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diff --git a/old/63166-8.txt b/old/63166-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 20c1b26..0000000 --- a/old/63166-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1260 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of USDA Farmers' Bulletin No. 1142: Growing -Crimson Clover, by Leonard Wheeler Kephart - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: USDA Farmers' Bulletin No. 1142: Growing Crimson Clover - -Author: Leonard Wheeler Kephart - -Release Date: September 10, 2020 [EBook #63166] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK USDA FARMERS' BULLETIN NO. 1142 *** - - - - -Produced by Tom Cosmas from files generously made available -by USDA through The Internet Archive. All resultant -materials are placed in the Public Domain. - - - - - - - - - - -Transcriber Note - -Text emphasis denoted as _Italics_ and =Bold=. - - - - - FARMERS' BULLETIN 1142 - - UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE - - - GROWING - - CRIMSON - - CLOVER - - -Crimson Clover is a handsome fall-planted annual, widely cultivated in -the Middle Atlantic and Southeastern States for forage, a cover crop, and -green manure. - -Crimson clover is commonly sown in corn at the last cultivation. If the -soil is heavy, a better practice is to sow after a crop of small grain or -on other land which can be specially prepared. - -Crimson clover will grow on poorer soil than most clovers and is not -particularly dependent upon lime. For this reason it has been widely used -for restoring the productivity of soils which have been abused. A more -important function is to maintain crop yields on soils which are already -moderately rich. - -The most common difficulty in growing crimson clover is the killing of the -young stands by drought. This is best prevented by the preparation of a -fine, moist, and firmly compacted seed bed. - -August and September are the best months for sowing crimson clover, the -exact date depending upon the condition of the soil. Either hulled or -unhulled seed may be used, the latter giving somewhat greater certainty of -a stand. - -Crimson clover is often sown with a nurse crop of buckwheat or cowpeas, to -protect it from the sun. A light covering of straw is also effective. - -Combinations of crimson clover with oats, hairy vetch, or other fall-sown -forage crops give somewhat higher yields and a surer stand than crimson -clover alone. - -No insects trouble crimson clover seriously, and the only severe disease -is the stem-rot, or wilt. - - Contribution from the Bureau of Plant Industry - WM. A. TAYLOR, Chief - Washington, D. C. August, 1920 - - - - - =GROWING CRIMSON CLOVER.=[1] - - - L. W. Kephart, _Scientific Assistant, - Office of Forage-Crop Investigations._ - -[1] This bulletin is a revision of Farmers' Bulletin 550, entitled -"Crimson Clover: Growing the Crop," by J. M. Westgate, formerly Agronomist -in Charge of Clover Investigations, Office of Forage-Crop Investigations. -The illustrations and some of the subject matter of the old bulletin are -retained in the present issue. - - - - -=CONTENTS.= - - Page. - - History and adaptations 4 - Varieties 5 - Use in the rotation 6 - Seeding in intertilled crops 6 - Seeding after an early-maturing crop 7 - Requirements for obtaining a stand 8 - Soils 9 - Preparation of the seed bed 10 - Fertilizers 11 - Lime 12 - Inoculation 13 - Seeding 13 - Time of seeding 13 - Rate of seeding 14 - Methods of seeding 14 - Choice of seed 16 - Unhulled seed 16 - Use of a nurse crop 17 - Seed mixtures 18 - Treatment of the stand 20 - Maladies 20 - - -[dropcap: CRIMSON] CLOVER is an annual or winter annual true clover, -resembling common red clover in size and general appearance, the most -noticeable difference being the flower heads, which are long, narrow, and -pointed instead of short, spherical, and compact (fig. 1). The individual -flowers of this clover are commonly of a rich scarlet color, and as the -heads are borne mostly on the ends of the stems, a field of crimson clover -in full bloom presents a strikingly brilliant appearance. Because of the -color of the flowers, crimson clover is often termed "scarlet clover," -although it is also known, less commonly, as "French clover," "Italian -clover," "German clover," "incarnate clover," and "annual clover." It is -the only annual true clover that is of more than incidental agricultural -importance in the eastern United States. - -Probably the most important characteristic of crimson clover is its -ability to grow and make its crop during the fall and early spring, -when the land is not occupied by the ordinary summer-grown crops. In -sections where it succeeds, it can be sown following a grain crop or in -an intertilled crop in late summer and is ready to harvest for hay, to -pasture, or to turn under as green manure in time to plow the land for -spring-seeded crops, such as corn or cotton. South of central Delaware -it may even be cut for seed and the stubble plowed under in time for -seeding a quick-maturing strain of corn. Because it can be grown during -the offseason of the year, crimson clover is one of the most economical -legumes for green manuring, and it has been largely used for that purpose -in the regions to which it is adapted. The many uses to which this crop -may be put merit a careful study of the best methods of establishing a -stand of this clover on the farm. - -[Illustration: Fig. 1.--A single plant of crimson clover.] - - - - -=HISTORY AND ADAPTATIONS.= - - -Crimson clover is a native of Europe, where it is cultivated as a forage -and green-manuring crop in Italy, France, Spain, Germany, Austria, and -Great Britain. Large quantities of crimson-clover seed are exported from -Europe to the United States, especially from the districts of central -France, where crimson clover is the premier leguminous forage plant. - -Crimson clover was introduced into this country as early as 1818, and the -seed was widely distributed by the United States Patent Office in 1855. -The plant was at first regarded more for its ornamental value than as a -forage plant, however, and it was not until about 1880 that its value for -agricultural purposes began to be appreciated. - -[Illustration: Fig. 2.--Map of a part of the United States, showing the -region where crimson clover is most widely grown.] - -At present crimson clover is grown most widely in the lighter sandy -areas of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, where the soil is not very rich -and the winters are not severe. (Fig. 2.) The plant does not withstand -either extreme cold or extreme heat, and its culture is therefore limited -to regions which enjoy at some time during the year a long period of -relatively mild, moist weather. Ordinarily, this clover does not survive -the winter in latitudes north of southern Pennsylvania, while in some of -the Southern States it is frequently killed by dry, hot weather in the -fall or spring. It succeeds well in the humid regions near the Gulf of -Mexico and in the Pacific Northwest, but in these areas it is not widely -grown. - -Normally, crimson clover is a winter annual comparable to winter wheat; -that is, it is planted in the fall, lies more or less dormant over winter, -grows rapidly in the spring, and dies, after going to seed, early in the -summer. Where the summers are not too hot it can be planted in the spring -and grown as a summer crop, but for this purpose other clovers are usually -preferred. - - - - -=VARIETIES.= - - -Crimson clover is exceedingly variable both in color of flower and in -time of maturity. These variations are particularly noticeable in fields -planted from a mixed lot of seed, the flowers presenting a range in color -from nearly pure white to a deep purplish red and the seeds a difference -in date of ripening of more than a month. Since crimson clover is thought -to be mainly self-pollinated, it is easy to fix these qualities by -selection and to establish definite varieties. - -In Europe six or seven different varieties of crimson clover are -recognized and sold by seedsmen, varying from extra early crimson flowered -to, extra late white flowered and from very hardy to non-hardy. By the use -of a succession of these varieties the European farmer is able to spread -his harvest over six or seven weeks instead of having it concentrated -within a few days, as in America. Similarly, the culture of the plant has -been extended northward from Italy to Sweden by means of hardy strains. -A wild form of crimson clover having yellowish flowers and hairy foliage -occurs in southern and eastern Europe and in England, but it is not of -economic value. - -In America no sharply defined varieties of crimson clover are recognized, -except a white-blooming variety which is sold in the South and is two -weeks later than the ordinary crimson-flowered sort. Hardy strains have -been developed and used in a small way in Massachusetts and Ohio, but -these are not commercially available. - - - - -=USE IN THE ROTATION.= - - -=SEEDING IN INTERTILLED CROPS.= - -In former years a large percentage of the crimson-clover acreage was -seeded in corn or other intertilled crops at or shortly after the time of -the last cultivation. In most of the crimson-clover area it is possible -to make such a seeding, obtain a good growth during the fall and early -spring, and mow or plow under the clover in time, for breaking up the land -for another crop of corn. This has been the standard method of growing -this clover, and it is still the leading practice in many of the older -sections. Corn in the summer with crimson clover in the winter is a cheap -and convenient method of growing a cash crop and a restorative crop the -same year, and the reputation of crimson clover as a crop increaser is -largely based on this simple rotation. Instances are by no means rare -where the yield of corn has been gradually increased from 10 bushels per -acre to as high as 70 bushels by this means. - -The difficulty with this method is the possibility of the stand of young -clover failing through drought. The growing corn makes a heavy demand on -the soil moisture, and if there is not enough moisture for both clover and -corn the latter gets the larger share and the tender clover plants are -likely to succumb. Because of the risk involved, farmers in the upland -sections are seeking other and more reliable methods of seeding, and the -sowing of crimson clover in corn is gradually decreasing. - -Where the danger from fall drought is not serious, crimson clover may be -sown in corn at the time of the last cultivation or when the corn leaves -have just begun to wither. South of central Virginia there is likely to be -much hot weather after the corn is laid by, in which case it is best to -delay the seeding of the clover until after the first rain. The appearance -of a field of crimson clover seeded in corn the previous summer is shown -in figure 3. - -South of southern Virginia crimson clover can be seeded in cotton, -provided the field is free from crab-grass and other weeds and the soil is -not too dry. In the extreme north of the cotton belt the seed may be sown -at the last working of the cotton; farther south this occurs too early and -it is necessary to wait for a rain, which often comes at about the time of -the first picking. - -[Illustration: Fig. 3.--Crimson clover in an old cornfield. The clover -was seeded in the corn at the last cultivation. A fodder stack is to be -observed in the middle foreground. The cornstalks have been removed to -avoid difficulty in mowing the clover.] - -Crimson clover may be seeded in practically any of the cultivated truck -crops which receive their last cultivation from 8 to 12 weeks before -the first frost. It is not practicable to seed the clover in late -potatoes, sweet potatoes, or other root crops, as the digging in the fall -practically destroys the clover. - -Ordinarily, crimson clover does not succeed when sown in cowpeas, sorghum, -or watermelons, owing to the heavy shade cast by these crops. It can, -however, be seeded in tobacco, tomatoes, cultivated soy beans, and -cantaloupes. - - -=SEEDING AFTER AN EARLY-MATURING CROP.= - -Seeding crimson clover in an intertilled crop is successful mostly on -sandy soils, which can easily be prepared for seeding even in mid-summer. -On clay soils and in weedy fields this method of seeding is likely to be -unsatisfactory. Such soils are usually hard and dry in August and can with -difficulty be brought into condition for a seed bed, with the result that -a large percentage of such seedings fail. A better plan on clay soils, and -on sandy soils in many cases, is to seed the crimson clover on specially -prepared ground from which all other crops have been removed. Such ground -can be made as fine and firm as desired. Furthermore, the clover after -planting does not have to compete with another crop for the soil moisture. -This method is somewhat more troublesome than planting in intertilled -crops, but the greater certainty of getting a stand more than offsets the -greater cost. Planting crimson clover on specially prepared ground has -extended the culture of the plant to regions where it was not hitherto -grown and is increasing the reliability of the crop in sections where it -has been long established. - -In the ordinary rotation, crimson clover follows a crop of small grain. -However, it may follow any crop that is removed 8 to 10 weeks before -frost, or it may be seeded on fallow ground. Ground from which early -potatoes have been removed is especially favorable for the establishment -of a stand of this clover. The residual effect of the fertilizers used on -potatoes is partially responsible for this, while the well-settled seed -bed, which requires only leveling and harrowing, also presents favorable -conditions for the crimson-clover seedlings. - -In many parts of the South crimson clover can be seeded in corn stubble if -an early variety of corn has been used. Although there is some risk that -the clover may not make enough growth before winter if seeding is delayed -until the corn is harvested, the danger of losing the stand is not as -great as if the clover were seeded earlier, while the corn was standing. - -Crimson clover is sometimes seeded after a grass or clover crop if the -rainfall in July is sufficient to cause the sod to decay. In the far South -it can be planted after peanuts, while in all sections it can be sown as -a catch crop on land where cotton or other crops have died early in the -season. - - - - -=REQUIREMENTS FOR OBTAINING A STAND.= - - -Probably the difficulty most commonly experienced in growing crimson -clover is failure to obtain a satisfactory stand. Sometimes the seed does -not germinate well; more commonly good germination is secured, but the -seedlings wither and die before they can become established. Frequently -not more than 50 per cent of the plants survive the first three weeks, -while a complete failure of the crop is a common risk even in the sections -where crimson clover is most widely grown. - -The most common cause of failure to obtain a stand is hot, dry -weather after planting. The seedlings of crimson clover are tender, -succulent, and shallow rooted and are easily killed by lack of moisture. -Unfortunately, in most of the crimson-clover area the weather during late -August and early September is very likely to be hot and droughty, making -the planting of the clover at that time rather hazardous. Some farmers -attempt to avoid this difficulty by planting either in early summer or in -October, after the fall rains; there is danger, however, that the plants -will make too much or too little growth to survive the winter. In the -long run it is probably better to plant at the regular time and depend -upon thorough preparation of the seed bed to offset any deficiency in the -rainfall. - - -=SOILS.= - -Crimson clover can be grown successfully on almost any type of soil if it -is reasonably rich, well drained, and supplied with organic matter and the -proper inoculating bacteria. Probably two-thirds of the crimson-clover -acreage is found on the sandy soils of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, but -the crop is not necessarily restricted to sandy soils and is in fact -increasing in importance on the red-clay soils of the Piedmont region and -in the limestone valleys of Virginia and Tennessee. - -[Illustration: Fig. 4.--a crimson-clover failure on ground too poor in -humus.] - -Crimson clover has been an important factor in increasing yields on soils -that have been abused, but it is not a crop for land which is naturally -very poor. It does not do well on rough, newly cleared areas, raw -subsoil, Hard, dry clay, or sterile sand. (Fig. 4.) For such soils soy -beans, cowpeas, and velvet beans are better suited and should be used for -the first three or four years until crimson clover can be successfully -grown. Crimson clover can be made to grow on poor soils, provided they -are specially prepared by liming, manuring, and inoculating. In general, -however, crimson clover is a crop for maintaining soils which are already -fairly productive rather than one for inducing productivity in soils where -it is quite lacking. If there is any doubt whether the soil is suitable -for crimson clover, a small plat should be prepared under field conditions -and planted one year for trial. - - -=PREPARATION OF THE SEED BED.= - -To secure a full, even stand of crimson clover with any degree of -regularity the seed bed should be well and thoroughly prepared. The soil -should be firm, moist, well settled, and fine on top. Only indifferent -success can possibly be expected if the seed is scattered on land which -is loose, dry, and full of hard lumps and trash. A loose seed bed dries -out quickly, heaves during the winter, and on some soils blows and washes -badly. - -[Illustration: Fig. 5.--A corrugated roller or pulverizer, an excellent -implement for preparing the seed bed for crimson clover.] - -On the other hand, the seed bed should not be too hard, for although this -clover often grows successfully on soil which would be too solid for -corn, there must be at| least enough loose soil on the surface to cover -the seed. Thorough preparation is the very best insurance against failure -of the stand through drought or winterkilling, and the most successful -growers sow crimson clover on land as well prepared as that for wheat. - -To secure a fine, firm seed bed without drying out the surface soil, the -land should be prepared with as few operations as possible. A single -working when the soil is in a moist, crumbly condition is better than half -a dozen workings when the soil is too wet or too dry. In very sandy soils, -or soils which do not form a crust, the only preparation needed is to keep -down the weeds. - -An excellent tool for making the seed bed is the corrugated roller or -pulverizer (fig. 5). This implement is an improvement over the old plain -roller for breaking clods and is unexcelled for keeping the surface soil -moist. It can be used after plowing and again before planting, and even -after planting if the soil needs to be compacted. Rolling of some kind to -firm the soil is especially important on sandy soils, but it is equally -beneficial on clay soils if they are cloddy. - -When clover is seeded in an intertilled crop, such as corn, cotton, or -tomatoes, the customary cultivation received by these crops is ordinarily -sufficient preparation for crimson clover. In sandy soil the clover is -often seeded without any immediate preparation, but a light stirring with -a harrow-toothed cultivator is desirable if the ground is hard. If the -clover is to be used for hay or seed, the preceding crop should be laid by -level rather than in ridges. This will facilitate cutting the clover. - -Where crimson clover is seeded after a crop of small grain, the stubble -should be plowed or disked as soon as possible after the grain is cut. -Stubble land dries out quickly, partly because the soil is suddenly left -bare and partly because of the drain on the soil moisture by the crops of -ragweed and other coarse-growing weeds which always follow a grain crop. -Unless the soil is cultivated at once it becomes very difficult to obtain -anything like an ideal seed bed for crimson clover. This difficulty is -usually more pronounced after oats and barley than after rye and wheat. -Ordinarily the best practice is to disk the grain stubble within a week -after harvest and harrow every week, or at least after every rain, in -order to settle the ground, destroy the weeds, and assist in holding the -moisture pending the time of seeding the clover. Plowing the stubble -is more expensive than disking and requires that the ground be allowed -to settle for a month or six weeks in order to secure a firm seed bed. -Plowing is an advantage in a wet season, because plowed ground dries -readily; it is a disadvantage in a dry season for the same reason. - - -=FERTILIZERS.= - -On moderately rich soil the fertilizer applied to the preceding crop is -sufficient to produce a good crop of crimson clover. This is especially -true where the clover follows such crops as potatoes or tomatoes, which -ordinarily are heavily treated with fertilizers. It is important to -realize, however, that crimson clover has a very short period of growth, -and that to make a vigorous growth it must have a good supply of plant -food. On sandy soils where fertilizers have not recently been applied it -is often the practice to apply from 150 to 200 pounds of acid phosphate, -with some potash fertilizer if it can be afforded. On clay soils 200 or -300 pounds per acre of acid phosphate ordinarily are sufficient. On many -soils a light application of nitrate of soda will assist materially in -giving the young clover plants a good start and often will enable them to -withstand the effects of a late drought or severe winter which otherwise -might have injured the stand. If the seeding has been delayed, as by -waiting for suitable rains, an application of not more than 75 pounds of -nitrate of soda per acre will stimulate the young plants and enable them -to make a better growth before winter. - -Fertilizer is usually applied at seeding time, but a few farmers have been -found who apply it as a top-dressing very early the following summer, -giving as a reason that there is then no loss from winter leaching and -that by this method the plants are nourished at the time they are making -their most vigorous growth. Such top-dressings of fertilizer should not -be made while the leaves are wet with rain or dew. Where stable manure is -applied to crimson clover very marked results follow. It may be spread -just before seeding when the clover is not grown in an intertilled crop, -or it may be applied as a top-dressing in winter or very early spring. - -The more vigorous the growth that can be induced by the application of -suitable fertilizers the more marked will be the increase in the yield of -the succeeding crops. On soil in a low state of productivity the use of -a reasonable amount of fertilizer will often enable a successful crop of -clover and succeeding crops to be produced, where had not the fertilizers -been applied the clover would have failed. Furthermore, the following -crop, particularly if it be corn, would also fail to give the increased -yield which follows a successful stand of crimson clover. - -An application of barnyard manure will be found to be especially effective -in obtaining a stand of crimson clover on any thin, galled spots in the -field. The manure should be worked into the ground before seeding, and, -if possible, a second application as a top-dressing should be given a day -or two after planting. The top-dressing stimulates the seedlings and if -strawy helps to protect them from the August sun. - - -=LIME.= - -Crimson clover is not as dependent on lime as red clover and alfalfa, -being more like alsike clover in this respect. It does not thrive on soils -which are very "sour," but on well-drained soils in a productive condition -crimson clover frequently makes a vigorous growth, even though the soil -may show a high lime requirement. The stands are usually more uniformly -good over the limed parts of such fields than on the unlimed parts, -although it is sometimes questionable whether the benefit derived from -liming is profitable. Liming is more often desirable on clay soils than -on sandy soils, and usually gives better results when used in conjunction -with fertilizers than when used alone. On light sandy soils deficient -in humus burnt lime may be actually injurious. In considering the -advisability of applying lime one must not lose sight of the need of lime -on the part of such other crops as corn, cantaloupes, or peaches, which -are either grown with or follow the clover. Inasmuch as the effect of -liming varies greatly in different localities, it is suggested that small -plats be treated experimentally at different rates before any considerable -areas are limed. - - -=INOCULATION.= - -A large part of the value of all clovers lies in their ability to utilize -the nitrogen of the air and add it to the soil. When grown on rich land, -the clovers, like many other plants, use the nitrogen already present in -the soil and are not stimulated to contribute any to their own support or -to the support of other crops. To enable the clover to use the nitrogen in -the air the presence of the proper nodule-forming bacteria in the soil is -necessary. - -Fortunately, most of the soils in the crimson-clover sections appear to -be already inoculated, and artificial inoculation is not often necessary, -except on soils new to the crop. Crimson clover is inoculated by the same -strain of bacteria which occurs on the roots of the other true clovers; -consequently, a field which has produced a good stand of red, mammoth, -alsike, white, hop, Carolina, rabbit's-foot, or buffalo clover is usually -inoculated sufficiently for crimson clover. Sweet clover, Japan clover, -and bur clover are not true clovers and are inoculated by a different -strain of bacteria. - -The importance of inoculation is well shown by an experiment conducted by -the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station. In this experiment yields of -4,057 and 6,100 pounds of crimson-clover hay were secured on inoculated -soils, while on corresponding areas which were not inoculated the yields -were 761 pounds on one area and nothing on the other. - -The soil can be inoculated artificially by means of pure cultures of the -bacteria or by the transfer of a small quantity of soil from another -clover field.[2] The latter method is the more certain, but is open to -the danger of introducing noxious weeds, insects, and plant diseases, -especially if the soil is brought from a distance. The presence of -stem-rot in many sections makes the use of soil especially dangerous. This -disease can, be carried with the soil from field to field. - -[2] Sufficient pure culture for inoculating seed for 1 acre can be secured -free from the United States Department of Agriculture. Full directions for -using the culture accompany each bottle. Directions for inoculating by the -soil-transfer method can also be obtained from this Department. - - - - -=SEEDING.= - - -=TIME OF SEEDING.= - -Crimson clover is usually sown between August 15 and October 1, the -general rule being to plant about 60 days before the first killing frost -is expected. South of Virginia crimson clover can be seeded as late as -November 1, although if planted late more seed should be used and a light -dressing of nitrate of soda applied, in order to stimulate the young -plants. Seeding earlier than August 1 is seldom advisable unless the crop -is sown with some other crop the shade of which will hold it back. - -The exact date of planting depends almost entirely upon the moisture -content of the soil. The principal condition to avoid is planting when the -soil contains just enough moisture to germinate the seeds, but not enough -to keep the plants growing. Usually it is better to plant when the soil is -quite dry than when it is slightly moist, for in dry soil the seeds, if -properly buried, lie without germinating and are ready to grow vigorously -at the first rainfall. The most favorable time for seeding is just before -or just after a good rain, when the soil is moist enough to form a ball in -the hand. - - -=RATE OF SEEDING.= - -The ordinary rate of seeding crimson clover is 15 pounds per acre, -although the rate varies according to conditions. From 12 to 15 pounds per -acre are usually sufficient when growing the crop for seed or when the -soil is unusually rich. On poor soil, dry soil, or on soil which has not -previously produced crimson clover 18 to 22 pounds of seed give better -assurance of a stand. Heavy seeding is also desirable when planting late -in the season or when a heavy crop is wanted for green manure early in the -spring. - -Theoretically, 2 pounds of seed per acre would provide six plants -for every square foot, which is a satisfactory stand. Under ordinary -circumstances, however, it is necessary to allow for some of the seed -being too deep, or too shallow, or failing to germinate, and for a certain -percentage of winterkilling. It is also well to have a fairly thick stand -of the young plants, so that the ground may be well covered during the -early fall and thus prevent soil washing and the growth of winter weeds. - - -=METHODS OF SEEDING.= - -The most common method of seeding crimson clover in intertilled crops -is to scatter the seed broadcast with a rotary seeder or by hand. (Fig. -6.) In order to place the seed on a fresh, moist seed bed it is commonly -broadcasted immediately behind the cultivator at the last cultivation and -is covered 'at once by a second cultivator. In tall corn the seed may be -sown from horseback, the ears of the horse being covered with small bags -to prevent the entrance of the flying seed. Slightly more seed is required -when seeding in tall corn, as some seed catches in the corn plants. When -seeding in cotton care must be taken to avoid injury to the opening bolls, -which are easily knocked off or torn. This is best done by seeding by -hand, covering the seed with a piece of brush dragged down the rows. - -In low-growing truck crops and on fallow ground crimson clover can be -seeded with a wheelbarrow seeder. This implement distributes the seed more -evenly than can be done by hand or with the rotary seeder, especially -when planting a mixture of crops. The wheelbarrow seeder being somewhat -awkward to handle is better adapted to smooth, level fields than to -hillsides. - -Probably the very best method of seeding crimson clover is with the -special clover or alfalfa drill. Where enough clover is grown to warrant -its use this implement is to be highly recommended. The seed is sown in -4-inch rows at just the proper depth and with the right pressure, and the -fertilizer is placed exactly under each row, where it will be immediately -available to the seedlings. Drilled clover requires less seed than -broadcasted clover and produces a more even and certain stand. - -In place of the special clover drill an ordinary grain drill equipped with -a clover-seed attachment can be used with good results. Special spouts -should be arranged to lead from the clover-seed box back of the shoes or -disks, in order to deposit the seed directly in the furrow. Chain furrow -closers are best for covering the seed, as they leave the furrows broad -and flat instead of =V= shaped and lessen the danger of the seedlings -being covered with soil during a hard rain. - -[Illustration: Fig. 6.--Seeding crimson clover in corn at the last -cultivation.] - -For use in intertilled crops there are several types of 1-row drills, the -best for this purpose being the 5-hoe drill equipped with press wheels. - -Crimson-clover seed must be covered, but not too deeply. In most soils it -is not enough to depend on rain to effect a covering. An inch in sandy -soils and half an inch in clay soils appear to be about the right depth. -Shallow planting gives the best results in wet seasons and deep planting -in time of drought. Broadcasted seed should be covered with a spike-tooth -harrow or a weeder rather than a heavy harrow or a shovel cultivator. A -harrow made of fairly stiff brush is often useful in loose soil. - - -=CHOICE OF SEED.= - -As a rule, fresh crimson-clover seed is of good viability, and failure -to secure a stand is not often caused by failure of the seed to grow. -Unlike most clovers, crimson-clover seed absorbs water readily and sprouts -quickly. There are practically none of the hard seeds which are so -frequent in red clover and sweet clover, and a germination of 90 per cent -in 48 hour's is not uncommon. The seed deteriorates rapidly, however, and -when more than 2 years old rarely shows a germination in excess of 50 per -cent. Sometimes, when stocks of commercial seed are low, old seed finds -its way to the market, and this, when planted, gives poor results. Old -seed can usually be detected by the dull-brown appearance of the seed coat -as contrasted with the bright, shiny, pinkish or greenish yellow color of -fresh seed. Brown seed, however, is sometimes caused by weathering during -harvest, and such seed is not objectionable unless the weathering has been -excessive. - -A common impurity in crimson-clover seed is green, shrunken, and immature -seed, caused by harvesting the crop before it is ripe. Crimson-clover seed -does not germinate readily until it takes on a yellowish tinge; therefore, -green seed should be rejected. - -Crimson-clover seed is larger and plumper than red-clover seed and if -properly cleaned should not contain seeds of dodder or the smaller -seeded weeds. Frequently, however, it does contain the seeds of field -peppergrass, yellow trefoil, evening primrose, sheep sorrel, wild -geranium, buttercups, mustards, and other weeds which blossom in early -summer. - - -=UNHULLED SEED.= - -There is a growing belief among farmers that they are less likely to lose -a stand of crimson clover through drought if they sow the seed in the hull -rather than use the hulled seed as it ordinarily appears on the market. -It is claimed that the hulls hold the moisture to some extent and carry -the seedlings over the critical day or two following germination, while -some farmers assert that the unhulled seeds require more moisture for -germination, and the seeds therefore do not sprout until there is enough -moisture in the soil to keep the plants growing. Unhulled seed is bulky -and is not often handled by commercial seedsmen, although one large grower -sells the unhulled seed in compressed, bales similar to small cotton -bales. It usually can be secured from neighboring farmers, however, or is -easily saved at home. The seed can be harvested with a stripper from the -standing crop in the field or the mature crop can be cut and thrashed like -an ordinary grain crop. For local planting on a small scale unhulled seed -is the cheapest and most accessible form of crimson-clover seed. - -Unhulled seed is somewhat difficult to sow, because the hairy hulls stick -together in masses and can not be scattered uniformly. To avoid this -trouble the seed may be mixed with moistened earth or with lime, or may be -sown with a blower similar to those used on small forges. A better plan -is to sow on a windy day, throwing the seed vertically into the air and -allowing the wind to scatter it. - -Of unhulled seed of the best quality, 100 pounds contains about 1 bushel -(60 pounds) of clean seed. The common grades, however, are usually more -chaffy and require 120 to 180 pounds to make a bushel. From 2 to 3 pounds -of unhulled seed are therefore regarded as equivalent to 1 pound of hulled -seed. A bushel of unhulled seed, even when well packed down, weighs only 6 -to 10 pounds and contains about 4 pounds of seed. The appearance of both -hulled and unhulled crimson-clover seed is shown in figure 7. - -[Illustration: Fig. 7.--Hulled seed of crimson clover of a common -commercial grade and unhulled seed gathered with a homemade stripper. -(Natural size.)] - - -=USE OF A NURSE CROP.= - -In order to protect the crimson-clover seedlings from the hot sun of late -August it is a common practice in some sections to plant with the clover a -small quantity of some quick-growing crop like buckwheat, cowpeas, rape, -or turnips. A thin stand of these heavier leaved plants furnishes an ideal -shade for the young clover, and on soils which are inclined to bake it -prevents the formation of a crust. The nurse crop must be seeded lightly, -usually not more than half the regular rate, as the ordinary stand shades -the ground so completely as to destroy the crimson clover. On hot clay -soil in the Piedmont region the chances of obtaining a stand of clover are -about twice as good with a nurse crop as without one. - -Buckwheat is the principal nurse crop northward from Washington, D. C. -A common rate of seeding is 2 to 3 pecks of buckwheat in 15 pounds of -crimson clover. If the planting can be made in July the buckwheat usually -has time to ripen before frost and thus pay the cost of starting both -stands. - -In the cotton belt cowpeas have been used successfully, especially -when seeding on fallow ground. They are seeded broadcast at the rate -of one-half bushel per acre. There is ordinarily not enough time for -the cowpeas to mature, but they add to the value of the stand for fall -pasturage and protect the clover from severe weather in the winter. Both -cowpeas and buckwheat have the merit of being able to grow on poor soil. - -Dwarf Essex rape has been used as a nurse crop in a few cases where the -clover was to be pastured by hogs or sheep in the fall. From 2 to 3 pounds -of rape, sown in August, furnishes sufficient cover for a nurse crop. -Cowhorn turnips, winter kale, and mustard are also satisfactory nurse -crops if planted at a rate not exceeding 1 pound of seed per acre. If the -clover is to be saved for seed these latter crops are objectionable, as a -few plants will live over winter and ripen at the same time as the clover. - -Where a nurse crop can not be grown conveniently, the crimson-clover -seedlings can be protected from the sun by a light top-dressing of straw, -spread just after the seed is sown. - - -SEED MIXTURES. - -Crimson clover is frequently grown in combination with winter grain, hairy -vetch, or other forage crops having a similar period of growth. The mixed -crop is less liable to lodge than the single crop, cures more readily in -damp weather, and usually furnishes a heavier yield. Another advantage of -the mixed crop is that if either should fail the other will serve as a -cover crop during the winter and bring some return the following spring. -Mixed crops are not desirable if the clover is to be saved for seed. - -South of central Virginia crimson clover is usually grown in combination -with winter oats. An early variety of oats, such as the Fulghum, or a late -variety of clover, such as the white blooming, is usually the best, as -the oat crop matures somewhat later than the ordinary crimson clover. The -customary rate of seeding is 15 pounds of the clover and 2½ bushels of -oats per acre. In Delaware and eastern Maryland the most popular companion -crop for crimson clover is winter wheat, although barley makes a desirable -hay crop and is sometimes used. Eye is not desirable for hay, but it -is probably the best of the grains for green manure, as it is hardy, -vigorous, and starts growth early in the spring. Rye and wheat are seeded -at the rate of 1 bushel per acre with the customary quantity of crimson -clover. The accompanying illustration (fig. 8) shows a field seeded to a -mixture of crimson clover and wheat. Usually the grain is well headed, -but in the milk or soft-dough stage, when the clover is ready to cut, the -yield of the mixed crimson clover and grain is often 25 to 50 per cent -greater than that of the clover alone. - -[Illustration: Fig. 8.--Crimson clover and wheat in mixture. In the -foreground the crop has been cut and fed green to stock. The remainder -was cut the next day for hay. The grain prevents the crimson clover from -lodging.] - -Hairy vetch and crimson clover are sometimes grown together, seeding at -the rate of 20 pounds and 10 pounds per acre, respectively. As both these -plants are likely to lodge in good soil, however, one of the grains is -usually included, a common seeding mixture being oats 2 bushels, hairy -vetch 12 to 15 pounds, and crimson clover 5 pounds. Bur clover, black -medic, and other winter-growing legumes are sometimes found in mixtures -with crimson clover, although such mixtures generally occur by accident -rather than intent. Black medic and crimson clover make' a particularly -good combination on rich soil. - -In most of the crimson-clover area the cultivated grasses, such as -timothy, redtop, and orchard grass, are not commonly grown. However, -where these grasses flourish they may well be seeded at the same time -as the crimson clover, provided the latter is planted not earlier than -September 15. In some sections Johnson grass and Bermuda grass make useful -combinations with crimson clover, the grasses making most of their growth -in the summer and the clover in the fall and spring. - - - - -=TREATMENT OF THE STAND.= - - -Ordinarily no special treatment is required after seeding and the clover -goes into the winter without any further handling. If the growth is so -rank that there is danger of the plants being too succulent to survive the -winter, the tops can be reduced by light grazing with small animals, such -as calves, sheep, or chickens, or by mowing with the cutter bar of the -mowing machine set high. If the stand is backward, it may be stimulated -by a light application of nitrate of soda. It is said that a thin stand -can be thickened by grazing lightly with sheep, as the grazing induces -heavier stooling. The aim should be to carry the clover into the winter -with well-hardened leafy stems and with a well-established root system to -withstand heaving out in the spring. - -In fields which are to be saved for seed a wise precaution is to go over -them early in the spring and chop out the weeds. If wild onion and other -weeds are chopped off in April, they do not make enough growth by May to -contaminate the seed crop. - - - - -=MALADIES.= - - -The only disease seriously affecting crimson clover is the clover -stem-rot, root-rot, or wilt, a disease resembling the stem-rot, or wilt, -of lettuce and other plants. This disease is prevalent in nearly all -the crimson-clover States and sometimes does considerable damage. The -stem-rot affects the clover at all seasons, but is more noticeable in the -spring, when it sometimes causes large spots of clover suddenly to wilt -and fall. Occasionally an entire field is affected, but the disease is -most prevalent in low, rich spots. Examination of the plants discloses -a rotting off or decay of the stems close to the ground, followed -immediately by the appearance on the stems of small black lumps, or -sclerotia, about the size of clover seed. These sclerotia are a means of -spreading the disease and are often harvested in the hay or in the seed -crop. The only known remedy for the stem-rot is to cease growing clover or -alfalfa on an infested field for three or four years, substituting cowpeas -or soy beans. Seed from fields known to be infested should, of course, be -avoided. - -No insects are known to affect crimson clover seriously, nor are weeds -of great importance in clover planted on clean fields. When planted in -cultivated crops or in poorly prepared ground crimson clover is often -seriously damaged by a rank growth of chickweed, knawel (moss weed), -winter cress, and other winter-growing annuals. - - -WASHINGTON : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1920 - - - * * * * * - - -=Transcriber Note= - -Minor typos have been corrected. Illustrations were moved to prevent -splitting paragraphs. Produced from files generously made available by -USDA through The Internet Archive. All resultant materials are placed in -the Public Domain. - - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of USDA Farmers' Bulletin No. 1142: -Growing Crimson Clover, by Leonard Wheeler Kephart - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK USDA FARMERS' BULLETIN NO. 1142 *** - -***** This file should be named 63166-8.txt or 63166-8.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/3/1/6/63166/ - -Produced by Tom Cosmas from files generously made available -by USDA through The Internet Archive. All resultant -materials are placed in the Public Domain. - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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