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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d5c2883 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #63166 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/63166) diff --git a/old/63166-8.txt b/old/63166-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 20c1b26..0000000 --- a/old/63166-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1260 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of USDA Farmers' Bulletin No. 1142: Growing -Crimson Clover, by Leonard Wheeler Kephart - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: USDA Farmers' Bulletin No. 1142: Growing Crimson Clover - -Author: Leonard Wheeler Kephart - -Release Date: September 10, 2020 [EBook #63166] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK USDA FARMERS' BULLETIN NO. 1142 *** - - - - -Produced by Tom Cosmas from files generously made available -by USDA through The Internet Archive. All resultant -materials are placed in the Public Domain. - - - - - - - - - - -Transcriber Note - -Text emphasis denoted as _Italics_ and =Bold=. - - - - - FARMERS' BULLETIN 1142 - - UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE - - - GROWING - - CRIMSON - - CLOVER - - -Crimson Clover is a handsome fall-planted annual, widely cultivated in -the Middle Atlantic and Southeastern States for forage, a cover crop, and -green manure. - -Crimson clover is commonly sown in corn at the last cultivation. If the -soil is heavy, a better practice is to sow after a crop of small grain or -on other land which can be specially prepared. - -Crimson clover will grow on poorer soil than most clovers and is not -particularly dependent upon lime. For this reason it has been widely used -for restoring the productivity of soils which have been abused. A more -important function is to maintain crop yields on soils which are already -moderately rich. - -The most common difficulty in growing crimson clover is the killing of the -young stands by drought. This is best prevented by the preparation of a -fine, moist, and firmly compacted seed bed. - -August and September are the best months for sowing crimson clover, the -exact date depending upon the condition of the soil. Either hulled or -unhulled seed may be used, the latter giving somewhat greater certainty of -a stand. - -Crimson clover is often sown with a nurse crop of buckwheat or cowpeas, to -protect it from the sun. A light covering of straw is also effective. - -Combinations of crimson clover with oats, hairy vetch, or other fall-sown -forage crops give somewhat higher yields and a surer stand than crimson -clover alone. - -No insects trouble crimson clover seriously, and the only severe disease -is the stem-rot, or wilt. - - Contribution from the Bureau of Plant Industry - WM. A. TAYLOR, Chief - Washington, D. C. August, 1920 - - - - - =GROWING CRIMSON CLOVER.=[1] - - - L. W. Kephart, _Scientific Assistant, - Office of Forage-Crop Investigations._ - -[1] This bulletin is a revision of Farmers' Bulletin 550, entitled -"Crimson Clover: Growing the Crop," by J. M. Westgate, formerly Agronomist -in Charge of Clover Investigations, Office of Forage-Crop Investigations. -The illustrations and some of the subject matter of the old bulletin are -retained in the present issue. - - - - -=CONTENTS.= - - Page. - - History and adaptations 4 - Varieties 5 - Use in the rotation 6 - Seeding in intertilled crops 6 - Seeding after an early-maturing crop 7 - Requirements for obtaining a stand 8 - Soils 9 - Preparation of the seed bed 10 - Fertilizers 11 - Lime 12 - Inoculation 13 - Seeding 13 - Time of seeding 13 - Rate of seeding 14 - Methods of seeding 14 - Choice of seed 16 - Unhulled seed 16 - Use of a nurse crop 17 - Seed mixtures 18 - Treatment of the stand 20 - Maladies 20 - - -[dropcap: CRIMSON] CLOVER is an annual or winter annual true clover, -resembling common red clover in size and general appearance, the most -noticeable difference being the flower heads, which are long, narrow, and -pointed instead of short, spherical, and compact (fig. 1). The individual -flowers of this clover are commonly of a rich scarlet color, and as the -heads are borne mostly on the ends of the stems, a field of crimson clover -in full bloom presents a strikingly brilliant appearance. Because of the -color of the flowers, crimson clover is often termed "scarlet clover," -although it is also known, less commonly, as "French clover," "Italian -clover," "German clover," "incarnate clover," and "annual clover." It is -the only annual true clover that is of more than incidental agricultural -importance in the eastern United States. - -Probably the most important characteristic of crimson clover is its -ability to grow and make its crop during the fall and early spring, -when the land is not occupied by the ordinary summer-grown crops. In -sections where it succeeds, it can be sown following a grain crop or in -an intertilled crop in late summer and is ready to harvest for hay, to -pasture, or to turn under as green manure in time to plow the land for -spring-seeded crops, such as corn or cotton. South of central Delaware -it may even be cut for seed and the stubble plowed under in time for -seeding a quick-maturing strain of corn. Because it can be grown during -the offseason of the year, crimson clover is one of the most economical -legumes for green manuring, and it has been largely used for that purpose -in the regions to which it is adapted. The many uses to which this crop -may be put merit a careful study of the best methods of establishing a -stand of this clover on the farm. - -[Illustration: Fig. 1.--A single plant of crimson clover.] - - - - -=HISTORY AND ADAPTATIONS.= - - -Crimson clover is a native of Europe, where it is cultivated as a forage -and green-manuring crop in Italy, France, Spain, Germany, Austria, and -Great Britain. Large quantities of crimson-clover seed are exported from -Europe to the United States, especially from the districts of central -France, where crimson clover is the premier leguminous forage plant. - -Crimson clover was introduced into this country as early as 1818, and the -seed was widely distributed by the United States Patent Office in 1855. -The plant was at first regarded more for its ornamental value than as a -forage plant, however, and it was not until about 1880 that its value for -agricultural purposes began to be appreciated. - -[Illustration: Fig. 2.--Map of a part of the United States, showing the -region where crimson clover is most widely grown.] - -At present crimson clover is grown most widely in the lighter sandy -areas of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, where the soil is not very rich -and the winters are not severe. (Fig. 2.) The plant does not withstand -either extreme cold or extreme heat, and its culture is therefore limited -to regions which enjoy at some time during the year a long period of -relatively mild, moist weather. Ordinarily, this clover does not survive -the winter in latitudes north of southern Pennsylvania, while in some of -the Southern States it is frequently killed by dry, hot weather in the -fall or spring. It succeeds well in the humid regions near the Gulf of -Mexico and in the Pacific Northwest, but in these areas it is not widely -grown. - -Normally, crimson clover is a winter annual comparable to winter wheat; -that is, it is planted in the fall, lies more or less dormant over winter, -grows rapidly in the spring, and dies, after going to seed, early in the -summer. Where the summers are not too hot it can be planted in the spring -and grown as a summer crop, but for this purpose other clovers are usually -preferred. - - - - -=VARIETIES.= - - -Crimson clover is exceedingly variable both in color of flower and in -time of maturity. These variations are particularly noticeable in fields -planted from a mixed lot of seed, the flowers presenting a range in color -from nearly pure white to a deep purplish red and the seeds a difference -in date of ripening of more than a month. Since crimson clover is thought -to be mainly self-pollinated, it is easy to fix these qualities by -selection and to establish definite varieties. - -In Europe six or seven different varieties of crimson clover are -recognized and sold by seedsmen, varying from extra early crimson flowered -to, extra late white flowered and from very hardy to non-hardy. By the use -of a succession of these varieties the European farmer is able to spread -his harvest over six or seven weeks instead of having it concentrated -within a few days, as in America. Similarly, the culture of the plant has -been extended northward from Italy to Sweden by means of hardy strains. -A wild form of crimson clover having yellowish flowers and hairy foliage -occurs in southern and eastern Europe and in England, but it is not of -economic value. - -In America no sharply defined varieties of crimson clover are recognized, -except a white-blooming variety which is sold in the South and is two -weeks later than the ordinary crimson-flowered sort. Hardy strains have -been developed and used in a small way in Massachusetts and Ohio, but -these are not commercially available. - - - - -=USE IN THE ROTATION.= - - -=SEEDING IN INTERTILLED CROPS.= - -In former years a large percentage of the crimson-clover acreage was -seeded in corn or other intertilled crops at or shortly after the time of -the last cultivation. In most of the crimson-clover area it is possible -to make such a seeding, obtain a good growth during the fall and early -spring, and mow or plow under the clover in time, for breaking up the land -for another crop of corn. This has been the standard method of growing -this clover, and it is still the leading practice in many of the older -sections. Corn in the summer with crimson clover in the winter is a cheap -and convenient method of growing a cash crop and a restorative crop the -same year, and the reputation of crimson clover as a crop increaser is -largely based on this simple rotation. Instances are by no means rare -where the yield of corn has been gradually increased from 10 bushels per -acre to as high as 70 bushels by this means. - -The difficulty with this method is the possibility of the stand of young -clover failing through drought. The growing corn makes a heavy demand on -the soil moisture, and if there is not enough moisture for both clover and -corn the latter gets the larger share and the tender clover plants are -likely to succumb. Because of the risk involved, farmers in the upland -sections are seeking other and more reliable methods of seeding, and the -sowing of crimson clover in corn is gradually decreasing. - -Where the danger from fall drought is not serious, crimson clover may be -sown in corn at the time of the last cultivation or when the corn leaves -have just begun to wither. South of central Virginia there is likely to be -much hot weather after the corn is laid by, in which case it is best to -delay the seeding of the clover until after the first rain. The appearance -of a field of crimson clover seeded in corn the previous summer is shown -in figure 3. - -South of southern Virginia crimson clover can be seeded in cotton, -provided the field is free from crab-grass and other weeds and the soil is -not too dry. In the extreme north of the cotton belt the seed may be sown -at the last working of the cotton; farther south this occurs too early and -it is necessary to wait for a rain, which often comes at about the time of -the first picking. - -[Illustration: Fig. 3.--Crimson clover in an old cornfield. The clover -was seeded in the corn at the last cultivation. A fodder stack is to be -observed in the middle foreground. The cornstalks have been removed to -avoid difficulty in mowing the clover.] - -Crimson clover may be seeded in practically any of the cultivated truck -crops which receive their last cultivation from 8 to 12 weeks before -the first frost. It is not practicable to seed the clover in late -potatoes, sweet potatoes, or other root crops, as the digging in the fall -practically destroys the clover. - -Ordinarily, crimson clover does not succeed when sown in cowpeas, sorghum, -or watermelons, owing to the heavy shade cast by these crops. It can, -however, be seeded in tobacco, tomatoes, cultivated soy beans, and -cantaloupes. - - -=SEEDING AFTER AN EARLY-MATURING CROP.= - -Seeding crimson clover in an intertilled crop is successful mostly on -sandy soils, which can easily be prepared for seeding even in mid-summer. -On clay soils and in weedy fields this method of seeding is likely to be -unsatisfactory. Such soils are usually hard and dry in August and can with -difficulty be brought into condition for a seed bed, with the result that -a large percentage of such seedings fail. A better plan on clay soils, and -on sandy soils in many cases, is to seed the crimson clover on specially -prepared ground from which all other crops have been removed. Such ground -can be made as fine and firm as desired. Furthermore, the clover after -planting does not have to compete with another crop for the soil moisture. -This method is somewhat more troublesome than planting in intertilled -crops, but the greater certainty of getting a stand more than offsets the -greater cost. Planting crimson clover on specially prepared ground has -extended the culture of the plant to regions where it was not hitherto -grown and is increasing the reliability of the crop in sections where it -has been long established. - -In the ordinary rotation, crimson clover follows a crop of small grain. -However, it may follow any crop that is removed 8 to 10 weeks before -frost, or it may be seeded on fallow ground. Ground from which early -potatoes have been removed is especially favorable for the establishment -of a stand of this clover. The residual effect of the fertilizers used on -potatoes is partially responsible for this, while the well-settled seed -bed, which requires only leveling and harrowing, also presents favorable -conditions for the crimson-clover seedlings. - -In many parts of the South crimson clover can be seeded in corn stubble if -an early variety of corn has been used. Although there is some risk that -the clover may not make enough growth before winter if seeding is delayed -until the corn is harvested, the danger of losing the stand is not as -great as if the clover were seeded earlier, while the corn was standing. - -Crimson clover is sometimes seeded after a grass or clover crop if the -rainfall in July is sufficient to cause the sod to decay. In the far South -it can be planted after peanuts, while in all sections it can be sown as -a catch crop on land where cotton or other crops have died early in the -season. - - - - -=REQUIREMENTS FOR OBTAINING A STAND.= - - -Probably the difficulty most commonly experienced in growing crimson -clover is failure to obtain a satisfactory stand. Sometimes the seed does -not germinate well; more commonly good germination is secured, but the -seedlings wither and die before they can become established. Frequently -not more than 50 per cent of the plants survive the first three weeks, -while a complete failure of the crop is a common risk even in the sections -where crimson clover is most widely grown. - -The most common cause of failure to obtain a stand is hot, dry -weather after planting. The seedlings of crimson clover are tender, -succulent, and shallow rooted and are easily killed by lack of moisture. -Unfortunately, in most of the crimson-clover area the weather during late -August and early September is very likely to be hot and droughty, making -the planting of the clover at that time rather hazardous. Some farmers -attempt to avoid this difficulty by planting either in early summer or in -October, after the fall rains; there is danger, however, that the plants -will make too much or too little growth to survive the winter. In the -long run it is probably better to plant at the regular time and depend -upon thorough preparation of the seed bed to offset any deficiency in the -rainfall. - - -=SOILS.= - -Crimson clover can be grown successfully on almost any type of soil if it -is reasonably rich, well drained, and supplied with organic matter and the -proper inoculating bacteria. Probably two-thirds of the crimson-clover -acreage is found on the sandy soils of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, but -the crop is not necessarily restricted to sandy soils and is in fact -increasing in importance on the red-clay soils of the Piedmont region and -in the limestone valleys of Virginia and Tennessee. - -[Illustration: Fig. 4.--a crimson-clover failure on ground too poor in -humus.] - -Crimson clover has been an important factor in increasing yields on soils -that have been abused, but it is not a crop for land which is naturally -very poor. It does not do well on rough, newly cleared areas, raw -subsoil, Hard, dry clay, or sterile sand. (Fig. 4.) For such soils soy -beans, cowpeas, and velvet beans are better suited and should be used for -the first three or four years until crimson clover can be successfully -grown. Crimson clover can be made to grow on poor soils, provided they -are specially prepared by liming, manuring, and inoculating. In general, -however, crimson clover is a crop for maintaining soils which are already -fairly productive rather than one for inducing productivity in soils where -it is quite lacking. If there is any doubt whether the soil is suitable -for crimson clover, a small plat should be prepared under field conditions -and planted one year for trial. - - -=PREPARATION OF THE SEED BED.= - -To secure a full, even stand of crimson clover with any degree of -regularity the seed bed should be well and thoroughly prepared. The soil -should be firm, moist, well settled, and fine on top. Only indifferent -success can possibly be expected if the seed is scattered on land which -is loose, dry, and full of hard lumps and trash. A loose seed bed dries -out quickly, heaves during the winter, and on some soils blows and washes -badly. - -[Illustration: Fig. 5.--A corrugated roller or pulverizer, an excellent -implement for preparing the seed bed for crimson clover.] - -On the other hand, the seed bed should not be too hard, for although this -clover often grows successfully on soil which would be too solid for -corn, there must be at| least enough loose soil on the surface to cover -the seed. Thorough preparation is the very best insurance against failure -of the stand through drought or winterkilling, and the most successful -growers sow crimson clover on land as well prepared as that for wheat. - -To secure a fine, firm seed bed without drying out the surface soil, the -land should be prepared with as few operations as possible. A single -working when the soil is in a moist, crumbly condition is better than half -a dozen workings when the soil is too wet or too dry. In very sandy soils, -or soils which do not form a crust, the only preparation needed is to keep -down the weeds. - -An excellent tool for making the seed bed is the corrugated roller or -pulverizer (fig. 5). This implement is an improvement over the old plain -roller for breaking clods and is unexcelled for keeping the surface soil -moist. It can be used after plowing and again before planting, and even -after planting if the soil needs to be compacted. Rolling of some kind to -firm the soil is especially important on sandy soils, but it is equally -beneficial on clay soils if they are cloddy. - -When clover is seeded in an intertilled crop, such as corn, cotton, or -tomatoes, the customary cultivation received by these crops is ordinarily -sufficient preparation for crimson clover. In sandy soil the clover is -often seeded without any immediate preparation, but a light stirring with -a harrow-toothed cultivator is desirable if the ground is hard. If the -clover is to be used for hay or seed, the preceding crop should be laid by -level rather than in ridges. This will facilitate cutting the clover. - -Where crimson clover is seeded after a crop of small grain, the stubble -should be plowed or disked as soon as possible after the grain is cut. -Stubble land dries out quickly, partly because the soil is suddenly left -bare and partly because of the drain on the soil moisture by the crops of -ragweed and other coarse-growing weeds which always follow a grain crop. -Unless the soil is cultivated at once it becomes very difficult to obtain -anything like an ideal seed bed for crimson clover. This difficulty is -usually more pronounced after oats and barley than after rye and wheat. -Ordinarily the best practice is to disk the grain stubble within a week -after harvest and harrow every week, or at least after every rain, in -order to settle the ground, destroy the weeds, and assist in holding the -moisture pending the time of seeding the clover. Plowing the stubble -is more expensive than disking and requires that the ground be allowed -to settle for a month or six weeks in order to secure a firm seed bed. -Plowing is an advantage in a wet season, because plowed ground dries -readily; it is a disadvantage in a dry season for the same reason. - - -=FERTILIZERS.= - -On moderately rich soil the fertilizer applied to the preceding crop is -sufficient to produce a good crop of crimson clover. This is especially -true where the clover follows such crops as potatoes or tomatoes, which -ordinarily are heavily treated with fertilizers. It is important to -realize, however, that crimson clover has a very short period of growth, -and that to make a vigorous growth it must have a good supply of plant -food. On sandy soils where fertilizers have not recently been applied it -is often the practice to apply from 150 to 200 pounds of acid phosphate, -with some potash fertilizer if it can be afforded. On clay soils 200 or -300 pounds per acre of acid phosphate ordinarily are sufficient. On many -soils a light application of nitrate of soda will assist materially in -giving the young clover plants a good start and often will enable them to -withstand the effects of a late drought or severe winter which otherwise -might have injured the stand. If the seeding has been delayed, as by -waiting for suitable rains, an application of not more than 75 pounds of -nitrate of soda per acre will stimulate the young plants and enable them -to make a better growth before winter. - -Fertilizer is usually applied at seeding time, but a few farmers have been -found who apply it as a top-dressing very early the following summer, -giving as a reason that there is then no loss from winter leaching and -that by this method the plants are nourished at the time they are making -their most vigorous growth. Such top-dressings of fertilizer should not -be made while the leaves are wet with rain or dew. Where stable manure is -applied to crimson clover very marked results follow. It may be spread -just before seeding when the clover is not grown in an intertilled crop, -or it may be applied as a top-dressing in winter or very early spring. - -The more vigorous the growth that can be induced by the application of -suitable fertilizers the more marked will be the increase in the yield of -the succeeding crops. On soil in a low state of productivity the use of -a reasonable amount of fertilizer will often enable a successful crop of -clover and succeeding crops to be produced, where had not the fertilizers -been applied the clover would have failed. Furthermore, the following -crop, particularly if it be corn, would also fail to give the increased -yield which follows a successful stand of crimson clover. - -An application of barnyard manure will be found to be especially effective -in obtaining a stand of crimson clover on any thin, galled spots in the -field. The manure should be worked into the ground before seeding, and, -if possible, a second application as a top-dressing should be given a day -or two after planting. The top-dressing stimulates the seedlings and if -strawy helps to protect them from the August sun. - - -=LIME.= - -Crimson clover is not as dependent on lime as red clover and alfalfa, -being more like alsike clover in this respect. It does not thrive on soils -which are very "sour," but on well-drained soils in a productive condition -crimson clover frequently makes a vigorous growth, even though the soil -may show a high lime requirement. The stands are usually more uniformly -good over the limed parts of such fields than on the unlimed parts, -although it is sometimes questionable whether the benefit derived from -liming is profitable. Liming is more often desirable on clay soils than -on sandy soils, and usually gives better results when used in conjunction -with fertilizers than when used alone. On light sandy soils deficient -in humus burnt lime may be actually injurious. In considering the -advisability of applying lime one must not lose sight of the need of lime -on the part of such other crops as corn, cantaloupes, or peaches, which -are either grown with or follow the clover. Inasmuch as the effect of -liming varies greatly in different localities, it is suggested that small -plats be treated experimentally at different rates before any considerable -areas are limed. - - -=INOCULATION.= - -A large part of the value of all clovers lies in their ability to utilize -the nitrogen of the air and add it to the soil. When grown on rich land, -the clovers, like many other plants, use the nitrogen already present in -the soil and are not stimulated to contribute any to their own support or -to the support of other crops. To enable the clover to use the nitrogen in -the air the presence of the proper nodule-forming bacteria in the soil is -necessary. - -Fortunately, most of the soils in the crimson-clover sections appear to -be already inoculated, and artificial inoculation is not often necessary, -except on soils new to the crop. Crimson clover is inoculated by the same -strain of bacteria which occurs on the roots of the other true clovers; -consequently, a field which has produced a good stand of red, mammoth, -alsike, white, hop, Carolina, rabbit's-foot, or buffalo clover is usually -inoculated sufficiently for crimson clover. Sweet clover, Japan clover, -and bur clover are not true clovers and are inoculated by a different -strain of bacteria. - -The importance of inoculation is well shown by an experiment conducted by -the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station. In this experiment yields of -4,057 and 6,100 pounds of crimson-clover hay were secured on inoculated -soils, while on corresponding areas which were not inoculated the yields -were 761 pounds on one area and nothing on the other. - -The soil can be inoculated artificially by means of pure cultures of the -bacteria or by the transfer of a small quantity of soil from another -clover field.[2] The latter method is the more certain, but is open to -the danger of introducing noxious weeds, insects, and plant diseases, -especially if the soil is brought from a distance. The presence of -stem-rot in many sections makes the use of soil especially dangerous. This -disease can, be carried with the soil from field to field. - -[2] Sufficient pure culture for inoculating seed for 1 acre can be secured -free from the United States Department of Agriculture. Full directions for -using the culture accompany each bottle. Directions for inoculating by the -soil-transfer method can also be obtained from this Department. - - - - -=SEEDING.= - - -=TIME OF SEEDING.= - -Crimson clover is usually sown between August 15 and October 1, the -general rule being to plant about 60 days before the first killing frost -is expected. South of Virginia crimson clover can be seeded as late as -November 1, although if planted late more seed should be used and a light -dressing of nitrate of soda applied, in order to stimulate the young -plants. Seeding earlier than August 1 is seldom advisable unless the crop -is sown with some other crop the shade of which will hold it back. - -The exact date of planting depends almost entirely upon the moisture -content of the soil. The principal condition to avoid is planting when the -soil contains just enough moisture to germinate the seeds, but not enough -to keep the plants growing. Usually it is better to plant when the soil is -quite dry than when it is slightly moist, for in dry soil the seeds, if -properly buried, lie without germinating and are ready to grow vigorously -at the first rainfall. The most favorable time for seeding is just before -or just after a good rain, when the soil is moist enough to form a ball in -the hand. - - -=RATE OF SEEDING.= - -The ordinary rate of seeding crimson clover is 15 pounds per acre, -although the rate varies according to conditions. From 12 to 15 pounds per -acre are usually sufficient when growing the crop for seed or when the -soil is unusually rich. On poor soil, dry soil, or on soil which has not -previously produced crimson clover 18 to 22 pounds of seed give better -assurance of a stand. Heavy seeding is also desirable when planting late -in the season or when a heavy crop is wanted for green manure early in the -spring. - -Theoretically, 2 pounds of seed per acre would provide six plants -for every square foot, which is a satisfactory stand. Under ordinary -circumstances, however, it is necessary to allow for some of the seed -being too deep, or too shallow, or failing to germinate, and for a certain -percentage of winterkilling. It is also well to have a fairly thick stand -of the young plants, so that the ground may be well covered during the -early fall and thus prevent soil washing and the growth of winter weeds. - - -=METHODS OF SEEDING.= - -The most common method of seeding crimson clover in intertilled crops -is to scatter the seed broadcast with a rotary seeder or by hand. (Fig. -6.) In order to place the seed on a fresh, moist seed bed it is commonly -broadcasted immediately behind the cultivator at the last cultivation and -is covered 'at once by a second cultivator. In tall corn the seed may be -sown from horseback, the ears of the horse being covered with small bags -to prevent the entrance of the flying seed. Slightly more seed is required -when seeding in tall corn, as some seed catches in the corn plants. When -seeding in cotton care must be taken to avoid injury to the opening bolls, -which are easily knocked off or torn. This is best done by seeding by -hand, covering the seed with a piece of brush dragged down the rows. - -In low-growing truck crops and on fallow ground crimson clover can be -seeded with a wheelbarrow seeder. This implement distributes the seed more -evenly than can be done by hand or with the rotary seeder, especially -when planting a mixture of crops. The wheelbarrow seeder being somewhat -awkward to handle is better adapted to smooth, level fields than to -hillsides. - -Probably the very best method of seeding crimson clover is with the -special clover or alfalfa drill. Where enough clover is grown to warrant -its use this implement is to be highly recommended. The seed is sown in -4-inch rows at just the proper depth and with the right pressure, and the -fertilizer is placed exactly under each row, where it will be immediately -available to the seedlings. Drilled clover requires less seed than -broadcasted clover and produces a more even and certain stand. - -In place of the special clover drill an ordinary grain drill equipped with -a clover-seed attachment can be used with good results. Special spouts -should be arranged to lead from the clover-seed box back of the shoes or -disks, in order to deposit the seed directly in the furrow. Chain furrow -closers are best for covering the seed, as they leave the furrows broad -and flat instead of =V= shaped and lessen the danger of the seedlings -being covered with soil during a hard rain. - -[Illustration: Fig. 6.--Seeding crimson clover in corn at the last -cultivation.] - -For use in intertilled crops there are several types of 1-row drills, the -best for this purpose being the 5-hoe drill equipped with press wheels. - -Crimson-clover seed must be covered, but not too deeply. In most soils it -is not enough to depend on rain to effect a covering. An inch in sandy -soils and half an inch in clay soils appear to be about the right depth. -Shallow planting gives the best results in wet seasons and deep planting -in time of drought. Broadcasted seed should be covered with a spike-tooth -harrow or a weeder rather than a heavy harrow or a shovel cultivator. A -harrow made of fairly stiff brush is often useful in loose soil. - - -=CHOICE OF SEED.= - -As a rule, fresh crimson-clover seed is of good viability, and failure -to secure a stand is not often caused by failure of the seed to grow. -Unlike most clovers, crimson-clover seed absorbs water readily and sprouts -quickly. There are practically none of the hard seeds which are so -frequent in red clover and sweet clover, and a germination of 90 per cent -in 48 hour's is not uncommon. The seed deteriorates rapidly, however, and -when more than 2 years old rarely shows a germination in excess of 50 per -cent. Sometimes, when stocks of commercial seed are low, old seed finds -its way to the market, and this, when planted, gives poor results. Old -seed can usually be detected by the dull-brown appearance of the seed coat -as contrasted with the bright, shiny, pinkish or greenish yellow color of -fresh seed. Brown seed, however, is sometimes caused by weathering during -harvest, and such seed is not objectionable unless the weathering has been -excessive. - -A common impurity in crimson-clover seed is green, shrunken, and immature -seed, caused by harvesting the crop before it is ripe. Crimson-clover seed -does not germinate readily until it takes on a yellowish tinge; therefore, -green seed should be rejected. - -Crimson-clover seed is larger and plumper than red-clover seed and if -properly cleaned should not contain seeds of dodder or the smaller -seeded weeds. Frequently, however, it does contain the seeds of field -peppergrass, yellow trefoil, evening primrose, sheep sorrel, wild -geranium, buttercups, mustards, and other weeds which blossom in early -summer. - - -=UNHULLED SEED.= - -There is a growing belief among farmers that they are less likely to lose -a stand of crimson clover through drought if they sow the seed in the hull -rather than use the hulled seed as it ordinarily appears on the market. -It is claimed that the hulls hold the moisture to some extent and carry -the seedlings over the critical day or two following germination, while -some farmers assert that the unhulled seeds require more moisture for -germination, and the seeds therefore do not sprout until there is enough -moisture in the soil to keep the plants growing. Unhulled seed is bulky -and is not often handled by commercial seedsmen, although one large grower -sells the unhulled seed in compressed, bales similar to small cotton -bales. It usually can be secured from neighboring farmers, however, or is -easily saved at home. The seed can be harvested with a stripper from the -standing crop in the field or the mature crop can be cut and thrashed like -an ordinary grain crop. For local planting on a small scale unhulled seed -is the cheapest and most accessible form of crimson-clover seed. - -Unhulled seed is somewhat difficult to sow, because the hairy hulls stick -together in masses and can not be scattered uniformly. To avoid this -trouble the seed may be mixed with moistened earth or with lime, or may be -sown with a blower similar to those used on small forges. A better plan -is to sow on a windy day, throwing the seed vertically into the air and -allowing the wind to scatter it. - -Of unhulled seed of the best quality, 100 pounds contains about 1 bushel -(60 pounds) of clean seed. The common grades, however, are usually more -chaffy and require 120 to 180 pounds to make a bushel. From 2 to 3 pounds -of unhulled seed are therefore regarded as equivalent to 1 pound of hulled -seed. A bushel of unhulled seed, even when well packed down, weighs only 6 -to 10 pounds and contains about 4 pounds of seed. The appearance of both -hulled and unhulled crimson-clover seed is shown in figure 7. - -[Illustration: Fig. 7.--Hulled seed of crimson clover of a common -commercial grade and unhulled seed gathered with a homemade stripper. -(Natural size.)] - - -=USE OF A NURSE CROP.= - -In order to protect the crimson-clover seedlings from the hot sun of late -August it is a common practice in some sections to plant with the clover a -small quantity of some quick-growing crop like buckwheat, cowpeas, rape, -or turnips. A thin stand of these heavier leaved plants furnishes an ideal -shade for the young clover, and on soils which are inclined to bake it -prevents the formation of a crust. The nurse crop must be seeded lightly, -usually not more than half the regular rate, as the ordinary stand shades -the ground so completely as to destroy the crimson clover. On hot clay -soil in the Piedmont region the chances of obtaining a stand of clover are -about twice as good with a nurse crop as without one. - -Buckwheat is the principal nurse crop northward from Washington, D. C. -A common rate of seeding is 2 to 3 pecks of buckwheat in 15 pounds of -crimson clover. If the planting can be made in July the buckwheat usually -has time to ripen before frost and thus pay the cost of starting both -stands. - -In the cotton belt cowpeas have been used successfully, especially -when seeding on fallow ground. They are seeded broadcast at the rate -of one-half bushel per acre. There is ordinarily not enough time for -the cowpeas to mature, but they add to the value of the stand for fall -pasturage and protect the clover from severe weather in the winter. Both -cowpeas and buckwheat have the merit of being able to grow on poor soil. - -Dwarf Essex rape has been used as a nurse crop in a few cases where the -clover was to be pastured by hogs or sheep in the fall. From 2 to 3 pounds -of rape, sown in August, furnishes sufficient cover for a nurse crop. -Cowhorn turnips, winter kale, and mustard are also satisfactory nurse -crops if planted at a rate not exceeding 1 pound of seed per acre. If the -clover is to be saved for seed these latter crops are objectionable, as a -few plants will live over winter and ripen at the same time as the clover. - -Where a nurse crop can not be grown conveniently, the crimson-clover -seedlings can be protected from the sun by a light top-dressing of straw, -spread just after the seed is sown. - - -SEED MIXTURES. - -Crimson clover is frequently grown in combination with winter grain, hairy -vetch, or other forage crops having a similar period of growth. The mixed -crop is less liable to lodge than the single crop, cures more readily in -damp weather, and usually furnishes a heavier yield. Another advantage of -the mixed crop is that if either should fail the other will serve as a -cover crop during the winter and bring some return the following spring. -Mixed crops are not desirable if the clover is to be saved for seed. - -South of central Virginia crimson clover is usually grown in combination -with winter oats. An early variety of oats, such as the Fulghum, or a late -variety of clover, such as the white blooming, is usually the best, as -the oat crop matures somewhat later than the ordinary crimson clover. The -customary rate of seeding is 15 pounds of the clover and 2½ bushels of -oats per acre. In Delaware and eastern Maryland the most popular companion -crop for crimson clover is winter wheat, although barley makes a desirable -hay crop and is sometimes used. Eye is not desirable for hay, but it -is probably the best of the grains for green manure, as it is hardy, -vigorous, and starts growth early in the spring. Rye and wheat are seeded -at the rate of 1 bushel per acre with the customary quantity of crimson -clover. The accompanying illustration (fig. 8) shows a field seeded to a -mixture of crimson clover and wheat. Usually the grain is well headed, -but in the milk or soft-dough stage, when the clover is ready to cut, the -yield of the mixed crimson clover and grain is often 25 to 50 per cent -greater than that of the clover alone. - -[Illustration: Fig. 8.--Crimson clover and wheat in mixture. In the -foreground the crop has been cut and fed green to stock. The remainder -was cut the next day for hay. The grain prevents the crimson clover from -lodging.] - -Hairy vetch and crimson clover are sometimes grown together, seeding at -the rate of 20 pounds and 10 pounds per acre, respectively. As both these -plants are likely to lodge in good soil, however, one of the grains is -usually included, a common seeding mixture being oats 2 bushels, hairy -vetch 12 to 15 pounds, and crimson clover 5 pounds. Bur clover, black -medic, and other winter-growing legumes are sometimes found in mixtures -with crimson clover, although such mixtures generally occur by accident -rather than intent. Black medic and crimson clover make' a particularly -good combination on rich soil. - -In most of the crimson-clover area the cultivated grasses, such as -timothy, redtop, and orchard grass, are not commonly grown. However, -where these grasses flourish they may well be seeded at the same time -as the crimson clover, provided the latter is planted not earlier than -September 15. In some sections Johnson grass and Bermuda grass make useful -combinations with crimson clover, the grasses making most of their growth -in the summer and the clover in the fall and spring. - - - - -=TREATMENT OF THE STAND.= - - -Ordinarily no special treatment is required after seeding and the clover -goes into the winter without any further handling. If the growth is so -rank that there is danger of the plants being too succulent to survive the -winter, the tops can be reduced by light grazing with small animals, such -as calves, sheep, or chickens, or by mowing with the cutter bar of the -mowing machine set high. If the stand is backward, it may be stimulated -by a light application of nitrate of soda. It is said that a thin stand -can be thickened by grazing lightly with sheep, as the grazing induces -heavier stooling. The aim should be to carry the clover into the winter -with well-hardened leafy stems and with a well-established root system to -withstand heaving out in the spring. - -In fields which are to be saved for seed a wise precaution is to go over -them early in the spring and chop out the weeds. If wild onion and other -weeds are chopped off in April, they do not make enough growth by May to -contaminate the seed crop. - - - - -=MALADIES.= - - -The only disease seriously affecting crimson clover is the clover -stem-rot, root-rot, or wilt, a disease resembling the stem-rot, or wilt, -of lettuce and other plants. This disease is prevalent in nearly all -the crimson-clover States and sometimes does considerable damage. The -stem-rot affects the clover at all seasons, but is more noticeable in the -spring, when it sometimes causes large spots of clover suddenly to wilt -and fall. Occasionally an entire field is affected, but the disease is -most prevalent in low, rich spots. Examination of the plants discloses -a rotting off or decay of the stems close to the ground, followed -immediately by the appearance on the stems of small black lumps, or -sclerotia, about the size of clover seed. These sclerotia are a means of -spreading the disease and are often harvested in the hay or in the seed -crop. The only known remedy for the stem-rot is to cease growing clover or -alfalfa on an infested field for three or four years, substituting cowpeas -or soy beans. Seed from fields known to be infested should, of course, be -avoided. - -No insects are known to affect crimson clover seriously, nor are weeds -of great importance in clover planted on clean fields. When planted in -cultivated crops or in poorly prepared ground crimson clover is often -seriously damaged by a rank growth of chickweed, knawel (moss weed), -winter cress, and other winter-growing annuals. - - -WASHINGTON : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1920 - - - * * * * * - - -=Transcriber Note= - -Minor typos have been corrected. Illustrations were moved to prevent -splitting paragraphs. Produced from files generously made available by -USDA through The Internet Archive. All resultant materials are placed in -the Public Domain. - - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of USDA Farmers' Bulletin No. 1142: -Growing Crimson Clover, by Leonard Wheeler Kephart - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK USDA FARMERS' BULLETIN NO. 1142 *** - -***** This file should be named 63166-8.txt or 63166-8.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/3/1/6/63166/ - -Produced by Tom Cosmas from files generously made available -by USDA through The Internet Archive. All resultant -materials are placed in the Public Domain. - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: USDA Farmers' Bulletin No. 1142: Growing Crimson Clover - -Author: Leonard Wheeler Kephart - -Release Date: September 10, 2020 [EBook #63166] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK USDA FARMERS' BULLETIN NO. 1142 *** - - - - -Produced by Tom Cosmas from files generously made available -by USDA through The Internet Archive. All resultant -materials are placed in the Public Domain. - - - - - - -</pre> - - - - - - - - - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[ 1 ]</a></span></p> - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 629px;"> -<img src="images/cover.png" width="629" height="521" alt="USDA Farmers' Bulletin 1142: Growing Crimson Clover, by L. W. Kephart" /> -</div> - - -<div class="bbox smaller tdc" style="width: 15em; margin: 0 auto;"> -FARMERS' BULLETIN 1142<br /> -UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE<br /> -GROWING<br /> -CRIMSON<br /> -CLOVER</div> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[ 2 ]</a></span></p> - -<div class="bbox" style="width: 30em; padding: 12px; margin: 0 auto;"> - -<div class="dropcap">C</div> - -<p class="p0"><span class="hidden">C</span>rimson clover is a handsome fall-planted -annual, widely cultivated in the Middle Atlantic -and Southeastern States for forage, a cover crop, -and green manure.</p> - -<p>Crimson clover is commonly sown in corn at the -last cultivation. If the soil is heavy, a better practice -is to sow after a crop of small grain or on other land -which can be specially prepared.</p> - -<p>Crimson clover will grow on poorer soil than most -clovers and is not particularly dependent upon lime. -For this reason it has been widely used for restoring -the productivity of soils which have been abused. A -more important function is to maintain crop yields -on soils which are already moderately rich.</p> - -<p>The most common difficulty in growing crimson -clover is the killing of the young stands by drought. -This is best prevented by the preparation of a fine, -moist, and firmly compacted seed bed.</p> - -<p>August and September are the best months for -sowing crimson clover, the exact date depending -upon the condition of the soil. Either hulled or unhulled -seed may be used, the latter giving somewhat -greater certainty of a stand.</p> - -<p>Crimson clover is often sown with a nurse crop of -buckwheat or cowpeas, to protect it from the sun. -A light covering of straw is also effective.</p> - -<p>Combinations of crimson clover with oats, hairy -vetch, or other fall-sown forage crops give somewhat -higher yields and a surer stand than crimson clover -alone.</p> - -<p>No insects trouble crimson clover seriously, and -the only severe disease is the stem-rot, or wilt.</p> -</div> - -<div class="bbox smaller tdc" style="width: 20em; margin: 12px auto; padding: 12px;"> -Contribution from the Bureau of Plant Industry<br /> -WM. A. TAYLOR, Chief<br /> -Washington, D. C. August, 1920<br /> -</div> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[ 3 ]</a></span></p> - - - -<h1>GROWING CRIMSON CLOVER.<a name="FNanchor_1" id="FNanchor_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></h1> - - -<p class="caption3nb pmb2"><span class="smcap">L. W. Kephart</span>,<br /> -<span class="smaller"><i>Scientific Assistant, Office of Forage-Crop Investigations.</i></span></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> This bulletin is a revision of Farmers' Bulletin 550, entitled "Crimson Clover: -Growing the Crop," by J. M. Westgate, formerly Agronomist in Charge of Clover -Investigations, Office of Forage-Crop Investigations. The illustrations and some of the -subject matter of the old bulletin are retained in the present issue.</p></div> - - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS">CONTENTS.</a></h2> - - -<table class="tblcont" summary="ToC"> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td class="smaller tdr">Page.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">History and adaptations</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#HISTORY_AND_ADAPTATIONS">4</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Varieties</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#VARIETIES">5</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Use in the rotation</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#USE_IN_THE_ROTATION">6</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl2">Seeding in intertilled crops</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#SEEDING_IN_INTERTILLED_CROPS">6</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl2">Seeding after an early-maturing crop</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#SEEDING_AFTER">7</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Requirements for obtaining a stand</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#REQUIREMENTS_FOR_OBTAINING_A_STAND">8</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl2">Soils</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#SOILS">9</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl2">Preparation of the seed bed</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#PREPARATION">10</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl2">Fertilizers</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FERTILIZERS">11</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl2">Lime</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#LIME">12</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl2">Inoculation</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#INOCULATION">13</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Seeding</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#SEEDING">13</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl2">Time of seeding</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#TIME_OF_SEEDING">13</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl2">Rate of seeding</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#RATE_OF_SEEDING">14</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl2">Methods of seeding</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#METHODS_OF_SEEDING">14</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl2">Choice of seed</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#CHOICE_OF_SEED">16</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl2">Unhulled seed</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#UNHULLED">16</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl2">Use of a nurse crop</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#NURSE_CROP">17</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl2">Seed mixtures</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#SEED_MIXTURES">18</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Treatment of the stand</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#TREATMENT_OF_THE_STAND">20</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Maladies</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#MALADIES">20</a></td> -</tr> -</table> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<div class="dropcap">C</div> - -<p class="p0"><span class="hidden">C</span>rimson clover is an annual or winter annual true clover, -resembling common red clover in size and general appearance, -the most noticeable difference being the flower heads, which are long, -narrow, and pointed instead of short, spherical, and compact (<a href="#fig1">fig. 1</a>). -The individual flowers of this clover are commonly of a rich scarlet -color, and as the heads are borne mostly on the ends of the stems, -a field of crimson clover in full bloom presents a strikingly brilliant -appearance. Because of the color of the flowers, crimson clover is -often termed "scarlet clover," although it is also known, less commonly, -as "French clover," "Italian clover," "German clover," "incarnate -clover," and "annual clover." It is the only annual true -clover that is of more than incidental agricultural importance in -the eastern United States.</p> - -<p>Probably the most important characteristic of crimson clover is -its ability to grow and make its crop during the fall and early spring, -when the land is not occupied by the ordinary summer-grown crops. -In sections where it succeeds, it can be sown following a grain crop -or in an intertilled crop in late summer and is ready to harvest for -hay, to pasture, or to turn under as green manure in time to plow -the land for spring-seeded crops, such as corn or cotton. South of -central Delaware it may even be cut for seed and the stubble plowed -under in time for seeding a quick-maturing strain of corn. Because -it can be grown during the offseason of the year, crimson clover -is one of the most economical legumes for green manuring, and it has -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[ 4 ]</a></span> -been largely used for that purpose in the regions to which it is -adapted. The many uses to which this crop may be put merit a careful -study of the best methods of establishing a stand of this clover on -the farm.</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 461px;"><a id="fig1"></a> -<img src="images/fig1.png" width="461" height="609" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 1.</span>—A single plant of crimson clover.</div> -</div> - - - -<h2><a id="HISTORY_AND_ADAPTATIONS"></a>HISTORY AND ADAPTATIONS.</h2> - -<p>Crimson clover is a native of Europe, where it is cultivated as a -forage and green-manuring crop in Italy, France, Spain, Germany, -Austria, and Great Britain. Large quantities of crimson-clover seed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[ 5 ]</a></span> -are exported from Europe to the United States, especially from the -districts of central France, where crimson clover is the premier leguminous -forage plant.</p> - -<p>Crimson clover was introduced into this country as early as 1818, -and the seed was widely distributed by the United States Patent -Office in 1855. The plant was at first regarded more for its ornamental -value than as a forage plant, however, and it was not until -about 1880 that its value for agricultural purposes began to be -appreciated.</p> - -<div class="fig_right" style="width: 310px;"><a id="fig2"></a> -<img src="images/fig2.png" width="310" height="293" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 2.</span>—Map of a part of the United States, showing the -region where crimson clover is most widely grown.</div> -</div> - -<p>At present crimson clover is grown most widely in the lighter sandy -areas of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, where the soil is not very rich -and the winters are not severe. (<a href="#fig2">Fig. 2.</a>) The plant does not withstand -either extreme -cold or extreme heat, -and its culture is -therefore limited to -regions which enjoy -at some time during -the year a long period -of relatively -mild, moist weather. -Ordinarily, this -clover does not survive -the winter in -latitudes north of -southern Pennsylvania, -while in some -of the Southern -States it is frequently -killed by dry, hot -weather in the fall -or spring. It succeeds well in the humid regions near the Gulf of -Mexico and in the Pacific Northwest, but in these areas it is not -widely grown.</p> - -<p>Normally, crimson clover is a winter annual comparable to winter -wheat; that is, it is planted in the fall, lies more or less dormant -over winter, grows rapidly in the spring, and dies, after going to seed, -early in the summer. Where the summers are not too hot it can be -planted in the spring and grown as a summer crop, but for this purpose -other clovers are usually preferred.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><a name="VARIETIES" id="VARIETIES">VARIETIES.</a></h2> - - -<p>Crimson clover is exceedingly variable both in color of flower and -in time of maturity. These variations are particularly noticeable in -fields planted from a mixed lot of seed, the flowers presenting a -range in color from nearly pure white to a deep purplish red and the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[ 6 ]</a></span> -seeds a difference in date of ripening of more than a month. Since -crimson clover is thought to be mainly self-pollinated, it is easy to -fix these qualities by selection and to establish definite varieties.</p> - -<p>In Europe six or seven different varieties of crimson clover are -recognized and sold by seedsmen, varying from extra early crimson -flowered to, extra late white flowered and from very hardy to non-hardy. -By the use of a succession of these varieties the European -farmer is able to spread his harvest over six or seven weeks instead of -having it concentrated within a few days, as in America. Similarly, -the culture of the plant has been extended northward from Italy to -Sweden by means of hardy strains. A wild form of crimson clover -having yellowish flowers and hairy foliage occurs in southern and -eastern Europe and in England, but it is not of economic value.</p> - -<p>In America no sharply defined varieties of crimson clover are recognized, -except a white-blooming variety which is sold in the South -and is two weeks later than the ordinary crimson-flowered sort. -Hardy strains have been developed and used in a small way in -Massachusetts and Ohio, but these are not commercially available.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><a name="USE_IN_THE_ROTATION" id="USE_IN_THE_ROTATION">USE IN THE ROTATION.</a></h2> - - -<h3><a id="SEEDING_IN_INTERTILLED_CROPS"></a>SEEDING IN INTERTILLED CROPS.</h3> - -<p>In former years a large percentage of the crimson-clover acreage -was seeded in corn or other intertilled crops at or shortly after the -time of the last cultivation. In most of the crimson-clover area it -is possible to make such a seeding, obtain a good growth during the -fall and early spring, and mow or plow under the clover in time, for -breaking up the land for another crop of corn. This has been the -standard method of growing this clover, and it is still the leading -practice in many of the older sections. Corn in the summer with -crimson clover in the winter is a cheap and convenient method of -growing a cash crop and a restorative crop the same year, and the -reputation of crimson clover as a crop increaser is largely based on -this simple rotation. Instances are by no means rare where the yield -of corn has been gradually increased from 10 bushels per acre to as -high as 70 bushels by this means.</p> - -<p>The difficulty with this method is the possibility of the stand of -young clover failing through drought. The growing corn makes a -heavy demand on the soil moisture, and if there is not enough moisture -for both clover and corn the latter gets the larger share and the -tender clover plants are likely to succumb. Because of the risk -involved, farmers in the upland sections are seeking other and more -reliable methods of seeding, and the sowing of crimson clover in -corn is gradually decreasing.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[ 7 ]</a></span></p> - -<p>Where the danger from fall drought is not serious, crimson clover -may be sown in corn at the time of the last cultivation or when the -corn leaves have just begun to wither. South of central Virginia -there is likely to be much hot weather after the corn is laid by, in -which case it is best to delay the seeding of the clover until after -the first rain. The appearance of a field of crimson clover seeded in -corn the previous summer is shown in <a href="#fig3">figure 3</a>.</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 462px;"><a id="fig3"></a> -<img src="images/fig3.png" width="462" height="280" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 3.</span>—Crimson clover in an old cornfield. The clover was seeded in the corn at the -last cultivation. A fodder stack is to be observed in the middle foreground. The -cornstalks have been removed to avoid difficulty in mowing the clover.</div> -</div> - -<p>South of southern Virginia crimson clover can be seeded in cotton, -provided the field is free from crab-grass and other weeds and the -soil is not too dry. In the extreme north of the cotton belt the seed -may be sown at the last working of the cotton; farther south this -occurs too early and it is necessary to wait for a rain, which often -comes at about the time of the first picking.</p> - -<p>Crimson clover may be seeded in practically any of the cultivated -truck crops which receive their last cultivation from 8 to 12 weeks -before the first frost. It is not practicable to seed the clover in late -potatoes, sweet potatoes, or other root crops, as the digging in the -fall practically destroys the clover.</p> - -<p>Ordinarily, crimson clover does not succeed when sown in cowpeas, -sorghum, or watermelons, owing to the heavy shade cast by -these crops. It can, however, be seeded in tobacco, tomatoes, cultivated -soy beans, and cantaloupes.</p> - - -<h3><a id="SEEDING_AFTER"></a>SEEDING AFTER AN EARLY-MATURING CROP.</h3> - -<p>Seeding crimson clover in an intertilled crop is successful mostly -on sandy soils, which can easily be prepared for seeding even in mid-summer. -On clay soils and in weedy fields this method of seeding -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[ 8 ]</a></span> -is likely to be unsatisfactory. Such soils are usually hard and dry -in August and can with difficulty be brought into condition for a -seed bed, with the result that a large percentage of such seedings -fail. A better plan on clay soils, and on sandy soils in many cases, -is to seed the crimson clover on specially prepared ground from -which all other crops have been removed. Such ground can be -made as fine and firm as desired. Furthermore, the clover after -planting does not have to compete with another crop for the soil -moisture. This method is somewhat more troublesome than planting -in intertilled crops, but the greater certainty of getting a stand -more than offsets the greater cost. Planting crimson clover on -specially prepared ground has extended the culture of the plant -to regions where it was not hitherto grown and is increasing the -reliability of the crop in sections where it has been long established.</p> - -<p>In the ordinary rotation, crimson clover follows a crop of small -grain. However, it may follow any crop that is removed 8 to 10 -weeks before frost, or it may be seeded on fallow ground. Ground -from which early potatoes have been removed is especially favorable -for the establishment of a stand of this clover. The residual -effect of the fertilizers used on potatoes is partially responsible for -this, while the well-settled seed bed, which requires only leveling -and harrowing, also presents favorable conditions for the crimson-clover -seedlings.</p> - -<p>In many parts of the South crimson clover can be seeded in corn -stubble if an early variety of corn has been used. Although there -is some risk that the clover may not make enough growth before -winter if seeding is delayed until the corn is harvested, the danger -of losing the stand is not as great as if the clover were seeded -earlier, while the corn was standing.</p> - -<p>Crimson clover is sometimes seeded after a grass or clover crop -if the rainfall in July is sufficient to cause the sod to decay. In -the far South it can be planted after peanuts, while in all sections -it can be sown as a catch crop on land where cotton or other crops -have died early in the season.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><a name="REQUIREMENTS_FOR_OBTAINING_A_STAND" id="REQUIREMENTS_FOR_OBTAINING_A_STAND">REQUIREMENTS FOR OBTAINING A STAND.</a></h2> - - -<p>Probably the difficulty most commonly experienced in growing -crimson clover is failure to obtain a satisfactory stand. Sometimes -the seed does not germinate well; more commonly good germination -is secured, but the seedlings wither and die before they can become -established. Frequently not more than 50 per cent of the plants -survive the first three weeks, while a complete failure of the crop is -a common risk even in the sections where crimson clover is most -widely grown.</p> - -<p>The most common cause of failure to obtain a stand is hot, dry -weather after planting. The seedlings of crimson clover are tender, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[ 9 ]</a></span> -succulent, and shallow rooted and are easily killed by lack of moisture. -Unfortunately, in most of the crimson-clover area the weather -during late August and early September is very likely to be hot and -droughty, making the planting of the clover at that time rather -hazardous. Some farmers attempt to avoid this difficulty by planting -either in early summer or in October, after the fall rains; there -is danger, however, -that the plants will -make too much or -too little growth to -survive the winter. -In the long run it is -probably better to -plant at the regular -time and depend -upon thorough preparation -of the seed -bed to offset any -deficiency in the -rainfall.</p> - - -<h3><a id="SOILS"></a>SOILS.</h3> - -<p>Crimson clover -can be grown successfully -on almost any -type of soil if it is -reasonably rich, well -drained, and supplied -with organic -matter and the -proper inoculating -bacteria. Probably -two-thirds of the -crimson-clover acreage -is found on the -sandy soils of the -Atlantic Coastal -Plain, but the crop -is not necessarily restricted -to sandy -soils and is in fact -increasing in importance on the red-clay soils of the Piedmont region -and in the limestone valleys of Virginia and Tennessee.</p> - -<div class="fig_right" style="width: 315px;"><a id="fig4"></a> -<img src="images/fig4.png" width="315" height="557" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 4.</span>—a crimson-clover failure on ground too poor in -humus.</div> -</div> - -<p>Crimson clover has been an important factor in increasing yields -on soils that have been abused, but it is not a crop for land which is -naturally very poor. It does not do well on rough, newly cleared -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[ 10 ]</a></span> -areas, raw subsoil, Hard, dry clay, or sterile sand. (<a href="#fig4">Fig. 4.</a>) For -such soils soy beans, cowpeas, and velvet beans are better suited and -should be used for the first three or four years until crimson clover -can be successfully grown. Crimson clover can be made to grow -on poor soils, provided they are specially prepared by liming, manuring, -and inoculating. In general, however, crimson clover is a crop -for maintaining soils which are already fairly productive rather -than one for inducing productivity in soils where it is quite lacking. -If there is any doubt whether the soil is suitable for crimson clover, -a small plat should be prepared under field conditions and planted -one year for trial.</p> - - -<h3><a id="PREPARATION"></a>PREPARATION OF THE SEED BED.</h3> - -<p>To secure a full, even stand of crimson clover with any degree of -regularity the seed bed should be well and thoroughly prepared. -The soil should be firm, moist, well settled, and fine on top. Only -indifferent success can possibly be expected if the seed is scattered on -land which is loose, dry, -and full of hard lumps -and trash. A loose seed -bed dries out quickly, -heaves during the winter, -and on some soils blows -and washes badly.</p> - -<div class="fig_left" style="width: 286px;"><a id="fig5"></a> -<img src="images/fig5.png" width="286" height="151" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 5.</span>—A corrugated roller or pulverizer, an excellent -implement for preparing the seed bed for -crimson clover.</div> -</div> - -<p>On the other hand, the -seed bed should not be -too hard, for although -this clover often grows -successfully on soil which -would be too solid for corn, there must be at| least enough loose soil on -the surface to cover the seed. Thorough preparation is the very best -insurance against failure of the stand through drought or winterkilling, -and the most successful growers sow crimson clover on land -as well prepared as that for wheat.</p> - -<p>To secure a fine, firm seed bed without drying out the surface soil, -the land should be prepared with as few operations as possible. A -single working when the soil is in a moist, crumbly condition is -better than half a dozen workings when the soil is too wet or too -dry. In very sandy soils, or soils which do not form a crust, the -only preparation needed is to keep down the weeds.</p> - -<p>An excellent tool for making the seed bed is the corrugated roller -or pulverizer (<a href="#fig5">fig. 5</a>). This implement is an improvement over the -old plain roller for breaking clods and is unexcelled for keeping the -surface soil moist. It can be used after plowing and again before -planting, and even after planting if the soil needs to be compacted. -Rolling of some kind to firm the soil is especially important on sandy -soils, but it is equally beneficial on clay soils if they are cloddy.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[ 11 ]</a></span></p> - -<p>When clover is seeded in an intertilled crop, such as corn, cotton, -or tomatoes, the customary cultivation received by these crops is -ordinarily sufficient preparation for crimson clover. In sandy soil -the clover is often seeded without any immediate preparation, but a -light stirring with a harrow-toothed cultivator is desirable if the -ground is hard. If the clover is to be used for hay or seed, the preceding -crop should be laid by level rather than in ridges. This will -facilitate cutting the clover.</p> - -<p>Where crimson clover is seeded after a crop of small grain, the -stubble should be plowed or disked as soon as possible after the -grain is cut. Stubble land dries out quickly, partly because the soil -is suddenly left bare and partly because of the drain on the soil -moisture by the crops of ragweed and other coarse-growing weeds -which always follow a grain crop. Unless the soil is cultivated at -once it becomes very difficult to obtain anything like an ideal seed -bed for crimson clover. This difficulty is usually more pronounced -after oats and barley than after rye and wheat. Ordinarily the best -practice is to disk the grain stubble within a week after harvest and -harrow every week, or at least after every rain, in order to settle the -ground, destroy the weeds, and assist in holding the moisture pending -the time of seeding the clover. Plowing the stubble is more expensive -than disking and requires that the ground be allowed to settle -for a month or six weeks in order to secure a firm seed bed. Plowing -is an advantage in a wet season, because plowed ground dries readily; -it is a disadvantage in a dry season for the same reason.</p> - - -<h3><a id="FERTILIZERS"></a>FERTILIZERS.</h3> - -<p>On moderately rich soil the fertilizer applied to the preceding -crop is sufficient to produce a good crop of crimson clover. This is -especially true where the clover follows such crops as potatoes or -tomatoes, which ordinarily are heavily treated with fertilizers. It is -important to realize, however, that crimson clover has a very short -period of growth, and that to make a vigorous growth it must have a -good supply of plant food. On sandy soils where fertilizers have not -recently been applied it is often the practice to apply from 150 to 200 -pounds of acid phosphate, with some potash fertilizer if it can be -afforded. On clay soils 200 or 300 pounds per acre of acid phosphate -ordinarily are sufficient. On many soils a light application of nitrate -of soda will assist materially in giving the young clover plants a -good start and often will enable them to withstand the effects of a -late drought or severe winter which otherwise might have injured -the stand. If the seeding has been delayed, as by waiting for suitable -rains, an application of not more than 75 pounds of nitrate of soda -per acre will stimulate the young plants and enable them to make a -better growth before winter.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[ 12 ]</a></span></p> - -<p>Fertilizer is usually applied at seeding time, but a few farmers have -been found who apply it as a top-dressing very early the following -summer, giving as a reason that there is then no loss from winter -leaching and that by this method the plants are nourished at the -time they are making their most vigorous growth. Such top-dressings -of fertilizer should not be made while the leaves are wet with rain -or dew. Where stable manure is applied to crimson clover very -marked results follow. It may be spread just before seeding when -the clover is not grown in an intertilled crop, or it may be applied as -a top-dressing in winter or very early spring.</p> - -<p>The more vigorous the growth that can be induced by the application -of suitable fertilizers the more marked will be the increase in -the yield of the succeeding crops. On soil in a low state of productivity -the use of a reasonable amount of fertilizer will often enable -a successful crop of clover and succeeding crops to be produced, where -had not the fertilizers been applied the clover would have failed. -Furthermore, the following crop, particularly if it be corn, would -also fail to give the increased yield which follows a successful stand -of crimson clover.</p> - -<p>An application of barnyard manure will be found to be especially -effective in obtaining a stand of crimson clover on any thin, galled -spots in the field. The manure should be worked into the ground -before seeding, and, if possible, a second application as a top-dressing -should be given a day or two after planting. The top-dressing -stimulates the seedlings and if strawy helps to protect them from the -August sun.</p> - - -<h3><a id="LIME"></a>LIME.</h3> - -<p>Crimson clover is not as dependent on lime as red clover and -alfalfa, being more like alsike clover in this respect. It does not -thrive on soils which are very "sour," but on well-drained soils in -a productive condition crimson clover frequently makes a vigorous -growth, even though the soil may show a high lime requirement. -The stands are usually more uniformly good over the limed parts -of such fields than on the unlimed parts, although it is sometimes -questionable whether the benefit derived from liming is profitable. -Liming is more often desirable on clay soils than on sandy soils, -and usually gives better results when used in conjunction with fertilizers -than when used alone. On light sandy soils deficient in humus -burnt lime may be actually injurious. In considering the advisability -of applying lime one must not lose sight of the need of lime on the -part of such other crops as corn, cantaloupes, or peaches, which -are either grown with or follow the clover. Inasmuch as the effect -of liming varies greatly in different localities, it is suggested that -small plats be treated experimentally at different rates before any -considerable areas are limed.</p> -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[ 13 ]</a></span></p> - - -<h3><a id="INOCULATION"></a>INOCULATION.</h3> - -<p>A large part of the value of all clovers lies in their ability to -utilize the nitrogen of the air and add it to the soil. When -grown on rich land, the clovers, like many other plants, use the -nitrogen already present in the soil and are not stimulated to contribute -any to their own support or to the support of other crops. -To enable the clover to use the nitrogen in the air the presence of -the proper nodule-forming bacteria in the soil is necessary.</p> - -<p>Fortunately, most of the soils in the crimson-clover sections appear -to be already inoculated, and artificial inoculation is not often -necessary, except on soils new to the crop. Crimson clover is inoculated -by the same strain of bacteria which occurs on the roots of -the other true clovers; consequently, a field which has produced a -good stand of red, mammoth, alsike, white, hop, Carolina, rabbit's-foot, -or buffalo clover is usually inoculated sufficiently for crimson -clover. Sweet clover, Japan clover, and bur clover are not true -clovers and are inoculated by a different strain of bacteria.</p> - -<p>The importance of inoculation is well shown by an experiment -conducted by the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station. In -this experiment yields of 4,057 and 6,100 pounds of crimson-clover -hay were secured on inoculated soils, while on corresponding areas -which were not inoculated the yields were 761 pounds on one area -and nothing on the other.</p> - -<p>The soil can be inoculated artificially by means of pure cultures -of the bacteria or by the transfer of a small quantity of soil from -another clover field.<a name="FNanchor_2" id="FNanchor_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> The latter method is the more certain, but is -open to the danger of introducing noxious weeds, insects, and plant -diseases, especially if the soil is brought from a distance. The -presence of stem-rot in many sections makes the use of soil especially -dangerous. This disease can, be carried with the soil from field to -field.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_2" id="Footnote_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Sufficient pure culture for inoculating seed for 1 acre can be secured free from the -United States Department of Agriculture. Full directions for using the culture accompany -each bottle. Directions for inoculating by the soil-transfer method can also be -obtained from this Department.</p></div> - - - - -<h2><a name="SEEDING" id="SEEDING">SEEDING.</a></h2> - - -<h3><a id="TIME_OF_SEEDING"></a>TIME OF SEEDING.</h3> - -<p>Crimson clover is usually sown between August 15 and October 1, -the general rule being to plant about 60 days before the first killing -frost is expected. South of Virginia crimson clover can be seeded as -late as November 1, although if planted late more seed should be -used and a light dressing of nitrate of soda applied, in order to -stimulate the young plants. Seeding earlier than August 1 is seldom -advisable unless the crop is sown with some other crop the shade of -which will hold it back.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[ 14 ]</a></span></p> - -<p>The exact date of planting depends almost entirely upon the moisture -content of the soil. The principal condition to avoid is planting -when the soil contains just enough moisture to germinate the seeds, -but not enough to keep the plants growing. Usually it is better to -plant when the soil is quite dry than when it is slightly moist, for in -dry soil the seeds, if properly buried, lie without germinating and -are ready to grow vigorously at the first rainfall. The most favorable -time for seeding is just before or just after a good rain, when the -soil is moist enough to form a ball in the hand.</p> - - -<h3><a id="RATE_OF_SEEDING"></a>RATE OF SEEDING.</h3> - -<p>The ordinary rate of seeding crimson clover is 15 pounds per acre, -although the rate varies according to conditions. From 12 to 15 -pounds per acre are usually sufficient when growing the crop for seed -or when the soil is unusually rich. On poor soil, dry soil, or on soil -which has not previously produced crimson clover 18 to 22 pounds -of seed give better assurance of a stand. Heavy seeding is also desirable -when planting late in the season or when a heavy crop is -wanted for green manure early in the spring.</p> - -<p>Theoretically, 2 pounds of seed per acre would provide six plants -for every square foot, which is a satisfactory stand. Under ordinary -circumstances, however, it is necessary to allow for some of the seed -being too deep, or too shallow, or failing to germinate, and for a -certain percentage of winterkilling. It is also well to have a fairly -thick stand of the young plants, so that the ground may be well -covered during the early fall and thus prevent soil washing and the -growth of winter weeds.</p> - - -<h3><a id="METHODS_OF_SEEDING"></a>METHODS OF SEEDING.</h3> - -<p>The most common method of seeding crimson clover in intertilled -crops is to scatter the seed broadcast with a rotary seeder or by hand. -(<a href="#fig6">Fig. 6.</a>) In order to place the seed on a fresh, moist seed bed it is -commonly broadcasted immediately behind the cultivator at the last -cultivation and is covered 'at once by a second cultivator. In tall -corn the seed may be sown from horseback, the ears of the horse being -covered with small bags to prevent the entrance of the flying seed. -Slightly more seed is required when seeding in tall corn, as some seed -catches in the corn plants. When seeding in cotton care must be taken -to avoid injury to the opening bolls, which are easily knocked off or -torn. This is best done by seeding by hand, covering the seed with a -piece of brush dragged down the rows.</p> - -<p>In low-growing truck crops and on fallow ground crimson clover -can be seeded with a wheelbarrow seeder. This implement distributes -the seed more evenly than can be done by hand or with the rotary -seeder, especially when planting a mixture of crops. The wheelbarrow -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[ 15 ]</a></span> -seeder being somewhat awkward to handle is better adapted -to smooth, level fields than to hillsides.</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 465px;"><a id="fig6"></a> -<img src="images/fig6.png" width="465" height="275" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 6.</span>—Seeding crimson clover in corn at the last cultivation.</div> -</div> - -<p>Probably the very best method of seeding crimson clover is with -the special clover or alfalfa drill. Where enough clover is grown -to warrant its use this implement is to be highly recommended. The -seed is sown in 4-inch rows at just the proper depth and with the -right pressure, and the fertilizer is placed exactly under each row, -where it will be immediately available to the seedlings. Drilled -clover requires less seed than broadcasted clover and produces a more -even and certain stand.</p> - -<p>In place of the special clover drill an ordinary grain drill equipped -with a clover-seed attachment can be used with good results. Special -spouts should be arranged to lead from the clover-seed box back of -the shoes or disks, in order to deposit the seed directly in the furrow. -Chain furrow closers are best for covering the seed, as they leave -the furrows broad and flat instead of <b>V</b> shaped and lessen the danger -of the seedlings being covered with soil during a hard rain.</p> - -<p>For use in intertilled crops there are several types of 1-row drills, -the best for this purpose being the 5-hoe drill equipped with press -wheels.</p> - -<p>Crimson-clover seed must be covered, but not too deeply. In most -soils it is not enough to depend on rain to effect a covering. An inch -in sandy soils and half an inch in clay soils appear to be about the -right depth. Shallow planting gives the best results in wet seasons -and deep planting in time of drought. Broadcasted seed should be -covered with a spike-tooth harrow or a weeder rather than a heavy -harrow or a shovel cultivator. A harrow made of fairly stiff brush -is often useful in loose soil.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[ 16 ]</a></span></p> - - -<h3><a id="CHOICE_OF_SEED"></a>CHOICE OF SEED.</h3> - -<p>As a rule, fresh crimson-clover seed is of good viability, and failure -to secure a stand is not often caused by failure of the seed to -grow. Unlike most clovers, crimson-clover seed absorbs water readily -and sprouts quickly. There are practically none of the hard -seeds which are so frequent in red clover and sweet clover, and a -germination of 90 per cent in 48 hour's is not uncommon. The seed -deteriorates rapidly, however, and when more than 2 years old rarely -shows a germination in excess of 50 per cent. Sometimes, when -stocks of commercial seed are low, old seed finds its way to the market, -and this, when planted, gives poor results. Old seed can usually be -detected by the dull-brown appearance of the seed coat as contrasted -with the bright, shiny, pinkish or greenish yellow color of fresh seed. -Brown seed, however, is sometimes caused by weathering during harvest, -and such seed is not objectionable unless the weathering has -been excessive.</p> - -<p>A common impurity in crimson-clover seed is green, shrunken, and -immature seed, caused by harvesting the crop before it is ripe. Crimson-clover -seed does not germinate readily until it takes on a yellowish -tinge; therefore, green seed should be rejected.</p> - -<p>Crimson-clover seed is larger and plumper than red-clover seed -and if properly cleaned should not contain seeds of dodder or the -smaller seeded weeds. Frequently, however, it does contain the seeds -of field peppergrass, yellow trefoil, evening primrose, sheep sorrel, -wild geranium, buttercups, mustards, and other weeds which blossom -in early summer.</p> - - -<h3><a id="UNHULLED"></a>UNHULLED SEED.</h3> - -<p>There is a growing belief among farmers that they are less likely -to lose a stand of crimson clover through drought if they sow the seed -in the hull rather than use the hulled seed as it ordinarily appears on -the market. It is claimed that the hulls hold the moisture to some -extent and carry the seedlings over the critical day or two following -germination, while some farmers assert that the unhulled seeds require -more moisture for germination, and the seeds therefore do not sprout -until there is enough moisture in the soil to keep the plants growing. -Unhulled seed is bulky and is not often handled by commercial seedsmen, -although one large grower sells the unhulled seed in compressed, -bales similar to small cotton bales. It usually can be secured from -neighboring farmers, however, or is easily saved at home. The seed -can be harvested with a stripper from the standing crop in the field -or the mature crop can be cut and thrashed like an ordinary grain -crop. For local planting on a small scale unhulled seed is the -cheapest and most accessible form of crimson-clover seed.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[ 17 ]</a></span></p> - -<p>Unhulled seed is somewhat difficult to sow, because the hairy hulls -stick together in masses and can not be scattered uniformly. To -avoid this trouble the seed may be mixed with moistened earth or -with lime, or may be sown with a blower similar to those used on -small forges. A better plan is to sow on a windy day, throwing the -seed vertically into the air and allowing the wind to scatter it.</p> - -<p>Of unhulled seed of the best quality, 100 pounds contains about 1 -bushel (60 pounds) of clean seed. The common grades, however, are -usually more chaffy and require 120 to 180 pounds to make a bushel. -From 2 to 3 pounds of unhulled seed are therefore regarded as equivalent -to 1 pound of hulled seed. A bushel of unhulled seed, even when -well packed down, weighs only 6 to 10 pounds and contains about 4 -pounds of seed. The appearance of both hulled and unhulled crimson-clover -seed is shown in <a href="#fig7">figure 7</a>.</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 461px;"><a id="fig7"></a> -<img src="images/fig7.png" width="461" height="329" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 7.</span>—Hulled seed of crimson clover of a common commercial grade and unhulled -seed gathered with a homemade stripper. (Natural size.)</div> -</div> - - -<h3><a id="NURSE_CROP"></a>USE OF A NURSE CROP.</h3> - -<p>In order to protect the crimson-clover seedlings from the hot sun -of late August it is a common practice in some sections to plant with -the clover a small quantity of some quick-growing crop like buckwheat, -cowpeas, rape, or turnips. A thin stand of these heavier -leaved plants furnishes an ideal shade for the young clover, and on -soils which are inclined to bake it prevents the formation of a crust. -The nurse crop must be seeded lightly, usually not more than half -the regular rate, as the ordinary stand shades the ground so -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[ 18 ]</a></span> -completely as to destroy the crimson clover. On hot clay soil in the Piedmont -region the chances of obtaining a stand of clover are about -twice as good with a nurse crop as without one.</p> - -<p>Buckwheat is the principal nurse crop northward from Washington, -D. C. A common rate of seeding is 2 to 3 pecks of buckwheat in -15 pounds of crimson clover. If the planting can be made in July -the buckwheat usually has time to ripen before frost and thus pay -the cost of starting both stands.</p> - -<p>In the cotton belt cowpeas have been used successfully, especially -when seeding on fallow ground. They are seeded broadcast at the -rate of one-half bushel per acre. There is ordinarily not enough time -for the cowpeas to mature, but they add to the value of the stand for -fall pasturage and protect the clover from severe weather in the winter. -Both cowpeas and buckwheat have the merit of being able to -grow on poor soil.</p> - -<p>Dwarf Essex rape has been used as a nurse crop in a few cases -where the clover was to be pastured by hogs or sheep in the fall. -From 2 to 3 pounds of rape, sown in August, furnishes sufficient -cover for a nurse crop. Cowhorn turnips, winter kale, and mustard -are also satisfactory nurse crops if planted at a rate not exceeding -1 pound of seed per acre. If the clover is to be saved for seed these -latter crops are objectionable, as a few plants will live over winter -and ripen at the same time as the clover.</p> - -<p>Where a nurse crop can not be grown conveniently, the crimson-clover -seedlings can be protected from the sun by a light top-dressing -of straw, spread just after the seed is sown.</p> - - -<h3><a id="SEED_MIXTURES"></a>SEED MIXTURES.</h3> - -<p>Crimson clover is frequently grown in combination with winter -grain, hairy vetch, or other forage crops having a similar period of -growth. The mixed crop is less liable to lodge than the single crop, -cures more readily in damp weather, and usually furnishes a heavier -yield. Another advantage of the mixed crop is that if either should -fail the other will serve as a cover crop during the winter and bring -some return the following spring. Mixed crops are not desirable -if the clover is to be saved for seed.</p> - -<p>South of central Virginia crimson clover is usually grown in combination -with winter oats. An early variety of oats, such as the -Fulghum, or a late variety of clover, such as the white blooming, is -usually the best, as the oat crop matures somewhat later than the ordinary -crimson clover. The customary rate of seeding is 15 pounds -of the clover and 2½ bushels of oats per acre. In Delaware and -eastern Maryland the most popular companion crop for crimson -clover is winter wheat, although barley makes a desirable hay crop -and is sometimes used. Eye is not desirable for hay, but it is -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[ 19 ]</a></span> -probably the best of the grains for green manure, as it is hardy, vigorous, -and starts growth early in the spring. Rye and wheat are seeded at -the rate of 1 bushel per acre with the customary quantity of crimson -clover. The accompanying illustration (<a href="#fig8">fig. 8</a>) shows a field seeded -to a mixture of crimson clover and wheat. Usually the grain is -well headed, but in the milk or soft-dough stage, when the clover is -ready to cut, the yield of the mixed crimson clover and grain -is often 25 to 50 per -cent greater than -that of the clover -alone.</p> - -<div class="fig_right" style="width: 315px;"><a id="fig8"></a> -<img src="images/fig8.png" width="315" height="420" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 8.</span>—Crimson clover and wheat in mixture. In the -foreground the crop has been cut and fed green to stock. -The remainder was cut the next day for hay. The grain -prevents the crimson clover from lodging.</div> -</div> - -<p>Hairy vetch and -crimson clover are -sometimes grown together, -seeding at the -rate of 20 pounds -and 10 pounds per -acre, respectively. -As both these plants -are likely to lodge in -good soil, however, -one of the grains is -usually included, a -common seeding -mixture being oats 2 -bushels, hairy vetch -12 to 15 pounds, and -crimson clover 5 -pounds. Bur clover, -black medic, and -other winter-growing -legumes are -sometimes found in -mixtures with crimson -clover, although such mixtures generally occur by accident rather -than intent. Black medic and crimson clover make' a particularly -good combination on rich soil.</p> - -<p>In most of the crimson-clover area the cultivated grasses, such as -timothy, redtop, and orchard grass, are not commonly grown. However, -where these grasses flourish they may well be seeded at the -same time as the crimson clover, provided the latter is planted not -earlier than September 15. In some sections Johnson grass and -Bermuda grass make useful combinations with crimson clover, the -grasses making most of their growth in the summer and the clover -in the fall and spring.</p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[ 20 ]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="TREATMENT_OF_THE_STAND" id="TREATMENT_OF_THE_STAND">TREATMENT OF THE STAND.</a></h2> - - -<p>Ordinarily no special treatment is required after seeding and the -clover goes into the winter without any further handling. If the -growth is so rank that there is danger of the plants being too succulent -to survive the winter, the tops can be reduced by light grazing -with small animals, such as calves, sheep, or chickens, or by mowing -with the cutter bar of the mowing machine set high. If the stand is -backward, it may be stimulated by a light application of nitrate of -soda. It is said that a thin stand can be thickened by grazing lightly -with sheep, as the grazing induces heavier stooling. The aim should -be to carry the clover into the winter with well-hardened leafy stems -and with a well-established root system to withstand heaving out in -the spring.</p> - -<p>In fields which are to be saved for seed a wise precaution is to go -over them early in the spring and chop out the weeds. If wild onion -and other weeds are chopped off in April, they do not make enough -growth by May to contaminate the seed crop.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><a name="MALADIES" id="MALADIES">MALADIES.</a></h2> - - -<p>The only disease seriously affecting crimson clover is the clover -stem-rot, root-rot, or wilt, a disease resembling the stem-rot, or wilt, -of lettuce and other plants. This disease is prevalent in nearly all -the crimson-clover States and sometimes does considerable damage. -The stem-rot affects the clover at all seasons, but is more noticeable -in the spring, when it sometimes causes large spots of clover suddenly -to wilt and fall. Occasionally an entire field is affected, but -the disease is most prevalent in low, rich spots. Examination of the -plants discloses a rotting off or decay of the stems close to the ground, -followed immediately by the appearance on the stems of small black -lumps, or sclerotia, about the size of clover seed. These sclerotia are -a means of spreading the disease and are often harvested in the hay -or in the seed crop. The only known remedy for the stem-rot is to -cease growing clover or alfalfa on an infested field for three or four -years, substituting cowpeas or soy beans. Seed from fields known to -be infested should, of course, be avoided.</p> - -<p>No insects are known to affect crimson clover seriously, nor are -weeds of great importance in clover planted on clean fields. When -planted in cultivated crops or in poorly prepared ground crimson -clover is often seriously damaged by a rank growth of chickweed, -knawel (moss weed), winter cress, and other winter-growing annuals.</p> - - -<p class="tdr">WASHINGTON : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1920</p> - - -<hr class="full" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[ 21 ]</a></span></p> - -<div class="transnotes"> - -<p>Transcriber Note</p> - -<p>Minor typos have been corrected. Illustrations were moved to prevent -splitting paragraphs. Produced from files generously made available -by USDA through The Internet Archive. All resultant materials are placed -in the Public Domain.</p> - -</div> - - - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of USDA Farmers' Bulletin No. 1142: -Growing Crimson Clover, by Leonard Wheeler Kephart - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK USDA FARMERS' BULLETIN NO. 1142 *** - -***** This file should be named 63166-h.htm or 63166-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/3/1/6/63166/ - -Produced by Tom Cosmas from files generously made available -by USDA through The Internet Archive. 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