does. See! at what a tremendous pace this -splendid-looking bay horse is galloping towards his doom. Both spurs -are in his sides; the slight waving movement of the arms and shoulders -of his fearless rider, and the firm grip of his hands, as he draws upon -first one side of the bit and then the other, appear altogether to -insure success. As soon, however, as the well-known rogue gets sight -of the glare of the water, though his head is in such a vice that it -is out of his power to swerve, and though his pace is such that it is -utterly impossible for him to stop, yet, as if all his four legs were -suddenly paralysed by fear, the high-bred sinner, all of a sudden, -refuses to lift them, and accordingly, for thirty or forty feet, -leaving behind a track like that of a railway, they slide along the -wet, rich, loamy turf, until horse, and gallant, glorious Charlie[D] -dive together, head-foremost, into the brook! In a few minutes, men in -coats of all colours, trotting up one after another, walk their horses -cautiously to the edge of the chasm, crane over as if to gaze at the -frightened frogs that inhabit it, and after thus losing more or less -of time they can never live to recover, canter or gallop in different -directions in quest either of a bridge or a ford. - -Now, while this serio-comic picture is before the eyes of our readers, -that very small portion of them who have never been actors in such a -scene will no doubt be not a little astonished to learn that of all -fences on the surface of the globe there is no one that is so easy for -a horse to jump as water. - -If the footmarks of a good horse that has galloped over turf be -measured, it will be found that in every stride his four feet have -covered a space of twenty-two feet. If, in cool blood, he be very -gently cantered at a common sheep-hurdle, without any ditch on one side -of it or the other, it will be found that he has cleared, or rather -has not been able to help clearing, from ten to twelve feet. In Egypt, -an antelope chased by hounds on coming suddenly to a little crack or -crevice in the ground caused by the heat of the sun, has been observed -at a bound to clear thirty feet, and yet, on approaching a high wall, -the same animal slackens his pace, stops for a second, and then pops -over it. Almost any horse, particularly a young one, if cantered at a -small prickly furze-hedge, would probably with a little skip rather -than a jump clear at least fourteen feet, which in water would form a -"brook" that would stop more than half of the large field of riders -who in Northamptonshire and Leicestershire follow the Pytchley, Quorn, -and Cottesmore hounds. Indeed, it not unfrequently happens that a -ditch of glittering water, not seven feet broad, over which every -hound has hopped hardly looking at it, will not only stop a number of -horses and riders, but in a few minutes will, to the utter disgust and -astonishment of the latter, _contain_ several of them. - -To prevent, however, this unnecessary and apparently discreditable -botheration, all that is necessary is for the rider to overcome and -overrule the instinctive aversion which his horse, and possibly he -himself, have to jump water. - -If, during a run with hounds, a young horse, that has never seen a -brook, going a good pace, without receiving from the hands of his rider -any tremulous check, arrives at, say a low hedge, on the other side -of which he suddenly sees a wide expanse of water, he is quite sure -to clear it; and having thus broken the spell, if he be afterwards -only fairly ridden, he will probably require no other instruction. If, -however, as but too often is the case, on arriving at water that can -be jumped favourably at a particular place, a young horse is obliged -to wait for his turn, and during that awful pause sees some hunters -refuse, and others splash in and flounder, he naturally combines -together theory and practice, and accordingly, when called upon, -refuses to do what he has always instinctively considered to be wrong; -and as, generally speaking, it is impossible at that moment to force -him, the run is lost. - -Under this state of the case, the master of the culprit on some fine -non-hunting day, armed with spurs and a cut-whip, should conduct him -to any ugly-looking little ditch, not above half a dozen feet broad -(for it is the quality and not the quantity of the shining element -that creates his fear), and then, carefully abstaining to excite his -courage, ride him at it very slowly and timidly, on purpose to ensure -his refusing it, which, of course, he is quite certain to do. After -once again leading him into this trap, a duel, perfectly harmless to -the biped, must be fought. It may last ten minutes, a quarter, half -an hour, or possibly two hours; but, sooner or later, the little -misunderstanding is certain to end in the rebel all of a sudden doing -willingly, and then repeating five or six times, what, after all, was -nothing at all for him to do; and from that moment, if he be only -fairly "handled," he will remember, whenever he sees water, the lesson -which taught him that it was made on purpose to be crossed. - -To maintain and encourage this doctrine, on coming in sight of a brook, -his courage, by very gentle touches of the spur, should be excited, -while, by pulling harder and harder at the bridle, his speed inversely -should be slightly diminished, until he arrives within about eighty -yards, when, gradually relaxing the reins, and yet grasping them -so firmly that it is impossible for him to swerve, his pace should -_always_ be made to freshen as he proceeds, until on arriving at the -brink it has attained its maximum. In short, in riding at a brook, a -horse should be taught to feel that no choice will be given to him to -go in or over, but that over he _must_ go, for want of time to jump in. - -By this simple management a horse will very soon learn not only to rush -at water, but to enjoy the very sight of it; and as his rider can then -trust implicitly to his honour, we end as we almost began, by stating -that, although there exists no obstruction in a run that creates so -many sorrows as water, there is no fence that is so easy for a horse -to jump, if he will but try; in fact on coming to it at the top of his -speed, if he will only hop upwards a few feet, his momentum cannot fail -to carry him across; whereas, if in approaching it he slackens his -speed, nine times out of ten he may safely be booked to be "_in_." - -[Footnote D: The Honourable C. C.] - - - - -+Modes of Swimming a Horse.+ - - -In England, a hunting man, in deference to the thermometer and for -the love of his clothes, usually avoids forcing his horse to swim. -In a warm climate, however, the operation is attended with no danger -or inconvenience whatever. In riding gradually into deep water the -animal, just before he floats, appears to step rather uneasily, as if -on legs of different lengths; but the instant his feet take leave of -the ground, or if at once he plunges out of his depth from a bank, as -soon as his head comes up he proceeds as free from jolts of any sort -as a balloon in the air, grunting and groaning, nevertheless, heavily, -at the injustice of having a man's weight superadded to his own, the -specific gravity of which but little exceeds that of the element into -which he is striving not to sink. Instinctively, however, adjusting -himself to the most favourable position, which throws the hind part of -his body about a foot under water, he makes the best of a bad bargain, -and then all the rider has to do is not to destroy the poor animal's -equilibrium by pulling even an ounce at his bridle. Indeed, in crossing -a broad stream, the most effectual way to prevent over-balancing him, -and also to stop his grunting, is either to slip sideways from his -back, and then, half-swimming, to be dragged alongside him by a lock of -his mane firmly entwined among the fingers of the right hand, or, as is -invariably practised by the red Indians, to be towed by his tail, in -which case the man floating on the surface of the water is quite safe -from the heels of the horse struggling many feet below him. By this -plan, of course, the water, instead of the horse, sustains the weight -of the man. - - - - -+Judicious Riding.+ - - -In a closely-enclosed country, with slow hounds, a cold scent, and a -fat huntsman, a good jumping nag is what is mainly required. But to -follow fleet hounds across large grass fields, however excellent may -be a horse's jumping, however clever at doubles, safe at timber, bold -at water; and though to all of these accomplishments be added every -qualification of hand, heel, head, and heart, which an experienced -rider can possibly possess, "the tottle of the whole" must inevitably -amount to "disappointment," unless the animal be able to maintain the -requisite pace. And yet in a run it does not at all follow that the -leading horse is the fastest, that the hindmost is the slowest, that -a heaving flank is an indication of impaired lungs, or a still one of -good wind. On the contrary, it is often but too true that the first -ought to have been the last, and the last the first; so much depends on -the manner in which the different horses have been ridden. - -When a man, pursued by a detachment of cavalry, is riding to save his -own life, or when, at the risk of his life, he is trying to take away -that of a poor little fox, success in either case depends of course on -the pace at which he can proceed. Now it is a very common mistake in -both the instances we have named to endeavour to attain the desired -object by maintaining, like the seconds-hand of a clock, an equable -rate, whereas, just as a ship spreads out and unreefs all her canvas -when the wind is light, and before a hurricane scuds away under bare -poles, so should the pace which a rider exacts from his horse depend -on the state or character of the ground he has to traverse; that is to -say, he should hold him together and save him through deep-ploughed -land,--race him across light, dry turf,--grasping the mane, go slowly -up the last half of an ordinary hill,--spin him very fast indeed down -every declivity,--and in jumping fences endeavour, by tranquillizing -rather than exciting, to induce him to take as little out of himself at -each, as is possible. - -With considerate treatment of this sort, a warrior or a sportsman may -go from a given point to another in a given time without distressing -his horse, while the hot-faced man who, in attempting to follow him, -has been straining through heavy ground, rushing up steep acclivities, -restraining in going down hills, and galloping at every fence, large -or small, has not only blown his poor horse, but as he sits astride -his panting body and bleeding sides, fancies he has done so _by going -fast_; and accordingly, when he sees afar off the fellow who, on an -inferior animal, has outstripped him, he contemptuously wonders to -himself how such a tortoise could possibly have beaten such a hare! - - - - -+Use and Abuse of Spurs.+ - - -Buxtorff, in describing the horses, chariots, and riders of the ancient -Egyptians, says that the word "_Parash_," or rider, is derived from the -Hebrew root to prick, or spur. - -In horsemanship there is no subject so worthy of consideration, most -especially by any one wearing the name of a gentleman, as the use and -the abuse of spurs. In riding horses that since their birth have been -roaming in a state of nature, that have never tasted corn, and that -have never been excited by men to race against each other, it would be -impossible to induce them to exhaust in man's service the _whole_ of -their strength except by punishment; for, as they have never obeyed any -other will than their own, so soon as they become tired, they attempt -not only to diminish their speed, but to stop altogether, and as their -bodies have no value whatever, and as their riders have spurs with -rowels an inch long, and no mercy, it might be supposed that, under -such circumstances, an uncivilized human being would be very apt to -inflict unnecessary punishment on the poor subdued animal beneath him. -But it is mercifully ordained that it is the interest as well as the -duty of man to husband the powers of the animals that serve him, and -accordingly the wild rider, when carefully observed, is found to be -infinitely more lenient in the use of his spurs than the comrade who -calls himself civilized, simply because the former by his own and his -hereditary experience has learned that the spur should be the _last_, -and not the _first_ resource of any rider who desires to be carried a -given distance in the smallest possible amount of time. Accordingly, to -attain this object, the animal on starting, without any punishment, is -restrained by his bridle, and encouraged, so long as it is possible -to do so, in his zeal to advance: when that begins to flag, by working -the bit in his mouth he is induced to proceed; when this fails, a -very slight touch of one spur becomes necessary, to be increased only -as required. When excitation on that side is found to have lost its -effect, it is tried very gently on the other; and thus does the wild -rider proceed, until he ends the distance by coming in violently -spurring with both heels at every step of a gallop, that, from sheer -faintness, has dwindled down to a rate of hardly six miles an hour. - -Now a civilized traveller almost invariably commits not only the -unnecessary cruelty but the error of using his spurs the moment his -horse, as he fancies, _requires_ them; by which means he for a very -short time encourages, and then so completely discourages his poor weak -animal that he often fails altogether to get to the end of the distance -which his wild comrade, without the slightest desire to be merciful, -has rapidly and scientifically accomplished. - -In the management, however, of horses in England, the conditions of the -case are totally different. Tied to mangers, in which they feast on dry -oats, beans, and hay, no sooner do they leave their stables than the -very sight of creation animates them; every carriage that trots by, and -every rider that passes, excites them. When brought into condition, -and then encouraged to compete against each other, their physical -strength, though artificially raised to the maximum, remains far behind -their instinctive courage and disposition to go till they die, in -almost any service in which they may be employed. - -Under these circumstances, the _use_ of the spur is to enable man -to maintain his supremacy, and, whenever necessary, promptly and -efficiently to suppress mutiny in whatever form it may break out. If -a restiff horse objects to pass a particular post, he must be forced -to do so. If he refuses to jump water, he must, as we have described, -be conquered. But in every case of this nature a combination of cool -determination, plenty of time, and a little punishment, invariably form -a more permanent cure than a prescription composed only of the last -ingredient; for as anger, in a horse as in a man, is a short madness, -an animal under its influence is not in so good a state to learn and -remember the lesson of obedience which man is entitled to impart, as -when he has time given to him to observe that the just sentence to -which he is sternly required to submit, is tempered with mercy. - -But if the _uses_ of the spur are few, its _abuses_ are many. On the -race-course, the eagerness and impetuosity of thorough bred horses to -contend against each other are so great, that for a considerable time -it is difficult to prevent them, especially young ones, from starting -before the signal is given. As soon as they are "off," it becomes all -that the best riders in the world can do merely to guide them: to stop -them would be impossible. Occasionally their very limbs "break down" in -their endeavours to win; and yet, while they are exerting their utmost -powers and strength,--to the shame of their owners and to the disgrace -of the nation, the riders are allowed, as a sort of show off, to end -the contest by whipping and spurring, which, nine times out of ten, -has the effect of making the noblest quadruped in creation do what is -technically called "+Shut Up+," which means that the ungenerous and -ungrateful punishment and degradation that have been unjustly inflicted -upon him have cowed his gallant spirit, and have broken an honest heart! - -But the ignorance as well as the brutality of unnecessarily spurring a -hunter is even worse than that just portrayed. When a young horse that -has never seen a hound, is ridden up, for the first time in his life, -_not_ to a meet, at which the whole pack are to be seen, but merely to -the side of a covert, which, hidden from view, they are drawing, it -might reasonably be conceived that under such circumstances he could -not have an idea of their past, present, or future proceedings--we -mean, where they had come from, what they were doing, or what they -were going to do. However, no sooner does a hound, from laziness, -or possibly from feeling that he has been sufficiently pricked by -thorns, briars, and gorse, creep out for a few seconds before him, -than--"Angels and ministers of grace defend us!"--the young horse -pricks up his ears, stares intently at him, holds his breath, and, with -a heart beating so hard that it may be not only heard but felt by the -rider, he breaks out into a perspiration, which, on the appearance of -a few more hounds, turns into foam as white as soap-suds. On an old -hound--by a single deep tone, instantaneously certified by the sharp, -shrill, resolute voice of the huntsman--announcing to creation that the -one little animal which so many bigger ones have been so good as to -visit, is "at home," the young horse paws the ground; if restrained, -evinces a slight disposition to rear; until, by the time the whole -pack--encouraged by the cheery cry, "_Have at him!_"--in full chorus -have struck up their band of music, he appears to have become almost -ungovernable, and is evidently outrageously anxious to do--he knows -not what; and accordingly, when a sudden shriek, scream, or, as the -Irish term it, "screech," rather than a holla, from the opposite side -of the covert, briefly announces, as by a telegram, the joyous little -word "+Away!+" suiting his action to it, "_away_" the young horse -often bolts with his rider, just as likely "away" from the hounds as -with them. If he follows them, infuriated by ardour, which neither he -nor his rider have power to control, he looks at nothing, thinks of -nothing, until at full speed coming to say a stiff fence he disdains to -rise at, a lesson is offered to him, which, however, he is a great deal -too much excited to learn by heart; and so, before his rider has had -time enough to uncoil himself from his roll, the "young 'un," without a -thought or disposition to wait for the old gentleman, leaves him on the -ground to think about the hounds; while with dangling stirrups, reins -hanging loose on his neck, and outstretched neck and tail, he is once -again "up and at 'em!" - -Although, however, a horse, when his blood is hot, does not appear -to notice a fall, he thinks a good deal about it in the stable; and, -accordingly, the next time he comes out, instead of being infuriated, -he only evinces a superabundance of eagerness and excitement to follow -the hounds, which his rider can gradually and often rapidly succeed in -allaying, until the animal may be honestly warranted as "steady with -hounds," which means that, although he will follow them over anything -till he drops, he has lived to learn that to enable him to do so he -had better not unnecessarily maim his legs or tumble himself head over -heels. With this mixture of high courage and discretion he does his -best; and, as affecting evidence of this truth, although, after having -been ten or twelve hours out of his stable, with apparent cheerfulness, -he brings his rider home, yet it is the latter only that then proves to -be "as hungry as a hunter," while the exhausted stomach of the "vrai -Amphitryon"--the real hunter, remains for many hours, and sometimes -days, without the smallest appetite for corn or beans. - -If this plain statement be correct, leaving humanity entirely out of -the question, how ignorant and contemptible is that man who is seen -during a run not only to be spurring his horse with both heels whenever -he comes to deep ploughed ground or to the bottom of a steep hill, but -who, just as if he were singing to himself a little song, or, "for -want of thought," whistling to himself a favourite tune, throughout -the run, continues, as a sort of idle accompaniment to his music, to -dangle more or less severely the rowel of one spur into the side of a -singed hunter, who all the time is a great deal more anxious to live -with the hounds than he is! But, as dishonesty is always the worst -policy, so does this discreditable conduct produce results opposite to -those expected to be attained; for instead of spurring a poor horse -throughout a run hastening his speed, it has very often put a fatal end -to it. - -In riding to hounds it occasionally happens that a resolute, -experienced hunter, knowing what he can break through, what he must -clear, and who has learned to be cunning enough never to jump farther -than is necessary, approaches a fence on the other side of which a -horse and rider have been just observed to disappear in a brook that -has received them. Now, if throughout the run the rider has never -once touched his faithful horse with spurs, and if on reaching this -fence both rowels suddenly are made to prick him, in an instant -he understands the friendly hint, and accordingly, by exerting -much greater powers than he had intended, he saves himself and his -benefactor from a bad fall. In a few cases of this nature the use of -spurs to a sportsman is not only excusable, but invaluable. On no -account, however, should they be used to propel a hunter to the end of -a run, but, on the contrary, whenever the noble animal tells his rider -honestly that he is distressed, he should gratefully be patted on the -neck, pulled up, and walked carefully to the nearest habitation, where -he can rest and obtain a few gulps of warm gruel. Humanity will not -disapprove of this course; but we also recommend young sportsmen to -adopt it, to maintain their pleasures and to save their own purses. To -ride a distressed horse at a strong fence, is very likely to break a -collar-bone, that will require a surgeon and half the hunting season to -mend. To ride him to death, entails extortion from the breeches-pocket -of a sum of money--usually of three figures--to replace him. - - - - -+How To Treat a Hunter in the Field.+ - - -Of the Ten Commandments which man is ordered to obey, it may truly -be said that there is no one which it is not alike his interest as -well as his duty to fulfil. In every station in life in which it may -have pleased God to call him, he rises by being honest--sinks by -being dishonest; gains more by forgiving an injury than by avenging -it; creates friends by kindness--enemies by unkindness; causes even -bad servants to be faithful by making them happy; and thus, while he -is apparently serving others, in reality he is materially benefiting -himself. - -By a similar dispensation of Providence, it is the interest as well as -the duty of man to be merciful to the animals created for his use. - -The better they are fed, and the more carefully they are attended to, -the more valuable they become. If by any accident they be either maimed -or lamed, money is gained by giving them rest, lost by forcing them -to continue to move; in short, while sickness is costly so long as it -remains uncured, any neglect which causes a diseased animal to die, -inflicts upon the owner thereof a fine exactly equal to what would have -been gained had he been saved. - -This humane regulation of Nature, which may justly be entitled "a law -for the protection of animals from cruelty," applies to every hunting -stable, large as well as small, not only in the United Kingdom, but -throughout the world. Indeed if it be lucrative to a man to take care -of the sheep, oxen, and other animals he is rearing merely to eat, -it is most especially his interest by every attention in his power -to enable his hunter to carry him safely; and yet, on this vital -subject, for such it is, there usually exists in the horseman a want of -consideration which, to any one who will reflect on the subject, must -appear highly reprehensible. - -It may readily be admitted that hunting men, generally speaking, make -great efforts first to obtain horses sufficiently strong to carry -them, and secondly, to increase their strength by administering to -them plenty of the very best food, with every thing that science can -add, to improve what is called their condition. But, strange to say, -after having thus made every possible exertion to create or constitute -a power sufficient to carry them, after having at great expense and -infinite trouble amassed it, they unscientifically exhaust it; and -accordingly at the end of a long day it continually happens that a -rider dislocates a bone, cracks a limb, or loses his life, from having -as it were, like an improvident spendthrift, simply from want of -consideration, expended funds necessary for his existence. - -When Alexander the Great pompously asked Diogenes what he could do -to serve him, the cynic curtly replied, "_Get out of my sunshine._" -In like manner if a heavy man, patting his hunter on the neck, were -to ask "What can I do to please you?" the dumb animal, if he could -but speak, would just as bluntly reply, "_Get off my back_;" and yet -men, especially heavy ones, will throughout a long day sit smiling -in their saddles, without reflecting that by doing so they are every -minute and every hour wearying muscles which, after having carried -them brilliantly in one run, are, if a second fox can be found, to be -required to carry them through another. - -A deal board of the length of a horse's back, with its ends resting on -the bottoms of two chairs, would break, a stout pole would snap, and -a rod of iron would bend, under the feet of a heavy man jumping upon -them only for a few minutes; and yet the same heavy man who in the same -short period would become dead tired of carrying even his only child, -neglects to consider the mechanical effects caused by the mere pressure -(to say nothing of the concussion produced by jumping) for seven or -eight hours of fourteen, sixteen, or eighteen stone on a horse's back, -which is not a solid bone, but one scotched or sawn by Nature into a -decreasing series of twenty-nine vertebræ (namely, dorsal, 18; lumbar, -6; sacral, 5), averaging less than two inches in length and breadth. - -The wearying effects which the infliction of weight produces on the -muscular powers of a horse may be practically demonstrated as follows: - -In crossing a particular region in the plains of South America, in -which there are literally no inhabitants to assist in catching the -horses, it is necessary for the attendant on the traveller to select -and drive a troop of them, which continue to gallop before him in -high spirits, while the animal beneath him, unaccustomed to extra -weight, becomes weaker and fainter, until with bleeding sides, drooping -head, and panting flanks, he is left standing by himself on the plain -completely exhausted. - -No less than five times is the traveller obliged to repeat the -operation of remounting what is called, what is considered, and what -really is "a fresh horse," which in his turn, solely by his rider's -_weight_, becomes tired, without metaphor, almost "to death," in the -presence of the unmounted horses, who, with nothing to carry but their -own carcases, are still showing no signs whatever of distress.[E] - -Now although a horse highly fed and in good wind and condition -has greater muscular power than those in the state of nature just -described, it is undeniable that the difference between carrying weight -and no weight must produce in each of them similar results; that is to -say, those muscles which are oppressed suffer by the amount of weight -inflicted upon them, multiplied by the time they are subjected to it, -and again negatively enjoy the periods of rest, be they ever so short, -during which they are relieved from it. - -And yet, although every body learns by daily experience that the -imposition of weight tires his own muscles, that the abstraction of -weight instantly relieves them; and although it is a known fact that -when two thorough-bred horses are racing together, an addition of only -seven pounds weight will cause the bearer of it to be "distanced," yet -men of rank, intelligence, wealth, and generous feelings, are, at the -outside of a covert which the hounds are drawing, to be constantly -seen late in the day with cigars in their mouths, conversing and -occasionally even extolling to each other the qualifications of the -noble animals on whose backs they have been thoughtlessly sitting for -six or eight hours, as hard as a hen upon a nest full of eggs just -about to hatch. - -In the army when a soldier who has committed an offence is sentenced -to crawl for several hours up and down a parade "in heavy marching -order," it is justly called "_punishment drill_." - -In like manner, if an unruly horse were to be sentenced merely to -stand in his stable for ten hours with a sack of heavy oats, weighing -(at forty-two pounds the bushel) exactly twelve stone, the punishment -or pain his muscles would undergo in bearing such a weight for so -long a time would be so severe that by almost everybody it would -be termed "cruel." But if, instead of being quiescent, the sack of -oats could by mechanical contrivances be continually lifted up, and -then by a series of heavy blows dropped down upon vertebræ which -have nothing but muscles to support them, the punishment would be -condemned as excruciating; and yet this excruciating punishment is -quite unnecessarily inflicted upon hunters by a lot of good-humoured -heavy men, simply from neglecting to reflect that if they would, only -even for a minute or two, occasionally unload their saddles, to walk -a little, stand still a little, or, while the hounds are drawing, sit -placidly upon the stile or gate that is often close beside them, they -would not only perform an act of mercy, but they would impart or rather -restore strength, tone, and activity to muscles which, if vigorous, can -carry them safely, but which, if exhausted, must inevitably fail when -tested by a severe run. - -In deference and in reference to this law of Nature, it may truly be -added that the proprietor of a valuable stud of horses would gain a -great deal of money as well as ensure safety if he would select and -set apart, say two of them for his groom to ride to covert, leading by -his side, with an empty saddle, the horse that is to _hunt_; by which -arrangement the cheap hack, which from the covert-side has only to -return to his stable, would carry, and the costly hunter which is to -endure the toil of a long day would for two, three, and occasionally -four hours be relieved from the weight of about a sack of oats, to say -nothing of but too often a pair of hard and heavy hands; and thus the -wealthy rider, on descending from the box of his four-in-hand drag, -would, at a saving rather than an expenditure of money, have secured -for himself the benefit of mounting a fresh hunter, instead of one -more or less tired by what in our statistical returns are designated -"_preventible causes_." - -[Footnote E: The ancient Greeks practised riding two or three horses -tied together: the horseman vaulting from the tired to the fresh one.] - - - - -+How To Bring a Hunter Home.+ - - -Of the long list of hunters annually killed by what is called "a severe -day," about one-third may be said to have died from bad riding, and -two-thirds by improper treatment after the run was over. - -Supposing, as is often the case, that the majority of the horses that -are "in at the death" have been out of their stables from seven to -eight hours, that they have been conspicuous in two or three runs, -and that, with the lower edge of the sun nearly touching the horizon, -they have to travel from fifteen to twenty miles to their stables, a -question of vital importance has to be determined, namely, whether they -are to perform that exertion in the way most agreeable to their riders, -or most advantageous to themselves. - -In the settlement of this problem the poor horses have, of course, -neither voice nor vote. On their behalf, therefore, we will endeavour -to contrast the attentions that ought to be bestowed upon them, with -the inconsiderate treatment to which they are usually subjected. - -In a severe day's work a hunter suffers from a combination of three -causes: violent muscular exertion, an overexcitement of the circulation -of the blood, and debility of his whole system caused by abstinence -from food. - -Of these causes, the latter produces by far the worst results; for -although to the muscles may be given rest, and to the circulation -repose, the stomach of a horse is so small and, in comparison to his -noble spirit, so delicate, that on becoming empty and exhausted it -is in an unfit state to digest food, and accordingly is beneficently -deprived by Nature of appetite to receive it. - -Now, under all these circumstances, it is evident that the most humane, -and, taking the money value of the poor animal into consideration, the -most economical course which the rider can pursue is as follows: - -As soon as the day's sport is over, the hunter should be led, or -ridden, at a walk for about a mile to some stable--it little matters -whether it be good, bad, or indifferent--or strawyard, where he can -stand for a minute or two. - -When the object for which he has been taken there has been -accomplished, about a third of a pail of gruel, or lukewarm water, with -a mouthful or two of hay, should be given to him. To prevent his being -chilled, the instant he has swallowed it he should be mounted; and -whatever be the distance he has to accomplish, he should then be ridden -homewards at a constant steady pace of about seven miles an hour. - -After a staghunt in which the hunter may have been galloping -principally on roads, soft ground (if it be not deep) should be -selected; but when, as is usually the case in fox hunting, the muscles -have, during the greater part of the day, been struggling in heavy -soil, he should be permitted to travel, as he invariably tries to do, -on the hard road. - -As they proceed together, if the rider will dismount for a few minutes -to lead his horse down or up any very steep hill, both animals will -be greatly relieved. With this exception, however, there should be no -alteration of pace or stoppage of any sort or kind. - -If, at the quiet rate described, the hunter begins to blunder, it -will be proper that he should be what is termed "wakened" by a word -of remonstrance, or, if that prove insufficient, by a slight touch of -the spur. But if, as is usual, the noble animal travels safely, the -duller he is encouraged to go, the greater will be the relief to that -over excitement of the circulation of his blood, and that violent -palpitation of his heart, from which he has suffered. - -By this treatment a hunter in good condition can, in the shortest -possible time, be brought home not only cool in body and tranquil in -mind, but with limbs _less_ wearied than when they took leave of the -hounds. - -On entering his stable, in the manger of which he should find, ready to -welcome him, a handful or two of picked sweet hay, his bridle should be -taken off, his girths unloosened, and then, before his body is touched, -all his four legs, after being cleared only of rough dirt, should, -without a moment's delay, be swathed from the knees and hocks to the -hoofs by rough bandages of coarse common drugget, which maintain in -the extremities that healthy circulation which, from the minuteness of -their veins, is prone, after great exhaustion, to stagnate, producing -(especially when caused by the ignorant custom of washing the legs) -disorganisation and disease throughout the whole system, as the -following fact will exemplify. - -Several seasons ago almost every hunter in Leicestershire and -Northamptonshire was afflicted by a combination of lumps, bumps, -swelled legs, and cracked heels, caused by the extraordinary wetness -of the ground, and the consequent ablutions of the legs. After the -veterinary surgeons had in vain nearly exhausted their pharmacopœia, -the oldest and most experienced among them directed that on no account -should horses' legs, after hunting, be washed; and wherever this plain, -sensible prescription was followed, all the symptoms just described -rapidly subsided. - -If the hunter, as is now-a-days almost invariably the case, has been -singed, the less he is excited and tormented by cleaning (the main -object of which, with many strappers, seems to be to make the poor -animal crouch his back, bite his manger, and violently work all his -legs as if they were on a tread-mill) the better. - -At the expiration of about an hour white flannel bandages should, -however, be substituted for the coarse ones, under which the dirt will -then be found to crumble away like warm sand. - -If his ears (the opposite extremities or antipodes of his legs) have -become cold, circulation therein should be restored by the groom -quietly rubbing them with a cloth; and as soon as they are dry, and the -animal what is called "comfortable," a pailful of warm gruel given to -him at intervals, a bran mash, a rackful of hay, a clean stall, some -chilled water, and a fresh bed, will do all that is possible to procure -for him a night's rest, free from fever; and this vital object having -been accomplished, _the next day_ he may receive without injury, and -indeed with great benefit, his usual allowance of the best oats and -beans. - -Now, in contrast to the mode of treatment just described, we will -endeavour to offer to our readers a similar sketch of that which, -especially by what are termed "fast men" (possibly because "lucus à non -lucendo" they make it a rule never to "fast" or abstain from any thing -they desire to do), is usually adopted. - -After the run is over, while one sturdy hound that all the rest seem to -be afraid of is stealing straight away with the poor fox's head, and -while another at his utmost speed, chased by several, is meandering -through the pack with a lump of unsavoury, very dirty fur in his -mouth, groups of riders, some sitting astride, some like pretty ladies -with a right leg hanging over the saddle's pommel, some with cambric -handkerchiefs mopping moist heads and red faces, and some adjusting -mustachios, are to be seen reciting to each other incidents aqueous, -terrestrial, and amphibious, of the run. Here and there, one of the -most handsome, as he talks, leans forward for a moment to pat the -neck of his thorough bred animal in grateful acknowledgment of the -particular feat he is describing. - -In what is considered by all to be hardly a quarter of an hour, (for -when men sit conversing about themselves, they little know how fast old -father Time gallops), this joyous _conversazione_ ends by the talkers, -after giving to each other here and there a farewell nod, radiating in -masses along roads, or across a fence or two, to gain the road that -leads to their respective homes; but as, by this time, in almost every -mouth a newly-lighted cigar happens to be gleaming, they resume their -talk as they walk towards an object described at the back of the head -of almost every one, in the humane words "gruel for _my horse_," to be -obtained, not exactly at the first farm, but at the first great town, -be it even half a dozen or so, miles off. - -On reaching the best hotel, at which there is seldom hot water enough -ready for all the cavalcade, the horses are handed over to that lot -of idle attendants who, some out of the stable and some from the bar, -greedily rush forward to grasp their bridles. "+Gruel+" is most kindly -ordered for them all; but as it is voted that there is no great -necessity to see them drink it, the landlord's smiling invitation -is accepted, and in a few minutes, by one of those extraordinary -contingencies that nobody could have anticipated, each gentleman rider -is to be seen, in high glee and good-humour, sipping from a tumbler -(which for some quaint reason or other happens to contain a silver -spoon) something that is evidently very wet and very _warm_. Alas! -little thinking that his poor faithful horse, whose performances he had -so lately been describing, with cold clammy ears is shivering, chilled -by having just drank too freely of "a summut," without a spoon in it, -that was wet and _cold_. - -On mounting, and clattering out of the paved yard of the hotel, most -of the riders fancy they are all the better--many of their horses feel -that they are all the worse for the half hour's rest and "gruelling" -that was ordered for them. But although the quadrupeds leave behind -them the fatal pail, the silver spoon has apparently accompanied the -bipeds, who, like the favoured children of Fortune, are, externally as -well as internally, under the influence of ardent spirits. - -All thoroughly happy, they think neither of their horses nor their -homes; but, according to the subject of their conversation, and the -state of their cigars, they walk, trot, sometimes very slow, and -sometimes very fast, until, on coming to a portion of the road bounded -by grass, although their poor horses have had an overdose of both -excitement and of heavy ground, they touch them with their spurs, to -re-enjoy, for a short distance, a hand-gallop. - -In short, travelling at what may either be described as "every pace," -or "no pace at all," they unnecessarily excite and fatigue their -horses; and yet, after all, though undoubtedly "fast men," they are -often considerably more than an hour longer in getting home than if -they had proceeded at a _slow_, quiet, steady, but unceasing rate. - -On reaching this goal the poor horse who, from eight o'clock in the -morning, has been working on an empty stomach, is led by his bridle -to his stable. The rich man prepares himself for his dinner. Since he -breakfasted, at a quarter before nine in the morning, he has, at a low -average, enjoyed the slight intoxication of very nearly a cigar per -hour, besides certain refreshments which he brought out with him, and -the few crumbs of comfort at the hotel at which he stopped to give -"gruel" to his horse. - -Nevertheless, on the principle that "by-gones are by-gones," after -his ablutions, exactly as if he had been fasting, he sits down to a -capital meal, joyous conversation, luscious wine. In due time he "joins -the ladies," and as, with rosy cheeks, and with a cup of fragrant -coffee in his hand, he stands in patent-leather boots, whispering soft -nonsense, the butler, white in waistcoat and in tie, most respectfully -interrupts it to inform his Lordship that "Mr. Willo'thewhisp" has just -sent up a strapper from the stable to say that "Harkaway" "has took to -shaking, and seems very queer indeed all over!" and accordingly, on the -evening of the next day, the poor high-bred animal, with protruding -tongue, glacy eyes dishonoured by a few particles of dust, hollow -flank, and outstretched limbs, lies in his stall, stiff and stark, a -victim to the unintentional maltreatment and thoughtless mismanagement -of his noble master. - - - - -+How To dress for Hunting.+ - - -As in our Nursery Rhymes it is truly stated that-- - - "Whatever brawls disturb the streets, there should be peace at - home," - -so it might be expected that, however violently men may differ among -each other as to the shape, cut, or fashion of their clothes, they -would at all events, like a brood of chickens nestling under their -parent hen, concur together in selecting that description of warmth -which is congenial, and in avoiding every substance uncongenial to -their nature. And yet how true and how strange it is to say that of -the best educated, most scientific, most intelligent, and wealthiest -classes in England, more than three-quarters live and suffer, wither -and decay, in clothing as uncongenial to their nature as a covering of -slate, in substitution of their mother, would be to a nest of young -birds! - -In a cold, wet, variable climate like England, where, especially in -winter, extra clothing to that granted to man by nature is absolutely -required, the sensible and self evident course for the Lord of Creation -to pursue would be to select from the living creatures around him, and -appropriate, the fur, feathers, wool, or hair that warm _them_. - -And yet, instead of thus cherishing blood by what has especially -been created by Nature to warm blood, we repair to the cold ground -for succour! From its produce we pick cotton and hemp, nourished by -a circulation of _sap_; in short, from a mixture of perversity and -ignorance which appear to be as inexcusable as they are unaccountable, -we run for protection to the wrong kingdom, to commit the unnatural -error of clothing ourselves as vegetables instead of as animals! - -If a man has had nothing to do in this world but, with a crown on his -head and with his knees closed, to sit very still on a throne,--with a -coronet balanced on his head, to walk very gently from one carpeted -room to another,--or in very tight boots to stand gaping at his fellow -creatures as, at different rates, they pass in procession before his -club window, he may live, die, and be screwed up in his coffin without -ever discovering the mistake he has committed; but, on the other -hand, if he has only for a few years been exposed to hard work, and -even without severe labour to the vicissitudes of climate, he very -soon finds out that he is suffering from the uncongenial clothing -in which he has been existing. Indeed, our soldiers and sailors on -active service, whether within the tropics or the polar regions; our -labourers, especially those who work underground in mines; in fact -all classes of people, sooner or later, are not only by medical men -admonished, but by the aches and pains of Caliban, with all the ills -which flesh is heir to when it has been suddenly chilled, are forced to -discard vegetable covering, in order to nestle, for the remainder of -their lives, in woollen clothing next to their skin; and when a man has -lived to make this important discovery, he keenly feels that although -his friend and neighbour would be grievously out of fashion were he to -walk about the world with his cotton drawers over his woollen trousers, -and with his Irish-linen shirt outside his coat, yet that it would be -less insane and infinitely more reasonable for him to do so than to -exist, as is still the general custom of the community, in vegetable -garments, covered on the outside with woollen clothing. In fact, it is -undeniable that a sinner doing penance in a hair shirt enjoys better -health than a saint in a lawn one. - -For ordinary work only ordinary protection may be required; but as in -hunting the rider is exposed to every variety of weather, good, bad, -and indifferent,--to sunshine, cold, wind, rain, sleet, and snow,--to -a heating gallop, with a plunge into a brook, ending by a chilling -detention at every fresh covert which the hounds are drawing, it must -be obvious that to fortify himself against all these alternations, -he requires not merely the dress superficially prescribed, namely, -a scarlet coat, leather breeches, top boots, and a hat or a hunting -cap, but beneath this gaudy surface the most wholesome description of -underclothing that science can devise. - -Now in the hunting field, experience, after a desperate struggle, has -at last demonstrated the advantages of wool; and, accordingly, for -some years it has been, and is, the habit and the fashion of most -men, especially "the fast ones," entirely to discard linen, and in -lieu thereof to ride in flannel shirts--pink, red, crimson, or many -coloured--and in drawers drawn either from the back of a lamb or a -sheep. The coats are lined throughout backs and sleeves with flannel; -and as the waistcoats have also sleeves of the same material, the -rider of the present day is not only wholesomely warmed, but his -clothing, from being divided into many layers, is capable of keeping -out a moderate shower of several hours' duration. - -To provide, however, against a soaking day, it is usual to put on -woollen drawers of extra thickness; but as it is impossible to foretell -how long it will rain--for when it pours early in the morning, it not -unusually becomes bright at eleven, and vice versâ--this precaution -often proves not only unnecessary, but throughout the whole day a very -unpleasant incumbrance, which, after all, fortifies a great deal more -of the propria persona than is required. - -A better plan, or "dodge," therefore, when the morning threatens to -turn into a drenching day, is to place over the thin drawers on the -surface only of each thigh, (which, from its position in riding, and -from the dripping from the brim of the hat, invariably becomes wet, -while all the rest of the drawers remain dry), a piece of stout serge -or saddler's flannel, which will keep out the rain for a long time; -which, when wet, can in a moment be drawn out, dried at any little -inn, farm, or cottage fire, and then replaced; and which, if, from the -cessation of the rain, it be not needed, instead of heating the owner, -can be rolled up and transferred into one of his coat pockets, to -remain there like a letter addressed Poste restante, "till called for." - -Of boots there are just two sorts: those that do protect the mechanism -of the knee, and those that don't protect it. Of these, the latter are -the most fashionable. However, leaving the rider to make his choice, it -need only be observed that if the soles are broad, the feet within them -will be warm; and, if narrow, cold; simply from the circulation of the -blood having, by pressure, become impeded. - -Chilblains are often the result, though more usually caused by the -mistaken luxury, as it is called, of putting the feet when chilled by -hunting into warm instead of into cold water, the temperature of which, -if possible, should be lowered in proportion to the coldness of the -feet: indeed, whenever flesh is frost-bitten, the well-known practical -remedy is snow; while on the other hand an approach to fire instantly -produces mortification. - -And now for a very few words respecting the upper, or garret-story of -the rider. - -In Leicestershire, many years ago, it was, and in Surrey it still is, -the fashion for "fast men" to ride in the hunting caps worn by all -huntsmen and whippers in. - -They were invented to protect the head, whereas they have very properly -been discarded in the shires because they have proved to be its enemy, -or rather the enemy of the rider's neck, which is liable, on a very -slight fall, as was lately the case with poor Lord Waterford, to be -broken, literally on account of the protection given to the head by -the cap, which, instead of collapsing like the buffer of a railway -carriage, as a hat does when it is crushed by a fall, transfers to the -neck the whole concussion of the blow. - -In all hunting hats a small hole should be made, either in the crown or -sides, to admit fresh air, and to allow the steam from a hot head to -escape, instead of heating the brain and injuring the hair. - -As regards the latter, for the sake not only of our masculine, but -of our feminine readers (one of whose innumerable natural ornaments -is their hair), we will venture to point out another mistake which -is generally committed by our seeking assistance from the inanimate -instead of the animate portion of creation. - -We all know that throughout our country, and indeed throughout the -world, there are exposed for sale two descriptions of oil; and as -one of them is compressed from vegetables, and the other obtained -from animals, without reflecting for a moment, it ought surely, at -once, to occur to everybody, that as all things were created good, -"according to their kind," vegetable oil would not prove to be "good" -for animal substances; and accordingly, every coachman and stable-man -concur in testifying, on their practical experience, that while -animal oil mollifies and preserves all descriptions of bridles and -harness, vegetable oil burns and destroys any leather it is applied -to, disfiguring as well as impairing it by deep cracks, crossing each -other like network (declared in Johnson's Dictionary to mean "anything -reticulated or decussated at equal distances, with interstices between -the intersections"). - -But just as the texture of linen is infinitely finer and more beautiful -than that of broadcloth or flannel, so is vegetable oil clearer and -more inodorous than animal oil, for which reasons the former, instead -of the latter, is almost invariably used by perfumers in concocting -what is sold by them as "hair oil," which, when extracted from almonds, -olives, or any other vegetable substance, is, although highly scented, -exactly as injurious to hair as it would be to harness; and thus it is -lamentable to observe young people blooming around us in all directions -becoming prematurely bald-headed, and older ones more or less -rheumatic, dyspeptic, &c., from having by their own acts and deeds, -namely, by rubbing their heads and clothing their bodies with the wrong -substances, foolishly deserted the animal kingdom to which they belong, -to go over to an alien, that, for the purposes for which they seek its -protection, is really their enemy. - - - - -+How to Eat and Drink for Hunting.+ - - -When a young man "too tall for school," that is to say, who has just -concluded his studies, is on the point of what is called embarking in -life, it would be well for him if he would but pause for a few moments, -on the brink of his earthly career, to determine, not how he can avoid, -but on the contrary, which, out of the many alluring pleasures standing -in array before him, will afford him, when selected, the greatest and -most enduring enjoyments. - -Now these pleasures, sensual, literary, and religious, may be compared -to the different qualifications in a large stud of horses, which, as we -all know, may be divided into three classes, namely-- - -1. Those that will carry their rider brilliantly for a short time, and -then, gradually failing, bring him early in the day to what, in the -hunting field, is termed "grief." - -2. Those that will carry him well through three quarters of a good run, -and then give in. - -3. Those which will not only carry him through any run, however severe -it may be, but end a happy day by bringing him gloriously to his long -home. - -If this classification of the pleasures of this world be correct, -there can exist no doubt that it is the interest of every young person -to select from them those which, in intensity, increase instead of -diminish the longer they are enjoyed, and which in duration are -eternal, instead of being shorter than life. - -Yet, supposing this wise selection to be made, it does not follow, -because one set of pleasures rank infinitely higher than others, -that the former should be exclusively pursued, and the latter wholly -abandoned. - -On the contrary, as rest restores the strength of the body after hard -labour, so do pleasures of a lower order, if judiciously administered, -recruit the exhaustion caused by mental exertion. - -Now, of all sensual pleasures, those of eating and drinking produce, as -we either use or abuse them, the most opposite results. - -When a young man commences his career, the engine which is to propel -him throughout his life, is, his stomach. - -If he preserves it, it will in return render him good service. If he -inconsiderately wears it out, whatever abilities he may possess become -to him of no avail. Indeed the Spanish proverb truly says that in man's -progress in the army, navy, law, church, or state, in short in every -profession, "it is the belly that lifts the feet." - -But the same remark is applicable, not only to every profession, but -to all our amusements and recreations. A young horseman, therefore, -who wishes to enjoy the greatest possible amount of hunting, should -ensure it by taking the greatest possible care, not of his neck--not -even of his life, for, as has been shown, the less he interferes with -his horse in jumping, the safer he will go--but of his stomach, or in -other words, of his _health_. To attain this object he has no penance -whatever to perform, for, as he is undergoing strong exercise, his -system requires, is entitled to, and ought to be allowed ample support, -say a capital breakfast; a crust of sweet bread in the middle of the -day; and after hunting is over, a glass of pure cold water to bring -him home to a good, wholesome dinner, with three or four glasses of -super-excellent wine. Now if a young rider were to resolve to rough -it on, or as many of his companions would call it, to "stint himself" -to, the diet above described, he would sit down to every meal with -an appetite that nothing but healthy hunger can create; and thus, -even from the sensual gratification of eating and drinking, he would -derive the maximum of enjoyment, which would not only on the following -day exhilarate his spirits, and strengthen his body, but which, by -invigorating his nerves as well as his stomach, would maintain for -him, to old age, the best possible recreation to his intellectual -occupations, the manly exercise of hunting. - -Instead, however, of subsisting on the healthy diet just described, the -ordinary practice of many hunting men is to add to what may be called -"Nature's prescription for the enjoyment of good health" the following -ingredients:-- - -1. After breakfast, before mounting the spiry covert hack--a cigar. - -2. On arriving at a hand-gallop at the meet; again on reaching the -covert--a cigar. - -3. At two o'clock some cold grouse, a long suck from a flat flask full -of sherry, or brandy and water, and--a cigar. - -4. After the run, another suck at the flat flask--a cigar. Refreshment -at the nearest inn, for man and horse, and--a cigar. - -5. While riding home, per hour--a cigar. - -6. On reaching home, a heavy dinner, a superstratum of wine, an -astronomical peep at the new moon, and--a cigar. - -For a short time, a stout system is exhilarated, and a strong stomach -may be invigorated, by a series of gifts so munificently bestowed upon -them by the right hand of their lord and master. - -But as Death eventually levels all distinctions, so do a constant -slight intoxication produced by tobacco, vinous and spirituous liquors, -with a superabundance of rich food, sooner or later first weaken the -stomach, and then gradually debilitate the system, of the strong man as -well as of the puny one. - -The first symptom of premature decay is announced by the nerves, which, -to the astonishment of the young rider, sometimes fail so rapidly, -that while the whole of the rest of his system appears to him and to -everybody to be as blooming and as vigorous as ever, he is compelled, -under the best excuse he can invent, to sell his stud, and abandon for -the rest of his life the favourite recreation he has himself destroyed. - -Again, although the delicate network of the nervous system may -continue uninjured, the stomach, from being continually over-excited, -overwhelmed, and over-burdened by a heavy, conglomerated mixture -which it has not power to digest, begins to become unable to execute, -not its natural functions, but the unnatural amount of work it is -called upon to perform. The blood becomes impure, secretions are -vitiated, the liver gets disordered, the oppressed lungs are ready -for inflammation, the brain is heated, the pulse irregular; in fact, -the whole mechanism of the system becomes so deranged that the rider -eventually experiences, to his vast regret, that he enjoys rest more -than exercise, and accordingly in due, or rather in undue time, he -retires from his saddle to an elbow chair. - -But he is hardly seated therein when the sudden change in his habits, -from an active to a sedentary life, rapidly produces the usual effects. -Did his big toe, unknown to him, receive yesterday any little blow? -Can he have sprained it in his sleep? What can possibly have swelled -it so? How shiny and scarlet it looks! How burning hot it is getting! -Gracious heavens, what a twitch that was!! something must be _in_ it. -That something, oh! seems to be a red-hot file in the hands of a demon -who is rasping a hole in the bone. Ah! Ai! O O O OH!! - -But this little mischievous demon is only one of a legion; for besides -the eating complaint, commonly called gout, diseases, all more or less -painful, produced by intemperate habits, or, in other words, by giving -to the poor willing stomach more food and liquor than it could digest, -are so innumerable, that it would require, and does require, a library -of books to describe them, with regiments of medicine-men to prescribe -for them--in vain. - -"India, my boy," said an Irishman to a friend on his arrival at -Calcutta, "is jist the finest climate under the sun. But a lot of young -fellows come out here, and they dhrink and they ate, and they ate and -they dhrink, and they die. And thin, they write home to their friends a -pack o' lies, and say, it's _the climate_ as has killed 'em!" - -But to return to the saddle. Instead of preaching from it abstinence -to hunting-men, they ought, on the contrary, to be urged to enjoy the -greatest amount of gratification that can possibly be derived from -eating and drinking, not for a single day, week, month, or year, but -throughout their whole lives. - -To enable themselves, however, to ascertain this amount, it is -necessary for them to put into a pair of scales, to be accurately -weighed against each other, the enjoyments of temperance, and the -sorrows and anguish of intemperance. If, on doing so, they ascertain -that the balance is in favour of eating, drinking, and tobacco-smoking -_ad libitum_, they will act wisely in indulging in all three to the -utmost possible extent. If, on the contrary, they ascertain that some -of these pleasures last only for a few seconds, some for a few minutes, -and none for more than one or two hours, while, on the other hand, the -afflictions caused by intemperance endure for months and years;--that -"felo-de-se" they put an end to hunting, spoil cricket, stop shooting, -and last, but not least, ruin not only bodily but intellectual -enjoyments, they will act wisely by resolving to befriend themselves as -they befriend their horses, namely, by prescribing for all and each an -ample quantity of food of the very best description, and, if more be -required by a greedy stomach--_the muzzle_. - - - - -+Difference between Leicestershire and Surrey Hunting.+ - - -When a stranger comes to hunt in "the shires" he is surprised, and is -usually a little alarmed, at the size of the fences, until he learns, -by experience, how very easily they are crossed; for although almost -all non-hunting people, especially ladies, fancy that it must be -dangerous to encounter a large fence, and easy to pass over a small -one, yet in practice the reverse, within moderate bounds, may be said -to be the truth: indeed, it is notorious that of the bad accidents -that happen in the hunting-field, at least three-fourths occur either -at small impediments or at no impediment at all. For instance, -perhaps the very worst fall a rider can get is by his horse, at full -speed, stepping on the edge of a little rabbit-hole; next comes that -occasioned by one of his fore feet in his gallop dropping into a deep -drain about six inches broad; next to that by his coming to a ditch -too narrow to attract his observation, or to a stiff hedge so low that -he disdains to rise at it; and at this rate danger diminishes, until -the rider arrives at what may be termed the point of greatest safety, -namely, a moderately high fence through which (as in the county first -mentioned) a horse can at a glimpse see on the other side a broad and -deep ditch or small brook. - -A hunter coming fast and cheerfully at a fence of this description, no -sooner is observed to prick his ears, than in self-defence he is _sure_ -to try, and if he tries he is not only sure, but by his momentum he -_cannot help_ to clear it. - -The great ease with which large fences can be crossed produces -the following rather curious result, namely, that although the -horses ridden after hounds in Leicestershire, Northamptonshire, and -Lincolnshire are infinitely superior to those ridden in Surrey, yet the -small, blind, cramped, awkward, and consequently _difficult_, fences -of the latter county require, and therefore create, better horsemen -than those who, in "the shires," as joyously as swallows in summer, are -to be seen in leafless November skimming together across grass fields -separated by broad fences. - -And it is for this reason, that while a horseman from the small, -difficult fences, if well mounted, has always been found able to go and -clear the broad, easier ones, the very best riders from the region -of the latter, whenever for the first time they try to get across the -former, must, until they have been sufficiently educated, either submit -to follow experienced leaders or--break their necks. - -But although of valour discretion has been declared to be the better -part, yet in hunting a constant necessity to "look before you leap" is -a virtue so exceedingly painful to practise, that on the principle that -"where ignorance is bliss 'tis folly to be wise," the imperfect rider, -in a good country, may rest well satisfied that he has infinitely more -enjoyment than is allotted to the superior horseman in a bad one. - - - - -+The Stable.+ - - -A comparison between the true Briton's love for his home, and that -of a horse for his stable, elicits conflicting facts which are very -remarkable; for although in theory and in law the house of the former -is said to be "his castle," and although the latter is confined to his -stable by head-collars, pillar-reins, rack-chains, halter-ropes, yet -the hard, honest fact is, that the owner of the castle often seizes -every possible opportunity to escape from it, while the inhabitant of -the stable, if left to his own accord, would never leave it. - -It sounds very beautiful for the Englishman to sing-- - - "Be it ever so humble, there's no place like home;" - -for the Scotch poet to write-- - - "Oh Caledonia stern and wild, - Meet nurse for a poetic child;" - -and for his brother Paddy to exclaim-- - - "Sweetest isle of the ocean, - Erin mavourneen, Erin go Bragh:" - -yet it is impossible to deny that the song, the poetry, and the -exclamation are not in unison with the fact that the songster, the -poet, and the exclaimer are constantly caught in the fact of having -stolen away from the very "home," the very "nurse," and the very "isle" -they so ardently profess to love: indeed, in proof of the alibi, every -region of the globe, healthy or unhealthy, and especially every town, -city, and bathing-place in Europe, could not only declare on affidavit -that its localities, high-roads, bye-roads, paths, and streets, are, -especially in summer time or flea-season, to be seen crawling alive -with deserters from British homes, but to the questions, Who is waving -that flag in the balloon high above our heads?--Who is standing in -solitary triumph on the summit of that white capped mountain?--Who is -it that has just descended from human sight to the bottom of the sea -in a diving-bell? nine times out of ten it might truly be answered -"_A Briton_," who, in apparent desperation, has sought refuge in the -clouds, in the region of eternal snow, or in the briny deep, in order -to get away from his "dulce domum," and from "the right little, tight -little island" that contains it. - -In almost every instance the home he has deserted is, comparatively -speaking, replete with luxury and comfort; and yet, from stuffed sofas, -easy chairs, feather beds, soft mattresses, warm fires, good carpets, -a well-stocked library, cellar, larder, and dairy, flower and fruit -gardens, carriages on buoyant springs, a stud of horses, faithful -servants, and friendly neighbours, he has fled, with, in one pocket, a -purse which, wherever he stops, by everybody is to be plundered; and -in the other a passport, not to happiness, but to every description of -what he has been educated to consider as a discomfort, simply because, -instead of being homesick, he has become sick, almost unto death, of -his "_home_." - -Now, with these facts before us, which nobody can deny, it is strange -to reflect that while man, from all parts of the United Kingdom, is to -be seen centrifugally flying from his domicile, the horse's love for -his stable is a flame which brightens as it burns, and which nothing -but death can extinguish. - -Those who have not studied or even observed the propensities of a -horse, fancy that when, like a galley slave chained to his oar, he -stands tied to his manger, he is in a prison, from which it would be -an act of humanity to liberate him; and accordingly, if the animal has -faithfully served them for many years, they feel disposed to reward -him, as the great Duke of Wellington rewarded his gallant war-horse -Copenhagen, by "_turning him out for the rest of his life_." - -These notions, however, are perfectly erroneous. A horse not only loves -his stable, he not only never wishes to leave it, but whenever he is -taken out of it, although he may have been confined in it for many -months, he no sooner gets out of the door than he evinces a desire to -re-enter it. Every horseman, every coachman knows and feels that the -difference between riding or driving, especially a thoroughbred horse -from or towards his stable is so great, that while in the one case it -is often necessary to spur or flog him _from_ his home, the animal -invariably pulls hard, and on any trifling occurrence will start or -kick with joy, all the time he is returning to it; and his neighs, -responded to by his comrades within, express, in horse language, how -pleased he is to get back to them, and how glad they are to recover him. - -A horse loves his stable for the same reasons that ought to induce -his master to love his home--namely, because, in society that pleases -him, he lives well clothed, well fed, and well housed; and therefore -(however well intended it may be) nothing can be more cruel to -a faithful animal that has all his life been accustomed to such -artificial luxuries, than to turn or ostracise him into a park so soon -as his age and infirmities require for him if possible still greater -comforts. - -It would be thought harsh, ungenerous, and unjust, were a nobleman -to _reward_ his old worn out butler, and bent, decrepit, toothless -housekeeper, by consigning them both for the winter of their lives -to the parish workhouse, where, at no cost to themselves, they would -receive lodging, firing, food, and raiment; but if, without a shilling -in their pockets, and without a rag on their backs, his Lordship were -to turn the poor old couple adrift in the back-woods of North America, -he would confer upon them, in return for their services, exactly the -same sort of reward which is conferred upon an old worn out horse when, -suddenly deprived of the oats, beans, hay, bed, clothing, warm stable, -and companions he has been accustomed to, he is all of a sudden, as a -reward in full for all the work he has performed, "turned out for the -rest of his life." - -The extraordinary attachment of a horse to his stable, especially if it -contains many comrades, may be exemplified by the following anecdote:-- - -Some years ago a brown thorough-bred mare became gradually afflicted by -a spavin on each hind leg, which, on due consultation, were declared -to be incurable except by firing. - -To undergo this painful prescription she was led from a stable where -she had been residing by herself to the cavalry barracks at Hounslow, -about a mile off, where she was placed in a stable full of horses for a -day or two to undergo a preparatory dose of physic. - -By men and ropes she was then cast, fired, and in the course of two or -three days, as soon as she could bear moving, she was slowly led back -to her master, who, with kind intentions, turned her into a small field -of nice, cool, luxuriant grass, about one hundred yards beyond his -house. - -After eating a few mouthfuls the poor animal raised her head, snorted, -looked first on one side, then on the other, snorted again, stretched -out her tail, trotted up to a stiff post and rail fence, which she -cleared, and then passing unnoticed the loose box in which for many -months she had lived, forgetting and forgiving all the sufferings that -had been inflicted upon her, with raw, bleeding legs, she galloped -along the hard macadamised road to the cavalry stable, to re-enjoy the -society of the dozen horses which only for a few days she had had the -happiness of associating with. - -In constructing a stable the main object should be to secure to the -lungs of the horse pure air, and to prevent the hay in the loft above -him from being impaired by foul air.[F] - -By a simple shaft or chimney, and by other well-known modes of -ventilation, both these advantages can be obtained; and yet they are, -comparatively speaking, of no avail, if beneath the straw bed on which -the horse lies there exists a substratum generating and emitting gases -of a highly deleterious composition. - -A stable may be well ventilated and well drained, the forage may be -of the best description, and yet all may be impaired by an atmosphere -unfit for respiration; for if foul litter beneath be only covered, -as is often, and in many stables is usually the case, by a layer of -white straw, (like a dirty shirt under a suit of fine new clothing), -distemper and disease must be the result. - -Although therefore it should be the secondary duty of a good groom to -clean his _horse_, his primary duty is to clean _his stable_; for as, -in a fast and long run across a deep country, it is undeniable that the -healthiest lungs must triumph, it follows that a clean horse out of a -dirty stable cannot live with a dirty one of exactly the same character -and cast out of a clean stable. - -But as it is always easier to preach wisdom than to practise it, so is -it infinitely easier to prescribe clean litter than to maintain it. -Indeed, it is almost impossible to keep straw under a horse perfectly -pure; and accordingly, throughout the United States of America, and -even in New York, horses are often made to lie on bare boards, on which -they appear to sleep just as soundly as in a state of nature they would -sleep on ground baked hard by the sun. - -On this fact being privately whispered by us to the authorities at -the Horse Guards, it was at once repudiated by the assertion that it -would ruin English cavalry horses were they to be made to sleep without -litter on hard boards; and yet all the soldiers of Europe, cavalry as -well as infantry, in their guard rooms sleep and snore on wooden beds, -probably a good deal sounder than do their respective sovereigns on -bedding composed of wool, hair, down, feathers, fine linen, blankets, -and counterpanes. - - "Canst thou, O partial Sleep! give thy repose - To the wet sea-boy in an hour so rude; - And, in the calmest and most stillest night, - With all appliances and means to boot, - Deny it to a king?"--_Henry IV._ - -Another disadvantage of straw-litter is that horses with a voracious -appetite are sometimes prone to eat it, whether it be clean or dirty. -To prevent them from thus distending as well as injuring their -stomachs, it is usual to inflict upon them a muzzle, which, by impeding -respiration, is more or less injurious to the lungs. - -A better and indeed an effectual mode of prevention is to substitute -for straw, wooden shavings, which form a cheap, wholesome, clean, and -comfortable bed. - -[Footnote F: Youatt, in his valuable work entitled "+The Horse+," truly -says that changes from cold to heated foul air are as dangerous to the -animal as from heat to cold.] - - - - -+On Shoeing.+ - - -As a railway carriage is constructed on springs to soften all ordinary -jolts, and with buffers to alleviate any violent concussion;--as the -human mind is gifted with a buoyancy which enables it cheerfully to -meet any trifling vexation, and with sentiments of religion which -maintain its serenity under the severest afflictions, so do the pastern -above a horse's foot and the frog beneath it protect the body of the -animal from the continual slight concussions and occasional severe ones -to which, in ordinary and extraordinary exertions, it is liable to be -subjected. - -The pastern, like the instep of those Spanish women whose heels in -walking scarcely touch the ground, gives grace and elasticity to every -step; indeed, in the walk, trot, canter, and gallop of a horse we -clearly see the spring of his pasterns softening the movements of their -own creation. - -But while the career of the body is thus rendered safe and delightful, -the interior mechanism of the foot is protected by one of those simple, -beautiful, mechanical arrangements which in every direction demonstrate -to us the superintending providence of an Almighty Power. - -If the sole, front, sides, and back of a hunter's foot had been created -as solid and as inelastic as the gold or silver case of what is called -a hunting watch, the interior of the former, like that of the latter, -would receive material damage from a heavy blow against the ground. - -The coating, however, of hard horn or armour which shields the front -and sides of the sensitive foot from any obstacle in its course, -does not equally extend to that portion of it in the rear, out of -harm's way, called the heels, beneath which we find on examination -a triangular cushion of an Indiarubber-like composition, which, on -concussion, or even by compression, acting as a wedge, forces the heels -that contain it, outwards. - -By this beautiful arrangement, when a hunter with his front legs -extended, jumping over a broad fence, lands on a hard macadamised road -upon his two fore-feet, the heels which receive the greater portion of -the concussion are expanded by it in exact proportion to the weight -of the bodies of the horse and rider, and the violence of the blow -being thus alleviated, the sensitive mechanism of the foot is shielded -from injury. And yet, strange to say, simply by the act of shoeing, -this merciful protection in every country in the world is, generally -speaking, destroyed! - -If a mischievous or ignorant clown were to drive a nail through a -chronometer, he would only destroy an insensible and inanimate work -of art; but when a man of wealth, intelligence, and science--the -proprietor of a valuable horse, on whose safe going his comfort, -and occasionally his life depends--deliberately nails to the poor -creature's living, expansible feet four obdurate, inexpansible iron -shoes, he is really guilty of an act of barbarity and barbarism which -would scarcely be expected from a savage, for besides instantly -impeding the expansive apparatus of the foot, he effectually stops its -growth. - -Under this treatment the young horse, by day and by night, not only -lives in shoes which, though they may not hurt him very much in the -stable, always pinch him "in his utmost need," or rather speed; but, -like a Chinese lady, he outgrows his own feet, until, on attaining his -full size, it is discovered that his body, which, like that of Dives, -his master, has always worn fine clothing, and has fared sumptuously -every day, has nothing but a set of colt's feet with contracted heels -to carry it! - -To prevent, or at least to alleviate the sufferings acute and chronic -just described, Mr. Turner, of Regent Street, introduced the -unilateral system of what he called "half-nailing," which consists -in affixing the shoe by nails on the outside and round the toe only, -leaving the inner side totally unsecured. - -By theorists it was, of course, asserted that this arrangement would -prove to be defective and inefficient. In practice, however, not only -is the contrary the result, but, on nearly thirty years' experience, -we are enabled to maintain the apparent paradox that in riding -along or across any and every description of country, a shoe, when -_half_-nailed, is more secure than when _wholly_ nailed; in fact, that -it is insecure almost in proportion as it is tightly nailed, and secure -in proportion as it is loosely nailed. - -The reasons are obvious. - -When a horse is standing still, or lying fast asleep in his stable, his -shoes are, of course, firmer when wholly than when only half-nailed. -So soon, however, as, mounted by say a heavy man, he begins to move, -there commences, out of sight of every human eye, a desperate, and in -deep ground a subterranean struggle between the works of Nature and -of Vulcan the blacksmith, or, in plainer words, between the expansive -efforts of the frog and hoof and the arbitrary metallic shoe that is -restraining them. - -At each step the contest is renewed; and while, by an acceleration of -pace, its violence is increased, the domination of the tyrant at every -stride is infinitesimally diminished in consequence of the nails, which -have to bear the whole brunt of the battle, becoming looser and looser, -until, by a jump on hard ground, or some other violent concussion, the -expansive power of the foot bursts the impaired fetters that have been -restraining it, and the poor animal, thus suddenly emancipated from -his shoe, leaves it either buried in mud, or, with every nail in its -socket, glittering on the grass behind him. - -Now, under the system of _half_-nailing, the battle we have just very -faintly described does not take place. The foot can't struggle against -nails which don't exist; and accordingly, just as the pliant reed -remains erect after the storm that in its immediate neighbourhood has -torn up by its roots the sturdy oak, so does the half-nailed shoe, -by allowing the horse's foot to expand, perform by gentleness what -violence has failed to effect; and therefore it remains, throughout a -severe run, hard and fast, where Vulcan placed it. - -The Greeks and Romans did not shoe their horses, but, for long -journeys, were in the habit of protecting, by leathern sandals, -strengthened by iron, and ornamented with silver or gold, their feet, -to the substance and shape of which they paid great attention. - - "The first thing," wrote Xenophon more than 2200 years ago, - "that ought to be looked to in a horse is his foot. For - as a house would be of no use, though all the upper parts of - it were beautiful, if the lower parts of it had not a proper - foundation, so a horse would not be of any use in war if he - had tender feet, even though he should have all other good - qualities, for his good qualities could not be made of any - available use." - -In many parts of the world the horse, though severely worked, has never -yet been shod. Indeed, in some of the towns in South America it would -still cost more money to shoe a horse than was paid to purchase him. - - - - -+On Roughing Horses.+ - - -Although of all axioms no one is more trite and true than that "there -is a right and a wrong way of doing everything," yet our readers will -hardly be prepared to learn that the Anglo-Saxon on one side of the -Atlantic roughs his horse in the right way, and on the other side in -the wrong way! - -In the United States, and especially in Canada, the surface of which -for half a dozen months in every year, white as a bridal plum-cake, is -composed of snow or ice, the _toe_ as well as the two heels of each -shoe are roughed; and as, in consequence thereof, the horse on every -foot stands upon a tripod, his sinews and muscles not only remain -in their proper position all the time he is in a stable, but while -crossing a level country the sole of each foot when it presses the -ground is parallel to its surface. - -In ascending a hill the front cog, in descending a hill the two hind -cogs, and in traversing a plain the three cogs, of each shoe catch -firm hold of the ground; and accordingly the horse, whether in ascent, -descent, or on level ground, works in so true a position, and is so -efficiently roughed, that out of deep snow he can, at any gradient, -gallop suddenly upon what is called "glare ice," almost as hard as -iron, without the slightest danger to himself or his rider. - -Now, in England, generally speaking, horses are most unscientifically -roughed on their heels _solely_, which not only at once, even in -the stable, especially when the outside cogs are unequally turned -up, throws the mechanism of their feet and fetlocks out of gear--it -not only forces them while travelling on a dead level into a false -position, but, after all this maltreatment, the poor animal finds out -that he is very inefficiently roughed. - -For instance, in descending a hill, only the cog or cogs of the heels -of each foot, which can never be placed parallel to the ground, take -hold of it. In ascending, his case is infinitely worse; for, as it -becomes necessary, especially when he is drawing a very heavy load, -that he should raise his heels off the road in order to stick into it -his toes, he then discovers that while the hind portion of his shoe -which he abstains from using has been roughed for him, the _front_ -part, which, for the ascent, especially requires to be roughed, has -been left untouched. Even to gallop a horse, shod in the English -fashion, over level ice, is exceedingly dangerous; for although, so -long as by a powerful bit he is forced on his haunches, the two cogs -at the back of each shoe take hold, yet, if the poor animal be allowed -to drop his head in order to propel himself at his utmost speed by -his unroughed toes, they immediately slip from under him, and he thus -experiences a defect, which it is astonishing should have been so -long perpetrated by a nation who, at an enormous expenditure of time, -intelligence, and money, have succeeded in rearing a breed of horses, -the finest in the world, coveted by every foreigner, but which they -persist in rudely roughing in the wrong way! - - - - -+Saddles.+ - - -If a saddle does not come down upon the withers and back-bone of a -horse, the closer it approaches them the firmer it fits; and as, in -the matrimonial alliance which exists between the quadruped and the -biped, whatever is agreeable to the one is usually so to the other, a -roomy saddle, on which the rider can sit with ease and comfort, is also -beneficial to the horse, because it spreads the weight he has to carry -over a large surface, and the pressure per square inch being thereby -diminished, a sore back is less likely to be created, and per contra, -for the very same reason, the human skin is less likely to be rubbed. - -Less than a century ago it was deemed necessary by hunting men to tie -their saddle to their horse's tail by a crupper, which, at every jump, -must have compressed the vertebræ of the poor animal, like the joints -of a telescope when slightly closed by a jerk. The object of this -barbarous apparatus was to prevent the saddle slipping _forwards_, -whereas, by the opposite apparatus of the present day, a breast-plate -has been substituted, to prevent the saddle from slipping _backwards_. -The difference between these two conflicting precautions has been -caused by the difference in the breeding, and consequently in the size -of the horse's belly, which, in the time of our ancestors, was lusty, -instead of being--as in the present day, when many hunters are racers, -and all in high condition--fine and slim. - -When a horse is exceedingly light in the carcase, or as it is -technically termed "tucked up," it is usual among grooms and riders to -girth the poor creature as tightly as they can, in order, as much as is -possible, to relieve the breast-plate; but instead of assisting it, the -grievous mistake first paralyses its action, and then, if it be weak, -breaks it, for the following simple reasons. - -If a horse, with a belly tapering like a cone, be tightly girthed, his -saddle, whenever it slips backwards (which it must do in ascending a -steep hill or bank), remains hard and fast on the part of the back -to which it has retired, straining against the breast-plate, whose -straps have not power to make it re-ascend the cone: whereas if, on the -contrary, the saddle of a light-carcased horse be unusually loosely -girthed, although in ascending an acclivity the saddle slips backwards -until it is retained by the breast-plate, yet, the instant the horse -either descends a hill, or gallops upon level ground, his own action, -combined with the power of the breast-plate straps affixed to the -saddle and girths, put an end to all strain upon the latter, by drawing -the loosely-girthed saddle forwards into its proper position. And it -is for this reason that horses of all shapes ought to be girthed less -tightly when they carry breast-plates than when they are without them, -and always two holes looser when they are light-carcased than when they -are lusty. - -Formerly it was the usual custom in the hunting-field, as it still is -on the road, to secure the saddle by two narrow girths, each buckled on -either side to one strap. This arrangement has lately been superseded -by what are called Fitzwilliam girths, composed of one of double -breadth with two buckles at each end, and of a narrow one encircling -and secured to the broad one by two loops, through which it passes. - -By this admirable alteration perfect safety is obtained; for, as the -broad girth is secured to four straps, if, say one on each side burst -at a leap, the other two remain efficient; and even if all break, those -of the narrow girth retain the broad one in its place; while, on the -other hand, if the straps of the broad girth hold, the narrow one is -prevented by the loops above described from dangling, in case either of -its two buckles should give way. - -Whereas, by the old arrangement, if out of four straps any one burst at -a leap, its girth instantly dangled, leaving the safety, and possibly -the life of the rider, to depend on only two straps, by the rupture -of either one of which he would suddenly, without his knowledge, be -riding, possibly at a large fence, without any girths at all. - -But, although hunting men have gained a step or stride by this new -fashioned girth, they have lately, as if to balance the account, -retrograded to the wisdom of their ancestors by discarding the modern -stuffed saddle-flap in favour of that ancient hard one which for many -years has been used only by postilions. - -For ordinary riding, and especially for ordinary riders, a quantity of -stuffing in the form of a sausage, in front of their shins, no doubt -retains them in their seat. - -In hunting, however, this retention has for many years been producing -strains of the large muscles of the thigh, which, although of common -occurrence, none of the sufferers could very clearly account for. On -reflection, the cause is obvious. - -In riding over a large fence, or in any sudden blunder the horse may -commit, the rider, without losing his seat, is liable to be thrown, -body and bones, forward two or three inches, and accordingly on the -plain flat hard flap he glides onwards without inconvenience or injury -to the exact extent required. - -But when, instead of being able to do so, his knees and shins are -suddenly arrested by the stuffing immediately in front of them, the -momentum of his body causes it to bend forwards on the pivot formed -by his knees, on the same principle as a cart-load of earth propelled -along a new railway embankment is chucked over its extremity on being -suddenly stopped by a log of timber placed there transversely for that -very object; and accordingly, the great muscles of the thigh which -have to sustain this conflict between the moveable and immoveable parts -of one frame are often so severely strained, that they require, for -many months, to be bandaged by a leathern strap. - -The plain flap is considerably lighter than the stuffed one. It is a -sovereign cheaper; in case it gets into a brook it dries easier; and -after all, it is infinitely more agreeable to ride on. For all these -good reasons, in Leicestershire, Northamptonshire, and Lincolnshire, -which may be termed the region in England of large fences, it has been -generally adopted. However, as Peter in his 'Letters to his Kinsfolk' -truly observed that although the mail ran from London to Edinburgh in -forty-eight hours, it required always six months for fashions in dress -to travel from the former metropolis to the latter, so throughout -almost all the other counties hunting men continue to sit behind that -costly, ugly, thigh-straining sausage stuffing which the riders to the -Pytchley, Quorn, and Cottesmore hounds have so properly discarded. - - - - -+Bridles.+ - - -Arrian states that the Persians, in battle, had no bridles, but -governed and guided their horses by nose bands, covering sharp pieces -of iron, brass, or ivory. - -The curb bit, though used in the time of the Roman emperors (in -an ancient sculpture Theodosius is represented riding with one of -extraordinary leverage), was not adopted by the English until Charles -I. in the third year of his reign issued a proclamation, commanding -that no person serving in the cavalry should use the snaffle, but in -lieu thereof the curb only. - -On the frieze of the Temple of Minerva, in the Acropolis of Athens, the -horses are represented as ridden (as in the races through the Strada -Reale in Malta they are still ridden) without bridles or saddles. - -The best bridle for a horse is, of course, that which is best adapted -to the particular work he is required to perform. - -For racing over turf, where he is required to extend himself like a -greyhound, the snaffle-bit only is almost invariably selected. - -For cavalry purposes, where he is required suddenly to throw himself -on his haunches, wheel to either side, or right about, the curb-bit is -added; while by the Turks and those Asiatics who practise their horses -to approach a wall at full speed, stop, turn round, and then gallop -back again, a curb-bit only is used. - -For hunting, both bits are necessary; for while across turf, light -soil, and over fences of almost every description, the snaffle is a -safer guide than the curb-bit, yet in going through deep ground the -latter is absolutely necessary to enable the rider, by holding his -horse together, not only to prevent him from extending himself--in -which attitude his hind feet would overreach his fore ones before they -could be extricated from the sub-soil--but to stop him quickly, for -instance to pop through a gap on either side, which he would otherwise -override for a considerable distance. - -To leap over the hedge of a plantation full of trees on a hot horse, -with only a snaffle-bit in his mouth, would be dangerous, and often -impracticable; whereas it might easily be effected with a curb-bit, by -which the animal could moreover be made to ascend a steep narrow bank, -creep along it, and then jump off it, over perhaps the only practicable -point in the fence beyond it. - -The shape, make, and leverage of bits of all descriptions of course -depend on the mouth and disposition of the particular animal for which -they are required. - -It may, however, be generally stated that for all horses a plain -snaffle is better than a twisted one; and that of curb-bits, those are -the best which give to the rider the maximum of mechanical power, with, -to the noble animal beneath him, the minimum of pain. - -To a war horse, as well as to his rider, it may be immaterial whether -he be infuriated by spurs pricking his sides, or from the laceration -of his mouth by a harsh bit, purposely constructed to hurt him. - -As regards a hunter, however, the case is quite different; for while on -the one hand his becoming infuriated is dangerous to his master as well -as himself, a total absence of pain induces him to give calm attention -to the difficult work he has to perform. - -Although, therefore, according to the animal's disposition a sufficient -amount of leverage is required, the smoother the bit is made the more -willing will he be to submit to it, and the less will he be disposed -to quarrel with it; indeed this principle has more than once been -exemplified by the fact of a run-away horse, over which his rider -had apparently no control, stopping gradually of his own accord, in -consequence of the rupture of the curb chain, which, having infuriated -him by the agony it had inflicted on his lower jaw, had actually -caused the very danger it had been created to prevent. And it is for -this reason that a leathern strap ought almost invariably to be placed -under the hard twisted curb chain, by which simple addition acute pain -is removed, without any diminution of strength of the chain or of the -leverage of the curb-bit. - - - - -+Intrinsic Value of a Horse.+ - - -Although it is a common axiom that "the value of a thing is exactly -what it will fetch," yet in the hunting field the price at which a -horse has been sold is very rarely a criterion of his real worth, the -reason being that his performances are made up of three items, of which -he himself forms only one, the other two being stable management and -good riding, for neither of which is the quadruped entitled to claim -the smallest amount of credit; and yet, on the principle that "handsome -is that handsome does," it is a usual error, especially among young -sportsmen, to estimate that a horse which goes brilliantly must be a -good one, and vice versâ; whereas an ordinary description of animal, -in splendid condition, and judiciously ridden, cannot fail to leave -far behind him a superior one injudiciously ridden, made up of flesh -instead of muscle, of impure instead of pure blood, and of bloated, -unpractised, instead of healthy, well-exercised lungs. For these -reasons it continually happens that a horse that has been observed -to go what is called "brilliantly" throughout a run, is, at its -conclusion, sold for a considerable sum, in addition to another horse, -on which the purchaser, in a few weeks, leaves behind him the animal he -had sold, whose owner now to his cost discovers that - - "The lovely toy so keenly sought - Has lost its charms by being caught" - -by _him_. - -But the price of a hunter is materially affected by the quality as well -as the qualifications of his rider, whose position in the world often -confers upon his horses a fictitious value; and accordingly the hunting -stud of the late Sir Richard Sutton--sold by public auction shortly -after his death--realised sums exceeding by at least 40 per cent. what -subsequently proved to be their current value when transferred to the -stables of people of less renown. - -Again, a respectable, first-rate horse dealer succeeds in his -profession, not so much by his superior knowledge of the animals he -_buys_, but by the quantity and quality of the eloquence he exerts in -_selling_ them. Every hunter, therefore, that is purchased from a great -man of this description is necessarily composed of, 1st, his intrinsic -value; and 2nd, of the anecdotes, smiles, compliments, and praises, -which, although when duly mixed up with an evident carelessness about -selling him, captivated the listener to purchase him, like a bottle of -uncorked ardent spirits evaporate, or, like a swarm of bees, fly away, -almost as soon as the transaction is concluded, leaving behind them -nothing but the animal's intrinsic value. - - - - -+On Shying.+ - - -It often happens that a horse brimfull of qualifications of the very -best description is most reluctantly sold by his master "because he -shies so dreadfully," a frolic which, to a good rider, is perfectly -harmless, and which, if he deems it worth the trouble, he is almost -certain to cure. - -A timid horseman, however, not only believes that his horse is -frightened at the little heap of stones at which he shies, but for this -very reason he becomes frightened at it himself; whereas the truth is -that the animal's sensations in passing it are usually compounded as -follows:-- - - Of fear of {the little heap 1/10. - {whip and spur 9/10. - -Now, if this be the case, which no one of experience will deny, it is -evident that the simple remedy to be adopted is, first, at once to -remove the great cause of the evil complained of, by ceasing to apply -either whip or spur; and, secondly, gradually to remove the lesser -cause by a little patient management which shall briefly be explained. - -When a horse has been overloaded with a heavy charge of oats and -beans, which may be termed jumping powder, and primed by a very short -allowance of work, his spirits, like the hair trigger of a rifle, are -prepared on the smallest touch to cause a very violent explosion. In -fact, without metaphor, on the slightest occurrence he is not only -ready, but exceedingly desirous, to jump for joy. - -The _casus belli_ which the animal would perhaps most enjoy would be to -meet a temperance run-away awning-covered waggon full of stout, healthy -young women in hysterics, all screaming; or to have a house fall down -just as he was passing it. However, as a great conqueror, if he cannot -discover a large excuse for invading the territory of his neighbour, -is sure to pick out a very little one, so does the high mettled horse -who has nothing to start at, proceed under his rider with his eyes -searching in all directions for something which he may pretend to be -afraid of. Influenced by these explosive propensities he cocks his ears -at a large leaf which the air had gently roused from its sleep, as if -it were a crouching tiger; and shortly afterwards a fore leg drops -under him as suddenly as if it had been carried away by a cannon shot, -because in the hedge beside him a wren has just hopped from one twig to -another nearly an inch. - -Now, of course, the effective cure for all these symptoms of exuberant, -pent up spirits is a long, steady hand-gallop up and down hill across -rather deep ground. Before, however, this opportunity offers, man can -offer to the brute beneath him a more reasonable remedy. - -The instant that a horse at a walk sees at a short distance before -him, say a heap of stones, at which he pretends to be or really is -afraid, instead of forcing him on, he should be allowed or, if it be -necessary, forced to stop, not only till he has ceased to fear it, but -until, dead tired of looking at it, he averts his eyes elsewhere. - -While advancing towards it, so often as his fear, or pretended fear, -breaks out, by instantly bringing him to a stand-still it should in -like manner be over-appeased. - -In slowly passing any object which a horse appears to be afraid of, the -error which is almost invariably committed is to turn his head towards -it, in which case, revolving upon his bit as on a pivot, the animal -turns his hind-quarters from it, and in that position with great ease -shies more or less away from it; whereas, if the rein opposite to it be -pulled firmly, he not only instantly ascertains that his rider's desire -is in opposition to, instead of in favour of forcing him towards the -object of his fear, but when his head is drawn away from it, although -he is able to rush forwards, it is out of his power to shy _laterally_. - -Now, instead of endeavouring thus to triumph over instinct by reason, -instead of allowing a horse more time even than he requires to appease -his own apprehensions, be they real or pretended, the course which a -gentleman's groom usually adopts is, like giving fuel to fire, to add -to the animal's fear of the object he is unwilling to approach, his -infinitely greater fear of a pair of plated spurs. - -The oftener and the stronger this ignorant prescription is applied, the -more violent becomes the disease it undertakes to alleviate, until, on -its being declared to be incurable, the poor frightened animal is sold -for a fault almost entirely created by human hands and inhuman heels. - - * * * * * - -The extent to which a timid animal can be appeased by kindness is, -at the present moment, beautifully exemplified by a deer, which has -been so divested of its fears by Tom Hill, the huntsman of the Surrey -fox-hounds, that the animal not only accompanies the hounds when taken -out for exercise, but eats biscuit, and actually sleeps with them in -the kennel. - -If, during their meal, two of the hounds fight, by a pat with his fore -feet he tries to separate them. If, at exercise, anything alarms him, -with a bound or two he vaults for safety into the middle of the pack. -And yet, when in this citadel, if any strange dog approaches them, -with malice prepense he rushes out at him, as if determined to kill -him. In short, by kind superintendence the deer has become as fond of -blood-thirsty hounds as they of him. - - - - -+Singeing.+ - - -As it is incumbent on all civilized communities to be kind to every -living being,--as our laws profess to maintain this Christian -axiom,--and as there exists among us a Society self-constituted for the -especial purpose of "the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals," it would be -very difficult satisfactorily to explain, at least to _them_, why, in -violation of so benign a theory, we deliberately practise the following -fashions:-- - -1. Of cutting off all our sheep's tails. - -2. Of dittoing the tails of all dogs that take care of sheep. - -3. Of dittoing the ears of terriers. - -4. Of dittoing a portion of the tails, and occasionally of the ears, of -our horses. - -5. Of piercing with a sharp awl the ears of all our daughters, in order -to insert therein golden rings, which, by equalizing all, can confer no -possible benefit on any one: that is to say, provided Euclid is correct -in declaring that "when equals are added to equals, their sums are -equal." - -If any person among us defaces a statue, he is liable to punishment -and to the execration of the public; and yet there can be no doubt -that in every sense of the word it is more barbarous to mutilate the -living original of an Almighty Creator than a cold stone or marble copy -thereof, chiselled more or less imperfectly by human hands. - -About forty years ago it was the general custom to dock the tails of -all hunters, covert-hacks, and waggon-horses, so close, that nothing -remained of this picturesque, beautiful ornament of Nature but an ugly, -stiff stump, very little longer than the human thumb, which, especially -in summer time, was seen continually wagging to the right or left, in -impotent attempts to brush off a hungry fly, biting the skin more than -a yard off. At about the same period an officer in our army took to -the Cape of Good Hope a gentle, beautiful, thoroughbred mare, which, -to his astonishment, the natives appeared exceedingly unwilling to -approach. The reason was, that her ears had been cropped; and as among -themselves that punishment was inflicted for crimes, they were induced -to infer that the handsome mutilated animal had suffered from a similar -cause--in fact, that she was _vicious_. - -From the same premises, and by the same reasoning faculties, they might -as erroneously have conceived that the holes bored through most of the -English ladies' ears denoted the existence of a uniform speck of some -sort or other in their characters. - -Having briefly enumerated only a few of the mutilations which, in -different regions of the earth, man inflicts, not only upon the animals -around him, but upon himself, we will proceed to notice a prescription -of modern date which has produced very astonishing results. - -As in crime there exists an essential difference between cutting off -a man's head, and cutting off only his hair, so in cruelty does there -exist a similar difference between the fashion which mutilates the -body of an animal, and that which deprives him only of its covering: -still, however, the practice of clipping, shaving, and singeing horses -must, to every person, at first sight appear so incomprehensible that -a slight notice of the subject may possibly be deemed worthy of a few -minutes' consideration. - -To a wild horse, roaming in a state of perfect freedom, Nature grants -an allowance very similar to that which every inhabitant of Grosvenor -Square gives to each of his tall powdered footmen: namely, board, -lodging, and two suits of clothing per annum; with this important -difference, however, that while the poor pampered, gaudy menial is -ignorantly dressed throughout the whole year in cloth and plush of the -same thickness, the animal is beneficently provided with two different -descriptions of clothing, namely, a light thin silky coat for summer -wear, and a thick fur one to keep him warm and comfortable throughout -the winter months. - -Now it might be expected that if man undertook to interfere with this -provision, he would, in accordance with the spirit and meaning of the -act by which it had been decreed, extend its principle by relieving the -horse of a portion of his covering during the excessive heat of summer, -and by bestowing upon him a little extra warmth in winter; whereas, by -the operation about to be described, he makes the animal's cold weather -coat infinitely less able to resist cold than that purposely created -for sunshine only. - -About fifty years ago, during the Peninsular war, it was observed that -the Spanish muleteers gave to the animals they had charge of great -apparent relief by rudely shearing off the hair that covered their -bodies; and on the idea being imported into England, our hunting men, -principally at Melton, commenced the practice by "clipping," at a cost -at first of about five guineas, their hunters. - -This operation, which, in its infancy, occupied four or five days, was -succeeded by the practice of shaving, which, in about as many hours, -left the animal as bare as the hide of a pig that had just been killed, -scalded, and scraped. - -This latter operation, however, was found to be attended with two -opposite disadvantages: for, if perpetrated too soon, it required to -be repeated, or rather to be succeeded by clipping; and if delayed -till the growth of the thick coat had subsided, the horse remained -throughout the winter naked like an elephant. - -In order therefore to shorten the coat exactly in proportion to its -uncertain growth, it was determined gradually and repeatedly to burn -it by fire to the minimum length prescribed, that is, leaving only -sufficient to conceal the bare skin. - -When the animal has thus been denuded of his coat, so long as he -remains in his hot stable it is restored to him with compound -interest, by two, and occasionally by three suits of warm clothing, -which he might expect would, like that worn by his lord and master, -be increased as soon as he should be led from his covered domicile -into the open air. But the contrary operation takes place; for while -his owner is swathing himself in his extra flannel hunting clothing, -the singed quadruped at the same moment, in order to be taken to the -meet, at one haul is denuded of the whole of his indoor clothing, a -bridle is put into his mouth, a saddle on his bare back, and in this -state, literally, without metaphor, more naked than he was born, he is -suddenly led or ridden ten or fifteen miles through perhaps wind, rain, -sleet, or snow, to be exposed throughout the whole day to sudden sweats -and sudden chills, in temperatures and at elevations of the most trying -description. - -Now, of course, in theory, nothing can be more unnatural, and it might -be added more barbarous, than this treatment; and yet, strange to say, -by acclamation it would be declared by every horse-owner who has tried -it that, in practice, it produces to the animal not only beneficial, -but unexpected, results. - -The lungs appear to become stouter. - -Hot swelled legs suddenly get cool and fine. - -The appetite grows stronger. - -The flesh increases. - -The muscles thicken. - -In consequence of greatly diminished perspiration the amount of food -necessary to recruit the body may be reduced, at least, one feed per -day. - -After hunting, the skin, instead of breaking out from internal debility -and exhaustion, remains dry. - -Lastly, as mud and dirt cannot take hold of a singed coat, and -consequently as little or no grooming is required, the animal, on -reaching his stable, soon enjoys rest, instead of being for an hour or -two teased, excited, and irritated, by being tied up, hissed at, and -cleaned. - -But, against all these advantages, it is only fair to weigh the amount -of suffering which it is supposed by us a horse endures by being -stripped of his coat and clothing, and in that naked state being -suddenly plunged, during winter, into the external air. - -In ascertaining this amount of suffering, however, we must not commit -the error of estimating a horse's sensation by what, under similar -circumstances, we imagine would be our own, for the cases are quite -different. - -Throughout the frame or fabric of man, his blood, however proud it may -be, circulates so feebly, that on being subjected to a low temperature -it actually, like fluid in a pipe, freezes in his veins; whereas -throughout the body of a horse it is propelled with such violence, -that, like the deep water in the Canada lakes, it is beyond the power -of cold, however intense, to stop it; and accordingly, when everything -else around stands frozen, it triumphantly continues its fluent course. -In fact, the relative power of the two animals to resist cold is fully -proportionate to the difference between their muscular strength; and -as the human being, notwithstanding its weakness, is strong enough to -endure the sudden transition from a hot bath to a cold one, or, as -is the custom in Russia, to a roll on the snow, so, à fortiori, is a -hunter gifted by Nature with a circulation of blood powerful enough -to enable him, without injury or suffering, to bear an apparently -unnatural mode of treatment, which, although it makes _us_ almost -shiver to think of, is productive to his stouter frame of beneficial -results, of inestimable value. - - - - -+Meet of the Pytchley Hounds at Arthingworth.+ - - -Among hunting men there is nothing so unpopular as what is called by -the rest of the world a most beautiful, clear, bright day. The gaudy -thing is disagreeable to eyes because it is dangerous to the bodies -to which they respectively belong; for when every twig glitters in -the sunshine, and every drop of dew that hangs upon them looks like a -diamond, the fences so dazzle the eyes of riders, and especially of -horses, that a number of extra falls are very commonly the result. -Soft ground, dull weather, an easterly wind, and a cloudy sky, form -the compound that is most approved of. On such a day, and under -such circumstances, we beg leave to invite our readers to sit with -us patiently for a very few minutes in a balloon, as, like a hawk -hovering above a partridge, it hangs over the quiet little village -of Arthingworth, in Northamptonshire. Those hounds, headed by that -whipper-in riding so lightly and neatly on his horse, and surrounding -their huntsman Charles Payne, jogging along, seated in his saddle as if -he had grown there, are on that portion of the Queen's highway which -connects Northampton with Market Harborough. They are the Pytchley -hounds, the hereditary property, not of the present master, but of the -hunt. They are on their way from their kennel at Brixworth to a park -at Arthingworth to draw "Waterloo Gorse," which means that every man -who intends to come (and their name is legion) will send there, not -his best-looking, but, what is infinitely better, that which he knows -to be "his best horse," simply because the covert of Waterloo not only -usually holds a good fox, but because it is encircled by very large -grass-fields, enlivened in every direction by the severest fences in -Northamptonshire. See how quietly along every high-road, bye-road, -and footpath, horses and riders, of various sizes and sorts, walking, -jogging, or gently trotting, are converging towards a central point! -Schoolboys are coming to see the start on ponies; farmers on clever -nags; others on young horses of great price; neatly-dressed grooms, -some heavy and some light, are riding, or riding and leading, horses -magnificent in shape and breeding, in the most beautiful condition, -all as clean and well-appointed as if they had been prepared to do -miserable penance in Rotten Row. And are all these noble and ignoble -animals beneath us going to the hunt? Yes, and many more that we cannot -see. Look at those straight streams of white steam that through green -fields are concentrating from north, south, east, and west upon Market -Harborough, from Leicester, from Northampton, from Stamford, and from -Rugby--denoting trains that, at the rate of thirty or forty miles an -hour, are hurrying boxes all containing hunters for the meet. - -On the huntsman and hounds slowly entering and taking up their -positions in the small park at Arthingworth, excepting two or three -farmers, no one is there to receive or notice them. However, in a few -minutes, through large gates and through smaller ones, grooms on and -with their horses walk steadily in; while Charles Payne, occasionally -chucking from his coat-pocket a few crumbs of bread to his hounds, most -of whom are looking upwards at him, leaning over his horse, is holding -confidential conversation with a keeper. "_It's too bad!_" whispers an -old farmer, who had just been entrusted with the secret that another -fox had last night been shot by poachers; "_and, what's more, it's been -a-going on +IN MANY WAYS+ a long time_." "_Yes!_" replies Charles -Payne, looking as calmly and philosophically as Hamlet when he was -moralising over Yorick's skull; "_you may rely upon it that, what with -greyhounds,--and poachers,--and traps,--and poison,--there are very few -foxes now-a-days that die a natural death_"--meaning that they were not -eaten up alive by the Pytchley hounds. - -But during all this precious time where are all the scarlet coats? Oh! -here they come, trotting, riding, and galloping to the meet from every -point of the compass, and apparently from every region of the habitable -globe, some of the young ones--diverging as usual from their path of -rectitude--to lark over a fence or two. Along the turnpike and country -roads, drags with four horses, light dog-carts with two, post-chaises -and gigs, each laden with men muffled up in heavy clothing, showing no -pink, save a little bit peeping out at the collar, are all hurrying -onwards to the same goal; and as these living bundles, with cigars in -their mouths, are rapidly landing in the park, it will be advisable -that we also should descend there to observe them. - -By about a quarter before eleven the grass in front of the hospitable -hunting-box of one of the late masters of the Pytchley--who, take him -all in all, is one of the very best riders in the hunt--becomes as -crowded as a fair with sportsmen of all classes, from the highest rank -in the peerage down to--not exactly those who rent a 6_l._ house,--but -who can afford money and time enough to "_hoont_," as they call it. -While two or three well-appointed servants in livery are very quietly, -from a large barrel, handing glasses of bright-looking ale to any -farmer or groom who, after his long ride, may happen to feel a little -thirsty, and while others from white wicker-baskets are distributing -bits of bread and lumps of cheese to any man who may feel that beneath -his waistcoat there is house-room to receive them, the honourable and -gallant proprietor of the brown barrel and white baskets, lounging in -his red coat, &c., on his exalted lawn, with sundry small scratches -(from bull-finches) on his face, with something now and then smoking -a little from his mouth, and with that placid and easy manner which -in every situation of life distinguishes him, says to any friend in -pink that happens to pass him, "_Won't ye go +IN+ for a moment?_" -But, without invitation, most of the aristocrats, leaving their horses -with their grooms, to ascend a flight of ladder steps which raises -them to the lawn, walk slowly and majestically across it, adjusting -their hair, "just to make their bow." When that compliment has been -paid, they pause for a second or two in the hall, and then recross the -lawn, indolently munching, and with perfumed handkerchiefs carefully -wiping lips or mustachios (as the case may be), which, if they were -very closely approached, might possibly smell _partly_ of cherries, to -proceed to their respective grooms, and mount their horses. - -"_Move_-+ON+,-_Sir_?" says Charles Payne, in his sharp, quick -tone, touching his cap to the master, who slightly nods to him. -"_Now-then,-gentlemen!_" he adds, "_ware +HOUNDS+, if you please_!" -and accordingly, surrounded by them, onwards he, his two whips, and -about two hundred horsemen, proceed at a walk to cross for nearly half -a mile magnificent fields of grass of from eighty to a hundred acres. -As the Pytchley and Quorn men are, for the reasons we have explained, -each mounted on the very best of their stud, it need hardly be stated -that the lot of horses before us are an accumulation of the finest -specimens in the world; and yet with the highest breeding, courage, -and condition, with magnificent figures, and with bone and substance -sufficient to carry, through deep ground, from twelve to eighteen -stone, there is a calm, unassuming demeanour in their walk, which it -seems almost impossible sufficiently to admire. In like manner, among -the riders, nobody appears to have the smallest disposition to talk -about what he is going to do, or apparently even to think of where -he is proceeding. A man from Warwickshire will perhaps describe the -run he had there on Thursday; while another will fashionably say to a -Leicestershire friend--"Did you _do_ anything on Friday?"--but most of -the field are conversing as they ride along, not at all about foxes, -but about Lords Palmerston, Derby, Italy, the Pope, &c. - -On arriving close to Waterloo Gorse, Charles Payne pulls up to remain -stationary for a couple of minutes, surrounded by his hounds, who, -instead of gazing at his face, are all looking most eagerly at the -covert, until the two whips, getting round it, have each taken up -a position on the other side. "+Now-then+-_little-bitches_!" says -Charles, as, with a twitch corresponding with his voice, he waves -forwards his right hand, in which is grasped the silver horn presented -to him by the farmers. Without taking the smallest offence at the -appellation (which after all is a just one, for, as they are the -fastest of his two packs, Charles does not object to bringing them -to "Waterloo"), in they dash; and in a second Charles and his horse -are over the low flight of rails, to gallop along a briary path which -conducts them to a small open space in the centre of the covert. The -greater portion of the field, in coats of many colours, congregate on -its right. - -But "quanto sono insensibili questi Inglesi!" Instead of evincing -the smallest degree of anxiety, the conversations we have described -are renewed; and though certainly nobody seems to care the -hundred-thousandth part of a farthing about what his lips are saying, -and though the countenance of every man appears to acknowledge that, -on the whole, he is well enough satisfied with this world, yet men -and horses remain perfectly cool, and occasionally cold, until it -might be fancied by any old soldier standing a mile off that a shell -had suddenly burst in the middle of them. "+Pray+, _don't holla_!" -exclaims an old sportsman in a loud whisper. "+By Jove, He's Away!+" -screams a very young one in pink, pointing to a shepherd who, grasping -a struggling dog with one hand, is holding up his hat with the other. -Half a dozen loud, slow, decisive, monotonous blasts from Charles -Payne's horn are instantly heard, while his hounds, tumbling over each -other, jump almost together over a small hedge and ditch out of the -covert, with their beautiful heads all pointing towards Leicestershire. -As they and reynard take the opposite side of the large grass field -in which the riders had assembled, the start of the latter is very -nearly as sudden as that of the former. Packed together almost as -closely as the wild young creatures that on Epsom course run for the -Derby, the best men and the best horses belonging to the Pytchley, -Quorn, Cottesmore, and Warwickshire hounds start together over turf -down a gentle declivity, at the bottom of which runs an insignificant -stream. Steady horsemanship in every rider is necessary to prevent -treading on those immediately before, or jostling those on each side. -Many a horse, by shaking his head, clearly enough shows how unwelcome -to him is the restraint. From this conglomeration nearly a dozen -men extricate themselves by the superior speed and management of -their horses. Before them[G] is a well-known broad and strong fence, -which, without competing against each other, they most gallantly -charge, "magnâ comitante catervâ," followed by the great ruck. -One,--two,--three,--four,--five,--six men and horses take it almost -together in their stride, and, to the astonishment of the remainder, -all disappear! Every horse had well cleared the broad ditch -on the other side, but all nearly simultaneously had landed in an -artificial bog beyond it, made for draining purposes only a few days -before, and in which the six men and the six horses, each perfectly -unhurt, are now as prostrate and as "comfortable" as if they had, to -use the old nurse's expression, "just been put to bed." The Hon. Fred. -Villiers and Harry Everard are the first over and down. As they lie -together in the mud, looking upwards, they see coming over the stakes -of the hedge the Fitzwilliam girths of the horses of Henry Forrester -and Thomas Atkinson (_Vive L'Empereur!_), followed almost instantly -by two strangers. However, nearly as quickly as they all fell, they -severally arise, mount their horses, and gallantly regain the hounds. -The field of riders, unable to comprehend what has happened, and -moreover unable as well as unwilling to stop their horses, as it were -by word of command, all gracefully swerve together in a curve to the -right to take two stiff fences instead of one. About half a dozen, on -perfect timber-jumpers, cross a ditch overhung by a stout ash rail, -firmly fixed between two trees; the remainder break their way through a -bull-finch, and then, throwing their right shoulders forward, at a very -honest pace, all make every proper effort to catch Charles Payne and -the few others who with him had followed the line of the hounds. - -We should certainly tire and jolt our readers very grievously were we -to presume to hustle them through the well-known and splendid run that -ensued. Not only, however, do our limits forbid us to do so, but as we -shall shortly have to quote hunting-anecdotes from a very superior pen, -we willingly pull up to make, in cool blood instead of in hot, a very -few remarks. - -[Footnote G: This scene we happened to witness.] - - - - -+Effects Caused by the Sight of Hounds.+ - - -A description of a fox-hunt is not very agreeable either to read or -to write,--firstly, because it records a series of events of no very -great importance when they are over; and secondly, because the picture -generally bears the appearance of exaggeration; the reason being, that -it is composed of two parts, one of which it is almost impossible -accurately to delineate. The danger or difficulty which a man and horse -incur in taking any particular leap depends on the one hand upon the -size of the fence, and on the other upon the combined amount of weight, -strength, and activity which the horse can bring up to it. In trade, -if a given weight, whether small or great, be put into one scale, it -can be at once over-balanced by putting a still greater weight into -the other scale. But while the dimensions of a fence can accurately -be measured, it would be not only very difficult to determine the -physical powers of a hunter, but, even if the statement could be -made, ninety-nine people out of every hundred would most certainly -disbelieve it; for, as the old proverb says, "seeing is believing;" so -when a man has ridden a horse across his farm for many years, he is -fully persuaded that,--to use another common expression,--"he knows -what he is made of." But the truth is, he only knows what he has done, -and what he can do under the maximum of excitement he hitherto has ever -experienced; what he does _not_ know, and indeed what without trial he -can have no idea of, is the enormous amount of latent physical power in -his horse which even the sight of hounds will develop. - -For instance, in riding a hack along the road, the confidence or, as -it may be termed, the courage of the rider depends not on himself, -but on the strength and action of the animal he is bestriding. If -the nag picks up his feet quickly, and pops them down firmly--if he -goes stout in his canter and strong in his gallop, his owner rides -_boldly_. If, however, the very same hero crosses a poor, weak, weedy -animal, with strait action, tripping in all his paces, and with his -toes sending almost every loose stone rolling on before him, he -declares the instant he dismounts that he has been _frightened_; which -difference, in truth, only means that, on trial, he has satisfactorily -and unsatisfactorily ascertained the physical powers of the first horse -to be amply sufficient, and those of the last totally insufficient, -to perform the given amount of work he requires. Now it is really no -exaggeration to say, that the excitement to a horse caused by the -presence of hounds creates in his physical powers as wide a difference -as exists between those of the two nags just described. The old, -jaded, worn-out, "groggy" hunter, who came hobbling out of his stable, -and who has been fumbling and blundering under his groom along the -road, no sooner reaches the covert side than, like a lion "shaking -the dew-drops from his shaggy mane," he in a moment casts away the -ills which flesh is heir to--in short, his prostrated powers suddenly -revive; and accordingly it is on record, that in one of the severest -runs with stag-hounds ever known in Essex, the leading horse was aged, -twenty-two. Again, on the road, when a horse has travelled thirty or -forty miles, he usually becomes more or less tired; whereas, during -the ten or twelve hours that a hunter is out of his stable, he will, -with the utmost cheerfulness, besides trotting more than that distance -on the road, follow the hounds for many hours across a heavy country -and large fences; and as it is well known that, in harness, a horse is -less fatigued by trotting before a carriage on a hard macadamized road -for forty miles than in dragging it through an earth road for ten, it -would appear almost fabulous to state how many miles on the road, or -especially on dry turf, could be performed by the amount of excitement, -activity, and strength expended by a hunter during a long and severe -day's work. - -For the foregoing reasons, if a man during summer rides his hunters, he -will see a variety of fences which, as he quietly ruminates, he will -pronounce to himself to be impracticable, simply because he can both -see and feel that they are greater than the powers he is bestriding; -and yet, when the trees are leafless and the hounds running, if he -happens on the same horse to come to these very fences, he crosses them -without the smallest thought or difficulty--not because _he_ is excited -(for the cooler he rides the better he will go), but because, while -the height and breadth of each fence have not since he last saw them -increased, the physical powers of his horse, developed by hunting, have -been, to say the least, doubled. The scales which in summer had turned -against him now preponderate in his favour; and accordingly Prudence, -who but a few months before, with uplifted hand, had sternly warned him -to "_beware_!" with smiling face and joyous aspect now beckons to him -to "_Come on_!" - -The feats which the mere skin and bones of a horse can perform during -hunting are surprising. The comparatively small shin-bone of his hind -legs will, without receiving the smallest blemish, smash any ordinary -description of dry oak or elm-rail, and occasionally shiver the top -of a five-barred gate, and yet, strange to say, though the frail bone -so often fractures the timber, the timber is never able to fracture -the frail bone, which, generally speaking, receives not the smallest -injury from the conflict. Again, when even a singed horse at great -speed has forced his way through a high, strong, spiteful-looking -thorn-hedge, frightening almost into hysterics the poor little -"bull-finch" that is sitting there, he almost invariably passes -through the ordeal with his skin perfectly uncut, and often not even -scratched!--nay, a horse going at great speed may be thrown head over -heels by a wire fence without receiving from it the smallest blemish! - -The trifling facts we have just stated will, we believe, not only -explain the courage and physical powers of a hunter, but the difficulty -of describing to non-hunting readers, without an appearance of -exaggeration, the feats which, during a run, he can without danger or -difficulty perform; for, instead of boasting about a large fence, it -is an indisputable fact that it is infinitely safer for the horse, and -consequently for his rider, than a little one, at which almost all -their worst accidents occur: indeed when a liberal landlord, for the -benefit of his tenants, cuts through their fields a series of narrow -deep drains, to be loosely filled up with earth, it is good-humouredly -said by hunting men, that he is "_collar-boning_" them! - -And now it is an extraordinary truth that the excitement which the -horse feels in simply witnessing the chase of one set of animals after -another, seems to pervade every living creature on the surface of the -globe. In savage life, the whole object, occupation, and enjoyment -of man, whenever he is not engaged in war, consists in catching and -killing almost any of the creatures that inhabit the wilderness through -which he roams. In a drop of putrid water a microscope informs us that -animalcules of all shapes and sizes, with the same malice prepense, -are hunting and slaying each other. The 600 boys at Eton, if collected -together, would resolve readily among themselves to receive with -decorum, and no doubt with youthful dignity, any great personages about -to honour them with a visit; and yet, while the grand procession was -approaching them, or even just after it had arrived, if a rat were to -run about among them, all their good intentions in one moment would be -destroyed. - -During the grand reviews in France of the Allied armies under the -command of Wellington, although the British troops had behaved steadily -enough at Waterloo, it was found that the presence and authority of -"the Iron Duke" were utterly unable to keep them immoveable as soon -as the hares began to jump up among them. Nay, at Inkerman, while the -battle was raging, several men of the Guards were observed by their -officers suddenly to cease firing at the Russians, who were close to -them, in order to "_prog_" with their bayonets a poor little scared -hare that was running among their feet! - -In like manner, although the Anglo-Saxon race are proverbially -phlegmatic (a word described by Johnson to mean "dull; cold; frigid"), -yet no sooner do they hear, in the language of Shakspeare, - - "The musical confusion - Of hounds and echo in conjunction," - -than the windows of manufactories are crowded with pale eager faces, -the lanes, paths, and fields become dotted with the feet and ankles of -people of various classes and ages, whose eyes are all straining to get -a glimpse of the run. If Dolly be among them, her cow, wherever she may -be, is quite as curious as herself. - -As the fox, who has distanced his pursuers, lightly canters along -the hedge-side of a large grass field, the sheep instantly not only -congregate to stare at him, but for a considerable time remain -spell-bound, gazing in the direction of his course. Herds of bullocks -with noses almost touching the ground, and with long straight tails -slanting upwards, jump sometimes into the air, and sometimes sideways, -with joy. As soon as the hounds appear, the timid sheep instantly -follow them, and accordingly, almost before the leading rider can -make for and get through perhaps the only gap in an impracticable -fence, eighty or a hundred of these "muttons," with fat, throbbing, -jolting sides, rush to and block up the little passage, in and around -which they stand, forming a dense mass of panting wool, on which no -blow from a hunting-whip or from a hedge-stake produces the slightest -effect; and thus the whole field of gentlemen sportsmen, to their -utter disgust, are completely stopped. "_I had no idea_," lisps a very -young hard-riding dandy, in as feminine and drawling a voice as he can -concoct, "_I really hadn't the +SLIGHTEST+ idea, before, that sheep -were such ---- fools_!" But their offspring are, in their generation, -no wiser. A poor little lamb, almost just born, the instant it sees -the hounds, will not only leave its mother to follow them, but under -the legs of a crowd of horses--that if they can possibly avoid it will -never tread upon it--canters along, until, its weak knees and lungs -failing, it reels, and is left lying on its side, apparently dead. - - - - -+Cruelty of Hunting Considered.+ - - -Over the closed eyes, panting flank, and exhausted frame of this tiny, -innocent, and yet seduced orphan, who had never known its father, and -has just lost its mother, we will venture to offer to our readers a -very few remarks on the strange dissolving view that has just vanished, -or rather galloped, from their sight. - - "It's just," said Andrew Fairservice to Frank Osbaldistone, - "amaist as silly as our auld daft laird here and his gomerils - o' sons, wi' his huntsmen and his hounds, and his hunting - cattle and horns, riding haill days after a bit beast that - winna weigh sax punds when they hae catched it." - -To the foregoing observation it might also have been added, that in the -extraordinary exertions we have described, the pleasures enjoyed by the -"bit beast" in being hunted, when compared with those of the two or -three hundred animals, human, equine, and canine, that are hunting him, -are as disproportionate as is his weight when compared to the sum total -of theirs. - -"_No_!" said the haughty Countess of ---- to an aged huntsman, who, cap -in hand, had humbly invited her ladyship to do him the honour to come -and see his hounds, "_No! I dislike everything belonging to hunting--it -is so cruel_." - -"+Cruel+!!" replied the old man, with apparent astonishment, "_why, my -lady, it can't possibly be +CRUEL+, for_," logically holding up three -fingers in succession, - -"_We all knows that the +GENTLEMEN+ like it_, - -"_And we all knows that the +HOSSES+ like it_, - -"_And we all knows that the +HOUNDS+ like it_, - -"_And_," after a long pause, "_none on us, my lady, can know for -certain, that the +FOXES+ don't like it_." - -It may strongly be suspected, however, that they do not enjoy being -hunted to death, and consequently that the operation, whenever and -wherever it is performed, is, to a certain degree, an act of cruelty; -which it is only hypocritical to vindicate by pretending to argue that -Puggy has been sentenced to death to expiate his sins; for if, instead -of robbing a hen roost, it had been his habit to come in all weathers -secretly to sit on its nests to help and hatch the chickens, "_The -Times_" newspaper would have advertised "hunting appointments" which -would have been as numerously attended,--the hounds would have thrown -off with the same punctuality,--and men and horses would have ridden -just as eagerly and as gallantly to be in at the death of the saint as -of a sinner, whose destruction all barn-door fowls, geese, turkeys, -pheasants, and rabbits in his neighbourhood would certainly not be -disposed to regret. - -As regards, however, the hunted animal, as well as the creatures that -hunt him, we will observe that the sufferings of a fox that is eaten up -by hounds are probably not much greater and possibly a little less than -those of the poor worm that on our hook catches the fish,--of the fish -that catches the worm,--of the live eels that we skin,--or of the sheep -and bullocks that are every day in thousands driven foot-sore to our -slaughter-houses. - -If our Arthingworth fox had taken in "_The Times_," the Waterloo -covert, after all the preparations we have described, would most -certainly have been drawn "blank." But while undertakers in scarlet, -in black, and in brown coats, were expending many thousand pounds in -preparations for his funeral, he, totally unconscious of them, was -creeping within it, in the rude health and perfect happiness he had -enjoyed in Leicestershire, his native county. - -All of a sudden he hears disagreeable sounds, and encounters unpleasant -smells, that sentence him without delay "to return to the place from -whence he came." With elastic limbs, and a stout heart to propel -them, "away" he starts. Everything he does evinces extraordinary -resolution, determination, and courage. While the high-bred hounds -that are following him over-top every hedge, _he_ dashes through their -boughs, thorns, and briars, as straight as an arrow from a bow. When, -on reaching the "earth" he has been making for, he finds that it is -stopped, instead of weakly dwelling there, "_away_" he again starts for -some other cunning hidingplace. As he proceeds, his wind, but not his -courage, fails him, until, on the pack approaching him, though any one -of them would have yelped piteously had but one of his toes been caught -in a trap, yet, so soon as the leading hound comes up, he pitches into -him, and when the infuriated pack rush in upon him, he invariably dies -in the midst of them, without the utterance of the smallest moan, sigh, -or sound. In fact, within the breasts of all who have pursued him -there does not exist a braver heart than that over which the huntsman, -cracking his whip to keep the hounds at bay from it, is triumphantly -crying "+Whoo-oop!+"[H] - - - - -+The Lamb and the Fox+. - - -But the plot of our drama thickens. For on the green carpet of our -little theatre, on which so many actors have been performing, there -now lie tragically before us, as it were side by side, the body of -a swooned lamb, and the carcase of a dead fox. Let us therefore for -a moment place each into one of the scales of Justice, to weigh the -relative specific gravities of these two tiny emblems--the -one of innocence, the other of guilt--as regards their utility to -man. - -When a lamb has been nursed, reared, fattened, and killed, its quarters -afford say four good dinners, or possibly one dish only at four great -dinners, and as soon as, either above stairs or below, his bones have -been cleanly picked, the history of his usefulness is at an end. But -the benefits which a fox confers upon his country would, though stewed -down for hours, require very many more dishes to contain them. - -If an individual migrates in search of happiness, he not only may -travel many a weary mile without attaining it, but sooner or later, -foot-sore, leg-wearied, and dejected, he will be sure to discover that -a very small proportion of the trouble, time, and money he has expended -would have procured for him at home contentment or peace of mind, the -greatest of all earthly blessings. For truly may it be said, that there -exists nothing in a garden or in a field more easy to cultivate than -domestic happiness, composed, as we all know, of innumerable small -fibres, which, by the laws of Nature, taking root in every direction, -attach a man, like Gulliver in the island of Lilliput, to the ground on -which he has happened to take rest. - -A cynic may sneer at the rich man who, with his own hands, and with -bent back, sows flowers to deck his path, and who plants trees to grace -shrubberies to harbour the birds that are to sing to him. He may -despise him for delving and digging, for carpentering, lathe-turning, -and for other labour which a paid workman could infinitely better -perform. But if this labour sweetens the cup of human existence, by -giving that health to the body, which invigorates the mind for its -studies--in short, if this mixture of physical and mental exertion -results in producing contentment, the labourer, however high his rank, -without deigning to revile the philosopher, may justly return thanks to -that Almighty Power which, by such simple means, has enabled him, by -dulcifying his "domum," to produce for himself domestic happiness. - -As, however, what is good for the parts must also be beneficial for the -whole, it must be evident that, in spite of the sneers of the cynic, it -is equally wise for a people to foster and encourage among themselves -any description of healthy recreation or amusement that may have the -effect of creating among the community not only a friendly acquaintance -with each other, but an indissoluble attachment to "the land they -live in." Indeed, if this salutary precaution were to be neglected, -lamentable consequences must ensue; for, like two merchants dealing in -the same article, so do Virtue and Vice strenuously compete against one -another, by each, at the same moment, offering to mankind, pleasures -for sale. - -The great cities of the Continent, especially Paris, in this respect -possess powerful attractions, which, unless they were to be neutralized -or rather counteracted by national attachments of still greater power, -would inevitably drain from the United Kingdom, especially from the -country, a large proportion of those wealthy classes whose presence, -expenditure, and charity have proved so beneficial to their respective -neighbourhoods. In like manner, as Nature abhors a vacuum, so, if -the affluent among the middle and lower classes, with a little money -and leisure on hand, were to find themselves without some wholesome -recreation, it is proverbial that a certain sable personage, who -delights in idleness, would very soon, in his own service and in his -own peculiar way, "set them to work." - -But however wise it may be for an individual within his own precincts -to create recreation to suit his particular palate, it is not so very -easy to concoct any amusement that shall be pleasing to the taste of -many ranks of the community as well as be generally beneficial to the -whole. - -A public racket-court or fives-court can only contain a very small -party. - -The far-famed national game of cricket (the stock in trade of which -consists of a ball, some bats, half-a-dozen stumps, and eleven players) -is adapted only to that bright, joyous, sunshiny half of the year, -which, with its flowers and fruits, hardly requires to be enlivened, -leaving the dreary months of winter totally unprovided with amusement. - -What therefore, _pro bono publico_, we require is to invent, if -possible, some description of national recreation which, in all -weathers, shall concentrate in groups over the whole superficies of -the kingdom, people of all conditions, from the highest ranks down -to the lowest, to join together in a healthy, manly, harmless sport, -requiring coolness, good temper, science, and resolution: and lastly, -which shall manure, or top-dress, the entire surface of the country by -broad-casting over it, annually, a large amount of gold, silver, and -copper. - -Now the invention of hunting produces all these beneficial results. At -the appointed meet, classes in ordinary life as distinctly separated -from each other as the various castes in India, first assemble -together, and then, during a good run, are jostled together in lumps, -and by bumps, which, by collision, produce many a spark of generous -feeling that, under ordinary circumstances, could not possibly have -been elicited. For instance, not very long ago, during a run in -Leicestershire, a well-dressed, good-looking young stranger was seen -to pull up, dismount, and run to the assistance of an old man lying -under a horse that was struggling violently above him. In extricating -the prisoner the liberator was repeatedly kicked. However, although -his flesh and coat were cut, and a silver flask flattened in his -breast-pocket, he resolutely effected his object and then cantered -away. "_Who's that?_" said a gentleman to a farmer who had gallantly -assisted in the extrication. "_I don't know his name,_" was the reply, -"_but, whoever he is, he stuck to him like a +RIGHT GOOD 'UN!+_" About -a month afterwards it transpired that the "right good 'un," who had -risked his life to help one he never before saw, and whom probably -he will never see again, was Lord C., now Marquis of H., and heir to -the dukedom of D. In the hunting field, unfettered by prescriptive -rights or privileges, the head and heart of man rise or sink to that -level, whatever it may be, that intrinsically is their due. In short, -irrespective of parentage, education, or income, any rider may assume -whatever position he can take, and, so long as he leads, no one can -prevent his wearing the honours, whatever they may be, of the day. - -Hunting is generally accused of being a very dangerous amusement, and -yet by medical returns it might easily be demonstrated that it is not -so injurious to a man's health or so fatal to his life as going to a -succession of balls, or especially of good dinners; in fact, there -can be no doubt that a London season blanches, per cent. per annum, -more cheeks, and requires more physic and more coffins, than a hunting -season. - -How little danger, instead of how much, belongs to hunting, is -daily proved by, comparatively speaking, the impunity with which -inexperienced people join in the chase. If a crowd of 150 or 200 -persons of all ages and shapes, none of whom had ever before been in -a boat, were all of a sudden, say during Christmas holidays, to dress -themselves like tars, and then compete with sailors in every sort of -weather, the chances, or rather the certainty, would be, that, without -any disparagement to the art of boating, at least half of them would be -drowned from sheer ignorance and inexperience. Again, if an eccentric -gentleman in London, making his coachman stand up behind his carriage, -were to require his footman to drive it, the vehicle, before it could -reach the Opera-house, would probably be either smashed or upset; and -yet, its fate would not be admitted as proving that it is dangerous to -drive. In fact, it is a common proverb, that, in order to be proficient -in any trade, it is necessary to be first duly apprenticed to it. But -in the hunting-field no education at all is deemed requisite. And, -accordingly, so soon as a young man, "gentle or simple" (though oftener -simple than gentle), can get hold of money, he buys a stud of horses -and hacks, hires grooms, orders three or four scarlet coats with the -appurtenances thereto, goes to Melton, makes his formal appearance at -a crack meet, and his informal disappearance into the first brook, or -on the other side of the first fence he comes to, and yet, "_Oh! -+PRAY+ catch that horse if you please!_" is usually the only result, -repeated over and over again without injury to anybody. Now, if people -who really have never learned to ride, mounted on young horses who -have never learned to hunt, can thus attempt to follow hounds without -damaging much more than their clothes, it _ought_ to follow that an -experienced rider on a clever hunter has, at all events, not more -danger to apprehend than other people are liable to, who ride solely -on hard roads, on which a horse is very apt to travel carelessly, and -always falls heavily. Will Williamson, now upwards of eighty years of -age, who has been huntsman to the Duke of Buccleugh for more than fifty -years, and whose worst accident was lately caused by being overturned -in a dog-cart, still follows his hounds; and, in like manner, in every -part of the kingdom are to be found old men who, with very little to -complain about, have been hunting from their boyhood, and occasionally -from their childhood. - -Charles Payne, the huntsman of the Pytchley, was much damaged by being -thrown out of a gig; while, a short time ago, his head whip, who had -fearlessly crossed almost every fence in Northamptonshire, dislocated -his shoulder by slipping off a little deal table. The gallant master -of the Tedworth hounds was severely injured in his conservatory; the -huntsman of the Surrey fox-hounds within his house by a fall. Lastly, -it may truly be asserted, that, in hunting, more accidents occur -from over caution in riders than from a combination of boldness and -judgment; indeed, if hunters could but speak, they would often whisper -to their riders, "_If you keep taking such affectionate care of +MY -HEAD+, you'll throw me +DOWN+._" - -The encouragement given to farmers to breed horses of the best -description, the high prices paid to them for hay, oats, beans, -and straw; the sums of money expended for the purchase or rent of -hunting-boxes, lodgings, stables, carriage-houses, &c., added to a -variety of other incidental expenses, large and small, amount to a -grand total which it would be less easy to underrate than exaggerate. - -But besides the sums which hunting-men, by maintaining from eight to -fourteen hunters, with grooms and strappers in proportion, distribute -in their various localities, in almost every county men of rank and -fortune step forward to support, more or less at their own private -cost, a huntsman, one or two whips, hounds, and a stable full of -horses, for the recreation and amusement of the community. - -With this generous object in view, the late Sir Richard Sutton, for -many years, spent about 10,000_l._ a-year in maintaining two packs of -hounds and a stud of about fifty horses, for which he readily paid -enormous prices. - -In any portion of the globe, except the United Kingdom, the price of -dog-flesh in England would appear utterly incomprehensible. In 1812 -Lord Middleton gave 1200 guineas for the pack he purchased. When Mr. -Warde gave up the Craven country Mr. Horlock paid him 2000 guineas for -his hounds; while Lord Suffield coolly handed over to Mr. Lambton 3000 -guineas for his pack without seeing them. To Mr. Conyers the master of -the Tedworth hounds offered for "Bashful" 100 guineas; and for another -bitch, called "Careful," 400 guineas, or 10,080 francs; a sum which, in -any village in France, would be considered for a peasant girl--though -neither bashful nor careful--a splendid marriage portion. - -Before Sir Richard's death, Lord Alford, Lord Hopetoun, Lord -Southampton, and, since his decease, Lord Stamford, who keeps seventy -horses, have come forward to bestow upon the hunting counties around -them the same noble and munificent assistance which, on a smaller -scale, is as liberally given in many other localities; and yet, without -one minute item, the sum total of the enjoyment, the recreation, the -health, the good fellowship, the hard riding, the enormous sums of -money distributed over the United Kingdom to maintain that ancient, -royal, loyal, noble, and national sport which seriatim we have -endeavoured to describe would suddenly be annihilated, were we but to -lose that tiny unclean beast, that dishonest little miscreant that -everybody abuses--+The Fox.+ - - Ille Jacet. - -But the scene suddenly shifts,----a small cracked bell in a violent -hurry rings,----the slight shuffling of a few running-away feet is -heard,----the green curtain which scarcely half a minute ago had -dropped slowly rises,----and in the centre of the little stage there -now appears, reposing by itself, a white wicker cradle containing -a new-born baby, who will rapidly grow before our readers into a -character intimately connected with the sayings and doings, the scenes -and incidents we are endeavouring to describe. - -[Footnote H: Some seasons ago the master of the Pytchley determined "to -give to the hounds" a fox that had run to ground in a narrow culvert -communicating with the Reservoir at Maidwell. - -To prevent the poor animal escaping from his doom, the hounds were made -to surround the mouth of the drain before the order was given to "lift -up the sluice." - -On the words being uttered the eyes of all the riders who encircled the -pack were, of course, concentrated on one point. A slight noise was -heard, some dead sticks appeared, followed by a violent rush of water, -in the midst of which, rolled up like an immense hedgehog, appeared the -fox, who no sooner got into daylight, than, before a hound could snap -hold of him, he jumped to the left, and, at almost the same instant, -popping through the only little hole in the thick hedge that bounded -the drain, burst away, distanced the pack of enemies, quadruped and -biped, that followed him, and thus escaped a death from which nothing -but his extraordinary quickness and determination could have saved -him.] - - - - -+Thomas Assheton Smith,+ - - -Born in Queen Anne Street, Cavendish Square, London, on the 2nd of -August, 1776, was the grandson of Thomas Assheton, Esq., of Ashley -Hall, near Bowden, in Cheshire, who assumed the name of Smith on -the death of his uncle, Captain William Smith, son of the Right -Honourable John Smith, Speaker of the House of Commons in the first -two Parliaments of Queen Anne, and Chancellor of the Exchequer in the -preceding reign. - -As Shakespeare, in his immortal history of the Seven Ages of Man, -briefly described the first as "the infant, mewling, &c., in its -nurse's arms," so of the childhood of Tom Smith the only occurrence we -are enabled to record is that his mother, one day, found him lying on -his nurse's lap, gasping like a tench just landed from a pond. - -"_What's the matter with the child?_" she eagerly inquired. - -"_Nothin_," replied the calm nurse; "_he's doing nicely_." - -As regarded the present tense, this answer was the truth, the whole -truth, and nothing but the truth. Had, however, the question been "What -_has been_ the matter with him?" with the same grammatical accuracy the -reply would have been, "If you please, Ma'am, he has just thrown up a -large pin," which, unperceived, he had managed to swallow. - -On his reaching the second age of man--that is to say, when he was but -seven years old--he was sent "with his satchel and shining morning -face" to Eton, where, on his arrival, he found himself the youngest boy -in the school. - -The busy hive of the United Kingdom, we all know, is divided into -cells, in each of which, at this moment, a raw material is being -converted by labour into some particular description of manufactured -goods. In one cell, a Minister of State is concocting, from crude -evidence, a speech, a budget, or a despatch. In another cell, a -young woman, with a protuberant cushion on her lap, covered by an -intricate pattern, marked by pins with heads of various colours, is as -indefatigably labouring for the welfare of her country by twirling, -twisting, and twiddling innumerable bobbins of fine thread into -Honiton lace. In other cells, workpeople are converting broadcloth -into clothes, leather into shoes, horse-hair into wigs, medicine into -pills, lead into bullets, brass and tin into cannon, iron into rifles, -alkali and grease into soap. Within what is called a "scrap-mill," by -the power of steam, controlled by a single man, broken bolts, bars, -nuts, nails, screw-pins, &c., are made to revolve, until by rumbling, -tumbling, rubbing, scrubbing, bruising, beating, hustling, and jostling -each other, all are turned out clean and bright, fit to be welded -together for any purpose that may be required. - -At Eton, by a similar process, about 600 boys of all sizes and -shapes--red-haired, white-haired, black-haired; long-legged, -short-legged, bandy-legged; splay-footed, pigeon-toed; proud, humble, -noisy, silent, good-humoured, spiteful, brave, timid, pale-faced, -sallow-faced, freckled and rosy-cheeked, weak and strong, clever and -stupid, pliable and pigheaded--yet all controlled by that unwritten, -immutable, imperishable code of _honour_ which, like a halo, has always -illuminated their play-ground and their school, are hustled together -on water, in water, under water, and out of water, until, when the door -of their scrap-mill is opened--although their minds and bodies are as -dissimilar as ever--they all turn out polished _gentlemen_, prepared to -encounter those hardships, dangers, vicissitudes, difficulties, and, -above all, base temptations in life, which high-bred principles are so -especially well adapted to resist. - -For eleven years Tom Smith remained at this school, where he acquired -a taste for classical literature, which characterised him through -life. Pope, Shakespeare, and Horace, from which he used to quote long -passages, were his favourite authors; he could also, without pressure, -spout out the whole of the Epistle of Eloisa to Abelard. But what -reigned at the back of his head and in the citadel of his heart was -an ardent love for athletic exercises of any description, especially -for cricket and boating. He was also, throughout his whole life, -affectionately attached to fighting; and Etonians, old and young, to -this day, record, as one of the severest contests in the history of -youthful pugilism, the desperate battle he fought with Jack Musters, -a kindred spirit, of whom it has been said that he could do seven -things--namely, ride, fence, fight, swim, shoot, play at cricket and -at tennis--as well as any man in Europe. His pugilistic propensity, -which appeared so early, was conspicuous throughout his life. While -hunting in Leicestershire he was prevailed upon to stand for the -borough of Nottingham. On proceeding to the poll, he found not only -the town placarded with "No foxhunting M.P.," but a guy in a red coat, -tailed by a fox's brush, burning in effigy of him before the hustings. -His appearance there elicited tremendous yells and hootings, which -apparently no authority could subdue, until, with a stentorian voice, -heard above the uproar, Tom Smith exclaimed, "Gentlemen! as you refuse -to hear my political principles, be so kind as to listen to these few -words: _I'll fight any man among ye, little or big_, and will have a -round with him now for love!" In an instant, as if by magic, yells and -groans were converted into rounds of cheers, demonstrating the strange -stuff, be it good, bad, or indifferent, that Englishmen are made of. - -On another occasion, while riding down the Gallowtree Gate, in -Leicester, he struck the horse of a coal-heaver, who, in return, cut -him sharply across the face. Smith jumped immediately from his horse, -and the driver from his cart, the latter doffing his smock-frock, the -former buttoning his coat and turning up his sleeves. The conflict was -desperate; and from a fellow weighing fourteen stone, and standing six -feet high, he was receiving severe punishment, when, by constables and -a crowd of people, the combatants were separated. "You shall hear from -me again!" said Smith to his gallant smutty antagonist. True to his -word, the next morning the squire's groom was seen inquiring where the -coal-heaver lived. On finding the man, whose face, like his master's, -had received some heavy bruises, he said to him, "Mr. Smith has sent me -to give you this sovereign, and to tell you you're the best man that -ever stood before him." "God bless his honour!" replied the man, "and -thank him a thousand times." - -When Tom Smith was at Eton, fighting had not cropped to the surface -of a schoolfellow and friend who in after life, known by the name of -+Wellington+, greatly distinguished himself in this world by seeking -and by gaining pitched battles. "I suppose, Smith," said the old -silver-haired Duke to him, one day, in London, "you've done now with -_fighting_?" "Oh, yes," replied Smith, then in his sixtieth year, "I've -quite given that up; but----" suddenly correcting himself, he added, -"I'll fight yet any man _of my age_." - -At Chapmansford, when upwards of seventy, a rough country fellow, -before a large field of sportsmen, threw a stone at one of the hounds -of the old squire, who instantly struck him with his hunting whip. "You -daren't do that if you were off your horse," said the man. The words -were hardly out of the clodhopper's mouth when (in the seventh age of -man) Smith stood before him, with a pair of fists clenched in his -face, in so pugilistic an attitude that the fellow took to his heels, -and, amidst the jeers of his comrades, ran away. - -In 1794 Tom Smith quitted Eton to become a gentleman commoner at Christ -Church, Oxford, where, with great diligence and assiduity, he hunted -regularly in Oxfordshire and Northamptonshire,--became a fearless -swimmer,--learnt to pull a sturdy oar on the Isis,--was a good shot -and billiard-player,--and excelled as a batsman in the cricket-field -on Cowley Marsh and Bullingdon. On leaving the University he became a -member of the Marylebone Club and a regular attendant at Lord's during -the summer; he was also a member of the Royal Yacht Club. Mr. Smith's -love for science and shipbuilding induced him to build several sailing -and steam yachts. He considered himself to be the practical originator -of the wave line, and, by the advice of the Duke of Wellington, he -submitted to the First Lord of the Admiralty some important hints for -improving the construction of gunboats. In autumn, winter, and spring, -he instinctively "went to the dogs," or, as in sporting phraseology -it is termed, "took to hunting," so eagerly, that in 1800, when only -twenty-four years old, he was signalized in song as a daring rider in -that celebrated run from Billesden Coplow, in which but four gentlemen, -with Jack Raven the Whip, were able to live with the hounds. - -In 1806 he succeeded Lord Foley at Quorn, and for ten years hunted -Leicestershire with first-rate hounds, for a portion of which he had -paid to Mr. Musters 1000 guineas, until, in 1816, he took the place of -Mr. Osbaldiston in Lincolnshire, where he hunted the Burton country for -eight years. He then, ceasing for two years to be a master of hounds, -hunted with the Duke of Rutland and in the neighbouring counties until -1826, when, taking up his residence at Penton Lodge, he created for -himself a new country between Andover and Salisbury. In 1830--two -years after the death of his father, from whom he inherited a very -large fortune--he removed to Tedworth, which he had lately rebuilt -with magnificent kennels, and stables in which every hunter had a -loose box. In these stables he had often as many as fifty horses, all -in first-rate condition. For thirty-two years he hunted the Tedworth -country without ever asking for subscriptions of any sort or kind. All -he begged of the landowners and of those who hunted with him was to -_preserve_ foxes to enable him to kill them. At his meets his friend -and guest the late Duke of Wellington often attended. In stature Mr. -Smith was about 5 feet 10 inches high, athletic, well-proportioned, -muscular, but slight. His weight was between eleven and twelve stone. -With a highly-intelligent but resolute countenance, containing (as was -observed of it) "a dash of the bulldog," he had plain features. "_That -fellow Jack Musters_," Tom Smith used to say, "_spoilt +my+ beauty_." -For several years, though his name was seldom found in the debates, -he represented in Parliament Carnarvonshire and Andover; and in 1832, -in consequence of the riots which took place in that year, he raised, -at his own expense, a corps of yeomanry cavalry, reviewed by the Duke -of Wellington, the troopers of which were chiefly his own tenants or -farmers of the neighbourhood. For upwards of fifty seasons he continued -to be the master of hounds, until, after having been in his saddle for -seventy years, the boy who in 1783 went to Eton when he was seven years -old, died at Vaenol on the 9th of September, 1858, aged eighty-two. - -At the earnest request of his widow, Sir John E. Eardley-Wilmot -(assisted by extracts from the 'Field' newspaper), with considerable -spirit and ability, has lately compiled a series of graphic incidents -and sketches, forming altogether a memoir--or, as he terms them, -'Reminiscences'--of the life of one whom Napoleon I. addressed as -"_le premier chasseur d'Angleterre_," and who was also called by the -Parisians "_le grand chasseur +Smit+._" From this volume we shall now -submit to our readers a few extracts. - - "Lord Foley," wrote 'Nimrod,' "was succeeded in the possession - of the Quorn hounds by that most conspicuous sportsman of modern - times, Thomas Assheton Smith. As combining the character of a - skilful sportsman with that of a desperate horseman, perhaps - his parallel is not to be found; and his name will be handed - down to posterity as a specimen of enthusiastic zeal in one - individual pursuit, very rarely equalled. From the first day - of the season to the last he was always the same man, the - same desperate fellow over a country, and unquestionably - possessing, _on every occasion and at every hour of the day_, - the most bulldog nerve ever exhibited in the saddle. His motto - was, 'I'll be with my hounds;' and all those who have seen - him in the field must acknowledge he made no vain boast of - his prowess. His falls were countless; and no wonder, for he - rode at places which _he knew_ no horse could leap over; but - his object was to get, one way or the other, into the field - with his hounds. As a horseman, however, he has ever been - super-excellent. He sits in his saddle as if he were part of - his horse, and his seat displays vast power over his frame. - In addition to his power his hand is equal to Chifney's, and - the advantage he experiences from it may be gleaned from the - following expression. Being seen one day hunting his hounds - on Radical, always a difficult, but at that time a more than - commonly difficult, horse to ride, he was asked by a friend why - he did not put a martingale on him, to give him more power over - his mouth. 'Thank ye,' he replied, 'but my left hand shall be - _my_ martingale.'" - -His fame and success in Lincolnshire were as great as at Quorn. The -Melton men followed him, knowing they were sure of good sport wherever -he went, although scarcely one of them was quite prepared for the -formidable drains or dykes in the Burton Hunt. Shortly after their -arrival there, they found a fox near the kennels that crossed a dyke -called the Tilla. Tom Smith, the only one who rode at it, got in, but -over, leaving behind him fourteen of the Meltonians floundering in the -water at the same time, which so cooled their ardour that, excepting -Sir H. Goodricke, gallant David Baird, and one or two others, they soon -returned to Melton. - -Mr. Delmé Ratcliffe, in his work on the 'Noble Science of Fox-hunting,' -describes Tom Smith as follows:-- - - "I could nowhere find a more fitting model for the rising - generation of sportsmen.... He was an instance of the very - rare union of coolness and consummate skill as a huntsman, - combined with the impetuosity of a most desperate rider; and - not only was he the most determined of all riders, but equally - remarkable as a horseman. - - "Now I am not going to give merely my own opinion of Mr. Thomas - Assheton Smith, as a horseman and rider to hounds, but shall - lay before my readers that of all the sporting world, at least - all who have seen him in the field; which is, that, taking him - from the first day's hunting of the season to the last, place - him on the best horse in his stable or on the worst, he is sure - to be with his hounds, and _close to them too_. In fact, he has - undoubtedly proved himself the best and hardest rider England - ever saw, and it would be vain in any man to dispute his title - to that character." - -Again, says Mr. Apperley-- - - "Let us look at him in his saddle. Does he not look like a - workman? Observe how lightly he sits! No one could suppose - him to be a twelve-stone man. And what a firm hand he has on - his horses! How well he puts them at their fences, and what - chances he gives them to extricate themselves from any scrape - they may have gotten into! He never hurries them then; no man - ever saw Tom Smith ride fast at his fences, at least at large - ones (brooks excepted), let the pace be what it may; and what - a treat it is to see him jump water! His falls, to be sure, - have been innumerable; but what very hard-riding man does not - get falls? Hundreds of Mr. Smith's falls may be accounted for: - he has measured his horses' pluck by his own, and ridden - at hundreds of non-feasible places, with the chance of getting - over them somehow." - -Again: "No man," says Dick Christian, "that ever came into -Leicestershire could beat Mr. Smith--I do not care what any of them -say;" while "The Druid," in 'Silk and Scarlet,' after giving some very -interesting anecdotes of Tom Smith, says of him, "However hasty in -temper and action he might be in the field or on the flags, he was the -mightiest hunter that ever 'rode across Belvoir's sweet vale' or wore a -horn at his saddle-bow." - - "His wonderful influence," he adds, "over his hunters was - strongly exemplified at another time, but in rather a different - manner. He had mounted a friend, who complained of having - nothing to ride, on his celebrated horse Cicero. The hounds - were running breast-high across the big pasture lands of - Leicestershire, and Cicero was carrying his rider like a - bird, when a strong flight of rails had almost too ugly an - aspect of height, strength, and newness for the liking of our - friend on his 'mount.' The keen eye of Assheton Smith, as he - rode beside him, at once discerned that he had no relish for - the timber, and seeing that he was likely to make the horse - refuse, he cried out, '_Come up, Cicero!_' His well-known - voice had at once the desired effect; but Cicero's rider, by - whom the performance was not intended, left his 'seat' vacant, - fortunately without any other result than a roll upon the - grass." - - "I have said," remarks Nimrod, "that Mr. Smith's make and - shape, together with a fine bridle-hand, have assisted him in - rising to perfection as a horseman." - - "I once saw," relates a friend, "a fine specimen of Mr. Smith's - hand and nerve in the going off of a frost, when the _bone_ - was not quite out of the ground. We were running a fox hard - over Salisbury Plain, when all at once his horse came on a - treacherous flat, greasy at top, as sportsmen say, but hard - and slippery underneath. The horse he rode was a hard puller, - and very violent, named Piccadilly; and the least check from - the bridle, when the animal began to blunder, would have to a - certainty made him slip up. Here the fine riding of the squire - shone conspicuously. He left his horse entirely alone, as if he - were swimming; and after floundering about and swerving for at - least a hundred yards, Piccadilly recovered himself, and went - on as if nothing had happened." - - "At the end of a desperate run, he once charged the river - Welland, which divides the counties of Leicester, Northampton, - and Rutland, and is said to be altogether impracticable. The - knack he had of getting across water is to be attributed to his - resolute way of riding to hounds, by which his horses knew that - it was in vain to refuse whatever he might put them at." - -One day when Smith was drawing for a fox on his famous horse Fire-King, -he came to a precipitous bank at the end of a meadow, with a formidable -drop into a hard road. "_You can't get out there, Sir_," said a civil -farmer. "_I should like very much to see the place where +we+_" -(patting Fire-King) "_cannot go_," was the reply, as down he rode, to -the astonishment of the field. - - "In falling," says Sir J. Eardley Wilmot, "he always contrived - to fall clear of his horse. The bridle-rein, which fell as - lightly as breeze of zephyr on his horse's neck, was then held - as in a vice. In some instances, with horses whom he knew well, - he would ride for a fall, where he knew it was not possible for - him to clear a fence. With Jack-o'-Lantern he was often known - to venture on this experiment, and he frequently said there was - not a field in Leicestershire in which he had not had a fall. - 'I never see you in the Harborough country,' he observed to a - gentleman who occasionally hunted with the Quorn. 'I don't much - like your Harborough country,' replied the other, 'the fences - are so large.' 'Oh!' observed Mr. Smith, 'there is no place you - cannot get over with a fall.' To a young supporter of his pack, - who was constantly falling and _hurting_ himself, he said, 'All - who profess to ride should know _how_ to _fall_.'" - -The author of 'Silk and Scarlet' says:-- - - "It was a great speech of Mr. Smith's, if ever he saw a horse - refuse with his Whips, '_Throw your +heart+ over, and your - horse will follow_.' He never rode fast at his fences. I have - heard him say scores of times, 'When a man rides at fences a - hundred miles an hour, _depend upon it he funks_.'" - -Sir William Miles confirms this statement:-- - - "Mr. Smith," he remarks, "always said, '_Go slow at all fences, - except water_. It makes a horse know the use of his legs, and - by so riding he can put down a leg wherever it is wanted.'" - -Long Wellesley had a horse which he declared no man could see a run -on. "He only requires a _rider_," said the squire. "Will _you_ ride -him, then, at Glen Gorse?" "Willingly!" replied Smith, who, after -several falls, killing his fox, was presented with the animal, which he -accordingly named "Gift." - -The history of the education of Smith's favourite horse, -Jack-o'-Lantern, is described as follows:-- - - "We were riding," said Tom Edge, "to covert through a line of - bridle-gates, when we came to a new double oaken post and rail - fence. 'This is just the place to make my colt a good timber - jumper,' said the squire; 'so you shut the gate, and ride away - fast.' This was no sooner done than the squire rode at the - rails, which Jack taking with his breast, gave both himself - and his rider such a fall, that their respective heads were - looking towards the fence they had ridden at. Up rose both at - the same time, as if nothing very particular had happened. - 'Now,' said Tom Smith, 'this will be the _making_ of the horse; - just do as you did before, and ride away.' Edge did so, and - Jack flew the rails without touching, and from that day was a - first-rate timber fencer." - -Only on two occasions, while hunting, did Tom Smith succeed in breaking -a bone: once at Melton, when he consoled himself by learning arithmetic -from the pretty damsel at the post-office; and afterwards, when one of -his ribs was fractured, owing, as he said, to his having a knife in his -breast-pocket:-- - - "And yet," says Sir J. Eardley Wilmot, "notwithstanding the - gallant manner in which he always rode, never turning from any - fence that intervened between him and his hounds, he never - had a horse drop dead under him, or die from the effects of a - severe day's riding. It is also a fact well recorded that he - was never known to strike a horse unfairly. 'How is it,' asked - a friend, 'that horses and hounds seem never to provoke you?' - '_They_ are brutes, and know no better, but _men_ do,' was the - reply." - -The most extraordinary hunter in his stable, "Ayston," was pigeon-toed, -and so bad a hack, that he had to be led to covert; and yet at no time -would his master have taken a thousand guineas for him. - -After the famous Billesden Coplow run, in which Tom Smith maintained -so prominent a place, he sold the horse he that day rode, called -Furze-cutter, for which he had given 26_l._, to Lord Clonbrock for -400_l_. - -The Rev. Francis Dyson, now rector of Creeklande, on being ordained, -was appointed to assist his father, the clergyman at Tedworth:-- - - "Mr. Smith," says Sir J. Eardley Wilmot, "was so pleased with - his first sermon, that, on coming out of church, he slapped - the young curate on the back, and said, 'Well done, Frank! you - shall have a mount on Rory O'More next Thursday.' Young Dyson - had many a run afterwards out of the squire's stables, for - his performances in the field pleased as much as those in the - pulpit. - - "Once, when the hounds were running short with a sinking fox, - a person clad in a long black coat, and evidently thinking - scorn of the fun, inquired of the Whip what the _dogs were then - doing_. 'Why, Sir,' said Dick Burton, throwing a keen glance - down the inquirer's person, 'they are preaching his funeral - sermon.'" - -In 1840 Tom Smith proposed to pay a visit to his old friend Sir Richard -Sutton, whose hunting had been stopped by a severe accident. On hearing -of this movement, Mr. Greene of Rolleston, who had been one of his -best pupils in his Leicestershire days, requested him, in his way to -Lincolnshire, to bring his hounds once more into his old country, Mr. -Hodgson, who then hunted Leicestershire, having handsomely placed the -best meet at his disposal. The veteran, for he was then sixty-four, -accepted the challenge, bringing with him eighteen couples of his -finest hounds, of great substance, open-chested, and in splendid -condition. - - "It would be vain," writes Sir J. Eardley Wilmot, "to endeavour - to commemorate the scene which took place when Tom Smith, - surrounded by his hounds, met the field at Shankton Holt on - Friday, the 20th of March. More than two thousand horsemen, - one-third of whom appeared in pink, were assembled. Men of - the highest birth and station, men who had served their - country with deeds of most daring gallantry by sea and land, - men who in political or social life were the most brilliant - in repute, thronged to do honour to the first fox-hunter of - the day. They had come from remote counties, and more were - pouring in along the grassy slopes and vales, or skirting the - well-known gorse covers. As Dick Christian remarked, 'the - first lot were at Shankton Holt when the tail end wern't out - of Rolleston gates.' Cold must have been the heart of him who - could behold without joyous emotion the crowds of grey-headed - horsemen hurrying forward to shake hands with their old friend - and fellow-sportsman, each calling vividly to memory some - scene where he had acted the most conspicuous part. More than - twenty years had rolled away since he had resigned the lead - in that magnificent country. There had been splendid riders - since his day; and while time had thinned the ranks of the - veterans, younger men had either achieved or were achieving - fame--Frank Holyoake, now Sir Francis Goodricke, well known for - his splendid feats on Brilliant; Colonel Lowther, Lord Wilton, - Lord Archibald Seymour, George Payne, Little[I] Gilmour, Lord - Gardner, George Anson, and a host of sportsmen, well deserving - the reputation they had won, yet all strangers to the doings - of this hero of the Quorn, except through anecdotes familiar - to them as 'household words.' In addition to these were a very - goodly display of carriages-and-four filled with ladies, and - pedestrians without number. The hounds with Dick Burton were - drawn up on the lawn, while the vast group of horsemen formed a - circle, with the carriages and assembled crowd outside. After - the friendly salutations were over, and their enthusiastic - character astonished no one but the Illustrious Stranger[J] - present, Mr. Smith took his hounds to Shankton Holt, where he - drew only the bottom of the covert; thence to Norton Gorse, - Stanton Wood, Glooston Wood, and Fallow Close, all blank. It - was an unfavourable day for scent,--a bright sun with - north-easterly wind, not a cloud to be seen, and the cold - intense. A fox having been found by Mr. Hodgson, in Vowes - Covert, as already stated, away went the hounds towards - Horringhold, leaving Blaston to the right. Here Mr. Smith took - a strong flight of rails into a road, quite like a 'young 'un.' - The fox soon afterwards crossed the Welland, and went away for - Rockingham Park, where, it being late, they whipped off." - -From 1830 to 1856--that is to say, until Tom Smith had reached the -age of eighty--with his indomitable energy and undaunted courage he -continued to hunt his hounds at Tedworth, spending his summers at -Vaenol on board his yacht. His head was as clear and his hand as firm -as they had been twenty years ago. If he felt not quite well in a -morning, plunging his head into cold water, he used to hold it there -as long as he could, which he said always put him to rights. It is -true he had curtailed his meets to four only a week, but on these days -the farmers were delighted to see "the old Squire" vault on horseback, -as usual, blow his horn while his horse was carrying him over a -five-barred gate, and, with a loose rein, gallop down the sheep-fed -hill-sides with all the alacrity of a boy. But although the hourglass -of his existence appeared to be still as bright and clear as ever, -the sand within the upper portion of the crystal was now running to -its end. In September, 1856, while at his summer residence in North -Wales, he was suddenly seized with an alarming attack of asthma, which, -by the use of stimulants and by the assiduous attention of Mrs. -Smith,--at this period herself in a very weak state of health,--was -so far subdued that on one of his horses saddled appearing at the -door--although five minutes before he had been gasping for breath on -the sofa--he mounted the animal, and broke away, as if instinctively, -to seek for himself a stronger stimulant than his physician could -prescribe--_the sight once again of his hounds_. - - "Although," writes Sir J. Eardley Wilmot, very feelingly, "he - rallied from this attack in an astonishing manner, he was no - longer the same man. The erect gait was bent, and the eagle eye - had lost its lustre." - -The able writer of 'Silk and Scarlet' gives the following graphic and -affecting description of Tom Smith the last time he appeared at the -meet with his hounds:-- - - "The covert side knew him no more after the October of 1857, - when he just cantered up to Willbury on his chestnut hack - Blemish, to see his hounds draw. Carter got his orders to bring - the choicest of the 1858 entry, and he and Will Bryce arrived - at the usual rendezvous with five couple of bitches by the - Fitzwilliam Hardwicke and Hermit. He looked at them a short - time, and exclaimed, '+Well, they're as beautiful as they can - be+,' bade both his men good-bye, and they saw him no more." - -He returned to Tedworth as usual-- - - "But," writes Sir J. Eardley Wilmot, "at the annual meet on the - 1st of November, 1857, the hounds met without the accustomed - centre figure of their master, who slowly rode up to them - without his scarlet. He remarked, quite seriously, that if he - had worn his hunting gear, and his pack should observe that - he could not follow them, they would show their sorrow by - refusing to hunt the fox. A universal gloom pervaded the field; - he looked wistfully and lovingly at his old favourites, the - heroes of many a well-fought field; and as he quickly went back - into the hall, shrinking almost from the outer air, while the - horsemen and pack turned away slowly towards the shrubberies, - every one felt with a heavy heart that the glory of the old - fox-hunter had at length departed." - -The state of Mrs. Smith's health having for many years caused her -husband great anxiety, in 1845, in order, as he said, "to bring -Madeira to England," he constructed for her at Tedworth a magnificent -conservatory or crystal palace, 315 feet in length and 40 in width, -in which, enjoying the temperature of a warm climate, she might take -walking exercise during the winter months. A Wiltshire farmer, on first -seeing this building, observed, he supposed it was for the 'Squire to -hunt there whenever a frost stopped him in the field. - - "It was a melancholy spectacle," writes Sir J. Eardley Wilmot, - "to see Tom Smith the winter before his death, when he - could no longer join his hounds, mount one of his favourite - hunters--Euxine, Paul Potter, or Blemish--with the assistance - of a chair, and take his exercise for an hour at a foot's - pace up and down this conservatory, often with some friend - at his side to cheer him up and while away the time until he - re-entered the house, for he was not allowed at that period - to go out of doors. Even in this feeble condition, '_quantùm - mutatus ab illo Hectore_,' once on horseback, he appeared to - revive; and the dexterity and ease with which he managed, like - a plaything, the spirited animal under him, which had scarcely - left its stable for months, was most surprising." - -During the last days of his existence he rested rather than took -exercise on that noble animal the horse, which for seventy years he -had so resolutely and yet so considerately governed. His mind, in its -declining hours, had also its support. Throughout his life, without -ostentation and often in secret, he had been charitable to people -of various conditions. Of the two thousand workmen in his quarries, -scarcely one of them had ever been taken before a magistrate for -dishonesty. Never was he known, if properly requested, to refuse to -give a site for a church or even for a Dissenting chapel. Both he and -Mrs. Smith invariably went to church on foot, it being a rule with them -never, except in case of illness, to have either carriage or horse out -on Sundays. - -A few weeks after he had completed his eighty-second year he had a -sudden attack of the same symptoms which had shaken him so severely in -1856. In a moment of consciousness, evidently aware of his approaching -end, pointing to his faithful valet, he said to his devoted wife, -"_Take care of that man!_" and when Mrs. Smith left the room, he said -to her maid, "_Watch over your mistress; take care of +her+._" A few -hours afterwards-- - - "Last scene of all, - That ends this strange eventful history" - -on the 9th of September, 1858, while Mrs. Smith's sister was watching -by his bedside, a slight change came over his countenance, but before -the doctors or even his valet could be summoned,--with a gentle -sigh expired Thomas Assheton Smith, bequeathing, on half a sheet of -writing-paper, the whole of his vast possessions, producing from -50,000_l._ to 55,000_l._ a year, to his widow (who survived him only -a few months); and moreover leaving behind him a name that will long -be remembered not only by the farmers and riding men of the counties -he hunted, but by all who are disposed fairly and justly to appreciate -the lights and shadows which constitute the character of "The English -Country Gentleman," one only of whose recreations we have endeavoured -to delineate to our readers in the foregoing slight sketches of those -three gallant animals--the +Horse+, the +Fox+, and last, though not -least, the +Foxhunter+. - -[Illustration: THE ROYAL ENGINEER TRAIN PRACTISING LASSO DRAUGHT. - - To face page 195.] - -[Footnote I: Like William of Deloraine, "_good at need_."] - -[Footnote J: Prince Ernest, brother to Prince Albert.] - - - - -+On Military Horse-Power.+ - - -As the momentum or force of a shot is said to be its weight multiplied -by its velocity, so the strength of an army may not unjustly be -estimated by multiplying its physical powers by the rate at which -(if necessary) it can be made to travel: in short, activity is to an -army what velocity is to a shot, or what the rigging of a vessel is -to its hull. But, although we refuse to increase the weight of a shot -unless we can proportionately preserve our power to propel it, yet, in -European warfare, this principle, as regards the "matériel" of an army, -has not always been kept in mind. Inventions have very easily been -admitted, which afterwards have not been so easy to carry. It is true, -they have added to the powers of the army, but they have so diminished -its speed, that, encumbered by its implements and accoutrements, a -European, like an East Indian army, has often felt that it requires -less science to fight than to march; and thus, when Bonaparte, in his -retreat from Moscow, was surrounded by Cossacks, which his troops were -unable to crush only because they could not get at them, his well-known -confession proves that when the field is vast, and its resources -feeble, the distance between regular and irregular warfare "is but a -step,"--the reason being, that the superior strength of the former is -worn out by the superior activity of the latter, or, as Marshal Saxe -expressed it, "its arms are of less value than its legs." - -Now, it is undeniable that this want of activity proceeds partly from -the weight of the "matériel," but principally from the following very -remarkable imperfection in the military equipment of Europe. - -It is well known that not only every soldier, but every human being -following an army, is subject to military discipline, and that his -labour may, at any time, and for any purpose, be required of him; but, -although the rational being is thus called upon to work with cheerful -obedience for the grand objects of the army, the physical powers of -the brute beast have never yet been developed; and accordingly for the -various, sudden, and momentary emergencies for which horse-power has -often and urgently in vain been required, horse-power (the cavalry) to -an enormous extent has existed upon the spot, a military element which -it has hitherto been considered so impracticable to control, that the -guns, ammunition, treasure, &c., which European cavalry have oftentimes -bravely won, their horses have been supposed totally incapable to carry -away; and the laurel which was positively in their hands they have thus -been obliged to abandon. Again, for sieges in countries which have -been drained by the artillery and cavalry, not only of horses, but of -sustenance to maintain them, it has often been absolutely necessary to -bring forward, by bullocks and other inefficient means, the battering -train, ammunition, entrenching tools, materials, &c., amounting in -weight, even for the attack of a second-rate fortress, to several -thousand tons. In moments of such distress the infantry working in the -trenches have often severely suffered from the delay occasioned by -the want of horse-power, while their comrades, the cavalry, have been -deemed incapable of sharing the honour and fatigue of the day, from -the anomalous conclusion that, although it is easy to extract from men -manual labour, it is impossible to extract from horses horse-power; -and yet there exists no reason why, in moments of emergency, cavalry -horses should not be required to work (most particularly at drag-ropes) -as well as infantry soldiers; for although the patient endurance of -hardships and privations is one of the noblest features in military -life, yet absolutely to suffer from the want of what one positively -possesses is, even in common life, a discreditable misfortune, -indicating not bodily weakness, but mental imbecility. - -Even in that noble department, the Horse Artillery itself, there -existed throughout the Peninsular War a striking example of latent -power which had never been exerted. To each gun there were attached -twelve horses trained to draught. Of these, only eight possessed the -means of drawing: the gun might therefore, in mechanical calculation, -be said to be propelled by an engine of eight horse-power; and if a -morass, or any other obstacle, over-balanced this power, the gun was -either deserted, or (as was customary) the infantry were harnessed to -it, by drag-ropes, in the immediate presence of four draught-horses, -whose powers (besides officers' horses) it was conceived that we were -unable to command.[K] - -Now, to awaken, _at no expense_, the important, natural, yet dormant -powers, not only of cavalry but of all other horses, and, consequently, -to afford the means of accelerating (when required) the movements, -grand or small, of an army, would surely be more beneficial than even -to suggest an improvement in its arms; for it may justly be said -that our present weapons are destructive enough--that even if we -could succeed in making them more so, still our enemies would retort -them upon us--that the advantage, or rather the disadvantage, would -then be mutual--and that, eventually, war would only be made still -more destructive; but by giving activity and mobility to European -armies, the science of war is promoted; and even if the benefit to -the civilized nations of Europe should be equal (but this, from the -superior size and strength of English horses, would evidently be in our -favour), yet it would at least shield the profession from the disgrace -of being again persecuted, in any country, by an uncivilized army; -and if the navy of England, laden with its immense weight of metal, -is endeavouring, by science and reflection, to accelerate its rate of -sailing, so that it can not only stand against the largest fleet, but -can chase and run down the smallest pirate, surely the British army, -already distinguished by its heart and its arm, should never rest -satisfied until it can sufficiently develop its locomotive powers to be -able to overtake and punish the insults of irregular troops. - -Having now endeavoured to prove, 1st, That in European warfare there -positively does exist a serious imperfection; and 2ndly, That it is -for the interest, and due to the character, of the profession, that -this imperfection should be corrected, we will proceed to explain -the reasons which have lately induced the Duke of Cambridge by the -following order to direct the attention of the British cavalry to the -practice of lasso draught, (which for more than two years, by order of -the Inspector-General of Fortifications, General Sir John Burgoyne, has -been most successfully and scientifically adopted, by Captain Siborne, -R.E., commanding the Royal Engineer Train, under the intelligent -superintendence of Colonel Henry Sandham, Director of the Royal -Engineers' Establishment at Chatham.) - - -_Extract from the Queen's Regulations, page 126._ - -"In order that the cavalry may, upon emergencies, be available for the -purposes of draught, such as assisting artillery, &c., through deep -roads, and in surmounting other impediments and obstacles which the -carriages of the army have frequently to encounter in the course of -active service, ten men per troop are to be equipped with the tackle of -the lasso." - -In Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, and a considerable portion -of South America, for every purpose of drawing, a horse is confined -between two traces; and accordingly, whenever for the first time in his -life he is placed in this predicament, so soon as one of them touches -or tickles him on one side, he flies from it to the other trace, -which suddenly arrests him, and, usually blind-folded by blinkers, -being ignorant of, as well as alarmed at, the unknown objects that -are restraining him, he occasionally endeavours to disperse them by -kicking; and even if he submits, it requires some little experience -to tranquillize his fears. For these reasons, throughout the regions -enumerated, a horse that has never been in harness, however valuable he -may be, is _totally_ useless in a moment of emergency for the purposes -of draught. - -Now throughout that region of South America which extends in 35° -south latitude from Buenos Ayres on the Atlantic, to Santiago and to -Valparaiso on the Pacific Ocean, harness is composed of nothing but a -surcingle and a single trace, by which the horse draws as a man would -drag a garden-roller, by one hand instead of by two. - -By this simple mode all the merchandise, and all the travellers that -have ever traversed on wheels those immense plains that separate the -two great oceans of the world, have been transported. - -For military purposes its efficiency has been thus substantiated by -General Miller in his history of 'The War for Independence':-- - -"Our corps consisted of ten six-pounders and one howitzer. Each gun was -drawn by four horses, and each horse ridden by a gunner, there being -no corps of drivers in the service. A non-commissioned officer and -seven drivers were, besides the four already mentioned, attached to -each piece of artillery. Buckles, collars, cruppers, and breast-plates -were not in use; the horses simply drew from the saddle, and with this -equipment our guns have travelled nearly 100 miles in a day." - -But besides its efficiency for all the requirements of either peace -or war, the singular advantage of this simple harness is that any -description of horse, tame or wild, uses it without noticing it; for -if the single trace which passes immediately beneath his hip bone -happens (which it ought not) to press against his side, by shrinking -from it only an inch it instantly ceases to touch him; and as there -then remains nothing to confine, tickle, or alarm him, he refrains -from kicking, simply because there is nothing to kick at, and from -quarrelling because he can see nothing in the world to quarrel with. - -With this equipment, if a party of native riders, hunting ostriches in -South America, are requested to help the horses of a carriage across a -river, and up a steep bank, similar, for instance, to that of the Alma, -in a moment they affix their lassos, conquer the difficulty, attain the -summit, and then, with tobacco smoke steaming from their mouths, gallop -away to follow their sport. - -The Royal Engineer Train have demonstrated by public experiments in -this country, that with this simple equipment, which would injure -neither the efficiency nor the appearance of the cavalry, any number of -horses, whether accustomed to draught or not, are capable of being at -once harnessed to any description of carriage, not only (_see sketch_) -in front to draw it forward, but in rear to hold it back, or even -sideways to prevent its oversetting--in short, that it is a power which -can be made to radiate in any direction; and as its character stands -upon a much firmer foundation--as it is _bonâ fide_ the common mode of -draught in South America--in constant use for all military and civil -purposes--a practical invention which, under all circumstances, has -been always found to answer, it is evident to demonstration,--1st. That -if it can transport artillery, &c., across the lofty, vast, and rugged -features of uncultivated America, it would surely be serviceable on -the roads and bridges of civilized countries. 2ndly, That if it can be -adapted to unbroken horses, it cannot be inapplicable to the trained -horses of our cavalry. And, 3rdly, That as both the surcingle and trace -are made, in America, of nothing but the skins of bullocks, we should, -on active service, be able in all countries at least to obtain this -material, and generally many others. - -It must, moreover, be observed, that as a mounted horse (_i. e._ a -horse and man) are heavier than an unmounted horse, the former with -a lasso can drag a heavier weight than the latter with a collar and -traces.[L] - -Now, supposing for a moment that not only our cavalry were to be -furnished with, but that every saddle-horse receiving rations in a -European army was to be ordered to wear the South American surcingle -(_which costs less than English girths and surcingle_, and which -experience has proved to be, merely as a girth, superior to a common -one), and to carry a halter of the usual regulation length, but long -enough for a single trace, without detailing the various important -as well as trifling services which might be performed, is it not -evident that the general activity of the army would most materially be -increased? that, in fact, this equipment would form an era in military -warfare? that it would be an enormous, and, in Europe, an unheard-of -engine of say twenty or thirty thousand horses' power, which, at a -moment's warning, could either be called forward or dismissed, and, -after all, maintained at no expense whatever? for it must ever be kept -in mind, +that we possess, and always have possessed, the power+; all -that, for five and thirty years, we have until lately in vain proposed, -is--to rouse it into action. - -If the propriety and future utility of this project should be admitted, -there is one most important observation to be made. The characteristic -feature of this simple harness is, that having been invented for -unbroken horses, it possesses the singular military advantage of being -at once applicable to any sort or description of horse. But it is well -known to every reflecting mind, that there is no useful art which does -not, somewhere or other, require attention; and to this general rule -the American harness is certainly no exception; for though any horse -will draw in it, yet it does require, on the part of _the rider_, -considerable experience and attention. The single trace must be managed -in a particular manner, or, in turning, it gets under the horse's tail: -unless it is properly held in the hand at starting, the horse may break -it by the jerk. There are several other little precautions necessary, -most particularly in the mode of adjusting the surcingle, which -requires considerable practice and attention. - -The many curious and indeed scientific applications and combinations -of power of which this simple harness is capable, form a beautiful -example of what even uncivilised man can contrive when his attention -has been long and steadily directed to a solitary object. And surely -the ingenuity and practical experience of one nation are worthy the -patient attention of another. But the apparent simplicity of many a -useful invention has often been its ruin; and this observation is most -particularly applicable to lasso harness, which is, in appearance, so -very simple, that it seems to require only to be seen to be perfectly -understood: yet, efficient as it is in America, and efficient as it -will be to any nation in Europe that will give to its merits sufficient -time and a fair trial,--yet, on some little experience and reflection, -it is most confidently stated that, as a theory, it certainly is _of -no use at all_; and the truth of this observation will at once be -proved by the complete failure and confusion which will inevitably -take place if our cavalry try the harness without first not only -patiently but cordially and zealously learning how to use it. Yet this -ought not, in common justice, to condemn the principle; for, could -cavalry, without some little instruction, succeed in driving even with -our own harness?--Could French coachmen, without practice, drive our -mails?--Could our English postilions drive the five horses of a French -diligence? And if driving is thus a science of many departments, it -would not be reasonable to expect that our cavalry should be able to -_drive_, merely because they have learnt to _ride_. - -[Footnote K: To the 12-pounder Armstrong gun (which sighted to 8° gives -a range of 3000 yards) are now attached eight horses in harness, and -eight more on which the non-commissioned officers and men, including -horse holders, are mounted. Of these, four are supplied with web -breast harness and traces: to a proportion of the remainder lassos are -supplied.] - -[Footnote L: On active service, when a gun sticks in very heavy ground, -it has been usual to place a gunner upon every unmounted horse, and, if -necessary, behind every driver on the mounted ones. By this additional -weight or power a gun has repeatedly been extricated and brought into -action.] - - - - -+How to Hobble and Anchor Horses.+ - - -"_Hard pummelling_," said the Duke of Wellington to the Guards at -Waterloo, "_Hard pummelling, Gentlemen! Well, we must just see who'll -pummel the +hardest+._" - -During the reign of Brown Bess the great battles of Europe were decided -very much in the manner above described. - -Two armies met on a battle-field, or two fleets on "the wide, rude -sea," as in England two prize-fighters have entered a small space -encircled by ropes, to "see who'll pummel the hardest." In all three -cases, endurance, indomitable courage, and physical strength sooner or -later conquered. - -As, however, in mechanics, a timid, puny boy, with the assistance of a -pulley, could drag towards him Mars or Hercules, so must the new arms -of precision lately invented, give victory, not to the bravest or the -strongest, but to whichever of two combatant armies shall exercise -their deadly weapons with the greatest amount of science. - -And, as fortification has justly been defined "the art of enabling a -small body of men to resist for a considerable time the attack of a -greater number," so will, in future, the science of war consist in the -art of concealing by every possible artifice the general commanding, -his staff, his artillery, cavalry, and infantry, from the fire of -rifled cannon and Minié muskets, of which, when properly directed, it -may be said that almost "every bullet will have its billet." - -On this principle, if England were to be invaded, it would be the -endeavour and the duty of the general on whose intellectual powers the -destiny of the empire would hang, to direct his army to take against -their enemy (after, in spite of his utmost efforts, they had effected a -landing), not, as in by-gone days, "_the field_," but rather possession -of the banks, hedges, and ditches thereof; to make every great mansion, -building, or village, by loop-holing their walls, a Hougoumont; every -railway embankment a covert-way and parapet; every hollow road a -protector or ambuscade for cavalry or infantry; the scarped summit of -every hill a battery; in short, by avoiding exposure, and by every -means that ingenuity can devise, to make the invaders, during every -step of their advance, smart under a lash, and fall from blows, -administered by a nimble, intellectual army which they feel, which they -are literally dying to see, but which is skilfully continuing, out of -their reach, to decimate their ranks, in order that when the great -battle is given, the invading army--though infinitely superior when it -disembarked--shall be reduced to a force inferior in number to that of -the stern, steady, stalwart defenders of their native soil. - -It is evident, however, that to carry on war on the above principle, it -will be necessary that cavalry, in their equipment as well as drill, -should undergo a complete revolution, with a view to enable them in -future, in addition to the use of their sabres, to help artillery with -their lassos,--act as _mounted infantry_,--in short, make themselves -generally useful; for, at present, they form on a field of battle so -large a target, that under existing circumstances they would have, -either out of harm's way to sit on their horses all day long waiting -for an opportunity not likely to occur, or be destroyed by rifled guns -and muskets before their services could be required: in fact, as it -would be impossible for them to charge men in squares, or even in -position armed with muskets of unerring aim, they could be of little -use until after the battle was _won_, by following up the enemy in -their retreat. - -Now, instead of being the dearest and the most useless, they would -become the cheapest and most efficient branch of the army, if, besides -occasionally using their lassos to help our Armstrong guns, &c., they -had power to skim along hollow roads, &c., to the vicinity of the -summit of a hill or any other position, from which, half or wholly -hidden, they could, with short Minié rifles, direct a deadly fire upon -an overwhelming amount of advancing troops, from whom they could gallop -away--only to re-attack them--the instant it became prudent to do so. - -But to enable cavalry or volunteer mounted yeomanry to act in this -manner, how, it will be asked, could they manage to leave their horses? - -To this important question we will reply, not by any theoretical -project, but by a statement of facts, which, though generally unknown -in England, have for many generations been in constant practice in -other parts of the world. - -1. Throughout Russia, the Cossacks,--whenever for any reason, small or -large, they have wished to leave one horse, or a regiment of horses, -to stand alone, to ruminate either in the snow or on a verdant -plain--have, for ages, been in the habit of, as it were, riveting them -to the ground, by tying together their two fore fetlocks by a pair -of hobbles, to the centre of which is affixed a narrow strap that -buckles over the hock of one hind leg. By this triangular apparatus -(weighing less than one pound), which out of four legs leaves only one -at liberty, the animal physically and morally is completely paralysed; -indeed he is not only unable to move away, but after his first fall is -afraid again to try to do so. - -2. In South Africa, farmers and sportsmen of all descriptions have long -been in the habit of what they term "anchoring" their horses by a lump -of lead, from three to five pounds in weight, carried in a small pocket -buckled to the outside of their near or left holster. - -To this "anchor" is attached a piece of cord about ten feet long, -which, passing and running freely through both rings of the curb bit, -and hanging from them like a loose rein, is fastened to a =D= or ring -on the off-side of the saddle. - -No time need be lost in displacing the lead from its pocket when -necessary, as it can be jerked out on the ground in the act of -dismounting. - -When a horse has been thus anchored, if he attempts to move on, his -nose is brought down to his breast by the cord, which, tightening -equally on both sides, acts exactly like a bridle in the hand of a -rider; and as the pressure of the curb-chain ceases so soon as he -stops, he soon finds out that the best thing he can do is to stand -still and graze. - -As the cord is not _fastened_ to either ring of the bit, but merely -runs through both, the pressure it exerts when the horse tries to move -is equal on both sides; and therefore, on the pulley principle, a lead -of four pounds weight makes it necessary for the horse to overcome -with his mouth a steady and continuous pressure of eight pounds on the -extremity of the bit lever before he can move forward. On mounting -hurriedly the cord is grasped with the reins, the anchor is raised, and -while galloping away is adjusted in its pocket. - -Although this invention has proved to be admirably adapted for farmers, -for hunting and shooting, or for staff or engineer officers while -reconnoitring or surveying (for which purpose General Sir John Michel, -now commanding a brigade in China, has used it with great success), it -could not safely be applied to cavalry; for as the horse has power, if -he chooses to endure the pain inflicted by his bit, to "pull" or drag -the anchor, were he to run away with it, its oscillations would be very -dangerous in a camp. - -To carry the additional weight of the anchor would also be considered -as an objection; but this could be entirely got rid of by any -intelligent staff officer affixing to a rope,--whenever he wished for -reconnoitring to tether his horse,--a stone, a piece of wood, or any -other heavy substance, which he would unlash and leave behind him so -soon as his object on foot had been accomplished. - -3. In Mendoza, San Luis, Santiago, Buenos Ayres, and all other cities -in the provinces of Rio de la Plata, in Chili, and in Peru, whenever -a young dandy, calling upon his innamorata, is informed that she is -"en casa," that is at home, he dismounts, extracts from his waistcoat -pocket a beautiful pair of slight hobbles (weighing only two ounces), -which by two silver buttons he affixes to the fetlocks of his high-bred -horse, who, swishing with his long tail the innumerable flies that -assail him, and looking at every animal that canters by him, stands -stock still, until within the house all the compliments of the season -have been paid, and all the songs to the guitar exhausted. - -In those countries every cavalry soldier carries a pair of such hobbles -for his horse, not in his pocket, but as an ornament dangling from the -throat-lash of the bridle. - -By this invention a horse is not so thoroughly secured as by that used -by the Cossacks; and accordingly, if he be overfed, very fresh, and -greatly alarmed, he has power in a very awkward gait to move away. - -On active service, however, where horses have more work than food, -it would prove efficient for a single horse, and would completely -arrest a troop when connected together by their collar chains, by which -arrangement a movement, however slight, by any one horse would be -restrained by the vis inertiæ of all the rest. - -On the above suggestion being submitted by us about six months ago -to General Sir John Burgoyne, with the vivacity and energy that -distinguish him, he instantly directed it to be properly tested by the -mounted troop of the Royal Engineer Train, who, as regards both bridles -and saddles, are equipped as cavalry. - -The result of the experiments, under the superintendence of Colonel -Henry Sandham, and the able assistance of Captain Duff, R.E., has -proved so eminently successful, that any one visiting Aldershott is now -enabled to see six or eight horses hobbled at intervals of about thirty -feet asunder, standing motionless, while the riders of the rest of the -troop to which they belong, with drawn sabres flashing in the sun, -are galloping through them backwards and forwards; and as of course -cavalry horses could be made to do the same, it has been substantiated -that that noble branch of our army, as also our volunteer yeomanry, by -merely carrying hobbles, which only weigh two ounces per pair, would -at once be enabled, in addition to other services, to act, whenever -requisite, as _mounted infantry_. - -To an officer of the staff or engineers, sent to deliver an order to, -or to reconnoitre a locality which on horseback it would be certain -death to him to attempt to approach, a pair of hobbles would enable -him, or, in case of invasion, any possessor of a horse and a Minié -rifle, to ride as far as with safety he could advance, and then by -dismounting and securing his animal to creep, or if necessary, crawl -onwards along the bottom of a ditch, or behind any bank or hedge, -sufficient to conceal him from the fire of an army of unerring marksmen -to whom, after making all necessary observations, he could invisibly -administer deadly blows. - -As, however, in future warfare it will of course constantly occur, that -appropriate cover in appropriate situations and directions will not -be available, our army, however perfect it may be made in the light -infantry rifle movements above described, should be discouraged from -_relying_ on them, lest such an idea should lead, not only to a timid -course of procedure on the part of the General commanding, but to a -conception in the minds of British soldiers, whose favourite weapon has -hitherto been their bayonets, that the odds will be much against them -unless they be hidden from the fire of their enemy. - - - - -+On Chloroforming Horses.+ - - -In the first book of Genesis, although on the bursting out of light; -on the gathering together of the waters to let the dry land appear; on -the creation of the grass, the herb, and the fruit-tree; of the sun, -moon, and stars; of the fishes of the sea; of the fowls of the air; of -the beast of the earth, of the cattle, of every living creature, and -everything that creepeth upon the earth, we are informed by Moses that -on each of these successive formations "God saw that it was good;" -yet, the same six important words of approval were not (as in all the -previous instances they had been) especially uttered on the creation -of man, the reason possibly being that of the works of creation every -thing was fixed, and "of its kind" immutably "good," save human reason, -which, for the weal or woe of the favoured race on whom alone it was -bestowed, was gifted with an elasticity by which its character, capable -of being elevated or depressed to almost immeasurable distances above -or below the level of its original creation, might become either "good" -or evil. - -And accordingly, while the heat of the sun, the light of the moon, the -brightness of the stars, the force of the hurricane, the velocity of -light, the movements of the heavenly bodies, the return of the seasons, -have neither increased nor diminished in the smallest degree; yet -human reason, since the moment of its creation, has never continued -within the same limits, simply because its cumulative powers have -enabled it to inherit, increase, and transmit knowledge which, by the -triumph of reason over immutable instinct, has, in accordance with the -Almighty decree, given to man dominion over the fish of the sea, and -over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, -and over every creeping thing that creepeth on the earth. - -As property, however, in animals as well as in acres, "has its duties -as well as its rights," it might have been expected (at least by -_them_) that when the Lord of the creation thus obtained possession of -the superior physical strength of brute beasts, he would deem it just -to impart to them in return a small tithe or share of any discovery by -human reason that could alleviate the work which, in subjection to its -power, they were required to perform; and as in mercantile firms it is -usual for the partners to expend for their mutual benefit the amount of -the capital they respectively contribute, it might have been expected -that in the alliance which has taken place between men and horses, a -similar division of profits would have been adopted. But like "Irish -reciprocity," the advantages are all on one side; or in plainer terms, -Reason screws all it can out of Instinct, giving to the poor brute, its -owner, nothing in return. - -For instance, when man found that his unshod horse could only carry him -per day a small number of miles, he invented for and presented him with -iron shoes, in return for which he required the wearer thereof to carry -him more than double that distance. - -To the old fashioned lever, attached to the extremity of which a horse -revolving a mill could only draw up per day a small quantity of water, -or knead a small quantity of clay, man as he improved in mechanical -knowledge added a wheel, in return for which he required the quadruped -worker thereof to lift treble the amount of water, or to knead treble -the amount of clay. - -Along the rough muddy roads that existed throughout Europe half a -century ago, a horse could with difficulty draw a single man seated -in his gig or "buggy." As soon, however, as by human science roads -were macadamised, _i.e._, levelled and improved, there arose as it -were out of them (like mushrooms in a meadow) innumerable descriptions -of four-wheeled carriages, in which the horse, simply because he was -enabled, was required to draw, in addition to his master, his wife and -three or four of their children. - -When by the invention of railways the locomotive engine suddenly -superseded animal power, the horses, instead of sharing in a discovery -by human reason which seemed to promise to them emancipation from -slavery, found that by it they were merely to be transferred from good -highways to bad bye-ways. - -If thousands of omnibuses, cabs, and canal-boats, which have been -plying seven days in the week, are suddenly restrained by human laws -from running on the Sabbath, the proprietors instantly diminish the -number of their horses, expressly for the purpose of continuing to give -to each the same amount of work and of rest, the latter, like "the best -of oats, beans, and chopped hay," being bestowed upon him solely to -enable him to perform the maximum amount of work. - -In short, by the common rule of three, as well as by the common rule -of life, quaintly exemplified by the following extract, human reason -calculates that if 7000 horses are necessary to work for seven days per -week, only 6000 will be wanted to work for six days. - - "+Sunday and Week-day Religions.+--The tides come twice a-day - in New York Harbour, but they only come once in seven days - in God's harbour of the sanctuary. They rise on Sunday, but - ebb on Monday, and are down and out all the rest of the week. - Men write over their store door, 'Business is business,' and - over the church door, 'Religion is religion;' and they say to - Religion, 'Never come in here,' and to Business, 'Never go in - there.' 'Let us have no secular things in the pulpit,' they - say; 'we get enough of them through the week in New York. - There all is stringent and biting selfishness, and knives, and - probes, and lancets, and hurry, and work, and worry. Here we - want repose, and sedatives, and healing balm. All is prose over - there; here let us have poetry. We want to sing hymns, and - to hear about heaven and Calvary; in short, we want the pure - Gospel without any worldly intermixture.' And so they desire to - spend a pious, quiet Sabbath, full of pleasant imaginings and - peaceful recollections; but when the day is gone, all is laid - aside. They will take by the throat the first debtor whom they - meet, and exclaim, 'Pay me what thou owest. It is _Monday_.' - And when the minister ventures to hint to them something about - their duty to their fellow-men, they say, 'Oh, you stick to - your preaching. You do not know how to collect your own debts, - and cannot tell what a man may have to do in his intercourse - with the world.' God's law is not allowed to go into the week. - If the merchant spies it in his store, he throws it over the - counter. If the clerk sees it in the bank, he kicks it out at - the door. If it is found in the street, the multitude pursue - it, pelting it with stones, as if it were a wolf escaped from - a menagerie, and shouting, 'Back with you! You have got out - of _Sunday_.' There is no religion in all this. It is mere - sentimentalism. Religion belongs to every day--to the place - of business as much as to the church. High in an ancient - belfry there is a clock, and once a week the old sexton winds - it up; but it has neither dial plate nor hands. The pendulum - swings, and there it goes, ticking, ticking, day in and day - out, unnoticed and useless. What the old clock is in its dark - chamber, keeping time to itself, but never showing it, that is - the mere sentimentality of religion, high above life, in the - region of airy thought; perched up in the top of Sunday, but - without dial or pointer to let the week know what o'clock it - is, of time or of eternity."--_American Paper._ - -It may be impracticable to prevent man from taking to himself the -_whole_ benefit of every ingenious invention by which the physical -power of the horse can be increased, yet surely, either by legislation -or by the power of public opinion, he should be required to grant or -rather transmit to the poor animal, as a gift from Heaven, the benefit -of any scientific discovery that may save him from unnecessary and -indescribable agony under operations almost all of which are prescribed -either for the self interest, pride, or fashions of his master. - -But although the avowed object of the criminal laws of England is -to prevent crime by the infliction of a scale of punishments which, -fearful enough to deter the guiltiest, are all divested, so far as -science can devise, of bodily pain; although we deprecate any suffering -on the tread-mill beyond that of ordinary hard labour; and although -even for the murderer we have invented a machinery of rope, planks, and -bolts to produce a sudden and almost painless death, yet, until lately, -people of both sexes, of all ages, and of every sort and condition, -have under the surgeon's knife been subjected to tortures which it -would have been beyond the ingenuity of the most merciless tyrant that -ever existed to have invented. - -The screams, however, which have resounded throughout the civilized -world--in private houses, in palaces, in cottages, on the field of -battle, between the decks of men-of-war, and through the doors and -windows of all public hospitals,--have lately, by the command and -blessing of Almighty God, been suddenly stopped by the administration -of chloroform, which now, diluted in the proportion of three parts -of vapour to ninety-seven parts of atmospheric air, causes a patient, -at no risk whatever of his life, and at a cost amounting to less than -two-pence, to be bereft, not necessarily of his senses, but merely of -sensation, while the knife, without the infliction of the slightest -pain, is performing on his living body the most appalling operations. - - "And the Lord God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam, and - he slept: and he took one of his ribs, and closed up the flesh - instead thereof." - -Now, if in return for this extraordinary alleviation, or rather -annihilation of all sufferings under surgical treatment, man should -deem it his duty to render public thanks to that Omnipotent Power from -which it has proceeded, is it possible for him practically to perform -any more acceptable act of acknowledgment than to allow the dumb -creatures in his service to participate in a blessing which, by Divine -authority, has been imparted to the possessors, not exclusively of -human reason, but without favour or exception, of animal life? - -As regards his horses, the performance of this duty is especially -incumbent: for not only, like all other animals, are they liable to -the accidents and ills that flesh is heir to, but some of the cruelest -operations to which they are subjected--such, for instance, as cutting -off and cauterising their tails, burning their sinews with red hot -irons, dividing and cutting out a portion of a nerve, with other -excruciating operations on young horses, under which they are often -heard to squeal from pain--are inflicted on them, to comply with either -a useless as well as a barbarous fashion;--or to enable them "to go for -another season's hunting;"--or to make them "sound enough to sell;" or -for the attainment of conveniences of which the horse derives not the -smallest share: and as the high-bred, broken-down hunter has no voice -to ask for mercy,--as he cannot boast of possessing reason,--as he has -inherited no knowledge,--as he has no power to bequeath any,--as his -whole energies have been devoted to the service and enjoyments of man, -by whose mechanical contrivances he is now "cast" with his four feet -shackled together, lying prostrate on a heap of straw;--just before -the red-hot iron sears his over-strained sinews, or the sharp knife -is inserted into his living flesh--surely, in a civilized country -like England, some high power should be authorized to exclaim, not -"Woodman, spare that tree!" but "_Sportsman, +SAVE+ that horse!_" by -chloroform, from the agonising torture to which you have sentenced him! - -You are a man of _pleasure_:--save him from unnecessary _pain_. You -are a man of business:--inscribe in that ledger in which every one -of the acts of your life is recorded, on one side how much _he_ will -gain, and on the other, per contrà, how very little _you_ will lose, -by the evaporation of a fluid that will not cost you the price of the -shoes of the poor animal whose marketable value you have determined, by -excruciating agony _to him_, to increase. - -As he lies prostrate, all that is necessary to save him from suffering -the smallest amount of pain is, to desire the operator with his left -hand to close the animal's upper nostril, while beneath the lower one -he places a quarter of a pint tin pot, containing a sponge, on which is -gradually dropped, from a little vial, chloroform sufficient to deprive -him of sensation, which can readily be tested by the occasional slight -prick of a pin; and although, when thus lulled into an unconscious -state, the noble animal may, during a dreadful operation, possibly -dream that - - "He sees war's lightning flashing, - Sees the claymore and bayonet clashing, - Sees through the blood the war-horse dashing"-- - -yet, on the restoration of sensation, which usually occurs some minutes -after the operation is over, he calmly awakens, raises his head, and -looks around, perfectly unconscious of all that has occurred to him! - -In every point of view in which it can be considered, this boon, -granted by Heaven to the brute beast, should not be withheld from him -by man. - -On Mr. Henry Thompson, the celebrated practising surgeon at University -College Hospital, and also at Marylebone Dispensary, being lately -asked, "What are the occasions on which you are in the habit of -administering chloroform?" he energetically replied, "_For everything -that gives +PAIN+._" - -If, therefore, man to this enormous extent is benefited by chloroform, -what right has he to withhold it from his own animals, to whom, not -only in equity, but by the laws of God, it belongs as much as it -belongs to him? - -Their claims are so affecting, and so obvious, the remedy that would -save them from all pain is so cheap and simple, that it is, we feel, -only necessary to appeal to the public to obtain by acclamation a -verdict in their favour. - -Professor Spooner, in an address delivered by him to the students -of the Veterinary College in October last, stated that in the two -chief Veterinary Colleges in France--at Alfort and at Lyons--pupils, -twice a week for seven hours a day, are instructed in surgery by -the "_vivisection_" or cutting up of living horses, who, until they -actually expire, are subjected to a series of cruelties which, although -Mr. Spooner professionally described and deprecated, we dare not -repeat. - -What a disgrace it is to France, and especially to her brave army, -that while every cavalry soldier who distinguishes himself in action, -covered with medals and "glory," may proudly end his days in the -Hôtel des Invalides,--the horse that carried him in all his brilliant -charges, &c., when _he_ is worn out and unfit for service, is liable -to be led into an arena in the heart of "The Empire," to be, before -the public, not honoured nor rewarded, but, inch by inch, and bit by -bit, to be dissected alive, until by the last sigh from his lungs, and -by the last pulsation from his heart, he ends his account with his -inconsiderate, ungenerous, and ungrateful country! - -The _English_ veterinary surgeons of the present day are so far -superior to those of the last generation--they are so willing and so -proud to follow in their important vocation whatever new discoveries -may be humanely and successfully practised in our public hospitals, -that if our Sovereign, the Commander-in-Chief of our army, our -noblemen, sportsmen, and men of education, character, and wealth, -would but combine together in determining to _require_ that chloroform -shall invariably be administered to their creatures "for everything -that gives pain," the "fashion" would quickly be followed, even by -the most unreflecting portion of our community; and England, "great, -glorious, and free," would then stand distinguished in the world, not -only for the strength, stoutness, endurance, weight, and swiftness of -her animals, but by her _merciful_ protection of them under surgical -operations. - - "=A righteous man regardeth his beast: but the tender mercies - of the wicked are cruel.=" - - +IN GRATITUDE TO+ - - THE HORSE, - - +The Foregoing Imperfect Observations, - - Applicable to all living Creatures, - - Are respectfully submitted - - To the Consideration of the Public, - - by+ - - HIS RIDER. - - -LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET, AND -CHARING CROSS. - - - - - +Albemarle Street, London.+ - _April, 1861._ - - -MR. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Horse and His Rider - -Author: Francis Bond Head - -Release Date: August 17, 2020 [EBook #62959] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER *** - - - - -Produced by Julia Miller, Jana Palkova and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - - - - - -</pre> - - - - - -<h1>THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER.</h1> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">By SIR FRANCIS B. HEAD, Bart.</span> -</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - - - - -<h2>WORKS BY SIR FRANCIS HEAD.</h2> - - -<p class="center">ROUGH NOTES OF JOURNEYS ACROSS THE PAMPAS<br /> -AND OVER THE ANDES. Post 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> - -<blockquote><p>"None of Sir Francis Head's works have achieved a greater popularity than -his Gallop across the Pampas. Written thoroughly <i>con amore</i>, and with the -easy flow of ideas that seem, like their originator, to be swinging along at a -hand-gallop, he carries us away with him over the boundless plains of South -America, free and untrammelled as himself."—<i>Frazer's Magazine, Jan. 1861.</i></p></blockquote> - -<blockquote><p>DESCRIPTIVE ESSAYS. 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 18<i>s.</i></p> - -<p>BUBBLES FROM THE BRUNNEN OF NASSAU. By an -<span class="smcap">Old Man</span>. 16mo. 5<i>s.</i></p> - -<p>THE EMIGRANT. Fcap. 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> - -<p>STOKERS AND POKERS; or, the London and North-Western -Railway. Post 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> - -<p>DEFENCELESS STATE OF GREAT BRITAIN. Post 8vo. -12<i>s.</i></p> - -<p>A FAGGOT OF FRENCH STICKS. 2 Vols. Post 8vo. -12<i>s.</i></p> - -<p>A FORTNIGHT IN IRELAND. Map. 8vo. 12<i>s.</i></p></blockquote> - -<blockquote><p>"Sir Francis Head's works are now so well known to the British public that -it is almost superfluous to criticise their merits or their style.</p> - -<p>"His descriptions remind us of Hogarth. There is the same minute attention -to details, the same truthfulness of outline, the same undercurrent of humour."—<i>Frazer's -Magazine, Jan. 1861.</i></p></blockquote> - - -<p class="center">JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET.</p> - - - - -<hr class="h20" /> - -<p class="center"><small>LONDON: PRINTED BY W. CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET,<br /> -AND CHARING CROSS.</small></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"> -<img src="images/frontispiece.jpg" width="450" height="396" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p class="center"><span class="smcap">the hounds are LATE to-day!</span></p> - -<p class="center"> -FRONTISPIECE<br /> -</p> -</div> -</div> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p class="center"> -<big>THE HORSE</big> AND <big>HIS RIDER.</big><br /><br /> - -<span class="smcap">By SIR FRANCIS B. HEAD, Bart.</span><br /></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"> -<img src="images/titlepage.jpg" width="450" height="331" alt="" /> -</div> - - -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"><p>He grew unto his seat;<br /> -And to such wond'rous doing brought his horse,<br /> -As he had been incorps'd and demy-natur'd<br /> -With the brave beast.</p></div></div> - -<p class="right"><i>Hamlet</i>, Act iv. Scene 7.<br /></p> - -<p class="center"><i>SECOND EDITION.</i><br /> - -LONDON:<br /> -JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET.<br /> -1861.<br /> - -<i><small>The right of Translation is reserved.</small></i><br /> -</p> -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">3</a></span></p> - - - -<h2>PREFACE.</h2> - -<hr class="h20" /> - -<p>The writer of this little volume deems it only fair to -forewarn his readers that he is not, and never has been, -an inhabitant of that variegated region in creation commonly -called "the sporting world."</p> - -<p>He has never bred, raced, steeple-chased, nor betted -sixpence on any colt, filly, horse, or mare. He has never -seen, nor been seen by, the Jockey-Club. He has never -been on the turf. He does not belong to "the ring."</p> - -<p>Nevertheless, sometimes in the performance of public -duties,—sometimes from private inclination,—sometimes -for the benefit of his health,—sometimes for recreation,—sometimes -for rumination,—sometimes to risk his life,—and -more than once to save it, he has, throughout a -long and chequered career, had to do an amount of rough-riding, -a little larger than has fallen to the lot of many -men.</p> - -<p>His observations and reflections on horses and horsemen -he now ventures to submit to that portion only of the -community who, like himself, preferring a long tether -to a short one, take exercise on four legs, instead of -on two.</p> -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">5</a></span></p> - - - -<h2>CONTENTS.</h2> - -<hr class="h20" /> - -<table summary="Contents"> - <tr> - <th></th> - <th class="conpgh">Page</th> - </tr><tr> - <td class="conchp">Preface</td> - <td class="conpag"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="conchp">Contents</td> - <td class="conpag"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="conchp">Preliminary Observations—The Horse</td> - <td class="conpag"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="conchp">Mr. Rarey's mode of subduing Horses—compared -with that practised in South America</td> - <td class="conpag"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="conchp">Difference between the character and conduct of -a wild horse and a tame one</td> - <td class="conpag"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="conchp">Horsemanship—a just seat—a light hand—their -advantages in riding, in leaping, in galloping -over rough ground, in going fast down hill, in -falling</td> - <td class="conpag"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="conchp">A jump into a stone-quarry—the Mameluke's leap -out of the Citadel of Cairo—Letter from Gen. -Moore, and story of his fall on horseback over -a precipice of 237 feet</td> - <td class="conpag"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="conchp">Mode of riding at Timber</td> - <td class="conpag"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="conchp">Water Jumping—Scene at a Northamptonshire -brook</td> - <td class="conpag"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="conchp">Different ways of Swimming a Horse</td> - <td class="conpag"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="conchp">Judicious Riding</td> - <td class="conpag"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="conchp">Use and Abuse of Spurs</td> - <td class="conpag"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="conchp">How to treat a Hunter in the Field</td> - <td class="conpag"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="conchp">How to bring a Hunter Home</td> - <td class="conpag"><a href="#Page_80">80</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">6</a></span></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="conchp">How to Dress for Hunting</td> - <td class="conpag"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="conchp">How to Eat and Drink for Hunting</td> - <td class="conpag"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="conchp">Difference between Leicestershire and Surrey -Hunting</td> - <td class="conpag"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="conchp">The Stable</td> - <td class="conpag"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="conchp">On Shoeing</td> - <td class="conpag"><a href="#Page_114">114</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="conchp">On Roughing Horses</td> - <td class="conpag"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="conchp">Saddles</td> - <td class="conpag"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="conchp">Bridles</td> - <td class="conpag"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="conchp">Intrinsic Value of a Horse</td> - <td class="conpag"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="conchp">On Shying</td> - <td class="conpag"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="conchp">On Singeing</td> - <td class="conpag"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="conchp">Meet of the Pytchley Hounds at Arthingworth to -draw Waterloo Gorse</td> - <td class="conpag"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="conchp">Effects created by the Sight of Hounds on Horses, -Men, Women, Children, Sheep, Lambs</td> - <td class="conpag"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="conchp">Cruelty of Hunting Considered</td> - <td class="conpag"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="conchp">The Lamb and the Fox</td> - <td class="conpag"><a href="#Page_163">163</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="conchp">Beneficial Results, social and pecuniary, of -Hunting</td> - <td class="conpag"><a href="#Page_167">167</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="conchp">Sketch of the Life and Death of Thomas Assheton -Smith</td> - <td class="conpag"><a href="#Page_173">173</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="conchp">On Military Horse-power</td> - <td class="conpag"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="conchp">On Hobbling and Anchoring Cavalry Horses</td> - <td class="conpag"><a href="#Page_206">206</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="conchp">On Chloroforming Horses</td> - <td class="conpag"><a href="#Page_215">215</a></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<hr class="h20" /> - -<div class="figcenter" style="max-width:30em;"> -<img src="images/illus-007-f.jpg" width="230" height="391" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p>MAN AND HIS RIDER.</p> - -<p><span class="allsmcap">MODE, IN NORTHERN PARTS OF SOUTH AMERICA, OF RIDING -OVER THE ANDES, ON</span> A RED INDIAN.</p> - -<p><span class="allsmcap">QUERY</span>, <i><small>which</small></i> <span class="allsmcap">IS</span> "THE SAVAGE?"</p> - -<p class="right"><small>To face page 7.</small></p></div> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">7</a></span></p> - - - - -<p class="ph1">THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER.</p> - -<hr class="h20" /> - -<h2><span class="smcap">The Horse.</span></h2> - -<p>In almost every region of the globe, not only on its surface, -but at different depths beneath it, the history of the -horse is recorded.</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Fossil remains," says Colonel Hamilton Smith in the twelfth -volume of the Naturalist's Library, "of the horse have been found -in nearly every part of the world. His teeth lie in the Polar ice -along with the bones of the Siberian mammoth; in the Himalaya -mountains with lost, and but recently obtained, genera; in the -caverns of Ireland; and, in one instance, from Barbary, completely -fossilized. His bones, accompanied by those of the elephant, -rhinoceros, tiger, and hyæna, rest by thousands in the caves in -Constadt; in Sevion at Argenteuil with those of the mastodon; in -Val d'Arno and on the borders of the Rhine with colossal urus."</p></blockquote> - -<p>But what is most deserving of attention is that while all -the other genera and species, found under the same conditions, -have either ceased to exist, or have removed to -higher temperatures, the horse alone has remained to the -present time in the same regions, without, it would -appear, any protracted interruption; fragments of his -skeleton continuing to be traced upwards, in successive<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">8</a></span> -formations, to the present surface of the earth—the land -we live in.</p> - -<p>In like manner in history, sacred, profane, and modern, -the horse is to be found omnipresent, sharing in the conquests, -in the defeats, in the prosperity, in the adversity, -in the joys, in the sorrows, in the occupations, and -in the amusements of man.</p> - -<p>In Genesis xlvii. 17, Moses records that the Egyptians -(1729 years before Christ), at a time when the famine -was sore in the land of Canaan, gave to Joseph their -<i>horses</i> in exchange for bread.</p> - -<p>Two hundred and thirty-eight years afterwards (1491 -<span class="allsmcap">B.C.</span>), six hundred chosen chariots for nobles and generals, -all the war chariots of Egypt armed with iron to break -the enemy's battalions, <i>the horsemen</i>, and all the host of -Pharaoh, in their pursuit of the children of Israel, were -overthrown in the midst of the Red Sea, so that there -remained not so much as one of them.—(Exodus, chap. -xiv.)</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Then sang Moses and the children of Israel this song unto the -Lord, and spake, saying, I will sing unto the Lord, for he has -triumphed gloriously: <i>the horse and his rider</i> hath he thrown into -the sea."—Exodus, chap. xv.</p></blockquote> - -<p>The Canaanites whom Joshua engaged at the waters -of Merom had <i>cavalry</i>, and a multitude of chariots drawn -by <i>horses</i>. Sisera, general of Jabin, King of Hazor, had -900 chariots of iron. Judah could not get possession of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">9</a></span> -the lands because the ancient inhabitants of the country -were strong in chariots of iron. The Philistines, in their -war against Saul, had 30,000 chariots and 6000 <i>horsemen</i>. -David having taken 1000 chariots of war from Hadadezer, -King of Syria, hamstrung the <i>horses</i>, and burned 900 -chariots. During the latter periods of the Jewish monarchy -Palestine abounded in horses.</p> - -<p>In 1 Kings, chap, iv., it is stated that Solomon had -40,000 stalls <i>of horses</i> for his chariots, and 12,000 <i>horsemen</i>.</p> - -<p>Cyntacus, a King of Ethiopia, entered Egypt at the -head of 100,000 cavalry; and from that period to Balaklava, -and from it to the last battle in modern history, -horses in greater or less numbers have shared in the -dangers of war.</p> - -<p>In many instances the history of an individual horse -forms part and parcel of the history of his rider: accordingly -we learn that Bucephalus (so called because his head -resembled that of a bull, Βου κεφαλος), when thirty -years old, saved the life of Alexander the Great, who, -in remembrance, built a city which he called after his -name.</p> - -<p>We are, moreover, taught in our schools, that the Emperor -C. Caligula, as an especial honour to his favourite -horse, not only created him a high-priest and consul, but -caused him to live in marble apartments, in which he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">10</a></span> -stalked about adorned with the most valuable trappings -and pearls the Roman empire could supply.</p> - -<p>In statuary, ancient as well as modern, the horse lives -with his rider.</p> - -<p>On the frieze of the Temple of Minerva, in the -Acropolis of Athens, at Nineveh, and numerous other -localities, are to be seen sculptured or painted, more or -less beautifully, ancient figures of men on horseback.</p> - -<p>In all the great cities of Europe the horse and his rider, -or rather the rider and his horse, are ornaments deemed -worthy to occupy conspicuous positions in the most -important thoroughfares. Accordingly in London, within -a few hundred yards of each other, are to be seen equestrian -statues of Kings Charles I., William III., George -III., and George IV.</p> - -<p>Mounted on one charger, the Duke of Wellington in -his cocked hat and feathers, military cloak, sword, pistols -and spurs, in all weathers, rides triumphantly on the -summit of an arch at the western end of London, while, -at the same moment, in pantaloons and shoes, without -hat, stirrups, or spurs, mounted on another charger, he -appears, as a sentinel, in front of the Bank of England, -the commercial heart of the empire.</p> - -<p>Among the great potentates of the earth, the coin -that is most currently used, in proffers to each other of -amity and friendship, is <i>a horse</i>. And accordingly, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">11</a></span> -Beys of Tunis, of Algiers, and Egypt; every sovereign -in Europe, including the Czar of Russia, and the Sultan -of the Turks; the Emperor of Morocco, the Kings of -Persia and Abyssinia, and other rulers of smaller name, -have transmitted to the Queen of Great Britain, with -due compliments, specimens of their finest <i>horses</i>.</p> - -<p>In the Life of Bruce, the Abyssinian traveller, it is -recorded that Fasil, after having assembled the leaders -of the Galla tribes, said to the noble Briton, "Now, before -all these men, ask me any thing you have at heart, and -be it what it may, they know I cannot deny it to you!" -Bruce, of course, asked to be conducted immediately -to the head of the Nile. Fasil then turned to his -seven chiefs, who got up. They all stood round in a -circle and raised the palms of their hands, while he -and the Galla with great apparent devotion repeated -together a prayer, about a minute long. "Now," says -Fasil, "go in peace: you are a Galla. This is a curse -upon them and their children, their corn, grass, and -cattle, if ever they lift their hand against you or yours, -or do not defend you to the utmost, if attacked by -others." Upon this, Bruce offered to kiss his hand, -and they all went to the door of the tent, where there -stood a very handsome grey horse. "Take this horse," -said Fasil, "as a present from me. But do not mount -it yourself. Drive it before you, saddled and bridled<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">12</a></span> -as it is. No man of Maitsha will touch you when he -sees <i>that horse</i>,"—which proved a magician that led him -towards his object—an Ægis that shielded him on his -way.</p> - -<p>In like manner to the people of France, the '<i>Moniteur</i>' -has just officially made the two following announcements:—</p> - -<blockquote> -<p class="right"> -"Algiers, 19th September, 1860. -</p> - -<p>"The Emperor and Empress yesterday morning laid the first -stone of the fine boulevard which is to run along the shore. An -immense concourse of persons, both French and native, were collected, -eager to see their Majesties, and the ceremony displayed a -most picturesque character. Under the skilful direction of General -Jusuf, contingents of the Kabyle infantry and cavalry of the three -provinces, with all the Aghas and Caids at their head, had been -assembled to come and pay homage to the Emperor. After a sham -fight between the different tribes a grand fantasia took place by -from 9000 to 10,000 horsemen rushing forward at the swiftest -gallop, and discharging their firearms before their Majesties' tent; -afterwards a magnificent charge was given by twelve squadrons of -Spahis, crossing the plain like a hurricane; then followed tilting -matches, gazelle, ostrich, and falcon hunts; a grand filing-off of -the Touaregs, with their faces veiled, and mounted on their -camels; and of the Chambaas, those inhabitants of the depths of -the Desert, and the future carriers of French commerce into the -Soudan. After, in short, one of the most splendid spectacles that -could be imagined, all the Goums, forming an immense line of -battle, advanced majestically, with banners displayed and muskets -held high in the air, towards the eminence on which the Emperor's -tent had been pitched. The chiefs, clad in the richest burnous, -alighted from their steeds and came in a body to present <i>the horse -of homage</i>, caparisoned with gold, and thus perform an act of submission -to the Sovereign of France. At this moment, rendered -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">13</a></span>solemn by the beauty of the scene and the warlike appearance of -the various tribes whose long resistance has given glory to the -French arms, the Emperor could not prevent himself from giving -way to visible emotion. The Bey of Tunis was present at this -grand solemnity."</p> -</blockquote> - - -<blockquote> -<p class="right"> -"Paris, 28th September, 1860. -</p> -<p>"General Count Pierre Schouvaloff, Grand Master of Police at -St. Petersburg, and his brother, Count Paul Schouvaloff, both -aides-de-camp to the Emperor of Russia, were received the day before -yesterday by the Emperor Napoleon, and had the honour of -presenting to his Majesty four horses, sent as a present by the -Emperor Alexander. These fine animals, which have been accompanied -to Paris by a veterinary surgeon, four hussars, and a non-commissioned -officer of the Imperial Guard, are of the celebrated -Orloff race, and come from the Imperial breeding stud at Chrenovsky. -They were selected from among a great number by the -Czar himself; and during the two mouths that their journey from -the very heart of Russia has occupied, they have been the objects of -the greatest care. His Majesty greatly admired the beauty, -strength, and symmetry of <i>the horses</i>, and expressed to the Counts -Schouvaloff how gratified he felt at a mark of attention which -showed the friendly relations existing between the two Sovereigns."</p></blockquote> - -<p>In war, the value of these noble animals to man is well -described by Shakspeare's thrilling exclamation of King -Richard—</p> - -<p class="center"> -"<i>A horse! a horse!</i> my kingdom for <i>a horse</i>!"<br /> -</p> - -<p>In like manner, in civil life, how often has the schoolboy, -who in his infancy had clutched with ecstasy his toy—a -little spotted horse on wheels—felt that he would -give his birthright for <i>a pony</i>!</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">14</a></span></p> - -<p>On his arriving at Oxford or Cambridge, how often has -the undergraduate, for the professed purposes of application -and recreation, submitted to his parents or guardians -a supplication for those three stereotyped wants of college -life, "a little money, a private tutor, and <i>a horse</i>!" -Afterwards, in his manhood, and even in his old age, -how often has the Prime Minister of England, during a -most important debate, risen from his seat in Parliament -to propose to the legion of senators around -him "that this House shall adjourn from Tuesday to -Thursday," for the well known object (acknowledged -by "loud and protracted cheering") of enabling <i>himself</i>, -those who surround him, and everybody else, "to -go to the Derby," to purchase "<i>Dorling's correct card -of the names of the <span class="allsmcap">HORSES</span>, and the colours of their</i> -<span class="allsmcap">RIDERS</span>!"</p> - -<p>Among our leading statesmen, how many, as patrons of -the turf, have purchased for several thousand guineas—<i>a -horse</i>! How many, including Pitt, Fox, Lord Althorp, -Lord Derby, Lord Palmerston, Sir Francis Burdett, &c., -&c., have been ardent followers of hounds!</p> - -<p>Her Majesty Queen Victoria and the Emperor Napoleon -III. each keep a pack of stag-hounds; the Prince Consort, -a pack of harriers. During the Peninsular war, and again -while commanding the army of occupation in France, -the Duke of Wellington, besides fighting and writing,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">15</a></span> -maintained either a pack of fox-hounds or boar-hounds.<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> -George III. was strongly attached to hunting; his great -grandson, the Prince of Wales, "loves it better still."</p> - -<p>In all our streets, in our fields, in our highways and -bye-ways, along the surface of merry England, and across -it; under ground in coal-mines; revolving in a mill;—in -short, in every direction, and wherever we go, we see -before us—sometimes as man's companion, sometimes as -his servant, sometimes as his slave, and occasionally as -his master—<i>the horse</i>, respecting which and his rider we -will now, without further preamble, venture to offer to -our readers the few following remarks.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> About 44 years ago a Frenchwoman, the proprietor of a small -farm, showed us, as a great curiosity, a "billet de logement" -which had been inflicted upon her, of which the following is a translated -copy:— -</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"The widow —— will lodge for one night fifty-four dogs." [The Duke -of Wellington's hounds just arrived from England.] -</p> - -<p class="right"><br /> -(Signed) ——,<br /> -"Mayor."<br /> -</p></blockquote> - -<p> -"Imaginez-vous donc," exclaimed the poor old lady, uplifting -her eyes and the palms of both hands; "Imaginez-vous donc—cinquante-quatre -chiens!!"</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">16</a></span></p></div> - - - - -<h2><span class="smcap">Mr. Rarey's Mode of Subduing Horses.</span></h2> - - -<p>It is a singular fact, that although England produces the -finest horses in the world, and though the English people -have always fancied they understood their management -better than any other nation, yet, lately, not only have -we all been astonished by the superior knowledge on -this subject of a trans-Atlantic cousin, but what is still -more surprising, our sporting men have rushed forwards -to pay to Mr. Rarey no less a sum than about 15,000<i>l.</i> -for exhibiting to them a system of horse-breaking, the -philosophy of which is based upon a few simple facts, -which, although unreflected on, have ever been lying -close before our eyes.</p> - -<p>Of all animals in creation, there is no one we should all -of us be so very sorry to lose as the horse. In peace and -in war, on burning sands under the equator, or on eternal -snow in the frigid zone, for pleasure or for business, well -fed or starving, he is always not only ready, but eager, -to the utmost of his strength, to serve a master, but too -often inconsiderate, ungrateful to him, and unjust. As -soon as his courage is excited, no fall, bruise, blow, or -wound, that does not paralyse the mechanism of his limbs, -will stop him; indeed, with his upper and lower jaw -shot away, and with the skin dangling in ribands, we have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">17</a></span> -seen him cantering, apparently careless and unconscious -of his state, alongside of the horse artillery gun from -which he had just been cut adrift.</p> - -<p>But although in the hunting-field, on the race-course, -or in harness, a horse will generally, from sheer pluck, -go till he drops, yet, whenever he encounters physical -strength greater than his own, our hero all of a sudden -acts like an arrant coward.</p> - -<p>For instance, in the mail, it apparently matters not to -the spirit of the horses whether there be one passenger or -six—light bags or heavy ones; on the contrary, the -greater the weight, the more eagerly do they strain to -force it to follow them. The faster they are allowed to -go, the harder do they pull, until, if the reins were to -break, they would enjoy the opportunity by running away, -not as in the days of Phaeton with the chariot of the -sun, but with say a ton and a half, of they know not -what, at their heels. And yet, if on the following day -the same high-flying, high-spirited, high-mettled horses -were to be hooked to a sturdy living oak tree, after two or -three ineffectual snatches to move it, no amount of punishment -would be sufficient to induce them to go to the end -of their traces; in short, to use a well-known expression, -they would all "<i>jib</i>." Again, if a horse in harness, however -resolutely he may be proceeding, slips upon pavement, -and falls heavily on his side, after vainly making<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">18</a></span> -three or four violent struggles to rise, he becomes all of a -sudden so completely cowed, that not only without any -resistance does he allow his harness piecemeal to be -unbuckled, the carriage detached, and pushed away far -behind him, but, when lying thus perfectly unfettered, -it requires kicks, stripes, and a malediction or two, to -induce him to make the little effort necessary to rise from -his prostrate state.</p> - -<p>Again, in the hunting-field, a noble, high-couraged -horse, a rusher at any description of fence, the very sight -of which seems to inflame his ardour, in most gallant -style charges a brook, which when he is in the air he -sees is too broad to be cleared. On his chest striking -against the bank, and while his rider, delighted at feeling -that he is not a bit hurt, is luxuriously rolling over and -over on the green grass like a rabbit that at full speed has -been shot dead, this gallant steed makes two, three, or -four desperate efforts to get to him; and yet, simply -because the mud at the bottom of the brook catches hold -of his hind feet, and the sticky perpendicular clay bank -grasps his fore ones, his courage suddenly fails him, and -as nothing will then induce him to make another effort, -it becomes necessary to send, often several miles, for -cart-horses to drag this high-bred animal out by his -neck.</p> - -<p>But although this strange mixture of courage and cowardice -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">19</a></span>appears to us at first to be inexplicable, yet on -reflection we must perceive that it is in strict accordance -with the beneficent decree that "man should have dominion -over every beast of the field."</p> - -<p>The weight and muscular strength of a horse multiplied -into each other, form a momentum which, if his -courage were as indomitable as that of man, would make -him the master instead of the servant of the human race; -and accordingly, although, for all the purposes for which -man can require them, his energy and endurance are invincible, -yet, to ensure his subjection, his courage has -been so curiously constituted, that, as it were, by touching -the small secret spring of a safety valve, the whole of -it instantly evaporates; and although Mr. Rarey has -not exactly explained this theory, he has, with extraordinary -intelligence and success, reduced it to practice -as follows:—</p> - -<p>When a horse of a sensitive and sensible disposition -is placed under the care of a man of weak nerves, he very -soon finds out that, by the help of his body, teeth, and -heels, that is to say by squeezing, crushing, biting, and -kicking his groom, he is able to frighten him; and no -sooner is this victory attained, than the tyrant begins to -misbehave himself to everybody in every possible way, -until, as in the case of <i>Cruiser</i>, it is declared dangerous to -approach him, even with food; that no man can ride him;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">20</a></span> -in fact, that he is an animal beautiful to look at, but thoroughly -useless to mankind.</p> - -<p>Now, to cure this disorder, the wild beast, for such -he is, with great precaution, by several guy-ropes, is -led close to the wheel of a waggon, under which Mr. -Rarey, putting his hands through the spokes, manages -to lift up and gently strap up one fore-leg, and to affix -a long strap to the fetlock of the other, which two -simple operations at once ensure the victory he is about -to attain.</p> - -<p>As it gives a horse not the slightest pain or inconvenience -to stand for a short time on one fore-leg, -Cruiser, while "amazed he stares around," is scarcely -aware that he is doing so; and as he is totally unconscious -of the existence of the other strap, he is perfectly -astounded to find that no sooner does he attempt to -resent Mr. Rarey's bold approach and grasp, than, apparently -by the irresistible power of man, he is suddenly -deprived of the use of both his fore-legs.</p> - -<p>The longer and the more violently he can be encouraged -to resist, the more deathlike will be the trance -in which he is about to lie. He struggles—struggles—struggles—until, -as in the three instances we have -described, his courage all at once evaporates, and with -heaving flank, panting nostrils, palpitating heart, flabby -muscles, and the perspiration bursting through every pore<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">21</a></span> -in the skin, he then allows his conqueror to sit on his -ribs, to fiddle in his ears, drum to the gaping and gasping -audience: in short, as the Duke of Wellington -described Lord Ellenborough's proclamation about the -gates of Sumnauth, to sing over his carcase "a song of -triumph." And thus as Achilles was mortally wounded -in the only vulnerable part of his body—the heel,—so -does Cruiser find that in a heart which had never before -failed him, and which had been the terror of all who -approached him, there exists a weak point, discovered -by Mr. Rarey, which has caused his complete subjection -to man.</p> - -<p class="center"> -"Is this the face that faced ten thousand men,<br /> -And was at last out-faced by Bolingbroke?"<br /> -</p> - -<p>In old times this conversion of the bully into the -coward could only be effected, at great risk, by courage -and physical force, as follows:—</p> - -<p>Some years ago Captain ——, the well-known steeple-chase -rider, bought at Tattersall's, for a very small sum, -a magnificent horse that no stranger in the yard dared -approach, and which therefore was "put up" and honestly -sold as a "man-killer."</p> - -<p>On these propensities being explained by the purchaser -to his head groom, the resolute fellow bluntly replied that -he would not at all object to take care of the beast provided -he were allowed, "in self-defence, to kill or cure<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">22</a></span> -him;" and accordingly, as soon as the homicide entered -his stable, with a steady step, but avoiding looking into -his eye, he walked up to him, and then, not waiting -for a declaration of war, but with a short, heavy bludgeon, -striking the inside of his knees, he knocked his fore legs -from under him, and the instant he fell, belaboured his -head and body until the savage proprietor of both became -so completely terrified, that he ever afterwards seemed -almost to quail whenever his conqueror walked up to -him.</p> - -<p>Now, on comparing the two opposite systems, humane -and inhuman, scientific and unscientific, just described, -it must be apparent to everybody, that while for the -latter a powerful hero must be procured, all that is -requisite for the former is calmness, gentleness, and two -little straps which, in a lower stratum, physically fight a -desperate battle, above which man morally and serenely -presides; the horse, nevertheless, all the while ascribing -to him alone the whole credit of the victory eventually -attained.</p> - -<p>Under the ordinary process used by horse-breakers, it -requires several weeks before a colt—often broken <i>down</i> -as well as <i>in</i> by the operation—surrenders his own will -to that of his rider, whereas Mr. Rarey has not only in -public repeatedly demonstrated, but many who have followed -his prescription have testified, that a young<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">23</a></span> -thorough-bred horse, perfectly unbroken, can, in the -course of about half-an-hour, be so thoroughly conquered -by the two straps which he conceives to be part and -parcel of the irresistible strength of his master, that so -soon as he is satisfied that his own powers of resistance -are of no avail, he subserviently allows himself to be -bridled, saddled, mounted, and ridden.</p> - -<p>The principle of Mr. Rarey's system of domination is -at this moment curiously exemplified in the little dairy -farm-yard of Mr. Roff, residing on the Brighton road, near -Croydon.</p> - -<p>Some months ago, on approaching these premises, we -observed a lot of children playing with a yearling colt, -who, to our surprise, was allowing them to crawl between -his legs and fondle him in various ways, just as if he were -a dog. On riding into the yard to inquire by what magical -means the little quadruped had been made so gentle -and tame, we were informed by the old farmer who -owned him that his wife, kind to all her beasts,—</p> - -<p class="center"> -"She milk'd the dun cow that ne'er offer'd to stir:<br /> -Though wicked to all, it was gentle to her,"—<br /> -</p> - -<p>had for many years been yearning to add to them a pet -colt; that accordingly he had lately bought her one, and -that she had tamed it: with uxorious pride he added -"she could tame anything." As, however, we were perfectly -convinced that his good wife, in spite of her comely,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">24</a></span> -honest face, could not fascinate a horse's heart quite as -easily as a husband's, we cross-questioned the latter for a -considerable time, until he at last mentioned (as if it had -nothing whatever to do with the subject) that when he -purchased the yearling (whose mother had just died), not -knowing how to bring it to his wife, with the assistance -of one or two men he strapped together all its four feet, -and then, lifting it into his cart, just as if it had been a -calf, he trotted away with it, jolting it and jumbling it -till he reached his home, where he uncarted it, and, in due -time, with his own hands, restored to it the use of its limbs.</p> - -<p>Of course this was a much stronger dose of discipline -and subjection than Mr. Rarey has ever found necessary -to administer, even to Cruiser; and there can exist no -doubt it was this cooling medicine, this soothing mixture, -which had produced the strange and salutary effects that -had attracted us into the little yard. And thus, in every -region of the globe, not only colts and horses, but all living -animals, man especially included, surrender at discretion -to any authority which, after a fruitless struggle—such -a one for instance as induced Napoleon I., on the 15th -of July, 1815, to seek for refuge on board H. M. ship -Bellerophon from the allied armies of Europe—they find -it to be utterly impossible to resist.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>The differences between the character and conduct of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">25</a></span> -a wild horse and a tame one are, we believe, not very -clearly understood. It is generally conceived that in the -difficulty of adhering, technically termed sticking to the -back of a horse, there exist three degrees of comparison, -namely:—</p> - -<p>1. That it is rather difficult to ride a horse that has -been broken in.</p> - -<p>2. That it is exceedingly difficult to ride one that has -been petted, patted, bitted, lounged, but not mounted.</p> - -<p>3. That it must be almost impossible to mount and ride -a wild horse just caught, that has never been touched -by a human hand.</p> - -<p>We will, however, humbly venture to assert that, in -certain instances, the three steps of this little ladder -might be reversed.</p> - -<p>1. In a state of nature the horse is such a zealous -advocate of our popular principle of "self-government," -he is so desirous to maintain his "independence," that -although he will allow almost any quadruped, even wolves -and lions, to approach within a certain distance, yet the -moment he sees a man, though on horseback, he instinctively -turns his tail towards him, and, when followed, -gallops away.</p> - -<p>If, consequently, by the triumph of reason over instinct -he be caught, or rather by the lasso tumbled head over<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">26</a></span> -heels, saddled, and if all of a sudden, to his vast astonishment, -he finds sitting astride his back, with a cigar in his -mouth, the very human being he has always been avoiding, -his first and almost only feeling is that of <i>fear</i>; and -accordingly, if he be retained by the bridle, instantaneously, -by a series of jumps on all four legs, he makes -impromptu his first hurried, untaught, unpractised effort -to dislocate a rider. But if, instead of being as it were -invited to perform these unsophisticated antics, he be -allowed, or rather, by whip and severe spurs, be propelled -to do what he most ardently desires, namely, run away, -his power of resistance is over, and his subjection inevitable. -For at the top of his speed, just as when swimming, -a horse can neither rear, kick, nor plunge, and -therefore at his best pace he proceeds on his sure road -to ruin, until not only all his wind is pumped out of -him, but after that, until twisted hide-thong and sharp -iron have converted his terror of man into an ardent -desire to be obedient to his will. In fact, like a small -nation that has unsuccessfully been contending against a -great one, he wishes to put an end to the horrors of war, -and to sue for the blessings of peace.</p> - -<p>2. If a domestic horse that has been handled, fondled, -but never ridden, be suddenly saddled and mounted, the -rider has greater difficulties to encounter than those just -described: for the animal is not only gifted by nature<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">27</a></span> -with all the propensities of the wild horse to reject man, -but, from being better fed, he has greater strength to -indulge in them; besides which he enjoys the immense -advantage of being in a civilized, or, in plainer terms, an -enclosed country. Accordingly, instead of being forced -to run away, his rider is particularly afraid lest he should -do so, simply because he knows that the remedy which -would cure the wild horse, would probably kill <i>him</i>. In -fact, the difference to the rider between an open and an -enclosed field of battle is exactly that which a naval officer -feels in scudding in a gale of wind out of sight of land, -and in being caught among sandbanks and rocks in a narrow -channel.</p> - -<p>3. Of all descriptions of horses, wild and tame, by far -the most difficult to ride is that young British thorough-bred -colt of two or three years old that has been regularly -"broken in" <i>by himself</i>, without giving the slightest -warning, to jump away sideways, spin round, and at the -same moment kick off his rider. The feat is a beautiful -and well-arranged combination of nature and of art. -Like the pugilistic champion of England—Tom Sayers—he -is a professional performer, gifted with so much -strength and activity, and skilful in so many quick, artful -tricks and dodges, that any country practitioner who -comes to deal with him is no sooner up than down, to -rise from his mother earth with a vague, bewildered,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">28</a></span> -incoherent idea as to what had befallen him, or "how -he got there."</p> - -<p>If a horse of this description and a wild one were -to be mounted simultaneously, each by an equally good -rider, in an unenclosed, uncultivated region, both the -quadrupeds probably at the same moment would be -seen to run away: the Briton for ever, to gain his -liberty; the other quadruped, just as surely, to lose it!</p> - -<p>Having now sufficiently discussed the character and -conduct of the horse, we will presume to offer, or -rather to bequeath to our readers, a very few observations -as regards his rider.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><span class="smcap">Seat on a Horse.</span></h2> - - -<p>The best position of a man on horseback is, of course, -that which is most agreeable to both animals, and which, -from its ease and flexibility, as they skim together over -the surface of the earth, apparently combines them into -one.</p> - -<p>Like everything in Nature, the variety of seats is infinite. -They may, however, generically be divided -into two classes:</p> - -<p>1. In the great plains of South America, in which it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">29</a></span> -may truly be stated that for every male inhabitant -above five or six years of age Nature maintains at no -cost, no tax, and at no trouble to him, a stud of horses -whose number is legion, the rider sits almost perpendicularly, -with the great toe of each foot resting very -lightly on, and often merely touching its small triangular -stirrup, his legs grasping the horse's sides slightly or -tightly, as prosperous or adverse circumstances may -require.</p> - -<p>In this attitude, which may be said to be that of -standing astride over rather than sitting upon the saddle, -the pivot upon which the rider, gracefully bending -his body with a ball and socket movement, turns—in -throwing his lasso, in thrusting his lance forwards on -either side, or in looking behind him—is what is -termed by sporting men his "fork."</p> - -<p>In the few instances where pistols are carried, they -are affixed <i>behind</i> the right thigh, firstly, that in the -common occurrence of the horse falling in his gallop, -they may not prevent the rider from rolling clear away -from him; and, secondly, because in that position the -weapons are close to the rider's right hand, which, as he -flies along, is to be seen always dangling just above the -but ends, ready to grasp them the instant they are -required.</p> - -<p>This attitude is not only highly picturesque, but particularly -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">30</a></span>easy to the rider, who, while partaking of the -undulating motion of his horse, can rest his wearied -body by slight imperceptible changes of position on -the pivot or "fork," on which, like corn waving in the -wind, it bends.</p> - -<p>The British cavalry sit astride above their saddles -very nearly in this attitude, which, as we have just -explained, enables them with great facility to cut, or -give point in front, right or left, at cavalry or at -infantry; and if they were not embarrassed by their -clothing, as well as by their accoutrements, and if, as -in the region to which we have alluded, they were to -use no pace but the gallop, each would soon become, -or rather he could not help apparently becoming, part -and parcel of his horse. But our gallant men, although -they have been subjected to innumerable experimental -changes of dress, &c., continue not only hampered and -imperilled by a hard cloak, holsters, and carbine affixed -in <i>front</i> of their thighs, and imprisoned, especially round -their necks, within tight clothing, but their travelling -pace, the trot (a jolting movement unknown and unheard -of in the plains of South America), gives to -their body and limbs a rigidity painful to look at, and -in long journeys wearisome to man and horse. Indeed -in the French cavalry, and occasionally in our own, the -manner in which the soldier, in not a bad attitude, is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">31</a></span> -seen hopping high into the air, on and off his saddle, -as his horse, at apparently a different rate, trots beneath -him, forms as ridiculous a caricature of <i>the art of -riding</i> as the pencil of our Punch's "Leech" could possibly -delineate.</p> - -<p>2. Throughout the United Kingdom, civilians of all -classes, gentlemen, farmers, and yeomen, especially those -who occasionally follow the hounds, adopt what is commonly -called "the hunting seat," in which, instead of -"the fork," the <i>knees</i> form the pivot, or rather hinge, -the legs beneath them the grasp, while the thighs, like -the pastern of a horse, enable the body above to rise and -fall as lightly as a carriage on its springs.</p> - -<p>In this attitude the rider cannot turn his body to -the right or left, or look behind him as easily as he could -revolve upon his "fork."</p> - -<p>For rough riding, however, of every description, the -hunting seat, though infinitely less graceful, is superior -to that of the cavalry of Europe, for the following -reasons:—</p> - -<p>One of the most usual devices by which a horse endeavours -to, and but too often succeeds in dislodging his -rider, is by giving to his back, by a sudden kick, a jerk -upwards, which, of course, forces in the same direction -towards the sky that nameless portion of humanity which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">32</a></span> -was partly resting on it, and which in the cavalry cannot -possibly get very far away from it.</p> - -<p>But, in the hunting seat, the instant the rider expects -such a kick, by merely rising in his stirrups he at once -raises or abstracts from the saddle the point his enemy -intends to attack, and accordingly the blow aimed at -it fails to reach it.</p> - -<p>Again, on approaching a large fence, by the same -simple precaution, the rider entirely avoids the concussion -of that sudden jerk or effort necessary to enable -the horse to clear it. In a fall, the pommel of the saddle -and the horse's neck and head are much easier cleared -by short stirrup-leathers than by long ones. Lastly, in a -common trot, the former soften the jolt, which the latter -cannot easily avoid. In short, in a hunting seat, the -rider, to his great comfort and relief, rests more or less -on his saddle as long as he likes, and yet, the instant -he anticipates a blow from it, leaves it, without metaphor -... behind him.</p> - -<p>Of horsemanship it may truly be said, that about four-fifths -of the art depend on attaining a <i>just</i> seat, and -one-fifth on possessing a pair of light hands.<a name="FNanchor_B_2" id="FNanchor_B_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_2" class="fnanchor">[B]</a> But -although the attainment of these advantages is not incompatible -with an easy, erect position on horseback,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">33</a></span> -the generality of riders are but too apt to sit on their -horses in the bent attitude of the last paroxysm or -exertion which helped them into the saddle. Now, -when a man in this toad-like position rides along—say -a macadamized road—he travels always ready, at a moment's -notice, to proceed by himself in the direction in -which he is pointing, in case the progress of his horse -should be suddenly stopped by his falling down. Indeed, -when a horse, without falling down, recovers by a violent -struggle from a bad trip, a heavy rider in this -attitude (called by Sir Bellingham Graham "a wash-ball -seat") is very liable to shoot forwards over his head -in a parabolic curve, ending in a concussion of his -brain or in the dislocation of his neck,—the horse standing -by his motionless body perfectly uninjured.</p> - -<p>On the other hand, when a man sits upright, justly -balanced on his saddle, any sudden jerk or movement -forwards throws his shoulders backwards. If therefore, -while proceeding in that position, the horse thinks proper -to fall, the animal in the first instance is the sole sufferer. -He cuts his forehead, hurts his nose, breaks his -knees, bruises his chest, while his head, neck, fore-legs, -and the forepart of his body, forced into each other like -the joints of a telescope, form a buffer, preventing the -concussion the horse has received, from injuring, in the -smallest degree, the rider, or even the watch in his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">34</a></span> -pocket, which, without being ejected from the saddle, -goes ticking, ticking, ticking on, just as merrily as if -nothing had happened. If he only trips, a rider poised -justly in his saddle can easily recover him.</p> - -<p>A horse will not only refrain from treading upon any -creature lying on the ground, but in hunting he will make -the utmost possible effort to avoid putting a foot upon his -master whenever</p> - -<p class="center"> -"On the bare earth exposed he lies."<br /> -</p> - -<p>If, however, his owner, from a bad seat or from false -precaution, has suddenly thrown himself from his back, -it is often impossible for the animal, while struggling to -recover from a desperate trip, to avoid either trampling -upon or violently striking him.</p> - -<p>For this reason a rider should never abandon his saddle -so long as his horse beneath it has a leg, or an infinitesimal -part of one, to stand on. But so soon as his -downfall is announced by that heavy, thundering concussion -against the ground, the meaning of which it is impossible -to mistake, the partnership should instantaneously -be dissolved by the horseman rolling, if possible, out of -harm's way.</p> - -<p>But it occasionally happens not only that the horse -rolls too, but that the larger roller overtakes the smaller -one, the two lying prostrate, with the legs in boots under -the body whose limbs wear only shoes.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">35</a></span></p> - -<p>If the rider happens fortunately to have the saddle -between him and the horse, his legs merely sustain a -heavy weight, from which they are harmlessly extricated -the instant the animal rises.</p> - -<p>Should he happen <i>un</i>fortunately to have the girths -between him and the horse, he lies, like Ariel in the -cloven pine, "painfully imprisoned," in a predicament -of which it is impossible for any one to foretell the -results.</p> - -<p>As the quadruped is always more or less cowed by his -fall, he remains usually for about a minute or two as still -as if he were dead.</p> - -<p>All of a sudden, however, just as if a bayonet had been -run into him, he struggles to rise.</p> - -<p>To do so it is necessary that all his feet should take -hold of the ground. This they are prevented from doing -by the rider's boots, which, operating as a handspike under -the body, keep it in a horizontal position, thereby causing -the four legs, like two pairs of blacksmith's sledge-hammers, -to continue to strike heavily towards each other.</p> - -<p>Between them lies, acting in this little tragedy the part -of Anvil, the poor rider, who can only avoid the hard -blows of two fore iron shoes, by wincing from them to -within the reach of two hind ones.</p> - -<p>This violent struggle eventually ends by the horse rising, -leaving on the field of battle, slightly, seriously, or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">36</a></span> -desperately wounded, his master, whom he never intended -to hurt.</p> - -<p>In the hunting field, the bent position in the saddle -produces equally unpleasant results. On man and horse -coming cheerily to a fence, with what mathematicians -call "an unknown quantity" on the other side, if the -rider sits justly on his saddle, it is the horse and not he -that receives the concussion of any fall that may ensue, -simply because the spring of his animal in taking the -leap had thrown his shoulders backwards, and consequently -his head out of danger; whereas the nose of the -gentleman who had been riding alongside of him in the -bent attitude of a note of interrogation, is seen to plough -into its mother earth the instant the muzzle of his horse -impinges upon it.</p> - -<p>For exactly the same reasons, in every description of -fall (and no volume would be large enough to contain -them all), similar results occur; and yet there is no predicament -in which "Toady" appears to greater disadvantage, -and so keenly feels it, than when, in following -the hounds, he has to descend a very precipitous and -rather slippery grass hill.</p> - -<p>If a horse be but properly dealt with, he can gallop -down a turf hill with nearly as much rapidity as along -a race-course. A tea-table would stand ill at ease on the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">37</a></span>declivity, because its limbs are immoveable; but a -quadruped, by throwing all his legs forwards and his body -backwards, has the power to adjust himself, with mathematical -precision, to almost any descent.</p> - -<p>To insure his safety, however, it is essential that he -should be encouraged, by a loose rein, to carry his head -as low as possible, to enable him to take care of his feet, -and in case of treading on a rolling-stone to recover his -balance by throwing it up. Now, when in this position, -if the rider, following the instinct and the example of -the horse, throws his weight backwards—in fact, if from -the saddle the backs of the two animals are separated -from each other by only a very small angle, both can -descend the hill together at considerable speed without -the smallest danger. The only embarrassment the rider -has to contend against is an over-caution on the part of -the horse, amounting to fear, which induces him to try -to take the slope diagonally, very likely to result in -the poor animal slipping up on his side. In keeping -his head straight, however, care must be taken not to -induce him to raise it <i>up</i>; and when this little difficulty -is overcome, no other of any sort or kind remains -to impede a safe and rapid descent.</p> - -<p>Seated on his saddle, in the attitude we have described, -that admirable rider Jack Shirley, whipper-in -to the Tedworth hunt, with a large open clasp-knife -in his mouth, was one day observed fixing a piece of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">38</a></span> -whipcord to his lash, while following his hounds at a -slapping pace, down hill, his reins lying nearly loose -on old "Gadsby's" neck.</p> - -<p>On the other hand when a gentleman, however fearless -he may be, sitting at an angle of 45°, like a 13-inch -mortar on its bed, attempts to ride down the steep -declivity described, the afflictions that befall him are -really piteous, for the instant his horse's fore legs sink -considerably lower than the hind ones, he feels that unless -he holds on very tightly, he must inevitably pitch over -the bows of the vessel that is carrying him. To maintain -his equilibrium he therefore pulls a little at his curb-bit, -which not only raises his horse's head till it nearly -touches his nose, but throws the animal and the weight -he carries into such a false position, that it becomes difficult -and dangerous to advance. The restrained quadruped, -impatient to follow the horses before him, yet -altogether out of gear, on every little twitch at his bridle -keeps chucking up his head, until the rider, who a -moment ago expected to fall over his ears, now feels that -he is going to glide backwards over his tail, which is -nearly touching the hill. In short, the poor horse is -resting on his hocks instead of his hoofs, with his fore -feet barely touching the ground.</p> - -<p>When a lot of riders find themselves in this hopeless -attitude, they generally, according to their amount of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">39</a></span> -activity, crawl, jump, or vault from their saddles to -descend on foot, which they soon find very little improves -their case, for the heels of their boots not being, -like horse-shoes, concave, take insufficient hold of the -turf; and thus while they are slipping, sliding, and -tottering in the descent, each linked to a quadruped that -is bothering him to death, if, feeling a little alarmed, -they resolve to stop for a moment or two, their impatient -horses, unable to advance and unwilling to stand still, -often compromise the matter by running round their -masters, with the chance of rolling them, like ninepins, -down the hill.</p> - -<p>In galloping for many hours, and especially for many -days, as soon as the muscles of the rider, by getting tired, -lose their obstinacy, it becomes impossible for him, if he -sits upright, to prevent his body undulating, to the infinite -relief of both parties, with every movement of the -horse; whereas, if, like an English jockey, whose seat is -well adapted for galloping at the utmost speed for a few -minutes, he rides like a frog on a shovel, he inflicts upon -his whole frame, as well as upon the poor animal that -carries him, an amount of unnecessary fatigue which prematurely -tires both.</p> - -<p>For the foregoing reasons if gentlemen sportsmen who -occupy on the road and the hunting-field this false position, -would but allow Mr. Calcraft, in his peculiar way,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">40</a></span> -to lift them about half a dozen times a few inches into the -air, and then, as a tallow-chandler dips his candles, lower -them gently, easily, and perpendicularly to their saddles, -they would find themselves promoted in the world to a seat -on horseback which they would never wish to abandon.</p> - -<p>As, however, our readers, we fear, must have become -very tired of the saddle, we will now relieve them from -hogskin, to submit to them a very few practical observations -on the management of the bridle, the ordinary -uses of which, as everybody knows, are twofold, namely, -first to guide a horse, and secondly to restrain, or, when -requisite, to stop him.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>As it is the disposition of a horse, when mounted, to -go fast, and as it is the disposition of a man to pull at any -thing in this world as little as possible, curb-bits and -curb-chains (as their names truly denote) have been invented, -by which the animal in all his movements on -parade or on the road is slightly thrown on his haunches, -with his head raised more or less above its natural level. -In this position his eyes are of course proportionally -elevated, and as there exists no obstruction on the macadamized -roads, &c., on which he travels, he soon ceases to -look downwards; and although, if he then happens to -pass over a little hole, he may put a foot into it, or may -slightly blunder over half a shovelfull of loose stones which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">41</a></span> -had escaped his observation, yet, if he has good action, -and a tolerable rider, he earns the character of being a -"capital hack."</p> - -<p>Now to metamorphose "a hack" into "a hunter" is -principally effected by the bridle, and yet the great -difficulty of the art is to learn not how much, but how -little to use it; in short, a considerable portion of what -the bridle has done has to be undone. Accordingly, -instead of being encouraged to travel on his haunches -with his fore legs lightly touching the ground, the latter -must be required to bear the greater portion of the burden, -which it is the duty of the hind legs to propel. The -head has to be brought down to its proper level; and to -induce or rather to oblige the horse to make his eyes -the lantern of his feet, to study geology instead of astronomy, -he should be slowly ridden, with a loose rein, over -every little hole, grip, or heap that would be likely to -throw a hack down. Whenever he can be made to -stumble (if the rider feels that he will not actually fall), -the reins should instantly be dropped. In like manner -he should be walked for several days over the roughest -ground that can be found, particularly land that has been -excavated to obtain the substratum and left in holes. -With a perfectly loose rein he should be gently trotted, -gently cantered, and gently galloped over a surface of -this description, the rider always dropping the rein when<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">42</a></span> -he blunders. Vegetius, in describing the horsemanship -of the Parthians in the time of Xerxes, states that in -order to make their horses sure-footed over rough, broken -ground, they placed on a space of level ground a number -of wooden troughs of different heights, filled with earth, -over which in galloping they had many falls.</p> - -<p>Under similar treatment, the strength, activity, intelligence, -and eyesight of the animal will, as in a wild state, -cordially be combined by him to protect himself from the -degradation as well as punishment of falling; and so -ample and sufficient are these powers, that the rider will -soon find, that instead of having to hold his horse up, it -has become out of his power to throw him down. In fact, -under the guidance of nature, rather than of man, "the -hack" in a very short period, and without going over a -fence of any sort or kind, may thus be made competent to -follow hounds across any country in the United Kingdom; -while, on the other hand, the nag that had only been -taught in a riding-school or in a dealer's yard to jump -neatly over bars, gates, and hurdles, would, most particularly -to the neck of his rider, prove to be infinitely -worse than useless.</p> - -<p>Of course a horse is not a perfect hunter until he has -had a small amount (for he does not require much) -of experience in leaping; but as, with the exception of -water, every horse is able, willing, and eager to jump,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">43</a></span> -generally speaking, more than is desired, his rider has -merely to teach the noble animal beneath him to add -to his valour just enough discretion to induce him to -look, not <i>before</i>, but <i>while</i> he leaps.</p> - -<p>A hunter when following hounds is so excited, that -if, in addition to his own eagerness, he be hurried at his -fences, he rushes more and more recklessly at them, until -he gets into needless trouble. On the other hand, just as -he approaches every fence, if he be always patted on -the neck, and gently restrained, he feels satisfied that -he is to be allowed to do the job; and accordingly, curtailing -his stride as he approaches, he does it not only -cleverly, but without any waste of exertion, which, to -use a common hunting-field expression, "he may want -before the day's over."</p> - -<p>When a horse is enabled, like a soldier whose stiff -stock has just been unbuckled, to drop his head to its -natural position, he not only goes safely, but, without -risk of cutting his fetlocks, he can gallop over ground -deeply covered with loose impediments of any description; -and, accordingly, in Surrey it has long been a -hunting axiom that it is the curb bridles which by -throwing hunters on their haunches in a false position -cause them to cut their back sinews with those sharp -flints which, in a snaffle bit, they can clatter over without -injury. A good Northamptonshire rider, in lately<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">44</a></span> -taking a fence, jumped over it into a stone quarry. -Now, if he had been in the bent attitude we have -described, he must inevitably have pitched on, and -have fractured his skull. From, however, sitting correctly -on his saddle, his ankles, and not his head, suffered.</p> - -<p>In like manner when Mehemet Ali, under the pretence -of investing his son, Toossoon Pacha, with the command -of an army, by a treacherous invitation inveigled the -Mamelukes into the summit of the citadel of El Kahira -(the Victorious), commonly called Cairo, and then suddenly -dropping the portcullis, directed upon them from -barred windows on three sides a murderous fire, Amyn -Bey, rather than submit to such a death, spurring his -Arab charger over his writhing comrades, and across the -low crenated wall, jumped over a precipice of about fifty -feet; and yet, although of the horse it may truly be said -that</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 10em;">"Headlong from the mountain's height</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">He plunged to endless night,"</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>for, on reaching the hard rock, he was smashed to death, -the rider, who, no doubt, had expected the same fate, -was enabled, with only a broken ankle, to crawl away, -recover, and for nearly thirty years enjoy, with health -and wealth, the well-earned appellation of "the last of -the Mamelukes;" in short</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"The man recovered from the blow, the <i>horse</i> it was that died."</p></blockquote> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">45</a></span></p> - -<p>In further evidence, however, of the theory that when -a man sits properly in his saddle, it is the horse, and -not he, who suffers by a tumble, we submit to our readers -the following extraordinary narration by a young General -officer of high character, who has kindly permitted us to -publish it, briefly describing a fall on horseback to a -depth equal to 40 feet more than the height of the -weather-cock on the steeple of St. Martin's church, in -London, or to double the height of the Duke of York's -monument at the bottom of Regent Street.</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p class="right"> - -"United Service Club, 18th March, 1860."<br /> -</p> - -<p>"In June, 1848, at the island of Dominica, in the West Indies, -I fell over a precipice of 237 feet perpendicular height, upon the -rocks by the sea-side. This occurred about a quarter past 7 o'clock -<span class="allsmcap">P.M.</span>, then quite dark, as no twilight exists in the tropics. Every -bone of my horse was broken, and I conceive my escape from instant -death the most miraculous that ever occurred. Three men, at -various periods, had previously been dashed to atoms at the same -spot, and one man twelve months after me, when the Legislative -Assembly passed a resolution to secure the road; but if twenty -thousand men were to fall there, I think nothing short of a miracle -could save one of them. My recovery from the shock I sustained -was also as miraculous as my escape with life. I sent out an artist -to take a drawing on the spot, and also had the place surveyed by -an engineer. I have often thought of putting down all the circumstances -of that extraordinary accident, but the dread of being taken -for a Baron Munchausen has restrained me. I do not expect that -any one will believe it, although there are many living witnesses. -Nor do I expect any sympathy, for, as soon as I could hold a pen, I -detailed the catastrophe to my mother to account for my long silence. -I received, in reply, in due course, a long letter detailing family -news, without any allusion to my unfortunate case, except in a -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">46</a></span>postscript, in which she merely said, '<i>Oh! William, I wish you -would give up riding after dinner.</i>'<a name="FNanchor_C_3" id="FNanchor_C_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_C_3" class="fnanchor">[C]</a></p> - -<p class="right"> -"<span class="smcap">Wm. Yorke Moore</span>, Major-Gen.<br /> -</p> - -<p>"P.S. During the fall I stuck to my horse."</p></blockquote> - -<p>The details of this astonishing accident are very shortly -as follows:—</p> - -<p>Colonel Moore, while commanding the troops in Dominica, -lost his way one evening after sunset.</p> - -<p>As, in utter darkness, he was endeavouring to get -home, he came to several little imperceptible objects -which he forced his horse to cross. Shortly afterwards -the animal stopped at one which he seemed particularly -afraid of.</p> - -<p>The soldier, unwilling to halt between two opinions, -but, on the contrary, determined to proceed as he thought -straight towards his home, at almost full speed rode at -the unknown impediment several times in vain, until the -animal, surrendering his instinctive fears, and possibly -knowledge, to the spurs that were propelling him, with a -violent jump into the air cleared the little low hedge, for -such it proved to be, bounding that awful precipice which, -like a wall, connected the upper story or table-land of -the island with the ocean which in solemn darkness -reigned beneath it.</p> - -<p>Colonel Moore states that during his passage on horseback -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">47</a></span>through the air, almost every event of his life, large -as well as small, at about the rate of the electric telegraph, -which transmits its ideas one hundred and eighty -thousand miles in a second, flashed across his mind as -distinctly and as vividly as if they were recurring.</p> - -<p>By a sort of clairvoyance, of which in medical annals -there exist recorded several similar instances, he saw all -that in his lifetime he had done or left undone, and was -thinking, seriatim, of almost every friend and relative, -when, in an instant, all these bright fiery thoughts on -the past, present, or future tenses of his existence became -extinguished by a concussion which, depriving him of his -senses, left him with his legs in the sea and his body on -the rocks, apparently dead.</p> - -<p>While lying, corpse-like, in this lonely state, whose -beneficent hand was it that all of a sudden dashed upon -his face the cool, fresh soft water that recovered him? -Whose voice was it that, almost at the same moment, -explained to him, not only the accident which had -befallen him, but the time that had elapsed since it -occurred?</p> - -<p>The hand that restored to him his senses was that -which had already graciously placed his head in safety -upon the rock above the ocean that would have drowned -him, but in which his feet had been harmlessly floating. -It was the hand that had just created the tropical shower<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">48</a></span> -which, as if administered to him by an angel, awakened -him from his swoon.</p> - -<p>It was the hand that, "in the beginning," when the -earth was without form and void, and darkness was upon -the face of the deep, had created that "lesser light to rule -the night," which, just before he fell, he had observed -rising from the horizon, but which now, shining above -his head, upon four upturned glittering horse-shoes (all he -could see of his mangled beast), made known to him, at a -glance, that what had evidently befallen him, according -to the illuminated clock in the heavens, must have occurred -many hours ago.</p> - -<p>With cool presence of mind, Colonel Moore, after -making several experimental movements, ascertained that -he was severely cut about the body and head; that his -right ankle was dislocated, and that his back was benumbed -or paralysed by the concussion of his fall. As -soon, however, as the long wished-for sun rose, it shone -upon his bare, bleeding head with such excruciating force, -that, as a protection from its rays, he transferred his -cotton neckerchief to his scalp and forehead, leaving -sticking up above them the two ends, which, like the -remainder, were stained with his red blood.</p> - -<p>After remaining in extreme pain for several hours, to -his great joy he saw a boat full of sable natives rowing -towards the spot on which, in the head-dress just<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">49</a></span> -described, he was reclining. As soon as they came near to -him, in a faint tone he hailed them. On hearing his -voice, for a few moments they looked eagerly around in -all directions, until they espied him, when, instantly, -just as if they had seen and were pursued by an evil -spirit, away they rowed at their utmost speed.</p> - -<p>After a considerable interval another black man came -clambering over the rocks, intent only on catching fish.</p> - -<p>As soon, however, as his eyes caught a glimpse of the -poor sufferer's bloody head and head-gear, the fisherman -was evidently seized with the same impression, and, -accordingly, in a paroxysm of fear, chucking his rod -and line upwards to fall into the sea, as fast as his -hands and feet could carry him, he also, in his way, -scrambled out of sight.</p> - -<p>After a long, painful interval, Colonel Moore's servant, -who, alarmed by his master not having returned, -had for many hours been in search of him, at last -tracked his horse's feet to the edge of the precipice, -and on looking over it, seeing about half way down a -pockethandkerchief sticking in the boughs of a small -projecting tree, he returned to the barracks, gave the -alarm, and accordingly, as soon as a boat could be procured, -the soldiers, who rushed forward to man it, proceeded -round the rocks, until Colonel Moore (who knew -nothing of his servant's discovery) joyfully saw them<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">50</a></span> -pulling, as hard as they could lay to their oars, towards -him.</p> - -<p>It need scarcely be added that, regardless of the overwhelming -heat of the sun, the gallant fellows succeeded -in conveying their commanding officer on their shoulders -to the barracks, where he lay for some months in great -pain and danger.</p> - -<p>However, in due time, the paralysed muscles of his -back recovered their tone, and eventually, without even -being lame, he became completely restored to the health, -activity, and energy that had always characterised him.</p> - -<p>For a considerable time portions of his saddle, strips -of the hide and the broken bones of his horse, which, -lacerated by the branches of the trees through which -the poor animal had fallen, was literally smashed to -atoms, were collected by people, who amassed a considerable -amount of money by exhibiting and selling them -as relics in evidence of one of the most extraordinary -accidents that, under the superintending direction of -Divine Providence, has ever been survived by man.</p> - - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">51</a></span></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_B_2" id="Footnote_B_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B_2"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> Beckford says, "First attribute of a good huntsman is courage. Next, -hands and seat."</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_C_3" id="Footnote_C_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_C_3"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> The accident occurred <i>before</i> dinner.</p></div> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<h2><span class="smcap">Mode of riding at Timber.</span></h2> - - -<p>In getting rapidly across a difficult country there are -two sorts of fences, each of which has to be jumped in a -manner the very opposite of that required by the other. -A young hunter will leap almost any ordinary fence, -particularly if it be broad, as well, and, from his impetuosity, -often better than an old one. But there is -one description of barrier, called by hunting men "timber" -(that is to say stiles, gates, and rails, that cannot -be broken), which requires, in both rider and horse, -a great deal more discretion than valour: indeed of -"timber" it may truly be said that it is the most dangerous -and, on the other hand, the safest fence a man can -ride at.</p> - -<p>If a young horse, highly excited, be ridden fast for -the first time in his life at a gate, it is very likely he -will clear it; on the other hand, it is quite certain that -if, despising bars through which he can see daylight, he -resolves to break the top one, the penalty attached to his -mistake will be a very heavy one: indeed nothing can -be more disagreeable to a rider and frightful to look -at than the result. Now, of course, the obvious way of -preventing this catastrophe is simply to teach a horse—firstly, -that he cannot break timber,—and secondly,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">52</a></span> -that he will have to suffer acute pain if he attempts to do -so. Accordingly, away from hounds and under no -excitement, he should be slowly ridden over two or -three low rails that will not break, with an unexpected -little twitch at his rein sufficient to make them severely -strike his hind legs. The moment this is effected the -rider should jump off, to allay anything like excitement, -and to allow the animal, who will probably stand lifting -up the injured leg, to feel, appreciate, and reflect on the -whole amount of the pain he has incurred. As soon as -it has subsided, he should be again quietly ridden two -or three times over the offending rails, which, it will -then be found, nothing can induce him to touch; and -having thus, at a small cost, purchased for himself very -valuable experience, he may afterwards in the hunting-field -be carefully made to jump any ordinary amount -of timber.</p> - -<p>A sportsman can hardly ride too slowly at high timber; -for as height and width (that is to say to jump -upwards or forwards) require different efforts, it is a -waste of the poor animal's powers to make him do both -when one only is required. In slowly trotting up to -timber of any height or description, the rider should -carefully abstain from attempting, by the bridle, to give -his horse the smallest assistance. On the contrary, the -moment the animal begins to rise, his reins should be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">53</a></span> -loosened, to be drawn up and tightened only as he -descends. With the single exception we shall soon -notice, this principle of self-management applies to jumps -of all sorts and sizes; for although, by a firm management -of his bridle, a hunter ought to be made to feel as he -approaches a fence that it is utterly impossible for him -to swerve from it, yet the instant he is on the brink of -taking it, his reins, as if by paralysis, should suddenly -cease to afford him the smallest help, or to interfere -with the mode in which (with only half a second to -think) he may determine to deal with it. If he expects -assistance, it may arrive a little sooner or a little later -than his patience or impatience approves of, and thus -between two stools (his own will and that of his rider) -both come to the ground; whereas, if he knows that -he has nothing to rely on but himself, he rises at his -timber in the best and safest possible manner—namely, -<i>in his own way</i>.</p> - -<p>If we should have succeeded in satisfying our readers -that they cannot ride too slowly at timber, we trust -they will pardon us if we now endeavour to enforce upon -them as an equally immutable axiom, that it is impossible -for them to ride too fast at water.</p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">54</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><span class="smcap">Water Jumping.</span></h2> - - -<p>Throughout England, and especially in Leicestershire -and Northamptonshire, there are two descriptions of -brooks. In one the water is about a foot or two below -the level of the green fields through which it peacefully -meanders. In the other, though deep enough to drown -a man, it flows and occasionally rushes ten or twelve -feet below the surface, between two loamy banks as perpendicular -as the wall of a house. If a red, brown, or -black coat, attended by a pair of leather, kersey, or corduroy -breeches, ending in boots, plunge together into -the first, they simply go in dry and come out wet. -But, if a horse fails to clear the chasm, he is liable not -only to fall backwards upon these articles of apparel, but -afterwards, quite unintentionally, to strike their owner -during the awkward struggles of both animals to swim.</p> - -<p>Now, although to some of our readers it may possibly -appear that the act of riding over "a bit of water" -of the latter description has no legal claim to be included -in the schedule headed "the pleasures and -amusements of man," yet it may most truly be said that -in a good run, or even in a bad one, there exists nothing -that gives an ordinary rider more intense pleasure than -the sight, say a quarter of a mile before him, of those -well-known willows that indicate to him the line of -beauty of the brook he is shortly to have the enjoyment -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">55</a></span>of encountering—provided always that he knows -his horse to be, what is justly called, "<i>good at water</i>." -On the other hand, it would be quite impossible to -describe into how very small a compass the same man's -heart would gradually collapse, as it approached the very -same brook, on what is just as truly termed "<i>a brute -at water</i>." In any other description of fence the rider, -if he has not ruined his horse's courage by vacillation of -hand or heart, may confidently rely that he will accomplish -it for him if he can, and if it cannot be accomplished, -that he will try to jump through or over it, or, -generally speaking, a good deal more than humanity -dares to ride at.</p> - -<p>If the bull-finch be too strong, the hunter may stick in -it, or forcing through it into the ditch on the other side, -may leave his owner hanging like a bird's-nest in its -branches. An ox-fence—composed of two ditches, a -bank, a pair of hedges, and a stiff, low, oak rail—may -altogether prove too broad to be cleared. Timber also -may be too high to be topped; yet, in all these cases, -if the rider be but willing, the noble horse is always ready, -ay, eager, to do his very best, and many a broken back and -prostrate carcase, divested of its saddle and bridle, has been -the melancholy result; and yet, with all this superabundance -of high courage, almost every horse instinctively dislikes -to jump water, an element which (until by a good -rider it has been unbewitched) he appears to conceive to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">56</a></span> -be forbidden to him to cross. For this reason, before a -sportsman can ride with confidence at a brook, he requires -not only a stout horse, but to know what sort of a -heart lived beneath the waistcoat of the man by whom -the animal was last hunted, for however badly bred he -may be, he may have been made bold at water; while, -on the other hand, however high-bred and handsome he -may appear, however splendidly and cleverly he may -throughout the run have been crossing single and double -fences of every variety, yet, by an irresolute pair of hands, -he may have been spoiled at water. Accordingly, when -a gallant fox, followed after a short interval by a pack -of hounds and a large scattered body of men and horses, -passing like the shadows of summer clouds over the beautiful -green sward of Northamptonshire, glide rapidly -towards a brook, there occasionally appears among several -of them a sudden transmigration of hearts and bodies, -which to a foreigner, who did not understand the reason, -would appear to be utterly inexplicable.</p> - -<p>Although ten or twelve horses, gallantly taking it in -their stride, have proved the jump to be an easy one, two -or three of the foremost riders are seen to pull up, apparently -afraid. In like manner, as horses and horsemen -who had been riding boldly approach, it becomes evident -to the meanest capacity, that the peg that holds in their -steam is getting—sometimes in the biped, sometimes in -the quadruped, and sometimes in both—looser and looser<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">57</a></span> -as they advance. The gallop is observed gradually to -faint into a canter, which, as they approach the water, -gets slower and slower, until souse! souse! souse! they -one after the other blunder into it.</p> - -<p>While a horse here is swimming, and there is struggling, -and while a human head with handsome aristocratic features -and black lank hair looking like that of Don Quixote -when drenched with curds and whey, is seen rising in -agony from below, two little thick-set, short-thighed men -in scarlet, who throughout the run had been shirking -many a small fence, cross the brook with terrific courage. -That thoroughbred-mare, which has been clearing everything, -swerves, while the ugly brute in her wake bucks -over what she had refused as if he enjoyed the fun, which -he really does. See! at what a tremendous pace this -splendid-looking bay horse is galloping towards his doom. -Both spurs are in his sides; the slight waving movement -of the arms and shoulders of his fearless rider, and the -firm grip of his hands, as he draws upon first one side -of the bit and then the other, appear altogether to insure -success. As soon, however, as the well-known rogue gets -sight of the glare of the water, though his head is in -such a vice that it is out of his power to swerve, and -though his pace is such that it is utterly impossible for -him to stop, yet, as if all his four legs were suddenly -paralysed by fear, the high-bred sinner, all of a sudden, -refuses to lift them, and accordingly, for thirty or forty<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">58</a></span> -feet, leaving behind a track like that of a railway, they -slide along the wet, rich, loamy turf, until horse, and -gallant, glorious Charlie<a name="FNanchor_D_4" id="FNanchor_D_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_D_4" class="fnanchor">[D]</a> dive together, head-foremost, -into the brook! In a few minutes, men in coats of all -colours, trotting up one after another, walk their horses -cautiously to the edge of the chasm, crane over as if to -gaze at the frightened frogs that inhabit it, and after thus -losing more or less of time they can never live to recover, -canter or gallop in different directions in quest either -of a bridge or a ford.</p> - -<p>Now, while this serio-comic picture is before the eyes -of our readers, that very small portion of them who have -never been actors in such a scene will no doubt be not -a little astonished to learn that of all fences on the surface -of the globe there is no one that is so easy for a horse to -jump as water.</p> - -<p>If the footmarks of a good horse that has galloped over -turf be measured, it will be found that in every stride -his four feet have covered a space of twenty-two feet. -If, in cool blood, he be very gently cantered at a common -sheep-hurdle, without any ditch on one side of it or the -other, it will be found that he has cleared, or rather has -not been able to help clearing, from ten to twelve feet. -In Egypt, an antelope chased by hounds on coming suddenly -to a little crack or crevice in the ground caused -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">59</a></span>by the heat of the sun, has been observed at a bound -to clear thirty feet, and yet, on approaching a high wall, -the same animal slackens his pace, stops for a second, and -then pops over it. Almost any horse, particularly a young -one, if cantered at a small prickly furze-hedge, would probably -with a little skip rather than a jump clear at least -fourteen feet, which in water would form a "brook" -that would stop more than half of the large field of riders -who in Northamptonshire and Leicestershire follow the -Pytchley, Quorn, and Cottesmore hounds. Indeed, it not -unfrequently happens that a ditch of glittering water, not -seven feet broad, over which every hound has hopped -hardly looking at it, will not only stop a number of horses -and riders, but in a few minutes will, to the utter disgust -and astonishment of the latter, <i>contain</i> several of them.</p> - -<p>To prevent, however, this unnecessary and apparently -discreditable botheration, all that is necessary is for the -rider to overcome and overrule the instinctive aversion -which his horse, and possibly he himself, have to jump -water.</p> - -<p>If, during a run with hounds, a young horse, that has -never seen a brook, going a good pace, without receiving -from the hands of his rider any tremulous check, arrives -at, say a low hedge, on the other side of which he suddenly -sees a wide expanse of water, he is quite sure to -clear it; and having thus broken the spell, if he be after<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">60</a></span>wards -only fairly ridden, he will probably require no -other instruction. If, however, as but too often is the -case, on arriving at water that can be jumped favourably -at a particular place, a young horse is obliged to wait for -his turn, and during that awful pause sees some hunters -refuse, and others splash in and flounder, he naturally -combines together theory and practice, and accordingly, -when called upon, refuses to do what he has always instinctively -considered to be wrong; and as, generally -speaking, it is impossible at that moment to force him, -the run is lost.</p> - -<p>Under this state of the case, the master of the culprit -on some fine non-hunting day, armed with spurs and a -cut-whip, should conduct him to any ugly-looking little -ditch, not above half a dozen feet broad (for it is the -quality and not the quantity of the shining element that -creates his fear), and then, carefully abstaining to excite -his courage, ride him at it very slowly and timidly, on -purpose to ensure his refusing it, which, of course, he is -quite certain to do. After once again leading him into -this trap, a duel, perfectly harmless to the biped, must -be fought. It may last ten minutes, a quarter, half an -hour, or possibly two hours; but, sooner or later, the -little misunderstanding is certain to end in the rebel all -of a sudden doing willingly, and then repeating five or -six times, what, after all, was nothing at all for him<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">61</a></span> -to do; and from that moment, if he be only fairly -"handled," he will remember, whenever he sees water, -the lesson which taught him that it was made on purpose -to be crossed.</p> - -<p>To maintain and encourage this doctrine, on coming -in sight of a brook, his courage, by very gentle touches -of the spur, should be excited, while, by pulling harder -and harder at the bridle, his speed inversely should be -slightly diminished, until he arrives within about eighty -yards, when, gradually relaxing the reins, and yet grasping -them so firmly that it is impossible for him to swerve, -his pace should <i>always</i> be made to freshen as he proceeds, -until on arriving at the brink it has attained its -maximum. In short, in riding at a brook, a horse should -be taught to feel that no choice will be given to him to -go in or over, but that over he <i>must</i> go, for want of time -to jump in.</p> - -<p>By this simple management a horse will very soon -learn not only to rush at water, but to enjoy the very -sight of it; and as his rider can then trust implicitly -to his honour, we end as we almost began, by stating -that, although there exists no obstruction in a run that -creates so many sorrows as water, there is no fence that -is so easy for a horse to jump, if he will but try; in fact -on coming to it at the top of his speed, if he will only -hop upwards a few feet, his momentum cannot fail to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">62</a></span> -carry him across; whereas, if in approaching it he -slackens his speed, nine times out of ten he may safely -be booked to be "<i>in</i>."</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_D_4" id="Footnote_D_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_D_4"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> The Honourable C. C.</p></div> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2><span class="smcap">Modes of Swimming a Horse.</span></h2> - - -<p>In England, a hunting man, in deference to the thermometer -and for the love of his clothes, usually avoids -forcing his horse to swim. In a warm climate, however, -the operation is attended with no danger or inconvenience -whatever. In riding gradually into deep water the animal, -just before he floats, appears to step rather uneasily, -as if on legs of different lengths; but the instant his feet -take leave of the ground, or if at once he plunges out -of his depth from a bank, as soon as his head comes up -he proceeds as free from jolts of any sort as a balloon in -the air, grunting and groaning, nevertheless, heavily, at -the injustice of having a man's weight superadded to his -own, the specific gravity of which but little exceeds that -of the element into which he is striving not to sink. -Instinctively, however, adjusting himself to the most favourable -position, which throws the hind part of his body -about a foot under water, he makes the best of a bad -bargain, and then all the rider has to do is not to destroy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">63</a></span> -the poor animal's equilibrium by pulling even an ounce -at his bridle. Indeed, in crossing a broad stream, the -most effectual way to prevent over-balancing him, and -also to stop his grunting, is either to slip sideways from -his back, and then, half-swimming, to be dragged alongside -him by a lock of his mane firmly entwined among -the fingers of the right hand, or, as is invariably practised -by the red Indians, to be towed by his tail, in which -case the man floating on the surface of the water is quite -safe from the heels of the horse struggling many feet below -him. By this plan, of course, the water, instead of the -horse, sustains the weight of the man.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><span class="smcap">Judicious Riding.</span></h2> - - -<p>In a closely-enclosed country, with slow hounds, a cold -scent, and a fat huntsman, a good jumping nag is what -is mainly required. But to follow fleet hounds across -large grass fields, however excellent may be a horse's -jumping, however clever at doubles, safe at timber, bold at -water; and though to all of these accomplishments be -added every qualification of hand, heel, head, and heart, -which an experienced rider can possibly possess, "the -tottle of the whole" must inevitably amount to "disappointment," -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">64</a></span>unless the animal be able to maintain the -requisite pace. And yet in a run it does not at all follow -that the leading horse is the fastest, that the hindmost is -the slowest, that a heaving flank is an indication of impaired -lungs, or a still one of good wind. On the contrary, -it is often but too true that the first ought to have -been the last, and the last the first; so much depends -on the manner in which the different horses have been -ridden.</p> - -<p>When a man, pursued by a detachment of cavalry, is -riding to save his own life, or when, at the risk of his -life, he is trying to take away that of a poor little fox, -success in either case depends of course on the pace at -which he can proceed. Now it is a very common mistake -in both the instances we have named to endeavour to -attain the desired object by maintaining, like the seconds-hand -of a clock, an equable rate, whereas, just as a ship -spreads out and unreefs all her canvas when the wind is -light, and before a hurricane scuds away under bare poles, -so should the pace which a rider exacts from his horse -depend on the state or character of the ground he has to -traverse; that is to say, he should hold him together and -save him through deep-ploughed land,—race him across -light, dry turf,—grasping the mane, go slowly up the -last half of an ordinary hill,—spin him very fast indeed -down every declivity,—and in jumping fences endeavour,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">65</a></span> -by tranquillizing rather than exciting, to induce him to -take as little out of himself at each, as is possible.</p> - -<p>With considerate treatment of this sort, a warrior or -a sportsman may go from a given point to another in a -given time without distressing his horse, while the hot-faced -man who, in attempting to follow him, has been -straining through heavy ground, rushing up steep acclivities, -restraining in going down hills, and galloping at -every fence, large or small, has not only blown his poor -horse, but as he sits astride his panting body and bleeding -sides, fancies he has done so <i>by going fast</i>; and accordingly, -when he sees afar off the fellow who, on an inferior -animal, has outstripped him, he contemptuously wonders -to himself how such a tortoise could possibly have beaten -such a hare!</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><span class="smcap">Use and Abuse of Spurs.</span></h2> - - -<p>Buxtorff, in describing the horses, chariots, and riders -of the ancient Egyptians, says that the word "<i>Parash</i>," -or rider, is derived from the Hebrew root to prick, or -spur.</p> - -<p>In horsemanship there is no subject so worthy of consideration, -most especially by any one wearing the name of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">66</a></span> -a gentleman, as the use and the abuse of spurs. In riding -horses that since their birth have been roaming in a state -of nature, that have never tasted corn, and that have -never been excited by men to race against each other, it -would be impossible to induce them to exhaust in man's -service the <i>whole</i> of their strength except by punishment; -for, as they have never obeyed any other will than their -own, so soon as they become tired, they attempt not only -to diminish their speed, but to stop altogether, and as -their bodies have no value whatever, and as their riders -have spurs with rowels an inch long, and no mercy, it -might be supposed that, under such circumstances, an -uncivilized human being would be very apt to inflict -unnecessary punishment on the poor subdued animal beneath -him. But it is mercifully ordained that it is the -interest as well as the duty of man to husband the powers -of the animals that serve him, and accordingly the wild -rider, when carefully observed, is found to be infinitely -more lenient in the use of his spurs than the comrade -who calls himself civilized, simply because the former -by his own and his hereditary experience has learned -that the spur should be the <i>last</i>, and not the <i>first</i> resource -of any rider who desires to be carried a given distance in -the smallest possible amount of time. Accordingly, to -attain this object, the animal on starting, without any -punishment, is restrained by his bridle, and encouraged,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">67</a></span> -so long as it is possible to do so, in his zeal to advance: -when that begins to flag, by working the bit in his mouth -he is induced to proceed; when this fails, a very slight -touch of one spur becomes necessary, to be increased only -as required. When excitation on that side is found to -have lost its effect, it is tried very gently on the other; -and thus does the wild rider proceed, until he ends the -distance by coming in violently spurring with both heels -at every step of a gallop, that, from sheer faintness, has -dwindled down to a rate of hardly six miles an hour.</p> - -<p>Now a civilized traveller almost invariably commits -not only the unnecessary cruelty but the error of using -his spurs the moment his horse, as he fancies, <i>requires</i> -them; by which means he for a very short time encourages, -and then so completely discourages his poor -weak animal that he often fails altogether to get to the -end of the distance which his wild comrade, without -the slightest desire to be merciful, has rapidly and scientifically -accomplished.</p> - -<p>In the management, however, of horses in England, -the conditions of the case are totally different. Tied to -mangers, in which they feast on dry oats, beans, and hay, -no sooner do they leave their stables than the very sight -of creation animates them; every carriage that trots by, -and every rider that passes, excites them. When brought -into condition, and then encouraged to compete against<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">68</a></span> -each other, their physical strength, though artificially -raised to the maximum, remains far behind their instinctive -courage and disposition to go till they die, in almost -any service in which they may be employed.</p> - -<p>Under these circumstances, the <i>use</i> of the spur is to -enable man to maintain his supremacy, and, whenever -necessary, promptly and efficiently to suppress mutiny -in whatever form it may break out. If a restiff horse -objects to pass a particular post, he must be forced to do -so. If he refuses to jump water, he must, as we have -described, be conquered. But in every case of this -nature a combination of cool determination, plenty of -time, and a little punishment, invariably form a more -permanent cure than a prescription composed only of -the last ingredient; for as anger, in a horse as in a -man, is a short madness, an animal under its influence -is not in so good a state to learn and remember the -lesson of obedience which man is entitled to impart, -as when he has time given to him to observe that the -just sentence to which he is sternly required to submit, -is tempered with mercy.</p> - -<p>But if the <i>uses</i> of the spur are few, its <i>abuses</i> are -many. On the race-course, the eagerness and impetuosity -of thorough bred horses to contend against each -other are so great, that for a considerable time it is -difficult to prevent them, especially young ones, from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">69</a></span> -starting before the signal is given. As soon as they -are "off," it becomes all that the best riders in the -world can do merely to guide them: to stop them would -be impossible. Occasionally their very limbs "break -down" in their endeavours to win; and yet, while -they are exerting their utmost powers and strength,—to -the shame of their owners and to the disgrace of -the nation, the riders are allowed, as a sort of show -off, to end the contest by whipping and spurring, which, -nine times out of ten, has the effect of making the noblest -quadruped in creation do what is technically called "<span class="smcap">Shut -Up</span>," which means that the ungenerous and ungrateful -punishment and degradation that have been unjustly -inflicted upon him have cowed his gallant spirit, and -have broken an honest heart!</p> - -<p>But the ignorance as well as the brutality of unnecessarily -spurring a hunter is even worse than that just -portrayed. When a young horse that has never seen a -hound, is ridden up, for the first time in his life, <i>not</i> to -a meet, at which the whole pack are to be seen, but -merely to the side of a covert, which, hidden from view, -they are drawing, it might reasonably be conceived that -under such circumstances he could not have an idea of -their past, present, or future proceedings—we mean, -where they had come from, what they were doing, or -what they were going to do. However, no sooner does<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">70</a></span> -a hound, from laziness, or possibly from feeling that he -has been sufficiently pricked by thorns, briars, and gorse, -creep out for a few seconds before him, than—"Angels -and ministers of grace defend us!"—the young horse -pricks up his ears, stares intently at him, holds his -breath, and, with a heart beating so hard that it may -be not only heard but felt by the rider, he breaks out -into a perspiration, which, on the appearance of a few -more hounds, turns into foam as white as soap-suds. On -an old hound—by a single deep tone, instantaneously -certified by the sharp, shrill, resolute voice of the huntsman—announcing -to creation that the one little animal -which so many bigger ones have been so good as to -visit, is "at home," the young horse paws the ground; -if restrained, evinces a slight disposition to rear; until, -by the time the whole pack—encouraged by the cheery -cry, "<i>Have at him!</i>"—in full chorus have struck up -their band of music, he appears to have become almost -ungovernable, and is evidently outrageously anxious to -do—he knows not what; and accordingly, when a sudden -shriek, scream, or, as the Irish term it, "screech," -rather than a holla, from the opposite side of the covert, -briefly announces, as by a telegram, the joyous little -word "<span class="smcap">Away!</span>" suiting his action to it, "<i>away</i>" the -young horse often bolts with his rider, just as likely -"away" from the hounds as with them. If he follows<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">71</a></span> -them, infuriated by ardour, which neither he nor his -rider have power to control, he looks at nothing, thinks -of nothing, until at full speed coming to say a stiff fence -he disdains to rise at, a lesson is offered to him, which, -however, he is a great deal too much excited to learn by -heart; and so, before his rider has had time enough to -uncoil himself from his roll, the "young 'un," without a -thought or disposition to wait for the old gentleman, -leaves him on the ground to think about the hounds; -while with dangling stirrups, reins hanging loose on his -neck, and outstretched neck and tail, he is once again -"up and at 'em!"</p> - -<p>Although, however, a horse, when his blood is hot, -does not appear to notice a fall, he thinks a good deal -about it in the stable; and, accordingly, the next time -he comes out, instead of being infuriated, he only evinces -a superabundance of eagerness and excitement to follow -the hounds, which his rider can gradually and often -rapidly succeed in allaying, until the animal may be -honestly warranted as "steady with hounds," which -means that, although he will follow them over anything -till he drops, he has lived to learn that to enable him -to do so he had better not unnecessarily maim his legs or -tumble himself head over heels. With this mixture of -high courage and discretion he does his best; and, as -affecting evidence of this truth, although, after having<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">72</a></span> -been ten or twelve hours out of his stable, with apparent -cheerfulness, he brings his rider home, yet it is the latter -only that then proves to be "as hungry as a hunter," -while the exhausted stomach of the "vrai Amphitryon"—the -real hunter, remains for many hours, and sometimes -days, without the smallest appetite for corn or beans.</p> - -<p>If this plain statement be correct, leaving humanity -entirely out of the question, how ignorant and contemptible -is that man who is seen during a run not only to be -spurring his horse with both heels whenever he comes to -deep ploughed ground or to the bottom of a steep hill, -but who, just as if he were singing to himself a little -song, or, "for want of thought," whistling to himself a -favourite tune, throughout the run, continues, as a sort -of idle accompaniment to his music, to dangle more or -less severely the rowel of one spur into the side of a -singed hunter, who all the time is a great deal more -anxious to live with the hounds than he is! But, as -dishonesty is always the worst policy, so does this discreditable -conduct produce results opposite to those expected -to be attained; for instead of spurring a poor -horse throughout a run hastening his speed, it has very -often put a fatal end to it.</p> - -<p>In riding to hounds it occasionally happens that a -resolute, experienced hunter, knowing what he can break -through, what he must clear, and who has learned to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">73</a></span> -be cunning enough never to jump farther than is necessary, -approaches a fence on the other side of which a -horse and rider have been just observed to disappear in -a brook that has received them. Now, if throughout the -run the rider has never once touched his faithful horse -with spurs, and if on reaching this fence both rowels -suddenly are made to prick him, in an instant he understands -the friendly hint, and accordingly, by exerting -much greater powers than he had intended, he saves -himself and his benefactor from a bad fall. In a few -cases of this nature the use of spurs to a sportsman is -not only excusable, but invaluable. On no account, -however, should they be used to propel a hunter to -the end of a run, but, on the contrary, whenever the -noble animal tells his rider honestly that he is distressed, -he should gratefully be patted on the neck, -pulled up, and walked carefully to the nearest habitation, -where he can rest and obtain a few gulps of warm gruel. -Humanity will not disapprove of this course; but we also -recommend young sportsmen to adopt it, to maintain -their pleasures and to save their own purses. To ride -a distressed horse at a strong fence, is very likely to -break a collar-bone, that will require a surgeon and half -the hunting season to mend. To ride him to death, -entails extortion from the breeches-pocket of a sum of -money—usually of three figures—to replace him.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">74</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><span class="smcap">How To Treat a Hunter in the Field.</span></h2> - - -<p>Of the Ten Commandments which man is ordered to -obey, it may truly be said that there is no one which it is -not alike his interest as well as his duty to fulfil. In -every station in life in which it may have pleased God to -call him, he rises by being honest—sinks by being dishonest; -gains more by forgiving an injury than by -avenging it; creates friends by kindness—enemies by -unkindness; causes even bad servants to be faithful -by making them happy; and thus, while he is apparently -serving others, in reality he is materially benefiting -himself.</p> - -<p>By a similar dispensation of Providence, it is the interest -as well as the duty of man to be merciful to the -animals created for his use.</p> - -<p>The better they are fed, and the more carefully they -are attended to, the more valuable they become. If by -any accident they be either maimed or lamed, money is -gained by giving them rest, lost by forcing them to -continue to move; in short, while sickness is costly so -long as it remains uncured, any neglect which causes a -diseased animal to die, inflicts upon the owner thereof -a fine exactly equal to what would have been gained had -he been saved.</p> - -<p>This humane regulation of Nature, which may justly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">75</a></span> -be entitled "a law for the protection of animals from -cruelty," applies to every hunting stable, large as well as -small, not only in the United Kingdom, but throughout -the world. Indeed if it be lucrative to a man to take -care of the sheep, oxen, and other animals he is rearing -merely to eat, it is most especially his interest by every -attention in his power to enable his hunter to carry him -safely; and yet, on this vital subject, for such it is, there -usually exists in the horseman a want of consideration -which, to any one who will reflect on the subject, must -appear highly reprehensible.</p> - -<p>It may readily be admitted that hunting men, generally -speaking, make great efforts first to obtain horses sufficiently -strong to carry them, and secondly, to increase -their strength by administering to them plenty of the -very best food, with every thing that science can add, -to improve what is called their condition. But, strange -to say, after having thus made every possible exertion -to create or constitute a power sufficient to carry them, -after having at great expense and infinite trouble amassed -it, they unscientifically exhaust it; and accordingly at -the end of a long day it continually happens that a rider -dislocates a bone, cracks a limb, or loses his life, from -having as it were, like an improvident spendthrift, -simply from want of consideration, expended funds necessary -for his existence.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">76</a></span></p> - -<p>When Alexander the Great pompously asked Diogenes -what he could do to serve him, the cynic curtly replied, -"<i>Get out of my sunshine.</i>" In like manner if a heavy -man, patting his hunter on the neck, were to ask -"What can I do to please you?" the dumb animal, if -he could but speak, would just as bluntly reply, "<i>Get -off my back</i>;" and yet men, especially heavy ones, will -throughout a long day sit smiling in their saddles, -without reflecting that by doing so they are every -minute and every hour wearying muscles which, after -having carried them brilliantly in one run, are, if a -second fox can be found, to be required to carry them -through another.</p> - -<p>A deal board of the length of a horse's back, with -its ends resting on the bottoms of two chairs, would -break, a stout pole would snap, and a rod of iron would -bend, under the feet of a heavy man jumping upon -them only for a few minutes; and yet the same heavy -man who in the same short period would become dead -tired of carrying even his only child, neglects to consider -the mechanical effects caused by the mere pressure (to -say nothing of the concussion produced by jumping) for -seven or eight hours of fourteen, sixteen, or eighteen -stone on a horse's back, which is not a solid bone, but -one scotched or sawn by Nature into a decreasing series -of twenty-nine vertebræ (namely, dorsal, 18; lumbar, 6;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">77</a></span> -sacral, 5), averaging less than two inches in length and -breadth.</p> - -<p>The wearying effects which the infliction of weight -produces on the muscular powers of a horse may be -practically demonstrated as follows:</p> - -<p>In crossing a particular region in the plains of South -America, in which there are literally no inhabitants to -assist in catching the horses, it is necessary for the -attendant on the traveller to select and drive a troop -of them, which continue to gallop before him in high -spirits, while the animal beneath him, unaccustomed to -extra weight, becomes weaker and fainter, until with -bleeding sides, drooping head, and panting flanks, he -is left standing by himself on the plain completely -exhausted.</p> - -<p>No less than five times is the traveller obliged to repeat -the operation of remounting what is called, what is considered, -and what really is "a fresh horse," which in -his turn, solely by his rider's <i>weight</i>, becomes tired, -without metaphor, almost "to death," in the presence of -the unmounted horses, who, with nothing to carry but -their own carcases, are still showing no signs whatever -of distress.<a name="FNanchor_E_5" id="FNanchor_E_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_E_5" class="fnanchor">[E]</a></p> - -<p>Now although a horse highly fed and in good wind -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">78</a></span>and condition has greater muscular power than those in -the state of nature just described, it is undeniable that -the difference between carrying weight and no weight -must produce in each of them similar results; that is -to say, those muscles which are oppressed suffer by the -amount of weight inflicted upon them, multiplied by the -time they are subjected to it, and again negatively enjoy -the periods of rest, be they ever so short, during which -they are relieved from it.</p> - -<p>And yet, although every body learns by daily experience -that the imposition of weight tires his own muscles, -that the abstraction of weight instantly relieves them; -and although it is a known fact that when two thorough-bred -horses are racing together, an addition of only -seven pounds weight will cause the bearer of it to be -"distanced," yet men of rank, intelligence, wealth, and -generous feelings, are, at the outside of a covert which -the hounds are drawing, to be constantly seen late in the -day with cigars in their mouths, conversing and occasionally -even extolling to each other the qualifications -of the noble animals on whose backs they have -been thoughtlessly sitting for six or eight hours, as -hard as a hen upon a nest full of eggs just about to -hatch.</p> - -<p>In the army when a soldier who has committed an -offence is sentenced to crawl for several hours up and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">79</a></span> -down a parade "in heavy marching order," it is justly -called "<i>punishment drill</i>."</p> - -<p>In like manner, if an unruly horse were to be sentenced -merely to stand in his stable for ten hours with a sack of -heavy oats, weighing (at forty-two pounds the bushel) -exactly twelve stone, the punishment or pain his muscles -would undergo in bearing such a weight for so long a -time would be so severe that by almost everybody it -would be termed "cruel." But if, instead of being -quiescent, the sack of oats could by mechanical contrivances -be continually lifted up, and then by a series of -heavy blows dropped down upon vertebræ which have -nothing but muscles to support them, the punishment -would be condemned as excruciating; and yet this -excruciating punishment is quite unnecessarily inflicted -upon hunters by a lot of good-humoured heavy men, -simply from neglecting to reflect that if they would, -only even for a minute or two, occasionally unload their -saddles, to walk a little, stand still a little, or, while the -hounds are drawing, sit placidly upon the stile or gate -that is often close beside them, they would not only -perform an act of mercy, but they would impart or -rather restore strength, tone, and activity to muscles -which, if vigorous, can carry them safely, but which, if -exhausted, must inevitably fail when tested by a severe -run.</p> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">80</a></span></p> - -<p>In deference and in reference to this law of Nature, it -may truly be added that the proprietor of a valuable -stud of horses would gain a great deal of money as -well as ensure safety if he would select and set apart, -say two of them for his groom to ride to covert, leading -by his side, with an empty saddle, the horse that is to -<i>hunt</i>; by which arrangement the cheap hack, which -from the covert-side has only to return to his stable, -would carry, and the costly hunter which is to endure -the toil of a long day would for two, three, and occasionally -four hours be relieved from the weight of about -a sack of oats, to say nothing of but too often a pair of -hard and heavy hands; and thus the wealthy rider, on -descending from the box of his four-in-hand drag, would, -at a saving rather than an expenditure of money, have -secured for himself the benefit of mounting a fresh -hunter, instead of one more or less tired by what in our -statistical returns are designated "<i>preventible causes</i>."</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_E_5" id="Footnote_E_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_E_5"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> The ancient Greeks practised riding two or three horses tied together: -the horseman vaulting from the tired to the fresh one.</p></div> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2><span class="smcap">How To Bring a Hunter Home.</span></h2> - - -<p>Of the long list of hunters annually killed by what -is called "a severe day," about one-third may be said -to have died from bad riding, and two-thirds by improper -treatment after the run was over.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">81</a></span></p> - -<p>Supposing, as is often the case, that the majority of -the horses that are "in at the death" have been out -of their stables from seven to eight hours, that they have -been conspicuous in two or three runs, and that, with the -lower edge of the sun nearly touching the horizon, they -have to travel from fifteen to twenty miles to their -stables, a question of vital importance has to be determined, -namely, whether they are to perform that exertion -in the way most agreeable to their riders, or most -advantageous to themselves.</p> - -<p>In the settlement of this problem the poor horses have, -of course, neither voice nor vote. On their behalf, therefore, -we will endeavour to contrast the attentions that -ought to be bestowed upon them, with the inconsiderate -treatment to which they are usually subjected.</p> - -<p>In a severe day's work a hunter suffers from a combination -of three causes: violent muscular exertion, an -overexcitement of the circulation of the blood, and debility -of his whole system caused by abstinence from food.</p> - -<p>Of these causes, the latter produces by far the worst -results; for although to the muscles may be given rest, -and to the circulation repose, the stomach of a horse is -so small and, in comparison to his noble spirit, so -delicate, that on becoming empty and exhausted it is -in an unfit state to digest food, and accordingly is beneficently -deprived by Nature of appetite to receive it.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">82</a></span></p> - -<p>Now, under all these circumstances, it is evident that -the most humane, and, taking the money value of the -poor animal into consideration, the most economical course -which the rider can pursue is as follows:</p> - -<p>As soon as the day's sport is over, the hunter should -be led, or ridden, at a walk for about a mile to some -stable—it little matters whether it be good, bad, or -indifferent—or strawyard, where he can stand for a -minute or two.</p> - -<p>When the object for which he has been taken there -has been accomplished, about a third of a pail of gruel, -or lukewarm water, with a mouthful or two of hay, -should be given to him. To prevent his being chilled, -the instant he has swallowed it he should be mounted; -and whatever be the distance he has to accomplish, he -should then be ridden homewards at a constant steady -pace of about seven miles an hour.</p> - -<p>After a staghunt in which the hunter may have been -galloping principally on roads, soft ground (if it be not -deep) should be selected; but when, as is usually the case -in fox hunting, the muscles have, during the greater part -of the day, been struggling in heavy soil, he should be -permitted to travel, as he invariably tries to do, on the -hard road.</p> - -<p>As they proceed together, if the rider will dismount -for a few minutes to lead his horse down or up any<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">83</a></span> -very steep hill, both animals will be greatly relieved. -With this exception, however, there should be no alteration -of pace or stoppage of any sort or kind.</p> - -<p>If, at the quiet rate described, the hunter begins to -blunder, it will be proper that he should be what is -termed "wakened" by a word of remonstrance, or, if -that prove insufficient, by a slight touch of the spur. -But if, as is usual, the noble animal travels safely, -the duller he is encouraged to go, the greater will be -the relief to that over excitement of the circulation of -his blood, and that violent palpitation of his heart, from -which he has suffered.</p> - -<p>By this treatment a hunter in good condition can, in -the shortest possible time, be brought home not only -cool in body and tranquil in mind, but with limbs <i>less</i> -wearied than when they took leave of the hounds.</p> - -<p>On entering his stable, in the manger of which he -should find, ready to welcome him, a handful or two -of picked sweet hay, his bridle should be taken off, -his girths unloosened, and then, before his body is -touched, all his four legs, after being cleared only of -rough dirt, should, without a moment's delay, be swathed -from the knees and hocks to the hoofs by rough bandages -of coarse common drugget, which maintain in the -extremities that healthy circulation which, from the -minuteness of their veins, is prone, after great exhaustion, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">84</a></span>to stagnate, producing (especially when caused by -the ignorant custom of washing the legs) disorganisation -and disease throughout the whole system, as the following -fact will exemplify.</p> - -<p>Several seasons ago almost every hunter in Leicestershire -and Northamptonshire was afflicted by a combination -of lumps, bumps, swelled legs, and cracked heels, -caused by the extraordinary wetness of the ground, and -the consequent ablutions of the legs. After the veterinary -surgeons had in vain nearly exhausted their pharmacopœia, -the oldest and most experienced among them -directed that on no account should horses' legs, after -hunting, be washed; and wherever this plain, sensible -prescription was followed, all the symptoms just described -rapidly subsided.</p> - -<p>If the hunter, as is now-a-days almost invariably the -case, has been singed, the less he is excited and tormented -by cleaning (the main object of which, with -many strappers, seems to be to make the poor animal -crouch his back, bite his manger, and violently work all -his legs as if they were on a tread-mill) the better.</p> - -<p>At the expiration of about an hour white flannel -bandages should, however, be substituted for the coarse -ones, under which the dirt will then be found to -crumble away like warm sand.</p> - -<p>If his ears (the opposite extremities or antipodes of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">85</a></span> -his legs) have become cold, circulation therein should be -restored by the groom quietly rubbing them with a -cloth; and as soon as they are dry, and the animal -what is called "comfortable," a pailful of warm gruel -given to him at intervals, a bran mash, a rackful of hay, -a clean stall, some chilled water, and a fresh bed, will do -all that is possible to procure for him a night's rest, -free from fever; and this vital object having been -accomplished, <i>the next day</i> he may receive without -injury, and indeed with great benefit, his usual allowance -of the best oats and beans.</p> - -<p>Now, in contrast to the mode of treatment just described, -we will endeavour to offer to our readers a -similar sketch of that which, especially by what are -termed "fast men" (possibly because "lucus à non -lucendo" they make it a rule never to "fast" or abstain -from any thing they desire to do), is usually adopted.</p> - -<p>After the run is over, while one sturdy hound that all -the rest seem to be afraid of is stealing straight away -with the poor fox's head, and while another at his -utmost speed, chased by several, is meandering through -the pack with a lump of unsavoury, very dirty fur in -his mouth, groups of riders, some sitting astride, some -like pretty ladies with a right leg hanging over the -saddle's pommel, some with cambric handkerchiefs mopping -moist heads and red faces, and some adjusting<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">86</a></span> -mustachios, are to be seen reciting to each other incidents -aqueous, terrestrial, and amphibious, of the run. -Here and there, one of the most handsome, as he talks, -leans forward for a moment to pat the neck of his -thorough bred animal in grateful acknowledgment of -the particular feat he is describing.</p> - -<p>In what is considered by all to be hardly a quarter of -an hour, (for when men sit conversing about themselves, -they little know how fast old father Time gallops), this -joyous <i>conversazione</i> ends by the talkers, after giving to -each other here and there a farewell nod, radiating in -masses along roads, or across a fence or two, to gain the -road that leads to their respective homes; but as, by -this time, in almost every mouth a newly-lighted cigar -happens to be gleaming, they resume their talk as they -walk towards an object described at the back of the head -of almost every one, in the humane words "gruel for -<i>my horse</i>," to be obtained, not exactly at the first farm, -but at the first great town, be it even half a dozen or so, -miles off.</p> - -<p>On reaching the best hotel, at which there is seldom -hot water enough ready for all the cavalcade, the horses -are handed over to that lot of idle attendants who, -some out of the stable and some from the bar, greedily -rush forward to grasp their bridles. "<span class="smcap">Gruel</span>" is most -kindly ordered for them all; but as it is voted that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">87</a></span> -there is no great necessity to see them drink it, the -landlord's smiling invitation is accepted, and in a few -minutes, by one of those extraordinary contingencies that -nobody could have anticipated, each gentleman rider is -to be seen, in high glee and good-humour, sipping -from a tumbler (which for some quaint reason or other -happens to contain a silver spoon) something that is -evidently very wet and very <i>warm</i>. Alas! little -thinking that his poor faithful horse, whose performances -he had so lately been describing, with cold clammy -ears is shivering, chilled by having just drank too freely -of "a summut," without a spoon in it, that was wet -and <i>cold</i>.</p> - -<p>On mounting, and clattering out of the paved yard of -the hotel, most of the riders fancy they are all the better—many -of their horses feel that they are all the worse -for the half hour's rest and "gruelling" that was ordered -for them. But although the quadrupeds leave behind -them the fatal pail, the silver spoon has apparently -accompanied the bipeds, who, like the favoured children -of Fortune, are, externally as well as internally, under -the influence of ardent spirits.</p> - -<p>All thoroughly happy, they think neither of their -horses nor their homes; but, according to the subject of -their conversation, and the state of their cigars, they -walk, trot, sometimes very slow, and sometimes very<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">88</a></span> -fast, until, on coming to a portion of the road bounded -by grass, although their poor horses have had an overdose -of both excitement and of heavy ground, they touch -them with their spurs, to re-enjoy, for a short distance, -a hand-gallop.</p> - -<p>In short, travelling at what may either be described -as "every pace," or "no pace at all," they unnecessarily -excite and fatigue their horses; and yet, after all, though -undoubtedly "fast men," they are often considerably -more than an hour longer in getting home than if they -had proceeded at a <i>slow</i>, quiet, steady, but unceasing -rate.</p> - -<p>On reaching this goal the poor horse who, from eight -o'clock in the morning, has been working on an empty -stomach, is led by his bridle to his stable. The rich -man prepares himself for his dinner. Since he breakfasted, -at a quarter before nine in the morning, he has, at -a low average, enjoyed the slight intoxication of very -nearly a cigar per hour, besides certain refreshments -which he brought out with him, and the few crumbs of -comfort at the hotel at which he stopped to give "gruel" -to his horse.</p> - -<p>Nevertheless, on the principle that "by-gones are -by-gones," after his ablutions, exactly as if he had been -fasting, he sits down to a capital meal, joyous conversation, -luscious wine. In due time he "joins the ladies,"<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">89</a></span> -and as, with rosy cheeks, and with a cup of fragrant -coffee in his hand, he stands in patent-leather boots, -whispering soft nonsense, the butler, white in waistcoat -and in tie, most respectfully interrupts it to inform his -Lordship that "Mr. Willo'thewhisp" has just sent up a -strapper from the stable to say that "Harkaway" "has -took to shaking, and seems very queer indeed all over!" -and accordingly, on the evening of the next day, the poor -high-bred animal, with protruding tongue, glacy eyes -dishonoured by a few particles of dust, hollow flank, and -outstretched limbs, lies in his stall, stiff and stark, a -victim to the unintentional maltreatment and thoughtless -mismanagement of his noble master.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><span class="smcap">How To dress for Hunting.</span></h2> - - -<p>As in our Nursery Rhymes it is truly stated that—</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Whatever brawls disturb the streets, there should be peace at home,"</p></blockquote> - -<p>so it might be expected that, however violently men may -differ among each other as to the shape, cut, or fashion -of their clothes, they would at all events, like a brood of -chickens nestling under their parent hen, concur together -in selecting that description of warmth which is congenial, -and in avoiding every substance uncongenial to their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">90</a></span> -nature. And yet how true and how strange it is to say -that of the best educated, most scientific, most intelligent, -and wealthiest classes in England, more than three-quarters -live and suffer, wither and decay, in clothing -as uncongenial to their nature as a covering of slate, in -substitution of their mother, would be to a nest of young -birds!</p> - -<p>In a cold, wet, variable climate like England, where, -especially in winter, extra clothing to that granted to -man by nature is absolutely required, the sensible and -self evident course for the Lord of Creation to pursue -would be to select from the living creatures around -him, and appropriate, the fur, feathers, wool, or hair that -warm <i>them</i>.</p> - -<p>And yet, instead of thus cherishing blood by what -has especially been created by Nature to warm blood, -we repair to the cold ground for succour! From its -produce we pick cotton and hemp, nourished by a circulation -of <i>sap</i>; in short, from a mixture of perversity -and ignorance which appear to be as inexcusable as -they are unaccountable, we run for protection to the -wrong kingdom, to commit the unnatural error of clothing -ourselves as vegetables instead of as animals!</p> - -<p>If a man has had nothing to do in this world but, -with a crown on his head and with his knees closed, to -sit very still on a throne,—with a coronet balanced on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">91</a></span> -his head, to walk very gently from one carpeted room to -another,—or in very tight boots to stand gaping at his -fellow creatures as, at different rates, they pass in procession -before his club window, he may live, die, and -be screwed up in his coffin without ever discovering -the mistake he has committed; but, on the other hand, -if he has only for a few years been exposed to hard -work, and even without severe labour to the vicissitudes -of climate, he very soon finds out that he is suffering -from the uncongenial clothing in which he has been -existing. Indeed, our soldiers and sailors on active -service, whether within the tropics or the polar regions; -our labourers, especially those who work underground in -mines; in fact all classes of people, sooner or later, are -not only by medical men admonished, but by the aches -and pains of Caliban, with all the ills which flesh is -heir to when it has been suddenly chilled, are forced -to discard vegetable covering, in order to nestle, for the -remainder of their lives, in woollen clothing next to -their skin; and when a man has lived to make this -important discovery, he keenly feels that although his -friend and neighbour would be grievously out of fashion -were he to walk about the world with his cotton -drawers over his woollen trousers, and with his Irish-linen -shirt outside his coat, yet that it would be less -insane and infinitely more reasonable for him to do so<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">92</a></span> -than to exist, as is still the general custom of the community, -in vegetable garments, covered on the outside -with woollen clothing. In fact, it is undeniable that a -sinner doing penance in a hair shirt enjoys better health -than a saint in a lawn one.</p> - -<p>For ordinary work only ordinary protection may be -required; but as in hunting the rider is exposed to -every variety of weather, good, bad, and indifferent,—to -sunshine, cold, wind, rain, sleet, and snow,—to a heating -gallop, with a plunge into a brook, ending by a chilling -detention at every fresh covert which the hounds are -drawing, it must be obvious that to fortify himself against -all these alternations, he requires not merely the dress -superficially prescribed, namely, a scarlet coat, leather -breeches, top boots, and a hat or a hunting cap, but -beneath this gaudy surface the most wholesome description -of underclothing that science can devise.</p> - -<p>Now in the hunting field, experience, after a desperate -struggle, has at last demonstrated the advantages of wool; -and, accordingly, for some years it has been, and is, the -habit and the fashion of most men, especially "the fast -ones," entirely to discard linen, and in lieu thereof to -ride in flannel shirts—pink, red, crimson, or many coloured—and -in drawers drawn either from the back of a lamb -or a sheep. The coats are lined throughout backs and -sleeves with flannel; and as the waistcoats have also<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">93</a></span> -sleeves of the same material, the rider of the present day -is not only wholesomely warmed, but his clothing, from -being divided into many layers, is capable of keeping -out a moderate shower of several hours' duration.</p> - -<p>To provide, however, against a soaking day, it is usual -to put on woollen drawers of extra thickness; but as it -is impossible to foretell how long it will rain—for when -it pours early in the morning, it not unusually becomes -bright at eleven, and vice versâ—this precaution often -proves not only unnecessary, but throughout the whole day -a very unpleasant incumbrance, which, after all, fortifies a -great deal more of the propria persona than is required.</p> - -<p>A better plan, or "dodge," therefore, when the morning -threatens to turn into a drenching day, is to place over -the thin drawers on the surface only of each thigh, -(which, from its position in riding, and from the dripping -from the brim of the hat, invariably becomes wet, while -all the rest of the drawers remain dry), a piece of stout -serge or saddler's flannel, which will keep out the rain -for a long time; which, when wet, can in a moment be -drawn out, dried at any little inn, farm, or cottage fire, -and then replaced; and which, if, from the cessation of -the rain, it be not needed, instead of heating the owner, -can be rolled up and transferred into one of his coat -pockets, to remain there like a letter addressed Poste -restante, "till called for."</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">94</a></span></p> - -<p>Of boots there are just two sorts: those that do protect -the mechanism of the knee, and those that don't protect -it. Of these, the latter are the most fashionable. However, -leaving the rider to make his choice, it need only -be observed that if the soles are broad, the feet within -them will be warm; and, if narrow, cold; simply from -the circulation of the blood having, by pressure, become -impeded.</p> - -<p>Chilblains are often the result, though more usually -caused by the mistaken luxury, as it is called, of putting -the feet when chilled by hunting into warm instead of -into cold water, the temperature of which, if possible, -should be lowered in proportion to the coldness of the -feet: indeed, whenever flesh is frost-bitten, the well-known -practical remedy is snow; while on the other -hand an approach to fire instantly produces mortification.</p> - -<p>And now for a very few words respecting the upper, -or garret-story of the rider.</p> - -<p>In Leicestershire, many years ago, it was, and in Surrey -it still is, the fashion for "fast men" to ride in the hunting -caps worn by all huntsmen and whippers in.</p> - -<p>They were invented to protect the head, whereas they -have very properly been discarded in the shires because -they have proved to be its enemy, or rather the enemy -of the rider's neck, which is liable, on a very slight -fall, as was lately the case with poor Lord Waterford,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">95</a></span> -to be broken, literally on account of the protection given -to the head by the cap, which, instead of collapsing like -the buffer of a railway carriage, as a hat does when it -is crushed by a fall, transfers to the neck the whole concussion -of the blow.</p> - -<p>In all hunting hats a small hole should be made, either -in the crown or sides, to admit fresh air, and to allow -the steam from a hot head to escape, instead of heating -the brain and injuring the hair.</p> - -<p>As regards the latter, for the sake not only of our -masculine, but of our feminine readers (one of whose -innumerable natural ornaments is their hair), we will -venture to point out another mistake which is generally -committed by our seeking assistance from the inanimate -instead of the animate portion of creation.</p> - -<p>We all know that throughout our country, and indeed -throughout the world, there are exposed for sale two -descriptions of oil; and as one of them is compressed -from vegetables, and the other obtained from animals, -without reflecting for a moment, it ought surely, at once, -to occur to everybody, that as all things were created -good, "according to their kind," vegetable oil would not -prove to be "good" for animal substances; and accordingly, -every coachman and stable-man concur in testifying, -on their practical experience, that while animal -oil mollifies and preserves all descriptions of bridles<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">96</a></span> -and harness, vegetable oil burns and destroys any leather -it is applied to, disfiguring as well as impairing it by -deep cracks, crossing each other like network (declared -in Johnson's Dictionary to mean "anything reticulated or -decussated at equal distances, with interstices between -the intersections").</p> - -<p>But just as the texture of linen is infinitely finer and -more beautiful than that of broadcloth or flannel, so is -vegetable oil clearer and more inodorous than animal -oil, for which reasons the former, instead of the latter, -is almost invariably used by perfumers in concocting -what is sold by them as "hair oil," which, when extracted -from almonds, olives, or any other vegetable substance, -is, although highly scented, exactly as injurious to hair -as it would be to harness; and thus it is lamentable to -observe young people blooming around us in all directions -becoming prematurely bald-headed, and older ones more -or less rheumatic, dyspeptic, &c., from having by their -own acts and deeds, namely, by rubbing their heads and -clothing their bodies with the wrong substances, foolishly -deserted the animal kingdom to which they belong, to go -over to an alien, that, for the purposes for which they seek -its protection, is really their enemy.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">97</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><span class="smcap">How to Eat and Drink for Hunting.</span></h2> - - -<p>When a young man "too tall for school," that is to -say, who has just concluded his studies, is on the point -of what is called embarking in life, it would be well for -him if he would but pause for a few moments, on the -brink of his earthly career, to determine, not how he -can avoid, but on the contrary, which, out of the many -alluring pleasures standing in array before him, will -afford him, when selected, the greatest and most enduring -enjoyments.</p> - -<p>Now these pleasures, sensual, literary, and religious, -may be compared to the different qualifications in a -large stud of horses, which, as we all know, may be -divided into three classes, namely—</p> - -<p>1. Those that will carry their rider brilliantly for a -short time, and then, gradually failing, bring him early -in the day to what, in the hunting field, is termed -"grief."</p> - -<p>2. Those that will carry him well through three quarters -of a good run, and then give in.</p> - -<p>3. Those which will not only carry him through any -run, however severe it may be, but end a happy day by -bringing him gloriously to his long home.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">98</a></span></p> - -<p>If this classification of the pleasures of this world be -correct, there can exist no doubt that it is the interest -of every young person to select from them those which, -in intensity, increase instead of diminish the longer they -are enjoyed, and which in duration are eternal, instead -of being shorter than life.</p> - -<p>Yet, supposing this wise selection to be made, it does -not follow, because one set of pleasures rank infinitely -higher than others, that the former should be exclusively -pursued, and the latter wholly abandoned.</p> - -<p>On the contrary, as rest restores the strength of the -body after hard labour, so do pleasures of a lower order, -if judiciously administered, recruit the exhaustion caused -by mental exertion.</p> - -<p>Now, of all sensual pleasures, those of eating and -drinking produce, as we either use or abuse them, the -most opposite results.</p> - -<p>When a young man commences his career, the engine -which is to propel him throughout his life, is, his -stomach.</p> - -<p>If he preserves it, it will in return render him good -service. If he inconsiderately wears it out, whatever -abilities he may possess become to him of no avail. -Indeed the Spanish proverb truly says that in man's -progress in the army, navy, law, church, or state, in short -in every profession, "it is the belly that lifts the feet."</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">99</a></span></p> - -<p>But the same remark is applicable, not only to every -profession, but to all our amusements and recreations. -A young horseman, therefore, who wishes to enjoy the -greatest possible amount of hunting, should ensure it by -taking the greatest possible care, not of his neck—not -even of his life, for, as has been shown, the less he -interferes with his horse in jumping, the safer he will -go—but of his stomach, or in other words, of his <i>health</i>. -To attain this object he has no penance whatever to -perform, for, as he is undergoing strong exercise, his -system requires, is entitled to, and ought to be allowed -ample support, say a capital breakfast; a crust of sweet -bread in the middle of the day; and after hunting is -over, a glass of pure cold water to bring him home to -a good, wholesome dinner, with three or four glasses of -super-excellent wine. Now if a young rider were to -resolve to rough it on, or as many of his companions -would call it, to "stint himself" to, the diet above -described, he would sit down to every meal with an -appetite that nothing but healthy hunger can create; -and thus, even from the sensual gratification of eating -and drinking, he would derive the maximum of enjoyment, -which would not only on the following day exhilarate -his spirits, and strengthen his body, but which, -by invigorating his nerves as well as his stomach, would -maintain for him, to old age, the best possible recreation<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">100</a></span> -to his intellectual occupations, the manly exercise of -hunting.</p> - -<p>Instead, however, of subsisting on the healthy diet -just described, the ordinary practice of many hunting -men is to add to what may be called "Nature's prescription -for the enjoyment of good health" the following -ingredients:—</p> - -<p>1. After breakfast, before mounting the spiry covert -hack—a cigar.</p> - -<p>2. On arriving at a hand-gallop at the meet; again -on reaching the covert—a cigar.</p> - -<p>3. At two o'clock some cold grouse, a long suck -from a flat flask full of sherry, or brandy and water, -and—a cigar.</p> - -<p>4. After the run, another suck at the flat flask—a -cigar. Refreshment at the nearest inn, for man and -horse, and—a cigar.</p> - -<p>5. While riding home, per hour—a cigar.</p> - -<p>6. On reaching home, a heavy dinner, a superstratum -of wine, an astronomical peep at the new moon, and—a -cigar.</p> - -<p>For a short time, a stout system is exhilarated, and a -strong stomach may be invigorated, by a series of gifts<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">101</a></span> -so munificently bestowed upon them by the right hand -of their lord and master.</p> - -<p>But as Death eventually levels all distinctions, so do -a constant slight intoxication produced by tobacco, vinous -and spirituous liquors, with a superabundance of rich -food, sooner or later first weaken the stomach, and then -gradually debilitate the system, of the strong man as well -as of the puny one.</p> - -<p>The first symptom of premature decay is announced by -the nerves, which, to the astonishment of the young rider, -sometimes fail so rapidly, that while the whole of the -rest of his system appears to him and to everybody to -be as blooming and as vigorous as ever, he is compelled, -under the best excuse he can invent, to sell his stud, -and abandon for the rest of his life the favourite recreation -he has himself destroyed.</p> - -<p>Again, although the delicate network of the nervous -system may continue uninjured, the stomach, from being -continually over-excited, overwhelmed, and over-burdened -by a heavy, conglomerated mixture which it has not -power to digest, begins to become unable to execute, not -its natural functions, but the unnatural amount of work -it is called upon to perform. The blood becomes impure, -secretions are vitiated, the liver gets disordered, the -oppressed lungs are ready for inflammation, the brain is -heated, the pulse irregular; in fact, the whole mechanism<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">102</a></span> -of the system becomes so deranged that the rider -eventually experiences, to his vast regret, that he enjoys -rest more than exercise, and accordingly in due, or -rather in undue time, he retires from his saddle to an -elbow chair.</p> - -<p>But he is hardly seated therein when the sudden -change in his habits, from an active to a sedentary life, -rapidly produces the usual effects. Did his big toe, unknown -to him, receive yesterday any little blow? Can -he have sprained it in his sleep? What can possibly -have swelled it so? How shiny and scarlet it looks! -How burning hot it is getting! Gracious heavens, what -a twitch that was!! something must be <i>in</i> it. That -something, oh! seems to be a red-hot file in the hands -of a demon who is rasping a hole in the bone. Ah! -Ai! O O O OH!!</p> - -<p>But this little mischievous demon is only one of a -legion; for besides the eating complaint, commonly called -gout, diseases, all more or less painful, produced by intemperate -habits, or, in other words, by giving to the -poor willing stomach more food and liquor than it could -digest, are so innumerable, that it would require, and -does require, a library of books to describe them, with -regiments of medicine-men to prescribe for them—in -vain.</p> - -<p>"India, my boy," said an Irishman to a friend on his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">103</a></span> -arrival at Calcutta, "is jist the finest climate under the -sun. But a lot of young fellows come out here, and -they dhrink and they ate, and they ate and they dhrink, -and they die. And thin, they write home to their -friends a pack o' lies, and say, it's <i>the climate</i> as has -killed 'em!"</p> - -<p>But to return to the saddle. Instead of preaching from -it abstinence to hunting-men, they ought, on the contrary, -to be urged to enjoy the greatest amount of gratification -that can possibly be derived from eating and drinking, -not for a single day, week, month, or year, but throughout -their whole lives.</p> - -<p>To enable themselves, however, to ascertain this -amount, it is necessary for them to put into a pair of -scales, to be accurately weighed against each other, the -enjoyments of temperance, and the sorrows and anguish -of intemperance. If, on doing so, they ascertain that -the balance is in favour of eating, drinking, and tobacco-smoking -<i>ad libitum</i>, they will act wisely in indulging in -all three to the utmost possible extent. If, on the contrary, -they ascertain that some of these pleasures last -only for a few seconds, some for a few minutes, and none -for more than one or two hours, while, on the other -hand, the afflictions caused by intemperance endure for -months and years;—that "felo-de-se" they put an end -to hunting, spoil cricket, stop shooting, and last, but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">104</a></span> -not least, ruin not only bodily but intellectual enjoyments, -they will act wisely by resolving to befriend -themselves as they befriend their horses, namely, by -prescribing for all and each an ample quantity of food of -the very best description, and, if more be required by a -greedy stomach—<i>the muzzle</i>.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><span class="smcap">Difference between Leicestershire and Surrey -Hunting.</span></h2> - - -<p>When a stranger comes to hunt in "the shires" he is -surprised, and is usually a little alarmed, at the size of -the fences, until he learns, by experience, how very easily -they are crossed; for although almost all non-hunting -people, especially ladies, fancy that it must be dangerous -to encounter a large fence, and easy to pass over a small -one, yet in practice the reverse, within moderate bounds, -may be said to be the truth: indeed, it is notorious that -of the bad accidents that happen in the hunting-field, at -least three-fourths occur either at small impediments or -at no impediment at all. For instance, perhaps the very -worst fall a rider can get is by his horse, at full speed, -stepping on the edge of a little rabbit-hole; next comes -that occasioned by one of his fore feet in his gallop -dropping into a deep drain about six inches broad; next<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">105</a></span> -to that by his coming to a ditch too narrow to attract -his observation, or to a stiff hedge so low that he disdains -to rise at it; and at this rate danger diminishes, -until the rider arrives at what may be termed the point -of greatest safety, namely, a moderately high fence -through which (as in the county first mentioned) a -horse can at a glimpse see on the other side a broad -and deep ditch or small brook.</p> - -<p>A hunter coming fast and cheerfully at a fence of this -description, no sooner is observed to prick his ears, than -in self-defence he is <i>sure</i> to try, and if he tries he is -not only sure, but by his momentum he <i>cannot help</i> to -clear it.</p> - -<p>The great ease with which large fences can be crossed -produces the following rather curious result, namely, that -although the horses ridden after hounds in Leicestershire, -Northamptonshire, and Lincolnshire are infinitely superior -to those ridden in Surrey, yet the small, blind, cramped, -awkward, and consequently <i>difficult</i>, fences of the latter -county require, and therefore create, better horsemen -than those who, in "the shires," as joyously as swallows -in summer, are to be seen in leafless November skimming -together across grass fields separated by broad fences.</p> - -<p>And it is for this reason, that while a horseman from -the small, difficult fences, if well mounted, has always been -found able to go and clear the broad, easier ones, the very<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">106</a></span> -best riders from the region of the latter, whenever for -the first time they try to get across the former, must, -until they have been sufficiently educated, either submit -to follow experienced leaders or—break their necks.</p> - -<p>But although of valour discretion has been declared -to be the better part, yet in hunting a constant necessity -to "look before you leap" is a virtue so exceedingly -painful to practise, that on the principle that "where -ignorance is bliss 'tis folly to be wise," the imperfect -rider, in a good country, may rest well satisfied that he -has infinitely more enjoyment than is allotted to the -superior horseman in a bad one.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><span class="smcap">The Stable.</span></h2> - - -<p>A comparison between the true Briton's love for his -home, and that of a horse for his stable, elicits conflicting -facts which are very remarkable; for although -in theory and in law the house of the former is said -to be "his castle," and although the latter is confined -to his stable by head-collars, pillar-reins, rack-chains, -halter-ropes, yet the hard, honest fact is, that the owner -of the castle often seizes every possible opportunity to -escape from it, while the inhabitant of the stable, if -left to his own accord, would never leave it.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">107</a></span></p> - -<p>It sounds very beautiful for the Englishman to sing—</p> - -<p class="center"> -"Be it ever so humble, there's no place like home;"<br /> -</p> - -<p>for the Scotch poet to write—</p> - -<p class="center"> -"Oh Caledonia stern and wild,<br /> -Meet nurse for a poetic child;"<br /> -</p> - -<p>and for his brother Paddy to exclaim—</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 16em;">"Sweetest isle of the ocean,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Erin mavourneen, Erin go Bragh:"</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>yet it is impossible to deny that the song, the poetry, -and the exclamation are not in unison with the fact -that the songster, the poet, and the exclaimer are constantly -caught in the fact of having stolen away from -the very "home," the very "nurse," and the very -"isle" they so ardently profess to love: indeed, in proof -of the alibi, every region of the globe, healthy or -unhealthy, and especially every town, city, and bathing-place -in Europe, could not only declare on affidavit -that its localities, high-roads, bye-roads, paths, and streets, -are, especially in summer time or flea-season, to be seen -crawling alive with deserters from British homes, but -to the questions, Who is waving that flag in the balloon -high above our heads?—Who is standing in solitary -triumph on the summit of that white capped mountain?—Who -is it that has just descended from human sight -to the bottom of the sea in a diving-bell? nine times<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">108</a></span> -out of ten it might truly be answered "<i>A Briton</i>," -who, in apparent desperation, has sought refuge in the -clouds, in the region of eternal snow, or in the briny deep, -in order to get away from his "dulce domum," and from -"the right little, tight little island" that contains it.</p> - -<p>In almost every instance the home he has deserted is, -comparatively speaking, replete with luxury and comfort; -and yet, from stuffed sofas, easy chairs, feather -beds, soft mattresses, warm fires, good carpets, a well-stocked -library, cellar, larder, and dairy, flower and fruit -gardens, carriages on buoyant springs, a stud of horses, -faithful servants, and friendly neighbours, he has fled, -with, in one pocket, a purse which, wherever he stops, -by everybody is to be plundered; and in the other a -passport, not to happiness, but to every description of -what he has been educated to consider as a discomfort, -simply because, instead of being homesick, he has become -sick, almost unto death, of his "<i>home</i>."</p> - -<p>Now, with these facts before us, which nobody can -deny, it is strange to reflect that while man, from all -parts of the United Kingdom, is to be seen centrifugally -flying from his domicile, the horse's love for his stable -is a flame which brightens as it burns, and which -nothing but death can extinguish.</p> - -<p>Those who have not studied or even observed the propensities -of a horse, fancy that when, like a galley slave<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">109</a></span> -chained to his oar, he stands tied to his manger, he is -in a prison, from which it would be an act of humanity -to liberate him; and accordingly, if the animal has faithfully -served them for many years, they feel disposed to -reward him, as the great Duke of Wellington rewarded -his gallant war-horse Copenhagen, by "<i>turning him out -for the rest of his life</i>."</p> - -<p>These notions, however, are perfectly erroneous. A -horse not only loves his stable, he not only never wishes -to leave it, but whenever he is taken out of it, although -he may have been confined in it for many months, he -no sooner gets out of the door than he evinces a desire -to re-enter it. Every horseman, every coachman knows -and feels that the difference between riding or driving, -especially a thoroughbred horse from or towards his stable -is so great, that while in the one case it is often necessary -to spur or flog him <i>from</i> his home, the animal invariably -pulls hard, and on any trifling occurrence will start or -kick with joy, all the time he is returning to it; and -his neighs, responded to by his comrades within, express, -in horse language, how pleased he is to get back to them, -and how glad they are to recover him.</p> - -<p>A horse loves his stable for the same reasons that ought -to induce his master to love his home—namely, because, -in society that pleases him, he lives well clothed, well -fed, and well housed; and therefore (however well<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">110</a></span> -intended it may be) nothing can be more cruel to a faithful -animal that has all his life been accustomed to such -artificial luxuries, than to turn or ostracise him into a -park so soon as his age and infirmities require for him -if possible still greater comforts.</p> - -<p>It would be thought harsh, ungenerous, and unjust, -were a nobleman to <i>reward</i> his old worn out butler, -and bent, decrepit, toothless housekeeper, by consigning -them both for the winter of their lives to the parish -workhouse, where, at no cost to themselves, they would -receive lodging, firing, food, and raiment; but if, without -a shilling in their pockets, and without a rag on -their backs, his Lordship were to turn the poor old couple -adrift in the back-woods of North America, he would -confer upon them, in return for their services, exactly -the same sort of reward which is conferred upon an -old worn out horse when, suddenly deprived of the oats, -beans, hay, bed, clothing, warm stable, and companions -he has been accustomed to, he is all of a sudden, as a -reward in full for all the work he has performed, "turned -out for the rest of his life."</p> - -<p>The extraordinary attachment of a horse to his stable, -especially if it contains many comrades, may be exemplified -by the following anecdote:—</p> - -<p>Some years ago a brown thorough-bred mare became -gradually afflicted by a spavin on each hind leg, which,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">111</a></span> -on due consultation, were declared to be incurable except -by firing.</p> - -<p>To undergo this painful prescription she was led from -a stable where she had been residing by herself to the -cavalry barracks at Hounslow, about a mile off, where -she was placed in a stable full of horses for a day or two -to undergo a preparatory dose of physic.</p> - -<p>By men and ropes she was then cast, fired, and in -the course of two or three days, as soon as she could bear -moving, she was slowly led back to her master, who, with -kind intentions, turned her into a small field of nice, -cool, luxuriant grass, about one hundred yards beyond -his house.</p> - -<p>After eating a few mouthfuls the poor animal raised -her head, snorted, looked first on one side, then on the -other, snorted again, stretched out her tail, trotted up -to a stiff post and rail fence, which she cleared, and then -passing unnoticed the loose box in which for many -months she had lived, forgetting and forgiving all the -sufferings that had been inflicted upon her, with raw, -bleeding legs, she galloped along the hard macadamised -road to the cavalry stable, to re-enjoy the society of the -dozen horses which only for a few days she had had the -happiness of associating with.</p> - -<p>In constructing a stable the main object should be to -secure to the lungs of the horse pure air, and to prevent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">112</a></span> -the hay in the loft above him from being impaired by -foul air.<a name="FNanchor_F_6" id="FNanchor_F_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_F_6" class="fnanchor">[F]</a></p> - -<p>By a simple shaft or chimney, and by other well-known -modes of ventilation, both these advantages can be -obtained; and yet they are, comparatively speaking, of -no avail, if beneath the straw bed on which the horse -lies there exists a substratum generating and emitting -gases of a highly deleterious composition.</p> - -<p>A stable may be well ventilated and well drained, -the forage may be of the best description, and yet all -may be impaired by an atmosphere unfit for respiration; -for if foul litter beneath be only covered, as is often, and -in many stables is usually the case, by a layer of white -straw, (like a dirty shirt under a suit of fine new clothing), -distemper and disease must be the result.</p> - -<p>Although therefore it should be the secondary duty -of a good groom to clean his <i>horse</i>, his primary duty is -to clean <i>his stable</i>; for as, in a fast and long run across a -deep country, it is undeniable that the healthiest lungs -must triumph, it follows that a clean horse out of a dirty -stable cannot live with a dirty one of exactly the same -character and cast out of a clean stable.</p> - -<p>But as it is always easier to preach wisdom than to -practise it, so is it infinitely easier to prescribe clean -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">113</a></span>litter than to maintain it. Indeed, it is almost impossible -to keep straw under a horse perfectly pure; and -accordingly, throughout the United States of America, -and even in New York, horses are often made to lie on -bare boards, on which they appear to sleep just as -soundly as in a state of nature they would sleep on -ground baked hard by the sun.</p> - -<p>On this fact being privately whispered by us to the -authorities at the Horse Guards, it was at once repudiated -by the assertion that it would ruin English cavalry horses -were they to be made to sleep without litter on hard -boards; and yet all the soldiers of Europe, cavalry as -well as infantry, in their guard rooms sleep and snore on -wooden beds, probably a good deal sounder than do their -respective sovereigns on bedding composed of wool, hair, -down, feathers, fine linen, blankets, and counterpanes.</p> - - -<blockquote><p>"Canst thou, O partial Sleep! give thy repose<br /> -To the wet sea-boy in an hour so rude;<br /> -And, in the calmest and most stillest night,<br /> -With all appliances and means to boot,<br /> -Deny it to a king?"—<i>Henry IV.</i></p></blockquote> - - -<p>Another disadvantage of straw-litter is that horses with -a voracious appetite are sometimes prone to eat it, whether -it be clean or dirty. To prevent them from thus distending -as well as injuring their stomachs, it is usual -to inflict upon them a muzzle, which, by impeding -respiration, is more or less injurious to the lungs.</p> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">114</a></span></p> - -<p>A better and indeed an effectual mode of prevention -is to substitute for straw, wooden shavings, which form -a cheap, wholesome, clean, and comfortable bed.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_F_6" id="Footnote_F_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_F_6"><span class="label">[F]</span></a> Youatt, in his valuable work entitled "<span class="smcap">The Horse</span>," truly says that -changes from cold to heated foul air are as dangerous to the animal as from -heat to cold.</p></div> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2><span class="smcap">On Shoeing.</span></h2> - - -<p>As a railway carriage is constructed on springs to -soften all ordinary jolts, and with buffers to alleviate any -violent concussion;—as the human mind is gifted with -a buoyancy which enables it cheerfully to meet any -trifling vexation, and with sentiments of religion which -maintain its serenity under the severest afflictions, so do -the pastern above a horse's foot and the frog beneath -it protect the body of the animal from the continual -slight concussions and occasional severe ones to which, -in ordinary and extraordinary exertions, it is liable to -be subjected.</p> - -<p>The pastern, like the instep of those Spanish women -whose heels in walking scarcely touch the ground, -gives grace and elasticity to every step; indeed, in the -walk, trot, canter, and gallop of a horse we clearly see -the spring of his pasterns softening the movements of -their own creation.</p> - -<p>But while the career of the body is thus rendered<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">115</a></span> -safe and delightful, the interior mechanism of the foot -is protected by one of those simple, beautiful, mechanical -arrangements which in every direction demonstrate to -us the superintending providence of an Almighty Power.</p> - -<p>If the sole, front, sides, and back of a hunter's foot -had been created as solid and as inelastic as the gold -or silver case of what is called a hunting watch, the -interior of the former, like that of the latter, would -receive material damage from a heavy blow against the -ground.</p> - -<p>The coating, however, of hard horn or armour which -shields the front and sides of the sensitive foot from -any obstacle in its course, does not equally extend to -that portion of it in the rear, out of harm's way, called -the heels, beneath which we find on examination a -triangular cushion of an Indiarubber-like composition, -which, on concussion, or even by compression, acting -as a wedge, forces the heels that contain it, outwards.</p> - -<p>By this beautiful arrangement, when a hunter with -his front legs extended, jumping over a broad fence, -lands on a hard macadamised road upon his two fore-feet, -the heels which receive the greater portion of -the concussion are expanded by it in exact proportion -to the weight of the bodies of the horse and rider, and -the violence of the blow being thus alleviated, the sensitive -mechanism of the foot is shielded from injury.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">116</a></span> -And yet, strange to say, simply by the act of shoeing, -this merciful protection in every country in the world -is, generally speaking, destroyed!</p> - -<p>If a mischievous or ignorant clown were to drive a -nail through a chronometer, he would only destroy an -insensible and inanimate work of art; but when a man -of wealth, intelligence, and science—the proprietor of a -valuable horse, on whose safe going his comfort, and -occasionally his life depends—deliberately nails to the -poor creature's living, expansible feet four obdurate, -inexpansible iron shoes, he is really guilty of an act of -barbarity and barbarism which would scarcely be expected -from a savage, for besides instantly impeding the expansive -apparatus of the foot, he effectually stops its growth.</p> - -<p>Under this treatment the young horse, by day and by -night, not only lives in shoes which, though they may -not hurt him very much in the stable, always pinch -him "in his utmost need," or rather speed; but, like -a Chinese lady, he outgrows his own feet, until, on -attaining his full size, it is discovered that his body, -which, like that of Dives, his master, has always worn -fine clothing, and has fared sumptuously every day, has -nothing but a set of colt's feet with contracted heels -to carry it!</p> - -<p>To prevent, or at least to alleviate the sufferings acute -and chronic just described, Mr. Turner, of Regent Street,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">117</a></span> -introduced the unilateral system of what he called "half-nailing," -which consists in affixing the shoe by nails on -the outside and round the toe only, leaving the inner -side totally unsecured.</p> - -<p>By theorists it was, of course, asserted that this arrangement -would prove to be defective and inefficient. In -practice, however, not only is the contrary the result, -but, on nearly thirty years' experience, we are enabled -to maintain the apparent paradox that in riding along -or across any and every description of country, a shoe, -when <i>half</i>-nailed, is more secure than when <i>wholly</i> -nailed; in fact, that it is insecure almost in proportion -as it is tightly nailed, and secure in proportion as it -is loosely nailed.</p> - -<p>The reasons are obvious.</p> - -<p>When a horse is standing still, or lying fast asleep in -his stable, his shoes are, of course, firmer when wholly than -when only half-nailed. So soon, however, as, mounted by -say a heavy man, he begins to move, there commences, -out of sight of every human eye, a desperate, and in -deep ground a subterranean struggle between the works -of Nature and of Vulcan the blacksmith, or, in plainer -words, between the expansive efforts of the frog and -hoof and the arbitrary metallic shoe that is restraining -them.</p> - -<p>At each step the contest is renewed; and while, by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">118</a></span> -an acceleration of pace, its violence is increased, the -domination of the tyrant at every stride is infinitesimally -diminished in consequence of the nails, which have to -bear the whole brunt of the battle, becoming looser and -looser, until, by a jump on hard ground, or some other -violent concussion, the expansive power of the foot bursts -the impaired fetters that have been restraining it, and -the poor animal, thus suddenly emancipated from his shoe, -leaves it either buried in mud, or, with every nail in its -socket, glittering on the grass behind him.</p> - -<p>Now, under the system of <i>half</i>-nailing, the battle we -have just very faintly described does not take place. -The foot can't struggle against nails which don't exist; -and accordingly, just as the pliant reed remains erect -after the storm that in its immediate neighbourhood has -torn up by its roots the sturdy oak, so does the half-nailed -shoe, by allowing the horse's foot to expand, perform -by gentleness what violence has failed to effect; -and therefore it remains, throughout a severe run, hard -and fast, where Vulcan placed it.</p> - -<p>The Greeks and Romans did not shoe their horses, -but, for long journeys, were in the habit of protecting, -by leathern sandals, strengthened by iron, and ornamented -with silver or gold, their feet, to the substance -and shape of which they paid great attention.</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"The first thing," wrote Xenophon more than 2200 years ago,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">119</a></span> -"that ought to be looked to in a horse is his foot. For as a house -would be of no use, though all the upper parts of it were beautiful, if -the lower parts of it had not a proper foundation, so a horse would -not be of any use in war if he had tender feet, even though he should -have all other good qualities, for his good qualities could not be -made of any available use."</p></blockquote> - -<p>In many parts of the world the horse, though severely -worked, has never yet been shod. Indeed, in some of -the towns in South America it would still cost more -money to shoe a horse than was paid to purchase him.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><span class="smcap">On Roughing Horses.</span></h2> - - -<p>Although of all axioms no one is more trite and true -than that "there is a right and a wrong way of doing -everything," yet our readers will hardly be prepared to -learn that the Anglo-Saxon on one side of the Atlantic -roughs his horse in the right way, and on the other -side in the wrong way!</p> - -<p>In the United States, and especially in Canada, the -surface of which for half a dozen months in every year, -white as a bridal plum-cake, is composed of snow or ice, -the <i>toe</i> as well as the two heels of each shoe are roughed; -and as, in consequence thereof, the horse on every foot -stands upon a tripod, his sinews and muscles not only<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">120</a></span> -remain in their proper position all the time he is in -a stable, but while crossing a level country the sole of -each foot when it presses the ground is parallel to its -surface.</p> - -<p>In ascending a hill the front cog, in descending a hill -the two hind cogs, and in traversing a plain the three -cogs, of each shoe catch firm hold of the ground; and -accordingly the horse, whether in ascent, descent, or on -level ground, works in so true a position, and is so -efficiently roughed, that out of deep snow he can, at -any gradient, gallop suddenly upon what is called "glare -ice," almost as hard as iron, without the slightest danger -to himself or his rider.</p> - -<p>Now, in England, generally speaking, horses are most -unscientifically roughed on their heels <i>solely</i>, which not -only at once, even in the stable, especially when the outside -cogs are unequally turned up, throws the mechanism -of their feet and fetlocks out of gear—it not only forces -them while travelling on a dead level into a false position, -but, after all this maltreatment, the poor animal finds out -that he is very inefficiently roughed.</p> - -<p>For instance, in descending a hill, only the cog or -cogs of the heels of each foot, which can never be placed -parallel to the ground, take hold of it. In ascending, -his case is infinitely worse; for, as it becomes necessary, -especially when he is drawing a very heavy load, that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">121</a></span> -he should raise his heels off the road in order to stick -into it his toes, he then discovers that while the hind -portion of his shoe which he abstains from using has -been roughed for him, the <i>front</i> part, which, for the -ascent, especially requires to be roughed, has been left -untouched. Even to gallop a horse, shod in the English -fashion, over level ice, is exceedingly dangerous; for -although, so long as by a powerful bit he is forced on -his haunches, the two cogs at the back of each shoe take -hold, yet, if the poor animal be allowed to drop his head -in order to propel himself at his utmost speed by his -unroughed toes, they immediately slip from under him, -and he thus experiences a defect, which it is astonishing -should have been so long perpetrated by a nation who, -at an enormous expenditure of time, intelligence, and -money, have succeeded in rearing a breed of horses, the -finest in the world, coveted by every foreigner, but which -they persist in rudely roughing in the wrong way!</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><span class="smcap">Saddles.</span></h2> - - -<p>If a saddle does not come down upon the withers and -back-bone of a horse, the closer it approaches them the -firmer it fits; and as, in the matrimonial alliance which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">122</a></span> -exists between the quadruped and the biped, whatever -is agreeable to the one is usually so to the other, a -roomy saddle, on which the rider can sit with ease and -comfort, is also beneficial to the horse, because it spreads -the weight he has to carry over a large surface, and -the pressure per square inch being thereby diminished, -a sore back is less likely to be created, and per contra, -for the very same reason, the human skin is less likely -to be rubbed.</p> - -<p>Less than a century ago it was deemed necessary by -hunting men to tie their saddle to their horse's tail by -a crupper, which, at every jump, must have compressed -the vertebræ of the poor animal, like the joints of a -telescope when slightly closed by a jerk. The object -of this barbarous apparatus was to prevent the saddle -slipping <i>forwards</i>, whereas, by the opposite apparatus -of the present day, a breast-plate has been substituted, -to prevent the saddle from slipping <i>backwards</i>. The -difference between these two conflicting precautions has -been caused by the difference in the breeding, and consequently -in the size of the horse's belly, which, in the -time of our ancestors, was lusty, instead of being—as in -the present day, when many hunters are racers, and all -in high condition—fine and slim.</p> - -<p>When a horse is exceedingly light in the carcase, or -as it is technically termed "tucked up," it is usual among<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">123</a></span> -grooms and riders to girth the poor creature as tightly -as they can, in order, as much as is possible, to relieve -the breast-plate; but instead of assisting it, the grievous -mistake first paralyses its action, and then, if it be weak, -breaks it, for the following simple reasons.</p> - -<p>If a horse, with a belly tapering like a cone, be -tightly girthed, his saddle, whenever it slips backwards -(which it must do in ascending a steep hill or bank), -remains hard and fast on the part of the back to which it -has retired, straining against the breast-plate, whose -straps have not power to make it re-ascend the cone: -whereas if, on the contrary, the saddle of a light-carcased -horse be unusually loosely girthed, although -in ascending an acclivity the saddle slips backwards -until it is retained by the breast-plate, yet, the instant -the horse either descends a hill, or gallops upon level -ground, his own action, combined with the power of -the breast-plate straps affixed to the saddle and girths, -put an end to all strain upon the latter, by drawing -the loosely-girthed saddle forwards into its proper position. -And it is for this reason that horses of all shapes -ought to be girthed less tightly when they carry breast-plates -than when they are without them, and always two -holes looser when they are light-carcased than when they -are lusty.</p> - -<p>Formerly it was the usual custom in the hunting-field,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">124</a></span> -as it still is on the road, to secure the saddle by two -narrow girths, each buckled on either side to one strap. -This arrangement has lately been superseded by what -are called Fitzwilliam girths, composed of one of double -breadth with two buckles at each end, and of a narrow -one encircling and secured to the broad one by two -loops, through which it passes.</p> - -<p>By this admirable alteration perfect safety is obtained; -for, as the broad girth is secured to four straps, if, say -one on each side burst at a leap, the other two remain -efficient; and even if all break, those of the narrow -girth retain the broad one in its place; while, on the -other hand, if the straps of the broad girth hold, the -narrow one is prevented by the loops above described -from dangling, in case either of its two buckles should -give way.</p> - -<p>Whereas, by the old arrangement, if out of four straps -any one burst at a leap, its girth instantly dangled, -leaving the safety, and possibly the life of the rider, to -depend on only two straps, by the rupture of either one -of which he would suddenly, without his knowledge, be -riding, possibly at a large fence, without any girths -at all.</p> - -<p>But, although hunting men have gained a step or -stride by this new fashioned girth, they have lately, as -if to balance the account, retrograded to the wisdom of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">125</a></span> -their ancestors by discarding the modern stuffed saddle-flap -in favour of that ancient hard one which for many -years has been used only by postilions.</p> - -<p>For ordinary riding, and especially for ordinary riders, -a quantity of stuffing in the form of a sausage, in front of -their shins, no doubt retains them in their seat.</p> - -<p>In hunting, however, this retention has for many -years been producing strains of the large muscles of -the thigh, which, although of common occurrence, none -of the sufferers could very clearly account for. On reflection, -the cause is obvious.</p> - -<p>In riding over a large fence, or in any sudden blunder -the horse may commit, the rider, without losing his seat, -is liable to be thrown, body and bones, forward two or -three inches, and accordingly on the plain flat hard flap -he glides onwards without inconvenience or injury to the -exact extent required.</p> - -<p>But when, instead of being able to do so, his knees -and shins are suddenly arrested by the stuffing immediately -in front of them, the momentum of his body -causes it to bend forwards on the pivot formed by his -knees, on the same principle as a cart-load of earth -propelled along a new railway embankment is chucked -over its extremity on being suddenly stopped by a log -of timber placed there transversely for that very object; -and accordingly, the great muscles of the thigh which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">126</a></span> -have to sustain this conflict between the moveable and -immoveable parts of one frame are often so severely -strained, that they require, for many months, to be -bandaged by a leathern strap.</p> - -<p>The plain flap is considerably lighter than the stuffed -one. It is a sovereign cheaper; in case it gets into a -brook it dries easier; and after all, it is infinitely more -agreeable to ride on. For all these good reasons, in Leicestershire, -Northamptonshire, and Lincolnshire, which may -be termed the region in England of large fences, it -has been generally adopted. However, as Peter in his -'Letters to his Kinsfolk' truly observed that although the -mail ran from London to Edinburgh in forty-eight hours, -it required always six months for fashions in dress to -travel from the former metropolis to the latter, so -throughout almost all the other counties hunting men -continue to sit behind that costly, ugly, thigh-straining -sausage stuffing which the riders to the Pytchley, Quorn, -and Cottesmore hounds have so properly discarded.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><span class="smcap">Bridles.</span></h2> - - -<p>Arrian states that the Persians, in battle, had no -bridles, but governed and guided their horses by nose -bands, covering sharp pieces of iron, brass, or ivory.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">127</a></span></p> - -<p>The curb bit, though used in the time of the Roman -emperors (in an ancient sculpture Theodosius is represented -riding with one of extraordinary leverage), was -not adopted by the English until Charles I. in the -third year of his reign issued a proclamation, commanding -that no person serving in the cavalry should -use the snaffle, but in lieu thereof the curb only.</p> - -<p>On the frieze of the Temple of Minerva, in the Acropolis -of Athens, the horses are represented as ridden (as -in the races through the Strada Reale in Malta they are -still ridden) without bridles or saddles.</p> - -<p>The best bridle for a horse is, of course, that which -is best adapted to the particular work he is required to -perform.</p> - -<p>For racing over turf, where he is required to extend -himself like a greyhound, the snaffle-bit only is almost -invariably selected.</p> - -<p>For cavalry purposes, where he is required suddenly -to throw himself on his haunches, wheel to either side, -or right about, the curb-bit is added; while by the -Turks and those Asiatics who practise their horses to -approach a wall at full speed, stop, turn round, and then -gallop back again, a curb-bit only is used.</p> - -<p>For hunting, both bits are necessary; for while across -turf, light soil, and over fences of almost every description, -the snaffle is a safer guide than the curb-bit, yet<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">128</a></span> -in going through deep ground the latter is absolutely -necessary to enable the rider, by holding his horse together, -not only to prevent him from extending himself—in which -attitude his hind feet would overreach his fore ones before -they could be extricated from the sub-soil—but to stop -him quickly, for instance to pop through a gap on either -side, which he would otherwise override for a considerable -distance.</p> - -<p>To leap over the hedge of a plantation full of trees -on a hot horse, with only a snaffle-bit in his mouth, -would be dangerous, and often impracticable; whereas -it might easily be effected with a curb-bit, by which -the animal could moreover be made to ascend a steep -narrow bank, creep along it, and then jump off it, -over perhaps the only practicable point in the fence -beyond it.</p> - -<p>The shape, make, and leverage of bits of all descriptions -of course depend on the mouth and disposition of -the particular animal for which they are required.</p> - -<p>It may, however, be generally stated that for all horses -a plain snaffle is better than a twisted one; and that of -curb-bits, those are the best which give to the rider the -maximum of mechanical power, with, to the noble animal -beneath him, the minimum of pain.</p> - -<p>To a war horse, as well as to his rider, it may be -immaterial whether he be infuriated by spurs pricking<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">129</a></span> -his sides, or from the laceration of his mouth by a harsh -bit, purposely constructed to hurt him.</p> - -<p>As regards a hunter, however, the case is quite different; -for while on the one hand his becoming infuriated -is dangerous to his master as well as himself, a total -absence of pain induces him to give calm attention to -the difficult work he has to perform.</p> - -<p>Although, therefore, according to the animal's disposition -a sufficient amount of leverage is required, the -smoother the bit is made the more willing will he be -to submit to it, and the less will he be disposed to -quarrel with it; indeed this principle has more than -once been exemplified by the fact of a run-away horse, -over which his rider had apparently no control, stopping -gradually of his own accord, in consequence of the rupture -of the curb chain, which, having infuriated him by the -agony it had inflicted on his lower jaw, had actually -caused the very danger it had been created to prevent. -And it is for this reason that a leathern strap ought -almost invariably to be placed under the hard twisted -curb chain, by which simple addition acute pain is -removed, without any diminution of strength of the -chain or of the leverage of the curb-bit.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">130</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><span class="smcap">Intrinsic Value of a Horse.</span></h2> - - -<p>Although it is a common axiom that "the value of a -thing is exactly what it will fetch," yet in the hunting field -the price at which a horse has been sold is very -rarely a criterion of his real worth, the reason being that -his performances are made up of three items, of which -he himself forms only one, the other two being stable -management and good riding, for neither of which is the -quadruped entitled to claim the smallest amount of credit; -and yet, on the principle that "handsome is that handsome -does," it is a usual error, especially among young -sportsmen, to estimate that a horse which goes brilliantly -must be a good one, and vice versâ; whereas an ordinary -description of animal, in splendid condition, and judiciously -ridden, cannot fail to leave far behind him a -superior one injudiciously ridden, made up of flesh instead -of muscle, of impure instead of pure blood, and of bloated, -unpractised, instead of healthy, well-exercised lungs. For -these reasons it continually happens that a horse that has -been observed to go what is called "brilliantly" throughout -a run, is, at its conclusion, sold for a considerable -sum, in addition to another horse, on which the purchaser, -in a few weeks, leaves behind him the animal he had sold, -whose owner now to his cost discovers that</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">131</a></span></p> - -<p class="center"> -"The lovely toy so keenly sought<br /> -Has lost its charms by being caught"<br /> -</p> - -<p>by <i>him</i>.</p> - -<p>But the price of a hunter is materially affected by the -quality as well as the qualifications of his rider, whose -position in the world often confers upon his horses a -fictitious value; and accordingly the hunting stud of the -late Sir Richard Sutton—sold by public auction shortly -after his death—realised sums exceeding by at least 40 -per cent. what subsequently proved to be their current -value when transferred to the stables of people of less -renown.</p> - -<p>Again, a respectable, first-rate horse dealer succeeds in -his profession, not so much by his superior knowledge of -the animals he <i>buys</i>, but by the quantity and quality of -the eloquence he exerts in <i>selling</i> them. Every hunter, -therefore, that is purchased from a great man of this -description is necessarily composed of, 1st, his intrinsic -value; and 2nd, of the anecdotes, smiles, compliments, -and praises, which, although when duly mixed up with -an evident carelessness about selling him, captivated the -listener to purchase him, like a bottle of uncorked ardent -spirits evaporate, or, like a swarm of bees, fly away, almost -as soon as the transaction is concluded, leaving behind -them nothing but the animal's intrinsic value.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">132</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><span class="smcap">On Shying.</span></h2> - - -<p>It often happens that a horse brimfull of qualifications -of the very best description is most reluctantly sold by -his master "because he shies so dreadfully," a frolic which, -to a good rider, is perfectly harmless, and which, if he -deems it worth the trouble, he is almost certain to cure.</p> - -<p>A timid horseman, however, not only believes that his -horse is frightened at the little heap of stones at which -he shies, but for this very reason he becomes frightened -at it himself; whereas the truth is that the animal's sensations -in passing it are usually compounded as follows:—</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 12em;">Of fear of {the little heap 1/10.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 16em;"> {whip and spur 9/10.</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>Now, if this be the case, which no one of experience -will deny, it is evident that the simple remedy to be -adopted is, first, at once to remove the great cause of the -evil complained of, by ceasing to apply either whip or -spur; and, secondly, gradually to remove the lesser cause -by a little patient management which shall briefly be explained.</p> - -<p>When a horse has been overloaded with a heavy charge -of oats and beans, which may be termed jumping powder, -and primed by a very short allowance of work, his spirits, -like the hair trigger of a rifle, are prepared on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">133</a></span> -smallest touch to cause a very violent explosion. In fact, -without metaphor, on the slightest occurrence he is not -only ready, but exceedingly desirous, to jump for joy.</p> - -<p>The <i>casus belli</i> which the animal would perhaps most -enjoy would be to meet a temperance run-away awning-covered -waggon full of stout, healthy young women in -hysterics, all screaming; or to have a house fall down just -as he was passing it. However, as a great conqueror, if -he cannot discover a large excuse for invading the territory -of his neighbour, is sure to pick out a very little -one, so does the high mettled horse who has nothing to -start at, proceed under his rider with his eyes searching -in all directions for something which he may pretend to -be afraid of. Influenced by these explosive propensities -he cocks his ears at a large leaf which the air had gently -roused from its sleep, as if it were a crouching tiger; -and shortly afterwards a fore leg drops under him as suddenly -as if it had been carried away by a cannon shot, -because in the hedge beside him a wren has just hopped -from one twig to another nearly an inch.</p> - -<p>Now, of course, the effective cure for all these symptoms -of exuberant, pent up spirits is a long, steady hand-gallop -up and down hill across rather deep ground. Before, however, -this opportunity offers, man can offer to the brute -beneath him a more reasonable remedy.</p> - -<p>The instant that a horse at a walk sees at a short distance -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">134</a></span>before him, say a heap of stones, at which he pretends -to be or really is afraid, instead of forcing him on, -he should be allowed or, if it be necessary, forced to -stop, not only till he has ceased to fear it, but until, dead -tired of looking at it, he averts his eyes elsewhere.</p> - -<p>While advancing towards it, so often as his fear, -or pretended fear, breaks out, by instantly bringing -him to a stand-still it should in like manner be over-appeased.</p> - -<p>In slowly passing any object which a horse appears to -be afraid of, the error which is almost invariably committed -is to turn his head towards it, in which case, revolving -upon his bit as on a pivot, the animal turns his -hind-quarters from it, and in that position with great -ease shies more or less away from it; whereas, if the rein -opposite to it be pulled firmly, he not only instantly -ascertains that his rider's desire is in opposition to, instead -of in favour of forcing him towards the object of his fear, -but when his head is drawn away from it, although he is -able to rush forwards, it is out of his power to shy <i>laterally</i>.</p> - -<p>Now, instead of endeavouring thus to triumph over -instinct by reason, instead of allowing a horse more time -even than he requires to appease his own apprehensions, -be they real or pretended, the course which a gentleman's -groom usually adopts is, like giving fuel to fire,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">135</a></span> -to add to the animal's fear of the object he is unwilling -to approach, his infinitely greater fear of a pair of plated -spurs.</p> - -<p>The oftener and the stronger this ignorant prescription -is applied, the more violent becomes the disease it undertakes -to alleviate, until, on its being declared to be incurable, -the poor frightened animal is sold for a fault almost -entirely created by human hands and inhuman heels.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>The extent to which a timid animal can be appeased -by kindness is, at the present moment, beautifully exemplified -by a deer, which has been so divested of its fears -by Tom Hill, the huntsman of the Surrey fox-hounds, that -the animal not only accompanies the hounds when taken -out for exercise, but eats biscuit, and actually sleeps with -them in the kennel.</p> - -<p>If, during their meal, two of the hounds fight, by a -pat with his fore feet he tries to separate them. If, at -exercise, anything alarms him, with a bound or two he -vaults for safety into the middle of the pack. And yet, -when in this citadel, if any strange dog approaches them, -with malice prepense he rushes out at him, as if determined -to kill him. In short, by kind superintendence -the deer has become as fond of blood-thirsty hounds as -they of him.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">136</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><span class="smcap">Singeing.</span></h2> - - -<p>As it is incumbent on all civilized communities to be -kind to every living being,—as our laws profess to maintain -this Christian axiom,—and as there exists among -us a Society self-constituted for the especial purpose of -"the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals," it would be very -difficult satisfactorily to explain, at least to <i>them</i>, why, -in violation of so benign a theory, we deliberately practise -the following fashions:—</p> - -<blockquote><p>1. Of cutting off all our sheep's tails.</p> - -<p>2. Of dittoing the tails of all dogs that take care of -sheep.</p> - -<p>3. Of dittoing the ears of terriers.</p> - -<p>4. Of dittoing a portion of the tails, and occasionally -of the ears, of our horses.</p> - -<p>5. Of piercing with a sharp awl the ears of all our -daughters, in order to insert therein golden rings, which, -by equalizing all, can confer no possible benefit on any -one: that is to say, provided Euclid is correct in declaring -that "when equals are added to equals, their sums are -equal."</p></blockquote> - -<p>If any person among us defaces a statue, he is liable -to punishment and to the execration of the public; and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">137</a></span> -yet there can be no doubt that in every sense of the -word it is more barbarous to mutilate the living original -of an Almighty Creator than a cold stone or marble -copy thereof, chiselled more or less imperfectly by human -hands.</p> - -<p>About forty years ago it was the general custom to -dock the tails of all hunters, covert-hacks, and waggon-horses, -so close, that nothing remained of this picturesque, -beautiful ornament of Nature but an ugly, stiff stump, -very little longer than the human thumb, which, especially -in summer time, was seen continually wagging to the -right or left, in impotent attempts to brush off a hungry -fly, biting the skin more than a yard off. At about the -same period an officer in our army took to the Cape of -Good Hope a gentle, beautiful, thoroughbred mare, which, -to his astonishment, the natives appeared exceedingly -unwilling to approach. The reason was, that her ears -had been cropped; and as among themselves that punishment -was inflicted for crimes, they were induced to infer -that the handsome mutilated animal had suffered from a -similar cause—in fact, that she was <i>vicious</i>.</p> - -<p>From the same premises, and by the same reasoning -faculties, they might as erroneously have conceived that -the holes bored through most of the English ladies' ears -denoted the existence of a uniform speck of some sort -or other in their characters.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">138</a></span></p> - -<p>Having briefly enumerated only a few of the mutilations -which, in different regions of the earth, man inflicts, -not only upon the animals around him, but upon himself, -we will proceed to notice a prescription of modern date -which has produced very astonishing results.</p> - -<p>As in crime there exists an essential difference between -cutting off a man's head, and cutting off only his hair, so -in cruelty does there exist a similar difference between -the fashion which mutilates the body of an animal, and -that which deprives him only of its covering: still, however, -the practice of clipping, shaving, and singeing horses -must, to every person, at first sight appear so incomprehensible -that a slight notice of the subject may possibly be -deemed worthy of a few minutes' consideration.</p> - -<p>To a wild horse, roaming in a state of perfect freedom, -Nature grants an allowance very similar to that which -every inhabitant of Grosvenor Square gives to each of -his tall powdered footmen: namely, board, lodging, and -two suits of clothing per annum; with this important -difference, however, that while the poor pampered, gaudy -menial is ignorantly dressed throughout the whole year -in cloth and plush of the same thickness, the animal is -beneficently provided with two different descriptions of -clothing, namely, a light thin silky coat for summer -wear, and a thick fur one to keep him warm and comfortable -throughout the winter months.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">139</a></span></p> - -<p>Now it might be expected that if man undertook to -interfere with this provision, he would, in accordance -with the spirit and meaning of the act by which it had -been decreed, extend its principle by relieving the horse -of a portion of his covering during the excessive heat -of summer, and by bestowing upon him a little extra -warmth in winter; whereas, by the operation about to -be described, he makes the animal's cold weather coat -infinitely less able to resist cold than that purposely -created for sunshine only.</p> - -<p>About fifty years ago, during the Peninsular war, it -was observed that the Spanish muleteers gave to the -animals they had charge of great apparent relief by rudely -shearing off the hair that covered their bodies; and on -the idea being imported into England, our hunting men, -principally at Melton, commenced the practice by "clipping," -at a cost at first of about five guineas, their -hunters.</p> - -<p>This operation, which, in its infancy, occupied four -or five days, was succeeded by the practice of shaving, -which, in about as many hours, left the animal as bare as -the hide of a pig that had just been killed, scalded, and -scraped.</p> - -<p>This latter operation, however, was found to be attended -with two opposite disadvantages: for, if perpetrated too -soon, it required to be repeated, or rather to be succeeded<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">140</a></span> -by clipping; and if delayed till the growth of the thick -coat had subsided, the horse remained throughout the -winter naked like an elephant.</p> - -<p>In order therefore to shorten the coat exactly in proportion -to its uncertain growth, it was determined gradually -and repeatedly to burn it by fire to the minimum length -prescribed, that is, leaving only sufficient to conceal the -bare skin.</p> - -<p>When the animal has thus been denuded of his coat, -so long as he remains in his hot stable it is restored to -him with compound interest, by two, and occasionally by -three suits of warm clothing, which he might expect -would, like that worn by his lord and master, be increased -as soon as he should be led from his covered -domicile into the open air. But the contrary operation -takes place; for while his owner is swathing himself in -his extra flannel hunting clothing, the singed quadruped -at the same moment, in order to be taken to the -meet, at one haul is denuded of the whole of his indoor -clothing, a bridle is put into his mouth, a saddle on his -bare back, and in this state, literally, without metaphor, -more naked than he was born, he is suddenly led or -ridden ten or fifteen miles through perhaps wind, rain, -sleet, or snow, to be exposed throughout the whole day -to sudden sweats and sudden chills, in temperatures and -at elevations of the most trying description.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">141</a></span></p> - -<p>Now, of course, in theory, nothing can be more unnatural, -and it might be added more barbarous, than this -treatment; and yet, strange to say, by acclamation it -would be declared by every horse-owner who has tried -it that, in practice, it produces to the animal not only -beneficial, but unexpected, results.</p> - -<p>The lungs appear to become stouter.</p> - -<p>Hot swelled legs suddenly get cool and fine.</p> - -<p>The appetite grows stronger.</p> - -<p>The flesh increases.</p> - -<p>The muscles thicken.</p> - -<p>In consequence of greatly diminished perspiration -the amount of food necessary to recruit the body may be -reduced, at least, one feed per day.</p> - -<p>After hunting, the skin, instead of breaking out from -internal debility and exhaustion, remains dry.</p> - -<p>Lastly, as mud and dirt cannot take hold of a singed -coat, and consequently as little or no grooming is required, -the animal, on reaching his stable, soon enjoys -rest, instead of being for an hour or two teased, excited, -and irritated, by being tied up, hissed at, and cleaned.</p> - -<p>But, against all these advantages, it is only fair to -weigh the amount of suffering which it is supposed by -us a horse endures by being stripped of his coat and -clothing, and in that naked state being suddenly plunged, -during winter, into the external air.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">142</a></span></p> - -<p>In ascertaining this amount of suffering, however, we -must not commit the error of estimating a horse's sensation -by what, under similar circumstances, we imagine would -be our own, for the cases are quite different.</p> - -<p>Throughout the frame or fabric of man, his blood, -however proud it may be, circulates so feebly, that on -being subjected to a low temperature it actually, like -fluid in a pipe, freezes in his veins; whereas throughout -the body of a horse it is propelled with such violence, -that, like the deep water in the Canada lakes, it is beyond -the power of cold, however intense, to stop it; and accordingly, -when everything else around stands frozen, it -triumphantly continues its fluent course. In fact, the -relative power of the two animals to resist cold is fully -proportionate to the difference between their muscular -strength; and as the human being, notwithstanding its -weakness, is strong enough to endure the sudden transition -from a hot bath to a cold one, or, as is the custom -in Russia, to a roll on the snow, so, à fortiori, is a hunter -gifted by Nature with a circulation of blood powerful -enough to enable him, without injury or suffering, to bear -an apparently unnatural mode of treatment, which, although -it makes <i>us</i> almost shiver to think of, is productive -to his stouter frame of beneficial results, of inestimable -value.</p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">143</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><span class="smcap">Meet of the Pytchley Hounds at Arthingworth.</span></h2> - - -<p>Among hunting men there is nothing so unpopular as -what is called by the rest of the world a most beautiful, -clear, bright day. The gaudy thing is disagreeable to -eyes because it is dangerous to the bodies to which they -respectively belong; for when every twig glitters in the -sunshine, and every drop of dew that hangs upon them -looks like a diamond, the fences so dazzle the eyes of -riders, and especially of horses, that a number of extra -falls are very commonly the result. Soft ground, dull -weather, an easterly wind, and a cloudy sky, form the -compound that is most approved of. On such a day, and -under such circumstances, we beg leave to invite our -readers to sit with us patiently for a very few minutes in -a balloon, as, like a hawk hovering above a partridge, it -hangs over the quiet little village of Arthingworth, in -Northamptonshire. Those hounds, headed by that -whipper-in riding so lightly and neatly on his horse, -and surrounding their huntsman Charles Payne, jogging -along, seated in his saddle as if he had grown there, are -on that portion of the Queen's highway which connects -Northampton with Market Harborough. They are the -Pytchley hounds, the hereditary property, not of the present -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">144</a></span>master, but of the hunt. They are on their way from -their kennel at Brixworth to a park at Arthingworth to -draw "Waterloo Gorse," which means that every man -who intends to come (and their name is legion) will send -there, not his best-looking, but, what is infinitely better, -that which he knows to be "his best horse," simply -because the covert of Waterloo not only usually holds a -good fox, but because it is encircled by very large grass-fields, -enlivened in every direction by the severest fences -in Northamptonshire. See how quietly along every high-road, -bye-road, and footpath, horses and riders, of various -sizes and sorts, walking, jogging, or gently trotting, are -converging towards a central point! Schoolboys are -coming to see the start on ponies; farmers on clever -nags; others on young horses of great price; neatly-dressed -grooms, some heavy and some light, are riding, or -riding and leading, horses magnificent in shape and breeding, -in the most beautiful condition, all as clean and well-appointed -as if they had been prepared to do miserable -penance in Rotten Row. And are all these noble and -ignoble animals beneath us going to the hunt? Yes, -and many more that we cannot see. Look at those -straight streams of white steam that through green fields -are concentrating from north, south, east, and west upon -Market Harborough, from Leicester, from Northampton, -from Stamford, and from Rugby—denoting trains that,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">145</a></span> -at the rate of thirty or forty miles an hour, are hurrying -boxes all containing hunters for the meet.</p> - -<p>On the huntsman and hounds slowly entering and taking -up their positions in the small park at Arthingworth, -excepting two or three farmers, no one is there to receive -or notice them. However, in a few minutes, through -large gates and through smaller ones, grooms on and with -their horses walk steadily in; while Charles Payne, occasionally -chucking from his coat-pocket a few crumbs of -bread to his hounds, most of whom are looking upwards -at him, leaning over his horse, is holding confidential -conversation with a keeper. "<i>It's too bad!</i>" whispers -an old farmer, who had just been entrusted with the -secret that another fox had last night been shot by -poachers; "<i>and, what's more, it's been a-going on</i> <span class="smcap">IN -MANY WAYS</span> <i>a long time</i>." "<i>Yes!</i>" replies Charles -Payne, looking as calmly and philosophically as Hamlet -when he was moralising over Yorick's skull; "<i>you may -rely upon it that, what with greyhounds,—and poachers,—and -traps,—and poison,—there are very few foxes now-a-days -that die a natural death</i>"—meaning that they -were not eaten up alive by the Pytchley hounds.</p> - -<p>But during all this precious time where are all the -scarlet coats? Oh! here they come, trotting, riding, and -galloping to the meet from every point of the compass, -and apparently from every region of the habitable globe,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">146</a></span> -some of the young ones—diverging as usual from their -path of rectitude—to lark over a fence or two. Along -the turnpike and country roads, drags with four horses, -light dog-carts with two, post-chaises and gigs, each laden -with men muffled up in heavy clothing, showing no pink, -save a little bit peeping out at the collar, are all hurrying -onwards to the same goal; and as these living bundles, -with cigars in their mouths, are rapidly landing in the -park, it will be advisable that we also should descend -there to observe them.</p> - -<p>By about a quarter before eleven the grass in front of -the hospitable hunting-box of one of the late masters -of the Pytchley—who, take him all in all, is one of the -very best riders in the hunt—becomes as crowded as a fair -with sportsmen of all classes, from the highest rank in the -peerage down to—not exactly those who rent a 6<i>l.</i> house,—but -who can afford money and time enough to "<i>hoont</i>," -as they call it. While two or three well-appointed servants -in livery are very quietly, from a large barrel, -handing glasses of bright-looking ale to any farmer or -groom who, after his long ride, may happen to feel a -little thirsty, and while others from white wicker-baskets -are distributing bits of bread and lumps of cheese to any -man who may feel that beneath his waistcoat there is -house-room to receive them, the honourable and gallant -proprietor of the brown barrel and white baskets, lounging<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">147</a></span> -in his red coat, &c., on his exalted lawn, with sundry -small scratches (from bull-finches) on his face, with something -now and then smoking a little from his mouth, -and with that placid and easy manner which in every -situation of life distinguishes him, says to any friend in -pink that happens to pass him, "<i>Won't ye go</i> <span class="allsmcap">IN</span> <i>for a -moment?</i>" But, without invitation, most of the aristocrats, -leaving their horses with their grooms, to ascend -a flight of ladder steps which raises them to the lawn, walk -slowly and majestically across it, adjusting their hair, -"just to make their bow." When that compliment has -been paid, they pause for a second or two in the hall, -and then recross the lawn, indolently munching, and -with perfumed handkerchiefs carefully wiping lips or -mustachios (as the case may be), which, if they were -very closely approached, might possibly smell <i>partly</i> of -cherries, to proceed to their respective grooms, and mount -their horses.</p> - -<p>"<i>Move</i><span class="allsmcap">ON</span>,<i>Sir</i>?" says Charles Payne, in his sharp, -quick tone, touching his cap to the master, who slightly -nods to him. "<i>Now-then,-gentlemen!</i>" he adds, "<i>ware</i> -<span class="allsmcap">HOUNDS</span>, <i>if you please</i>!" and accordingly, surrounded by -them, onwards he, his two whips, and about two hundred -horsemen, proceed at a walk to cross for nearly half a -mile magnificent fields of grass of from eighty to a hundred -acres. As the Pytchley and Quorn men are, for the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">148</a></span> -reasons we have explained, each mounted on the very -best of their stud, it need hardly be stated that the lot -of horses before us are an accumulation of the finest specimens -in the world; and yet with the highest breeding, -courage, and condition, with magnificent figures, and -with bone and substance sufficient to carry, through deep -ground, from twelve to eighteen stone, there is a calm, -unassuming demeanour in their walk, which it seems -almost impossible sufficiently to admire. In like manner, -among the riders, nobody appears to have the smallest disposition -to talk about what he is going to do, or apparently -even to think of where he is proceeding. A man from -Warwickshire will perhaps describe the run he had there -on Thursday; while another will fashionably say to a -Leicestershire friend—"Did you <i>do</i> anything on Friday?"—but -most of the field are conversing as they ride -along, not at all about foxes, but about Lords Palmerston, -Derby, Italy, the Pope, &c.</p> - -<p>On arriving close to Waterloo Gorse, Charles Payne -pulls up to remain stationary for a couple of minutes, -surrounded by his hounds, who, instead of gazing at his -face, are all looking most eagerly at the covert, until -the two whips, getting round it, have each taken up a -position on the other side. "<span class="smcap">Now-then</span>-<i>little-bitches</i>!" -says Charles, as, with a twitch corresponding with his -voice, he waves forwards his right hand, in which is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">149</a></span> -grasped the silver horn presented to him by the farmers. -Without taking the smallest offence at the appellation -(which after all is a just one, for, as they are the fastest -of his two packs, Charles does not object to bringing -them to "Waterloo"), in they dash; and in a second -Charles and his horse are over the low flight of rails, -to gallop along a briary path which conducts them to a -small open space in the centre of the covert. The -greater portion of the field, in coats of many colours, -congregate on its right.</p> - -<p>But "quanto sono insensibili questi Inglesi!" Instead -of evincing the smallest degree of anxiety, the conversations -we have described are renewed; and though certainly -nobody seems to care the hundred-thousandth part -of a farthing about what his lips are saying, and though -the countenance of every man appears to acknowledge -that, on the whole, he is well enough satisfied with this -world, yet men and horses remain perfectly cool, and -occasionally cold, until it might be fancied by any old -soldier standing a mile off that a shell had suddenly -burst in the middle of them. "<span class="smcap">Pray</span>, <i>don't holla</i>!" -exclaims an old sportsman in a loud whisper. "<span class="smcap">By -Jove, He's Away!</span>" screams a very young one in pink, -pointing to a shepherd who, grasping a struggling dog -with one hand, is holding up his hat with the other. -Half a dozen loud, slow, decisive, monotonous blasts from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">150</a></span> -Charles Payne's horn are instantly heard, while his hounds, -tumbling over each other, jump almost together over a -small hedge and ditch out of the covert, with their -beautiful heads all pointing towards Leicestershire. As -they and reynard take the opposite side of the large -grass field in which the riders had assembled, the start -of the latter is very nearly as sudden as that of the former. -Packed together almost as closely as the wild young creatures -that on Epsom course run for the Derby, the best -men and the best horses belonging to the Pytchley, Quorn, -Cottesmore, and Warwickshire hounds start together over -turf down a gentle declivity, at the bottom of which runs -an insignificant stream. Steady horsemanship in every -rider is necessary to prevent treading on those immediately -before, or jostling those on each side. Many a -horse, by shaking his head, clearly enough shows how -unwelcome to him is the restraint. From this conglomeration -nearly a dozen men extricate themselves by -the superior speed and management of their horses. -Before them<a name="FNanchor_G_7" id="FNanchor_G_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_G_7" class="fnanchor">[G]</a> is a well-known broad and strong fence, -which, without competing against each other, they most -gallantly charge, "magnâ comitante catervâ," followed -by the great ruck. One,—two,—three,—four,—five,—six -men and horses take it almost together in their -stride, and, to the astonishment of the remainder, all -disappear! Every horse had well cleared the broad ditch -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">151</a></span>on the other side, but all nearly simultaneously had landed -in an artificial bog beyond it, made for draining purposes -only a few days before, and in which the six men and -the six horses, each perfectly unhurt, are now as prostrate -and as "comfortable" as if they had, to use the old nurse's -expression, "just been put to bed." The Hon. Fred. -Villiers and Harry Everard are the first over and down. -As they lie together in the mud, looking upwards, they -see coming over the stakes of the hedge the Fitzwilliam -girths of the horses of Henry Forrester and Thomas -Atkinson (<i>Vive L'Empereur!</i>), followed almost instantly -by two strangers. However, nearly as quickly as they -all fell, they severally arise, mount their horses, and -gallantly regain the hounds. The field of riders, unable -to comprehend what has happened, and moreover unable -as well as unwilling to stop their horses, as it were -by word of command, all gracefully swerve together in -a curve to the right to take two stiff fences instead -of one. About half a dozen, on perfect timber-jumpers, -cross a ditch overhung by a stout ash rail, firmly fixed -between two trees; the remainder break their way through -a bull-finch, and then, throwing their right shoulders -forward, at a very honest pace, all make every proper -effort to catch Charles Payne and the few others who -with him had followed the line of the hounds.</p> - -<p>We should certainly tire and jolt our readers very -grievously were we to presume to hustle them through<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">152</a></span> -the well-known and splendid run that ensued. Not only, -however, do our limits forbid us to do so, but as we -shall shortly have to quote hunting-anecdotes from a -very superior pen, we willingly pull up to make, in -cool blood instead of in hot, a very few remarks.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_G_7" id="Footnote_G_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_G_7"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> This scene we happened to witness.</p></div> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2><span class="smcap">Effects Caused by the Sight of Hounds.</span></h2> - - -<p>A description of a fox-hunt is not very agreeable either -to read or to write,—firstly, because it records a series of -events of no very great importance when they are over; -and secondly, because the picture generally bears the appearance -of exaggeration; the reason being, that it is -composed of two parts, one of which it is almost impossible -accurately to delineate. The danger or difficulty -which a man and horse incur in taking any particular -leap depends on the one hand upon the size of the fence, -and on the other upon the combined amount of weight, -strength, and activity which the horse can bring up to -it. In trade, if a given weight, whether small or great, -be put into one scale, it can be at once over-balanced -by putting a still greater weight into the other scale. -But while the dimensions of a fence can accurately be -measured, it would be not only very difficult to determine -the physical powers of a hunter, but, even if the statement -could be made, ninety-nine people out of every<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">153</a></span> -hundred would most certainly disbelieve it; for, as the -old proverb says, "seeing is believing;" so when a man -has ridden a horse across his farm for many years, he -is fully persuaded that,—to use another common expression,—"he -knows what he is made of." But the truth -is, he only knows what he has done, and what he can do -under the maximum of excitement he hitherto has ever -experienced; what he does <i>not</i> know, and indeed what -without trial he can have no idea of, is the enormous -amount of latent physical power in his horse which even -the sight of hounds will develop.</p> - -<p>For instance, in riding a hack along the road, the confidence -or, as it may be termed, the courage of the rider -depends not on himself, but on the strength and action of -the animal he is bestriding. If the nag picks up his feet -quickly, and pops them down firmly—if he goes stout -in his canter and strong in his gallop, his owner rides -<i>boldly</i>. If, however, the very same hero crosses a poor, -weak, weedy animal, with strait action, tripping in all his -paces, and with his toes sending almost every loose stone -rolling on before him, he declares the instant he dismounts -that he has been <i>frightened</i>; which difference, in truth, -only means that, on trial, he has satisfactorily and unsatisfactorily -ascertained the physical powers of the first horse -to be amply sufficient, and those of the last totally insufficient, -to perform the given amount of work he requires. -Now it is really no exaggeration to say, that the excitement -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">154</a></span>to a horse caused by the presence of hounds creates -in his physical powers as wide a difference as exists between -those of the two nags just described. The old, -jaded, worn-out, "groggy" hunter, who came hobbling -out of his stable, and who has been fumbling and blundering -under his groom along the road, no sooner reaches the -covert side than, like a lion "shaking the dew-drops from -his shaggy mane," he in a moment casts away the ills -which flesh is heir to—in short, his prostrated powers -suddenly revive; and accordingly it is on record, that -in one of the severest runs with stag-hounds ever known -in Essex, the leading horse was aged, twenty-two. Again, -on the road, when a horse has travelled thirty or forty -miles, he usually becomes more or less tired; whereas, -during the ten or twelve hours that a hunter is out of -his stable, he will, with the utmost cheerfulness, besides -trotting more than that distance on the road, follow the -hounds for many hours across a heavy country and large -fences; and as it is well known that, in harness, a horse -is less fatigued by trotting before a carriage on a hard -macadamized road for forty miles than in dragging it -through an earth road for ten, it would appear almost -fabulous to state how many miles on the road, or especially -on dry turf, could be performed by the amount of -excitement, activity, and strength expended by a hunter -during a long and severe day's work.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">155</a></span></p> - -<p>For the foregoing reasons, if a man during summer -rides his hunters, he will see a variety of fences which, -as he quietly ruminates, he will pronounce to himself to -be impracticable, simply because he can both see and feel -that they are greater than the powers he is bestriding; -and yet, when the trees are leafless and the hounds running, -if he happens on the same horse to come to these -very fences, he crosses them without the smallest thought -or difficulty—not because <i>he</i> is excited (for the cooler he -rides the better he will go), but because, while the height -and breadth of each fence have not since he last saw -them increased, the physical powers of his horse, developed -by hunting, have been, to say the least, doubled. -The scales which in summer had turned against him -now preponderate in his favour; and accordingly Prudence, -who but a few months before, with uplifted hand, -had sternly warned him to "<i>beware</i>!" with smiling face -and joyous aspect now beckons to him to "<i>Come on</i>!"</p> - -<p>The feats which the mere skin and bones of a horse -can perform during hunting are surprising. The comparatively -small shin-bone of his hind legs will, without -receiving the smallest blemish, smash any ordinary -description of dry oak or elm-rail, and occasionally shiver -the top of a five-barred gate, and yet, strange to say, -though the frail bone so often fractures the timber, the -timber is never able to fracture the frail bone, which,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">156</a></span> -generally speaking, receives not the smallest injury from -the conflict. Again, when even a singed horse at great -speed has forced his way through a high, strong, spiteful-looking -thorn-hedge, frightening almost into hysterics the -poor little "bull-finch" that is sitting there, he almost -invariably passes through the ordeal with his skin perfectly -uncut, and often not even scratched!—nay, a -horse going at great speed may be thrown head over -heels by a wire fence without receiving from it the -smallest blemish!</p> - -<p>The trifling facts we have just stated will, we believe, -not only explain the courage and physical powers of -a hunter, but the difficulty of describing to non-hunting -readers, without an appearance of exaggeration, the feats -which, during a run, he can without danger or difficulty -perform; for, instead of boasting about a large fence, it is -an indisputable fact that it is infinitely safer for the -horse, and consequently for his rider, than a little one, -at which almost all their worst accidents occur: indeed -when a liberal landlord, for the benefit of his tenants, -cuts through their fields a series of narrow deep drains, -to be loosely filled up with earth, it is good-humouredly -said by hunting men, that he is "<i>collar-boning</i>" them!</p> - -<p>And now it is an extraordinary truth that the excitement -which the horse feels in simply witnessing the chase -of one set of animals after another, seems to pervade<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">157</a></span> -every living creature on the surface of the globe. In -savage life, the whole object, occupation, and enjoyment -of man, whenever he is not engaged in war, consists in -catching and killing almost any of the creatures that -inhabit the wilderness through which he roams. In a -drop of putrid water a microscope informs us that animalcules -of all shapes and sizes, with the same malice prepense, -are hunting and slaying each other. The 600 -boys at Eton, if collected together, would resolve readily -among themselves to receive with decorum, and no doubt -with youthful dignity, any great personages about to -honour them with a visit; and yet, while the grand -procession was approaching them, or even just after it had -arrived, if a rat were to run about among them, all their -good intentions in one moment would be destroyed.</p> - -<p>During the grand reviews in France of the Allied -armies under the command of Wellington, although the -British troops had behaved steadily enough at Waterloo, -it was found that the presence and authority of "the -Iron Duke" were utterly unable to keep them immoveable -as soon as the hares began to jump up among them. -Nay, at Inkerman, while the battle was raging, several -men of the Guards were observed by their officers suddenly -to cease firing at the Russians, who were close -to them, in order to "<i>prog</i>" with their bayonets a poor -little scared hare that was running among their feet!</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">158</a></span></p> - -<p>In like manner, although the Anglo-Saxon race are -proverbially phlegmatic (a word described by Johnson to -mean "dull; cold; frigid"), yet no sooner do they hear, -in the language of Shakspeare,</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 14em;">"The musical confusion</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 6em;">Of hounds and echo in conjunction,"</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>than the windows of manufactories are crowded with -pale eager faces, the lanes, paths, and fields become -dotted with the feet and ankles of people of various classes -and ages, whose eyes are all straining to get a glimpse -of the run. If Dolly be among them, her cow, wherever -she may be, is quite as curious as herself.</p> - -<p>As the fox, who has distanced his pursuers, lightly -canters along the hedge-side of a large grass field, the -sheep instantly not only congregate to stare at him, but -for a considerable time remain spell-bound, gazing in -the direction of his course. Herds of bullocks with -noses almost touching the ground, and with long straight -tails slanting upwards, jump sometimes into the air, and -sometimes sideways, with joy. As soon as the hounds -appear, the timid sheep instantly follow them, and -accordingly, almost before the leading rider can make -for and get through perhaps the only gap in an impracticable -fence, eighty or a hundred of these "muttons," -with fat, throbbing, jolting sides, rush to and block up -the little passage, in and around which they stand,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">159</a></span> -forming a dense mass of panting wool, on which no blow -from a hunting-whip or from a hedge-stake produces -the slightest effect; and thus the whole field of gentlemen -sportsmen, to their utter disgust, are completely -stopped. "<i>I had no idea</i>," lisps a very young hard-riding -dandy, in as feminine and drawling a voice as he can -concoct, "<i>I really hadn't the</i> <span class="allsmcap">SLIGHTEST</span> <i>idea, before, that -sheep were such —— fools</i>!" But their offspring are, -in their generation, no wiser. A poor little lamb, almost -just born, the instant it sees the hounds, will not only -leave its mother to follow them, but under the legs of -a crowd of horses—that if they can possibly avoid it -will never tread upon it—canters along, until, its weak -knees and lungs failing, it reels, and is left lying on its -side, apparently dead.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><span class="smcap">Cruelty of Hunting Considered.</span></h2> - - -<p>Over the closed eyes, panting flank, and exhausted -frame of this tiny, innocent, and yet seduced orphan, who -had never known its father, and has just lost its mother, -we will venture to offer to our readers a very few remarks -on the strange dissolving view that has just vanished, or -rather galloped, from their sight.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">160</a></span></p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"It's just," said Andrew Fairservice to Frank Osbaldistone, -"amaist as silly as our auld daft laird here and his gomerils o' -sons, wi' his huntsmen and his hounds, and his hunting cattle -and horns, riding haill days after a bit beast that winna weigh sax -punds when they hae catched it."</p></blockquote> - -<p>To the foregoing observation it might also have been -added, that in the extraordinary exertions we have -described, the pleasures enjoyed by the "bit beast" in -being hunted, when compared with those of the two or -three hundred animals, human, equine, and canine, that -are hunting him, are as disproportionate as is his weight -when compared to the sum total of theirs.</p> - -<p>"<i>No</i>!" said the haughty Countess of —— to an aged -huntsman, who, cap in hand, had humbly invited her -ladyship to do him the honour to come and see his -hounds, "<i>No! I dislike everything belonging to hunting—it -is so cruel</i>."</p> - -<p>"<span class="smcap">Cruel</span>!!" replied the old man, with apparent astonishment, -"<i>why, my lady, it can't possibly be</i> <span class="allsmcap">CRUEL</span>, <i>for</i>," -logically holding up three fingers in succession,</p> - -<p>"<i>We all knows that the</i> <span class="allsmcap">GENTLEMEN</span> <i>like it</i>,</p> - -<p>"<i>And we all knows that the</i> <span class="allsmcap">HOSSES</span> <i>like it</i>,</p> - -<p>"<i>And we all knows that the</i> <span class="allsmcap">HOUNDS</span> <i>like it</i>,</p> - -<p>"<i>And</i>," after a long pause, "<i>none on us, my lady, -can know for certain, that the</i> <span class="allsmcap">FOXES</span> <i>don't like it</i>."</p> - -<p>It may strongly be suspected, however, that they do -not enjoy being hunted to death, and consequently that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">161</a></span> -the operation, whenever and wherever it is performed, -is, to a certain degree, an act of cruelty; which it is only -hypocritical to vindicate by pretending to argue that -Puggy has been sentenced to death to expiate his sins; -for if, instead of robbing a hen roost, it had been his -habit to come in all weathers secretly to sit on its nests -to help and hatch the chickens, "<i>The Times</i>" newspaper -would have advertised "hunting appointments" -which would have been as numerously attended,—the -hounds would have thrown off with the same punctuality,—and -men and horses would have ridden just as eagerly -and as gallantly to be in at the death of the saint as of a -sinner, whose destruction all barn-door fowls, geese, turkeys, -pheasants, and rabbits in his neighbourhood would -certainly not be disposed to regret.</p> - -<p>As regards, however, the hunted animal, as well as -the creatures that hunt him, we will observe that the -sufferings of a fox that is eaten up by hounds are probably -not much greater and possibly a little less than -those of the poor worm that on our hook catches the fish,—of -the fish that catches the worm,—of the live eels -that we skin,—or of the sheep and bullocks that are every -day in thousands driven foot-sore to our slaughter-houses.</p> - -<p>If our Arthingworth fox had taken in "<i>The Times</i>," -the Waterloo covert, after all the preparations we have -described, would most certainly have been drawn "blank."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">162</a></span> -But while undertakers in scarlet, in black, and in brown -coats, were expending many thousand pounds in preparations -for his funeral, he, totally unconscious of them, -was creeping within it, in the rude health and perfect -happiness he had enjoyed in Leicestershire, his native -county.</p> - -<p>All of a sudden he hears disagreeable sounds, and -encounters unpleasant smells, that sentence him without -delay "to return to the place from whence he came." -With elastic limbs, and a stout heart to propel them, -"away" he starts. Everything he does evinces extraordinary -resolution, determination, and courage. While the -high-bred hounds that are following him over-top every -hedge, <i>he</i> dashes through their boughs, thorns, and briars, -as straight as an arrow from a bow. When, on reaching -the "earth" he has been making for, he finds that it is -stopped, instead of weakly dwelling there, "<i>away</i>" he -again starts for some other cunning hidingplace. As he -proceeds, his wind, but not his courage, fails him, until, -on the pack approaching him, though any one of them -would have yelped piteously had but one of his toes -been caught in a trap, yet, so soon as the leading hound -comes up, he pitches into him, and when the infuriated -pack rush in upon him, he invariably dies in the midst -of them, without the utterance of the smallest moan, -sigh, or sound. In fact, within the breasts of all who have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">163</a></span> -pursued him there does not exist a braver heart than -that over which the huntsman, cracking his whip to keep -the hounds at bay from it, is triumphantly crying "<span class="smcap">Whoo-oop!</span>"<a name="FNanchor_H_8" id="FNanchor_H_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_H_8" class="fnanchor">[H]</a></p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2><span class="smcap">The Lamb and the Fox</span>.</h2> - - -<p>But the plot of our drama thickens. For on the green -carpet of our little theatre, on which so many actors have -been performing, there now lie tragically before us, as it -were side by side, the body of a swooned lamb, and the -carcase of a dead fox. Let us therefore for a moment -place each into one of the scales of Justice, to weigh -the relative specific gravities of these two tiny emblems—<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">164</a></span> -the one of innocence, the other of guilt—as regards their -utility to man.</p> - -<p>When a lamb has been nursed, reared, fattened, and -killed, its quarters afford say four good dinners, or possibly -one dish only at four great dinners, and as soon as, either -above stairs or below, his bones have been cleanly picked, -the history of his usefulness is at an end. But the -benefits which a fox confers upon his country would, -though stewed down for hours, require very many more -dishes to contain them.</p> - -<p>If an individual migrates in search of happiness, he not -only may travel many a weary mile without attaining it, -but sooner or later, foot-sore, leg-wearied, and dejected, -he will be sure to discover that a very small proportion -of the trouble, time, and money he has expended would -have procured for him at home contentment or peace -of mind, the greatest of all earthly blessings. For truly -may it be said, that there exists nothing in a garden or -in a field more easy to cultivate than domestic happiness, -composed, as we all know, of innumerable small fibres, -which, by the laws of Nature, taking root in every direction, -attach a man, like Gulliver in the island of Lilliput, -to the ground on which he has happened to take rest.</p> - -<p>A cynic may sneer at the rich man who, with his own -hands, and with bent back, sows flowers to deck his path, -and who plants trees to grace shrubberies to harbour the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">165</a></span> -birds that are to sing to him. He may despise him for -delving and digging, for carpentering, lathe-turning, and -for other labour which a paid workman could infinitely -better perform. But if this labour sweetens the cup of -human existence, by giving that health to the body, -which invigorates the mind for its studies—in short, if -this mixture of physical and mental exertion results in -producing contentment, the labourer, however high his -rank, without deigning to revile the philosopher, may -justly return thanks to that Almighty Power which, by -such simple means, has enabled him, by dulcifying his -"domum," to produce for himself domestic happiness.</p> - -<p>As, however, what is good for the parts must also -be beneficial for the whole, it must be evident that, in -spite of the sneers of the cynic, it is equally wise for a -people to foster and encourage among themselves any -description of healthy recreation or amusement that may -have the effect of creating among the community not only -a friendly acquaintance with each other, but an indissoluble -attachment to "the land they live in." Indeed, if -this salutary precaution were to be neglected, lamentable -consequences must ensue; for, like two merchants dealing -in the same article, so do Virtue and Vice strenuously -compete against one another, by each, at the same moment, -offering to mankind, pleasures for sale.</p> - -<p>The great cities of the Continent, especially Paris, in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">166</a></span> -this respect possess powerful attractions, which, unless -they were to be neutralized or rather counteracted by -national attachments of still greater power, would inevitably -drain from the United Kingdom, especially from the -country, a large proportion of those wealthy classes whose -presence, expenditure, and charity have proved so beneficial -to their respective neighbourhoods. In like manner, -as Nature abhors a vacuum, so, if the affluent among the -middle and lower classes, with a little money and leisure -on hand, were to find themselves without some wholesome -recreation, it is proverbial that a certain sable -personage, who delights in idleness, would very soon, in -his own service and in his own peculiar way, "set them -to work."</p> - -<p>But however wise it may be for an individual within -his own precincts to create recreation to suit his particular -palate, it is not so very easy to concoct any amusement -that shall be pleasing to the taste of many ranks of the -community as well as be generally beneficial to the whole.</p> - -<p>A public racket-court or fives-court can only contain a -very small party.</p> - -<p>The far-famed national game of cricket (the stock in -trade of which consists of a ball, some bats, half-a-dozen -stumps, and eleven players) is adapted only to that bright, -joyous, sunshiny half of the year, which, with its flowers -and fruits, hardly requires to be enlivened, leaving the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">167</a></span> -dreary months of winter totally unprovided with amusement.</p> - -<p>What therefore, <i>pro bono publico</i>, we require is to -invent, if possible, some description of national recreation -which, in all weathers, shall concentrate in groups over -the whole superficies of the kingdom, people of all conditions, -from the highest ranks down to the lowest, to -join together in a healthy, manly, harmless sport, requiring -coolness, good temper, science, and resolution: and lastly, -which shall manure, or top-dress, the entire surface of -the country by broad-casting over it, annually, a large -amount of gold, silver, and copper.</p> - -<p>Now the invention of hunting produces all these beneficial -results. At the appointed meet, classes in ordinary -life as distinctly separated from each other as the various -castes in India, first assemble together, and then, during a -good run, are jostled together in lumps, and by bumps, -which, by collision, produce many a spark of generous -feeling that, under ordinary circumstances, could not -possibly have been elicited. For instance, not very long -ago, during a run in Leicestershire, a well-dressed, good-looking -young stranger was seen to pull up, dismount, -and run to the assistance of an old man lying under a -horse that was struggling violently above him. In extricating -the prisoner the liberator was repeatedly kicked. -However, although his flesh and coat were cut, and a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">168</a></span> -silver flask flattened in his breast-pocket, he resolutely -effected his object and then cantered away. "<i>Who's -that?</i>" said a gentleman to a farmer who had gallantly -assisted in the extrication. "<i>I don't know his name,</i>" -was the reply, "<i>but, whoever he is, he stuck to him like -a</i> <span class="allsmcap">RIGHT GOOD 'UN!</span>" About a month afterwards it transpired -that the "right good 'un," who had risked his life -to help one he never before saw, and whom probably he -will never see again, was Lord C., now Marquis of H., -and heir to the dukedom of D. In the hunting field, -unfettered by prescriptive rights or privileges, the head -and heart of man rise or sink to that level, whatever it -may be, that intrinsically is their due. In short, irrespective -of parentage, education, or income, any rider may -assume whatever position he can take, and, so long as he -leads, no one can prevent his wearing the honours, whatever -they may be, of the day.</p> - -<p>Hunting is generally accused of being a very dangerous -amusement, and yet by medical returns it might easily -be demonstrated that it is not so injurious to a man's -health or so fatal to his life as going to a succession of -balls, or especially of good dinners; in fact, there can be -no doubt that a London season blanches, per cent. per -annum, more cheeks, and requires more physic and more -coffins, than a hunting season.</p> - -<p>How little danger, instead of how much, belongs to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">169</a></span> -hunting, is daily proved by, comparatively speaking, the -impunity with which inexperienced people join in the -chase. If a crowd of 150 or 200 persons of all ages and -shapes, none of whom had ever before been in a boat, -were all of a sudden, say during Christmas holidays, to -dress themselves like tars, and then compete with sailors -in every sort of weather, the chances, or rather the certainty, -would be, that, without any disparagement to the -art of boating, at least half of them would be drowned -from sheer ignorance and inexperience. Again, if an -eccentric gentleman in London, making his coachman -stand up behind his carriage, were to require his footman -to drive it, the vehicle, before it could reach the -Opera-house, would probably be either smashed or upset; -and yet, its fate would not be admitted as proving that -it is dangerous to drive. In fact, it is a common proverb, -that, in order to be proficient in any trade, it is necessary -to be first duly apprenticed to it. But in the hunting field -no education at all is deemed requisite. And, -accordingly, so soon as a young man, "gentle or simple" -(though oftener simple than gentle), can get hold of -money, he buys a stud of horses and hacks, hires grooms, -orders three or four scarlet coats with the appurtenances -thereto, goes to Melton, makes his formal appearance at -a crack meet, and his informal disappearance into the first -brook, or on the other side of the first fence he comes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">170</a></span> -to, and yet, "<i>Oh!</i> <span class="allsmcap">PRAY</span> <i>catch that horse if you please!</i>" -is usually the only result, repeated over and over again -without injury to anybody. Now, if people who really -have never learned to ride, mounted on young horses -who have never learned to hunt, can thus attempt to -follow hounds without damaging much more than their -clothes, it <i>ought</i> to follow that an experienced rider on -a clever hunter has, at all events, not more danger to -apprehend than other people are liable to, who ride solely -on hard roads, on which a horse is very apt to travel -carelessly, and always falls heavily. Will Williamson, -now upwards of eighty years of age, who has been huntsman -to the Duke of Buccleugh for more than fifty years, -and whose worst accident was lately caused by being -overturned in a dog-cart, still follows his hounds; and, -in like manner, in every part of the kingdom are to be -found old men who, with very little to complain about, -have been hunting from their boyhood, and occasionally -from their childhood.</p> - -<p>Charles Payne, the huntsman of the Pytchley, was -much damaged by being thrown out of a gig; while, a -short time ago, his head whip, who had fearlessly crossed -almost every fence in Northamptonshire, dislocated his -shoulder by slipping off a little deal table. The gallant -master of the Tedworth hounds was severely injured in -his conservatory; the huntsman of the Surrey fox-hounds<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">171</a></span> -within his house by a fall. Lastly, it may truly be -asserted, that, in hunting, more accidents occur from over -caution in riders than from a combination of boldness and -judgment; indeed, if hunters could but speak, they would -often whisper to their riders, "<i>If you keep taking such -affectionate care of</i> <span class="allsmcap">MY HEAD</span>, <i>you'll throw me</i> <span class="allsmcap">DOWN</span>."</p> - -<p>The encouragement given to farmers to breed horses of -the best description, the high prices paid to them for hay, -oats, beans, and straw; the sums of money expended for -the purchase or rent of hunting-boxes, lodgings, stables, -carriage-houses, &c., added to a variety of other incidental -expenses, large and small, amount to a grand total which -it would be less easy to underrate than exaggerate.</p> - -<p>But besides the sums which hunting-men, by maintaining -from eight to fourteen hunters, with grooms and -strappers in proportion, distribute in their various localities, -in almost every county men of rank and fortune step -forward to support, more or less at their own private cost, -a huntsman, one or two whips, hounds, and a stable full of -horses, for the recreation and amusement of the community.</p> - -<p>With this generous object in view, the late Sir Richard -Sutton, for many years, spent about 10,000<i>l.</i> a-year in -maintaining two packs of hounds and a stud of about fifty -horses, for which he readily paid enormous prices.</p> - -<p>In any portion of the globe, except the United Kingdom, -the price of dog-flesh in England would appear<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">172</a></span> -utterly incomprehensible. In 1812 Lord Middleton gave -1200 guineas for the pack he purchased. When Mr. -Warde gave up the Craven country Mr. Horlock paid -him 2000 guineas for his hounds; while Lord Suffield -coolly handed over to Mr. Lambton 3000 guineas for his -pack without seeing them. To Mr. Conyers the master -of the Tedworth hounds offered for "Bashful" 100 guineas; -and for another bitch, called "Careful," 400 guineas, -or 10,080 francs; a sum which, in any village in France, -would be considered for a peasant girl—though neither -bashful nor careful—a splendid marriage portion.</p> - -<p>Before Sir Richard's death, Lord Alford, Lord Hopetoun, -Lord Southampton, and, since his decease, Lord -Stamford, who keeps seventy horses, have come forward to -bestow upon the hunting counties around them the same -noble and munificent assistance which, on a smaller scale, -is as liberally given in many other localities; and yet, -without one minute item, the sum total of the enjoyment, -the recreation, the health, the good fellowship, the hard -riding, the enormous sums of money distributed over the -United Kingdom to maintain that ancient, royal, loyal, -noble, and national sport which seriatim we have endeavoured -to describe would suddenly be annihilated, were -we but to lose that tiny unclean beast, that dishonest -little miscreant that everybody abuses—<span class="smcap">The Fox.</span></p> - -<p class="center"> -Ille Jacet.<br /> -</p> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">173</a></span></p> - -<p>But the scene suddenly shifts,——a small cracked bell -in a violent hurry rings,——the slight shuffling of a few -running-away feet is heard,——the green curtain which -scarcely half a minute ago had dropped slowly rises,——and -in the centre of the little stage there now appears, -reposing by itself, a white wicker cradle containing a -new-born baby, who will rapidly grow before our readers -into a character intimately connected with the sayings -and doings, the scenes and incidents we are endeavouring -to describe.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_H_8" id="Footnote_H_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_H_8"><span class="label">[H]</span></a> Some seasons ago the master of the Pytchley determined "to give to -the hounds" a fox that had run to ground in a narrow culvert communicating -with the Reservoir at Maidwell. -</p> -<p> -To prevent the poor animal escaping from his doom, the hounds were made -to surround the mouth of the drain before the order was given to "lift up -the sluice." -</p> -<p> -On the words being uttered the eyes of all the riders who encircled the -pack were, of course, concentrated on one point. A slight noise was heard, -some dead sticks appeared, followed by a violent rush of water, in the -midst of which, rolled up like an immense hedgehog, appeared the fox, who -no sooner got into daylight, than, before a hound could snap hold of him, he -jumped to the left, and, at almost the same instant, popping through the -only little hole in the thick hedge that bounded the drain, burst away, distanced -the pack of enemies, quadruped and biped, that followed him, and thus -escaped a death from which nothing but his extraordinary quickness and determination -could have saved him.</p></div> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2><span class="smcap">Thomas Assheton Smith,</span></h2> - - -<p>Born in Queen Anne Street, Cavendish Square, London, -on the 2nd of August, 1776, was the grandson of -Thomas Assheton, Esq., of Ashley Hall, near Bowden, -in Cheshire, who assumed the name of Smith on the -death of his uncle, Captain William Smith, son of the -Right Honourable John Smith, Speaker of the House of -Commons in the first two Parliaments of Queen Anne, -and Chancellor of the Exchequer in the preceding -reign.</p> - -<p>As Shakespeare, in his immortal history of the Seven -Ages of Man, briefly described the first as "the infant,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">174</a></span> -mewling, &c., in its nurse's arms," so of the childhood -of Tom Smith the only occurrence we are enabled to -record is that his mother, one day, found him lying on -his nurse's lap, gasping like a tench just landed from a -pond.</p> - -<p>"<i>What's the matter with the child?</i>" she eagerly inquired.</p> - -<p>"<i>Nothin</i>," replied the calm nurse; "<i>he's doing -nicely</i>."</p> - -<p>As regarded the present tense, this answer was the -truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth. Had, -however, the question been "What <i>has been</i> the matter -with him?" with the same grammatical accuracy the -reply would have been, "If you please, Ma'am, he has -just thrown up a large pin," which, unperceived, he -had managed to swallow.</p> - -<p>On his reaching the second age of man—that is to say, -when he was but seven years old—he was sent "with -his satchel and shining morning face" to Eton, where, -on his arrival, he found himself the youngest boy in the -school.</p> - -<p>The busy hive of the United Kingdom, we all know, -is divided into cells, in each of which, at this moment, -a raw material is being converted by labour into some -particular description of manufactured goods. In one -cell, a Minister of State is concocting, from crude<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">175</a></span> -evidence, a speech, a budget, or a despatch. In another -cell, a young woman, with a protuberant cushion on her -lap, covered by an intricate pattern, marked by pins with -heads of various colours, is as indefatigably labouring for -the welfare of her country by twirling, twisting, and -twiddling innumerable bobbins of fine thread into Honiton -lace. In other cells, workpeople are converting broadcloth -into clothes, leather into shoes, horse-hair into wigs, -medicine into pills, lead into bullets, brass and tin into -cannon, iron into rifles, alkali and grease into soap. -Within what is called a "scrap-mill," by the power of -steam, controlled by a single man, broken bolts, bars, -nuts, nails, screw-pins, &c., are made to revolve, until by -rumbling, tumbling, rubbing, scrubbing, bruising, beating, -hustling, and jostling each other, all are turned out clean -and bright, fit to be welded together for any purpose that -may be required.</p> - -<p>At Eton, by a similar process, about 600 boys of -all sizes and shapes—red-haired, white-haired, black-haired; -long-legged, short-legged, bandy-legged; splay-footed, -pigeon-toed; proud, humble, noisy, silent, good-humoured, -spiteful, brave, timid, pale-faced, sallow-faced, -freckled and rosy-cheeked, weak and strong, clever and -stupid, pliable and pigheaded—yet all controlled by that -unwritten, immutable, imperishable code of <i>honour</i> which, -like a halo, has always illuminated their play-ground and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">176</a></span> -their school, are hustled together on water, in water, -under water, and out of water, until, when the door of -their scrap-mill is opened—although their minds and -bodies are as dissimilar as ever—they all turn out -polished <i>gentlemen</i>, prepared to encounter those hardships, -dangers, vicissitudes, difficulties, and, above all, -base temptations in life, which high-bred principles are so -especially well adapted to resist.</p> - -<p>For eleven years Tom Smith remained at this school, -where he acquired a taste for classical literature, which -characterised him through life. Pope, Shakespeare, and -Horace, from which he used to quote long passages, were -his favourite authors; he could also, without pressure, -spout out the whole of the Epistle of Eloisa to Abelard. -But what reigned at the back of his head and in the -citadel of his heart was an ardent love for athletic exercises -of any description, especially for cricket and boating. -He was also, throughout his whole life, affectionately -attached to fighting; and Etonians, old and young, to -this day, record, as one of the severest contests in the history -of youthful pugilism, the desperate battle he fought -with Jack Musters, a kindred spirit, of whom it has -been said that he could do seven things—namely, ride, -fence, fight, swim, shoot, play at cricket and at tennis—as -well as any man in Europe. His pugilistic propensity, -which appeared so early, was conspicuous throughout -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">177</a></span>his life. While hunting in Leicestershire he was -prevailed upon to stand for the borough of Nottingham. -On proceeding to the poll, he found not only the town -placarded with "No foxhunting M.P.," but a guy in a -red coat, tailed by a fox's brush, burning in effigy of -him before the hustings. His appearance there elicited -tremendous yells and hootings, which apparently no -authority could subdue, until, with a stentorian voice, -heard above the uproar, Tom Smith exclaimed, "Gentlemen! -as you refuse to hear my political principles, -be so kind as to listen to these few words: <i>I'll fight -any man among ye, little or big</i>, and will have a round -with him now for love!" In an instant, as if by magic, -yells and groans were converted into rounds of cheers, -demonstrating the strange stuff, be it good, bad, or indifferent, -that Englishmen are made of.</p> - -<p>On another occasion, while riding down the Gallowtree -Gate, in Leicester, he struck the horse of a coal-heaver, -who, in return, cut him sharply across the face. Smith -jumped immediately from his horse, and the driver from -his cart, the latter doffing his smock-frock, the former -buttoning his coat and turning up his sleeves. The conflict -was desperate; and from a fellow weighing fourteen stone, -and standing six feet high, he was receiving severe punishment, -when, by constables and a crowd of people, the -combatants were separated. "You shall hear from me<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">178</a></span> -again!" said Smith to his gallant smutty antagonist. -True to his word, the next morning the squire's groom -was seen inquiring where the coal-heaver lived. On -finding the man, whose face, like his master's, had received -some heavy bruises, he said to him, "Mr. Smith has -sent me to give you this sovereign, and to tell you you're -the best man that ever stood before him." "God bless -his honour!" replied the man, "and thank him a thousand -times."</p> - -<p>When Tom Smith was at Eton, fighting had not cropped -to the surface of a schoolfellow and friend who in after -life, known by the name of <span class="smcap">Wellington</span>, greatly distinguished -himself in this world by seeking and by -gaining pitched battles. "I suppose, Smith," said the -old silver-haired Duke to him, one day, in London, -"you've done now with <i>fighting</i>?" "Oh, yes," replied -Smith, then in his sixtieth year, "I've quite given that -up; but——" suddenly correcting himself, he added, "I'll -fight yet any man <i>of my age</i>."</p> - -<p>At Chapmansford, when upwards of seventy, a rough -country fellow, before a large field of sportsmen, threw a -stone at one of the hounds of the old squire, who instantly -struck him with his hunting whip. "You daren't do that -if you were off your horse," said the man. The words -were hardly out of the clodhopper's mouth when (in the -seventh age of man) Smith stood before him, with a pair<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">179</a></span> -of fists clenched in his face, in so pugilistic an attitude -that the fellow took to his heels, and, amidst the jeers of -his comrades, ran away.</p> - -<p>In 1794 Tom Smith quitted Eton to become a gentleman -commoner at Christ Church, Oxford, where, with -great diligence and assiduity, he hunted regularly in -Oxfordshire and Northamptonshire,—became a fearless -swimmer,—learnt to pull a sturdy oar on the Isis,—was a -good shot and billiard-player,—and excelled as a batsman -in the cricket-field on Cowley Marsh and Bullingdon. -On leaving the University he became a member of the -Marylebone Club and a regular attendant at Lord's during -the summer; he was also a member of the Royal Yacht -Club. Mr. Smith's love for science and shipbuilding -induced him to build several sailing and steam yachts. -He considered himself to be the practical originator of -the wave line, and, by the advice of the Duke of Wellington, -he submitted to the First Lord of the Admiralty -some important hints for improving the construction of -gunboats. In autumn, winter, and spring, he instinctively -"went to the dogs," or, as in sporting phraseology -it is termed, "took to hunting," so eagerly, that in 1800, -when only twenty-four years old, he was signalized in -song as a daring rider in that celebrated run from Billesden -Coplow, in which but four gentlemen, with Jack Raven -the Whip, were able to live with the hounds.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">180</a></span></p> - -<p>In 1806 he succeeded Lord Foley at Quorn, and for -ten years hunted Leicestershire with first-rate hounds, -for a portion of which he had paid to Mr. Musters 1000 -guineas, until, in 1816, he took the place of Mr. Osbaldiston -in Lincolnshire, where he hunted the Burton country -for eight years. He then, ceasing for two years to be -a master of hounds, hunted with the Duke of Rutland -and in the neighbouring counties until 1826, when, taking -up his residence at Penton Lodge, he created for himself -a new country between Andover and Salisbury. In 1830—two -years after the death of his father, from whom he -inherited a very large fortune—he removed to Tedworth, -which he had lately rebuilt with magnificent kennels, and -stables in which every hunter had a loose box. In these -stables he had often as many as fifty horses, all in first-rate -condition. For thirty-two years he hunted the Tedworth -country without ever asking for subscriptions of -any sort or kind. All he begged of the landowners and -of those who hunted with him was to <i>preserve</i> foxes to -enable him to kill them. At his meets his friend and -guest the late Duke of Wellington often attended. In -stature Mr. Smith was about 5 feet 10 inches high, athletic, -well-proportioned, muscular, but slight. His weight was -between eleven and twelve stone. With a highly-intelligent -but resolute countenance, containing (as was observed of -it) "a dash of the bulldog," he had plain features.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">181</a></span> -"<i>That fellow Jack Musters</i>," Tom Smith used to say, -"<i>spoilt</i> <span class="smcap">my</span> <i>beauty</i>." For several years, though his name -was seldom found in the debates, he represented in -Parliament Carnarvonshire and Andover; and in 1832, -in consequence of the riots which took place in that -year, he raised, at his own expense, a corps of yeomanry -cavalry, reviewed by the Duke of Wellington, the troopers -of which were chiefly his own tenants or farmers of the -neighbourhood. For upwards of fifty seasons he continued -to be the master of hounds, until, after having -been in his saddle for seventy years, the boy who in -1783 went to Eton when he was seven years old, died -at Vaenol on the 9th of September, 1858, aged eighty-two.</p> - -<p>At the earnest request of his widow, Sir John E. -Eardley-Wilmot (assisted by extracts from the 'Field' -newspaper), with considerable spirit and ability, has lately -compiled a series of graphic incidents and sketches, -forming altogether a memoir—or, as he terms them, -'Reminiscences'—of the life of one whom Napoleon I. -addressed as "<i>le premier chasseur d'Angleterre</i>," and -who was also called by the Parisians "<i>le grand chasseur</i> -<span class="smcap">Smit</span>." From this volume we shall now submit to our -readers a few extracts.</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Lord Foley," wrote 'Nimrod,' "was succeeded in the possession -of the Quorn hounds by that most conspicuous sportsman of modern<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">182</a></span> -times, Thomas Assheton Smith. As combining the character of a -skilful sportsman with that of a desperate horseman, perhaps his -parallel is not to be found; and his name will be handed down to -posterity as a specimen of enthusiastic zeal in one individual pursuit, -very rarely equalled. From the first day of the season to the last he -was always the same man, the same desperate fellow over a country, -and unquestionably possessing, <i>on every occasion and at every hour -of the day</i>, the most bulldog nerve ever exhibited in the saddle. -His motto was, 'I'll be with my hounds;' and all those who have -seen him in the field must acknowledge he made no vain boast of -his prowess. His falls were countless; and no wonder, for he rode -at places which <i>he knew</i> no horse could leap over; but his object -was to get, one way or the other, into the field with his hounds. As -a horseman, however, he has ever been super-excellent. He sits in -his saddle as if he were part of his horse, and his seat displays vast -power over his frame. In addition to his power his hand is equal to -Chifney's, and the advantage he experiences from it may be gleaned -from the following expression. Being seen one day hunting his -hounds on Radical, always a difficult, but at that time a more than -commonly difficult, horse to ride, he was asked by a friend why he -did not put a martingale on him, to give him more power over -his mouth. 'Thank ye,' he replied, 'but my left hand shall be <i>my</i> -martingale.'"</p></blockquote> - -<p>His fame and success in Lincolnshire were as great as -at Quorn. The Melton men followed him, knowing they -were sure of good sport wherever he went, although -scarcely one of them was quite prepared for the formidable -drains or dykes in the Burton Hunt. Shortly after their -arrival there, they found a fox near the kennels that -crossed a dyke called the Tilla. Tom Smith, the only -one who rode at it, got in, but over, leaving behind him -fourteen of the Meltonians floundering in the water at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">183</a></span> -the same time, which so cooled their ardour that, excepting -Sir H. Goodricke, gallant David Baird, and one or two -others, they soon returned to Melton.</p> - -<p>Mr. Delmé Ratcliffe, in his work on the 'Noble Science -of Fox-hunting,' describes Tom Smith as follows:—</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"I could nowhere find a more fitting model for the rising generation -of sportsmen.... He was an instance of the very rare -union of coolness and consummate skill as a huntsman, combined -with the impetuosity of a most desperate rider; and not only was -he the most determined of all riders, but equally remarkable as a -horseman.</p> - -<p>"Now I am not going to give merely my own opinion of Mr. -Thomas Assheton Smith, as a horseman and rider to hounds, but -shall lay before my readers that of all the sporting world, at least -all who have seen him in the field; which is, that, taking him from -the first day's hunting of the season to the last, place him on the -best horse in his stable or on the worst, he is sure to be with -his hounds, and <i>close to them too</i>. In fact, he has undoubtedly -proved himself the best and hardest rider England ever saw, and -it would be vain in any man to dispute his title to that character."</p></blockquote> - -<p>Again, says Mr. Apperley—</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Let us look at him in his saddle. Does he not look like a -workman? Observe how lightly he sits! No one could suppose -him to be a twelve-stone man. And what a firm hand he has -on his horses! How well he puts them at their fences, and what -chances he gives them to extricate themselves from any scrape -they may have gotten into! He never hurries them then; no -man ever saw Tom Smith ride fast at his fences, at least at large -ones (brooks excepted), let the pace be what it may; and what a -treat it is to see him jump water! His falls, to be sure, have -been innumerable; but what very hard-riding man does not get -falls? Hundreds of Mr. Smith's falls may be accounted for:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">184</a></span> -he has measured his horses' pluck by his own, and ridden at -hundreds of non-feasible places, with the chance of getting over -them somehow."</p></blockquote> - -<p>Again: "No man," says Dick Christian, "that ever -came into Leicestershire could beat Mr. Smith—I do not -care what any of them say;" while "The Druid," in 'Silk -and Scarlet,' after giving some very interesting anecdotes -of Tom Smith, says of him, "However hasty in temper -and action he might be in the field or on the flags, he -was the mightiest hunter that ever 'rode across Belvoir's -sweet vale' or wore a horn at his saddle-bow."</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"His wonderful influence," he adds, "over his hunters was -strongly exemplified at another time, but in rather a different -manner. He had mounted a friend, who complained of having -nothing to ride, on his celebrated horse Cicero. The hounds were -running breast-high across the big pasture lands of Leicestershire, -and Cicero was carrying his rider like a bird, when a strong flight -of rails had almost too ugly an aspect of height, strength, and -newness for the liking of our friend on his 'mount.' The keen -eye of Assheton Smith, as he rode beside him, at once discerned -that he had no relish for the timber, and seeing that he was likely -to make the horse refuse, he cried out, '<i>Come up, Cicero!</i>' His -well-known voice had at once the desired effect; but Cicero's -rider, by whom the performance was not intended, left his 'seat' -vacant, fortunately without any other result than a roll upon the -grass."</p> - -<p>"I have said," remarks Nimrod, "that Mr. Smith's make and -shape, together with a fine bridle-hand, have assisted him in rising -to perfection as a horseman."</p> - -<p>"I once saw," relates a friend, "a fine specimen of Mr. Smith's -hand and nerve in the going off of a frost, when the <i>bone</i> was not -quite out of the ground. We were running a fox hard over Salisbury -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">185</a></span>Plain, when all at once his horse came on a treacherous flat, -greasy at top, as sportsmen say, but hard and slippery underneath. -The horse he rode was a hard puller, and very violent, named -Piccadilly; and the least check from the bridle, when the animal -began to blunder, would have to a certainty made him slip up. -Here the fine riding of the squire shone conspicuously. He left -his horse entirely alone, as if he were swimming; and after floundering -about and swerving for at least a hundred yards, Piccadilly -recovered himself, and went on as if nothing had happened."</p> - -<p>"At the end of a desperate run, he once charged the river Welland, -which divides the counties of Leicester, Northampton, and -Rutland, and is said to be altogether impracticable. The knack he -had of getting across water is to be attributed to his resolute way of -riding to hounds, by which his horses knew that it was in vain to -refuse whatever he might put them at."</p></blockquote> - -<p>One day when Smith was drawing for a fox on his -famous horse Fire-King, he came to a precipitous bank at -the end of a meadow, with a formidable drop into a hard -road. "<i>You can't get out there, Sir</i>," said a civil farmer. -"<i>I should like very much to see the place where</i> <span class="smcap">we</span>" -(patting Fire-King) "<i>cannot go</i>," was the reply, as down -he rode, to the astonishment of the field.</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"In falling," says Sir J. Eardley Wilmot, "he always contrived -to fall clear of his horse. The bridle-rein, which fell as lightly as -breeze of zephyr on his horse's neck, was then held as in a vice. -In some instances, with horses whom he knew well, he would ride -for a fall, where he knew it was not possible for him to clear a fence. -With Jack-o'-Lantern he was often known to venture on this -experiment, and he frequently said there was not a field in Leicestershire -in which he had not had a fall. 'I never see you in the -Harborough country,' he observed to a gentleman who occasionally -hunted with the Quorn. 'I don't much like your Harborough -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">186</a></span>country,' replied the other, 'the fences are so large.' 'Oh!' observed -Mr. Smith, 'there is no place you cannot get over with a -fall.' To a young supporter of his pack, who was constantly falling -and <i>hurting</i> himself, he said, 'All who profess to ride should know -<i>how</i> to <i>fall</i>.'"</p></blockquote> - -<p>The author of 'Silk and Scarlet' says:—</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"It was a great speech of Mr. Smith's, if ever he saw a horse -refuse with his Whips, '<i>Throw your</i> <span class="smcap">heart</span> <i>over, and your horse -will follow</i>.' He never rode fast at his fences. I have heard him -say scores of times, 'When a man rides at fences a hundred miles -an hour, <i>depend upon it he funks</i>.'"</p></blockquote> - -<p>Sir William Miles confirms this statement:—</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Mr. Smith," he remarks, "always said, '<i>Go slow at all fences, -except water</i>. It makes a horse know the use of his legs, and by so -riding he can put down a leg wherever it is wanted.'"</p></blockquote> - -<p>Long Wellesley had a horse which he declared no man -could see a run on. "He only requires a <i>rider</i>," said -the squire. "Will <i>you</i> ride him, then, at Glen Gorse?" -"Willingly!" replied Smith, who, after several falls, -killing his fox, was presented with the animal, which -he accordingly named "Gift."</p> - -<p>The history of the education of Smith's favourite horse, -Jack-o'-Lantern, is described as follows:—</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"We were riding," said Tom Edge, "to covert through a line -of bridle-gates, when we came to a new double oaken post and rail -fence. 'This is just the place to make my colt a good timber -jumper,' said the squire; 'so you shut the gate, and ride away -fast.' This was no sooner done than the squire rode at the rails, -which Jack taking with his breast, gave both himself and his rider -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">187</a></span>such a fall, that their respective heads were looking towards the -fence they had ridden at. Up rose both at the same time, as if -nothing very particular had happened. 'Now,' said Tom Smith, -'this will be the <i>making</i> of the horse; just do as you did before, -and ride away.' Edge did so, and Jack flew the rails without -touching, and from that day was a first-rate timber fencer."</p></blockquote> - -<p>Only on two occasions, while hunting, did Tom Smith -succeed in breaking a bone: once at Melton, when he -consoled himself by learning arithmetic from the pretty -damsel at the post-office; and afterwards, when one of -his ribs was fractured, owing, as he said, to his having -a knife in his breast-pocket:—</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"And yet," says Sir J. Eardley Wilmot, "notwithstanding the -gallant manner in which he always rode, never turning from any -fence that intervened between him and his hounds, he never had -a horse drop dead under him, or die from the effects of a severe -day's riding. It is also a fact well recorded that he was never -known to strike a horse unfairly. 'How is it,' asked a friend, -'that horses and hounds seem never to provoke you?' '<i>They</i> are -brutes, and know no better, but <i>men</i> do,' was the reply."</p></blockquote> - -<p>The most extraordinary hunter in his stable, "Ayston," -was pigeon-toed, and so bad a hack, that he had to be led -to covert; and yet at no time would his master have -taken a thousand guineas for him.</p> - -<p>After the famous Billesden Coplow run, in which -Tom Smith maintained so prominent a place, he sold the -horse he that day rode, called Furze-cutter, for which he -had given 26<i>l.</i>, to Lord Clonbrock for 400<i>l</i>.</p> - -<p>The Rev. Francis Dyson, now rector of Creeklande, on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">188</a></span> -being ordained, was appointed to assist his father, the -clergyman at Tedworth:—</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Mr. Smith," says Sir J. Eardley Wilmot, "was so pleased with -his first sermon, that, on coming out of church, he slapped the -young curate on the back, and said, 'Well done, Frank! you -shall have a mount on Rory O'More next Thursday.' Young -Dyson had many a run afterwards out of the squire's stables, for -his performances in the field pleased as much as those in the -pulpit.</p> - -<p>"Once, when the hounds were running short with a sinking fox, -a person clad in a long black coat, and evidently thinking scorn -of the fun, inquired of the Whip what the <i>dogs were then doing</i>. -'Why, Sir,' said Dick Burton, throwing a keen glance down the -inquirer's person, 'they are preaching his funeral sermon.'"</p></blockquote> - -<p>In 1840 Tom Smith proposed to pay a visit to his -old friend Sir Richard Sutton, whose hunting had been -stopped by a severe accident. On hearing of this movement, -Mr. Greene of Rolleston, who had been one of his -best pupils in his Leicestershire days, requested him, in -his way to Lincolnshire, to bring his hounds once more -into his old country, Mr. Hodgson, who then hunted -Leicestershire, having handsomely placed the best meet -at his disposal. The veteran, for he was then sixty-four, -accepted the challenge, bringing with him eighteen -couples of his finest hounds, of great substance, open-chested, -and in splendid condition.</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"It would be vain," writes Sir J. Eardley Wilmot, "to endeavour -to commemorate the scene which took place when Tom Smith, surrounded -by his hounds, met the field at Shankton Holt on Friday, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">189</a></span>the 20th of March. More than two thousand horsemen, one-third -of whom appeared in pink, were assembled. Men of the highest -birth and station, men who had served their country with deeds -of most daring gallantry by sea and land, men who in political -or social life were the most brilliant in repute, thronged to do -honour to the first fox-hunter of the day. They had come from -remote counties, and more were pouring in along the grassy slopes -and vales, or skirting the well-known gorse covers. As Dick Christian -remarked, 'the first lot were at Shankton Holt when the tail -end wern't out of Rolleston gates.' Cold must have been the heart -of him who could behold without joyous emotion the crowds of -grey-headed horsemen hurrying forward to shake hands with their -old friend and fellow-sportsman, each calling vividly to memory -some scene where he had acted the most conspicuous part. More -than twenty years had rolled away since he had resigned the lead -in that magnificent country. There had been splendid riders since -his day; and while time had thinned the ranks of the veterans, -younger men had either achieved or were achieving fame—Frank -Holyoake, now Sir Francis Goodricke, well known for his splendid -feats on Brilliant; Colonel Lowther, Lord Wilton, Lord Archibald -Seymour, George Payne, Little<a name="FNanchor_I_9" id="FNanchor_I_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_I_9" class="fnanchor">[I]</a> Gilmour, Lord Gardner, George -Anson, and a host of sportsmen, well deserving the reputation they -had won, yet all strangers to the doings of this hero of the Quorn, -except through anecdotes familiar to them as 'household words.' -In addition to these were a very goodly display of carriages-and-four -filled with ladies, and pedestrians without number. The hounds -with Dick Burton were drawn up on the lawn, while the vast group -of horsemen formed a circle, with the carriages and assembled crowd -outside. After the friendly salutations were over, and their enthusiastic -character astonished no one but the Illustrious Stranger<a name="FNanchor_J_10" id="FNanchor_J_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_J_10" class="fnanchor">[J]</a> -present, Mr. Smith took his hounds to Shankton Holt, where he -drew only the bottom of the covert; thence to Norton Gorse, -Stanton Wood, Glooston Wood, and Fallow Close, all blank. It -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">190</a></span>was an unfavourable day for scent,—a bright sun with north-easterly -wind, not a cloud to be seen, and the cold intense. A fox -having been found by Mr. Hodgson, in Vowes Covert, as already -stated, away went the hounds towards Horringhold, leaving Blaston -to the right. Here Mr. Smith took a strong flight of rails into a -road, quite like a 'young 'un.' The fox soon afterwards crossed the -Welland, and went away for Rockingham Park, where, it being late, -they whipped off."</p></blockquote> - -<p>From 1830 to 1856—that is to say, until Tom Smith -had reached the age of eighty—with his indomitable -energy and undaunted courage he continued to hunt his -hounds at Tedworth, spending his summers at Vaenol -on board his yacht. His head was as clear and his hand -as firm as they had been twenty years ago. If he felt not -quite well in a morning, plunging his head into cold -water, he used to hold it there as long as he could, which -he said always put him to rights. It is true he had -curtailed his meets to four only a week, but on these -days the farmers were delighted to see "the old Squire" -vault on horseback, as usual, blow his horn while his -horse was carrying him over a five-barred gate, and, with -a loose rein, gallop down the sheep-fed hill-sides with all -the alacrity of a boy. But although the hourglass of his -existence appeared to be still as bright and clear as -ever, the sand within the upper portion of the crystal -was now running to its end. In September, 1856, while -at his summer residence in North Wales, he was suddenly -seized with an alarming attack of asthma, which, by the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">191</a></span> -use of stimulants and by the assiduous attention of Mrs. -Smith,—at this period herself in a very weak state of -health,—was so far subdued that on one of his horses -saddled appearing at the door—although five minutes -before he had been gasping for breath on the sofa—he -mounted the animal, and broke away, as if instinctively, -to seek for himself a stronger stimulant than his physician -could prescribe—<i>the sight once again of his hounds</i>.</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"Although," writes Sir J. Eardley Wilmot, very feelingly, "he -rallied from this attack in an astonishing manner, he was no longer -the same man. The erect gait was bent, and the eagle eye had lost -its lustre."</p></blockquote> - -<p>The able writer of 'Silk and Scarlet' gives the following -graphic and affecting description of Tom Smith the last -time he appeared at the meet with his hounds:—</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"The covert side knew him no more after the October of 1857, -when he just cantered up to Willbury on his chestnut hack Blemish, -to see his hounds draw. Carter got his orders to bring the choicest -of the 1858 entry, and he and Will Bryce arrived at the usual -rendezvous with five couple of bitches by the Fitzwilliam Hardwicke -and Hermit. He looked at them a short time, and exclaimed, -'<span class="smcap">Well, they're as beautiful as they can be</span>,' bade both his -men good-bye, and they saw him no more."</p></blockquote> - -<p>He returned to Tedworth as usual—</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"But," writes Sir J. Eardley Wilmot, "at the annual meet on -the 1st of November, 1857, the hounds met without the accustomed -centre figure of their master, who slowly rode up to them without -his scarlet. He remarked, quite seriously, that if he had worn his -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">192</a></span>hunting gear, and his pack should observe that he could not follow -them, they would show their sorrow by refusing to hunt the fox. -A universal gloom pervaded the field; he looked wistfully and -lovingly at his old favourites, the heroes of many a well-fought -field; and as he quickly went back into the hall, shrinking almost -from the outer air, while the horsemen and pack turned away slowly -towards the shrubberies, every one felt with a heavy heart that the -glory of the old fox-hunter had at length departed."</p></blockquote> - -<p>The state of Mrs. Smith's health having for many -years caused her husband great anxiety, in 1845, in -order, as he said, "to bring Madeira to England," he constructed -for her at Tedworth a magnificent conservatory -or crystal palace, 315 feet in length and 40 in width, -in which, enjoying the temperature of a warm climate, -she might take walking exercise during the winter -months. A Wiltshire farmer, on first seeing this building, -observed, he supposed it was for the 'Squire to hunt -there whenever a frost stopped him in the field.</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"It was a melancholy spectacle," writes Sir J. Eardley Wilmot, -"to see Tom Smith the winter before his death, when he could no -longer join his hounds, mount one of his favourite hunters—Euxine, -Paul Potter, or Blemish—with the assistance of a chair, and take -his exercise for an hour at a foot's pace up and down this conservatory, -often with some friend at his side to cheer him up and while -away the time until he re-entered the house, for he was not allowed -at that period to go out of doors. Even in this feeble condition, -'<i>quantùm mutatus ab illo Hectore</i>,' once on horseback, he appeared -to revive; and the dexterity and ease with which he managed, -like a plaything, the spirited animal under him, which had scarcely -left its stable for months, was most surprising."</p></blockquote> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">193</a></span></p> - -<p>During the last days of his existence he rested rather -than took exercise on that noble animal the horse, which -for seventy years he had so resolutely and yet so considerately -governed. His mind, in its declining hours, had -also its support. Throughout his life, without ostentation -and often in secret, he had been charitable to -people of various conditions. Of the two thousand workmen -in his quarries, scarcely one of them had ever been -taken before a magistrate for dishonesty. Never was he -known, if properly requested, to refuse to give a site for -a church or even for a Dissenting chapel. Both he and -Mrs. Smith invariably went to church on foot, it being a -rule with them never, except in case of illness, to have -either carriage or horse out on Sundays.</p> - -<p>A few weeks after he had completed his eighty-second -year he had a sudden attack of the same symptoms which -had shaken him so severely in 1856. In a moment of -consciousness, evidently aware of his approaching end, -pointing to his faithful valet, he said to his devoted wife, -"<i>Take care of that man!</i>" and when Mrs. Smith left -the room, he said to her maid, "<i>Watch over your mistress; -take care of</i> <span class="smcap">her</span>." A few hours afterwards—</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 10em;">"Last scene of all,</span><br /> -That ends this strange eventful history"—<br /> -</p> - -<p>on the 9th of September, 1858, while Mrs. Smith's sister -was watching by his bedside, a slight change came over<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">194</a></span> -his countenance, but before the doctors or even his valet -could be summoned,—with a gentle sigh expired Thomas -Assheton Smith, bequeathing, on half a sheet of writing-paper, -the whole of his vast possessions, producing from -50,000<i>l.</i> to 55,000<i>l.</i> a year, to his widow (who survived -him only a few months); and moreover leaving behind -him a name that will long be remembered not only by the -farmers and riding men of the counties he hunted, but -by all who are disposed fairly and justly to appreciate the -lights and shadows which constitute the character of -"The English Country Gentleman," one only of whose -recreations we have endeavoured to delineate to our -readers in the foregoing slight sketches of those three -gallant animals—the <span class="smcap">Horse</span>, the <span class="smcap">Fox</span>, and last, though -not least, the <span class="smcap">Foxhunter</span>.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_I_9" id="Footnote_I_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_I_9"><span class="label">[I]</span></a> Like William of Deloraine, "<i>good at need</i>."</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_J_10" id="Footnote_J_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_J_10"><span class="label">[J]</span></a> Prince Ernest, brother to Prince Albert.</p></div> - - - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"> -<img src="images/illus-195-f.jpg" width="450" height="305" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p class="center">THE ROYAL ENGINEER TRAIN PRACTISING LASSO DRAUGHT.</p> - - - -<p class="right">To face page 195.</p></div> -</div> - - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">195</a></span></p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2><span class="smcap">On Military Horse-Power.</span></h2> - - -<p>As the momentum or force of a shot is said to be its -weight multiplied by its velocity, so the strength of an -army may not unjustly be estimated by multiplying its -physical powers by the rate at which (if necessary) it can -be made to travel: in short, activity is to an army what -velocity is to a shot, or what the rigging of a vessel is -to its hull. But, although we refuse to increase the -weight of a shot unless we can proportionately preserve -our power to propel it, yet, in European warfare, this -principle, as regards the "matériel" of an army, has not -always been kept in mind. Inventions have very easily -been admitted, which afterwards have not been so easy -to carry. It is true, they have added to the powers of -the army, but they have so diminished its speed, that, -encumbered by its implements and accoutrements, a -European, like an East Indian army, has often felt that -it requires less science to fight than to march; and thus, -when Bonaparte, in his retreat from Moscow, was surrounded -by Cossacks, which his troops were unable to -crush only because they could not get at them, his well-known -confession proves that when the field is vast, and -its resources feeble, the distance between regular and -irregular warfare "is but a step,"—the reason being,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">196</a></span> -that the superior strength of the former is worn out by -the superior activity of the latter, or, as Marshal Saxe -expressed it, "its arms are of less value than its legs."</p> - -<p>Now, it is undeniable that this want of activity proceeds -partly from the weight of the "matériel," but principally -from the following very remarkable imperfection -in the military equipment of Europe.</p> - -<p>It is well known that not only every soldier, but every -human being following an army, is subject to military -discipline, and that his labour may, at any time, and -for any purpose, be required of him; but, although the -rational being is thus called upon to work with cheerful -obedience for the grand objects of the army, the physical -powers of the brute beast have never yet been developed; -and accordingly for the various, sudden, and momentary -emergencies for which horse-power has often and urgently -in vain been required, horse-power (the cavalry) to an -enormous extent has existed upon the spot, a military -element which it has hitherto been considered so impracticable -to control, that the guns, ammunition, treasure, -&c., which European cavalry have oftentimes bravely -won, their horses have been supposed totally incapable -to carry away; and the laurel which was positively in -their hands they have thus been obliged to abandon. -Again, for sieges in countries which have been drained -by the artillery and cavalry, not only of horses, but of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">197</a></span> -sustenance to maintain them, it has often been absolutely -necessary to bring forward, by bullocks and other inefficient -means, the battering train, ammunition, entrenching -tools, materials, &c., amounting in weight, even for the -attack of a second-rate fortress, to several thousand tons. -In moments of such distress the infantry working in the -trenches have often severely suffered from the delay -occasioned by the want of horse-power, while their comrades, -the cavalry, have been deemed incapable of sharing -the honour and fatigue of the day, from the anomalous -conclusion that, although it is easy to extract from men -manual labour, it is impossible to extract from horses -horse-power; and yet there exists no reason why, in -moments of emergency, cavalry horses should not be -required to work (most particularly at drag-ropes) as -well as infantry soldiers; for although the patient endurance -of hardships and privations is one of the noblest -features in military life, yet absolutely to suffer from -the want of what one positively possesses is, even in -common life, a discreditable misfortune, indicating not -bodily weakness, but mental imbecility.</p> - -<p>Even in that noble department, the Horse Artillery -itself, there existed throughout the Peninsular War a -striking example of latent power which had never -been exerted. To each gun there were attached twelve -horses trained to draught. Of these, only eight possessed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">198</a></span> -the means of drawing: the gun might therefore, in -mechanical calculation, be said to be propelled by an -engine of eight horse-power; and if a morass, or any -other obstacle, over-balanced this power, the gun was -either deserted, or (as was customary) the infantry were -harnessed to it, by drag-ropes, in the immediate presence -of four draught-horses, whose powers (besides officers' -horses) it was conceived that we were unable to command.<a name="FNanchor_K_11" id="FNanchor_K_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_K_11" class="fnanchor">[K]</a></p> - -<p>Now, to awaken, <i>at no expense</i>, the important, natural, -yet dormant powers, not only of cavalry but of all other -horses, and, consequently, to afford the means of accelerating -(when required) the movements, grand or small, -of an army, would surely be more beneficial than even -to suggest an improvement in its arms; for it may justly -be said that our present weapons are destructive enough—that -even if we could succeed in making them more -so, still our enemies would retort them upon us—that -the advantage, or rather the disadvantage, would then -be mutual—and that, eventually, war would only be -made still more destructive; but by giving activity and -mobility to European armies, the science of war is promoted; -and even if the benefit to the civilized nations -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">199</a></span>of Europe should be equal (but this, from the superior -size and strength of English horses, would evidently be -in our favour), yet it would at least shield the profession -from the disgrace of being again persecuted, in any -country, by an uncivilized army; and if the navy of -England, laden with its immense weight of metal, is -endeavouring, by science and reflection, to accelerate its -rate of sailing, so that it can not only stand against the -largest fleet, but can chase and run down the smallest -pirate, surely the British army, already distinguished -by its heart and its arm, should never rest satisfied -until it can sufficiently develop its locomotive powers -to be able to overtake and punish the insults of irregular -troops.</p> - -<p>Having now endeavoured to prove, 1st, That in European -warfare there positively does exist a serious imperfection; -and 2ndly, That it is for the interest, and due -to the character, of the profession, that this imperfection -should be corrected, we will proceed to explain the -reasons which have lately induced the Duke of Cambridge -by the following order to direct the attention of the British -cavalry to the practice of lasso draught, (which for -more than two years, by order of the Inspector-General -of Fortifications, General Sir John Burgoyne, has been -most successfully and scientifically adopted, by Captain -Siborne, R.E., commanding the Royal Engineer Train,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">200</a></span> -under the intelligent superintendence of Colonel Henry -Sandham, Director of the Royal Engineers' Establishment -at Chatham.)</p> - - -<p class="center"><i>Extract from the Queen's Regulations, page 126.</i></p> - -<p>"In order that the cavalry may, upon emergencies, be -available for the purposes of draught, such as assisting -artillery, &c., through deep roads, and in surmounting -other impediments and obstacles which the carriages of -the army have frequently to encounter in the course of -active service, ten men per troop are to be equipped with -the tackle of the lasso."</p> - -<p>In Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, and a considerable -portion of South America, for every purpose of -drawing, a horse is confined between two traces; and -accordingly, whenever for the first time in his life he is -placed in this predicament, so soon as one of them touches -or tickles him on one side, he flies from it to the other -trace, which suddenly arrests him, and, usually blind-folded -by blinkers, being ignorant of, as well as alarmed -at, the unknown objects that are restraining him, he occasionally -endeavours to disperse them by kicking; and -even if he submits, it requires some little experience to -tranquillize his fears. For these reasons, throughout the -regions enumerated, a horse that has never been in harness, -however valuable he may be, is <i>totally</i> useless in a -moment of emergency for the purposes of draught.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">201</a></span></p> - -<p>Now throughout that region of South America which -extends in 35° south latitude from Buenos Ayres on the -Atlantic, to Santiago and to Valparaiso on the Pacific -Ocean, harness is composed of nothing but a surcingle -and a single trace, by which the horse draws as a man -would drag a garden-roller, by one hand instead of by two.</p> - -<p>By this simple mode all the merchandise, and all the -travellers that have ever traversed on wheels those immense -plains that separate the two great oceans of the -world, have been transported.</p> - -<p>For military purposes its efficiency has been thus substantiated -by General Miller in his history of 'The War -for Independence':—</p> - -<p>"Our corps consisted of ten six-pounders and one howitzer. -Each gun was drawn by four horses, and each -horse ridden by a gunner, there being no corps of drivers -in the service. A non-commissioned officer and seven -drivers were, besides the four already mentioned, attached -to each piece of artillery. Buckles, collars, cruppers, and -breast-plates were not in use; the horses simply drew -from the saddle, and with this equipment our guns have -travelled nearly 100 miles in a day."</p> - -<p>But besides its efficiency for all the requirements of -either peace or war, the singular advantage of this simple -harness is that any description of horse, tame or wild, -uses it without noticing it; for if the single trace which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">202</a></span> -passes immediately beneath his hip bone happens (which -it ought not) to press against his side, by shrinking from -it only an inch it instantly ceases to touch him; and as -there then remains nothing to confine, tickle, or alarm -him, he refrains from kicking, simply because there is -nothing to kick at, and from quarrelling because he can -see nothing in the world to quarrel with.</p> - -<p>With this equipment, if a party of native riders, hunting -ostriches in South America, are requested to help the -horses of a carriage across a river, and up a steep bank, -similar, for instance, to that of the Alma, in a moment -they affix their lassos, conquer the difficulty, attain the -summit, and then, with tobacco smoke steaming from -their mouths, gallop away to follow their sport.</p> - -<p>The Royal Engineer Train have demonstrated by -public experiments in this country, that with this -simple equipment, which would injure neither the efficiency -nor the appearance of the cavalry, any number -of horses, whether accustomed to draught or not, are -capable of being at once harnessed to any description of -carriage, not only (<i>see sketch</i>) in front to draw it forward, -but in rear to hold it back, or even sideways to prevent -its oversetting—in short, that it is a power which can -be made to radiate in any direction; and as its character -stands upon a much firmer foundation—as it is <i>bonâ -fide</i> the common mode of draught in South America—<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">203</a></span> -in constant use for all military and civil purposes—a -practical invention which, under all circumstances, has -been always found to answer, it is evident to demonstration,—1st. -That if it can transport artillery, &c., -across the lofty, vast, and rugged features of uncultivated -America, it would surely be serviceable on the -roads and bridges of civilized countries. 2ndly, That if -it can be adapted to unbroken horses, it cannot be inapplicable -to the trained horses of our cavalry. And, 3rdly, -That as both the surcingle and trace are made, in America, -of nothing but the skins of bullocks, we should, -on active service, be able in all countries at least to -obtain this material, and generally many others.</p> - -<p>It must, moreover, be observed, that as a mounted -horse (<i>i. e.</i> a horse and man) are heavier than an unmounted -horse, the former with a lasso can drag a -heavier weight than the latter with a collar and traces.<a name="FNanchor_L_12" id="FNanchor_L_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_L_12" class="fnanchor">[L]</a></p> - -<p>Now, supposing for a moment that not only our cavalry -were to be furnished with, but that every saddle-horse -receiving rations in a European army was to be ordered -to wear the South American surcingle (<i>which costs less -than English girths and surcingle</i>, and which experience -has proved to be, merely as a girth, superior to a common -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">204</a></span>one), and to carry a halter of the usual regulation length, -but long enough for a single trace, without detailing the -various important as well as trifling services which might -be performed, is it not evident that the general activity -of the army would most materially be increased? that, -in fact, this equipment would form an era in military -warfare? that it would be an enormous, and, in Europe, -an unheard-of engine of say twenty or thirty thousand -horses' power, which, at a moment's warning, could -either be called forward or dismissed, and, after all, maintained -at no expense whatever? for it must ever be kept -in mind, <span class="smcap">that we possess, and always have possessed, -the power</span>; all that, for five and thirty years, -we have until lately in vain proposed, is—to rouse it into -action.</p> - -<p>If the propriety and future utility of this project should -be admitted, there is one most important observation -to be made. The characteristic feature of this simple -harness is, that having been invented for unbroken horses, -it possesses the singular military advantage of being at -once applicable to any sort or description of horse. But -it is well known to every reflecting mind, that there is -no useful art which does not, somewhere or other, require -attention; and to this general rule the American harness -is certainly no exception; for though any horse will draw -in it, yet it does require, on the part of <i>the rider</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">205</a></span> -considerable experience and attention. The single trace -must be managed in a particular manner, or, in turning, -it gets under the horse's tail: unless it is properly held -in the hand at starting, the horse may break it by the -jerk. There are several other little precautions necessary, -most particularly in the mode of adjusting the -surcingle, which requires considerable practice and attention.</p> - -<p>The many curious and indeed scientific applications and -combinations of power of which this simple harness is -capable, form a beautiful example of what even uncivilised -man can contrive when his attention has been long and -steadily directed to a solitary object. And surely the -ingenuity and practical experience of one nation are -worthy the patient attention of another. But the apparent -simplicity of many a useful invention has often -been its ruin; and this observation is most particularly -applicable to lasso harness, which is, in appearance, so -very simple, that it seems to require only to be seen to -be perfectly understood: yet, efficient as it is in America, -and efficient as it will be to any nation in Europe that -will give to its merits sufficient time and a fair trial,—yet, -on some little experience and reflection, it is most -confidently stated that, as a theory, it certainly is <i>of no -use at all</i>; and the truth of this observation will at once -be proved by the complete failure and confusion which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">206</a></span> -will inevitably take place if our cavalry try the harness -without first not only patiently but cordially and zealously -learning how to use it. Yet this ought not, in common -justice, to condemn the principle; for, could cavalry, -without some little instruction, succeed in driving even -with our own harness?—Could French coachmen, without -practice, drive our mails?—Could our English postilions -drive the five horses of a French diligence? And if -driving is thus a science of many departments, it would -not be reasonable to expect that our cavalry should be -able to <i>drive</i>, merely because they have learnt to <i>ride</i>.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_K_11" id="Footnote_K_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_K_11"><span class="label">[K]</span></a> To the 12-pounder Armstrong gun (which sighted to 8° gives a range -of 3000 yards) are now attached eight horses in harness, and eight more on -which the non-commissioned officers and men, including horse holders, are -mounted. Of these, four are supplied with web breast harness and traces: -to a proportion of the remainder lassos are supplied.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_L_12" id="Footnote_L_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_L_12"><span class="label">[L]</span></a> On active service, when a gun sticks in very heavy ground, it has been -usual to place a gunner upon every unmounted horse, and, if necessary, -behind every driver on the mounted ones. By this additional weight or -power a gun has repeatedly been extricated and brought into action.</p></div> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h2><span class="smcap">How to Hobble and Anchor Horses.</span></h2> - -<p>"<i>Hard pummelling</i>," said the Duke of Wellington to -the Guards at Waterloo, "<i>Hard pummelling, Gentlemen! -Well, we must just see who'll pummel the</i> <span class="smcap">hardest</span>."</p> - -<p>During the reign of Brown Bess the great battles of -Europe were decided very much in the manner above -described.</p> - -<p>Two armies met on a battle-field, or two fleets on -"the wide, rude sea," as in England two prize-fighters -have entered a small space encircled by ropes, to "see -who'll pummel the hardest." In all three cases, endurance, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">207</a></span>indomitable courage, and physical strength sooner -or later conquered.</p> - -<p>As, however, in mechanics, a timid, puny boy, with -the assistance of a pulley, could drag towards him Mars -or Hercules, so must the new arms of precision lately -invented, give victory, not to the bravest or the strongest, -but to whichever of two combatant armies shall exercise -their deadly weapons with the greatest amount of science.</p> - -<p>And, as fortification has justly been defined "the art -of enabling a small body of men to resist for a considerable -time the attack of a greater number," so will, in future, -the science of war consist in the art of concealing by every -possible artifice the general commanding, his staff, his -artillery, cavalry, and infantry, from the fire of rifled -cannon and Minié muskets, of which, when properly -directed, it may be said that almost "every bullet will -have its billet."</p> - -<p>On this principle, if England were to be invaded, it -would be the endeavour and the duty of the general -on whose intellectual powers the destiny of the empire -would hang, to direct his army to take against their -enemy (after, in spite of his utmost efforts, they had effected -a landing), not, as in by-gone days, "<i>the field</i>," but rather -possession of the banks, hedges, and ditches thereof; to -make every great mansion, building, or village, by loop-holing -their walls, a Hougoumont; every railway embankment -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">208</a></span>a covert-way and parapet; every hollow road a protector -or ambuscade for cavalry or infantry; the scarped -summit of every hill a battery; in short, by avoiding -exposure, and by every means that ingenuity can devise, -to make the invaders, during every step of their advance, -smart under a lash, and fall from blows, administered -by a nimble, intellectual army which they feel, which -they are literally dying to see, but which is skilfully -continuing, out of their reach, to decimate their ranks, -in order that when the great battle is given, the invading -army—though infinitely superior when it disembarked—shall -be reduced to a force inferior in number to -that of the stern, steady, stalwart defenders of their native -soil.</p> - -<p>It is evident, however, that to carry on war on the -above principle, it will be necessary that cavalry, in their -equipment as well as drill, should undergo a complete -revolution, with a view to enable them in future, in addition -to the use of their sabres, to help artillery with their -lassos,—act as <i>mounted infantry</i>,—in short, make themselves -generally useful; for, at present, they form on a -field of battle so large a target, that under existing circumstances -they would have, either out of harm's way to -sit on their horses all day long waiting for an opportunity -not likely to occur, or be destroyed by rifled guns and -muskets before their services could be required: in fact,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">209</a></span> -as it would be impossible for them to charge men in -squares, or even in position armed with muskets of unerring -aim, they could be of little use until after the battle -was <i>won</i>, by following up the enemy in their retreat.</p> - -<p>Now, instead of being the dearest and the most useless, -they would become the cheapest and most efficient branch -of the army, if, besides occasionally using their lassos to -help our Armstrong guns, &c., they had power to skim -along hollow roads, &c., to the vicinity of the summit of -a hill or any other position, from which, half or wholly -hidden, they could, with short Minié rifles, direct a -deadly fire upon an overwhelming amount of advancing -troops, from whom they could gallop away—only to re-attack -them—the instant it became prudent to do so.</p> - -<p>But to enable cavalry or volunteer mounted yeomanry -to act in this manner, how, it will be asked, could they -manage to leave their horses?</p> - -<p>To this important question we will reply, not by any -theoretical project, but by a statement of facts, which, -though generally unknown in England, have for many -generations been in constant practice in other parts of the -world.</p> - -<p>1. Throughout Russia, the Cossacks,—whenever for any -reason, small or large, they have wished to leave one -horse, or a regiment of horses, to stand alone, to ruminate<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">210</a></span> -either in the snow or on a verdant plain—have, for ages, -been in the habit of, as it were, riveting them to the -ground, by tying together their two fore fetlocks by a -pair of hobbles, to the centre of which is affixed a narrow -strap that buckles over the hock of one hind leg. -By this triangular apparatus (weighing less than one -pound), which out of four legs leaves only one at liberty, -the animal physically and morally is completely paralysed; -indeed he is not only unable to move away, but -after his first fall is afraid again to try to do so.</p> - -<p>2. In South Africa, farmers and sportsmen of all descriptions -have long been in the habit of what they -term "anchoring" their horses by a lump of lead, from -three to five pounds in weight, carried in a small pocket -buckled to the outside of their near or left holster.</p> - -<p>To this "anchor" is attached a piece of cord about ten -feet long, which, passing and running freely through both -rings of the curb bit, and hanging from them like a -loose rein, is fastened to a =D= or ring on the off-side of the -saddle.</p> - -<p>No time need be lost in displacing the lead from its -pocket when necessary, as it can be jerked out on the -ground in the act of dismounting.</p> - -<p>When a horse has been thus anchored, if he attempts -to move on, his nose is brought down to his breast by the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">211</a></span> -cord, which, tightening equally on both sides, acts exactly -like a bridle in the hand of a rider; and as the pressure -of the curb-chain ceases so soon as he stops, he soon -finds out that the best thing he can do is to stand still -and graze.</p> - -<p>As the cord is not <i>fastened</i> to either ring of the bit, -but merely runs through both, the pressure it exerts -when the horse tries to move is equal on both sides; and -therefore, on the pulley principle, a lead of four pounds -weight makes it necessary for the horse to overcome with -his mouth a steady and continuous pressure of eight -pounds on the extremity of the bit lever before he can -move forward. On mounting hurriedly the cord is -grasped with the reins, the anchor is raised, and while -galloping away is adjusted in its pocket.</p> - -<p>Although this invention has proved to be admirably -adapted for farmers, for hunting and shooting, or for staff -or engineer officers while reconnoitring or surveying (for -which purpose General Sir John Michel, now commanding -a brigade in China, has used it with great success), it could -not safely be applied to cavalry; for as the horse has -power, if he chooses to endure the pain inflicted by his bit, -to "pull" or drag the anchor, were he to run away with -it, its oscillations would be very dangerous in a camp.</p> - -<p>To carry the additional weight of the anchor would also -be considered as an objection; but this could be entirely<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">212</a></span> -got rid of by any intelligent staff officer affixing to a rope,—whenever -he wished for reconnoitring to tether his -horse,—a stone, a piece of wood, or any other heavy substance, -which he would unlash and leave behind him so -soon as his object on foot had been accomplished.</p> - -<p>3. In Mendoza, San Luis, Santiago, Buenos Ayres, and -all other cities in the provinces of Rio de la Plata, in -Chili, and in Peru, whenever a young dandy, calling -upon his innamorata, is informed that she is "en casa," -that is at home, he dismounts, extracts from his waistcoat -pocket a beautiful pair of slight hobbles (weighing only -two ounces), which by two silver buttons he affixes to the -fetlocks of his high-bred horse, who, swishing with his -long tail the innumerable flies that assail him, and looking -at every animal that canters by him, stands stock still, -until within the house all the compliments of the season -have been paid, and all the songs to the guitar exhausted.</p> - -<p>In those countries every cavalry soldier carries a pair -of such hobbles for his horse, not in his pocket, but as an -ornament dangling from the throat-lash of the bridle.</p> - -<p>By this invention a horse is not so thoroughly secured -as by that used by the Cossacks; and accordingly, if he be -overfed, very fresh, and greatly alarmed, he has power in -a very awkward gait to move away.</p> - -<p>On active service, however, where horses have more<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">213</a></span> -work than food, it would prove efficient for a single horse, -and would completely arrest a troop when connected together -by their collar chains, by which arrangement a movement, -however slight, by any one horse would be restrained -by the vis inertiæ of all the rest.</p> - -<p>On the above suggestion being submitted by us about -six months ago to General Sir John Burgoyne, with the -vivacity and energy that distinguish him, he instantly -directed it to be properly tested by the mounted troop of -the Royal Engineer Train, who, as regards both bridles -and saddles, are equipped as cavalry.</p> - -<p>The result of the experiments, under the superintendence -of Colonel Henry Sandham, and the able assistance -of Captain Duff, R.E., has proved so eminently successful, -that any one visiting Aldershott is now enabled to see six -or eight horses hobbled at intervals of about thirty feet -asunder, standing motionless, while the riders of the rest -of the troop to which they belong, with drawn sabres flashing -in the sun, are galloping through them backwards and -forwards; and as of course cavalry horses could be made -to do the same, it has been substantiated that that noble -branch of our army, as also our volunteer yeomanry, by -merely carrying hobbles, which only weigh two ounces -per pair, would at once be enabled, in addition to other -services, to act, whenever requisite, as <i>mounted infantry</i>.</p> - -<p>To an officer of the staff or engineers, sent to deliver<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">214</a></span> -an order to, or to reconnoitre a locality which on horseback -it would be certain death to him to attempt to approach, -a pair of hobbles would enable him, or, in case of -invasion, any possessor of a horse and a Minié rifle, to -ride as far as with safety he could advance, and then by -dismounting and securing his animal to creep, or if necessary, -crawl onwards along the bottom of a ditch, or behind -any bank or hedge, sufficient to conceal him from the fire -of an army of unerring marksmen to whom, after making -all necessary observations, he could invisibly administer -deadly blows.</p> - -<p>As, however, in future warfare it will of course constantly -occur, that appropriate cover in appropriate situations -and directions will not be available, our army, however -perfect it may be made in the light infantry rifle -movements above described, should be discouraged from -<i>relying</i> on them, lest such an idea should lead, not only -to a timid course of procedure on the part of the General -commanding, but to a conception in the minds of British -soldiers, whose favourite weapon has hitherto been their -bayonets, that the odds will be much against them unless -they be hidden from the fire of their enemy.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">215</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><span class="smcap">On Chloroforming Horses.</span></h2> - - -<p>In the first book of Genesis, although on the bursting -out of light; on the gathering together of the waters to -let the dry land appear; on the creation of the grass, the -herb, and the fruit-tree; of the sun, moon, and stars; of -the fishes of the sea; of the fowls of the air; of the beast -of the earth, of the cattle, of every living creature, and -everything that creepeth upon the earth, we are informed -by Moses that on each of these successive formations "God -saw that it was good;" yet, the same six important words -of approval were not (as in all the previous instances they -had been) especially uttered on the creation of man, the -reason possibly being that of the works of creation every -thing was fixed, and "of its kind" immutably "good," -save human reason, which, for the weal or woe of the -favoured race on whom alone it was bestowed, was gifted -with an elasticity by which its character, capable of being -elevated or depressed to almost immeasurable distances -above or below the level of its original creation, might -become either "good" or evil.</p> - -<p>And accordingly, while the heat of the sun, the light -of the moon, the brightness of the stars, the force of the -hurricane, the velocity of light, the movements of the -heavenly bodies, the return of the seasons, have neither -increased nor diminished in the smallest degree; yet<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">216</a></span> -human reason, since the moment of its creation, has never -continued within the same limits, simply because its -cumulative powers have enabled it to inherit, increase, -and transmit knowledge which, by the triumph of reason -over immutable instinct, has, in accordance with the -Almighty decree, given to man dominion over the fish -of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the -cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping -thing that creepeth on the earth.</p> - -<p>As property, however, in animals as well as in acres, -"has its duties as well as its rights," it might have been -expected (at least by <i>them</i>) that when the Lord of the -creation thus obtained possession of the superior physical -strength of brute beasts, he would deem it just to impart -to them in return a small tithe or share of any discovery -by human reason that could alleviate the work which, -in subjection to its power, they were required to perform; -and as in mercantile firms it is usual for the partners to -expend for their mutual benefit the amount of the capital -they respectively contribute, it might have been expected -that in the alliance which has taken place between men -and horses, a similar division of profits would have been -adopted. But like "Irish reciprocity," the advantages -are all on one side; or in plainer terms, Reason screws -all it can out of Instinct, giving to the poor brute, its -owner, nothing in return.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">217</a></span></p> - -<p>For instance, when man found that his unshod horse -could only carry him per day a small number of miles, he -invented for and presented him with iron shoes, in return -for which he required the wearer thereof to carry him -more than double that distance.</p> - -<p>To the old fashioned lever, attached to the extremity -of which a horse revolving a mill could only draw up per -day a small quantity of water, or knead a small quantity -of clay, man as he improved in mechanical knowledge -added a wheel, in return for which he required the -quadruped worker thereof to lift treble the amount of -water, or to knead treble the amount of clay.</p> - -<p>Along the rough muddy roads that existed throughout -Europe half a century ago, a horse could with difficulty -draw a single man seated in his gig or "buggy." As -soon, however, as by human science roads were macadamised, -<i>i.e.</i>, levelled and improved, there arose as it -were out of them (like mushrooms in a meadow) innumerable -descriptions of four-wheeled carriages, in which -the horse, simply because he was enabled, was required -to draw, in addition to his master, his wife and three -or four of their children.</p> - -<p>When by the invention of railways the locomotive engine -suddenly superseded animal power, the horses, -instead of sharing in a discovery by human reason -which seemed to promise to them emancipation from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">218</a></span> -slavery, found that by it they were merely to be transferred -from good highways to bad bye-ways.</p> - -<p>If thousands of omnibuses, cabs, and canal-boats, which -have been plying seven days in the week, are suddenly -restrained by human laws from running on the Sabbath, -the proprietors instantly diminish the number of their -horses, expressly for the purpose of continuing to give to -each the same amount of work and of rest, the latter, like -"the best of oats, beans, and chopped hay," being bestowed -upon him solely to enable him to perform the maximum -amount of work.</p> - -<p>In short, by the common rule of three, as well as by -the common rule of life, quaintly exemplified by the following -extract, human reason calculates that if 7000 horses -are necessary to work for seven days per week, only 6000 -will be wanted to work for six days.</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"<span class="smcap">Sunday and Week-day Religions.</span>—The tides come twice a-day -in New York Harbour, but they only come once in seven days -in God's harbour of the sanctuary. They rise on Sunday, but ebb -on Monday, and are down and out all the rest of the week. Men -write over their store door, 'Business is business,' and over the -church door, 'Religion is religion;' and they say to Religion, 'Never -come in here,' and to Business, 'Never go in there.' 'Let us have -no secular things in the pulpit,' they say; 'we get enough of them -through the week in New York. There all is stringent and biting -selfishness, and knives, and probes, and lancets, and hurry, and -work, and worry. Here we want repose, and sedatives, and healing -balm. All is prose over there; here let us have poetry. We want -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">219</a></span>to sing hymns, and to hear about heaven and Calvary; in short, we -want the pure Gospel without any worldly intermixture.' And so -they desire to spend a pious, quiet Sabbath, full of pleasant imaginings -and peaceful recollections; but when the day is gone, all is laid -aside. They will take by the throat the first debtor whom they -meet, and exclaim, 'Pay me what thou owest. It is <i>Monday</i>.' -And when the minister ventures to hint to them something about -their duty to their fellow-men, they say, 'Oh, you stick to your -preaching. You do not know how to collect your own debts, and -cannot tell what a man may have to do in his intercourse with the -world.' God's law is not allowed to go into the week. If the merchant -spies it in his store, he throws it over the counter. If the -clerk sees it in the bank, he kicks it out at the door. If it is found -in the street, the multitude pursue it, pelting it with stones, as if it -were a wolf escaped from a menagerie, and shouting, 'Back with -you! You have got out of <i>Sunday</i>.' There is no religion in all this. -It is mere sentimentalism. Religion belongs to every day—to the -place of business as much as to the church. High in an ancient -belfry there is a clock, and once a week the old sexton winds it up; -but it has neither dial plate nor hands. The pendulum swings, and -there it goes, ticking, ticking, day in and day out, unnoticed and -useless. What the old clock is in its dark chamber, keeping time to -itself, but never showing it, that is the mere sentimentality of religion, -high above life, in the region of airy thought; perched up in -the top of Sunday, but without dial or pointer to let the week know -what o'clock it is, of time or of eternity."—<i>American Paper.</i></p></blockquote> - -<p>It may be impracticable to prevent man from taking -to himself the <i>whole</i> benefit of every ingenious invention -by which the physical power of the horse can be increased, -yet surely, either by legislation or by the power -of public opinion, he should be required to grant or rather<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">220</a></span> -transmit to the poor animal, as a gift from Heaven, the -benefit of any scientific discovery that may save him -from unnecessary and indescribable agony under operations -almost all of which are prescribed either for the -self interest, pride, or fashions of his master.</p> - -<p>But although the avowed object of the criminal laws of -England is to prevent crime by the infliction of a scale of -punishments which, fearful enough to deter the guiltiest, -are all divested, so far as science can devise, of bodily pain; -although we deprecate any suffering on the tread-mill beyond -that of ordinary hard labour; and although even -for the murderer we have invented a machinery of rope, -planks, and bolts to produce a sudden and almost painless -death, yet, until lately, people of both sexes, of all ages, -and of every sort and condition, have under the surgeon's -knife been subjected to tortures which it would have -been beyond the ingenuity of the most merciless tyrant -that ever existed to have invented.</p> - -<p>The screams, however, which have resounded throughout -the civilized world—in private houses, in palaces, in -cottages, on the field of battle, between the decks of men-of-war, -and through the doors and windows of all public -hospitals,—have lately, by the command and blessing of -Almighty God, been suddenly stopped by the administration -of chloroform, which now, diluted in the proportion<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">221</a></span> -of three parts of vapour to ninety-seven parts of atmospheric -air, causes a patient, at no risk whatever of his life, -and at a cost amounting to less than two-pence, to be -bereft, not necessarily of his senses, but merely of sensation, -while the knife, without the infliction of the slightest -pain, is performing on his living body the most appalling -operations.</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"And the Lord God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam, and -he slept: and he took one of his ribs, and closed up the flesh -instead thereof."</p></blockquote> - -<p>Now, if in return for this extraordinary alleviation, -or rather annihilation of all sufferings under surgical -treatment, man should deem it his duty to render public -thanks to that Omnipotent Power from which it has -proceeded, is it possible for him practically to perform -any more acceptable act of acknowledgment than to allow -the dumb creatures in his service to participate in a -blessing which, by Divine authority, has been imparted to -the possessors, not exclusively of human reason, but without -favour or exception, of animal life?</p> - -<p>As regards his horses, the performance of this duty is -especially incumbent: for not only, like all other animals, -are they liable to the accidents and ills that flesh is heir -to, but some of the cruelest operations to which they are -subjected—such, for instance, as cutting off and cauterising -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">222</a></span>their tails, burning their sinews with red hot irons, -dividing and cutting out a portion of a nerve, with other -excruciating operations on young horses, under which -they are often heard to squeal from pain—are inflicted -on them, to comply with either a useless as well as a -barbarous fashion;—or to enable them "to go for another -season's hunting;"—or to make them "sound enough to -sell;" or for the attainment of conveniences of which -the horse derives not the smallest share: and as the -high-bred, broken-down hunter has no voice to ask for -mercy,—as he cannot boast of possessing reason,—as he -has inherited no knowledge,—as he has no power to -bequeath any,—as his whole energies have been devoted -to the service and enjoyments of man, by whose mechanical -contrivances he is now "cast" with his four feet shackled -together, lying prostrate on a heap of straw;—just before -the red-hot iron sears his over-strained sinews, or the -sharp knife is inserted into his living flesh—surely, in a -civilized country like England, some high power should be -authorized to exclaim, not "Woodman, spare that tree!" -but "<i>Sportsman</i>, <span class="allsmcap">SAVE</span> <i>that horse!</i>" by chloroform, from -the agonising torture to which you have sentenced -him!</p> - -<p>You are a man of <i>pleasure</i>:—save him from unnecessary -<i>pain</i>. You are a man of business:—inscribe in that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">223</a></span> -ledger in which every one of the acts of your life is -recorded, on one side how much <i>he</i> will gain, and on the -other, per contrà, how very little <i>you</i> will lose, by the -evaporation of a fluid that will not cost you the price -of the shoes of the poor animal whose marketable value -you have determined, by excruciating agony <i>to him</i>, to -increase.</p> - -<p>As he lies prostrate, all that is necessary to save him -from suffering the smallest amount of pain is, to desire the -operator with his left hand to close the animal's upper -nostril, while beneath the lower one he places a quarter of -a pint tin pot, containing a sponge, on which is gradually -dropped, from a little vial, chloroform sufficient to deprive -him of sensation, which can readily be tested by the occasional -slight prick of a pin; and although, when thus -lulled into an unconscious state, the noble animal may, -during a dreadful operation, possibly dream that</p> - -<p class="center"> -"He sees war's lightning flashing,<br /> -Sees the claymore and bayonet clashing,<br /> -Sees through the blood the war-horse dashing"—<br /> -</p> - -<p>yet, on the restoration of sensation, which usually occurs -some minutes after the operation is over, he calmly awakens, -raises his head, and looks around, perfectly unconscious of -all that has occurred to him!</p> - -<p>In every point of view in which it can be considered,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">224</a></span> -this boon, granted by Heaven to the brute beast, should -not be withheld from him by man.</p> - -<p>On Mr. Henry Thompson, the celebrated practising -surgeon at University College Hospital, and also at Marylebone -Dispensary, being lately asked, "What are the -occasions on which you are in the habit of administering -chloroform?" he energetically replied, "<i>For everything -that gives</i> <span class="allsmcap">PAIN</span>."</p> - -<p>If, therefore, man to this enormous extent is benefited -by chloroform, what right has he to withhold it from his -own animals, to whom, not only in equity, but by the -laws of God, it belongs as much as it belongs to him?</p> - -<p>Their claims are so affecting, and so obvious, the -remedy that would save them from all pain is so cheap -and simple, that it is, we feel, only necessary to appeal to -the public to obtain by acclamation a verdict in their favour.</p> - -<p>Professor Spooner, in an address delivered by him to -the students of the Veterinary College in October last, -stated that in the two chief Veterinary Colleges in France—at -Alfort and at Lyons—pupils, twice a week for seven -hours a day, are instructed in surgery by the "<i>vivisection</i>" -or cutting up of living horses, who, until they -actually expire, are subjected to a series of cruelties -which, although Mr. Spooner professionally described and -deprecated, we dare not repeat.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">225</a></span></p> - -<p>What a disgrace it is to France, and especially to her -brave army, that while every cavalry soldier who distinguishes -himself in action, covered with medals and -"glory," may proudly end his days in the Hôtel des -Invalides,—the horse that carried him in all his brilliant -charges, &c., when <i>he</i> is worn out and unfit for service, is -liable to be led into an arena in the heart of "The -Empire," to be, before the public, not honoured nor -rewarded, but, inch by inch, and bit by bit, to be dissected -alive, until by the last sigh from his lungs, and by -the last pulsation from his heart, he ends his account with -his inconsiderate, ungenerous, and ungrateful country!</p> - -<p>The <i>English</i> veterinary surgeons of the present day -are so far superior to those of the last generation—they -are so willing and so proud to follow in their important -vocation whatever new discoveries may be humanely and -successfully practised in our public hospitals, that if -our Sovereign, the Commander-in-Chief of our army, -our noblemen, sportsmen, and men of education, character, -and wealth, would but combine together in determining -to <i>require</i> that chloroform shall invariably be -administered to their creatures "for everything that gives -pain," the "fashion" would quickly be followed, even by -the most unreflecting portion of our community; and -England, "great, glorious, and free," would then stand -distinguished in the world, not only for the strength,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">226</a></span> -stoutness, endurance, weight, and swiftness of her animals, -but by her <i>merciful</i> protection of them under surgical -operations.</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"A righteous man regardeth his beast: but the tender -mercies of the wicked are cruel."</p></blockquote> - -<p class="center"> -<span class="allsmcap">IN GRATITUDE TO</span><br /> -<br /> -<strong>THE HORSE</strong>,<br /> -<br /> -<span class="smcap">The Foregoing Imperfect Observations,<br /> -<br /> -Applicable to all living Creatures,<br /> -<br /> -Are respectfully submitted<br /> -<br /> -To the Consideration of the Public,<br /> -<br /> -by</span><br /> -<br /> -<strong>HIS RIDER.</strong><br /> -</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<p class="center"><small>LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET,<br /> -AND CHARING CROSS.</small></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">i</a></span></p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p class="right"> -<small><span class="smcap">Albemarle Street, London.</span><br /> -<i>April, 1861.</i></small><br /> -</p> - - -<h2>MR. MURRAY'S<br/> -<small>GENERAL LIST OF WORKS.</small></h2> - - -<blockquote> - -<p>ABBOTT'S (<span class="smcap">Rev. J.</span>) Philip Musgrave; or, Memoirs of a Church of -England Missionary in the North American Colonies. Post 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> - -<p>ABERCROMBIE'S (<span class="smcap">John</span>) Enquiries concerning the Intellectual -Powers and the Investigation of Truth. Fifteenth Edition. Fcap. 8vo. -6<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> - -<p>—— Philosophy of the Moral Feelings. <i>Twelfth -Edition.</i> Fcap. 8vo. 4<i>s.</i></p> - -<p>—— Pathological and Practical Researches on the -Diseases of the Stomach, &c. Third Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p> - -<p>ACLAND'S (<span class="smcap">Rev. Charles</span>) Popular Account of the Manners and -Customs of India. Post 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> - -<p>ADOLPHUS'S (J. L.) Letters from Spain, in 1856 and 1857. -Post 8vo. 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> - -<p>ÆSCHYLUS. (The Agamemnon and Choephorœ.) Edited, with -Notes. 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A MANUAL OF SCIENTIFIC ENQUIRY, for the Use of Travellers</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 4em;">in General. By Various Hands. Edited by Sir <span class="smcap">John F. Herschel</span>,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Bart. <i>Third Edition</i>, revised by Rev. <span class="smcap">Robert Main</span>. Woodcuts.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Post 8vo. 9<i>s.</i></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">2. AIRY'S ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS <span class="smcap">made at Greenwich</span>.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 4em;">1836 to 1847. Royal 4to. 50<i>s.</i> each.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">—— ASTRONOMICAL RESULTS. 1848 to 1858. 4to. 8<i>s.</i> each.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">3. —— APPENDICES TO THE ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 4em;">1836.—I. Bessel's Refraction Tables. }</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 7.5em;">II. Tables for converting Errors of R.A. and N.P.D. } 8<i>s.</i></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 10em;">into Errors of Longitude and Ecliptic P.D. }</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 4em;">1837.—I. Logarithms of Sines and Cosines to every Ten }</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 10em;">Seconds of Time. } 8<i>s.</i></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 7.5em;">II. Table for converting Sidereal into Mean Solar Time. }</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 4em;">1842.—Catalogue of 1439 Stars. 8<i>s.</i></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 4em;">1845.—Longitude of Valentia. 8<i>s.</i></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 4em;">1847.—Twelve Years' Catalogue of Stars. 14<i>s.</i></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 4em;">1851.—Maskelyne's Ledger of Stars. 6<i>s</i>.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 4em;">1852.—I. Description of the Transit Circle. 5<i>s.</i></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 7.5em;">II. Regulations of the Royal Observatory. 2<i>s.</i></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 4em;">1853.—Bessel's Refraction Tables. 8<i>s.</i></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 4em;">1854.—I. Description of the Zenith Tube. 3<i>s.</i></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 7.5em;">II. Six Years' Catalogue of Stars. 10<i>s.</i></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 4em;">1856.—Description of the Galvanic Apparatus at</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 8.5em;">Greenwich Observatory. 8<i>s.</i></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">4. —— MAGNETICAL AND METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 6em;">1840 to 1847. Royal 4to. 50<i>s.</i> each.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">—— MAGNETICAL AND METEOROLOGICAL RESULTS.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 6em;">1848 to 1858. 4to. 8<i>s.</i> each.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">5. —— ASTRONOMICAL, MAGNETICAL, AND METEOROLOGICAL</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 3em;">OBSERVATIONS, 1848 to 1858. Royal 4to. 50<i>s.</i> each.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">6. —— REDUCTION OF THE OBSERVATIONS OF PLANETS,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 5em;">1750 to 1830. Royal 4to. 50<i>s.</i></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">7. ——————————— LUNAR OBSERVATIONS. 1750</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 4em;">to 1830. 2 Vols. Royal 4to. 50<i>s.</i> each.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">8. BERNOULLI'S SEXCENTENARY TABLE. <i>London</i>, 1779. 4to.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">9. BESSEL'S AUXILIARY TABLES FOR HIS METHOD OF CLEARING LUNAR DISTANCES. 8vo.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">10. —— FUNDAMENTA ASTRONOMIÆ: <i>Regiomontii</i>, 1818. Folio. 60<i>s.</i></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">11. BIRD'S METHOD OF CONSTRUCTING MURAL QUADRANTS.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 4em;">London, 1768. 4to. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">12. —— METHOD OF DIVIDING ASTRONOMICAL INSTRUMENTS.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;"><i>London</i>, 1767. 4to. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">13. COOK, KING, <span class="allsmcap">AND</span> BAYLY'S ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 4em;"><i>London</i>, 1782. 4to. 21<i>s.</i></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">14. EIFFE'S ACCOUNT OF IMPROVEMENTS IN CHRONOMETERS.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 4em;">4to. 2<i>s.</i></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">15. ENCKE'S BERLINER JAHRBUCH, for 1830. <i>Berlin</i>, 1828. 8vo. 9<i>s.</i></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">16. GROOMBRIDGE'S CATALOGUE OF CIRCUMPOLAR STARS.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 4em;">4to. 10<i>s.</i></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">17. HANSEN'S TABLES DE LA LUNE. 4to. 20<i>s.</i></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">17.a HARRISON'S PRINCIPLES OF HIS TIME-KEEPER. <span class="smcap">Plates.</span></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 4em;">1767. 4to. 5<i>s.</i></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">18. HUTTON'S TABLES OF THE PRODUCTS AND</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 4em;">POWERS OF NUMBERS. 1781. Folio. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></span><br /> - - -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">iii</a></span> - -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">19. LAX'S TABLES FOR FINDING THE LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 4em;">1821. 8vo. 10<i>s.</i></span><br /> - -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">20. LUNAR OBSERVATIONS at GREENWICH. 1783 to 1819.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Compared with the Tables, 1821. 4to. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></span><br /> - -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">22. MASKELYNE'S ACCOUNT OF THE GOING OF HARRISON'S WATCH.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 4em;">1767. 4to. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></span><br /> - -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">21. MAYER'S DISTANCES of the MOON'S CENTRE from the PLANETS.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 4em;">1822, 3<i>s.</i>; 1823, 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> 1824 to 1835, 8vo. 4<i>s.</i> each.</span><br /> - -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">23.—— THEORIA LUNÆ JUXTA SYSTEMA NEWTONIANUM.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 4em;">4to. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></span><br /> - -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">24.—— TABULÆ MOTUUM SOLIS ET LUNÆ. 1770. 4to. 5<i>s.</i></span><br /> - -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">25.—— ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS MADE AT GOTTINGEN,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 4em;">from 1756 to 1761. 1826. Folio. 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></span><br /> - -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">26. NAUTICAL ALMANACS, from 1767 to 1864. 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</span><br /> - -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">27.—— SELECTIONS FROM THE ADDITIONS</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 4em;">up to 1812. 8vo. 5<i>s.</i> 1834-54. 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></span><br /> - -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">28.—— SUPPLEMENTS, 1828 to 1833, 1837 and 1838.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 4em;">8vo. 2<i>s.</i> each.</span><br /> - -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">29.—— TABLE requisite to be used with the N.A.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 4em;">1781. 8vo. 5<i>s.</i></span><br /> - -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">30. POND'S ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 4em;">1811 to 1835. 4to. 21<i>s.</i> each.</span><br /> - -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">31. RAMSDEN'S ENGINE for <span class="smcap">Dividing Mathematical Instruments</span>.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 4em;">4to. 5<i>s.</i></span><br /> - -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">32.—— ENGINE for <span class="smcap">Dividing Straight Lines</span>. 4to. 5<i>s.</i></span><br /> - -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">33. SABINE'S PENDULUM EXPERIMENTS to <span class="smcap">Determine the Figure of the Earth</span>.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 4em;">1825. 4to. 40<i>s.</i></span><br /> - -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">34. SHEPHERD'S TABLES for <span class="smcap">Correcting Lunar Distances</span>.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 4em;">1772. Royal 4to. 21<i>s.</i></span><br /> - -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">35.—— TABLES, GENERAL, of the MOON'S DISTANCE from the SUN, and 10 STARS.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 4em;">1787. Folio. 5<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></span><br /> - -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">36. TAYLOR'S SEXAGESIMAL TABLE. 178O. 4to. 15<i>s.</i></span><br /> - -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">37.—— TABLES OF LOGARITHMS. 4to. 3<i>l.</i></span><br /> - -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">38. TIARK'S ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS for the <span class="smcap">Longitude of Madeira</span>.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 4em;">1822. 4to. 5<i>s.</i></span><br /> - -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">39.—— CHRONOMETRICAL OBSERVATIONS for <span class="smcap">Differences</span> of <span class="smcap">Longitude</span></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 4em;">between <span class="smcap">Dover, Portsmouth</span>, and <span class="smcap">Falmouth</span>. 1823.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 4em;">4to. 5<i>s.</i></span><br /> - -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">40. 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