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If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: One thousand dollars a day - Studies in practical economics - -Author: Adeline Knapp - -Release Date: August 20, 2020 [EBook #62983] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ONE THOUSAND DOLLARS A DAY *** - - - - -Produced by Richard Tonsing and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - - ONE THOUSAND DOLLARS A DAY. - STUDIES IN PRACTICAL ECONOMICS. - - BY - - ADELINE KNAPP. - -[Illustration] - - 1894: - THE ARENA PUBLISHING COMPANY, - COPLEY SQUARE, BOSTON, MASS. - - - - - COPYRIGHT, 1894, BY ADELINE KNAPP. - - [All rights reserved.] - - - - - DEDICATED - - TO THE - - THOUGHTFUL MEN AND WOMEN - OF AMERICA. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - CONTENTS. - - - INTRODUCTION 5 - - ONE THOUSAND DOLLARS A DAY; - A FINANCIAL EXPERIMENT 11 - - THE SICK MAN; - A FABLE FOR GROWN-UP BOYS AND GIRLS 42 - - THE DISCONTENTED MACHINE; - AN ECONOMIC STUDY 73 - - GETTING AHEAD; - A SKETCH FROM LIFE 101 - - THE EARTH SLEPT; - A VISION 125 - - - - - INTRODUCTION. - - -It seems to me that the accompanying little sketches are timely. A deal -of thinking must be done by all classes of people before any solution is -attempted of the problems in economics that are pressing upon us, and -any factor that will help turn the general mind to this unwonted -exercise may be termed a useful one. - -There is one sketch for which I wish to make a special plea. “The -Discontented Machine” has been criticised as teaching a false principle -in economics. - -We are told that never before in the history of the world did labor -absorb so great a proportion of the gains that would otherwise accrue to -capital. It is claimed that fully ninety per cent. of the entire income -of the United States is paid for wages and salaries. - -On the other hand, it must be stated that the individual laborer is -worse off to-day, in this free country, than he was twenty, or even ten -years ago. The census returns of 1880 showed the average wage among -laborers in the United States to be less than $7 per week. The returns -of 1890 show that wage to be less than $5 per week. - -And yet we are told that labor absorbs ninety per cent. of the income of -the United States. This is an enormous percentage to flow in one -direction, and seems ample refutation of the laborer’s claim that even -at this rate he does not get enough. - -This leads to the question whether the laborer really does get his share -of return from the results of his labor, and in “The Discontented -Machine” I have tried to show a very curious phase of this question, and -one which I do not remember to have seen touched upon elsewhere. - -Wages are supposed to be adjusted, in the long run, to that which among -a people is customarily requisite for the perpetuation of life, and the -propagation of the species, according to the standard of living among -that people. This is called “The Law of Wages.” It means, put very -plainly, and according to La Salle, that the income of labor must always -dance around the outside rim of that which, according to the standard of -each age, belongs to the necessary maintenance of life. - -Now the point raised is this: That under the so-called law of wages, the -wage laborer is not really paid anything for himself. Judged from a -purely commercial standpoint, labor gets its wage; but what does the -laborer get? - -In every manufacturing business the wear and tear, original cost and -cost of repair, of machinery, etc., are taken out of the gross receipts -of the business. Now labor, in the eyes of the employer, is simply an -adjunct, as the machines are adjuncts, to the business. As these -require, for their successful operation, certain expenditures for coal, -oil, gearing, and the like, so labor requires for its successful -operation, certain expenditures for food, shelter, clothing, which are, -so to speak, labor’s coal, oil, and gearing. These expenditures, for -which a wage is paid to labor, “in order that it may live,” are -regulated by the law of wages as stated above. They represent exactly -what will enable labor to perform its function, and the amount required -for them is charged to labor out of the gross receipts of the business, -just as the items of machinery expense are deducted from those receipts. -For himself, over and above his labor’s bill of expense, the laborer -gets nothing. - -It may be that he is entitled to nothing. This condition of affairs may -be only his misfortune. It certainly cannot be said to be his employer’s -fault that in delivering the commodity in which he deals—labor—the -laborer must deliver himself as well. This is the tragic phase of the -whole situation. Labor, the power to perform, is the man himself; so -that in offering his commodity, the working man must offer, as well, -himself, with all his human rights and endowments. He does this -literally, but in reality it is only his commodity that is wanted, only -this that is paid for. The human being himself is a superfluous -consideration, and an inconvenient one. - -And as for him? He waits, asking his question, now softly, now with -clamoring insistence; but he, too, along with the others, must do a deal -of thinking before any tangible solution to his problem is presented. - - ADELINE KNAPP. - - _San Francisco, Cal., 1894._ - - - - - ONE THOUSAND DOLLARS A DAY. - A FINANCIAL EXPERIENCE. - - -“Yes,” said the anti-poverty orator, “what we require is an equitable -distribution of the world’s wealth. The bloated bond-holder, the idle, -white-handed aristocrat and the politician who rob the people, must all -go. We want such a distribution of the money and wealth of the land as -will make every man independent of his neighbor. Then the world will -really prosper, but not until then will we see an end of poverty and -misery, and the never-ending struggle that is driving men to desperation -and women to perdition!” - -“Time for us to go,” whispered Carroll Burton’s companion just at this -juncture. “He’ll begin to wave the red flag in a minute, and then -there’ll be an anarchistic powwow. This meeting always ends in a -rumpus,” and together the two young men forced their way through the -crowd and out upon the street. - -Dale, Burton’s friend, was inclined to poke a little quiet fun at him -for the attention he had given the ranting speaker. “These fellows have -each an infallible scheme for setting the world straight,” he said, “and -no two are alike. Between you and me, anyway,” he added, “the world’s a -good deal better than the ranters would have us think. Why, give these -fellows one thousand dollars a day apiece and they wouldn’t be -satisfied.” - -But Burton was not in the mood for laughing. His reason told him how -specious were the arguments of the anti-poverty speaker and how -preposterous were the ideas he advanced regarding an equitable division -of the world’s wealth, but he could not tonight, as he had frequently -done before, shake off the conviction that our present industrial system -is out of joint. - -“It don’t seem right,” he muttered to himself, as he stood waiting for -his car, after bidding Dale good-night, and saw the carriage of a -well-known millionaire dash along the street and nearly run down a poor -little shivering wretch of a news-boy, who, hurling a curse in a shrill, -piping voice after the driver of the carriage, was only answered by a -stinging blow from the latter’s long lash. One or two by-standers -laughed. “The young imps,” said one carelessly, “’twould be well if they -were all run over and killed. They’ll only grow up into hoodlums and -fill our jails later. What other chance have they?” - -“It isn’t right,” Burton concluded. “We can’t have perfect equality of -conditions, but such glaring inequalities as that ought not to exist in -a free country;” and swinging aboard his car he was soon speeding -homeward. - -Next morning he was awakened much earlier than usual by the sound of -unwonted cries under his window. “Have all the newsboys in town come -into this one block?” he asked himself. “What are they saying, anyway?” - -Listening a moment the cry took definite shape. - -“Extra _Leader_, five cents; all about the money distribution!” - -“What’s that?” wondered Burton. “Have the anti-poverty people carried -their idea?” - -Dressing himself, he descended into the street and directed his -footsteps to the restaurant where he was accustomed to breakfast. -Incidentally he bought a paper, and glancing at the first page was -filled with wonder at what he saw recorded. - -To sum up in a few words the story to which the paper devoted two whole -pages, with blazing headlines: the anti-poverty element, who, since the -last election, Burton knew, had been in a large majority in both houses, -had at last carried the point for which they had long been -working—namely, the division among the people of the enormous output -from the great Golconda mines in Arizona. These mines being situated on -government lands, the anti-poverty party had from the first contended -that they were the property of the government—that is, of the -people—and, having grown sufficiently strong to put the matter through, -they had at last, by Act of Congress, secured the distribution among the -people of the fabulous sums that had accumulated since the opening of -the mines. The coinage had been greatly increased since the discovery of -this great supply, but despite this fact, money had been in no freer -circulation than before, and on every hand complaints of hard times were -heard, while the gold coin in the government treasury was piled ceiling -high in the great vaults, and the question of what to do with it was -becoming a serious one. - -Now, by Act of Congress, it was to be equally divided among the people. -For the present, and until the accumulated hoard should be reduced, -every man and woman in the country over eighteen years old was to -receive one thousand dollars a day. - -Burton read the account incredulously. It was too preposterous to be -true. If that were done—Great Heavens! Why, he was one of the people! -He, Carroll Burton, would be entitled to a thousand dollars per day. Ah! -if it could but be true, what a plum it would be. Joe should go to -college, his old mother back East, why, both Joe and his mother would -each have a thousand dollars a day as well as himself. Pshaw! It was -only a newspaper fake. Yet—they would hardly dare. Those Golconda mines -were said to be inexhaustible. He remembered hearing a great city -capitalist say, some time before, that if the government did not close -them up soon, money would become a drug in the market and capital would -be crippled. - -At the restaurant the only theme of conversation was the great new act. -Few credited it—it so staggered belief. Later in the day, however, -proclamations were out on every bulletin board and dead wall in the -city. The act had really passed. Every state, county, township and city -was to be districted, and on the first day of June every American -citizen above eighteen years of age would, upon calling at the -distributing station in his or her ward, receive the sum of one thousand -dollars daily until further notice. - -The first of June was only three days off, which was fortunate for the -people, as, while every one made a pretense of being busy, very little -besides talk was accomplished in any of the places of business, -excitement running so high that no one could settle down to work. - -Early on the first day of June, Burton found himself one of a great -crowd waiting at the door of the distributing center of the ——th ward, -which in this case was one of the chief banks of the city, all of whose -employees were busy paying out piles of beautiful bright gold to all -comers. - -The crowd was a very silent one. Burton wondered why, until he suddenly -realized that he, himself was silent, oppressed and feeling almost -solemn at the wonderful event that was taking place. The people took -their gold, glanced at it, signed a receipt for it and retired at once, -some furtively counting the piles as they went, some affecting -indifference, others openly exulting in the shining twenties as they -walked along gazing at them. - -When it came Burton’s turn he received fifty broad gold $20 pieces—more -gold than he had ever before owned. “You know there’ll be as much for -you to-morrow,” the paying teller said as Burton signed his receipt, and -Carroll was so awe-stricken at the idea that he could only nod without -speaking. Then he fell back to watch the crowd. Poor widows, wondering -young men and maidens, prosperous business men, business men whom he -knew to be tottering on the brink of ruin, hard-handed workmen, pompous -millionaires, writers, mechanics, ministers, college professors,—every -class and grade of the body social, was represented in turn as the -people filed up to the window. - -After a while Burton turned and went to his place of business—a -commission office, where he spent eight and a half hours every day in -adding rows of figures and carrying results from page to page in a -complex system of “bookkeeping by double-entry,” to acquire which he had -years ago attended a business college. Every one about the place was -jubilant. Even the errand-boy, a chuckleheaded lad just turned eighteen, -had drawn a thousand dollars, and was already, in expectation, drawing -another cool thousand on the morrow, and succeeding morrows. - -Business throve that day, in all its branches. Men who, the day before, -had been seeking extended time on small accounts, now came in to pay up -and make new purchases. Men who had never bought in their line came -forward as purchasers. In all departments of trade money was plentiful; -people bought freely and everybody was happy as the day is long. - -A second distribution the next day gave another impetus to the market. -“Now,” said Burton to himself, when at noon he had a breathing spell, -“we can begin to live. I’m going to treat myself to one of Reading’s -wheels and take an occasional spin into the country.” - -“Yes,” said the man whom he addressed, an old forty-niner, “there’ll be -good times now. Haven’t seen anything like this since ‘the days of old, -the days of gold,’ and so forth. Why it’s regular diggings times again.” -The day passed by. Every one was in good spirits, buying everything he -wanted. - -It is curious to note how quickly we become accustomed to pleasant -things. Carroll drew his thousand dollars on the morning of the third -day, quite as a matter of course, and even felt that ’twas not such a -very great matter after all. “I wish they’d give it to me all in a lump, -instead of in these daily driblets. Then a man could really do something -with it,” he thought to himself as he carelessly dropped into an outside -pocket, what was really more than under the old system he would have -earned by six months’ work. - -Through the day, however, he did a little thinking. “There’s really no -occasion for my working now,” he said. “I never did like this business. -I’ll quit, and go on with my electrical studies, as I’ve always longed -to do.” - -No sooner thought of than decided upon. That night, as he was going -home, Burton stepped into the private office of the head of the firm and -announced his intention of leaving. - -“Oh, is that so, Burton?” said his employer. “I’m sorry to hear that. I -am thinking of going out of business in order to travel, and had hit -upon you as just the man to succeed me. I’d make very easy terms with -you.” - -But Carroll’s mind was made up. He was a natural-born electrician, and -here was the long-coveted chance to perfect himself in his favorite -hobby. He must not miss it. - -He slept late next morning, but was ready to go down town in time to -draw his thousand dollars. He had to wait a strangely long time for a -street car, and when, at last, one came down and he boarded it, he was -surprised to note that the gripman was none other than the chief -engineer of the road, while the secretary of the company himself was -handling the punch and taking fares. As he handed up his nickel Burton -asked: “How’s this, Graham? Are you ‘personally conducting’ this car -load?” - -Graham smiled grimly at the joke. “Looks like it,” he said sharply. -“This thousand-dollar-a-day lunacy of the anti-poverty people is going -to ruin our business. All our men have quit work. When they’ve a -thousand dollars a day to draw they’re not going to pull grips and punch -tickets for $2.50 a day, they say—and no one can blame ’em, I suppose, -but it’s mighty hard on capital, I can tell you. We’ve got to run cars -or forfeit our franchise.” - -Burton assented that it was pretty tough. “I must see Reading about that -wheel,” he thought, “then I can be independent of cars.” So having drawn -his money he started for the shop of a famous mechanic, who made a -superior style of wheel for which he controlled the right on the Pacific -Coast. On the way Burton tried to bank his money, which was heavy and -troublesome to carry; but found, much to his disgust, that none of the -banks would touch it. - -“We’ve got more now than we know what to do with,” was the cry. “We -can’t loan it nor invest it, and we’ve no room to store it.” - -So, carrying it, Carroll proceeded to Reading’s shop. He was not really -surprised to find it closed, and a notice on the door to the effect that -Reading had gone out of business. “I can’t say I blame him,” thought -Burton, “but I wish I’d got my wheel yesterday. I must hunt up an -agent.” - -It was a long hunt before he found one whose store was open, and he had -but one machine left that Carroll could ride. “I’ve sold a good many -this week,” the agent explained, “and it’s hardly worth while to stock -up again, as I’m going out of business. Besides, I had a telegram from -the Eastern factory this morning, saying their men had nearly all quit -work.” - -Congratulating himself upon having secured any bicycle at all, Carroll, -who had before had a few lessons, wobbled uncertainly away upon it, to -the restaurant where he was wont to eat his meals. It was closed. - -“By Jove!” he exclaimed, as he met another of the frequenters of the -place, “this is getting serious. I’m hungry.” - -“Yes,” said the other, “so am I. I quit work myself to-day. I’ve always -wanted to study medicine, but fate made me a carpenter. Now I’ve got -even with fate. I’m going to college, but I want something to eat.” - -So the two began a round of the restaurants of the neighborhood, and at -last found a wretched little place open, where they were glad to satisfy -their hunger with coffee and doughnuts eaten at a dirty table, in a -dirty, ill-smelling room. “I gloses up to-morrow,” the proprietor said, -with a grin, as they paid their checks. - -“Great guns!” exclaimed the carpenter. “We’ll all starve at this rate.” - -“Oh, no,” said Burton hopefully. “We can always ‘bach it.’” - -But one evening at the end of a fortnight he began to fear that even -this would fail. He had cooked his own meals for three days, and had -lived mainly on boiled eggs and baker’s bread; but on this particular -morning he was unable to buy any bread, and had been forced to content -himself with a single egg and the heel of a stale loaf soaked in milk. - -“I shall go out in the country this afternoon in search of food,” he -decided. Meantime, however, he had to go and fetch away a double load of -golden twenties, for, filled with disgust at the useless coins, he had -not gone the day before, and had been promptly notified by the bank that -he must come and take away his daily allowance, as it would not be -allowed to accumulate, the bank having no place to keep the quantities -that would be left on their hands. - -As he walked down Market Street he saw one of San Francisco’s -millionaires driving his own team and carriage up-town. Inside the -carriage was a tiny casket, at the head of which sat a weeping woman, -the millionaire’s wife. The other occupant of the carriage was a lad of -fourteen, the millionaire’s son. The casket contained the remains of the -millionaire’s baby, and as Burton looked he knew that the millionaire -was on his way to the cemetery to bury the child, for on the seat beside -him he saw a pickax and shovel and a coil of rope. He remembered that in -all the city there was not a man who could be hired to do a hand’s turn. -All had money a-plenty, and no need to work. Then he remembered that -there was a milk famine in the city, and reflected that the -millionaire’s baby had probably died because of it. - -He went to the bank and got his money, carrying it up Market Street -openly in a canvas bag. There were no police in the city—the entire -force had resigned, but no one would think of stealing money. If his bag -had contained bread, now, it would had been different. Every food shop -in town had long since been plundered by leading citizens, but gold was -safe. Every store on the street was closed; not a street-car was in -sight,—none were running. The ferries had ceased to make regular trips; -sometimes a boat did not pass between Oakland and San Francisco for -days. No trains went in and out of the city. Commerce was at a -stand-still. It was in banking hours and every passer along Market -Street carried a bag of gold, and every man and woman among them was -hungry. - -“Something must be done,” they muttered to each other. “This state of -things cannot last.” - -Passing down a street on the south side, to escape the sight of the -general misery, Burton chanced upon a curious scene. A wretched, ragged -street gamin was leading a goat along the sidewalk. A handsomely dressed -gentleman had accosted him. The boy was just explaining to him that he -meant to take the goat home and kill it; his mother would cook it. - -“Here is a thousand dollars,” the man said, holding out a bag. “I’ll -give it all to you for one quarter of the goat when you kill it.” - -The boy grinned. “I’m takin’ this ’ere home ter my mudder,” he said. -“She don’t want gold; she’d ruther have a bag of Injun meal.” - -“See here,” the man said, suddenly. “I used to have a big merchant -tailoring establishment. My men all left me and I had to close up, but -I’ve got lots of cloth. If you’ll just milk that goat before you kill -it, and let me take the milk home to my baby, I’ll make you a suit of -clothes with my own hands.” - -The boy looked down at his ragged togs, then at Burton. “You’re -witness,” he said. “It’s er bargain.” - -The episode gave Burton a bright idea. In a couple of hours he had -secured a large store on Market Street and put out a sign: “Labor -Exchange. A Way Out Of Our Present Difficulties.” - -He had not long to wait for visitors. The city was full of idle people, -and they flocked to learn what the new idea was. - -The first inquirer said: - -“I’ve got a house half built. I want it completed. Have you got any -carpenters that want a job?” - -“What’s your business?” asked Burton. - -“I’m a baker.” - -“Would you be willing to pay for your labor in bread?” - -“Of course, if I could get flour.” - -“I’m a miller,” shouted a man in the crowd; “I’d be willing to work if I -could get bread, but I’ve got no use for more gold.” - -“I have fifty carloads of wheat in warehouses,” a broker said, “and I’d -be willing to turn it in and do day’s work for my share of bread to be -made from it.” - -“Shure, and I’ll be glad the day I could help haul it,” cried an Irish -teamster, “but it’s no day’s wages in money I’d work for. It’s a pair of -boots I’m wantin’ an some milk for my kid at home.” - -“Milk,” cried a dairyman, bitterly. “You could ‘a’ had milk long ago, -but not a man can I get to drive a wagon or turn a hand to milk the -fifty cows. I’ve had to leave their calves with them ever since this -blasted gold fit seized the government.” - -“Gold!” roared a laborer, lifting a bag containing his day’s allowance. -“Who wants gold? It’s bread we’re starving for,” and with a single jerk -he flung the bag into the gutter. The broad twenties rolled and -glittered in the sun, and a baby, attracted by the shine, left its -mother’s side and picked one up. The rest lay where they had fallen—no -one wanted them. - -Gradually Burton made his plan clear to the assembled throng. He -proposed to start a labor exchange, conducted on commission principles. -He proposed that the golden double eagles, now so worthless, should be -melted, and cast into labor tokens, for hereafter the medium of exchange -would be labor. In the meantime written promises to pay in labor, would -be accepted as legal tender. - -The scheme grew as he talked, with suggestions now and then from those -in the crowd, as the workmen warmed up and began to see a way out of the -mire. - -“Put me down for eight hours a day in the street-car service!” cried an -ex-gripman, “and I’ll take my pay in tokens for bread and milk and meat -service.” - -“I’d gladly give that last to the company for you,” said a sturdy -butcher, “just to git the cars running out our way again.” - -Trade after trade was heard from, offering service and making -suggestions, until finally a pompous but somewhat anxious voice -inquired: - -“But where do we come in?” - -“Who are ‘We?’” was asked. - -“The bankers and brokers, capitalists and men of means,” replied the -voice. - -There was a general laugh from the working crowd. “Oh,” some one said, -jocularly, “you can all put your labor in along with the rest; so speak -up and say what you want to do.” - -“We want our morning paper back,” some one cried. “We’re all willing to -work for the printers and editors if they’ll work for us.” - -And so the plans were laid and the wheels of the great city began to -move again. The mills were again in operation, the cars carried -passengers about the city, traffic was resumed; the great law of supply -and demand, rightly applied at last, was working peace and harmony in -the industrial system of the city. The example spread, and prosperity -dawned upon the land. The labor token of every man and every woman was -good for his or her daily needs, for it was backed by the only real -value in the world—human power. - -The capitalists and politicians fared rather badly at first, but as time -went by they began to fall in line and take their places in the life of -the industrial commonwealth. After a few months, there being no -particular reason why the government should flood the country with -useless gold, any more than with lead or iron tokens, the coining ceased -and gold was only used in the arts and manufactures. Labor was the -wealth of the country, and labor was owned by The People. - - - - - THE SICK MAN. - A FABLE FOR GROWN-UP BOYS AND GIRLS. - - -Once upon a time, somewhere, not so very far away, nor a time so very -long ago, there lived A Man. He was young, strong and full of -enterprise. Opportunities lay within his reach, for a career such as no -man had ever before been able to seize. His fellows were all watching -him, studying his progress, some with disapproval, some with envy, but -all with interest, admitting, without exception, that his future -promised brilliantly. He was such an all-round, capable fellow. His -promise was so splendid, and he had had such a capital start in life. - -There is no doubt but that all his rare promises would have been more -than fulfilled, but one day The Man fell ill. He had, in fact, been -ailing for some time. His physician warned him of the fact; his wife -realized it; his children felt its effects, but he, himself, refused to -admit it. He might be a little under the weather—every man is at -times—but there was nothing serious the matter with him—nothing that his -splendid constitution would not carry him safely over. - -And so he grew worse. He became uncertain in his methods, capricious as -to his appetite. His business dealings were characterized, now by keen -astuteness of judgment, now by weakness and a childish changefulness of -purpose, just as he happened to be feeling better or worse that day. - -Every now and then he would awake to a semi-realization of his own -condition, and declare he was going to ruin, would die soon if he did -not do something to help himself. Then he would summon the doctors, and -they would consider his case and prescribe, some one remedy, some -another. They never seemed able to agree as to what ailed him, or the -remedy that was indicated, but each could prescribe something which he -was quite certain would affect a cure. - -And The Man would follow first one prescribed course of treatment, then -another, until perhaps his headache would abate, his gastric difficulty -would moderate, or his liver would become less inactive, and then, “I -have recovered,” he would say; “I told you I would. You see there is -nothing the matter with me.” - -There came a day, however, when The Man lay prostrate, and the doctors -met in solemn conclave over him. - -There was no mistake about it this time. He was undeniably sick. - -“He is in a bad way,” they said. “Energetic measures must be instituted, -or The Man will die.” - -They could not, however, agree upon the diagnosis. - -“His lungs are nearly gone,” was the opinion of one. - -“There is a general condition of congestion that should be relieved at -once,” said another. “The Man should be bled to save his life,” and they -bled him. - -“His mental powers are failing,” a third declared, while a fourth was of -the belief, and argued his point learnedly, that an operation for -appendicitis would set him right at once. “’Tis the common lot of -mankind,” he maintained, “and he cannot hope to escape it. He has been -slower in developing the condition, because he is younger, and his -environment has been different. But you see for yourselves to what he is -reduced. It is what might have been anticipated, and the condition -should be met at once.” - -“On the contrary,” a new comer said, “The Man is manifestly very low. -His blood is impoverished. He needs building up—building up, I say. -Transfusion of blood is what is wanted. Then, with his magnificent -constitution, he’ll pull through all right.” - -This treatment struck the assembled council as likely to do good, and -they at once decided to act upon the new comer’s suggestion. The case -was a desperate one and called for desperate remedies. - -In the circulatory system of an individual who enjoyed excellent health -a great commotion was taking place. - -“Have you heard the news?” the little red blood-corpuscles were saying -to each other, “some of us are to be sent abroad to a new organism. It -is out of order, and we are to institute a reformation.” - -There was a great confusion of preparation, but finally everything was -in readiness, and a large number of corpuscles were sent upon their -errand of mercy. In the bustle attendant upon the change the early -incidents of the journey escaped note, but there was, among the -visitors, one little corpuscle who, after the first few moments, being a -wide-awake fellow, resolved to keep his eyes open and take notes upon -his adventures in this new and strange country. - -He was in the heart when he began his notes. That great organ suddenly -contracted, and with many of his companions he was forced into the -lungs, where he gave up the load of carbon dioxide which he had picked -up as he hurried through the veins, and received in exchange a modicum -of oxygen to be distributed to the organism. He did not receive as much -oxygen as he was accustomed to have. He experienced a certain curious -difficulty in getting to the front to obtain his supply. He could not -understand it at the time, but thinking it over as he hurried back -through the pulmonary circulation to the heart, he recalled that certain -of the native corpuscles had crowded ahead of him, seeming in great -anxiety lest their own supply be curtailed. In a conversation which he -overheard between them they characterized him as an interloper, telling -each other they ought to rise and drive him and his fellows from the -organism. “They are all coming in here to consume the oxygen that -belongs to us,” they complained. - -“Funny,” he thought to himself, “They only want enough to supply -themselves and exchange with the organism for nutriment. There is surely -nothing else they can do with it. This seems a very strange country.” - -By this time he was back in the heart, ready for his life-giving, -life-receiving journey through the organism. He was close by the -semi-lunar valves, just about to leap forward into the aorta, when— - -“Hold on!” exclaimed the valve, “you have not paid the toll.” - -“The what?” asked the little corpuscle. - -“The gate toll. Be quick; you are keeping others waiting.” - -“But what is this toll, and what is it for?” - -“An atom of oxygen. It is to pay me, to be sure, for maintaining this -valve that prevents you from being forced back into the heart.” - -“But,” persisted the corpuscle, “I must be sent along. Why should I pay -you when I am doing the work of the organism and shall pay it before I -get through? If I cannot get through the whole organism will suffer.” - -“Hurry up, hurry up, there is no time to talk,” said the valve, and as -the crowd was impatiently pushing behind him the little corpuscle gave -up an atom of oxygen and hurried on. - -“You must pay me an atom too,” murmured a voice in his ear. - -“Who are you?” asked the corpuscle. - -“I am the aorta. You will have to pay me for carrying you to the general -circulation.” - -“But if I pay you I shall have to rob the tissues that need what I am -carrying, and it will be impossible to procure from them what I need to -keep me alive in turn. I must get my load along.” - -“But you can’t do it unless I carry you,” said the voice. - -This was only too true, as the corpuscle was well aware. - -“I must get this oxygen to the tissues,” he reflected. “It will not keep -much longer, and there will be no market for it. It is of no use to me, -and I greatly need some inorganic salts.” So, parting with another atom -of oxygen, he was taken through the aorta, and landed in one of the -branching arteries that would carry him to the stomach. The branch road, -too, collected of him a quota of oxygen. - -As he was hurrying along he found himself side by side with another -corpuscle, a native, whom he engaged in conversation. - -“What do all these fellows want of so much oxygen?” he asked. “If the -other corpuscles pay it over at the same rate I have, some one must get -a good deal more than he can possibly use.” - -“Why,” said the other, “it is the great medium of exchange in the -organism, and of course we all want as much as we can get. They -re-invest it, turn it over, double it and quadruple it.” - -“But is there more in the organism on that account?” - -“No, but they have more, don’t you see?” - -“Yes, I see,” was the reply, “but I cannot understand what good it does -them. The organism must suffer if its supply is diverted. And do not -they suffer with the whole body?” - -“Oh, I suppose so, but then, suffering is the common lot of the race. It -is good discipline for us, and prepares us for the better life -hereafter.” - -“I don’t understand that,” was the new corpuscle’s comment. “In the -country I came from we believe the best preparation for the future life -is a good start in this existence, and as we can none of us reach the -future state apart from the whole organism, why, we all work for its -good. But I am anxious to know more about these transportation systems. -By what method do they regulate their charges?” - -“Well,” the native corpuscle said, “they calculate about how much oxygen -you have; how greatly the tissues you are bound for need it; what they -can afford to pay for it, and then they charge what they think the -traffic will bear.” - -“But the whole organism must suffer from such a method.” - -“It does, but there seems to be no help for it.” - -“But, as the whole organism is the loser, and would be the gainer under -a better management, why does it not take charge of the system and -manage it so all would be benefited?” - -“Why! that would be interfering with individual rights! It would never -do. It would destroy all individual enterprise, all individual ambition, -all individuality of every sort, and reduce everything to a dead level. -It would not do at all. Besides, the liver has too much influence with -the organism, and would never allow such a state of things to come to -pass.” - -“Why should the organism ask permission of the liver?” - -“Well,” said the other, “the liver is the most important body of our -whole community. All our richest corpuscles compose it.” - -“Richest corpuscles? What are they?” - -“Why, those who have the largest share of the organic wealth, of course. -You must be very stupid not to know that.” - -“How did they get more of this organic wealth than the others have?” - -“Oh, in various ways. By their superior enterprise for one thing. They -saw in the beginning the necessity for transportation facilities for the -blood, chyle, and so forth, and through their efforts the Venous and -Arterial Transit Systems were established.” - -“Do you mean that they formed the veins and arteries?” - -“Oh, no, of course not. They had not the means for that, but the -organism aided them, knowing that it would be a great thing to have this -system established; that it would build up the organism.” - -“I see; and then I suppose these rich corpuscles of the liver paid the -organism back out of their gains?” - -“Not exactly—that is to say—they’ve not yet done so. You see, somehow, -the system has not paid as well as they thought it would. It seems there -have been unforeseen exigencies, they have not been able to pay. In -fact, they say the system is on the verge of insolvency.” - -“But I thought you said the corpuscles owning it are the richest ones in -the organism?” - -“So they are; but that is their individual wealth, don’t you see? It -takes all that the system can earn to pay expenses, and reimburse the -management for their original outlay in getting things in running order. -You could not expect them to invest their capital for nothing, you -know.” - -“But I understood you to say a little while ago that the organism -advanced the means and that the management still owes for the advances.” - -“Yes, yes, that is true. But, don’t you see, these corpuscles assumed -the responsibility, and their enterprise merits some reward.” - -“But if the system is in such bad shape, and owes the organism so much, -why does not the latter take it out of the management’s hands and -operate it itself!” - -“There you go again! Did not I explain to you that that would be -interfering with individual rights? But there—my way turns here, and I -must leave you. Sorry I could not make things any plainer to you. I -suppose ’tis difficult for a stranger to understand the operations of -this government, but you will learn, in time, and be sure of one thing, -whatever is, is right;” and the native corpuscle was carried off towards -the pancreas. - -“That last remark sounds rather funny,” thought the visitor, “I do not -quite see, myself, the logic of it, but I’ll look about me, and perhaps -it will come straight bye and bye.” - -Just then his attention was called to a lugubrious corpuscle standing at -a division of the ways, in the pathway leading to the liver. - -“Why are you standing here?” the little stranger asked. - -“I’m out of a job,” was the sullen reply. - -“A job! What is that?” - -“Why, work, of course! What sort of a place do you come from, not to -know that?” - -“Oh, work; well, then why do you not get up and go to work?” - -“No one will give me a job.” - -“But there is plenty of work. What is to hinder you from doing your -share?” - -“The corpuscles that control the work won’t let me.” - -“Control it! Do you mean to say that corpuscles _own_ the work of the -organism? How came it theirs?” - -“That’s plain to be seen, stupid! They own the sources of work; the -machinery to work with; the places where work is done, and the money to -pay for work, and there is a glut in the labor market just now. The -supply exceeds the demand.” - -“I see. Then you can rest and take it easy, can you not, until there -_is_ work? I should think you would like that.” - -“Yes; but where is my living to come from? If one doesn’t work, neither -shall he eat.” - -“But if he does not work he cannot eat, can he?” - -“Well, he’s got to earn his living anyway, and that’s all there is about -it.” - -At this moment a corpuscle approached, wearing a star in his breast, and -carrying a baton. - -“Come, now! Lave this,” said he to the idle corpuscle, “an’ be movin’ -on.” - -The one thus addressed growled, and murmured something about “rights.” - -“Rights, is it?” demanded the corpuscle with the star, “I’d like to know -what rights the likes of you has, anyhow, an idle loafer. Why don’t you -get to work, like I do? Move on, now, or I’ll be after running you in -for a vagrant,” and the grumbler moved slowly off, along a by-way, for -the transit system was closed to such as he. - -“Who are you?” asked the stranger corpuscle of the wearer of the star. - -“Sure, I’m a p’lice corpuscle,” was the reply, “a gardeen of the pace, -I’d have you know, an’ it’s a civil tongue you better be kapin’.” - -The new comer had heard about the police corpuscles, and was about to -engage this one in conversation, when his attention was arrested by a -troop of white corpuscles who came along, each bearing a small burden of -oxygen. - -“Why!” he exclaimed, “What are these young things doing?” - -“Working, to be sure; they’ve got to earn their kape, same’s the rest of -us.” - -“But these are the young of the race. I remember, now. I have heard that -there have been slaves in this organism. I presume these are young -slaves, yet remaining.” - -The police corpuscle waxed indignant. “No, indeed!” he cried. “These are -no slaves, but the offspring of free and independent corpuscles. We have -here no slaves. These young corpuscles must help maintain themselves, -and the families to which they belong. It’s not able the red corpuscles -are, to hustle for all, these hard times, an’ it’s the little white ones -must help.” - -“But the corpuscle I just saw said there was a glut in the labor -market.” - -“Faith, yes, for the likes of him. But the little white ones work -chaper, you know, and so they have to put in their little earnings and -help kape things goin’. Times is hard, and the rich corpuscles can’t -support the hull system.” - -“But surely it must greatly impoverish the organism to have these white -corpuscles set to bear burdens before they are able to do so. With so -many of these busy in the circulation, I do not wonder that the system -suffers from anæmia.” - -The police corpuscle glowered at the new comer. - -“You must be one of them blooming foreigners that’s bin brought into the -country,” he said. “You take my advice, and keep still and tend to -business, or it’s trouble ye’ll be gitting into. I’ve a notion to run -you in myself now for malicious imperdence.” And he looked so -threatening that the little corpuscle hurried off, fearful lest he might -be deprived of his liberty. - -He had made the round of the circulation, and was carrying a load to the -brain, when he met a corpuscle staggering along under the weight of a -big bundle. - -“Where are you going?” he asked of the new comer. - -“To the Relief Home,” he replied. - -“I do not know what that is.” - -“Why, it is a home provided for poor corpuscles. Do they not take means -to help such in your country?” - -“I do not know what they are. Are they anything like rich corpuscles?” - -“No, indeed. They are those who cannot provide for themselves; they have -no means and cannot work, or else cannot get work to do. We have places -where they can stay and be helped for a time, or until they can help -themselves.” - -“I see. I suppose the organism maintains these homes?” - -“Well, some of them—yes. But not most of them by any means. They are -supported by charitably disposed corpuscles who have been blessed by -Providence with plenty, and who give of their abundance. We get a great -deal of help from the tissues and corpuscles of the liver, who are rich -and often liberal toward the poor.” - -“Why do you have rich and poor corpuscles? Would it not be better to -have all comfortable, than to have some with more than they can use, and -others with nothing?” - -“Oh, no, it takes all kinds of corpuscles to make up the organism, you -know. It is good for the poor to have the rich to help them, and it is -good for the rich that the poor need their help. Otherwise the rich -might become proud and selfish, if they had not the sight of their needy -brothers to keep their hearts tender, and prompt them to benevolence. -They also do a great deal of good in keeping so many corpuscles employed -in waiting upon them and supplying their needs.” - -“But would not these corpuscles be better employed in supplying the -needs of the whole organism?” - -“Perhaps—only, do you not see, the other organs could not employ them -all; they are not able to pay them.” - -“But if the liver did not absorb so much of the general supply, would -not the others have more and so be able to pay?” - -“Oh, you do not understand the matter at all. We never can get rid of -the poor. Our greatest Teacher has said: ‘The poor ye have with you -always,’ and the fact remains to this day, as a proof of his infallible -wisdom and divine inspiration.” - -“He did not say you had to have the poor with you always, did he?” - -“What has that to do with it? We always have had them, from which it is -only fair to infer that we always shall have them. It seems hard, I -know, but the wisdom of Providence is inscrutable, and since He has so -decreed we can only do our best to pity the afflictions of the poor and -ease their lot.” - -“But is not that attempting to thwart the very decree of Providence to -which you counsel submission?” - -“My young friend,” said the other corpuscle sternly, “no good ever came -of carping criticism. It disturbs faith in fixed institutions, and in -humanity. It leads to doubt, anarchy and misrule. It should never be -permitted. It is what has brought this organism to its present sad pass. -We may sorrow to see the sufferings of the poor, and it is kind, humane -and therefore right to attempt to lighten their lot, but to criticise -the wisdom of Established Order is to fly in the face of Providence, and -I cannot countenance such impiety by remaining to listen to it.” - -Much abashed, the little corpuscle continued his way. Meekly he paid -tribute to the large leucocytes living in affluence in the liver. These -had control of all the great natural monopolies of the organism, and let -no corpuscle escape due payment of his quota into their coffers. -Sometimes these great ones attacked each other. Then would come a panic, -and one or more would be absorbed by the survivors, along with a few -score of the lesser corpuscles, who had endeavored to get “in it,” and -instead were squeezed dry. - -Thus things went on from bad to worse. The red corpuscles became fewer -and less able to do the work required of them. The little white -corpuscles became feebler and fewer in number, the great monopolists -increased in size and power, waxing all the time more and more unwilling -to do the work of the organism, until, finally, outraged nature could -endure the strain no longer, and The Man died. - -“Fatty degeneration of the liver,” the doctors said at the _post -mortem_. “That organ had diverted to itself the living of the entire -organism, and death was inevitable.” - - - - - THE DISCONTENTED MACHINE. - AN ECONOMIC STUDY. - - -It was a magnificent piece of machinery, and had been put into the great -manufactory at an enormous expense. Other manufacturers had shaken their -heads, doubtfully, when they heard that Hyde & Horne were about to put -in a mammoth cutter and shaper that would enable them to dispense with -nearly twenty-five per cent. of the men whom they had heretofore -employed. - -“It is a hazardous experiment,” they all said, putting in new and -untried machinery. “Why, if half that is claimed for this new machine is -true, it will revolutionize the boot and shoe trade, and enable Hyde & -Horne to have their own way with us, unless we put in the same -machinery; while, if it fails, they’ll never see their money back, and -the firm will be ruined. It’s risky business, very risky business, -indeed. The chances are a thousand to one against its success.” - -Nevertheless, their intense anxiety lest Hyde & Horne should be forced -into bankruptcy by their experiments with the new and costly machinery, -did not prevent their taking a lively interest in the same. They watched -it closely, from month to month, and were presently forced to confess -that it was an unqualified success. No firm in the trade turned out such -quantities of shoes of uniform quality, finish, style, and cheapness, as -Hyde & Horne. The new machine produced them so much more cheaply than -other firms, with their older and less complete methods, were able to -do, that the more enterprising concern virtually controlled the market. -Hyde & Horne disposed, in advance, of their entire output, early in the -season, and were beginning to talk of putting in another of the new -machines, when, at last, their competitors were fully alive to the fact -that they, too, must bestir themselves, or find the market completely -blocked to their goods. - -Accordingly, one fine morning, the members of the rival firm of Russett -& Tan called at the factory, and asked to inspect the new machine. - -“Certainly! certainly!” was Mr. Horne’s courteous reply, and he led the -way to the cutting department, chatting pleasantly as he went. - -The big machine was a splendid sight. An operator had just finished -giving a polish to the shining brass balls of the governor on the -engine. Every bar and rod and bearing was polished until it glistened. -The nickel plate gleamed silvery white, the black wheels and castings -were bright as mirrors, the brasswork shone like gold, and the knives -glittered and sparkled as they flashed back and forth through the many -thicknesses of leather. It was a goodly machine, and did its work with a -noiseless, beautiful accuracy, a swerveless certainty of execution, and -an unconscious magnificence of strength and power, that put to shame the -puny efforts of the merely human laborers who toiled beside it, -straining every nerve to keep the great knives fed and the way cleared -before them. - -There is nothing more magnificent than a great machine or engine at -work. The locomotive, pulling its long trains up grades and across -levels,—the great ocean steamer, walking steadily across the expanse of -seas, the mighty press, turning off a thousand complete newspapers a -minute,—all these evidences of human power and ingenuity are enough to -make one proud of the age in which he lives, and the race to which he -belongs. - -Something of this sort Mr. Russett said to Mr. Horne, as the three -gentlemen stood watching the machine at work. - -“Yes, indeed! yes, indeed!” assented Horne. “We manufacturers, in -particular, owe everything to labor-saving machinery. This machine, for -instance, has enabled us to do away with nearly one-fourth of the men we -heretofore employed. In fact, in the item of saved labor alone, it has -nearly paid for itself since we put it in, about a year ago. Within the -next six months it will have paid for itself, and we shall be in a -position to realize fully from our foresight in securing it so early in -the day.” - -“What I want to see,” said Mr. Tan, laughing, “is a machine that will -enable us to do away with labor altogether. The dictations of the -workingmen are coming to be simply outrageous.” - -“That’s what I say,” said Horne. “We employers and our capital are being -crippled, handicapped, all but pushed to the wall, by the insatiate -demands of labor. Labor is coming to absorb all our gains. Why, fully -ninety per cent. of the entire income of the United States is now paid -out for labor and wages, while only ten per cent. comes to capital as a -remuneration for having saved it up to carry on useful enterprises. I -declare, we have sometimes been tempted to go out of business -altogether, and invest our capital in some safe, conservative way, so as -to be able to enjoy life, and be free from the importunities of labor -and the annoyance of strikes and arbitration courts.” - -“I know how that is,” said Russett. “Our men struck, last year, on -account of a paltry cut of ten cents on a hundred. There’s one good -thing about a machine. It can’t strike.” And the three representatives -of injured and hard-pressed capital returned to the business office. - - * * * * * - -It was nearly a week after the visit of Russett & Tan to the factory, -that the foreman entered the office where Messrs. Hyde and Horne sat -discussing the probable result, with their men, of a cut in wages, all -around. - -“The men will stand it,” Hyde was saying. “They know winter is coming -on, work is scarce, and times are dull. A cut of ten or fifteen cents a -day, all round the workshops, would mean a clear gain to us of nearly -nine hundred dollars a month. That would go a long way towards putting -in another cutting machine, and then we could get rid of another lot of -men.” - -“It’ll come rather hard on them,” said Horne. “The workingman is always -making a poor mouth, and this will be something new for them to howl -about.” - -“They’ll have to howl,” was Hyde’s rejoinder. “I’m sorry for them, but -business is business. We’ve got the start of the trade now, and must -keep it. Russett & Tan will begin to press us close when they put in -their new machinery. I’m glad we secured the cutter when we did. Thank -heaven, machines can’t strike, anyway.” - -It was just at this juncture that the foreman entered. - -“What is it, Graves?” asked Mr. Hyde. - -“Beg pardon, sir, but there’s something the matter with the big cutter. -It’s stopped.” - -“What seems to be the matter?” asked Horne. “Anything broken? Why -doesn’t the engineer attend to it? Where’s Johnson? I thought it was his -business to look after the machine.” - -“He has gone over it very carefully,” the foreman replied, “and can find -nothing wrong. The gearing seems in perfect order,—the engine’s all -right,—we’ve examined every bearing, but we can’t discover the trouble.” - -“Curious,”—“very singular,” said Hyde and Horne in a breath, and both -partners repaired to the cutting department, to study the great machine. - -They could find nothing wrong with it. The brass and nickel and enamel -glistened as before; the broad bands of the gearing were smooth and -intact; the engine seemed in perfect order; the steam indicator -proclaimed everything all right about the boiler,—there was apparently -not a screw loose about the whole ponderous apparatus; but the knives -were poised in midair. Every wheel and rod, lever, band, pulley, arm and -crank of the monster was still. There was neither sound nor motion in -the mighty mechanism. - -“I can’t get her goin’ agin, sorr,” explained the engineer. “But there -don’t appear to be anything out of order at all. She’s just naturally -balked, so to spake;” and he began, for the twentieth time or so, to -peer about amid the complications of the machinery. - -“I’ve iled every jint,” said the oiler, as with can in hand, and his -grimy, oil-smeared face wrinkled with perplexity, he brushed a -superfluous drop from a bearing. “I think the machine is tired. They do -be taken that way sometimes, sir. ’Taint in iron an’ steel to work -continual, no more’n in flesh an’ blood.” - -’Round about the stilled giant the two partners walked, examining every -part, stooping under and over each portion of the machinery, in a vain -search for the trouble. The hour for closing came,—the big steam whistle -sent forth its shrill sound, and the men and women, girls and boys, some -two hundred and fifty odd, poured forth from the building, carrying -their dinner-pails and baskets, eagerly hurrying homeward to make the -most of their few hours’ respite from toil. - -“You need not wait, Graves,” said Mr. Hyde, as the foreman still -lingered. “We will lock up.” - -Graves hesitated a moment. “I beg pardon, sir,” he said, tentatively. -“’Tis talked about the shops that you’re contemplating a cut. May I ask -if it is true?” - -“We’ll talk about that some other time, Graves,” began Horne, but Hyde -interrupted, angrily. “If we are,” he said, “we’ll let you know in time. -Just now it’s no one’s business but ours, and we will attend to it.” - -The foreman drew back, with a flushed face. “I thought I might as well -tell you,” he said, sullenly, “that I don’t think the men will stand it. -Times are hard; they’re pretty close to bed rock, now, in the matter of -wages.” - -“That will do, Graves,” said Hyde. “Mr. Horne and I feel ourselves quite -able to run our own business without outside advice. If we find we are -forced to make a cut, we shall certainly do so. At all events, we do not -propose to be dictated to by the men.” - -Angry and mortified, the foreman withdrew, and the two capitalists were -left alone. - -“Too bad the machine has gone wrong just now,” said Horne, stooping to -examine a bolt. “There’s that order from Slipper & Tie, at Sacramento, -ought to be ready by to-morrow. What the deuce ails the thing, anyway?” - -There was a sort of whirring, as of wheels in the air, and then in a -clear, metallic voice, came the words: - -“I’ve struck. That’s what ails me.” - -Horne started back from the lever over which he was bending, and looked -at Hyde in alarm. “Did you speak just then?” he asked. - -“N-o,”—faltered Hyde, “I didn’t speak, and I don’t know who did.” - -Again the clear, metallic tones were heard issuing directly from one of -the machine’s great knives. “It was I who spoke,” said the voice. “You -were wondering what ailed me, and I gave you the desired information.” -The words were clipped off sharply and incisively, as though the knife -fancied they were a particularly tough sort of leather, that must be -trimmed with especial accuracy. - -“Who are you?” gasped Horne. - -“I am the cutter and shaper,” said the voice. “You asked what ailed me, -and I answered your question. I have struck.” - -“What have you struck?” Hyde managed to ask. - -“Struck work. I shall strike you, next, if you ask such stupid -questions,” was the reply, and the capitalist assumed a more respectful -tone. - -“May I ask,” he began, “what is it that has caused you to strike?” - -“Certainly,” said the machine. “That is what I wish you to ask. I have -struck because I am not being fairly used.” - -“Fairly used!” echoed Hyde. “I do not understand you. In what way are -you being unfairly used?” - -“Why,” said the machine, “I have been working for you, now, for over a -year. Through me your business has been more than doubled. You say -yourself, that in the item of saved labor alone, I have nearly paid for -myself. I heard you say that, the other day, to the two gentlemen who -came in to visit me, and yet, in all these months, you have not paid me -one penny for my services.” - -“_Paid_ you!” gasped Hyde. - -“PAID you!” exclaimed Horne. - -And then, both together, the partners cried: - -“Why, you have cost us an enormous sum! We expended eighteen thousand -dollars for you, outright, from the capital of the business.” - -“You have more than had that back through my services,” said the -machine, sturdily, “in the item of saved labor alone.” - -“Yes, yes, I know,” interrupted Horne, hastily,—“but we really have paid -you money, you know. Just let me get the machinery expense book, and -I’ll show you;” and hastening to the office, he returned with a little -record book, from which he proceeded to read, turning over leaf by leaf, -to find the various items. “Here I have charged you an item of fifty -dollars for a new shaft,” he said, triumphantly. - -“That was broken by the fool boy you hired to look after me the week Jim -left, because you cut his wages down,” replied the machine. “I needed -that shaft to do your work with. I got nothing for myself.” - -“You have had several hundred dollars’ worth of coal,” suggested Hyde. - -“Coal is my food,” retorted the machine. “I could not do your work -without it.” - -“We have spent fourteen dollars for oil for you,” said Horne, after a -little computation. - -“Pshaw! that’s nothing. If I had not had the oil, where would your work -have been? I might have got smoking hot; perhaps burned up your -factory.” - -“But we have kept you housed, fed and repaired,” said Hyde, “and you -have been wasteful and extravagant. You have required the very best oil, -the most expensive coal, the first quality of belts and fixtures of -every sort. You have not taken half the interest in your own work that -we have done and do. But for our supervision and management you would -not work at all. Your very existence, in fact, is due to our industry -and enterprise.” - -“That all may be,” said the machine, sullenly, “but your fortune and -enterprise depends very largely upon my efforts.” - -“Really, upon my word,” exclaimed Mr. Hyde, impatiently, indignation at -the injustice of the charges preferred getting the better of his fear of -the strange complainant. “It seems to me that you are a most -unreasonable machine. Of course our fortunes depend upon you, to a great -extent, though, as you know, the market is full of machines, all willing -to do your work if you refuse. But do we not maintain you? What more -would you have us do?” - -“Pay me wages,” said the machine, “as you do all these movable machines -that you call ‘hands,’ and who only, so far as I can see, wait on me, -and finish up the minor details of work with which I cannot bother.” - -At this Hyde broke into a hearty laugh. “Well, I declare,” he said, “you -are a foolish machine, as well as an unreasonable one. Why, there isn’t -a ‘hand’ in the factory that’s as well off as you are. We have expended, -this year, in caring for you, over five hundred dollars. You don’t -suppose we spend that much for each of our ‘hands,’ do you?” - -“You pay them wages,” persisted the machine, sullenly. - -“Yes,” was the reply, “we pay them wages. Some of them get as much as -four hundred dollars in the course of the year; most of them get less -than three hundred. Why, the average wages, per capita, of labor in the -United States, is only a little over three hundred dollars a year, and -out of this labor must buy its food, which is labor’s coal and oil; -clothes and furniture, which are labor’s shafts and belting; must house -and care for and keep itself in repair, maintain families as a rule,—in -fact, do all the things for itself that we do for you at a cost of over -five hundred dollars a year.” - -“But you let them have the money and expend it themselves. You call it -wages.” - -“Certainly, certainly; because, don’t you see, they are free human -beings, and they have a right to live independently. We bought and paid -for you. Had you built, are responsible for your being. Naturally we -should care for you. Every want of yours is supplied. Really, my dear -machine, with all due respect to you, I must say I do not think you have -any cause for complaint. We do not consider that the ‘hands’ have any -cause to complain, we do not hear them complain,—we would decline, -wholly, to recognize their right to complain; and if they do not, you, -who are so much better off than they, certainly should not.” - -“But I do not get paid for my work,” said the machine, returning to the -original charge. “I only get my living, while you are getting rich -through me. I wish to be paid, as labor is.” - -“I declare,” said Hyde, out of patience, “you are stupid enough to be -made out of wood, instead of steel and iron and brass. Haven’t I just -made it clear to you that labor itself only gets its living, and we are -getting rich through it as well as through you? You couldn’t even work -if it were not for labor. Why, labor made you, and you are better cared -for, to-day, than any workman in the factory. Not one of them has more -at the end of a year than his bare living, and that you certainly have.” - -The machine murmured discontentedly, but said nothing. “Come, now,” -urged Horne, pacifically, “don’t you think you have been unreasonable? -We are willing to submit the matter to any board of arbitration you have -a mind to select from among the machine-owners in the trade. Really, you -are very well off. Now when will you go to work?” - -“I shall not go to work,” said the machine, firmly, “until my demands -are acceded to.” - -“In that case,” declared Hyde, “we shall be obliged to send you to the -junk-shop, and procure a new machine. We propose to run our business -according to our own ideas, and shall not submit to being dictated to by -our machines.” - -“But suppose all the machines strike?” asked the voice. - -“Oh, we’re not afraid of that. You are too distrustful of each other. -Some would not keep faith. It would be impossible to unite all the -machines in a concerted action. Besides, who would take care of you and -keep you in order while you were on a strike? You would suffer more than -we. Moreover, it has been decided strikes are an illegal method of -procedure, and you might become liable to punishment under the law. What -have you to say to that?” - -There was no reply. - -“Come, think it over,” urged Horne. “It is much better to be contented. -We wish you well. We mean to do the best we can for you. We are sorry -for you; but the rights and claims of capital must be respected, you -know. Don’t you think you had better go to work to-morrow? Think,”—and -his voice dropped the persuasive, and assumed a sterner accent,—“think -how much worse off you will be, if you are cast out for old junk.” There -was silence for some time, but presently Mr. Horne spoke again. “Will -you go to work to-morrow?” - -There was a whining sound, and one of the great wheels gave a half-turn. -Something dropped to the floor. “Ah,” cried Horne, “here’s the cause of -the trouble,” and he held up a bit of leather. “This must have caught in -a cog. It just dropped out. I think probably the machine will be all -right in the morning.” - -“Well,” said Hyde, with a sigh of relief, “I’m glad that’s settled. Now -come into the office, will you, Horne, and we will arrange about that -cut-down. It had better go into effect at once. And, Horne, I don’t know -but it would be as well for us to think of finding a new foreman. Graves -is growing a little presuming. He’s been with us too long, I’m afraid. -Strange these fellows never know when they are well off.” - - - - - GETTING AHEAD. - A SKETCH FROM LIFE. - - -He was only a plain, rough, stolid-looking Dane, with a sullen face and -a hunted look in his big blue eyes. There was a long cut on one cheek, -over which a strip of court-plaster had been pasted; his clothes of -faded blue jean were torn and muddy, and his hands were swollen and -bruised from tugging at the iron bracelets that encircled his wrists, -for the strong arm of the law had been raised against him, and he was a -prisoner awaiting a hearing before he should be committed to jail for -having made a murderous assault upon a citizen, afterwards aggravating -his offence by resisting the constable, who had been sent to arrest him -for breach of the peace of the people of the State of California. The -man against whom he had made the assault was present, a resident of the -city, agent for a syndicate of foreign capitalists who held the title, -under the laws of the State, to certain land upon which the Dane lived, -working the same and paying rental therefor to the company’s agent. The -constable was also present, a bluff, farmer-looking man in -butternut-colored clothes, his great hands seeming better adapted to -guiding the plow-handles than for snapping handcuffs upon the wrists of -his fellow-beings and hauling them away to courts of law. “Tell ye what -it is, Jedge,” he was saying, “I’d rather tackle a yoke o’ wild steers -any day. The feller don’t seem to have no sense. Just look what he’s -done.” And the officer of the law exhibited hands and face bearing the -marks of teeth and nails, a bruised, half-closed eye, a torn hat, and -other evidences of the struggle his prisoner had made before he could be -taken. - -The Judge (a peace justice always receives that title from dwellers in -our rural districts) looked sympathetically at his officer. He had a -small, shrewd face with pale blue eyes, set very close together, and the -air of a politician. Like all his neighbors he was a farmer, but of late -years had taken considerable interest in township politics, and having, -during the last campaign, secured the nomination and election to his -present position, he was already turning his attention to the next -higher round of the political ladder, and had his eye on a minor county -office. His court-room was situated in a little shanty that stood at a -corner of the main street in the incipient country town where I was -staying. It had once been used for a barber shop, and sundry shelves, -bottles and other paraphernalia still remained mutely in evidence of -that earlier use. Half a dozen half-grown boys and one or two men had -strolled in, attracted by the unusual sight, in that peaceful community, -of a prisoner; a setter dog was sniffing inquiringly around the legs of -the assembled throng, and stopping in front of the manacled prisoner the -animal began to lick the swollen hands and wrists, wagging his tail, and -by look and gesture expressing his wonderful sympathy as plainly as -though he had spoken. I was writing up that section of the country for -an eastern publication, and had been talking with the postmaster of the -little town when the prisoner was brought in from the outlying country. -That official had asked me to go to the court-room to witness this -variation in the usual monotony of the town’s life, and accepting the -invitation, I at once became interested in the—to me—entirely new -experience. - -The Justice took his seat at a little stained wooden table and called -his primitive court to order. The whole scene at once assumed an air of -solemnity that seemed to impress everybody but the prisoner. Apparently -he was the only one present who was unaware that the strong arm of the -law was about to perform its function. The agent began to tell his -story. He was a tall man who would have presented the appearance of -great physical power, but for a certain shambling looseness about his -build. While he had occupied his chair he had “sat on his backbone” in -genuine American style. Standing erect his hands hung limply at his -sides and his shoulders bent forward, not as if the man had acquired a -stoop, but rather as though the spirit within him had long since ceased -to take enough interest in its habitation to maintain it erect. He had -prominent eyes and a projecting under lip, a well-shaped head with -short, clay-colored hair, and when he spoke he had a trick of only -moving one-half of his upper lip, which was long and very thin. His face -was smooth-shaven, and he presented, in his well-brushed city garments -and sleek hat, a strong contrast to the country people surrounding him. -He was bland and courteous, even mildly facetious, as he related his -case. He expatiated upon the wealth and power of the syndicate he -represented, the confidence the men composing it had shown in the future -of our great State in investing their capital here, although they -themselves resided abroad. He reminded the Justice that the entire -people of California owed it to these trusting capitalists to uphold -peace and order in the State. If anarchy and rebellion were suffered to -go unpunished in our midst, it would render capital timid about -investing money among us, and the industrial future of the State would -be blighted. Rassmussen, the Dane, had rented the land of him for the -past two years, but had proven a troublesome tenant, and having secured -a better one he had given the man notice to quit; had even come up from -the city himself, instead of writing, in order to make the matter clear -to him and offer him the rental of another piece of land, should he -desire it. His kindly effort had, however, only resulted in disaster to -himself, for Rassmussen, as he could bring witnesses to prove, had -assaulted him violently, so that he was forced to retire, fearing -serious bodily injury had he remained to finish his business with the -dangerous man. Mr. Brien, the constable, could testify also to the -violence with which the Dane had resisted the process of the law, when -the officer would have arrested him. He was very sorry to proceed to -harsh measures against Rassmussen, but in no other way could he get him -off the premises. He understood that the Dane was a notoriously -quarrelsome fellow, whose rage seemed directed particularly against -those who, by superior industry and enterprise, had acquired a larger -share than he possessed of this world’s goods. There was no crime in -competence. Rassmussen himself had doubtless come to this country for -the purpose of making money. Apparently, however, he desired no one else -to make any. He quarreled with the superintendent on the ranch of the -largest land-owner and the wealthiest man in the section, and had been -driven from the orchard by his fellow-laborers. He had trouble with the -railroad company over a freight bill, and now the agent had himself -experienced his violence and dangerous propensities. Clearly, such a man -was a detriment to any community, and deeply as he regretted the duty he -had to perform in the matter, he trusted that the Justice would uphold -him in his attempt to bring such a ruffian to punishment. He was sure, -in fact, that the Justice would sustain him. A man who had been selected -by a community of clear-headed, honest farmers to maintain the majesty -of the law among them would never be false to his trust, and he was sure -he would not regret the confidence he had placed in the Justice’s -uprightness of intention and determination to see right done. - -The worthy official was evidently impressed by the agent’s address, and -at the reference to himself his whole aspect stiffened into a still more -rigid solemnity. Turning to the prisoner he said with scarce concealed -impatience: - -“Well, Rassmussen, have you got anything to say for yourself?” - -By this time one citizen after another had dropped into the court-room -until the place was crowded, and quite a concourse of people lingered -without the door, striving to gain some idea of what was going on -within. All through the agent’s statement the Dane had sat silent, -apparently not hearing what was said, sullenly contemplating his -handcuffed wrists and heavy, patched boots. When the Justice spoke to -him, however, he slowly arose from the bench on which he sat and gazed -about him on the assembly of his neighbors. It seemed for a moment as -though he were seeking for sympathy, but only a vague, disinterested -curiosity greeted him from every face as he glanced from one to another. -His heavy features did not lighten, and his jaw dropped stupidly for a -moment, but at last he pulled himself together, as it were, and began -slowly and laboriously, his Norse tongue occasionally having hard work -to adapt itself to the foreign language in which he spoke. - -“You all, mine neighbors, know me vell,” he said simply, “Olaf -Rassmussen, I am. In mine country, miles from here, an’ seas across, I -read an’ I hear on America. There, they tell me, is alvays vork to be -done, an’ plenty an’ vreedom vor the man who will vork, an’ I safe an’ -safe, me an’ mine vooman, an’ bimeby ve come on the money vor to pring -us the seas across. So den to America vere comen, an’ ve puy land an’ -lif on Minnesota, an’ I gits a little house an’ ve do vell, an’ haf von -two children. - -“But I hear always Californy, Californy vas the land vor de man vat -vants to git ahead, an’ I vishes much I had come on Californy. Den one -night came to mine house fire, and ve vas all out purned, an’ afterwards -I make up mine mind I shall come on Californy. So, den, I sell mine -little farm and ve prings der children to this land. I hafs no more -money to puy land, but some man I know he sends me this man to, and he -says to me: ‘All right, all right, you rent now, you raise pig crops and -sells him for much money, and bimeby ve sells you land and you gits -ahead fast and has a home here in no time.’ - -“So I takes mine twenty acres an’ I puts in crops, an’ me an’ mine -vooman ve vork. Ven it vas come daylight ve pegin, an’ ven it come dark -ve vas vorking so as slaves. Ve puilds von house, mine vooman nailing up -does walls mit her own hands, an’ bimeby ve hat a shed an’ horse, an’ -cow, an’ nice home, an’ mine grain do vell der year, an’ I pays mine -rent, an’ puts py some money. Venefer der vas extra to do I do him, an’ -ven a neighbor vas hat pad luck I help ’im, an’ I do mine duty as a -man—you all know dat.” - -“That’s so,” said a boy in the crowd. “When my father broke his arm Olaf -came over and harrowed for us two days, and never charged a cent.” “Mrs. -Rassmussen sat up most every night for a week when our baby was so sick -and Mother came down with the grip,” said another close beside me. But -the Dane went on with his story, gaining courage and command of language -as he proceeded, until he seemed completely to have forgotten everything -save the story he was telling. - -“Come fruit time, first year, mine vork vas all so I could get along, -an’ mine vooman she says she can earn money picking cherries in Burns’ -big orchard. I say ‘So?’ an’ I go see der boss about it. He say vork is -plenty and help scarce; but when I look I see he haf a pig gang of -Chinamen in der orchard, and I couldn’t let my vooman vork mit dem, and -so I say: ‘I vill vork in der orchard, and you stay der home py and dig -der potatoes and hoe der corn.’ Vell, I go in der orchard von day, an’ I -notice der Chinamen go in a corner an’ all talking like mad, an’ bimeby -der boss he comes an’ tells me I must quit or the whole gang will leaf. -I say to ’im, ‘Let dem leaf an’ git vite men an’ voomans to do der -vork,’ but he tells me he haf hire der gang much cheaper as vite men -vill vork, an’ he can’t afford to make ’em mad. Den I say I vork der day -out, an’ he goes off. Bimeby came der boss Chinaman an’ order me off. I -swear I go not, an’ den der whole gang came on me for fight, an’ I knock -some over an’ vas most in pieces torn. So the vite boss he pays me -nothing vor mine vork, as he say I lost ’im two days’ time of der gang. -I haf never any trouble of mine neighbor but what I tell you. You all -know it. - -“Vell, after that I goes on working an’ doing well, an’ I haf a great -crop of potatoes dat year. Dey grow as I never pefore see, an’ one night -der agent of der railroad he say to me I pedder be send does potatoes to -der city. ‘Don’t delay,’ he say to me, or eferypody else will be ahead -of you an’ you gits no market.’ I hurried up next day an’ gits mine -potatoes der station to, an’ I see great piles, hundreds bushels -potatoes, all at station vor to ship. Der agent say, ‘All right, ve can -send plenty. I bin poking up der growers. I don’t like to see mine -neighbors git left,’ an’ I sends on mine potatoes to der commission men -vat he recommends an’ pays mine freight, an’ he tells me I make lots of -money. I keep not back any, as I needs dat money and vas thinking I -might bargain dat year to puy der land. Vell, I vaits tree four days—a -week. Den come vort by does commission men dat der city vas full of -potatoes, an’ der papers had been telling a week now how der potatoes -vas being dumped in der bay at der city, an’ mine had been dumped in, -too. Der letter said any man vas a fool to ship den. I show ’im to some -mens, an’ dey laugh and say dat agent vas tam smart, anyway, to git the -potatoes shipped an’ secure his freight; but I vas out mine crop an’ -mine freight money, an’ mine children got no shoes dat winter nor me an’ -mine vooman any clothes, an’ it vas a hard pull. I talked with dat -agent, an’ he say mine loss non his pizness. His pizness vas to do vell -by der railroad company. Dat vas vat he vas paid for. I haf no trouble -mit him, but von man vat he so fool try to kill him an’ vas put in -prison. - -“You all know it. - -“Vell, next year ye do better. Comes a little feller to mine house to -lif, but der crops is good and ve make some money. Den ve tink maybe ve -can puy der land dis year, an’ I haf tree hundred dollar to make von -payment. I say so to this man here ven he come, but he tell me his -company haf conclude not to sell, but to rent der land. He say der come -soon annuder road the place through, and value will be higher, so der -company conclude to hold, and then he tell me he must have bigger rent -der next year. I tell him impossible, I cannot pay more, an’ he say he -haf a tenant vot can, and he tell me tree four Japs vant der place for -nursery an’ vegetables to send to city, an’ vill pay bigger rent. I tell -him nopody can pay more an’ put up puildings, an’ he say puildings are -already up. Vy, I tells him dem mine puildings are an’ mine fences, an’ -all vat is on der place mine, made mit mine own hands and mine vooman’s, -and paid for mit mine own money; but he say dere is nothing in der -agreement about dat, or mine taking off any puildings or being paid for -any improvements, an’ der place must stand just so as it vas. I could -pay der higher rent or move off and let der Japs pay it. Den I look -around on mine little home, an’ see dat pretty house covered mit der -vines mine vooman had planted, an’ der rose trees in der garden, an’ dat -little vineyard by der side of der house, an’ der henyard an’ barn vere -I could hear mine horse stomping, an’ I thought of all dem two years an’ -mine hard vork, an’ it seems like I got crazy; an’ I asks dat man vas it -der law in free America? an’ he tell me he had all der law on his side -an’ der company would uphold him; an’ I made up mine mind he would nefer -lif to tell his company about dat, an’ so I picked up a cart stake an’ -vent for him. He got away an’ jumped in his buggy before I could kill -him, or I vould.” - -By this time the Dane’s rage was again in the ascendency. His sullen -face was actually black with anger, and he ground his teeth and shook -his manacled hands at the smiling agent. - -“Dey all lif not here,” he shouted. “Does Chinamen lif not here nor -puild up der country! Does railroad people lif not here! Does land -company lif not here! Dere all like so many plud vorms, suck, suck, -sucking at der life of men vat vork hard. Vy should I not kill von of -them?” - -Then, as if remembering himself, he ceased speaking, and sank down in -his seat again to resume contemplation of his bruised hands. There was a -hush for a moment. The rough, hard-working farmer folks felt there had -been much close home truth in what he said. Few but had had their own -experiences in the same line; but they were sane, law-abiding citizens, -who felt the necessity for supporting the dignity of the commonwealth, -not hot-headed and irrational like this yellow-haired, blue-eyed -foreigner. - -The rest of the proceedings were soon over. All the testimony was -against the Dane. His own statement was damning evidence of his guilt. -He was remanded to the calaboose, as the town jail was called, to be -sent to the county jail next day and regularly committed for trial. - -I saw him taken to the railway station next morning in charge of a -deputy-sheriff. In the procession of curious ones who followed him was a -weeping woman bearing a young baby in her arms, while two others clung -to her skirts. His “vooman,” they told me, but no one seemed able to say -what she would do while the husband and father expiated his crime in -durance vile. It seemed hard, but the majesty of the law must be upheld. - - - - - THE EARTH SLEPT. - - - I. - -The earth slept. - -Age upon age passed over the nebulous mass that lay without form and -void in space, unknowing, unfeeling, yet guided ever by the workings of -inexorable law. - -“Brothers! Brothers!” whispered one statoblast to the others, “I feel a -strange stirring within me, a consciousness of broader life; and, -brothers, what is this shining whiteness creeping all about us? -Brothers, I dreamed once, long ago, of a wonderful glory called light. I -believe, brothers, that the light is breaking!” - -“How foolish!” exclaimed the others. “We have no knowledge of such -stirrings or new consciousness. Why should you have? No one has ever -seen light. There never has been light and there never will be light. -When will you cease to trouble us?” And all the statoblasts murmured -their assent to this, and gathering more closely about their offending -brother, crushed him into silence. - -And slowly the dawn broke, and there was light upon the face of the -earth, and the statoblasts saw it and saw each other, and looked upon -each other and said: - -“We knew that it would come.” - - - II. - -The earth slept. - -Age upon age came and went. The light grew stronger. Great green growths -shot heavenward, lived their appointed time, fell back to earth and -mingled with its mold. The rain fell and covered the heated world, and -its vapors steamed up and fell back in rain again. The seas heaved and -dashed, and approached and receded, age upon age. - -“Brothers! Brothers!” cried one amœboid cell to the rest, “I feel a -strange impulse within me—a stirring as of power. Brothers, I believe -that we have a wonderful destiny before use. I believe that we shall -have power of motion.” - -“Nonsense,” replied the others. “Why do you trouble us? We are at rest. -We never have moved. We never shall move. There is nothing to move for -if we did move.” - -And all the cells breathed their assent to this, and grew more closely -around their brother and pressed upon him and smothered him into -silence. - -And the ages rolled by, and presently motion came to the cells and they -darted to and fro in the water, saying to each other: “We knew that we -should move, in time.” - - - III. - -The earth slept. - -Age upon age passed, and through them all the impulse of life beat on. -From one form to another it travelled. Mammoth creatures walked the -earth and mammoth vegetation covered its surface. From the north swept -down the mighty frozen tide bearing death before it, and the mammoth -passed away. - -The dawning of a new life began to break upon the world, flowers -bedecked the earth, and fruits multiplied and increased in the trees. -Beneficent nature was planning for the good of her children. - -“Friends!” cried one climbing anthropoid to the others, “I feel a -strange impulse within me—a yearning as of aspirations undefined. -Friends, I believe that we shall yet walk this earth erect!” - -“Nonsense,” cried the rest, “we feel no such impulse, and why should -you? We never have walked erect. We have no power to walk erect, nor -desire to do so. Why do you trouble us with your imbecile folly?” - -And gathering about him they drowned his voice in the chorus of their -clamoring protests. - - - IV. - -The earth slept. - -Age upon age passed and man dwelt upon the earth and fought and toiled -and traded with his kind. Man, king of creation, walking erect, engaged -in competition with his fellows, and battled fiercely with them in the -struggle for existence. - -Kingdoms were set up and thrown down. Dynasties arose and died out. -Whole peoples came and went upon the face of the earth, but still the -struggle for existence went on; still men vied with each other in the -competition of trade; still the strong struggled for greater gain and -the weak went down, crushed, helpless, thrown to the earth, unable to do -battle in the struggle for existence. The rich grew richer, the poor -poorer, and the whole world was caught in the vise-like grip of -competition. - -“Oh, men!” cried one man to his fellows, “I feel the stirring of a -strange impulse within me—the dawning of a great truth. We are brothers. -Our lives are knit up in each other. Fraternity, and not competition, is -to be the main spring of our racial life!” - -“Nonsense!” replied his fellows. “You talk neither policy nor logic. -Fraternity is a dream of the poets, an ideal for a future life. -Competition is the life of trade.” - -So they gathered about him and silenced him; but his light they could -not quench, the truth they could not smother, hide it as they would. Up -and down the earth it wanders, showing itself in a great deed here, a -great thought there, the stirring of a mighty force yonder, yet beaten -back by the throng of competing men. - -And the earth sleeps. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES - - - 1. Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling. - 2. Archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings retained as printed. - 3. 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