diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'old/63027-0.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | old/63027-0.txt | 2100 |
1 files changed, 0 insertions, 2100 deletions
diff --git a/old/63027-0.txt b/old/63027-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index c414a5a..0000000 --- a/old/63027-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2100 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook, The New Wonder of the World: Buffalo, the -Electric City, by A. E. Richmond - - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - - -Title: The New Wonder of the World: Buffalo, the Electric City - - -Author: A. E. Richmond - - - -Release Date: August 24, 2020 [eBook #63027] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE NEW WONDER OF THE WORLD: -BUFFALO, THE ELECTRIC CITY*** - - -E-text prepared by WebRover, Charlene Taylor, Barry Abrahamsen, and the -Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page -images generously made available by Internet Archive (https://archive.org) - - - -Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this - file which includes the original illustrations. - See 63027-h.htm or 63027-h.zip: - (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/63027/63027-h/63027-h.htm) - or - (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/63027/63027-h.zip) - - - Images of the original pages are available through - Internet Archive. See - https://archive.org/details/newwonderofworld00rich - - - - - -THE NEW WONDER OF THE WORLD: BUFFALO, THE ELECTRIC CITY - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - _WITH COMPLIMENTS OF_ - - THE SECURITY INVESTMENT COMPANY - - OF BUFFALO, N. Y. - - 156 AND 158 PEARL STREET, CORNER CHURCH STREET. - - -------------- - - _CAPITAL,_ _$300,000._ - - -------------- - - DIRECTORS: - - CHARLES A. SWEET, President Third National - Bank, Buffalo. - - JOHN SATTERFIELD, President Union Oil - Company, Buffalo. - - EDMUND HAYES, Of the Union Bridge - Works, Buffalo. - - HON. CHARLES Ex-Judge Supreme Court, - DANIELS, Buffalo. - - JAMES H. SMITH, Director of the Cary Safe - Company, Buffalo. - - WALTER G. ROBBINS, Vice-President Buffalo - Fish Company, Buffalo. - - JAMES R. AUSTIN, Real Estate, Buffalo. - - JAMES B. STAFFORD, Real Estate, Buffalo. - - RICHARD H. STAFFORD, Real Estate, Buffalo. - - FRANCIS B. THURBER, President Thurber-Whyland - Company, wholesale - grocers, New York City. - - JAMES E. GRANNISS, President The Tradesmen’s - National Bank, New York - City. - - JOHN LOUDON, Capitalist, Altoona, Pa. - - J. M. GUFFEY, Capitalist, Pittsburg, - Pa. - - -This Company furnishes the investor a safe and reliable channel through -which he may place his money. Great care and judgment used before -putting an investment on the market. Large and small investors will find -it greatly to their advantage to examine the list of investments offered -by this Company. - -Choice real estate a specialty. - -Bonds and mortgages and other first-class securities handled. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Illustration: - - THE NIAGARA CATARACT--SOURCE OF BUFFALO’S ELECTRIC POWER.] - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - -THE NEW WONDER OF THE WORLD. -BUFFALO: THE ELECTRIC CITY. - -by - -A. E. RICHMOND. - - -[Illustration] - - - - - - -The Matthews-Northrup Co., Complete Art-Printing Works, -Buffalo, N. Y. -14298 - -Copyright, 1892 - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - -NIAGARA’S voice sings a new song. - -Through countless ages it has thundered forth its wild, tumultuous -melody, a pæan to nature in every tone. - -Now it sings an anthem to industry, to science, to inventive genius, to -commercial prosperity. - -The magic wand of the electrician has been waved, and the mighty voice -swells and roars to new music of new and marvelous power. - -The new song rising from the mist and the spray of the cataract heralds -a new era in Buffalo. - -It heralds the evolution of the Queen City of the Lakes into the -Electric City of the World; a smokeless, dustless, wholesome city where -the myriad and ever-increasing wheels of industry will turn with the -silent, unseen power generated from Niagara’s unceasing current; a city -that will grow and attract and gather force and wealth and people until -it comes to be known as _the New Wonder of the World_. - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - -When the city of Buffalo, under the favoring conditions which have -brought it to its present splendid eminence, doubles its population in -ten years, and increases in wealth seven million dollars yearly, what -can be foretold of it when in addition to all its present -wealth-producing resources it becomes the possessor of an unlimited -supply of the cheapest power in the whole world! - -Contemplating this fact, the Chicago _Tribune_ said: “By virtue of -having the cheapest power for turning its machinery, Buffalo will -inevitably become the manufacturing centre of the nation.” - -The New York _Tribune_ adds this weighty testimony to the greatness of -our future: “The past of Buffalo is secure, and her manifest destiny is -evidently to be something tremendous.” - -Already preparations are being made to bring to Buffalo the electric -power from the great tunnel at Niagara Falls. Several companies have -been formed of foremost business men, who see that in the distribution -and application of the mighty power to industrial uses there are -fortunes to be made, and that the pioneers in the task will win the -chief prizes. - -The time for discussing the practicability of bringing electric power -from Niagara Falls to Buffalo has gone by. Electrical science has -settled the question completely. It has been demonstrated beyond all -question that electric power can be transmitted long distances without -material loss. - -A number of the greatest capitalists, and shrewdest investors in the -United States, are financially interested in the tunnel scheme. Before -they put up their money they satisfied themselves not only that the -power could be produced, but that it could be sold. - -They looked at Buffalo, 22 miles away, and saw a city of nearly 300,000 -inhabitants, spread over a large territory, with ample opportunity for -territorial growth beyond the present limits, a city in which 3,000 new -houses were built in the year 1891, and in which nearly one hundred -million dollars is invested in industrial enterprises. They saw a city -into which 26 lines of railroad enter, representing a total trackage of -about 25,000 miles, and including the great trunk lines leading east, -west, north and south, tapping all the rich raw-material storehouses of -the continent at all points. They saw that Buffalo had extraordinary -facilities for the distribution of manufactures by rail, facilities -created by the hand of industry, and they saw too nature’s grand gift in -the great chain of lakes, coupled to another gift of industry, the Erie -canal, giving us a water route to the Atlantic seaboard. - -These men saw that here was the place where electric power could be -disposed of in enormous quantities. They knew that they could send it -here almost as cheaply as they could distribute it in the immediate -vicinity of its point of production, and they saw the mighty certainties -in a combination of unlimited cheap power for manufacturing and -extraordinary shipping facilities. They knew that a market for their -electrical product was forever assured, and they planted their millions -in the earth and rock of Niagara. Better investment was never made. - -Read the names of some of the great financiers engaged in this -enterprise: William K. Vanderbilt, Chauncey M. Depew, Drexel, Morgan & -Co., August Belmont, Brown Bros. & Co., Isaac N. Seligman, Winslow, -Lamer & Co., Morris K. Jessup and others famous in the financial world. - - - OUR GREAT RAILROAD INTERESTS. - -Buffalo is one of the greatest railroad centers in the United States. -Its advantages for bringing in raw material cheaply and quickly are -unequalled. Its railroad arteries go forth in all directions, reaching -the rich mines and fertile fields and levying upon the wealth of all; -and for the distribution of manufactured products it occupies a -commanding position unexcelled by any city in the country. And to all -this must be added its peerless shipping facilities by lake and canal, -coupled with the fact of its unique location at the point of -transhipment between lake, canal and railroad. - -The railroad interests of Buffalo are larger than many residents of the -city have any idea of. There are more miles of railroad tracks within -the city limits than in any other city in the world. We have 660 miles -of them. The railroads own over 3,600 acres of land in the city. Over -one-tenth of the general city taxes levied in Buffalo is paid by the -railroads. An army of over 20,000 men are steadily employed by the -railroads in Buffalo. A great number of them own their own homes. With -their families they are numerous enough to make a good-sized city of -themselves. - -New industries are constantly being added to swell the bulk of railroad -enterprises here. The locomotive shops of the New York Central & Hudson -River Railroad are among the latest. They will cost half a million -dollars to build, and they will be equipped with the highest class of -machinery, costing several hundred thousand dollars more. It is the -intention within a few years to spend about two million dollars on these -shops, making them the largest and best equipped locomotive shops in the -United States, rivaling the Altoona shops, now the largest in the world. - -The building of the Gould Car Coupler Company’s works adds another to -the long list of railroad supply shops located here, among which are the -Wagner Palace Car Works, Buffalo Car Wheel Works, New York Car Wheel -Works, Rood & Brown Car Wheel Works, all employing a large number of -men. These are the kind of industries that anchor a city to prosperity -forever. - -All this shows what a railroad center Buffalo is and what splendid -facilities we have for receiving and sending by rail. - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - -[Illustration: - - THE LAKE AND ENTRANCE TO THE HARBOR.] - - - LAKE AND CANAL. - -From statistics of lake commerce, compiled by Charles H. Keep, secretary -of the Lake Carriers’ Association, of Buffalo, it is learned that -30,299,006 tons of cargo were carried on the great lakes during the year -1890. Mr. Keep figures out that if all this tonnage were loaded into -railroad cars of fifteen tons capacity, there would be a string of cars -covering 13,466 miles of railroad tracks, or, in other words, four -strings of cars from New York to San Francisco and enough left over to -run two strings of cars from New York to Chicago. And most of this -immense amount of tonnage came to Buffalo, or was shipped from Buffalo. - -“During the season of 1890,” he continues, “more than nine million tons -of ore were moved by the lake route from the vicinity of the mines to -the vicinity of the furnaces.” - -To give further proof of the immense volume of trade flowing to and from -Buffalo, here are some comparative figures: During 1890 the amount of -tonnage passing through the Suez canal was 6,890,094 tons, compared with -8,454,435 tons passing through the St. Mary’s Falls canal, and -21,684,000 tons passing through the Detroit River. - -In 1891, from April 1st to December 1st, the grain, including flour, -discharged from vessels at the port of Buffalo, reached the stupendous -amount of 164,459,720 bushels. - -In 1891 the total value of imports to Buffalo by canal was $27,942,213, -and the total value of exports by canal the same year was $36,978,035. -To handle this great volume of business 1180 boats were in use. - - - GREAT GRAIN STOREHOUSES. - -There are 34 grain elevators in Buffalo, with a total capacity of -15,000,000 bushels, in addition to six floaters and six transfer -elevators. These structures have a capacity for transferring 4,000,000 -bushels every 24 hours. In 1891 they handled 135,315,510 bushels. Their -total value is over $8,000,000. Several new elevators of giant size are -planned. Two of them are estimated to cost a million dollars each. - - - WHERE TRADE CONCENTRATES. - -Buffalo’s location is unique. It is the stopping off place between -distant sections for men, animals, lumber, grain and general -merchandise. The incidental business growing out of this fact is -enormous. Grain, coal, iron, oil, lumber and other products of this -great country gravitate toward Buffalo, and here they are sent to the -mills, refineries and factories, or are transferred from boats to cars, -or cars to boats, and sent east or west as the case may be. - -The grain receipts by lake at this port have more than tripled in the -past ten years, reaching nearly 165,000,000 bushels in 1891. These -shipments are bound to vastly increase as new stretches of country in -the West and Northwest are opened up and tapped by railroad lines. The -recent passage of the river and harbor appropriation bill, by which an -expenditure of $4,000,000 is authorized in securing a twenty-foot -channel for lake navigation, will result in still lower rates and -greatly increased shipments by lake. The saving in lake freights over -the average railroad rates in 1891 was about $150,000,000. - -Many of the largest coal trestles in the world are located here. This is -the greatest coal distributing point in the world. Our coal trade is -simply enormous. To give an indication of this, it is sufficient to -quote the coal shipments by lake alone from Buffalo in 1891. They -amounted to 2,365,895 tons, and the shipments by canal and rail were -very large. A conservative estimate places the value of property used in -the coal trade here at $10,000,000. This estimate, of course, does not -include vessels engaged in the coal trade, nor railroad property outside -of that actually devoted to the coal business. - -The lumber trade here is phenomenally large. This, of course, is to be -expected, owing to our location at the foot of the great lakes. The rich -lumbering districts bordering upon the lakes are tributary to us, and -the consequence is that Buffalo and Tonawanda, which are practically -one, receive and distribute immense quantities of lumber. This is, in -fact, the greatest distributing point for lumber in the world. - -In addition to all this, we have the largest sheep market in the world, -one of the largest horse markets in the world, and, next to Chicago, the -largest cattle market in the world. - - - THE WONDER OF THE WORLD. - -The facts given above are all drawn from compiled statistics of the -city, and all show the splendid foundation that has been built for the -vast city of the near future when the electric elixir from Niagara’s -mighty power flows through all our commercial veins and arteries, -cheapening the cost of production so that outside competition can be -defied, building up every established enterprise, bringing numberless -new ones into life, and making of Buffalo the Manchester of the new -world! More than that, it will be the wonder of the world, the peerless, -marvelous electric city! - -All this is coming. There is no chance about it. It is part of the great -onward movement of the world. It is human progress, but in this case it -is a tremendous stride, a lifetime of ordinary momentum at a bound. - -Century after century the waters of the “unsalted seas” leaped over -Niagara’s precipice, full of sound and fury, but signifying nothing -beyond the grandeur of Nature in her wildest mood. Now, towards the -close of the nineteenth century, this marvel of force is chained to -man’s uses, and a power sufficient to run the machinery of the world is -levied upon for industrial purposes. - -[Illustration: - - WHERE THE GOLDEN GRAIN IS STORED--THE ELEVATOR DISTRICT.] - - -This tunnel project is a splendid illustration of human enterprise, of -which there has been an endless procession of illustrations. Think of a -few of the great things that have been accomplished. It became necessary -to cross oceans, and sailing vessels were built. The application of -steam came, and the ships folded their wings and flew faster than ever -they did before. The world demanded swift speed upon land, and railroads -were born, culminating in an Empire State Express that flies from New -York to Buffalo in a little over eight hours. Lightning leaped from the -clouds to copper wires and girdled the earth with instantaneous -intelligence, and our voices speed swifter than thought from city to -city. - -The problems of the world are being solved one by one. - -This is the electric age, and who can foretell what mighty things may -come in the train of the pioneer work with Niagara’s power! It is -proposed at present to produce 125,000 horse-power. The _Scientific -American_ estimates that the force in Niagara’s current amounts to -several millions of horse-power. The present tunnel can be duplicated -again and again as necessity demands. The sale of 15,000 horse-power -will carry the present investment, leaving 110,000 horse-power for clear -profit. The company has a capital of $10,000,000 to draw from, and a -number of the greatest capitalists in the country are behind the -movement. It is certain, then, that development will keep pace with the -demand, and that all the electric power needed will be forthcoming. We -have the great inexhaustible storehouse of Niagara to draw from forever, -and human enterprise can be depended upon to dig the gold that may be -had for the digging. - -Buffalo, with her phenomenal facilities for tapping the mines, the -lumber forests, the grain fields and all the other rich storehouses of -the country, and with equal facilities for distributing the manufactured -product, will, of course, be the chief market for the electric power -produced at the Falls. It can be brought here without material loss in -transmission, while the transportation advantages conferred by Buffalo’s -unique location cannot be transmitted. They are immovable as the eternal -hills. - -The result is not hard to trace. Buffalo is going to be the Electric -City of the world, instead of the Queen City of the lakes. - -In the larger manufacturing concerns here the cost of steam power has -been brought down to about $35 per horse-power per year. The cost of -power in the smaller manufacturing concerns is much greater than this -sum. - -It is estimated that the electric power from the Falls can be sold in -Buffalo, ready for instant use by touching a button, at little more than -half the present cost of steam power. Here is room for thought and -comparison on the part of those engaged in manufacturing enterprises. - -Does not cheap power settle the question of a city’s manufacturing -greatness? Can there be any appeal from such settlement? - -Give any city advantages in the way of cheap and abundant power not -enjoyed by any other city on the face of the earth and what is the -natural result? The eyes of manufacturers everywhere are focused upon -that city. - -Give to a city unequaled transportation facilities and the cheapest -power in the world, and you have the conditions for building up the -greatest industrial center in the world. - -This is Buffalo’s position. - -Far-sighted men do not talk any more about the possibilities of -Buffalo’s future. They talk about certainties. They say with the New -York _Tribune_: “The past of Buffalo is secure, and her manifest destiny -is evidently to be something tremendous.” - -Truly, as has been said by Samuel Wilkeson, Buffalo holds the key to the -commerce of an inland empire. - - - THE GROWTH OF A YEAR. - -The Buffalo City Directory for 1892 shows about 6,000 more names than -were contained in last year’s directory. In order to compute the -population of a city, it is usual to multiply the number of names in the -directory by 3½, as, for the most part, only the names of heads of -families appear there. Some cities multiply by 4. It is certainly very -modest to make the multiplier 3¼, which is usually done in Buffalo. Upon -this basis it will be seen that the increase in our population during -the past year was 19,500, enough people gained in twelve months to make -a city as large as Lockport, N. Y., and nearly as large as Oswego, N. Y. -Counting 3¼ people to one name in the directory, we have a population, -in June, 1892, of 297,375. - -The increase during the year has been no more than the usual steady -increase in the population of the city. With the addition of cheap -electric power as a cause for growth, there can be no question but that -the increase in future years will be much more rapid than in the past. - - - A GLOWING PROPHECY. - -On February 19, 1888, before ever a drill had been started in the -Niagara tunnel, and before the project had attracted much attention, the -New York _Times_ uttered this glowing prophecy for Buffalo: - - “Every furrow turned on Dakota’s plains, almost every blow - struck with keen-edged axes in the forests that stand on the - rugged Lake Superior region; the ceaseless hammering of - compressed-air drills in Lake Vermillion iron mines; the work of - thousands of Pennsylvania coal miners--in short, almost every - blow struck in primary productive industry in the region - tributary to the lakes adds to the prosperity of Buffalo.... - This region has proved to be the most productive of freight of - all the lake regions, and the commerce of Lake Superior is still - in its infancy.... Buffalo will inevitably become the greatest - milling city on earth.” - -[Illustration: - - LAFAYETTE SQUARE AND SOLDIERS’ MONUMENT] - - - THE GREAT SCIENTIFIC PAPER’S VIEW OF IT. - -The _Scientific American_, in its issue of March 5, 1892, contained an -extremely interesting article on the work and intentions of the Niagara -Falls Power Company. After speaking of the methods of construction, -etc., the article says: - - “It is now the expectation of the company to make its first - large contract for the delivery of power at a distance from the - Falls, with the city of Buffalo, 3,000 horse-power being - required for the lighting of the city. The present cost of a - steam horse-power in Buffalo is put at $35 per year, and the - company offers to contract to furnish power on its grounds at - the Falls according to the following scale: For 5,000 - horse-power, $10 per horse-power; for 4,500, $10.50; for 4,000, - $11; and so on down to 300 horse-power, for which there will be - charged $21 per horse-power per annum, each power to be supplied - for twenty-four hour days. It is evident, therefore, that if the - cost of transmission be within present expectations, the company - will be able to furnish power at Buffalo at a much lower price - than it is at present to be had at, and for a far larger field - of usefulness than the mere lighting of the city. According to - the most successful of all the recent efforts in the way of - practically transmitting power electrically for a considerable - distance, only about twenty-five per cent. of the power was lost - in transmitting it by wire a distance of 108 miles. This degree - of success was attained at the recent Frankfort exposition.” - - - WHAT ERASTUS WIMAN SAYS. - -That well-known and successful financier, Erastus Wiman, of New York, -who is deeply interested in electrical enterprises, read a very able -paper at the convention of the National Electric Light Association held -in Buffalo in February, 1892. In his paper he devoted considerable -attention to the Niagara Falls tunnel scheme, and among other things he -said: - - “How vast is the internal commerce that throbs and pulsates over - this fair land we may not now stop to estimate, and how - important a part this great city of Buffalo is destined to play - in it, electrically, we can only dimly guess. * * * The whole - electrical community are watching with intense interest the - possibility of the development in this city of Buffalo - electrical transmission arising out of the successful effort - which is now being made to harness the power hitherto latent in - the Niagara River. The boldness of the proposal, the extent and - character of the enterprise which is now nearing completion in - this effort, the pluck and push in the work, challenge alike the - attention of the engineering and the commercial world. The - relation of this enormous power of nature to the transmission of - electricity is the most important consideration which now - occupies the thoughts of those most interested. The success - which has attended the three-phase current from Lauffen to - Frankfort in the transmission of power 112 miles, without - material loss, comes just at the right moment to make it seem - possible that the enormous potentialities in the forces of - Niagara can be made to reach a degree of usefulness never dreamt - of in the past and hardly realized in the wonderful present. It - seems fortunate, therefore, that the convention which is here - assembled should, as it were, be in the presence of the most - stupendous event possible in the history of the science of - electricity. In the development of the next few years will be - found ample food for thought and effort, out of which may grow a - relief for electric lighting plants of the greatest possible - consequence. If in the city of Buffalo and from the Niagara - River there can be transmitted power in such enormous - proportions as are now contemplated, sub-divided and reduced, so - that into every factory and almost into every house the force - and energy can be controlled and operated, there is latent in - every central station the possibilities that may come to every - town in the country and to all electric light plants now lying - idle during the day, an imitation in modified form of the power - that of all forces in the world, Niagara is the best example.” - - - “THE MANUFACTURING CENTRE OF THE NATION.” - -Within the past year or two, and particularly during 1892, Buffalo has -received a great deal of attention from the press in all parts of the -country. The leading newspapers of the large cities have discussed the -question of Buffalo’s future growth, and the general concensus of -opinion has been that it will be phenomenally large. - -Among the newspapers that have entered into this discussion is the -Chicago _Tribune_. It stands in the front rank of the great journals of -the United States. It is very ably edited, is a sterling, conservative -newspaper, and its editorial utterances carry great weight. In its issue -of March 13, 1892, it printed a leading editorial about Buffalo, and it -is here produced in full: - - “A recent article in the _Tribune_ setting forth the prospect - that this city will ere long be the centre of operations in the - United States for the largest electrical company in the world - has incited more than one good-humored protest that the people - here are expecting too much. The New York _Tribune_ and the - Buffalo _Express_ both call attention to the fact that Buffalo - has great expectations in this matter of being the electrical - centre of the world. With Niagara Falls behind it, and a - consequence of the fact, Buffalo is claimed to be looming up as - the chief manufacturing and shipping centre of the interior. - - “In the course of a few months from now the practicability of - converting the Falls into a source of power, light, heat, and - refrigeration is to be demonstrated. A company is now - constructing tunnels and setting a series of turbine wheels in - position from which it is expected to obtain 120,000 horse-power - without the combustion of a single pound of fuel. If it succeeds - in this, every wheel in Buffalo can be turned and every building - lighted and heated at the lowest possible cost. With this - enormous electrical power transmitted to the city and - distributed through it coal will no longer be burned there, and - the steam engine will be dispensed with in manufacturing - processes. By virtue of having the cheapest power for turning - its machinery Buffalo will inevitably become the manufacturing - centre of the nation. This is the forecast made by practical - electricians and endorsed by shrewd business men as a sound - deduction, warranted, too, by a glance at the remarkable - progress achieved by the city during the last decade. - - “In that period the city at the foot of Lake Erie increased its - coal traffic 387 per cent., its iron receipts 226 per cent., its - population by 89 per cent., and fully doubled its grain receipts - and lumber shipments. It is already the largest grain-receiving - and coal-distributing center in the world, the principal lumber - port in the country, and one of the greatest markets for live - stock and fish. Its number of manufacturing establishments - increased 200 per cent. from 1880 to 1890, and it is now - considered certain that they will more than treble again by the - end of the century with the conversion of the Falls into a - source of electrical power, while the population will increase - from 300,000 to 1,000,000. And it is said ‘Buffalo now seems - destined to gain steadily upon Chicago in the race for - commercial supremacy.’ - - -[Illustration: - - BUFFALO AND ITS ELECTRIC POWER HOUSE.] - - - “That is a noble ambition, and the _Tribune_ sees no reason to - find fault with it. But it should not be forgotten that Chicago - will also grow, so that Buffalo may still be a long way behind - when her promise of a million inhabitants will have been - realized. Yet it may be said that the prospects of growth are - set forth only in a mild way by either of the papers named. If - the transference of electrical power be performed as cheaply and - efficiently as is now expected the result may be a speedy - removal thither of much of the manufacturing industry of New - England, a large share of the ‘Yankee notion’ business that now - flourishes in those Eastern States, and no little of the - manufacturing energy that at present exhibits itself in the - smaller cities of New York and New Jersey. Possibly the silk - industry of the latter will be found seeking the propinquity of - the Falls. Troy and Rochester, particularly the latter, are - likely to be injuriously affected, unless it be found that the - power can be transmitted to them with but little loss, and - Cleveland may be a great loser, while even the woolen mills of - Philadelphia may be unable to compete with those of the new - center. In short, the possibilities for paper mills, flour - mills, cotton and woolen manufactories, and a host of other - hives of industry clustering there is limited only by the - quantity of power available from the descending waters, and this - great prosperity will not bring with it the smudge of - coal-burning, which has defiled the buildings and polluted the - atmosphere of other cities that have attempted greatness by - changing to more useful forms the raw products of nature. But it - is hard to see how any or all of this can materially hurt - Chicago, and the people of this city can well afford to wish - those of Buffalo success in their new departure.” - - - “ANOTHER MANCHESTER.” - -In a very able leading editorial, printed in the New York _Tribune_ of -February 7, 1892, the future of Buffalo was glowingly mirrored. Such -utterances from such a source speak volumes, and show the commanding -position to which Buffalo has risen--a position that attracts the -attention of the newspapers of national eminence as well as of the -greatest capitalists of the country. The article referred to is herewith -printed entire: - - “Chicago has been so intent upon rivaling New York in population - and commercial importance that it has overlooked the chances of - competition from another city in the Empire State. Buffalo, with - Niagara Falls behind it, is looming up as the chief - manufacturing and shipping center of the interior. In the course - of a few months the practicability of converting the Falls into - a source of power, light, heat and refrigeration is to be - demonstrated. If the company which is now constructing tunnels - and setting a series of turbine-wheels, succeeds in obtaining - 120,000 horse-power, every wheel in Buffalo can be turned and - every house lighted and heated at the lowest cost. With this - enormous electrical power transmitted and distributed throughout - the city, coal will no longer be burned and steam engines will - be dispensed with in manufacturing processes. Buffalo, by virtue - of having the cheapest power for turning its wheels, will - inevitably become the manufacturing center of the nation. This - is the forecast made, not only by sanguine electricians, but - also by shrewd, practical business men, who have watched the - remarkable progress of the city during the last decade. - - “Even without the successful operation of the tunnel plant at - Niagara, Buffalo since 1880 has increased its population 89 per - cent., its grain receipts 101 per cent., its lumber shipments - 125 per cent., its iron receipts 226 per cent., and its coal - business 367 per cent. The commerce of the great lakes has - involved exchanges of wheat and coal. All the coal-carrying - corporations have made Buffalo their shipping point for the West - because the grain-laden fleet is available for return cargoes. - The city is not only the largest grain-receiving and - coal-distributing center in the world, but it is also the - principal lumber port of the country and one of the greatest - live-stock and fish markets. With coal, iron, lumber and salt - available for the founding of new industries, it has increased - its number of manufacturing industries over 200 per cent. during - the last decade. These are substantial results which warrant the - conclusion that the success of the project for converting - Niagara Falls into a source of electric power will raise the - population of Buffalo from 300,000 to 1,000,000 in another - decade. The manufacturing interests of the country will - inevitably center where electric power costing a fraction of - either water or steam power can be supplied together with all - raw materials. With the help of Niagara, Buffalo now seems - destined to gain steadily upon Chicago in the race for - commercial supremacy. - - “It has been fortunate for Buffalo that prosperity has not - overwhelmed it suddenly, and that it has had leisure for - preparing for its good fortune. Already it is the handsomest - residence city in America, with broad, heavily-shaded streets - paved with asphalt, with a well-designed series of beautiful - parks, and with public buildings, hotels, libraries and music - halls worthy of a great town. If its wealthy class live in - luxurious palaces incomparably finer than the residences of - Eastern millionaires, its poor and humble artisans are housed in - neat and tasteful cottages. It is a charming city of homes and - domestic comfort, which is gradually being transformed into one - of the busiest hives of American manufacturing industry. It is - at least a pleasant thought that through the transmission of - power now going to waste at Niagara this well-kept and wholesome - town may escape the smudge of coal-burning which has fouled - Chicago and impaired the freshness and beauty of Cleveland. If - by the end of another decade every wheel in it from the trolleys - on the electric railways to the largest iron lathe in its - engineering works be turned by power generated by the turbines - at Niagara, it will be another Manchester, but without smoke and - grime.” - - - AMERICA’S HANDSOMEST CITY. - -The latter portion of the _Tribune_ article draws attention to some very -noteworthy facts connected with Buffalo. When the _Tribune_ says that -Buffalo is “the handsomest residence city in America,” it tells the -exact truth. All Buffalonians are deservedly proud of the beauties of -their city. Many times has the writer heard exclamations of surprise and -delight from the lips of strangers who, for the first time, were being -driven through our beautiful avenues and park roads. Our streets are -exceptionally wide and well-paved. Care in tree-planting has led to -magnificent results. Well-kept, velvety lawns of spacious extent are the -rule, and make fine setting for the thousands of architectural gems of -homes with which the city is studded. It has been said over and over -again by traveled strangers that Buffalo has more fine architecture in -residences, more beautiful homes than any other city of its size in the -world. - -We had, at the close of the summer of 1891, about 105 lineal miles of -asphalted streets. It is hard as a rock and smooth as a floor and full -of restful delight to those who drive over its smooth, clean surface. -Personal pride taken by the property-owners in its trim beauty leads to -its being swept and cleaned daily, which is done at trifling expense. -Asphalt is being laid in this city at the rate of about twenty lineal -miles per year, and we have now more miles of asphalted streets than any -other city in the world. - - -[Illustration: - - VIEW OF AN ASPHALTED RESIDENCE STREET.] - - -The park system of Buffalo contains about 900 acres of handsome land, -which has been laid out by Frederick L. Olmsted, the eminent landscape -artist, and its natural beauty wonderfully added to. It lies close to -the finer residence portion of the city, and is readily reached from all -sections. Land for new parks on the south side of the city and along the -lake has recently been bought, making splendid additions to the park -system. - -The school system of Buffalo ranks deservedly high. We have over fifty -grammar schools, one high school, another large school building used for -the overflow and a new high school projected. We have a State Normal -School, Kindergartens, dozens of parochial and private schools, and we -have taken steps to establish manual training schools. - -We have medical colleges of high standing, business colleges of national -reputation, some splendid public libraries, several of the finest -theaters in the country, and handsome churches without number. No city -has more right than has Buffalo to be called the city of churches. We -have about 150 of them. - -The social atmosphere of Buffalo is delightful, and visitors to this -city always carry away with them very pleasant memories of our social -life. - -In short, there is in Buffalo every refinement of civilization of the -highest type. The busy man of affairs who seeks, at the same time, -investment for his capital and charming social advantages for his -family, can find in Buffalo all that he desires. - - - A CITY OF HOMES. - -And there is still another phase of this subject that should be touched -upon. Buffalo is a city of homes for the humble as well as the rich. It -is a city full of the sweet content that belongs to the home-builder. -Building and loan associations, of which we have a great number, have -materially helped to bring about this result. But it is a fact that -these associations thrive only in soil suited to them. They are the -outgrowth of sterling worth, sobriety and manly ambition. Where they -thrive we find good workmen of conservative instincts, who are averse to -taking part in labor troubles. This is believed to be the chief reason -why Buffalo has always enjoyed a singular freedom from strikes. Be the -cause what it may, it is a fact that strikes are of a rare occurrence -here; and when they have occurred they have been quickly settled. The -firebrands of labor agitations have had very little encouragement here. - -It is the more easy for workmen to own their own homes in Buffalo from -the fact that land values here are remarkably low. We stretch over a -large section of territory and have plenty of room for our people. - -A first-class electric street car service gives easy and swift access to -the suburbs; while the New York Central Railroad runs trains every hour -each way on a Belt Line encircling the city and tapping residence -portions all around the fifteen-mile circuit. - -Nowhere is there a more conservative, prosperous and contented community -of workingmen than in Buffalo, and this is a fact that builds up a -bulwark of safety for industrial enterprises and investment of capital. - - -[Illustration: - - FAR-FAMED DELAWARE AVENUE.] - - - OUR ELECTRIC RAILROAD SYSTEM. - -Rapid transit is one of the essentials in the busy life of a great city. -Buffalo has outgrown the horse car system and has now swift electric -cars speeding in all directions. All the great arteries of travel -leading from the heart of the city are equipped with electric cars. The -work of putting in the electric system has been one of great magnitude, -as there was no cessation in the traffic while the change was being -made. - -Though electric cars have been in operation in some of the park roads -for several years, the work of changing the system in down town streets -was not started until the fall of 1890. Work was then begun on Niagara -Street, and on July 4, 1891, the first electric cars were run in that -important thoroughfare. Within four months traffic on the line was -tripled, and it has steadily increased ever since. Elk, Seneca, -Washington and Sycamore streets, all thoroughfares leading to the -suburbs, were next equipped with electric cars, and at this writing -(June, 1892) the work of changing the system in Main Street is -progressing rapidly, and is almost completed. The system is, of course, -being changed in the most important thoroughfares first, and the less -important lines will undergo the same treatment in rapid succession, so -that it will not be very long before horse cars will be remembered in -Buffalo as the vanished symbol of a slower era. The total length of the -street railroad tracks of Buffalo is over 100 miles. - -Through the chief thoroughfares the electric cars run every three -minutes. A single fare of five cents is charged from one end of the city -to the other, with the privilege of changing from one line to another. -There are no transfer charges. The company pays to the city a percentage -on its earnings of two to three per cent., graded in proportion to the -amount of the gross receipts. This arrangement, which was entered into -during the early part of 1892, was a very welcome one to the people, -particularly to workingmen, who consequently are enabled to reach their -work in any part of the city, even the most distant, for a five cent -fare. The swiftness of the electric cars, from eight to eighteen miles -an hour, is a great factor in time-saving, and it is much appreciated by -working people, as well as by business men, and all who are impatient of -delay in getting from one part of the city to another. - -The Buffalo Railway Company, which operates all the lines of street -railroad in the city, has a capital of six million dollars, so that it -is financially strong and able to carry out any improvement desired. - -Cheap electric power from Niagara will, of course, be available in the -running of street cars in Buffalo; and as it can be bought very much -cheaper than it can be produced by the evaporation of steam it will have -a potent influence in making it possible for the company to grant still -further concessions to the public. The citizens’ committee which -recently arbitrated between the company and the public and brought about -the present satisfactory agreement had full and free access to all the -books of the company, and figured out to a nicety the cost of carrying -each passenger, and the amount of profit in the business. If the cost of -the motive power had been cut in two, as it will be cut by the -introduction of Niagara’s power, the committee would certainly have -reported in favor of even better terms for the city. Thus it is a fair -conclusion that the beneficent effects of cheap power generated at the -Falls will be felt by every person who rides on the street cars of -Buffalo. - -This subject is here dwelt upon at considerable length because the -writer feels that it is of great importance. Every manufacturer whose -eyes are turned in this direction, and who is considering whether he -shall take advantage of the peerless opportunities now offered in -Buffalo, wants to know about the street car service. He wants to know, -in case he should locate his plant here, how quickly and how cheaply he -and his employees could get to and from their business. It is a pleasure -to assure him and all others interested that the electric street -railroad system of Buffalo is pronounced by experts to be the best in -the United States, and also that its management is of the most liberal -and progressive kind. - -The street car service of a city is part of its throbbing life, part of -its pulse, and by it the business health and prosperity of the city can -be gauged. - - - SUBURBAN ELECTRIC ROADS. - -Within a radius of a few miles from Buffalo there are many thriving -towns. Naturally, with so many steam railroads running in all directions -from this point, residents of these towns enjoy excellent railroad -accommodations in traveling to and from the city. But the swift pace of -present progress is all too rapid for the old way. Electric lines to -suburban towns are being built or projected in surprising number. An -electric line to the city of Tonawanda, connecting with the Buffalo -street railroad system, and in fact being an extension of it, has been -in successful operation since early in the present year (1892). It will -be extended through to Niagara Falls. Two other lines of electric -railroad to Tonawanda have been surveyed and active preparations are -being made to build them. Both will connect with the Buffalo system, and -in time will be extended to Niagara Falls. One of these has secured a -very favorable route, out Delaware Avenue in a direct air line to -Tonawanda, through a delightful residence district. - -An electric railroad is being built to Lancaster and Depew, the latter -being the new city of the New York Central Railroad just outside of -Buffalo, where the Central’s locomotive shops, the Gould Car Coupler -Works and other great industrial enterprises are in progress. This line -will be in operation by September of this year. - -Still another electric line is to be built to East Aurora, the prettiest -of Erie County villages, where the famous Hamlin and Jewett stock farms -are located. C. J. Hamlin, the millionaire horseman, and owner of Belle -Hamlin, is one of the prominent men interested in this line. - -Strong companies have also been formed to build electric lines to -Hamburg, Williamsville and other suburban towns. - -All of these enterprises indicate the profound belief which capitalists -have in Buffalo’s future. Most of them were brought into life through -the stimulating influence of cheap electric power from Niagara Falls. -Those interested in these enterprises knew that cheap electric power -meant tremendous and rapid growth for the city, and that the tide of -prosperity would sweep out far enough to reach all towns lying -contiguous to the city, and whose prosperity is part of the prosperity -of Buffalo. They also knew that cheap electric power from Niagara Falls -meant cheap motive power for their roads and greatly reduced cost of -operation. - -It is a modest assertion that the silent, swift, all-powerful currents -of electricity flowing into Buffalo from Niagara will touch every craft, -every branch of industry. It will quicken all these into renewed -activity and point a thousand new ways for the employment of money, -brains and muscle. It will give us light, heat and refrigeration, and -power for the mightiest and most delicate machinery. - -The smoke cloud of industry that hovers over and shrouds the -manufacturing district of every great city, will gradually lift from -ours as the consumption of coal gives place to smokeless electric power. -In a few years it will be all gone, and Buffalo, the “Electric City,” -will be famed as the cleanest and healthiest city in the world. - - - “BUFFALO’S GOLD MINE.” - -Some years ago, Mr. James B. Stafford, of this city, then president of -the Buffalo Business Men’s Association, conceived the idea of offering a -prize of $100,000 for the best plan of utilizing the current of Niagara -River. He and over one hundred others subscribed $1,000 each to a fund -for the purpose, and the attention of scientific men in all parts of the -civilized world was directed to the problem. This problem has been -solved in the development of the tunnel project. - -Mr. Stafford is a keen, shrewd, level-headed business man, and has made -a large fortune by judicious investments in Buffalo real estate. He -believes that Buffalo will have a million population within ten years, -as a result of an industrial revolution in this city that will amaze the -world, the chief and controlling reason for which will be the -introduction of cheap electric power. - -[Illustration: - - THE BUFFALO LIBRARY.] - -In the Buffalo _Commercial_ of December 22, 1891, the following -interview with Mr. Stafford was printed, under the heading “Buffalo’s -Gold Mine:” - - “If the richest gold mine in the whole world were discovered in - a suburb of Buffalo, what effect do you suppose it would have on - our people?” asked Mr. James B. Stafford of a _Commercial_ - reporter. - - “There would be tremendous excitement, of course,” was the - reply. - - “There would,” returned Mr. Stafford; “but do you know that the - richest gold mine in the world would be a mere bagatelle - compared with the wealth that will spring from the Niagara Falls - tunnel? Do our people stop to think what it means? It means - prosperity for Buffalo beyond the wildest present expectation. I - believe I speak entirely within bounds when I say that it will - make Buffalo the second greatest city in the whole United - States, and that you and I won’t be very old when our city - reaches that place. Looking into the immediate future, I will - prophesy that we will have a million population within ten - years. - - “Just look about you and see what electricity has already - done for the world, and yet we are scarcely entered up in - the Electric Age. We are at the dawn of a new era, and - electricity, now in its infancy, will grow and develop until - it revolutionizes the world. It will give us power, light, - heat, refrigeration. It will do everything for us that steam - now does, and here in Buffalo it is going to cost less than - water power.” - - “What does it cost manufacturers for power now?” - - “The water power of the country now in use costs from $16.67 per - horse-power per year at Lockport to $56.25 at Manayunk, Pa., - while steam costs all the way from $35 to $175 per horse-power - per annum. - - “When we consider that the entire power going to waste at the - Falls is one-seventh of the entire power of the world one can - comprehend what an inexhaustible mine of wealth we are on the - eve of developing. Already the problem of transmitting - electricity long distances without much waste has been solved. - Other companies are in the field, and before many years instead - of 125,000 horse-power there will probably be a million. Buffalo - being the nearest large city to the great cataract, it will be - the first to receive the benefits. - - “Just let your mind run forward a dozen years. Electricity - running through cables from the Falls will act on our city like - the warm blood running through a human body, will permeate every - part of the city, running 2,000 horse-power engines as easily as - the dentist’s drill or the family sewing machine. Every wheel in - Buffalo will be eventually turned by electricity. It will light - and heat our houses. It will be cheaper than anything else. The - impetus that it will give our manufacturing enterprises will be - incalculable. - - “Add to all this our great natural advantages and no wonder our - expectations should be great. We are midway between the great - producing regions of the West and the more thickly populated - sections of the East, with its continually increasing export - trade. What better point could be found for the manufacturing - centre of the country? Here all the shipping from the western - chain of lakes discharges its cargoes of grain, lumber, ore, - etc., reloading with up-cargoes of coal (and all the great - coal-carrying transportation corporations have branches that now - terminate in this city), laying at the door of the manufacturer - the raw material at the lowest possible freight rate, with - twenty-six lines of railroads leading from here in every - direction (many of them trunk lines), with a canal and waterway - to the seaboard giving the manufacturer the finest shipping - facilities possible. - - “Buffalo already boasts of the largest coal distributing point - in the world, the largest sheep and fresh fish market in the - world; one of the largest horse markets; the largest grain - distributing point in the world; the second largest cattle - market in the world; we are destined to be the largest flour - milling city in the world, and with our suburban port of - Tonawanda we have the largest lumber market in the world. - - “In the last ten years we have increased our population 89 per - cent., and with this new and wonderful factor that no other city - in the world’s history has ever had, it is not a wild statement - to make, but one that the present outlook would warrant, that - Buffalo and not Chicago will be the second American city.” - - - ELECTRIC POWER ON THE CANADIAN SIDE. - -Col. Albert D. Shaw, formerly U. S. Consul at Montreal, Canada, and -later at Manchester, England, is at the head of a company which proposes -to produce electricity on the Canadian side of the Niagara River. This -company has secured the passage of a bill through the Ontario Parliament -permitting the incorporation of a company with a capitalization of -$3,000,000, and a privilege of bonding to the extent of $5,000,000, with -the object of producing electricity by means of a tunnel upon the -Canadian side. - -In conversation with a writer for the Philadelphia _Press_, in April of -this year, Col. Shaw said the Canadian company had not been organized to -compete with the American company, but rather to supplement and act in -concert with it. He explained that as the land on the Canadian side is -devoted to park purposes, it cannot be used for the location of -manufactories, and therefore the power produced must be transmitted to -other points. In this connection he went on to say: - - “Such power can certainly be carried to Buffalo. An electrical - plant has been established about 16 miles from the city of Rome, - N. Y., and the power there furnished is conveyed to Rome with - perfectly satisfactory results. Buffalo is only a little more - than 20 miles from Niagara, and with the higher voltage which - can be obtained there is no doubt that city can be furnished - with electric power sufficient to run all the manufactories of - New York State were they located there. After our company is - organized in harmony with the New York company we shall begin - work, and I think can complete it within a year.” - - “The water power furnished by the Niagara River above the - Falls,” continued Col. Shaw, “is estimated to be equivalent to - 3,000,000 horse-power. When we recollect that the Connecticut - River at Holyoke only furnishes about 24,000 horse-power, and - the river at Minneapolis only 18,000, some idea can be obtained - of this enormous power which has hitherto been going to waste. - The American company has built a tunnel 8,000 feet long. The - entrance to it is a long distance above the Falls, and the exit - where the waste water flows into the Niagara River is just below - the suspension bridge. This tunnel is capable of furnishing - power equivalent to 140,000 horse-power, an amount of power - which vastly exceeds anything furnished anywhere else in the - world. The Niagara River never runs dry. There never is an - appreciable diminution in its body of water. Everywhere else - where water power is used manufactories are compelled either to - have a steam plant which can be relied upon in dry weather, or - else to run the risk of shutting down for lack of power. That - can never happen on the banks of the Niagara.” - -Col. Shaw went on to speak of the plans of the American company, with -which he is familiar. After stating that manufacturers from all parts of -the country have been in communication with the American company with a -view of locating plants in the city of Buffalo, and that expert -engineers estimate that the electric power which can be developed and -furnished will be practically illimitable, he said: - - “The Canadian company will be able to furnish tremendous voltage - whenever wires properly insulated are ready to receive it. The - New York capitalists who virtually own the American company, and - will be in harmony with the Canadian, are even more enthusiastic - than they are in Buffalo. I have talked with a number of them - since I have been in the city. They are careful men, not likely - to be carried away with false enthusiasm, and who look at such - things purely from a commercial point of view. They are of - opinion, as I am, and as everybody else is who has made a study - of this matter, that the great manufacturing city of the future - is to be located upon the bank of the Niagara River, and the - time is not far distant when the city of Buffalo will extend - from its present site full twenty miles to the north. The number - of manufactories which have already decided to move from various - other towns, some of them in the far West, to Buffalo, is an - indication of what the future will be. - - “The power is permanent and is dependent upon no changes of - the weather. Moreover, it is cheap power, and will always be - sufficient, no matter how greatly any manufacturer may desire - to increase his plant. Furthermore, the contiguity of this - place to convenient transportation is another temptation to - manufacturers. For instance, it has been demonstrated that the - grain of the West can be brought there and manufactured into - flour at least 10 cents a barrel cheaper than in the great - milling cities of the West, and that of itself is a handsome - profit. - - “Furthermore, transportation charges, such is the relation of - Buffalo and its vicinity to water and rail routes, will be - cheaper there than at any other manufacturing center in the - United States. The raw material can be brought either by the - lakes or by rail to the doors of the mill, and the finished - product can be sent out by lake, by the Canadian Canal to the - St. Lawrence River, by the Erie Canal during the season when - water transportation is open, and there are 26 different lines - of railway centering there. The manufacturers have been figuring - pretty closely. Competition is so great that it is frequently - the economies which represent the difference between success and - failure, profit and loss. All those of them who have already - decided to locate in that vicinity and utilize this great power - are of opinion that the saving in expenses will of itself - represent a fair profit on the capital invested. Within 20 years - it would not be surprising to see a city, or a link of cities - practically one, containing 1,000,000 people, and perhaps the - largest capital investment in manufacturing in the United - States, with perhaps one or two exceptions. - - “It is strange that this magnificent power which has been wasted - heretofore should not have had earlier development. Several - attempts have been made to develop it, but capital has been - timid until some of the great financial geniuses of New York - City became interested.” - - - ELECTRICITY IN THE HOUSEHOLD. - -It is certain that electricity will be so cheap and plentiful in Buffalo -that it will come into general use in the homes of our people. It will -be cheaper than gas for light, and coal for heat. It will run the family -sewing machine. The electric motor will become a part of every -well-ordered household. - -The _Scientific American_, speaking of the new uses of electricity -coming in the train of its cheap production, says: - - “Domestic life will be attended with many comforts and - conveniences. The cook will only need to touch a button, and - presto, her electrical stove will be in full operation, the pot - will boil, the oven bake, the turkey roast, the pump move, the - washing machine turn; while the electric refrigerator will - freeze the water, preserve the meats, vegetables, milk, butter, - eggs, and other supplies. No coal, no wood, no dust, no dirt, no - oil, no gas. The lady of the house will be relieved of care. She - presses a button, and every nook and corner of her dwelling - glows with cheerful light. Touch another and the electric fire - glimmers in every room, diffusing genial warmth. The electric - lift takes her up or down stairs. The telephone conveys her - orders to market, and distributes her social commands among - friends and neighbors.” - -[Illustration: - - NATURE AT HER LOVELIEST — THE PARK LAKE.] - - - ELECTRICITY’S MANIFOLD USES. - -In the same article occurs a concise statement of the varied uses to -which the incoming low-priced power will be applied in Buffalo. It is as -follows: - - “Near to Niagara, only twenty-two miles distant, is Buffalo, - already a large and prosperous city, the head centre of lake - navigation. The simple extension of conductors over the short - distance above mentioned will bring to the people of Buffalo - direct share in the economic and other advantages of the new and - great enterprise. Light, heat and motive power for streets, - vehicles, works, shops, factories, stores, churches, dwellings, - can be supplied from the dynamos at Niagara more economically, - probably, than by any other means. Local steam engines may be - dismissed; their occupation, for Buffalo, will be gone. Even the - steam fire engines may retire. The electric pump will beat them - out of sight.” - - - PLENTY OF BANKING CAPITAL. - -Buffalo is blessed with splendid banking facilities. There are now -nineteen banks of deposit in the city with a total capital of nearly -five million dollars and a reserve of nearly eleven millions. Five new -banks have been started here since the spring of 1891. Our bankers are -cautious, conservative business men, and banking business in this city -has always been conducted on conservative lines. The solid financiers -who control these great barometers of our business life have never -invited disaster by loose, speculative methods. Like the arch in the -foundation wall of a massive structure, gaining strength from increased -weight, has been the prudence of our bankers, and to-day our banking -institutions rest upon secure foundation and are ready for the branching -out and growth that will come to them with the rapid increase in -industrial enterprises resulting from the world’s cheapest power. -Prudence has been the watchword of success in the past, and it will -continue as the governor in the greater transactions of the greater -future. - - - OUR LOW TAX RATE. - -Some facts about Buffalo’s tax rate are fitting at this time. In a -carefully written article from the pen of the Hon. Charles F. Bishop, -Mayor of Buffalo, and printed in the Sunday _Express_ of April 3, 1892, -the following facts are given: - - “Property in Buffalo is assessed at much less than its real - value, and its tax rate has for many years, for all purposes - (State, County and City) except local improvements, averaged - about two dollars per hundred on the assessment. At first - thought this may seem high, but a careful examination of the - reports of other cities shows that the rate elsewhere is - generally much higher. In New York it is $1.95; in Chicago - $5.00; in Brooklyn $2.57; in Cleveland it is $2.79; in - Cincinnati $2.85. And this reasonable rate of taxation is not - obtained by rapid increase of our bonded indebtedness except for - acquiring valuable property for permanent use, or the extension - of great public improvements. - - “Indeed, so careful has the increase of indebtedness been - guarded that now with an indebtedness of $11,464,531 the city is - the owner of real estate valued, in 1890, at $7,804,267 and - personal property valued at $6,828,765. Surely this statement - shows a due regard for the tax-payers’ interests; and coupled - with the fact that Buffalo maintains school facilities as good - as those of any city, police and fire departments that for - efficiency are unsurpassed, and furnishes a water supply that - for purity and cheapness is unequaled, it presents a very - well-grounded claim for municipal economy. - - “The total of assessments annually shows a gratifying increase - of wealth, and of necessity the expenses of the city must also - increase with greater population to serve and more extended - public improvements to maintain. I am sanguine, however, that in - a few years the increase in values will create a noticeable - decrease of tax rate.” - - - OUR CITY WATER. - -Buffalo’s source of water supply is the same as the source of our -marvelous electric power. It is the Niagara. We get it pure and -undefiled, in unlimited quantity, and it is as cheap as it is pure and -plentiful. The service is under the control of the city government. Our -water rates are cheaper than those in any other large city in the -country, manufacturers are given very low special rates, and yet there -are several hundred thousand dollars available every year for further -extensions to keep pace with the rapid growth of the city, which is -constantly pushing out and developing in new sections. The pumping -engines and entire plant are first-class in every particular. - -Niagara’s water, as is generally known, comes down from the great lakes, -and enters the river at the foot of Lake Erie, where Buffalo is located. -A mile down stream is an inlet pier through which the water supply for -the city is drawn by mammoth pumping engines. Analysis shows that there -is no organic matter in the water, and that it is absolutely pure. There -is an entire absence of any possibility of its being defiled before it -reaches Buffalo. All dredgings from the Buffalo harbor and river, canal -and slips must be and are, as provided by stringent law, dumped below -the inlet pier. - -Thus it will be seen that this great requisite in the health and -prosperity of a city is assured in pure and unlimited supply forever. - - - NATURAL GAS FUEL. - -A very large section of the residence portion of Buffalo is supplied -with natural gas fuel. It is brought in pipes from Pennsylvania, and -also from Canada, and is extensively used for fuel in this city. It is -sold to consumers for 25 cents per thousand feet net, and on an average -costs no more than coal. The freedom which it gives from the task of -handling coal and ashes, and the entire absence of dust and dirt in -connection with its use, are greatly appreciated in thousands of Buffalo -homes. The Canadian supply gives rich promise of abundant yield, and its -principal market is in Buffalo. The source of the Canadian supply is -only a few miles from Buffalo. The tremendous extent of the Pennsylvania -field is well known. - -[Illustration: - - WATERWORKS POWER HOUSE AND INLET PIER IN NIAGARA RIVER.] - - - ELECTRICITY SUPPLANTING STEAM. - -As electric power has heretofore been produced, for the most part, by -the consumption of coal and evaporation of steam, it has had to compete -with steam on disadvantageous terms, as the steam lay one step nearer -the base of the power, namely, the fuel. - -Coal produced steam; steam, in turn, produced electricity; and as -success in any line of manufacture consists largely in the application -of economical methods, steam power has been preferred to electric power -because it has been cheaper, except, probably, in running small plants -with electricity supplied from a central station. In Rochester, N. Y., -this is done to a very considerable extent, the idea being that -electricity produced by steam can be furnished from a central station to -many small factories as cheaply or almost as cheaply as steam power -could be produced on a small scale in each one of the factories. The -centralization of the power economizes both in machinery and labor. In -larger plants, however, it has been found impossible to produce -electricity from steam power to compete with steam. Waste in the -process, steam being the parent force, prevents a pound of coal from -producing as much electric power as steam power. To accomplish such a -thing would be like turning base metal into gold. - -But with electric power produced by the water power of the Niagara Falls -tunnel, steam is dethroned as the King of Force. Electricity takes its -place and builds an empire on the banks of the Niagara. And the heart of -that empire is Buffalo, and will be forever. The wonderful power has its -source near to us; only a few miles of copper wire brings it to our -workshops; and here are concentrated shipping facilities unequaled upon -the continent. Economy in collecting the raw material, and distributing -it again in the shape of manufactured articles, is as important as -economy in manufacturing. With cheap power from the Niagara we have the -two great economies joined. What a tremendous aggregation of advantages! -No wonder conservative business men prophesy a million population for -Buffalo within ten years. No wonder the New York _Tribune_ says that our -“manifest destiny is evidently to be something tremendous.” - - - ROOM IN WHICH TO GROW. - -When a person undertakes to point out sections of Buffalo that will be -most affected by cheap electric power he is confronted with a difficult -task. It is certain that the entire manufacturing district will at once -respond to the vivifying influence of the electric currents, and that -new industrial sections will be opened up at many points. Manufactories -will be enlarged, hundreds of new ones will be started, as hundreds of -manufacturers from the outside will crowd in to take advantage of the -splendid opportunities open to all. Fortunately, we have a great deal of -room in which factories may grow and spread, and as the railroads tap a -very large portion of the city, there need be no fear of restricted -shipping facilities. Although Buffalo has a population of nearly -300,000, its population per acre is only 10.23. St. Louis is 11.51; -Cleveland, 16.41; Cincinnati, 18.56; San Francisco, 30.22; Brooklyn, -47.62; New York, 58.87. - -These figures are full of suggestion. There is room in Buffalo. And -beyond the city line there are thousands of broad acres ready to be used -for factories or homes. - -There has been a steady, legitimate increase in values in all parts of -the city and surrounding country. Particularly in the northern part of -the city, to the north of the park, among lands lying in the direction -from which the electric currents will flow, there has been a strong -movement, and it is probably true that this foreshadows a growth in -values that will be startling to many. - -Far-seeing men forecast the future by picturing a city that will grow -towards the seat of the electric current, followed always by the -railroads in the path of progress, until Tonawanda is reached and -absorbed; and stretching further still, will finally reach the great -cataract itself. Is this too much to expect of a city that holds within -its exclusive grasp the two great economies--cheap power, cheap -freights! It is well to keep these two things steadily in mind. - -But as the city grows in length it will grow in breadth. It will widen -out on all sides, and all parts of the city will share in the general -prosperity. - - - THE PHILADELPHIA & READING. - -Nothing gives better evidence of the growing importance of Buffalo than -recent action of the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad Company. This great -company has at Philadelphia and along the Delaware River greater -terminal facilities than any other railroad company operating on the -Atlantic seaboard. In February, 1892, it obtained control of the Lehigh -Valley system, thereby securing a direct route from Buffalo to -Philadelphia. The new and more active management saw the tremendous -importance of obtaining a foothold in Buffalo, which already holds the -key to the traffic of the great lakes, and now stands upon the verge of -extraordinary manufacturing development by reason of Niagara’s cheap and -unlimited power. Within a comparatively few years Buffalo will be the -chief manufacturing center of the country; the possibilities of traffic -radiating from this point are boundless. It was a master stroke of -President McLeod of the Philadelphia & Reading to establish his railroad -securely in Buffalo. It is a well-known fact that the Lehigh Valley has -the best terminal facilities of all the railroads centering here. Within -the past few years millions have been spent in perfecting them. - -Following this stroke with the Lehigh Valley, the Philadelphia & Reading -made a traffic contract with the Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburg for -fifty years, giving still further evidence of belief in Buffalo. - -The export business of the Philadelphia & Reading is vast, operating as -it does in connection with a line of transatlantic steamers, and this -opens up a new line of thought. The impetus given by cheap and plentiful -power to manufacturing in old and many new directions in Buffalo will of -course be very great, and it is certain that thousands of industries -depending upon export trade will flourish here, close to the storehouses -of the raw material and of the world’s cheapest power. Numerous avenues -to the seaboard are therefore an essential part of the grand plan of our -industrial prosperity, and the addition of the Philadelphia & Reading is -one of very great importance. - -Yet this should always be held in mind--would the Philadelphia & Reading -have reached out after Buffalo business if it had not been worth while -reaching for? The fact is that we attract great transportation -enterprises as the magnet does the needle. - - - THE UNION IRON WORKS. - -During the present summer the Union Iron Works, long unused, are being -rebuilt in the southern part of the city, the plans calling for one of -the finest plants of the kind in the United States. Part of the plant -will be used for the manufacture of steel, and at the beginning a force -of about 1,200 men will be employed in this part of the works alone, in -three shifts of eight hours each, work being constant night and day all -the year ’round. - -What stimulus is it that brings this industry into life? Why was it not -located at any one of a dozen other points that might be named? Why -wasn’t it located close to the iron mines? These and all other -collateral questions have already been answered in this volume. We have -power cheaper than the cheapest anywhere else, joined with -transportation facilities that are unexcelled--the two great industrial -economies again, cheap power, cheap freights. - - - THE COPPER INDUSTRY. - -One of the largest aggregations of capital in the world is the Calumet & -Hecla Smelting Company. It controls the rich copper mines of Lake -Superior with all their inexhaustible stores of wealth. Two years ago -the company bought a very large tract of land on the banks of the -Niagara within the city limits of Buffalo, and began the construction of -an extensive smelting works. The ore is brought here direct from the -mines, and here it is reduced and the whole output of the mines -distributed from this point. Why did the Calumet & Hecla Company locate -in Buffalo? Because of its peerless location as a distributing centre -for one thing, and cheap electric power for another. - -Not long ago, in Buffalo, a live electric wire fell athwart a lamp post, -and in the twinkling of an eye the iron was fused by the current. That -was smelting by electricity. The brainy men of the Calumet & Hecla -Company knew what they were doing when they located beside Buffalo’s -electric power house. - -[Illustration: - - THE ERIE COUNTY SAVINGS BANK--A MILLION DOLLAR BUILDING.] - - - ENORMOUS MANUFACTURING CAPITAL. - -The foregoing are simply instances of many new enterprises that have -lately been started in Buffalo. The manufacturing establishments of this -city tripled during the ten years between 1880 and 1890, and the -proportion of increase since 1890 has been much greater than before. It -is believed that the capital invested in manufacturing enterprises of -all kinds in Buffalo amounts to nearly $100,000,000. What will it be -after the full force of Niagara’s lightning has struck us? - - - AN ETERNAL POWER HOUSE. - -The source of Buffalo’s electrical power is the force in running water, -but unlike almost every other water power it is never-ceasing. Its -supply comes from the hills and watersheds of half a continent. The -Niagara can never run dry, can never diminish in volume to make an iota -of difference. It is the narrow end of a funnel through which a -resistless force must ever flow. It is a force that will always exist. -For all time the power of the Niagara developed into electricity will -turn the wheels of industry within the great city upon its banks. No -emergency steam plants will be needed, as on the banks of many rivers, -to supply the place of failing water power. Niagara’s power is eternal. - - - A GREAT FIELD FOR INVESTORS. - -Nowhere on the North American continent is there so grand a field for -investment as in Buffalo. Values here have been and are phenomenally -low. It has been and is a conservative city. There has never been a boom -in Buffalo. There has been increase in values, but no inflation, no -boom. Talk of a Buffalo boom has been heard, but the presence of a boom -is here denied most emphatically and earnestly. Values in Buffalo and -vicinity are lower than in any other progressive city of its size in the -country. There has been so much available land that inflation has been -checked. A great deal of Buffalo property has changed hands within the -past year or two, but at very reasonable figures. Millions will be made -within a few years by landholders, and without effort on their part. A -dollar planted in the soil of Buffalo today will spring up as two -dollars next year. - -When a city doubles its population it at the same time quadruples the -value of its real estate. It is freely prophesied that Buffalo’s -population will be doubled in five years, quadrupled in ten. The -cheapest power in the world and unequalled shipping facilities--by -railroad, lake and canal--will produce this wonderful metamorphosis. - -Cheap power! Cheap freights! A world of wealth is contained in the -combination. - -Buffalo has a most substantial foundation on which to build a -manufacturing metropolis. It is a conservative city, full of careful, -cautious business men. It has come along by comparatively slow and -always steady progress, taking no forward step until strong and ready -for it. Commercial depressions have affected us but little. Panics have -avoided us, for panics are like plagues and seize hold where the -conditions are unhealthy. We have had neither plagues nor panics; we -have a healthy city physically and financially. - -Now a new era has dawned. We are about to leap to an eminence undreamed -of in years gone by. Strong from the strength of right business living -we are equal to the swifter pace of the new order of things. The sublime -force of the Niagara is chained and diverted to manufacturing uses. -Every wheel in Buffalo will be turned by this marvelous power at far -less cost than machinery can be run anywhere else in the wide world. -There’s a giant force behind the leap. Cheap power! Cheap freights! -These are the talismanic symbols of a mighty greatness. - - - GREAT IMPORTANCE OF THE LAKE TRAFFIC. - -The _Review of Reviews_ in a recent article on the traffic of the Great -Lakes, proves the extraordinary importance of this traffic and of -Buffalo’s location from a commercial standpoint. It must always be borne -in mind that the great bulk of the lake traffic is tributary to Buffalo. -The article referred to is as follows: - - “Few persons who have not made a personal study of the matter - realize the magnitude of the traffic of the Great Lakes. There - were over 1,100 more vessels passing through the canal into - Duluth, Minnesota, in 1891, than passed through the Suez Canal - the year previous. Through the “Soo” Canal at the outlet of Lake - Superior there were more than three times as many vessels and - nearly a million and three-quarters tons more freight in 1890 - than through the Suez Canal during the same year. There is not - the same absolute record of vessels passing through the Detroit - River as is obtainable for the two points previously mentioned. - But an estimate made by Hon. George H. Ely, of Cleveland, shows - that in 1889 there were more than 36,000,000 tons of freight - carried through the Detroit River. This sum seems large when it - is stated by itself, but the real magnitude will perhaps be - better appreciated when it is known that this is 10,000,000 tons - in excess of the tonnage at all the seaports of the United - States for the same year, and 3,000,000 tons in excess of the - total arrivals and clearances, both coastwise and foreign, of - Liverpool and London combined. The arrivals and clearances of - vessels at Chicago for 1890 numbered 21,541, while the - corresponding aggregate for New York was but 15,283. The entries - and clearances for the entire seaboard of the United States in - that year were 37,756, while for the United States ports on the - Great Lakes the arrivals and clearances numbered 88,280. The - traffic of the Great Lakes in 1891 was 27 per cent of the total - traffic of all the railways of the United States for the same - year, and if the tonnage carried on the lakes had been carried - instead by rail, at the average price per ton per mile, it would - have cost, in round numbers, $150,000,000 more than was actually - paid for its transportation by water.” - - - BEAUTIFUL GRAND ISLAND. - -Down the Niagara river from Buffalo a few miles the noble stream divides -and forms Grand Island. This is Buffalo’s watering-place. Hotels, -club-houses, summer residences and public pleasure grounds abound all -along the river’s banks on either side of the island, while the rich -farming land of the interior is devoted to agriculture. The air of the -island is pure, the scenery delightful, and the ride upon the river to -and from the city is full of restful charm. - -Many pleasure steamers ply between the city and the island resorts, and -do a large and remunerative business. But for the great mass of busy -people some sort of transit more rapid than steamers is necessary. This -want is about to be met. A project has lately ripened to build a bridge -from the mainland and run an electric railroad across the bridge and -clear around the island, connecting with the street railroad system of -the city. Long-headed men foresee that when this is accomplished there -will be a quick and large appreciation of land values on the island, and -it is certain that within the next few years fortunes will be made in -Grand Island lands as well as in those of Buffalo and other sections of -the mainland. With the increased demand for manufacturing sites, -industrial enterprises will certainly seek that portion of the island -nearest to Buffalo and Tonawanda, and the other side, facing Canada, -will continue to be occupied by summer resorts, club-houses and -residences. - - - CONCLUSION. - -In this little volume an effort has been made to acquaint the reader -with the splendid present and the glorious future of Buffalo. - -Among the great events in the history of industrial enterprises the -turning of Niagara’s water power into electric force is one of the most -portentious. - -A vast field, teeming with wealth, lies open to our view, and the -tremendous possibilities--nay, the certainties--for Buffalo are sharply -defined. If one tunnel can be constructed, so can two, or a dozen, or a -score. Power will keep pace with the demand for it--power cheaper than -any other on the face of the earth--and, as it can be easily -transmitted, it will be chiefly used where it can be best used, and that -is, where the acme of shipping facilities is found and must always -concentrate, in Buffalo. - -The thunder of the Niagara will remain where the waters leap, but its -swift lightning is Buffalo’s. - -[Illustration: - - _NIAGARA FALLS_ - 160 FEET HIGH] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - -[Illustration] - - - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - -● Transcriber’s note: - - ○ Missing or obscured punctuation was silently corrected. - - ○ Typographical errors were silently corrected. - - ○ Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation were made consistent only - when a predominant form was found in this book. - - - -***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE NEW WONDER OF THE WORLD: -BUFFALO, THE ELECTRIC CITY*** - - -******* This file should be named 63027-0.txt or 63027-0.zip ******* - - -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: -http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/6/3/0/2/63027 - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive -specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this -eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook -for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, -performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given -away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks -not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the -trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country outside the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you - are located before using this ebook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The -Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the -mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its -volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous -locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt -Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to -date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and -official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - |