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-The Project Gutenberg EBook of Memoir of the early campaigns of the Duke
-of Wellington, in Portugal and Spain,, by John Fane Westmorland
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-Title: Memoir of the early campaigns of the Duke of Wellington, in Portugal and Spain,
-       By an officer employed in his army
-
-Author: John Fane Westmorland
-
-Release Date: November 17, 2020 [EBook #63792]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEMOIR--EARLY CAMPAIGNS OF WELLINGTON ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Richard Tonsing and the Online Distributed
-Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
-produced from images generously made available by The
-Internet Archive)
-
-
-
-
-   This ebook (originally published in 1820) was created in honour of
-               Distributed Proofreaders 20th Anniversary.
-
-
-
-
-
-                                 MEMOIR
-
-OF THE EARLY CAMPAIGNS OF THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON, IN PORTUGAL AND SPAIN,
-
-
-                  BY AN OFFICER EMPLOYED IN HIS ARMY.
-
-
-                                LONDON:
-                     JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE-STREET.
-
-                                 1820.
-
-
-
-
-  London: Printed by W. CLOWES,
-      Northumberland-court.
-
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-
-
-
-                                   A
-                                MEMOIR,
-                                 _&c._
-
-
-The following sheets pretend to no merit in composition, the writer
-pretends to no reputation as an author; the subject must be interesting
-to every British reader, and if the events are faithfully recorded, the
-work will deserve some attention.
-
-Unaccustomed for a series of years to any great or continued exertion
-upon the continent, the people of England almost doubted their power or
-means of supporting one. The genius of Lord Wellington, the bravery of
-British troops, have removed this doubt.
-
-To the detail of the brilliant exploits by which the early campaigns in
-Portugal and Spain were distinguished, this work is dedicated. The
-author has undertaken it, emboldened by the consideration, that from the
-opportunities which he enjoyed of observing the transactions in the
-Peninsula, in most of which he was personally engaged, he has the means
-of relating them correctly.
-
-In the summer of 1808 the first deputies from the Asturias arrived in
-England; they were so rapidly succeeded by others from every part of the
-Peninsula, that after a very short time there remained no doubt that the
-great people, whom they came to represent, were determined to struggle
-for independence.
-
-The British ministers did no more than echo the sentiments of the nation
-when they decided to give every support to this people; and Sir Arthur
-Wellesley, who had been appointed to the command of a corps destined for
-a different service, was selected to lead the first armament which
-should carry assistance to Portugal and Spain.
-
-The force under his orders sailed from Cork in the beginning of July;
-Sir Arthur Wellesley himself proceeded in a single ship to Corunna. The
-state of things upon his arrival at that port was unfavourable to the
-Spaniards. The Gallician army under Blake, and that of Castile under
-Cuesta, had been defeated by a French corps commanded by Marshal
-Bessières, in the neighbourhood of Rio Seco; and there appeared no
-obstacle to the march of the enemy to Corunna. In this situation of
-affairs Sir Arthur Wellesley hinted to the Junta, that if a request to
-land his army for the protection of Gallicia should be made to him, he
-would not hesitate in acceding to it. The Junta, however, actuated by a
-feeling of pride and jealousy which has so often brought the affairs of
-Spain to the brink of ruin, neglected to make this proposal. Sir Arthur
-consequently proceeded to the coast of Portugal, and arrived in Mondego
-Bay on the 26th of July. Leaving there the expedition he commanded, he
-went to the mouth of the Tagus, to procure information, and to combine
-his operations with Admiral Sir C. Cotton. When these objects were
-accomplished, he returned to the Mondego, determining to land his troops
-as soon as the corps which he expected, either from Cadiz, under General
-Spencer, or from England, under General Ackland, should have arrived.
-The former joined on the 2d of August; and Sir Arthur Wellesley
-immediately disembarked his army. At this moment three-fourths of
-Portugal were in insurrection against the French. Junot, who had entered
-the country in the November preceding, had commanded a corps of 40,000
-men, of which about 10,000 were Spaniards; Oporto was occupied by a part
-of the Spanish troops, the rest of them were at Lisbon.
-
-At the commencement of the revolution in Spain, Junot entertained so
-great a suspicion of the Spaniards in that capital, and in its
-neighbourhood, that, under pretence of sending them to other quarters,
-he succeeded in surrounding and disarming them, and afterwards in
-placing them as prisoners on board ships provided for that purpose in
-the Tagus. As soon as the intelligence of this event reached Oporto, the
-Spanish garrison seized the few French officers who were in the town;
-invited the inhabitants to follow the example of Spain, and resist the
-French; and themselves marched off to join their companions in Gallicia.
-
-The Portuguese had, however, before this time, raised the standard of
-their prince. The Bishop of Oporto assumed the government of the
-northern provinces of Portugal; and General Frere and other persons took
-the lead in the insurrection in the other parts of that country. The old
-soldiers, who had been disbanded by the French, were called to arms; and
-in a short time three armies were formed; one at Oporto, another at
-Coimbra, and the third at Viseu. Officers had already been despatched
-from England to ascertain the state of the Oporto and Coimbra corps; and
-Sir Arthur Wellesley sent an officer to Viseu to report to him the state
-of the force assembled there under General Barcellar. It is needless to
-observe, that an army formed as the Portuguese had been, could not be
-very effective; such as it was, however, it was hearty in the cause of
-its country, and most anxious for an opportunity of revenging the wrongs
-which had been inflicted upon the nation.
-
-The corps of Oporto was joined to that of Coimbra, and was destined to
-act with Sir Arthur Wellesley. The corps of Viseu was sent to Guarda;
-whence, in conjunction with some Spaniards under the orders of the
-Marquis of Valadares, it was directed to march upon Abrantes, and from
-thence co-operate in the meditated attack on Lisbon. There was also a
-corps of Spaniards of some force collected at Badajos under General
-Galluzzo, which it was hoped might have given some assistance to these
-combinations, by a simultaneous operation in the Alemtejo.
-
-Such was the state of the allied force when Sir Arthur Wellesley first
-landed his army on the banks of the Mondego. The French were in
-possession of Lisbon, and the country north of it as far as Leyria,
-which had been recaptured from the Portuguese by a force under the
-orders of General Margaron. On the entry of the French into this town,
-they committed the most atrocious acts of cruelty[1]. As an instance of
-the brutality of a superior officer, the —— of —— related of himself,
-that upon entering the town, he met a woman with a child at her breast,
-that the appearance of the infant excited his pity, but “_se rapellant
-qu’il était soldat_,” he pierced the two bodies with a single thrust of
-his sword. When the English advanced guard arrived there, it found in
-one of the convents the dead bodies of several Monks, who had been
-killed by the French soldiers; some of whom had dipped their hands in
-the blood of their unfortunate victims, and had daubed with it the walls
-of the convent.
-
-Footnote 1:
-
-  The cruelties committed by the French army in this instance, and
-  throughout the whole of its campaigns in Portugal, had their origin in
-  the nature of the war in which it was now for the first time engaged.
-  Till this period, wherever the French soldiers had established
-  themselves, whether by the defeat of the armies which defended the
-  country invaded, or otherwise, they found the people submitting to
-  their rule; when, in Portugal, therefore, the nation rose in hostility
-  against them, they considered such resistance as rebellion, and looked
-  upon the inhabitants taken in arms, as disturbers of the public peace,
-  and therefore entitled to no mercy or consideration. The officers also
-  hoped, by inflicting vengeance on the patriots, to arrest the progress
-  of an insurrection which menaced their total overthrow. It would not
-  be fair to argue, from the conduct of the French in Portugal, that in
-  other situations they would be led to adopt similar proceedings.
-
-To the southward of the Tagus, the French had been unable to retain any
-part of the Alemtejo.
-
-About the end of July, Junot detached a corps, under the orders of
-General Loison, to repress, in the first instance, the insurrections of
-that province; next, to give whatever assistance might be wanted by the
-garrison of Elvas; and, lastly, to return by Abrantes to the north of
-the Tagus, and to wreak a signal vengeance upon Coimbra. General Loison,
-in execution of these directions, marched to Evora, where the Portuguese
-had collected the force of the provinces, and, assisted by some
-Spaniards, resolved to defend the town. General Loison attacked it, and
-after meeting with a considerable resistance, entered it, and delivered
-it over to pillage. The inhabitants, threatened with indiscriminate
-massacre, endeavoured to shelter themselves in the churches and
-convents, where they had been accustomed to look for protection; but
-this was of no avail against their merciless enemies; thousands of them
-were drawn from their places of refuge, and fell victims to a licentious
-soldiery, excited by the unrestrained desire of plunder and revenge.
-
-From Evora, General Loison marched to Elvas, and from thence returned by
-Abrantes to Thomar, where he was arrested in the further execution of
-his instructions, by the news that Sir Arthur Wellesley had landed, and
-was at Leyria, upon his march towards Lisbon.
-
-During this period Sir Arthur had prepared for the campaign he was about
-to undertake.
-
-He had 13,000 British infantry and 300 cavalry; he selected 5,000 of the
-best Portuguese troops that were assembled at Coimbra, and with an army
-so composed, determined to move forward. He was in daily expectation of
-a corps of 5,000 men from England, and he was also apprized that the
-body of men who had been under Lieut.-General Moore in Sweden, had
-received orders to proceed to the Peninsula.
-
-The Commissariat, under Sir Arthur Wellesley, was defective; an army
-just landed must necessarily be without the means of transport; it was,
-therefore, evident that it must depend entirely upon its communication
-with the shipping for its support throughout its operations: Sir Arthur
-Wellesley upon these considerations determined to advance by the road
-nearest the coast; by that movement he secured to himself the advantages
-of being able to receive his reinforcements at any time they should
-arrive; and in addition, he was not cramped by any line of communication
-which it would be necessary for him to maintain, or which he must have
-defended, had the enemy (as was once contemplated) made any
-demonstrations upon his rear.
-
-Before he quitted the Mondego, he left instructions for the corps under
-General Ackland to proceed along the coast to join him. He also left a
-statement of the information he had obtained, and of the opinions he had
-formed, to be delivered to Sir John Moore upon his arrival. Sir Arthur
-Wellesley recommended, that the corps under that officer should be
-landed in the Mondego, and marched to Santarem, so as to operate to the
-southward of the Tagus, if necessary, and to prevent the enemy from
-retiring through the province of Alemtejo, in case he should be beaten
-by the force which Sir Arthur was leading against him. Other objects
-were in contemplation, but these were the principal.
-
-This proposed system of operations was afterwards subjected to
-considerable discussion; it was objected to, and set aside. The mind,
-however, which conceived it, would have executed it with success, though
-in other hands it might appear impracticable. The battle of Vimiera, in
-which only half the force under Sir Arthur Wellesley was engaged, proved
-the correctness of his calculations, and warrants a belief that if the
-whole campaign had been directed according to his views, the result
-would have proved more advantageous than it did under a different
-arrangement.
-
-On the 9th of August, Sir Arthur Wellesley made his first movement from
-the Mondego, and reached Leyria on the 10th; he halted two days to make
-the necessary arrangements for his advance, and to bring up the
-Portuguese who were at Coimbra. On the 13th he moved to the ground about
-Batalha, where a patrole of French, from the corps under General La
-Borde, at Alcobaça, was first discovered. General Frere, who commanded
-the Portuguese, here made an objection to advance any further, stating,
-as his reason, the improbability of finding provisions. Sir Arthur
-Wellesley was not disconcerted by this defection: after attempting in
-vain to alter General Frere’s determination, he decided to move forward,
-taking with his army a detachment of 1,600 men, from the force under
-that officer’s command, which he placed under the orders of Colonel
-Trant, and which Sir Arthur undertook to provision. These arrangements
-being made, he advanced to attack the corps that occupied Alcobaça; the
-enemy had, however, abandoned it in the night, and the British army took
-up its position upon the heights beyond it. The next day the army moved
-forward to Caldas; the advance, under Brigadier General Fane, to Obidos;
-where some skirmishing took place between the light troops under his
-orders, and the French rear.
-
-On the 17th Sir Arthur Wellesley moved to attack General La Borde, who
-had not as yet been joined by the force under General Loison, which was
-marching by Alemquer, to effect that object. General La Borde was posted
-at Roliça, in a strong position upon some heights which covered the road
-from Obidos to Lisbon.
-
-Sir Arthur first formed his army in columns of battalions, behind
-Obidos, from thence he detached the light troops, under
-Brigadier-General Fane, supported by Major General Ferguson’s brigade,
-along some heights which led to the right of the enemy’s position. The
-rest of the army passed through Obidos, and advanced along the plain
-towards Roliça.
-
-The enemy was first discovered, drawn up at the foot of the hill, and in
-front of the position; but upon seeing our advance he retired to the
-heights.
-
-Sir Arthur, upon a close examination of the ground thus taken up, and
-wishing to prevent the possibility of General La Borde’s retiring upon
-the fortress of Peniche, determined to advance the right of his army as
-well as the left, and thus to attack both flanks of the enemy’s
-position. The attack on the enemy’s left was led on by the brigade under
-Major General Hill, while the 45th and 29th Regiments under Major
-General Nightingale were ordered to advance upon the centre; Major
-General Ferguson’s brigade was brought from the heights on the left into
-the plain, to support this movement; by continuing however its original
-direction, that corps might have rendered more essential service, since
-it would have fallen upon the French right, and in conjunction with
-Brigadier General Fane’s corps, would have decided the fate of the
-action sooner: but some mistake having arisen in an order delivered to
-it, this advantage was not obtained.
-
-The 29th Regiment ascended the hill, by a hollow way which led to the
-summit, and encountered a most determined resistance on the height where
-the enemy was formed. The path along which the regiment moved was so
-narrow, as to admit but three or four men abreast; so that when it had
-reached the ground upon which it was to deploy, the soldiers were
-exposed to the fire of the French corps which occupied the vineyards,
-while they were unable to form any front, from which to return it; the
-grenadier company, however, charged that part of the enemy which was
-upon the open, and by that act of heroism, (although it was afterwards
-driven back by the fire from the vineyards), gave time to some of the
-companies behind it to form, and to maintain the ground they had got
-possession of. In the mean time, the light troops, under Brigadier
-General Fane, had got upon the right of the position, and Major General
-Hill had ascended the hill upon its left; so that the enemy was obliged
-to abandon his first line, and retire into the village of Zambugera in
-the rear.
-
-From this he was driven by a most gallant charge under the direction of
-Major General Spencer, which terminated the action.
-
-General La Borde continued to make some resistance upon a height beyond
-the village, only for the purpose of collecting, and forming his troops
-in the plain behind it, which he executed with considerable ability.
-After having formed them, upon two lines he retired, filing from his
-left upon the road to Torres Vedras.
-
-Such was the first battle fought by British troops in the great cause of
-the Peninsula: it cost us some valuable lives, among whom Colonel Lake,
-and Captain Bradford were the most distinguished; but it gave a sample
-of that bravery and good conduct which have since marked the progress of
-our arms, and have raised the military renown of England to the glorious
-eminence on which it at present stands. The advantage which resulted
-from this action was great. General Loison was marching to join General
-La Borde, in the position of Roliça; his columns, the next day, were
-distinctly perceived in the direction of Torres Vedras, to which place
-he was forced to retire, in consequence of the action of the preceding
-morning; but if the two corps had been at the battle of Roliça, the
-British loss must have been considerably greater, and the general
-operations of the campaign proportionally delayed.
-
-The following day, the 18th, Sir Arthur Wellesley marched the army to
-Lourinhal, for the purpose of bringing supplies from the shipping, as
-also to receive the reinforcements which were understood to be upon the
-coast from England.
-
-The 19th he moved to Vimiera, on which day, the brigade under the orders
-of General Anstruther, landed, and on the morning of the 20th marched up
-to the army. Sir Arthur Wellesley had during the last two days supplied
-his army with provisions, had received part of his reinforcements, and
-directed the rest which were in the offing, under Major General Ackland,
-to land in the course of the night; he determined, therefore, to move
-forward to Mafra, and the orders to that effect were given.
-
-The enemy was known to have collected his force at Torres Vedras; his
-cavalry had patroled about the British army during the preceding days,
-without being opposed; the superiority of numbers in that arm was
-decided.
-
-But Sir Arthur Wellesley conceived that by moving along the coast road
-to Mafra, he should turn the position which the French occupied, and by
-that operation force them to retire upon Lisbon. He was also of opinion,
-that from the rapidity of his own march, he should arrive in the
-neighbourhood of that town, before the enemy would be able to occupy,
-with advantage, the ground which would defend it, and upon which he
-should force them to give him battle. On the evening of this day,
-however, a frigate, on board which was Sir Harry Burrard, arrived in
-Marciera Bay; Sir Arthur Wellesley immediately waited on that officer,
-to receive his orders, and to communicate to him the plans he was about
-to pursue. Sir Harry Burrard disapproved of them, directed counter
-orders to be issued to the army, to prevent its march in the morning,
-and determined to await the arrival of the corps under the orders of Sir
-John Moore. Sir Arthur Wellesley represented that the French army was
-now so near, that it was impossible to prevent an action; that the corps
-under his orders was equal to the contest with it; that the army of Sir
-John Moore would be of infinitely more service by marching upon
-Santarem; and that the greatest disadvantage would arise, from our
-changing at once from an offensive to a defensive line of operations.
-Sir Harry Burrard remained, however, fixed to his first intention; the
-counter orders were given, and a messenger was despatched to Sir John
-Moore, to direct him to move down in his transports, to Marciera Bay.
-Thus was the whole system of our campaign changed in a moment. With the
-enemy collected within three leagues of us, we were directed to remain
-stationary, till a corps of which we had, as yet, no tidings, should
-arrive.
-
-The event, however, proved what Sir Arthur Wellesley had foretold. At
-nine in the morning of the 21st, our advanced posts were attacked, and
-the glorious battle of Vimiera evinced that the British army was worthy
-of the confidence which its General had reposed in it, in the discussion
-of the preceding evening.
-
-Early on this day, Sir Arthur Wellesley had been to the advanced posts,
-and had returned to his quarters, when the first shots were exchanged
-with the advance of the enemy, who had passed from Torres Vedras,
-through the defile in front of it, and had been marching during the
-whole of the night.
-
-Sir Arthur Wellesley had posted the light troops and the 50th Regiment,
-under Brigadier General Fane, upon a height near a windmill, in front of
-the village of Vimiera. Brigadier General Anstruther was upon the right
-of this corps, but a part of his brigade was detached during the action,
-to occupy Vimiera; the left of the army was placed upon a ridge of
-heights, which run eastward into the country, and across which the
-brigades of Major General Ferguson and Major General Nightingale were
-placed in position. The rest of the army was in reserve, upon heights in
-rear of Vimiera, which in reality formed the position, the one in which
-the action was fought being only the advance of it. The French army was
-divided into two divisions, under Generals La Borde and Loison, and the
-reserve, composed of the grenadiers and light infantry, together with
-the cavalry, under General Kellerman.
-
-Junot separated his army, to attack the positions of our right and left
-at the same moment, connecting his two wings by the force under General
-Kellerman; they were, however, at too great a distance from each other,
-and their attacks were unconnected.
-
-The left column was first engaged with the brigade of Brigadier General
-Anstruther; it attempted to turn his right, but after a contest of some
-duration, in which the superiority of the British fire, in the first
-instance, and afterwards of British bayonets, was completely proved, the
-enemy was repulsed with great slaughter, and forced to abandon his
-undertaking. The right column (which had moved to the left of the
-British) began its attack upon the brigades of Major Generals Ferguson
-and Nightingale, at the time that the left had been beaten by Brigadier
-General Anstruther. It commenced with considerable vigour, but the
-steadiness with which it was received, soon stopped its career; in less
-than half an hour the column was beaten, and pursued beyond the heights;
-General Bregnier and six guns taken. A French regiment afterwards
-rallied near the village of Ventoso, at the extremity of the hill, and
-made an attack, in column of mass, to recover the guns; but it was
-completely routed, with great loss. The attack upon the village of
-Vimiera, as the decisive effort, was made by the reserve, in close
-column, supported by artillery, but was most gallantly resisted by the
-50th and part of the 43d Regiments, who charged the flank of the column
-and totally defeated it. Two squadrons of the 20th Regiment of cavalry
-moved upon it when broken, and cut down and took prisoners a
-considerable number of those composing it, who were escaping from the
-infantry.
-
-A short time before the victory was decided, Sir Harry Burrard arrived
-from the frigate, on board which he had remained during the night; Sir
-Arthur Wellesley was preparing to follow up the advantages he had
-gained; and had already brought up Brigadier General Bowes’ and Major
-General Ackland’s brigades, (who had as yet been in the reserve and
-unengaged) with which he had intended to pursue the enemy. He had also
-directed Major General Hill to be ready to move from his right along a
-road which he was in possession of, and which led by the nearest line to
-Torres Vedras. But Sir Harry Burrard, conceiving that such a movement
-would be attended with risk, desired Sir Arthur Wellesley to discontinue
-the pursuit, and to rest satisfied with the advantages that had been
-gained.
-
-Sir Arthur Wellesley remonstrated on the field against the order to
-halt, but it was of no avail; the decision was not to be changed or
-modified; the enemy retired at his leisure; our light troops even were
-not ordered to attend his movements, and a part of the rear-guard
-remained upon a hill within a short distance of our position till the
-following morning.
-
-Without wishing to cast any reflection upon the conduct of Sir Harry
-Burrard, admitting that (called upon to take the command of an army
-already considerably advanced in the operations it had undertaken, and
-so nearly in contact with the collected force of the enemy as to make an
-action inevitable), he was placed in a situation of great difficulty;
-yet it is impossible not to regret that the person, in whose mind the
-plan of the campaign originally was formed, was not allowed to execute
-it throughout.
-
-The system which Sir Arthur Wellesley had laid down had now been altered
-in three most essential points. First, the not proceeding on the morning
-of the 21st to turn the left of the enemy, by the movement he had
-ordered upon Mafra; thereby changing the operations of the army from the
-offensive to the defensive. Secondly, the not pursuing the enemy after
-the victory of Vimiera; and, lastly, the having changed the direction of
-Lieutenant General Sir John Moore’s corps, from its march upon Santarem
-to its junction with the army of Sir Arthur Wellesley.
-
-It may not be uninteresting to trace the probable effects which these
-movements would have produced.
-
-General Junot had taken the command of the whole disposable force under
-his orders in Portugal (amounting to 14,000 men), at Torres Vedras on
-the 20th; and presuming upon the boasted superiority of French troops to
-those of any other nation, he had resolved to attack the left of the
-British army, thereby leaving it no retreat if defeated, but to the
-sea-shore, and to its transports, if it could effect its embarkation.
-With this intention he marched on the night of the 20th by a road
-leading through a most difficult defile, which brought him to the
-eastward of Vimiera, near which place he arrived soon after nine o’clock
-on the 21st. The order which had been issued the day before for the
-British army was to march at five o’clock, by the road to the Ponte de
-Roll, and from thence direct upon Mafra. This road was separated about
-two leagues from that upon which the French army was advancing, and
-leading in a totally different direction; divided also from it by a
-woody and almost impervious tract of country; so that if the movement
-had been executed, the British army would have been considerably
-advanced towards Mafra, before the enemy had arrived at Vimiera.
-
-If indeed this march had been discovered by the French patroles, it
-would still have been impossible to arrest our progress, from the
-difficulty of getting to us; and in all probability, the enemy would
-have had no other resource than to have returned to Torres Vedras (where
-the whole of his baggage had remained), and from thence tried to attack
-us at Mafra, which would have been attempted under many disadvantages;
-or to have marched in the greatest haste by the Cabeça de Montachique to
-have covered Lisbon. To those who are acquainted with the country I am
-speaking of, the difficulty of such movements (with an army which had
-already been marching since the morning of the 20th), will be duly
-appreciated: if the attempt to cover the capital had been made, the
-confusion and hurry with which a position must have been taken up would
-have bid fair for the success of our attack upon it, which could not
-have been delayed beyond the 23d; the proximity of Lisbon, which was
-ripe for insurrection, must have added to the difficulties of the enemy;
-and upon a review of all the circumstances of the case, together with
-the great talents which Sir Arthur Wellesley has since displayed, we may
-be warranted in believing that complete success would have attended his
-operation; and that the possession of Lisbon would have been effected
-with a smaller loss, with greater advantages, and at a much earlier
-period, than it was obtained by the system which was adopted.
-
-The next point to be considered is the effect which would have been
-produced by following up the enemy after the victory of Vimiera. General
-Junot had advanced from Torres Vedras by a circuitous road to Vimiera;
-and after his defeat the corps under Major General Hill, which had taken
-no part in the action, was in possession of the direct road to that
-place. The ground about Torres Vedras is extremely strong; and it is the
-only good pass by which the French army could have retired to Lisbon.
-Sir Arthur Wellesley was convinced that Major General Hill might have
-occupied the town before the enemy could have reached it; and that he
-might have defended the positions about it, till the army which was to
-have followed the French should have been able to communicate with him.
-
-The great objection that was raised to this project was, that the
-British army was almost destitute of cavalry, whilst the French had of
-that arm a force of at least 1,200 men; but Sir Arthur Wellesley relied
-upon his own genius to provide a remedy to this objection; our infantry
-was in the best order, and it has too often since been tried in presence
-of a superior cavalry, to leave doubt in the mind of any British
-officer, that (if judiciously managed and supported with artillery), it
-is competent to advance in the face of cavalry. If, therefore, Sir
-Arthur Wellesley’s intentions had been carried into effect, the
-probability is, that General Hill would have taken the enemy’s baggage
-at Torres Vedras; that pursued by the British army, General Junot would
-have been unable to force the positions about that town; that he must,
-consequently, have retired by some other road, and his army have been
-subjected to considerable loss.
-
-There remains only for us to consider the effects produced, by bringing
-the corps under the orders of Sir John Moore to Marceira Bay, instead of
-allowing it to proceed to Santarem.
-
-Sir Arthur Wellesley had from the first conceived, that the corps under
-his immediate command was as considerable as could conveniently be
-employed upon the advance to Lisbon, and was of sufficient force to
-secure the success of that operation; but he foresaw that it would be
-impossible for him to prevent the French army from retiring through the
-Alemtejo, to Elvas, unless he could bring a separate corps to intercept
-it; with that view he had recommended the march of Sir John Moore upon
-Santarem, and that excellent officer, upon his arrival in Mondego Bay,
-disembarked a considerable portion of his troops with the view of
-executing that movement.
-
-From the moment Sir Arthur Wellesley was apprized of the determination
-of Sir Harry Burrard to prevent that operation, and found himself
-arrested in his pursuit of the enemy after the battle of Vimiera, he
-gave up all hope of enclosing the French in Lisbon, or of preventing
-their protracting the campaign (if they thought fit to do so) by a
-movement into the southern provinces of Portugal.
-
-We must now proceed to the relation of the events which took place after
-the battle of Vimiera.
-
-Sir Arthur Wellesley employed himself, in the evening of the 21st, in
-getting stores and provisions landed for the troops, and strenuously
-urged an advance on the 22d; but on the morning of that day, he was
-informed that Sir Hew Dalrymple was arrived in Marceira Bay, and was
-landing, to take the command. This officer soon afterwards reached
-Vimiera; he gave directions for the advance of the army on the next day;
-but about three o’clock in the afternoon, General Kellerman arrived at
-the advanced posts, and requested a conference with the English
-commander-in-chief. Some officers were directed to conduct him to
-head-quarters, with the persons who formed his suite; and soon
-afterwards he proposed the terms to Sir Hew Dalrymple, upon which
-General Junot was prepared to conclude an armistice, with a view to his
-total evacuation of Portugal.
-
-General Kellerman insisted much upon the still remaining strength of the
-French army; that 10,000 Russians were prepared to land from the
-squadron which was in the port of Lisbon, and to assist in the defence
-of Portugal; that General Junot (in possession of the fortresses, and
-with his movements upon Elvas undisturbed) was not in a situation to be
-dictated to, as to the terms upon which he was willing to evacuate the
-country; that although a part of the French army had been repulsed from
-the position of the British, it still possessed considerable resources;
-that it had the opportunity of occupying, undisturbed, the positions
-which had been marked out for the defence of Lisbon; it therefore
-commanded respect; but that General Junot was willing to surrender the
-entire kingdom, with the ports and fortresses, upon condition that the
-French army should be sent, with its whole military baggage, and at the
-expense of England, to its own country.
-
-Sir Arthur Wellesley had conceived from the first, that the policy of
-Great Britain was, to bring as early as possible to the assistance of
-the Spaniards, who were now upon the Ebro, the British army that was
-occupied in Portugal.
-
-The plan upon which he had commenced the campaign was formed with that
-intention; the hope of seeing it accomplished, by force of arms, was now
-nearly at an end. The march of the French Emperor into Spain was already
-talked of; and there seemed to be no hope, if the French were determined
-to protract the campaign in Portugal, that a British army, after having
-beaten them in the field, and besieged the fortresses they occupied in
-the country, could arrive in time to be of any assistance to the
-Spaniards. If, on the contrary, the terms proposed for the evacuation of
-Portugal were, agreed to, the embarkation of the enemy might be
-immediately effected, and the British army might in a short time be
-marched to the assistance of the Spaniards.
-
-With this view of the various circumstances of the moment, Sir Arthur
-Wellesley gave his voice in favour of the principle of the armistice
-proposed; the minor details of it were objected to by him, particularly
-the wording of the article which related to the baggage, and which might
-be construed into a permission to carry off the plunder of Portugal; but
-it was thought, (after an understanding with General Kellerman, that it
-included only the baggage “_purement militaire_,”) that the most proper
-moment for its correction, would be, in the arrangement of the
-convention.
-
-With this explanation Sir Arthur Wellesley, in pursuance of Sir Hew
-Dalrymple’s directions, signed the Armistice.
-
-It would be needless to relate here the terms of a document, which gave
-rise afterwards to so much discussion in England, and which must
-consequently be in the recollection of every Englishman. The period of
-the armistice was two days, with twenty-four hours’ notice of its
-rupture, and it precluded the British army from advancing beyond the
-line of the Zizandra. To give an opinion upon its merits would be
-presumption; but if the opportunity which it afforded of preparing the
-British army for its advance into Spain, had been properly made use of,
-and if the execution of this object had not been so considerably
-delayed, by the tardiness of the embarkation of the French, it is
-probable that greater advantages would have resulted from it, than have
-generally been brought into consideration, in the discussions which it
-has occasioned.
-
-The morning after the signature of the armistice, the British army
-advanced to Ramalhal. Colonel Murray was sent into the French
-head-quarters, to discuss the terms of the convention, and the French
-retired from Torres Vedras, to their positions in the vicinity of
-Lisbon. After the lapse of some days, the corps of Sir John Moore
-arrived in Marceira bay, and was landed near Vimiera. The following days
-it was advanced, and the whole army moved into Torres Vedras. The second
-day from its entrance into that place, Sir Arthur Wellesley was directed
-to proceed with the corps with which he originally landed, to the town
-of Sobral, which commanded one of the great passes to Lisbon; on his
-march to that place he received a message from Sir Hew Dalrymple,
-informing him that Colonel Murray had arrived with the convention which
-he had signed, and that Sir Hew was prepared to ratify it.
-
-The feeling of the army which had fought the battle of Vimiera, was at
-this time most hostile to the armistice which had been agreed upon.
-
-The expression of a private in one of the regiments which had most
-gallantly asserted the superiority of the British arms, deserves to be
-recorded: whilst marching in his column to Sobral, he appeared to be
-looking for something which he had lost; and upon being asked what he
-was in search of, replied, _ten days_, which he believed he should never
-find again.
-
-Sir Arthur Wellesley took up the ground about Sobral, with the corps
-which he commanded; a patrole of French fired upon one of his piquets,
-but upon its being returned, retired. The second day, Sir Arthur
-Wellesley moved on to Bucellas, where a line of demarcation was drawn
-between the British and French posts.
-
-The corps under the orders of Sir John Moore marched from Torres Vedras
-to Mafra. The leading division, under Major General the Honourable
-Edward Paget, had nearly reached that place, when a French officer, who
-commanded a piquet in the town, desired that the English army would not
-advance, as he had no orders to retire; the circumstance was reported to
-Sir Hew Dalrymple, who attempted to persuade the French officer to
-evacuate, but finding his efforts ineffectual, and being desirous to
-avoid engaging in any fresh hostilities, he ordered his troops to
-bivouaque, for the night, on the ground they occupied. The next morning
-the French officer sent word, that he had received orders to retire with
-his 100 men, and that the British army was at liberty to enter the town.
-This story was the occasion of much witticism among the soldiers.
-
-From Mafra, Sir Hew Dalrymple removed his head-quarters to Cintra; from
-thence to the village of Acyras, near Fort St. Julian’s; and from thence
-to Aquinto, between Paço d’Aquas and Lisbon, where he remained till the
-embarkation of the French army had been completed.
-
-After the signature of the convention by Sir Hew Dalrymple, at Torres
-Vedras, and not at Cintra, as has generally been supposed, two officers,
-Major General Beresford and Lord Proby, were sent into Lisbon to
-superintend its execution. The history of their disputes with the French
-would hardly be believed. It would be interesting to record them, as
-instances from which the characters of many of the individuals belonging
-to the French army might be collected, and the value of their point of
-honour appreciated.
-
-The first object to which the attention of the British commissioners for
-the execution of the convention was drawn, was to enforce the spirit of
-that instrument, by preventing the French from carrying off the plunder
-of Portugal. With this view General Junot, after much opposition on his
-part, was constrained to issue an order to his army, requiring it to
-deliver up, into the hands of the commissioners appointed for that
-purpose, every species of plundered property which it retained in its
-possession. Within a few hours, however, of the issuing of this order,
-information was brought to Major General Beresford, that Colonel
-Cambyse, aide-de-camp to General Junot, had seized upon the Prince
-Regent’s horses, had carried them from the royal stables, and was
-embarking them as the property of General Junot.
-
-The statement, upon being inquired into, was found to be correct, and
-General Kellerman was applied to, to prevent this robbery; he
-immediately attacked Colonel Cambyse with great severity of language,
-and ordered the horses to be restored.
-
-The next day an attempt of the same sort, by the same officer, was made
-upon one of the carriages belonging to the Duke of Sussex, which was
-actually embarked; Major General Beresford, upon being made acquainted
-with it, sent his aide-de-camp to Colonel Cambyse, to remonstrate with
-him (in terms not very agreeable) upon the repetition of a conduct so
-disgraceful to the character of an officer. This lecture was, however,
-of but little avail, for during the time that Major General Beresford’s
-aide-de-camp was speaking, the second carriage belonging to the Duke of
-Sussex was removed to the river, for the same purpose of embarkation;
-both carriages were afterwards recovered, and Colonel Cambyse threatened
-with a voyage to England as a prisoner, if he continued a line of
-conduct such as he had till then pursued. Various other traits might be
-related of this officer, but an act of General J——’s will be more
-interesting, and more worthy of record: he had carried off a
-considerable number of pictures, and embarked them on board his own
-vessel, from the house of the Marchioness of Anjija; upon being required
-to give them up, he answered, that they had been given to him. This
-having been found to be incorrect, he denied all knowledge of the
-transaction, and impeached a relation of his who was on board the ship
-with him, but who immediately proceeded to one of the transports, where
-he hoped to remain concealed. A threat of preventing the General from
-sailing, till the pictures were disgorged, soon brought this gentleman
-back to the frigate, and Captain Percy directed him to go on shore to
-give an account of the transaction; he refused, however, to acknowledge
-the jurisdiction of the commissioners, and declared his determination
-not to land. The bayonets of the marines were called for, to persuade
-him; they proved effectual, the gentleman was landed, and soon after,
-the pictures were returned. Another general officer, on the day of his
-embarkation, carried off, from the office of the commissioners, all the
-papers and documents which he was able to collect, in a short visit he
-made to it while the commissioners were absent; and if he had not been
-driven back to Lisbon by contrary winds, (when he was forced to return
-them) would have involved their proceedings in complete confusion.
-
-On the 10th of September the French garrison evacuated Lisbon, and
-General Hope was appointed Governor.
-
-The joy of the inhabitants, when the national flag was hoisted, is
-beyond any description; an universal shout re-echoed through the town;
-innumerable banners, emblems of a new life of liberty, were displayed
-from every corner of the capital. The ships in the river, decorated with
-the proud symbols of national independence, proclaimed the triumph of
-the day, by repeated discharges of artillery; and for nine nights the
-town was universally illuminated, in token of the joy of the inhabitants
-at their deliverance, and of hatred to the oppressors, who still
-witnessed from their transports the detestation which was manifested of
-them.
-
-Thus was ended the campaign in Portugal. Parts of it are to be
-regretted, but the great object for which it was undertaken was
-accomplished. Portugal was freed from the enemy by the genius of Sir
-Arthur Wellesley, and the bravery of British troops. Those means have
-preserved it independent, and have since accomplished the deliverance of
-the Peninsula. The succession of general officers to the command of an
-army considerably advanced in the operations of a campaign, will rarely
-be attended with advantage; to cast any blame upon those who succeeded
-in this instance to the command of the British army in Portugal, would
-be unjust; but we may be permitted to observe, that the genius of a
-great commander was marked in the first operations of the campaign;
-whilst a cold calculating policy conducted it to its final issue. Sir
-Arthur Wellesley soon after embarked for England; Sir Hew Dalrymple and
-Sir Harry Burrard were recalled; and the British army was intrusted to
-the command of Sir John Moore.
-
-The events of the campaign in Spain had been various, during the period
-of which we have been speaking.
-
-When the revolution first broke out in that country, when the massacre
-of the 2d of May had roused every patriot to revenge the murder of his
-countrymen, the force of the French in Spain was unprepared to repress
-so universal an insurrection. A corps of 20,000 men was, however, soon
-despatched, under the orders of General Dupont, to relieve the French
-fleet at Cadiz, and to seize upon that important post. General Dupont
-was too late; the Governor Solano, suspected of some attachment to the
-French, was murdered by the people, and the revolution was organized
-throughout Andalusia. General Castanos was appointed Captain-General,
-and was invested with the command of all the troops in the south of
-Spain.
-
-He had a considerable number of veteran regiments, besides the
-volunteers who had at that time hastened to enrol themselves under the
-banners of their country. With an army so composed, General Castanos
-marched to oppose the progress of General Dupont. This officer was
-waiting, at Cordova and Andujar, the junction of a corps under General
-Wedel, which was marching to his assistance from Madrid; for although
-General Dupont had not as yet been opposed by any regular force, yet the
-universal hostility he had met with from the peasants, as well as the
-loss he had sustained by their desultory warfare, made it dangerous for
-him to attempt a further advance into the country.
-
-General Castanos resolved to meet the French force before it should
-receive its expected reinforcements; he arrived with rapidity upon the
-Guadalquivir, opposite Cordova, and advanced upon Andujar. At the same
-time he detached a considerable corps, under Generals Coupigni and
-Reding, to pass the river higher up, to place itself in rear of Dupont,
-and to intercept his communications with Madrid. This object was
-effected; the corps reached Baylen on the 19th of July, and was placed
-between the army of Dupont and the reinforcement of 6,000 men under
-General Wedel. General Dupont had on the same evening determined to
-break up from his position near Andujar, where he had suffered
-considerably from the hostility of the peasants, as well as from the
-army of Castanos, which was engaged in continual skirmishes with his
-troops. He marched during the whole night towards Baylen, and arrived
-there in the morning; he found, however, the Spanish corps in position
-to receive him. General Dupont made immediate dispositions for attack;
-but he was foiled in all his attempts to penetrate the Spanish lines. He
-expected the arrival of General Wedel; but being at last exhausted, and
-dreading an attack both in front and rear, (as the corps of Castanos was
-following him), he sent a flag of truce to the Spaniards about two
-o’clock in the afternoon, and desired to capitulate. While the terms
-were discussing, but after some advantages had been seized over General
-Dupont’s army, the corps of General Wedel began to appear in rear of the
-Spaniards; it soon after made an attack upon them, but was repulsed; and
-General Dupont was told, that unless General Wedel was ordered to
-desist, and unless his corps was included in the capitulation, the whole
-of his army would be put to the sword. General Dupont was obliged to
-agree, and General Wedel was ordered to remain quiet, and to consider
-his corps as a part of the army which was to surrender. General Wedel
-feigned obedience to this order, but finding his communication with
-Madrid was open, he moved off in the course of the night, and
-endeavoured to reach La Mancha. When his march was discovered, the
-Spaniards announced to Dupont, that his whole army should pay for the
-atrocities committed by the French throughout Spain, and be immolated in
-the morning, unless Wedel was brought back. General Dupont had no means
-of preventing the execution of so alarming a menace, but complying with
-the alternative; he sent a senior officer in quest of Wedel, and brought
-him back from Carolina, which he had already reached: the whole of the
-two corps laid down their arms the same day, in conformity to a
-capitulation entered upon for that purpose.
-
-There never was a more singular extinction of an army of near 25,000 men
-than that which has been described. General Dupont was esteemed the best
-officer in the French army; yet he surrendered a most effective corps to
-an army but just formed, and in part composed of inexperienced officers
-and soldiers. The results were most fortunate for the Spaniards; the
-kingdoms of Andalusia were freed from enemies, and their armies rendered
-disposable for the other operations of the war.
-
-About the time that Dupont had been detached to Cadiz, General Moncey
-had been sent with 8,000 men to reduce Valencia to obedience; he marched
-for that purpose from Madrid, and arrived without much opposition within
-sight of the town.
-
-Valencia is an old Moorish capital, surrounded by a very high wall, and
-secure against a _coup de main_. Moncey determined to attack it; but,
-without a battering train, he was reduced to the necessity of storming,
-without having made any preparations for it. The assault was directed
-against the southern gate, where the Spaniards had placed two guns, and
-secured them by some works which were not easy to be carried; the troops
-advanced from one of the streets of the suburbs, along which the Spanish
-guns did great execution, and at last obliged Moncey to give up the
-attempt, and retire with a considerable diminution of his numbers. The
-Spanish corps that were without the town menaced his retreat and Moncey
-was forced to march with great rapidity towards Alcira and St. Philippe,
-to secure a passage by a different road from that by which he had
-entered the kingdom. He was continually harassed, but he succeeded in
-crossing the river Xucar, and afterwards retired to Madrid with about
-half the corps he had originally taken from it.
-
-The French were more successful in the battle of Rio Seco, mention of
-which has already been made in the first pages of this work, yet they
-were unable to follow up their successes; and the noble resistance of
-Saragossa, under the directions of Palafox, obliged them to march a
-considerable corps to besiege it.
-
-The events of this campaign were so destructive to the enemy, that
-Joseph resolved to quit Madrid, and seek a safer and more concentrated
-position behind the Ebro. The first columns of his troops began to
-retire from the capital upon the 30th of July, and it was totally
-abandoned on the 10th of August; the siege of Saragossa was also raised,
-and the head-quarters of the French armies were established at Vittoria.
-Such was the state of things when Lieutenant General Sir John Moore was
-ordered to carry the British army from Portugal to the assistance of the
-Spaniards.
-
-The Spanish troops were generally assembled in two great corps; the
-left, under the orders of General Blake, in the provinces of Asturias
-and Biscay; the right, along the south bank of the Ebro, at Logrono,
-Tudela, &c., and under the command of Castanos; Palafox commanded the
-army of Arragon; which, (although incorporated with that of Castanos),
-yet yielded but an unwilling submission to his orders. The Marquis of
-Romana, with the troops that had been withdrawn from Denmark, had landed
-in Gallicia, and was moving forward to take the chief command of the
-troops of Blake and the whole northern army.
-
-Sir John Moore began his march from Lisbon on the 27th of October; he
-determined to assemble his troops at Salamanca; but, from the
-difficulties of roads, and of subsistence for the army, he was induced
-to separate his corps, and to march them at distances so great from each
-other, that they no longer were of any mutual support. The infantry
-arrived in good order at Salamanca towards the end of November; but the
-cavalry and artillery, which had moved within a few leagues of Madrid,
-did not reach that place till three weeks or a month afterwards. Sir
-David Baird was sent from England with a corps of 13,000 men to Corunna,
-and was directed to place himself under the orders of Sir John Moore,
-and effect his junction with him as early as possible. This officer met
-with considerable obstructions from the Junta of Gallicia; he was, in
-the first instance, refused the permission to land; and afterwards was
-subjected to great inconvenience in provisioning his troops.
-
-Soon after the arrival of Sir John Moore at Salamanca, he was apprized
-that Buonaparte, with a large army, was already in Spain; and that his
-first successes had been considerable; Sir John Moore seemed to think
-them decisive.
-
-The army of General Blake was beaten at Espinora de los Monteros on the
-10th and 11th of November; and the battle of Tudela on the 28th put to
-rout the army of Castanos. Sir John Moore had a most difficult card to
-play. His army was not assembled, his cavalry and artillery had not
-formed their junction, and a considerable distance divided him from the
-corps of Sir David Baird. He resolved therefore to abandon offensive
-operations, and directing this last-mentioned corps to retreat to Vigo,
-and there embark for Lisbon, he himself prepared to retire into
-Portugal. The direction of the French army upon Madrid changed, however,
-Sir John Moore’s determination. He stopped the movement of Sir David
-Baird, and ordered him to advance his corps to Benavente; from whence it
-was his intention to combine an operation with the whole British force
-upon the rear of Buonaparte.
-
-General Soult commanded a corps of the French army upon the Carrion; Sir
-John Moore determined to attack him, and moved forward with that
-intention with the whole force under his command, which he had assembled
-on the 20th of December at Mayorga, combined with the corps of Romana
-upon his left. The British force amounted to 29,360 effective men. After
-severe marches, Sir John Moore reached Sahagun on the 21st of December,
-and prepared on the 23d to force the position of General Soult. He
-received, however, information that Buonaparte was marching upon
-Salamanca, and was seeking to surround his army. Sir John Moore
-instantly gave up the offensive, and retired in the greatest haste upon
-Benavente. When he arrived there, he found the advanced guard of
-Buonaparte’s army at a short distance from the place; and on the 29th of
-December, the British rear guard of cavalry distinguished itself in an
-affair with the cavalry of the imperial guard.
-
-The superiority of the British was manifest on this occasion; they had
-in several preceding actions given samples of their bravery and good
-conduct; Lieutenant General Lord Paget and Major General the Honourable
-C. Stewart had led them on to the most decisive successes, and in an
-affair at Sahagun, on the 21st of December, had almost annihilated a
-regiment of French cavalry.
-
-The fall of Madrid, after an inconsiderable resistance, had made a deep
-impression upon the mind of Sir John Moore; he looked with despondency
-upon the affairs of the Peninsula, after its surrender; and considered
-the great cause of Spanish independence completely lost. He had made one
-effort to relieve the southern provinces of Spain from the irruption
-with which they were threatened; he succeeded in diverting it against
-himself; and from that time he conceived that his first duty was to
-withdraw from the country. With that view he commenced his retreat into
-Gallicia; he at first determined to embark his army at Vigo; he
-afterwards led it to Corunna. It had been expected that he would have
-defended the strong ground he was passing over, but he continued his
-retreat, and once only, on the 8th of January at Lugo, offered battle to
-his pursuers[2]. The enemy was neither strong enough nor mad enough to
-accept it; and after a retreat, the most disastrous for an unbeaten but
-brave and gallant army that history records, Sir John Moore arrived at
-Corunna on the 11th of January 1809. He took up a position in front of
-the town to await the arrival of the transports; fortunately they were
-not long delayed; they reached the harbour on the 14th; and Sir John
-Moore prepared to embark his troops. Happily for the honour of the
-British army, though we must lament the loss that ensued, the French
-were too proud of the reputation they had gained against other armies,
-to permit the embarkation to be unmolested. They attacked the British
-corps, reduced by fatigue, by loss upon the march, by sickness, and by
-the absence of its cannon, which was already on board the transports;
-they attacked it when mustering only 16,000 men, placed in a bad
-position, with its retreat cut off if beaten; yet they were completely
-repulsed, with very severe loss, and a part of the position which they
-occupied before the action, was carried at the point of the bayonet, and
-maintained. The loss on the side of the British was considerable; Sir
-John Moore fell in the arms of victory; he died a death worthy of the
-character he had maintained through a long life of service and renown;
-he fell by a cannon-shot while directing a charge against the enemy, and
-commanded the respect, the admiration, and regret of his brother
-soldiers and his countrymen. Sir David Baird was severely wounded, and
-obliged to quit the field, and the command-devolved upon Sir John Hope.
-This officer withdrew his troops from the position, and embarked them in
-the course of the night and succeeding day; the rear-guard was commanded
-by Major General Beresford, and the whole army was embarked without
-loss, and sailed on the 17th of January; Thus ended the second campaign
-in which the British troops had been engaged in the Peninsula. It would
-be a melancholy task to canvass it throughout; the last action was
-worthy of the men that have since delivered Spain from its merciless
-invaders; but the movements which preceded it were far from being
-generally approved. Great difficulties were indeed opposed to Sir John
-Moore; but it would appear that in his own mind they were too highly
-rated. He discharged his duty to his country, however, with his utmost
-zeal. He died fighting to maintain its glory, and his name will ever be
-ranked amongst its heroes.
-
-Footnote 2:
-
-  One of the principal causes of the uninterrupted continuation of this
-  retreat was the total failure of the Commissariat in the establishment
-  of the Magazines which had been directed to be formed on the line of
-  march now pursued by the army.
-
-During the period of Sir John Moore’s campaign in Spain, Sir John
-Craddock had been appointed to the command of the British troops in
-Portugal. Their number was small, and varied considerably during the
-winter; some detachments which had been sent to Sir John Moore returned
-without having effected their junction, and many stragglers and sick
-from that army found their way into Portugal, and were formed into
-battalions. The brigade under Major General R. Stewart was also
-incorporated with the army under the orders of Sir John Craddock.
-
-Before the retreat of Sir John Moore was known in England, a corps,
-under the orders of Major General Mackenzie, had been sent to Cadiz,
-with the view of being admitted as the garrison of that place. The
-conduct of the Spaniards, in refusing to allow the British army to enter
-Ferrol, although pressed by a superior enemy, made it necessary for the
-Government of England to secure a point of safety for its fleet and
-armies, before it could consent to the further co-operation of any
-British force in Spain. It therefore required, as a condition to the
-employment of an army for the defence of the southern provinces of the
-Peninsula, that a British force should be admitted within the walls of
-Cadiz. Much negotiation took place upon this point, but the Spanish
-Government at last refused the permission, and thus put an end to the
-proposed assistance of a British army.
-
-The corps under Major General Mackenzie sailed from Cadiz to Lisbon, and
-added to the force under Sir John Craddock.
-
-After the evacuation of Corunna, by Lieutenant General Sir John Hope,
-the French had entered it with two corps, those of Marshals Ney and
-Soult; the latter was detached, about the beginning of February, to the
-attack of Portugal. He succeeded, with little opposition, in occupying
-the country to the north of the Douro. In Oporto, the Portuguese force
-was collected to a considerable amount; but having neither discipline
-nor regularity, it was unable to oppose more than a feeble resistance to
-the French. Marshal Soult, who was anxious to strike terror amongst the
-inhabitants of Portugal, permitted his soldiers, after storming the
-town, and destroying an immense number of people, to continue their
-cruelties during several days. The plunder of the place was accompanied
-with every description of outrage; but the measure only succeeded in
-increasing the detestation in which the enemy was held, without
-effecting the subjugation of the country.
-
-After the success of Buonaparte in the centre of Spain, and the
-expulsion of the English army from Gallicia, General Victor had been
-detached against the Spanish corps of General Cuesta, which was
-quartered about Medellin. After some previous movements a general battle
-was fought, in which the Spanish army was completely routed; it retired
-to the mountains about Monasterio, where, with the assistance of the
-reinforcements which were sent to it, it made head against the French
-army. Victor at this time concerted with Marshal Soult, in Oporto, a
-combined attack upon the unconquered provinces of Portugal. Soult was to
-move through Coimbra, upon Lisbon; while Victor was to co-operate from
-the Spanish frontier, through Portalegre, or Alcantara, upon Abrantes,
-and from thence to march upon the capital. Sir John Craddock had
-collected the British force, which had now become respectable from the
-different reinforcements which had arrived, in positions in front of
-Santarem, and upon the road to Coimbra, so as to be prepared to move
-upon either of the two French corps, which threatened to advance upon
-him. But on the 22nd of April, Sir Arthur Wellesley (who had been
-selected for the command in Portugal) arrived with some reinforcements,
-and assumed the direction of the army.
-
-He decided to proceed instantly against the corps under Marshal Soult,
-in Oporto. He left a division under Major General Mackenzie, with the
-brigade of heavy cavalry under Major General Fane, at Abrantes, to watch
-the corps of Marshal Victor: some Portuguese were placed to observe the
-bridge of Alcantara, and with the rest of the army he proceeded to the
-Douro. By the rapidity of his movement, Sir Arthur Wellesley
-disconcerted the plans of the French; he drove their advance guard, in
-three days, from the Vouga to Oporto, and arrived on the Douro, opposite
-to that town, upon the 11th of May.
-
-Sir Arthur Wellesley had detached Marshal Beresford, (who had lately
-been appointed to the command of the Portuguese army,) to pass the
-Douro, near Lamego, and to occupy Amaranthe; he had also directed
-General Silviera with the troops under his command, to retain possession
-of Chaves. By these movements he had hoped to enclose the French corps,
-in the north of Portugal. On the morning of the 12th he determined to
-cross the Douro, in face of the enemy, and to attack the town of Oporto,
-although the bridge had been destroyed, and the boats (with the
-exception of two that conveyed over the first soldiers) had been removed
-to the opposite side of the river.
-
-No operation could be more difficult, or require greater bravery in the
-troops to execute, or talent in the general to combine; but complete
-success attended it. Marshal Soult was surprised; the British army
-passed the river in spite of every obstacle, and of the superior numbers
-which were brought to overwhelm the first regiments that crossed; and
-the French army was driven, with the loss of its sick and wounded, of
-great part of its baggage, and of a considerable number of guns, from
-the town of Oporto. Sir Arthur Wellesley pursued the French on the
-following day; Marshal Beresford had driven them from Amaranthe; so
-that, being pressed on all sides, they were obliged to abandon the whole
-of their guns and baggage, and to fly the country by the mountain roads
-to Orense; their rear was several times attacked, but the main body
-could not be attained; and Sir Arthur Wellesley, unable any longer to
-pursue an enemy who had abandoned every thing which constitutes an army,
-and who fled without artillery, baggage, or equipment, halted on the
-18th at Monte Alegre, and gave up the pursuit.
-
-This short campaign, of only ten days, is perhaps the most brilliant
-that ever has been executed. Marshal Soult, represented as the best
-officer in the French army, had occupied the northern provinces of
-Portugal, for upwards of two months; he had contemplated the entire
-conquest of the country, and was employed in organizing the necessary
-means. To defend himself from any attack, he had the Vouga, and the
-Douro, both formidable rivers, and the advantage of the strongest
-country in the Peninsula; he had a force equal in amount to the British,
-or within very little of it, and in a state of superior military
-organization. He had a perfect knowledge of the country; he commanded
-its resources; and was in every way formidable from his talents and his
-means. Yet the genius of Sir Arthur Wellesley deprived him at once of
-the advantages of which he was possessed. In the space of four days he
-was driven from Coimbra to the Douro; and in six days after, not having
-had the time or opportunity of defending himself in a single position,
-he was chased from the frontiers of Portugal.
-
-The movements of the Portuguese about Chaves had disappointed the
-expectations of Sir Arthur Wellesley, or his triumph would have been
-more complete. He had entertained the hope of surrounding the French
-army; but by the non-execution of a part of his plan the individuals who
-composed it escaped; but there never was a more disgraceful escape; or a
-retreat (if it deserve that name, and not a flight) more humiliating to
-the officer who conducted it.
-
-Lieutenant General Paget, who had displayed the greatest talent and
-bravery in the attacks he conducted, with the advanced guard under his
-command, before his arrival upon the Douro, passed that river with the
-first company of the Buffs; and having most gallantly sustained the
-desperate attack of the enemy upon the few troops under his orders,
-which had as yet arrived upon the Oporto side of the river, was
-unfortunately wounded in the arm, and suffered amputation. Major Hervey
-also lost his arm, in a most gallant charge of the 14th light dragoons,
-which he had led.
-
-Whilst Sir Arthur Wellesley had been engaged in the pursuit of Marshal
-Soult, Marshal Victor had made a movement upon the bridge of Alcantara,
-and had threatened to enter Portugal in that direction; the bridge was
-destroyed, and Marshal Victor made no further advance; but Sir Arthur
-Wellesley, after making the necessary dispositions for the security of
-the northern frontiers of Portugal, brought back his army to the Tagus.
-The state of the French in the Peninsula, at this moment, was as
-follows. Marshal Ney was at Corunna, Soult was retreating from Portugal,
-and Mortier was at Valladolid; these corps together amounted to about
-60,000 effective men, and kept the provinces of Gallicia, Asturias,
-Biscay, and Castile, in tolerable subjection. There were other corps
-employed in those provinces, but the amount of force of which we have
-spoken, was to a certain degree disposable. In the centre of Spain,
-Victor was at Merida; Sebastiani in La Mancha; and Joseph, with Jourdan,
-at Madrid; their force amounted to 50,000 men; Suchet was at Saragossa,
-in occupation of Arragon, with a corps of 20,000 men. The French force
-in Catalonia was considerable, but, from the state of that province, it
-could not be disposable for any offensive operations.
-
-The distribution of the Spanish force was, General Cuesta at Monasterio,
-with 40,000 men, mostly recruits; Vanegas, with 25,000 in the Carolina;
-Romana, with 25,000 in different parts of Gallicia; and General Blake,
-with 20,000 in Valencia. There were several other corps in different
-quarters, of small amount, but which could not be considered as
-efficient for the duties of a campaign. In Portugal, the army of Sir
-Arthur Wellesley consisted of about 22,000 effective infantry, and 2,500
-cavalry. The Portuguese, under Marshal Beresford, were as yet backward
-in organization, but amounted to about 15,000 men, collected and ready
-to take the field; besides the troops in garrisons, depôts, &c.
-According to this estimate, the French had a force of 130,000 effective
-men, while that opposed to them was about 150,000.
-
-Sir Arthur Wellesley, upon his arrival on the Tagus, determined, if
-possible, to liberate Madrid. To effect this object, he proposed to
-bring the greater part of his own force, with that under General Cuesta,
-and the corps under General Vanegas, amounting in the whole to near
-90,000 men, to operate upon the forces of Joseph, Victor, and
-Sebastiani, estimated at 50,000. He proposed to leave Marshal Beresford,
-in conjunction with the Duke del Parque, to watch Soult, from the
-neighbourhood of Ciudad Rodrigo; and he hoped that the troops under
-Romana would give sufficient employment to Marshal Ney, in Gallicia.
-
-During the month of June, Victor, (in consequence of the successful
-operations of Sir Arthur Wellesley against Soult, and his return upon
-the Tagus) withdrew his corps from the neighbourhood of Monasterio,
-crossed the Tagus at the bridge of Almaraz, and took up a position at
-Talavera de la Reyna; General Cuesta followed him to that place, but
-finding him in position, retired to Almaraz, where he remained, with his
-advance corps, under the Duke of Albuquerque, at Arzobispo. Towards the
-end of the same month, Marshal Soult arrived with the corps under his
-command, at Puebla di Senabria, from whence he marched to Zamora and
-Salamanca.
-
-In this state of things, Sir Arthur Wellesley (after having received the
-most distinct declarations from the supreme Government of Spain that his
-army should be supplied with provisions) advanced on the 25th and 26th
-of June, from Abrantes, towards Placencia. Marshal Beresford moved at
-the same time to the neighbourhood of Ciudad Rodrigo. Sir Arthur
-Wellesley went on the 12th to the head-quarters of General Cuesta, at
-Casas del Puerta, near the bridge of Almaraz, to concert with him the
-operations of the campaign. He proposed as the first object, to occupy
-in strength the positions of Baños and Bejar, which commanded the only
-road from Upper Castile into Estremadura, and the country about Coria,
-and Placencia. Sir Arthur Wellesley, (aware that his own army was the
-only one that was efficient for the operations of a campaign,)
-recommended that a corps of Spaniards should be destined for this
-service.
-
-It has since been known, that amongst the numberless intriguers who at
-this moment sought to disunite the counsels of the allies, one of the
-most busy had awakened the jealousy of General Cuesta upon this point,
-and had represented to him, that the English general, with a view of
-weakening the Spanish force in the field, would recommend him to make a
-considerable detachment from his army. When the recommendation was
-given, therefore, General Cuesta was convinced that the information he
-had received was correct; and from the violence of his own nature, could
-not easily repress his resentment at a proposal, which he thought was
-intended to reduce his army, for the purpose of diminishing his share of
-glory in the expulsion of the French from Madrid; a result which he
-anticipated from the movements about to be carried into execution.
-General O’Donaju, the adjutant-general of the Spanish army, prevailed
-upon him, however, to agree to the arrangement, but General Cuesta never
-carried it fairly into effect. The small force he afterwards sent to
-Bejar was incompetent to any resistance, and was totally unprovided,
-even with ammunition.
-
-The remainder of Sir Arthur Wellesley’s plan was, that his army should
-join that of General Cuesta, and should advance in the first instance to
-the attack of Victor at Talavera. By a movement in co-operation, General
-Vanegas was ordered to break up from the position in La Mancha, about
-Madrilejos; to march upon Pembleque and Ocaña, and pass the Tagus at
-Fuente Dueñas; where he was to arrive on the same day, the 22d of July,
-that the armies under Sir Arthur Wellesley and General Cuesta, were to
-arrive at Talavera, and attack the corps of Victor. General Vanegas
-received this order, and agreed to its execution. Sir Arthur Wellesley
-removed his army from Placencia, according to the plan which had been
-arranged; passed the Tietar, and arrived at Oropesa on the 20th of July;
-where he effected his junction with the army under the orders of General
-Cuesta, amounting to 35,000 effective men. The next day, the Spanish
-army advanced towards Talavera; and on the 22d the British corps moved
-forward to the same place. While upon his march, Sir Arthur Wellesley
-received several messages from General Cuesta, stating that the enemy
-was disposed to attack him. Sir Arthur Wellesley pushed forward, but
-upon reaching the ground, found only two squadrons of French, who had
-come from Talavera to reconnoitre the position of the Spaniards.
-
-The light troops of both armies advanced upon the rear-guard of the
-French, the Spanish cavalry attempted to charge it, but without effect,
-and the whole French army took up a position upon the heights, to the
-eastward of the Alberche. The British and Spanish armies occupied the
-ground about Talavera with their advance upon the right of the same
-river. Sir Arthur Wellesley had expected to hear from General Vanegas:
-according to the orders which had been sent to him, he should have been
-at Fuente Dueñas upon the 22d; but from every information which could be
-obtained, no movement appeared to have been made by him. The history of
-the defection of his corps deserves to be recorded. When General Vanegas
-received the orders from General Cuesta to move upon Madrid, he returned
-for answer, that he would do so; he despatched, however, at the same
-time, a courier to the supreme Junta, communicating to it the orders he
-had received. That body replied, that he was not to execute the
-movement, but to await its further commands in the positions which he
-occupied. These directions, (which were neither announced to Sir Arthur
-Wellesley nor to General Cuesta), arrived in time to stop General
-Vanegas. It was difficult to explain the motive of this conduct; but it
-was afterwards discovered that the supreme Junta, amongst other reasons,
-was not anxious that General Cuesta should enter Madrid. He was supposed
-to entertain sentiments hostile to many of those who composed it, and
-not friendly to the whole body; the Junta, therefore, feared, that if he
-reached Madrid, he would effect a counter-revolution, and place himself
-at the head of the government; or at least overturn the Junta’s power.
-This explanation of its motive gained considerable weight from the
-conduct of that body, when it received General Cuesta’s despatches,
-stating that he had formed his junction with Sir Arthur Wellesley at
-Oropesa, and was proceeding to Madrid. The Junta then, with as much
-alacrity as it had sent counter-orders before, directed General Vanegas
-to move forward, and constituted him Captain-General of the province of
-Madrid; so that, upon his arrival there, he would be superior to General
-Cuesta, under whose orders up to that moment he had been placed.
-Although by this conduct the general effect of the plan proposed by Sir
-Arthur Wellesley was destroyed, yet he resolved to attack the corps of
-Marshal Victor, and on the morning of the 23d moved his columns for that
-purpose into a wood close to the Alberche, and stretching along the
-right of the French army.
-
-The plan of the movement which he determined upon, was to cross the
-river, attack the right of Marshal Victor with the whole of the British
-infantry, move the whole cavalry upon the centre of the enemy, and
-engage their left with the Spanish infantry.
-
-The corps of Marshal Victor was 22,000 men; the allied army was 50,000.
-The troops of which it was composed were not all of equally good
-materials; but the number of English only would almost have secured
-success if the attack had taken place. General Cuesta, however, refused
-to march till the following morning; and Sir Arthur Wellesley with
-considerable reluctance was constrained to yield to his determination.
-Some alterations were made in the course of the night in the disposition
-of the troops. General Bassecour, with a Spanish division, was ordered
-to the left of the British, and was to have passed the Alberche in the
-rear of the enemy. Sir R. Wilson, who commanded a corps of light troops,
-Spanish and Portuguese, was also ordered still further along the banks
-of the Alberche to Escalona.
-
-Marshal Victor, however, got information of the intended attack, and
-retired from his position in the night. Nothing could have been more
-unfortunate for the allied army; infinitely superior in numbers, it was
-at the point of making a combined attack upon him, from which it would
-seem almost impossible he should have escaped without considerable loss;
-by his retreat unhurt, the nature of the campaign was changed, and the
-bright prospects of the allies destroyed.
-
-Sir Arthur Wellesley, since his arrival at Talavera, had complained of
-the total failure on the part of the Spaniards in the supply of his army
-with provisions. The necessities of the British troops made it
-impossible to advance; and after the retreat of the French army, Sir
-Arthur Wellesley was compelled to remain at Talavera till supplies
-should arrive to him: but recommended the Spaniards, who had not the
-same deficiencies, to move upon Cavalla, upon the road to Toledo, and
-endeavour to communicate with General Vanegas, who was still supposed to
-have made some movement in La Mancha. General Cuesta, however, without
-communicating with Sir Arthur Wellesley, took the road to Sta. Olalla,
-where he arrived with the whole Spanish army on the morning of the 25th.
-From this place he gave notice of the defection of the corps of Vanegas.
-
-On the morning of the 26th General Cuesta’s advance was attacked by the
-advanced guard of the French army. It appeared that Joseph had called
-General Sebastiani from La Mancha to Toledo; that with all the force he
-could withdraw from Madrid, he had marched himself to join him; and that
-he had formed a junction with these two corps and the corps of General
-Victor, at or near Torrijos; that he had immediately advanced upon
-General Cuesta; and was in hopes of beating him before he should be
-joined by the British. General Cuesta, however, upon learning the force
-of the enemy, retired to Talavera. Sir Arthur Wellesley had endeavoured
-to find a situation in which to fight a battle in front of the Alberche;
-but not having succeeded, determined to take up a position, the right
-upon the town of Talavera, the left upon some heights, about a mile to
-the northward of it. The Spanish army retired during the 26th and 27th,
-and took up the ground marked out for it about the town of Talavera. On
-the morning of the 27th Sir Arthur Wellesley sent a brigade of cavalry
-and two brigades of infantry; the whole under the orders of Major
-General Mackenzie, to watch the enemy upon the left of the Alberche, and
-to protect the retreat of the Spaniards.
-
-Towards two o’clock in the afternoon the French advance of cavalry began
-to skirmish with the British. Major General Mackenzie soon after
-retired, and about four o’clock passed the Alberche with the whole of
-his corps. He took up a position in a wood upon the right bank of it,
-from which he could observe the movements of the enemy.
-
-Joseph had brought the whole of his army to the opposite side of the
-river; and believing (from the small number of troops that were to be
-seen upon the right bank,) that the allies were retreating, he
-determined to push in their advanced guard immediately, with the hope of
-falling upon their army on its march to the bridge of Almaraz; to which
-place alone, after abandoning the line of the Alberche, he thought it
-could be retiring. The French infantry passed the river; the brigade of
-Colonel Donkin, which was posted to defend it, was to a certain degree
-surprised. The river was fordable at all points, and the French advanced
-guard fell upon this brigade and caused it considerable loss. Sir Arthur
-Wellesley (who had just arrived upon the ground) ordered the whole of
-Major General Mackenzie’s division to retire from the wood, and to fall
-back upon the position in the rear, into which the army was at this time
-moving. The French, elated with their first, successes, pushed forward
-as rapidly as the passage of their troops would allow, and threw their
-right forward, with the view of turning the town of Talavera. The Duke
-of Albuquerque shewed, however, so good a front with the cavalry under
-his orders (which was in a plain upon the left of the British,) that
-this movement was considerably delayed. Sir Arthur Wellesley was
-tempted, (while a part only of the French army had passed the Alberche),
-to attack it with the whole of the allies; but upon considering the
-lateness of the hour, he continued his movement to the position he had
-fixed upon. The British advanced guard retired under cover of the
-cavalry, and took up the ground allotted to it. The French continued to
-press forward; and, at last, when it was nearly dark, brought a battery
-of six guns, supported by a considerable corps of infantry, to some high
-ground opposite the height upon which the left of the British was to
-rest. The troops destined for this point had not at that moment reached
-it. Colonel Donkin’s brigade, which was retiring near it, was ordered to
-form at the foot of the hill upon the left of the Germans under General
-Sherbrooke. But the French, supported by their guns, attacked these
-corps, drove them from the ground they occupied, and carried the height.
-Lieutenant General Hill’s and Major General R. Stewart’s brigades were
-at that moment ascending it from the other side; their advance found the
-French upon the top. The battalion of detachments under Colonel Bunbury
-wheeled into line, charged, and retook the hill. The French, however,
-returned to the attack, but were finally driven to the foot of it. The
-action upon this point was severe; Major General Hill was at one moment
-mixed with the French soldiers; several men of both armies were killed
-or wounded with the bayonet, but the gallantry of British soldiers, and
-the intrepidity of their officers, prevailed.
-
-During this attack, the Spanish troops were alarmed by the fire of the
-French, who were following the British cavalry in its retreat through
-the centre of the allies; they immediately began a fire which was taken
-up by the whole of the first line. Several of the officers of the Guards
-who were standing in front of their men, and many of the light troops of
-the Germans who were posted in advance, were killed or wounded by this
-fire. The French, however, were checked by it, and remained without
-making any further attack during the night. It appeared afterwards that
-the French officers discovered that the whole army was in front of
-Talavera, only from the firing which has just been described; they were
-ignorant of any position about that town, and, therefore, till then, had
-given out to their soldiers that the allied army was retiring.
-
-At day-break on the 28th the French recommenced their attack with 14,000
-men, by assaulting the hill from which they had been driven the night
-before. Their troops had been collected during dark, and were formed at
-the bottom of the height; they moved at a signal given, and succeeded in
-ascending to a considerable distance before they were checked by the
-fire of the British. From the conical shape of this hill it was
-difficult to form any considerable number of men to defend it: but the
-regiments which were on it charged the French troops with an impetuosity
-they were unable to resist, and drove them, with considerable loss and
-in total confusion, beyond the ground from which they had moved to the
-attack.
-
-The British cavalry had been ordered up to charge the French right as
-they were retiring, but unfortunately it was at too great a distance to
-effect this object.
-
-After the failure of this attempt upon the hill, the French continued to
-cannonade the British line for a considerable time; but the fire ceased
-at length on both sides, and perfect tranquillity reigned throughout the
-opposing armies. During this interval, Sir Arthur Wellesley communicated
-with General Cuesta near a house in the centre of the lines, and
-afterwards slept, till some fresh movements in the enemy’s camp were
-reported to him.
-
-Joseph, having been defeated in the several efforts he had made upon the
-British left, determined to try his fortune upon the centre of the
-allied army. The attack which followed was made under cover of a wood of
-olives, and fell principally upon the brigade commanded by Major General
-Alexander Campbell; this officer had taken advantage of some high banks
-which intersected the ground he occupied, and through the means of which
-he was enabled, with a very inferior force, to arrest the progress of
-the enemy’s principal column. Being at one time, however, driven from
-one of these banks, he rallied the regiment which was retiring, charged
-the column which was pursuing him, drove it from the ground of which it
-had taken possession, and took twelve pieces of artillery; at the same
-time some squadrons of the Spanish regiment of cavalry of the King,
-charged the head of a French column of infantry which was advancing
-through the wood (in pursuit of some Spanish infantry that had given
-way,) and cut up a considerable part of it. Thus terminated the second
-attack of the memorable 28th of July; the enemy was completely repulsed,
-with the loss of seventeen pieces of artillery upon different points,
-and a very considerable number of his best troops. His failures seemed
-decisive of the day; another pause ensued, considerable movements on the
-part of the enemy were observed, and for some time were construed by the
-allied army as indicative of a retreat; but the severest action was yet
-to come.
-
-The whole état major of the French was observed to have collected in
-front of the left of the British; after some consultation amongst the
-officers who composed it, they appeared to have decided upon a new
-arrangement of their army. The aides-de-camp were despatched in
-different directions, and soon after the French divisions were observed
-to be moving to their new destinations. It now seemed to be the
-intention of the enemy to bring the great body of his force to act upon
-that part of the British line which was occupied by the Guards; and, at
-the same time, to move with three columns of infantry and a regiment of
-cavalry, along the valley which extended under the height which formed
-the left of the British line. These columns were supported by some light
-infantry, which the enemy had thrown upon the chain of hills which run
-westward beyond the valley, and which were destined to turn the British
-left and attack it upon the flank and rear.
-
-To meet this movement Sir Arthur Wellesley directed the cavalry (which
-was concealed in the valley) to be prepared to charge the columns of
-infantry, as soon as they should have extended their formation, and
-exposed their flank. He also directed the guards to be prepared for the
-attack which was going to be made upon them, and upon no account to move
-from the ground they occupied.
-
-The French columns of infantry which had moved into the valley, were
-more advanced than those destined for the attack upon the Guards; they
-had halted near a house within gun-shot of the British left, and
-appeared to be waiting for orders to advance. Major General Payne, who
-commanded the British cavalry, seized this opportunity to attack them;
-the enemy, observing the forward movement of the cavalry, formed himself
-against the side of this house in solid column; he had a deep ravine, or
-water-course, along his front, of which the British cavalry was not
-aware, and he was besides supported by sixteen guns. The charge of the
-cavalry was thrown into confusion by this ravine; many of the horses
-fell into it; and the portion which got over it was so divided and
-broken as a body, that the effect of the charge was completely done
-away. The bravery of the British soldier was not, however, to be daunted
-by this check. The Honourable Major Ponsonby led the men who were near
-him upon the bayonets of the enemy; but their valour could not
-compensate for the total confusion into which they had been thrown. The
-bravery of individuals could effect nothing against a solid body of
-infantry; the soldiers who were repulsed by the French columns galloped
-forward upon the regiment of cavalry which supported them, and in a
-short time the whole plain was covered with British dragoons dispersed
-in all directions, and totally without formation. In this state they
-were charged by some French regiments which were in reserve; many of
-them were taken, the remainder passed through the intervals in the
-French columns, and those that escaped their fire, (of whom Lord William
-Russel was one), retired within the British lines.
-
-In this attack the 23d Light Dragoons lost two-thirds of its number; its
-charge was injudicious; the ground in front had not been reconnoitred,
-and the French infantry was too strongly posted to promise it success.
-The order for the cavalry was to charge when the French columns had
-extended and exposed their flank. They had done neither when the attack
-was made, but the bravery with which it was conducted, put an end to the
-movements which the enemy had intended on that side; and he never
-stirred afterwards from the ground upon which he was formed.
-
-Sir Arthur Wellesley observed this hesitation, and profited by it, in
-detaching the 48th Regiment, (which he had called for the defence of the
-height when it was threatened with an attack), to support the movement
-which the guards had at this moment made upon the enemy. These troops,
-with a part of Major General Cameron’s brigade, had been attacked by the
-whole reserve of the French army; but they had received it with so
-tremendous a fire, that they forced it to give way; charged it with
-great impetuosity; and pursued it into a wood. They had not proceeded to
-any great distance, however, when the enemy brought so considerable a
-number of guns to bear upon their flank, that in a very few moments all
-their mounted officers were killed or wounded and near 500 of their men.
-In this situation the Guards were forced to fall back in considerable
-confusion: they passed through the intervals of the 48th Regiment, which
-had just arrived to support them, and which checked the advance of the
-enemy. The attack was most severe upon this regiment; it maintained its
-ground in the most gallant manner, till the guards had re-formed, and
-moved forward to its support. When the French perceived these troops
-advancing, they retired; the Guards instantly huzza’d; the cry was
-echoed along the whole line; the enemy continued their retreat; and thus
-ended the last achievement of the battle of Talavera. The enemy was soon
-perceived to be moving to the rear; he shewed a considerable force of
-cavalry, and maintained a heavy cannonade to cover the retreat; and at
-the close of the day he had already passed a portion of his troops
-across the Alberche.
-
-There never was a more extraordinary battle than the one which has now
-been described: the French brought into the field a force of not less
-than 47,000 men, and the whole of their attacks, with the most trifling
-exception, were directed against the British army, not exceeding 18,000
-infantry, and 1,500 cavalry. Yet the British general had nerve to
-maintain the contest, and ability to baffle the efforts of the enemy.
-The army displayed a courage and perseverance, which did justice to the
-confidence with which its commander had relied upon it; and proved to
-Spain and to the world, what the dauntless spirit of the British soldier
-is capable of effecting, when under the direction of such an officer.
-
-The enemy did justice to the talent of Sir Arthur Wellesley, and to the
-unrivalled bravery of his troops; Marshal Victor admitted to an English
-officer who was taken prisoner, that much as he had heard of the
-gallantry of English soldiers, still he could not have believed that any
-men could have been led to attacks so desperate as some that he had
-witnessed in the battle of Talavera. The glory of the British arms shone
-forth in brighter colours on this memorable day than it had ever done
-amidst its countless triumphs of years preceding. The soldiers struggled
-against privations of every description; as well as against a force
-which seemed calculated to overwhelm them; their native valour spurred
-them on to conquest, and stifled every feeling which could arrest or
-make it doubtful.
-
-On the morning of the 29th, the light division of 3,000 men, under Major
-General Crawford, joined the army from Oropesa; it was immediately
-ordered to form the advance, and take up a position in the front of the
-field of battle. The allies were employed in attending their wounded,
-and burying or burning the dead of both armies.
-
-The British loss was 5,000 men in killed or wounded; the loss of the
-Spaniards was much inferior. The French loss was estimated by themselves
-at 14,000 men. Joseph retired in the course of the 29th with the
-greatest part of his army, to Sta. Olalla; a rear guard of 6,000 men was
-left at Casas Leguas, to cover his retreat, but it retired on the night
-of the 30th, and joined the corps to which it belonged, near Toledo.
-
-The army of General Vanegas, which had advanced from Madrilejos, in
-obedience to the orders of the supreme Junta, had arrived upon the
-Tagus, near Aranjuez and Toledo on the 28th. The advance of his corps
-pushed on in the night to within a short distance of Madrid, and took
-some patroles which had been sent out from the garrison; but General
-Vanegas having heard that the French army was retreating towards the
-capital from the field of Talavera, recalled the parties that had
-crossed the Tagus, and abandoned any further offensive operations. Sir
-Arthur Wellesley (who was still unable to advance, from the total want
-of provisions in which the Spaniards kept him) recommended to General
-Cuesta to form a junction with General Vanegas; but while this movement
-was in contemplation, information was brought from Placencia, that the
-corps of Soult was moving upon that town, and that the troops at Bejar,
-hearing of its advance, had abandoned that position, and left the road
-open to its march. Sir Arthur Wellesley could hardly believe that the
-strong positions about Bejar had been so hastily given up; the corps of
-Marshal Beresford was ready to have assisted the troops in occupation of
-them, and a brigade of British, under the orders of Major General
-Catling Crawford, was within a few days’ march, and would have assisted
-in their defence. But the intelligence being soon after confirmed, Sir
-Arthur Wellesley decided to carry the British army to attack General
-Soult; and proposed to General Cuesta to remain in the position of
-Talavera, to cover the movement of the English upon Placencia. Sir
-Arthur Wellesley also proposed to leave his wounded in charge of General
-Cuesta, to whose kindness and generosity he intrusted them, with a
-solemn promise from him, that if any thing should oblige the Spanish
-army to retire, his first care should be, to move the British to a place
-of safety. General Cuesta was delighted with the plan which was proposed
-to him. He felt that his own army was unequal to any contest with the
-French in an open plain, and that it must be to the British only, that
-he could look for the expulsion of the enemy from his rear; he also
-expressed himself most particularly gratified by the confidence which
-Sir Arthur Wellesley reposed in him, intrusting the wounded to his care.
-
-The necessary arrangements being made, and Major General Mackinnon
-placed in the command of the hospitals at Talavera, Sir Arthur Wellesley
-marched on the morning of the 3d of August for Oropesa. A short time
-after his arrival at that place, he learnt that the advanced guard of
-Soult’s army was arrived at Naval Moral, and that the Spaniards, who had
-retired from Bejar, had crossed the Tagus at Almaraz, and destroyed the
-bridge; he determined, however, to move upon the French, and was in
-hopes of finding them the following day. General Bassecour, with a
-Spanish division, was moving along the Tietar, and was destined to act
-upon the left and rear of the French. About four o’clock in the
-afternoon, however, a despatch arrived from General Cuesta, announcing
-to Sir Arthur Wellesley, that, from intelligence upon which he could
-rely, he was persuaded that the corps of Marshal Ney had evacuated
-Gallicia, and formed a junction with the corps of Marshal Mortier, from
-Valladolid; that the two were united with Marshal Soult; and that the
-amount of the collected force upon the rear of the allied army, could
-not be less than 55,000 men; that Marshal Victor was at no great
-distance from Talavera, upon the other side; that he (General Cuesta)
-apprehended an attack from him; and had in consequence determined to
-break up immediately from that town, and join Sir Arthur Wellesley at
-Oropesa. This information was as disastrous as it was unexpected: the
-letter from General Cuesta further stated, that his movement was already
-begun, and that his army would form its junction with the British in the
-course of the night: there remained, therefore, no hope of preventing or
-delaying it, and the whole plan, upon which Sir Arthur Wellesley had
-undertaken his operation, was at once destroyed.
-
-The bridge of Almaraz was no longer in existence; the bridge of
-Arzobispo was exposed, by the abandonment of Talavera, to the corps of
-Victor, and the whole allied army, if it advanced, might be cut off from
-any retreat across the Tagus, while its movement upon Portugal must
-depend upon the success of its attack upon the combined army of Ney,
-Soult, and Mortier. In this situation of affairs Sir Arthur Wellesley
-did not hesitate to give up offensive operations, and retire across the
-Tagus, by the bridge of Arzobispo.
-
-Sir Arthur Wellesley had every reason to complain of the conduct of
-General Cuesta; he had abandoned the position intrusted to him, without
-any ground for so doing; for it afterwards appeared that Victor was at
-some distance from Talavera, and not occupied in a movement upon the
-corps of General Cuesta; but, at any rate, the Spaniards evacuated the
-post intrusted to them, and abandoned the British wounded, with a
-precipitancy that nothing but the actual presence of an enemy could
-justify. If General Cuesta was actuated by a desire of bringing his army
-to the assistance of Sir Arthur Wellesley, who was about to attack a
-force which he had reason to believe was superior to him, he ought to
-have waited a few hours, till he had communicated with him, and in the
-mean time, he should have given assistance to the removal of the British
-wounded. If he thought that the return of a messenger from Oropesa (a
-distance of only five leagues), would have exposed him by too much
-delay, he ought at least to have left a corps to check the enemy in his
-front, and to have protected the retreat of the hospitals. And, last of
-all, it was his duty, to which he had also pledged himself in the most
-solemn manner, to have given all the means in his power to facilitate
-the removal of the British wounded. He did, however, the direct reverse:
-he abandoned his position with his whole army, without communication
-with Sir Arthur Wellesley; (indeed, he precluded the possibility of any,
-by stating in his letter that his army was in march); and to the
-wounded, instead of every assistance he could command, he gave but _four
-carts_, for the whole 4,000 men. It is impossible to conceive, that the
-importance of the occupation of Talavera, to the movement of Sir Arthur
-Wellesley, should have escaped the observation of General Cuesta, the
-ground about that town afforded the only situation in which the advance
-of the French army upon the rear of the British, while moving upon
-Soult, could possibly be resisted; the rest of the country was plain,
-and offered no defensive position; so that in abandoning it, General
-Cuesta exposed the whole allied army to an attack, in front and rear. In
-short, it is very difficult to discover a sound or equitable reason for
-the precipitancy with which this movement was executed; but the total
-disregard which was shewn to the British wounded, the paltry number of
-four carts which was afforded them, by an army that was provided with
-them to excess, remains a stain upon the character of General Cuesta,
-that no time will ever efface.
-
-Sir Arthur Wellesley moved his army, upon the morning of the 4th of
-August, to the bridge of Arzobispo; the nature of the campaign was
-changed; Gallicia was delivered from the French; and the corps of Romana
-was now in peaceable possession of it, with the opportunity of
-augmenting its own numbers, and improving its discipline; the whole
-province was in a situation to dispose of its military means, and to
-create, in a short time, a powerful diversion, upon the rear of the
-enemy assembled upon the Tagus. The north of Spain was almost entirely
-in the same situation as Gallicia. The French had abandoned it, with
-very few exceptions, to concentrate their force against the British
-army; and Sir Arthur Wellesley conceived, that although he had been
-foiled in his attempt to rescue Madrid, yet he had restored independence
-to Gallicia, and in great part to the provinces adjoining it; which
-might, in the end, prove most advantageous to the cause of Spain. This
-opinion has since been proved to be correct; Gallicia retained its
-freedom, and the other northern provinces were never afterwards but in
-partial subjection to the enemy.
-
-As soon as Sir Arthur Wellesley had crossed the Tagus at Arzobispo, he
-detached Major General Crawford, with the light division, to occupy,
-with as much rapidity as possible, the pass at Almaraz; where it was to
-be feared the enemy, whose advanced guard had seen the passage of the
-allies at Arzobispo, might push a force across the Tagus, and endeavour
-to intercept the British army on its march upon Deleytosa. Major General
-Crawford arrived, however, in time to prevent that operation; the
-movement of the army was undisturbed; General Cuesta remained at
-Arzobispo; and the British moved to Deleytosa. The Spaniards were,
-however, attacked a few days after by the French at Arzobispo; their
-advanced guard was driven from the bridge; and their whole army retired
-to Deleytosa, whilst Sir Arthur Wellesley moved to Jaraseco.
-
-The force under General Vanegas had remained since the battle of
-Talavera, in the neighbourhood of Toledo, but to the southward of the
-Tagus. General Cuesta was in communication with it, and apprized Vanegas
-of his retreat from Arzobispo. He directed him in consequence to fall
-back to the positions about Madrilejos, from which he had originally
-moved, and upon no account to risk an action with the enemy, but to keep
-his corps ready to make any movement, in co-operation with the allied
-army, that might afterwards be determined upon. General Vanegas prepared
-to carry these orders into execution, and retired a considerable
-distance through La Mancha; but, from a fatality which has never been
-explained, he was induced to move forward again, over some of the ground
-which he had passed, and to engage his corps in a general action with
-the French under Sebastiani, at Almonacid. The Spaniards were completely
-routed in this battle; their best troops were engaged in it, and many of
-the corps behaved with great gallantry and good conduct; but they were
-defeated with considerable loss, and were driven to the Sierra Morena.
-This disaster was severely felt; the dispersion of the troops that could
-be most depended upon, and who were intrusted with the defence of the
-great pass into Andalusia, was an event that could not easily be
-repaired; and, in addition, it destroyed all confidence in the movements
-of the Spaniards; they were no longer to be depended upon, for the most
-trifling operations: when they were required to act, they remained
-unmoved; when intrusted with a position, as at Talavera, they deserted
-it without reason; when directed to avoid an action, which, if
-successful, could be of no benefit to their cause, they seemed to court
-one; and when engaged, exposed themselves to the most disastrous
-defeats. With this battle terminated the campaign, which had been
-undertaken for the relief of Madrid, and the expulsion of the enemy from
-the central provinces of Spain. The corps under Sir Robert Wilson
-retired through the mountains from Escalona to Bejar, where it was
-attacked and routed by the advanced guard of Marshal Ney, who was
-returning from the Tagus to the neighbourhood of Salamanca.
-
-Sir Arthur Wellesley remained at Jaraseco, till the French, who had
-collected upon the Tagus, had dispersed their corps; and till the total
-failure of supplies obliged him to retire to the frontiers of Portugal,
-from whence alone he could secure the provisioning of his army.
-
-He placed his head-quarters at Badajos, his advance at Merida, and the
-rest of his army in cantonments, upon the frontiers of Spain and
-Portugal. The supreme government of Spain was thrown into considerable
-consternation by this movement, of which it had been the sole and entire
-cause. The individuals who composed it sought, notwithstanding, to throw
-the blame from themselves, upon those who had the most materially
-suffered by their misconduct.
-
-The Marquis Wellesley, who was at this time the British representative
-in Spain, complained most bitterly of their inattention and neglect to
-an army, which had so valiantly fought in their defence; and whose blood
-had been so profusely spilt, in supporting the great cause in which they
-were engaged; but these complaints were only too ably urged. The
-Spaniards (proud of their former glories) can but ill brook the
-interference of foreign powers; their pride and haughty independence
-prompt them to spurn the assistance or control of foreigners; and when
-their government was justly accused of neglect, and even treason to
-Spain herself, yet as that reproach was from a foreign hand, they
-rallied round that government, and repelled the accusations, by the most
-idle and unfounded attacks upon those who made them, and who had full
-reason to complain of their unjust and unfriendly conduct. A spirit of
-hostility was thus raised between the allied nations, and for some time
-there was much of that unpleasant feeling which is generated by mutual
-accusations. The magnanimous conduct of the British government, however,
-soon set those jealousies at rest, and by degrees acquired for itself
-the unbounded confidence of the Spanish nation.
-
-The supreme government of Spain had displaced General Cuesta from the
-command of his army, during the time that Sir Arthur Wellesley, (now
-become Lord Wellington) remained at Jaraseco, and General Eguia was
-intrusted with that important situation. This officer was soon after
-directed to move the Spanish army, (leaving only the Duke of Albuquerque
-with a small corps in Estremadura) and to form a junction with General
-Vanegas, in the Sierra Morena, and in the neighbourhood of La Carolina.
-This operation was dictated, in no small degree, by a feeling of
-jealousy towards the English. The Spaniards wished to keep their army
-separate from the British, because they believed it could be rendered
-more subservient to their own views. While it remained in presence of so
-distinguished an officer as Lord Wellington, it was curbed, and
-restrained in the movements it might be directed to undertake; his
-advice must necessarily be listened to, and it is not too much to say,
-that some of the rulers of the country were not at that time unwilling
-to see their armies directed by weaker counsels than such as would be
-derived from him. There was another reason for the movement of that
-army. It was believed, by many persons in the direction of affairs in
-Spain, that Lord Wellington was determined to evacuate the country, and
-retire into Portugal; they thought, however, that by removing the
-Spanish army from Estremadura, they should shift the defence of that
-province upon the shoulders of Lord Wellington; by which means they
-flattered themselves, they should retain him against his will. Lord
-Wellington was not so easily to be overreached: he stated to the Spanish
-government, that he should remain at Badajos so long as he felt he could
-be serviceable to its cause, but without neglecting the first object
-which he was directed to attend to; namely, the defence of Portugal. He
-pressed the government to make such arrangements as would secure the
-provisioning of his army, if he was enabled again to take the field; but
-above all, he recommended it to preserve the Spanish armies from being
-harassed, or on any account risked with the French, excepting in such
-operations as should be agreed upon, according to a general combination
-of all the forces that could be brought against them. The army of the
-Marquis of Romana was moved from Gallicia to Ciudad Rodrigo; where it
-was placed under the orders of the Duke del Parque.
-
-A state of tranquillity now succeeded to the active operations of the
-preceding months; the French armies had been in almost constant movement
-since the entrance of Buonaparte into Spain, in the month of November.
-When he quitted the country to prepare for the German war, he had left
-his armies in possession of all the north of Spain; Soult afterwards
-added the north of Portugal. Victor was advanced to the confines of
-Andalusia, near Monasterio; and Sebastiani occupied La Mancha; Suchet
-was in force in Arragon, and St. Cyr was employed in the siege of the
-fortresses in Catalonia. The situation of these corps was now
-considerably changed. The north of Spain and Portugal was almost
-entirely free from the incursions of the French; the province of
-Estremadura was relieved from them; and a great portion of La Mancha was
-in the occupation of the Spanish armies. The French had therefore lost
-considerably during the last months; and, notwithstanding their activity
-and military talents, they had been forced to retire from the provinces
-which they had subdued, and to concentrate for their own defence, in a
-country which they believed, after the capture of Madrid, they had
-totally subjected. When Buonaparte re-crossed the Pyrenees, he directed
-his imperial eagles to be placed upon the towers of Lisbon; he
-proclaimed his empire in the Peninsula, and boasted that there no longer
-existed any force that was capable of obstructing the accomplishment of
-his imperial mandate. But the strength of patriotism in a whole people
-was as yet unknown to him. The constant reduction of his forces, the
-ever succeeding evacuation of apparently conquered provinces by his
-troops, the never-ending conflicts in every corner of the Peninsula,
-have since convinced him that a great people with one intent and one
-resolution, with patriotism as their guide, are too powerful to be
-subdued, though they have neither armies nor military science to oppose
-to the invaders.
-
-The British troops had been also in constant activity since the arrival
-of Lord Wellington in Portugal, they therefore required rest. It became
-then the interest of both French and English to preserve that state of
-tranquillity which had succeeded since the passage of the Tagus.
-
-The state of Spain about this time, was most extraordinary; the whole
-people were hostile to the French, yet their exertions at the
-commencement of their struggle had so far surpassed any former efforts
-they had been called upon to make, that they now reposed in security,
-confiding their cause to the means which they had already provided, and
-sheltering themselves from any further calls, by the loud and re-echoed
-declarations that they were invincible. It was in vain to combat against
-this argument; if a doubt as to its validity was started, the instances
-of Moncey’s retreat from Valencia and of Ney’s from Gallicia, were
-thought sufficient to remove all apprehensions, and to silence for ever
-the discussion of the subject; the best informed amongst the Spaniards
-were carried away by feelings so congenial to their haughty spirits, and
-so well adapted to the indolence of their natures. The defence of
-Saragossa and of Gerona convinced them that the attempt to conquer Spain
-would be unavailing, and they sunk at once into a security for which
-they since have most dearly paid. If at Granada, you questioned the
-public authorities as to the preparations they were making to bring new
-armies into the field, they answered by an account of what had already
-been produced. If in Valencia, the defeat which the French had already
-sustained there was a guarantee of the destruction which would await a
-second corps, that should attempt the invasion of their country; Murcia
-could boast the terror with which it had inspired the enemy, since he
-had never ventured to attack it; and in this manner every part of Spain
-relied with confidence upon the levies which it had already produced,
-and looked upon its entire deliverance from a foreign yoke, as within
-little of being accomplished.
-
-During the period of which we have been speaking, Marshal Ney commenced
-an operation against the corps of the Duke del Parque: that officer had
-collected his troops in a strong position at Tamanes; the French made a
-desperate assault upon him, but were repulsed with considerable loss.
-This action confirmed the Spaniards in the belief that they were
-invincible; and a general feeling was raised, that their armies should
-advance upon Madrid, and that the successes of Baylen would shrink
-before the glories that awaited them in the neighbourhood of the
-capital.
-
-The disastrous termination of the German war seemed in no degree to
-shake the confidence of the Spanish nation; proud of its own feats, it
-disdained a feeling of dependence upon any other people for the success
-of its cause.
-
-The government partook of the same sentiment; and, most singular to
-relate, during the period of this eventful repose from active
-operations, made not the slightest effort to prepare for the struggle
-which was to succeed.
-
-The army of Lord Wellington which was cantoned upon the Guadiana became
-extremely sickly; and numbers of the officers and men fell victims to
-the disorders generated by the noxious exhalations of that river, and to
-the fatigues which, amidst the greatest privations, they had previously
-undergone. The Spaniards made no exertions to secure provisions for the
-army; so that it was incapable of active operations.
-
-The Spanish government seized this opportunity to attempt a scheme,
-which will ever stand unrivalled in absurdity and folly. The Spanish
-army which was assembled at the Carolina formed an effective force of
-48,000 men; it had been placed under the orders of General Eguia, when
-he marched with the greatest proportion of his army from Estremadura;
-but it had afterwards been entrusted to the command of General Arisaga,
-a very young and inexperienced officer; he was only a brigadier when he
-was appointed to this important station, but was advanced to the rank of
-a major-general upon assuming it.
-
-It appears that this officer was befriended by a strong party of the
-ministers at Seville, who had considerable influence with the supreme
-government, although their views were hostile to it. He was appointed
-for the purpose of carrying their objects into effect; and every officer
-senior to him was removed, to enable him to assume the command. The
-other Spanish corps which communicated with the central one, were
-commanded by the Dukes of Albuquerque and Del Parque, both of superior
-rank to General Arisaga; it was, therefore, the object of his employers
-to prevent their co-operation with him, lest by taking upon themselves
-the direction of the forces, to which they were entitled by their rank,
-they should prevent the execution of the project the ministers had in
-view.
-
-These persons conceived that it was possible to enter Madrid; and they
-are supposed to have purposed, in so doing, to effect a revolution, to
-displace the government of the Junta Suprema, and to seize it for
-themselves.
-
-The capital was believed to be the most advantageous place for the
-execution of these projects; first, because the triumph of its
-successful deliverance would secure popularity to those who had effected
-it; and next, because the existing government had ever been most
-unpopular in that city. With these views, therefore, General Arisaga was
-ordered to break up at once from his position at La Carolina, and to
-march directly upon Madrid. This order was neither communicated to Lord
-Wellington, nor to any of the Spanish generals in the command of other
-corps.
-
-General Arisaga, in conformity with his instructions, moved with
-considerable rapidity through the whole of La Mancha, and arrived on the
-8th of November upon the Tagus, in the neighbourhood of Ocaña. The
-French (who were surprised at the boldness of this operation),
-concentrated their troops behind the Tagus, and after a sharp rencontre
-with the Spanish advanced guard, upon the 12th, they passed that river,
-and attacked the Spanish army. General Arisaga had placed his whole
-force in two columns of battalions, separated by a ravine, and with a
-corps in advance of considerable strength, which was in possession of a
-village which covered his front. The French began the engagement by the
-attack of this village; but, under cover of some ground about it, they
-turned the right column of the Spanish army, charged it, and in a very
-short time totally dispersed it. The left column was as yet untouched,
-but General Arisaga was so confounded by the destruction of his right,
-that he does not appear to have made any disposition for its retreat, or
-for the support of the attack that was coming upon it. The Spanish
-cavalry, which was retiring with considerable precipitation, first threw
-this corps into confusion by galloping through a considerable portion of
-it; the French, who were fast coming up with the remainder of it,
-completed its dispersion; and thus destroyed in a few hours the whole
-army that had been marched against them. The Spaniards lost their guns,
-their baggage, their equipments, and out of 45,000 stand of arms, not
-more than 13,000 were brought back to the Carolina. The loss in killed,
-wounded, and prisoners, was immense; a great portion of the soldiers,
-who had dispersed during the action, never returned to the army; so that
-the greatest number that was ever collected, of individuals who had been
-present at Ocaña, did not amount to more than 25,000 men.
-
-So decisive a defeat produced great consternation throughout the
-country; the only considerable army that remained to fight for the cause
-of Spain had been totally destroyed; and to enlightened and unprejudiced
-minds, it was no longer doubtful that the French might at any time
-march, unresisted by any military force, to the walls of Cadiz. This
-opinion was far, however, from being general in Spain. All true
-Spaniards were yet bound to believe that the battle of Ocaña was
-unfortunate from some unforeseen accident; that such was never likely to
-happen again; and that the forces which were collected at the Carolina
-would yet form an impenetrable barrier to the advance of the French
-armies, and protect the Andalusias, till the necessary numbers should be
-collected to fall with certain destruction upon the forces of the
-invader. If a doubt was started upon any part of this position, one
-general answer was given, that a cat could not pass through the defile
-of Despeña Perros, much less a French army. Thus you were requested to
-be convinced, that no force the enemy could bring would ever succeed in
-penetrating to the southward of the Sierra Morena; or in subjugating the
-people of Andalusia.
-
-Marshal Soult, who had been appointed Major-General of the French
-armies, a short time before the battle of Ocaña, seized the opportunity,
-which was offered by the destruction of the central army of Spain, to
-detach a considerable corps against the Duke del Parque, who had lately
-succeeded in occupying Salamanca. The French were fortunate enough to
-bring his army to action at Alba de Tormes, and, in spite of the good
-conduct of some of his troops, entirely to disperse it. The defeat of
-this corps laid the north of Portugal open to the incursions of the
-French; the whole of Castile fell into their possession; Salamanca
-became a depôt, from whence they could prepare the means of a powerful
-attack; and there no longer remained a force that could oppose or delay
-their operations.
-
-Lord Wellington saw the absolute necessity of removing his army to the
-north of the Tagus, to oppose the invasion which was thus preparing. He
-had no longer any Spanish armies that he could co-operate with; the only
-two, of any considerable force, with which he was in communication, had
-brought destruction upon themselves, without either listening to his
-counsels, or communicating to him their movements; they were now no
-longer in a state to be of any assistance to him, nor could he protect
-them against the powerful reinforcements which were arriving from
-Germany to the French, and which bid fair to over-run the whole of the
-Peninsula. The system of war was now to be completely changed. When Lord
-Wellington entered Spain, the Spaniards had an army of considerable
-strength, with which he had hoped to co-operate with effect against a
-comparatively small and extended force of French. The tables were now
-reversed; the Spanish armies could scarcely be said to have any military
-existence; they had proved that, while in strength, they were not to be
-depended upon, much less were they to be looked to for any assistance in
-their present state. The French were marching an army of more than
-100,000 men into the country; so that a defensive war was the only one
-which could be carried on against them. Lord Wellington was convinced
-that the hostility of the Spaniards to the French was not to be
-overcome: although their armies were beaten from the field, yet the
-determined opposition of the people repelled the yoke which was
-attempted to be forced upon them. The nature of the country was
-favourable to a protracted, desultory warfare; and its extent and
-poverty seemed to bid defiance to a subjection, which, to be made
-complete, would require a more considerable force than France seemed
-able to afford, or Spain could produce the means of supporting. As far
-as experience could lead to any conclusion as to the future, in the new
-warfare which the Spanish nation was waging against its invaders, there
-appeared no advantage to the enemy from the occupation of any part of
-the country, for any period of time. The moment a province was
-evacuated, it rose in more determined hostility, than it had shewn
-before its invasion. No advantage accrued to the French from either
-violent or conciliating measures; they were always looked upon as
-enemies; and, after months of peaceable occupation, if they exposed
-themselves unprotected by numbers in the provinces which they had
-considered as subdued, they were sure of meeting with the same hostility
-they had from the first experienced.
-
-With this state of things to direct Lord Wellington in the system of
-warfare upon which he was called upon to decide, he felt no hesitation
-in prescribing to himself, and to the allies, a conduct which should
-protract the war; should lead the enemy to extend his forces; should
-encourage the whole people of the Peninsula to intercept his
-communications; and should give the governments of the countries engaged
-in the contest, the opportunity of increasing and improving the more
-regular means of resistance or attack.
-
-Lord Wellington moved his army in the beginning of December, from the
-neighbourhood of Badajos to the North of the Tagus. It arrived, in the
-first weeks of January, in the new cantonments which had been prepared
-for it; they extended from Coimbra to Pinhel, while a corps, under
-Lieutenant General Hill, was left at Abrantes. In this position the army
-went into winter-quarters: it was abundantly supplied, and was employed
-only in recruiting itself from the dreadful effects of the preceding
-campaign, and the sickness which had followed it. Head-quarters were
-placed at Viseu.
-
-While Lord Wellington was employed in this movement, Marshal Soult
-concentrated the French armies in La Mancha; for the purpose of making
-an irruption into the southern provinces of Spain.
-
-The British officers who had been at the Carolina were satisfied, that,
-notwithstanding the boasted impossibility of forcing the Spanish army at
-the pass of Des Peña Perros, there was in reality nothing easier. The
-pass itself was strong, but no fortifications, which deserved that name,
-had been thrown up to defend it. The old road from Madrid, by the Puerto
-del Rey, was almost unobserved; and the force which was employed to
-defend the position of the Sierra Morena, which was fifty leagues in
-extent, did not exceed 25,000 men, most of them the unfortunate
-fugitives from the battle of Ocaña. With such an army, it would have
-been impossible for the most able commander to have defended the entry
-into Andalusia; but even that chance was denied the Spaniards, for they
-still had General Arisaga at their head. The Junta Suprema was urged to
-make some exertion to recruit the Spanish forces, and to prepare for the
-struggle which was fast approaching; but that body could only prove its
-patriotism by echoing the national cry, that Spaniards were invincible.
-Several nuns, who believed themselves inspired prophetesses, were
-produced to the loyal inhabitants of Seville, to assure them, that if
-ever the French should see the walls of that town, the fire of heaven
-would fall upon them, before they should reach its gates. In many other
-towns the same prophetic inspiration descended upon the nuns; they
-foretold in every instance the destruction which awaited the invaders;
-but the misfortunes they were themselves to suffer, appear not to have
-been so correctly foreseen by them. The preparations of the French in La
-Mancha seemed, however, at last to have roused the Junta from its state
-of apathy; Seville and the world were called as witnesses of its new
-vigour, by a decree for the fabrication of 100,000 _knives_, to be
-distributed amongst the voluntary defenders of the country. This piece
-of absurdity will hardly be credited by those who were not at Seville at
-the moment; yet it is a fact which stands recorded amongst the vigorous
-measures of the Junta, and will hereafter be a standard to judge of the
-hands to which the defence of Spain was at that time intrusted. The
-credit of the Junta, which had been fast declining, was completely
-destroyed by the promulgation of this decree; to raise itself again in
-the estimation of the public, it published an order for the assembling
-of the Cortes; but its race was nearly run, all confidence in it was
-gone, and a few days more completed the term of its existence.
-
-Marshal Soult had terminated his preparations for the invasion of
-Andalusia, towards the end of December; he had collected a force of
-50,000 men, and commenced his movements in two columns; the more
-considerable one, with the whole of his artillery, he destined to the
-attack of the principal pass by the Carolina; the other was directed to
-move by the mountain-road upon Cordova; neither of these corps
-experienced any resistance: the much-talked-of pass of Des Peña Perros
-was abandoned without a shot, and the Spanish army which was to defend
-it, retired toward Jaen. The corps which moved upon Cordova was equally
-successful. Marshal Soult directed a part of his army to pursue the
-Spaniards upon Jaen, which had been fortified at very great expense, but
-which surrendered a few hours after it was summoned. With the remainder
-of his army he moved with great rapidity upon Seville.
-
-When the Junta Suprema was made acquainted with the successful irruption
-of the French, its first object was to escape to a place of safety, and
-it made choice of Cadiz for this object; but its members had
-considerable apprehensions, lest the populace, who were enraged against
-them, should impede their flight. They fell, however, upon a most
-extraordinary expedient to save themselves:—A bulletin was published by
-authority, and distributed throughout Seville, stating, that a courier
-to the British Minister had arrived, bringing dispatches from Lord
-Wellington, who was moving with the British army upon Salamanca, and was
-left with his advance within a few leagues of that place; that the
-courier, had passed through the armies of the Dukes del Parque and
-Albuquerque, who were within a short distance of each other, and were
-about to fall upon the flank of Marshal Soult. Under cover of this
-communication (the whole of which was false, for no courier whatsoever
-had arrived at the British Minister’s, nor were any of the movements
-making by any of the corps which were mentioned), the individuals who
-composed the Junta, began to escape to Cadiz; the populace of Seville
-were not long, however, in discovering the imposition which had been
-practised upon them; and a pursuit of the Junta immediately commenced;
-many of its members were seized upon the road to Cadiz, and imprisoned
-in the convent of the Cartjuo, near _Xeres_; they were afterwards
-carried to the Isla de Leon, where they were required to abdicate their
-authority, and appoint a Regency. They concurred in these directions,
-and named General Castanos (who was but just released from the
-confinement in which they had placed him) the president of a board of
-Regents, who were to govern the country in the name of Ferdinand the
-Seventh.
-
-While these changes were effecting, the people of Seville reinstated the
-former Junta of their province, and added the Marquis of Romana, the
-Duke of Albuquerque, and some English to its number; but this body had
-not time to act; Marshal Soult was already within a few days’ march of
-the town: it constituted, however, the Marquis of Romana Captain-General
-of Estremadura; and directed the Duke of Albuquerque, who had brought
-his corps with him from Estremadura, to take up a position at Carmona,
-to defend the approach to Seville. The army which the duke commanded
-was, however, too weak to resist the French; he therefore fell back upon
-their approach; and, in spite of their efforts to prevent it, retired to
-the Isla de Leon. To this place Marshal Soult pursued him, and thus, in
-one movement, without a single action, reduced the whole of the southern
-provinces of Spain to the subjection of France. He extended his army to
-the walls of Gibraltar; he occupied Malaga, Granada, Jaen, Cordova, and
-Seville, and he prepared for the siege of Cadiz, which was the only bar
-to the complete reduction of Andalusia.
-
-This operation was as rapid and as successful, as it was possible to
-execute. The great resources of the Spanish monarchy were reduced at one
-blow; the riches of Andalusia were abandoned to the enemy without a
-struggle; and the great nursery of the Spanish armies, the provinces
-from which innumerable bands of patriots might have been drawn, were at
-once delivered into the hands of the invader. Some persons thought,
-that, in the tame relinquishment of these treasures, they perceived a
-readiness in the Spaniards to abandon the cause for which they had, till
-that moment, so gloriously been struggling; but the fallacy of that
-opinion has since been proved. The revolution in Spain had found that
-country merged in all the vices of its former weak and imbecile
-governments. Spain had not for many years been called into any extensive
-warfare; it was without any military organization; it was unused to
-great exertions; yet the people were proud of their former exploits;
-and, without adverting to the changes which had taken place, believed
-themselves and their armies as invincible, as they had been during the
-most brilliant periods of their history. The nation had been long sunk
-in ignorance and oppression; it had no military science, no commanders
-to whom it could look for assistance, no army that could defend it; yet
-it had universally risked a contest with the greatest military power the
-world had ever seen; and which had armies, more powerful than any the
-nation could oppose to them, within its territory. Elated by the first
-successes at Baylen and Saragossa, the Spaniards afterwards sunk into
-their former habits of indolence. Pride dictated to them a feeling of
-security, which reason would have made them doubt; but their succeeding
-reverses never changed their first opinions; although the total want of
-confidence, in their generals or their governments, made them little
-anxious to place themselves under their directions. The Supreme Junta,
-which had been established to rule the country in circumstances of the
-greatest difficulty, was totally unable to call forth the energies of
-the nation. The same intrigues, which had existed under the long reign
-of the Prince of the Peace, continued under its auspices. The want of
-money was soon felt throughout the country, the Junta was unacquainted
-with the means of obtaining it, and was not very scrupulous in the
-application of the sums it received. The army was unpaid, and was
-consequently without discipline. The generals were unsupported by the
-government, which was too weak to uphold them in the execution of their
-duty. The Juntas of the different provinces yielded but a limited
-obedience to the central one; they were composed of persons who looked
-most to their own advantage in the high situations to which they had
-been called, and who were unwilling to make exertions, the burthen of
-which would fall upon themselves. In this state of things, the
-declaration that Spain was invincible, was the readiest mode of
-abstaining from those efforts which were necessary to make her so, but
-which accorded too little with the character of the people who were to
-make them. Andalusia was in consequence totally unprepared for the blow
-which was struck at her, her population however was not the less hostile
-to the invaders; there was no point round which it could rally in the
-hour of danger, the people sunk under the power of their enemies, but
-they still were Spaniards; they moaned the cruel fate which had attended
-them, but they remained steadfast through all their misery to the great
-cause of their nation and their independence.
-
-While Marshal Soult was employed in overrunning the southern provinces
-of Spain, General Suchet (who in the month of June had defeated the army
-of General Blake on the heights of Santa Maria), marched with a
-considerable corps to reduce the kingdom of Valencia. He reached, with
-little opposition, the walls of that capital; but the resistance of the
-people was there so determined, and the means he brought with him so
-inadequate to the task imposed upon him, that he retired from the
-country without having effected any object for which he had commenced
-his operation; he resumed his position in Arragon, and afterwards
-employed himself in the siege of the fortresses of Catalonia.
-
-The first act of the new regency of Spain was to request Lord Wellington
-to afford some assistance from his army, for the garrison and defence of
-Cadiz. Lord Wellington, in compliance, detached to that place a force of
-3,000 men, which arrived there after a short passage from Lisbon, and
-which contributed materially to its defence. The siege was begun under
-the directions of Marshal Soult, in the end of January, 1810; and it
-lasted almost without interruption till August 1812.
-
-The great body of reinforcements that about this time arrived to the
-French armies in Spain took the direction of Salamanca: it became
-therefore evident that an attack on Portugal was determined upon.
-Marshal Ney placed the advance of his corps upon the Agueda, and
-threatened to invest Ciudad Rodrigo; but the difficulty of obtaining
-provisions in the winter season prevented him from undertaking that
-operation till later in the year. A detachment from the French army
-attacked a part of the British rifle corps, under Colonel Beckwith, at
-Barba del Puerco, but was repulsed with considerable loss. This was the
-first affair which took place between the army, which was entitled that
-of Portugal, and the British corps destined to defend that kingdom; it
-was a sample of what its whole body was afterwards to meet with. Marshal
-Ney, commanded in chief at Salamanca; General Junot was second to him.
-These officers were anxious to engage Lord Wellington to break up from
-his winter-quarters, and, if possible, to draw him into the open country
-of Castile. With this view General Junot was detached to Astorga, to
-undertake the siege of that town. Lord Wellington was not induced to
-depart from the system which he had prescribed to himself, by the
-movements of the enemy; he felt, that however important the possession
-of Astorga might be to the cause he was employed in defending, yet it
-was more essential to maintain his army in the positions it occupied,
-and to preserve it unbroken for the great contest which, he foresaw, it
-would soon be called upon to maintain. He remained, therefore, in
-perfect quiet, recruiting his army, and giving the Portuguese the
-opportunity of forming and improving their troops. Astorga was taken
-after a defence of five weeks, and Junot returned with his corps to the
-neighbourhood of Salamanca. Marshal Soult detached General Regnier with
-his corps to operate in Estremadura against the Spanish troops, of which
-the Marquis of Romana had the command. Lieutenant General Hill, who had
-been left at Abrantes with a corps of 13,000 men, British and
-Portuguese, advanced to Portalegre, to co-operate with them, and to
-prevent the investment of Elvas or Badajos. He was directed, however,
-not to engage in offensive operations. General Regnier effected little.
-He had several engagements with parts of the Marquis of Romana’s corps,
-but none of them were productive of any decisive results.
-
-In the beginning of May, Lord Wellington was apprized of some movements
-in the French army, which indicated an advance in strength upon Ciudad
-Rodrigo; he lost not a moment in putting his army in motion, and placing
-it on the frontiers of Portugal. He established his head-quarters at
-Celorico, and his divisions at Pinhel, Alverca, Guarda, Trancoso, and
-along the valley of the Mondego, as far as Cea, and upon the opposite
-bank of that river at Fornos, Mangualde, and Viseu. He determined in
-this position to await the movements of the enemy; he could decide from
-it, in security, either to co-operate in the defence of Ciudad Rodrigo,
-or to attack the French army if an opportunity was given him. Marshal
-Ney moved, however, but a small corps to the neighbourhood of Ciudad
-Rodrigo; the roads from Salamanca were still extremely bad, and
-impracticable for a train of artillery; he gave up therefore any further
-object. Marshal Massena was at this time sent by Buonaparte to take the
-command of the army of Portugal, and he arrived at Salamanca in the end
-of May. The corps of General Regnier was added to his army, which was
-now composed of the 6th corps under Ney, the 8th corps under Junot, and
-the second corps under Regnier. Massena brought this latter corps from
-the south of the Tagus to the neighbourhood of Coria, from which place
-it was in communication with him; and Lieutenant General Hill, who had
-been directed to observe it, made a corresponding movement, crossed the
-Tagus at Villa Velha, and established his head-quarters at Sarzedas.
-Marshal Mortier was detached by Soult to supply the place of Regnier in
-Estremadura; and the Marquis of Romana remained in observation of the
-corps which that officer had brought with him. A reinforcement of some
-regiments which had returned from the Walcheren expedition, was sent
-about this time, under Major General Leith, from England. As the men
-were extremely sickly, Lord Wellington did not choose to bring them to
-the army; they were embodied with some regiments of Portuguese; and
-placed upon the Zezere, where General Leith commanded the whole corps.
-The force of the allied army destined for the defence of Portugal, may
-be computed at the following amount:—
-
-                                                                    Men.
-
- The Corps with Lord Wellington                                   30,000
- The Corps with Lieutenant General Hill                           14,000
- The Corps with Major General Leith                               10,000
-                                                                  ——————
-                                                                  54,000
-
- In co-operation with this force was a corps of Portuguese
-   Militia                                                        10,000
- The corps under the Marquis Romana                               12,000
-                                                                  ——————
-                                               Making a total of  76,000
-
-The French force under Massena was
-
-                                                                    Men.
-
- The Infantry of the 2d, 6th and 8th corps                        62,000
- The Cavalry                                                       6,000
- The Artillery, &c.                                                4,000
-                                                                  ——————
-                                                           Total  72,000
-
-To this were afterwards joined two Divisions of
-
- The 9th corps under Count Erlon                                  10,000
- The remaining division of this corps under General Claparede      8,000
- The corps of Marshal Mortier which cooperated to the south of
-   the Tagus,                                                     13,000
-                                                                     ———
-                                               Making a total of 103,000
-
-These numbers are the very lowest at which the French army can be
-calculated. Buonaparte always called the force under Massena alone
-100,000 men; and the French officers, before the invasion of Portugal,
-gave the same account of the numbers with which they were to overwhelm
-us.
-
-In comparing the amount of the two armies, the description of force of
-which they were composed should be taken into consideration. The
-Portuguese had as yet been perfectly untried; and their militia was so
-defective in organization as to be evidently unfit for the operations of
-a campaign. Yet Lord Wellington was not alarmed at the disparity of
-numbers, or the superior organization of the troops of the enemy; he
-relied upon his own genius to baffle their efforts, and combined his
-plans with reference to the troops he had to command.
-
-In the latter part of the year 1809, while Lord Wellington was still at
-Badajos, he had contemplated the possibility of his being attacked in
-Portugal by a superior force; he had considered the nature of the
-country he should have to defend, as well as the system of warfare which
-would most tend to support the contest in the Peninsula: he looked upon
-the preservation of his own army as the guarantee of the future triumph
-of the cause he was to maintain: the extension of the enemy, in the
-occupation of distant provinces, must be a source of weakness to him;
-the lengthening his communications must add considerably to his
-embarrassments. Lord Wellington, therefore, fixed upon the heights of
-Sobral and Torres Vedras, as the best positions in which he could
-collect his army, and offer battle to the superior forces of his enemy.
-
-With such a determination, he spared no pains in fortifying and
-strengthening these places; the range of positions connected with them
-extended from the Tagus at Alhandra, to the sea at the mouth of the
-Zizandra; the accessible points were occupied with forts; and every
-resource was employed to make a line of defence, in which so eventful a
-contest was to be decided, as formidable as art, combined with its
-natural advantages, could render it. The early decision of Lord
-Wellington was supported by the events which succeeded each other in the
-early parts of the year 1810. The great force of the enemy which menaced
-Portugal, and the total destruction of all the effective Spanish armies
-which could co-operate with the British in defence of it, confirmed Lord
-Wellington in the wisdom of his plan of retreat. The French had a force
-in Spain of not less than 300,000 men; this army was distributed over
-almost every part of the country; Gallicia, Valencia, and Murcia, were
-the only provinces that were free, the rest were in the occupation of
-the enemy. The amount of this force, when collected, was sufficient to
-overwhelm the small numbers of the allies that were in a state of
-military organization in the Peninsula; but from great extension, it
-became unequal to the task imposed upon it. It was employed in
-completing the subjugation of the provinces that had been conquered; and
-yet that object was not advancing, although the force was frittered away
-in seeking to accomplish it. The animosity of the people was working in
-silence the destruction of the French armies. Every succeeding day
-brought reports of skirmishes, or individual rencontres, in which the
-enemy were worsted, and no account represented any part of Spain as
-diminishing in its hostility, or as being treated with more confidence,
-or relied upon with greater security, by the French.
-
-The army of Marshal Massena, while attempting the conquest of Portugal,
-could lend no aid towards the reduction of the people in the Peninsula:
-as long as it was in observation of the British troops, whether on the
-Spanish frontier or in the lines of Lisbon, it could as little assist
-the views of Buonaparte in reducing the country to obedience; the
-destruction of Lord Wellington’s army could alone enable Massena to
-fulfil the objects of his Imperial Master. The preventing that
-catastrophe formed the basis of Lord Wellington’s plans for the
-campaign. He was neither strong enough, nor had he any wish, to
-undertake offensive operations: the state of Spain was not such as to
-make them advisable; they must necessarily be commenced at considerable
-risk against a superior army; and if they were unsuccessful, the cause
-of the Peninsula was lost. By the plan which Lord Wellington had
-determined upon, he promised to preserve his army, to increase its
-discipline, to augment its numbers, to draw the French into a country
-where their means of subsistence would be confined, and where their
-force would not be sufficient to maintain even their communications with
-the depôts, which must necessarily be placed at a distance from them.
-
-Massena advanced from Salamanca in the beginning of June, to commence
-the siege of Ciudad Rodrigo; he brought with him a considerable train of
-artillery, and expected the place would surrender upon being summoned.
-But it was defended with considerable ability and valour, and was only
-yielded into the hands of the enemy upon the 18th of July, after the
-breaches were practicable and the principal defences destroyed. Many
-persons at the time conceived that Lord Wellington had seen the fall of
-this fortress with considerable indifference, since he had made no
-movement to relieve it; but it is only necessary to point out the
-results of victory or defeat to the different armies, to shew the
-propriety of Lord Wellington’s determination not to risk a general
-action. To attack the French he must have crossed the Coa and the
-Agueda; if he had been defeated, he would have had great difficulty in
-repassing those rivers, and saving the wrecks of his army; he would no
-longer have been able to provide for the defence of Portugal with a
-beaten army; he must have evacuated the country. If he beat the French
-they would have retired upon reinforcements, and would have been
-prepared to advance upon him again in a very short time. Lord Wellington
-would have had to lament the brave men he must have lost in an action,
-which would but have relieved Ciudad Rodrigo for a short time, as he
-must afterwards have abandoned it to the superior numbers of the enemy.
-His army must also have been considerably weakened; and most likely
-would have been unequal to the task afterwards to be imposed upon it, in
-the defence of Portugal.
-
-Soon after the fall of Ciudad Rodrigo, the British advanced guard, under
-Major General Crawford, retired from the fort of La Conception, and was
-placed in a position under the walls of Almeida. Lord Wellington
-directed this corps to fall back across the Coa; but, from some
-misapprehension, these orders were not executed, and it was attacked
-upon the 24th of July. The French had the whole corps of Ney engaged in
-this affair; it manœuvred under cover of its cavalry upon the right of
-Major General Crawford, who did not decide upon his retreat until it had
-gained his flank. The British and Portuguese troops behaved with great
-gallantry, but they could not cope with numbers so superior to their
-own; they retired across the bridge over the Coa, in some confusion, but
-formed to defend it, and repulsed the repeated attacks of the enemy to
-gain possession of it. Major General Crawford had been previously, for a
-considerable time, with his advanced guard close to the French army.
-During the siege of Ciudad Rodrigo, he had maintained a communication
-with the place, and had assisted Don Julian Sanches in his successful
-effort to leave it. This officer, who had for a long time commanded a
-corps of Guerrillas, and who had been most fortunate in his enterprises
-against the enemy, was enclosed within the walls of this fortress, by
-the rapidity with which the French had invested it. Massena was aware of
-the circumstance, and vowed vengeance against this chief of banditti (as
-he was pleased to designate him). But Don Julian determined to force his
-way through the besieging army. He formed his corps in close column,
-placed his wife by his side at the head of it, and left the town soon
-after dark. As soon as he was challenged by the French sentries, he
-moved at full gallop upon them; cut down those that he met with, and
-continued his course till he had passed through the army. He arrived in
-safety at the quarters of Major General Crawford, and soon after
-retaliated upon several of the enemy the vengeance they had threatened
-to inflict upon him.
-
-On the day on which Ciudad Rodrigo surrendered, General Crawford, while
-making a reconnoissance, fell in with a strong patrole from the French
-army; he engaged in an affair with it, which did not turn out
-successfully; the French infantry repulsed three successive charges of
-the British cavalry, in one of which Colonel Talbot, of the 14th Light
-Dragoons, was killed; and, profiting by a mistake amongst our own
-troops, who took each other for enemies, it retired with little loss to
-the corps which was supporting it: the cavalry which accompanied it was
-taken.
-
-Marshal Massena invested Almeida on the 24th of July, immediately after
-the affair under the walls of that place with the corps of Major General
-Crawford. Lord Wellington retired from Alverca (where he had placed his
-head-quarters during the siege of Ciudad Rodrigo) to his former station
-at Celorico; he also drew back the divisions that were at Pinhel and
-Trancoso, and placed them in rear of Celorico, along the valley of the
-Mondego; he was thus prepared to commence his retreat upon the lines, in
-case the enemy had determined to push forward, before the capture of
-Almeida. Massena preferred, however, the surer game, and commenced the
-siege of that place. He was considerably delayed in his operations by
-the nature of the ground, and was not able to open his fire upon it till
-the 23d of August. Lord Wellington determined to assist the place in its
-defence, although he did not choose to risk an action to relieve it; he
-moved up his whole army as soon as the firing had commenced from the
-trenches, and, on the 27th of August, had determined to place it upon
-the banks of the Coa. In the course of that day, however, Lord
-Wellington, while reconnoitring, was surprised to find that all firing
-had ceased about Almeida. The telegraph, by which he communicated with
-it, no longer sent him any information, and he was afraid it had
-surrendered; he observed a person walking upon the glacis, which
-confirmed his suspicions, and he was informed of a considerable
-explosion which had taken place the night preceding. Lord Wellington
-immediately ordered his army to be ready to fall back to its positions
-in the rear, but the place recommenced its firing about ten o’clock at
-night; it ceased, however, at twelve; and the following morning, in a
-skirmish with the enemy’s cavalry, a German serjeant, in the French
-service, called to a dragoon of the 1st German hussars, and told him to
-apprize his General that Almeida had surrendered. The order for the
-retreat was soon after given; and the allied army was again placed in
-its position, in the valley of the Mondego.
-
-The loss of Almeida, after only three days firing, was a severe
-mortification to Lord Wellington; he found afterwards, that an order
-which he had given when he visited the place in the February preceding,
-to remove the great magazine from the centre of the town to one of the
-casemates, had not been executed; that a shell having fallen near the
-door of this depôt, while some men were employed in getting powder, the
-whole provision of that article for the garrison had been blown up; the
-town had been nearly destroyed by the explosion; the ramparts had been
-materially injured; and the place had been left without the means of
-defence. In this situation the governor, General Cox, endeavoured to
-capitulate, upon being allowed to retire with his garrison; but the
-Portuguese officer, who was sent to negotiate (and who is the only
-instance of a traitor among the officers of that nation, who have acted
-with the British army), betrayed the disastrous situation of the place,
-and refused to return within it. Marshal Massena insisted upon
-unconditional surrender, which Brigadier General Cox refused; the firing
-recommenced, as has been already stated, but at midnight the town was
-surrendered.
-
-The Marquis de Alorna, who was with the French army, desired the
-Portuguese garrison to enter the service of France, and to become a part
-of a Portuguese legion, of which he was to be the commander; but the
-whole of the men and officers refused. They were then threatened with
-every sort of persecution; they were menaced with the utmost rigour of
-the law as traitors to their country; but if they would enlist under the
-French banners, they were promised protection and advantage. Seeing no
-other mode of escaping from a treatment so contrary to every principle
-of justice, the garrison consented to serve under the Marquis de Alorna;
-but its object was the reverse of what the French expected; the moment
-the individuals were restored to liberty, they planned the means of
-returning to their army; and, on the third day from the time of their
-enlistment, there remained with the French out of the whole 20th
-Regiment, a squadron of cavalry and a company of artillery, but thirty
-men and a few officers, who had been detected at the moment they also
-were escaping. These troops were immediately re-formed, upon their
-return to Portugal; and the 20th Regiment particularly distinguished
-itself throughout the campaign that followed.
-
-An incident which took place on the night of the surrender of Almeida,
-deserves to be mentioned, to shew the hostility of the Portuguese
-peasantry to the French. Colonel Pavetti, the chief of the gens
-d’armerie of France, in Spain, had gone to Almeida with Marshal Massena,
-when he left his head-quarters at the fort of La Conception, to induce
-the garrison to surrender; when the firing recommenced, Colonel Pavetti
-(who was unwell) set out upon his return to his quarters; he was
-accompanied by a Lieutenant-Colonel, a Captain, and twelve men; the
-night was extremely dark and stormy, and he lost his way. He met with a
-Portuguese shepherd, whom he took for his guide, and who promised to
-conduct him (the vengeance of these Frenchmen hanging over him) to the
-fort of La Conception. But this peasant could not resist his feelings of
-animosity; he found courage to mislead the party; and under the pretence
-of having missed his way, brought it to his own village. He persuaded
-Colonel Pavetti to put up for the night in the house of the Jues de
-Fora, and pretended that he would procure provisions for him. Instead,
-however, of employing himself in that way, he collected the inhabitants,
-fell upon the French, killed them all, except the colonel, whom he beat
-most severely, and his servant who stated himself to be a German. The
-next day the colonel was brought, with two ribs broken and other
-damages, to the head-quarters of Lord Wellington; where he was attended
-to, and afterwards sent prisoner to England.
-
-To appreciate this event, it must be remembered that it took place in
-the middle of an army of 60,000 Frenchmen; that their revenge awaited
-those who were concerned in it; but that, notwithstanding, the animosity
-of the Portuguese was too strong to be resisted by any calculations of
-the retaliation which was likely to follow the act that was committed.
-
-It will not be uninteresting to cite a trait of the character of Colonel
-Pavetti. Lord Wellington treated him with great kindness; bought the
-horse which had belonged to him of the peasants; returned it to him, and
-asked him to his table. While at dinner, this officer took an
-opportunity of stating to Lord Wellington that the Duchess of Abrantes
-was with her husband Junot; he added, “Qu’elle était grosse, et qu’elle
-comptoit faire ses couches dans son duché[3].” Lord Wellington took
-little notice of this impertinence; but General Alava, a Spanish
-officer, who was attached to the British head-quarters, answered, “Qu’il
-ferait bien de faire savoir à madame la duchesse, qu’elle eut garde de
-ces messieurs habillés en _rouge_, car ils étaient de très mauvais
-accoucheurs.”
-
-Footnote 3:
-
-  Abrantes was at that time 150 miles behind our army, and throughout
-  the whole succeeding campaigns, it was never taken by the enemy.
-
-During the sieges of Ciudad Rodrigo and Almeida, General Regnier had
-continually made movements with his corps upon Castel Branco,
-Pena-Macor, _&c._, with a view of inducing Lieutenant General Hill to
-leave the positions he occupied, and to expose himself to an attack,
-which was meditated upon him from a part of the force under Massena, as
-well as from Regnier. It was also hoped that Lord Wellington might be
-induced to venture an attack upon Regnier’s corps, which seemed exposed,
-but which Massena was prepared to support with his whole army. Lord
-Wellington, however, was faithful to the system he had prescribed to
-himself; no artifice could draw him from the position which made his
-retreat secure; and Massena was at last obliged to come into Portugal,
-to seek him upon the ground he had chosen for his operations.
-Detachments of French were also sent upon Lord Wellington’s left, with
-the same view of engaging him to break up from the positions he
-occupied; but all these movements failed in their object.
-
-From the neighbourhood of Almeida there are three roads which lead
-directly to the centre of Portugal; that on the right by Trancoso to
-Viseu, the centre by Celorico to Fornos Mangualde and Viseu; the third
-by Celorico, Villa Cortes, Pinhancos, Puente de Marcella, and from hence
-to Coimbra and Thomar; from Viseu the road also leads by Busaco to
-Coimbra. The right and centre roads were extremely bad; so much so, that
-Lord Wellington condemned a considerable part of them as improper for
-artillery; he chose the road to Puente de Marcella as the fittest for
-his operations, and bestowed the greatest pains in improving it. After
-the fall of Almeida, he had placed the infantry of his own corps along
-this road with the rear divisions, as far back as Puente de Marcella.
-The corps of Major General Leith was moved from the Zezere to Thomar, so
-as to be within reach for any assistance that might be required from it;
-and Lieutenant General Hill was kept at Sarzedas to cover the road along
-the Tagus upon Abrantes and Lisbon; but was directed to be prepared to
-move by the road of Formoso and Pedragoa Grande, to Puente de Marcella,
-in case Lord Wellington should require him to do so. The cavalry was in
-front of the whole army, and had its advanced posts at Alverca.
-
-Massena commenced his march into Portugal upon the 16th of September;
-his army advanced in three corps; the 8th corps under Junot, moved by
-Pinhel upon Trancoso, the 6th corps under Ney, upon Alverca; and the 2d
-corps, under Regnier, upon Guarda; the British cavalry retired to
-Celorico. The next day the two latter corps moved into Celorico; from
-which place they were observed to take the road to Fornos. As soon as
-Lord Wellington was persuaded that the enemy had made choice of that
-road, and that no part of their army was moving upon the road by the
-Tagus, he sent directions to Lieutenant General Hill to break up from
-Sarzedas, and to move by Pedragoa Grande, to the Puente de Marcella; he
-moved the corps of Major General Leith to the same place from Thomar,
-and he withdrew his own divisions with the view of collecting the whole
-army upon the Sierra of Busaco.
-
-Marshal Massena had commenced his operations with the hopes of turning
-the left of Lord Wellington, and of reaching Coimbra before the British
-army could be collected to oppose him; he had been induced to believe
-that Lord Wellington had prepared to meet him at the Puente de Marcella;
-but he hoped that by this movement on the right of the Mondego, he
-should turn that position, and find Lord Wellington unprepared to
-assemble in any other. He was miserably deceived; Lord Wellington was
-aware of the nature of the roads the enemy had fixed upon for his
-movements; he calculated the delays he would meet with, and arranged his
-plans accordingly. He directed a portion of the militia that was at
-Lamego under the orders of Colonel Trant to march upon Sardao; the rest
-was directed to move upon Trancoso and Celorico, upon the rear of the
-enemy, to intercept their communication with Almeida.
-
-Marshal Massena arrived at Viseu upon the 19th of September; his
-artillery had suffered so much from the badness of the roads that he was
-obliged to remain there for some days to repair it. General Junot joined
-him at this place from Trancoso, so that the whole French army was
-collected there. On the 23d the advanced patroles of the British and
-French armies met each other near St. Comba de Dao. The bridge over the
-Cris, by which the great road to Coimbra passes, was blown up; but the
-following day the French advanced guard passed that river, and the
-greatest part of the British retired to the heights of Busaco, where the
-whole army was collecting. On the 25th Marshal Massena joined his
-advanced guard, and on the 26th pushed forward to the foot of the
-position which was occupied by Lord Wellington.
-
-The ridge of heights upon which the British army was posted runs nearly
-north and south, from a point about four miles to the north of Busaco,
-to the confluence of the river Alva and the Mondego; the extreme points
-are nearly fifteen miles distant. Two great roads to Coimbra cross over
-this Sierra, the one close to the convent of Busaco, the other four
-miles to the southward of it, at St. Antonio de Cantaro. The corps of
-Lieutenant General Hill which had made a most rapid though difficult
-march from Sarzedas, arrived upon the Mondego on the evening of the
-26th, and was directed to move into the right of the position of Busaco
-early on the following morning. Lord Wellington had made a road along
-the heights, by which his flanks communicated, and in this situation he
-awaited the attack of the enemy.
-
-We may be allowed for a moment to consider the brilliancy of the
-movement by which the allied army had thus been collected. Massena
-conceived that he should surprise his antagonist by the rapidity of his
-march upon his flank; the British officers generally thought that it
-would be impossible to oppose him before he had possessed himself of
-Coimbra; and the corps of Lieutenant General Hill was universally
-thought to be totally beyond the reach of the army of Lord Wellington.
-Marshal Massena for a long time disbelieved the fact of its junction at
-Busaco; and after he had been convinced of it, denied the possibility of
-its having marched from Sarzedas. Yet Lord Wellington, in spite of the
-difficulties opposed to him, of the able movements intended to surprise
-him, and of the triumphant predictions of his adversary, collected his
-force from situations in which it seemed totally divided from him, and
-was prepared to fight the enemy with the whole strength of the allied
-army, without having lost a single man in the attainment of his object.
-The corps of militia under Colonel Trant, which had been ordered to
-Sardao, from whence it was to have moved into the Sierra of Caramula,
-was the only one which had not reached the ground assigned to it; this
-failure was occasioned by some false information as to the possession of
-a pass by the enemy, which obliged that corps to move by a circuitous
-road through Oporto. It arrived upon the Vouga on the 28th, but too late
-to effect the object for which it was intended.
-
-On the morning of the 27th of September the whole French army was
-arrayed in front of the British position, from whence every part of it
-was distinctly to be seen. The corps of Marshal Ney was formed in close
-columns at the foot of the hill opposite the convent of Busaco. The
-corps of General Regnier was opposite the third division of British
-under Major General Picton, and prepared to advance by the road to
-Coimbra, which passed over the height by St. Antonio de Cantaro. The
-corps of General Junot was in reserve with the greater part of the
-cavalry, and was posted upon some rising ground about a league in the
-rear of Marshal Ney.
-
-The battle commenced by a fire from the light troops of both armies, in
-advance of the position which was occupied by the allies; a detachment
-from the corps of Marshal Ney next made an attack upon a village in
-front of the light division, which was ceded with little opposition;
-this village, although of importance to the allied army, was without the
-position in which Lord Wellington had determined to receive the enemy’s
-attack; he therefore abandoned it, choosing rather to suffer some
-annoyance from its possession by the enemy, than risk the chance of an
-action to maintain it, in less advantageous ground than the position he
-had fixed upon. Marshal Massena was now convinced that he must fight
-Lord Wellington upon his own ground; he therefore directed General
-Regnier to advance to the assault of the position in his front, while
-the 1st division of Marshal Ney’s corps, supported by the other two, and
-a great proportion of artillery, was ordered to establish itself upon
-the heights occupied by the light division. General Regnier first
-brought his corps into action; the British regiments opposed to him had
-not reached the positions that were assigned to them; and, for a moment,
-a considerable column of French possessed itself of a point within our
-line. Major General Picton instantly marched against this column with a
-few companies which he had collected; Major General Lightburne’s
-brigade, directed by Lord Wellington, moved upon its right, while the
-88th, 45th, and Colonel Douglass’s Regiment of Portuguese, attempted to
-gain its left; the troops with Major General Picton, however, first
-dislodged the enemy by a most brilliant attack with the bayonet, driving
-him, though infinitely superior in numbers, from the strong ground he
-had got possession of; the other regiments came up in time to harass him
-in his retreat; and the arrival of Major General Leith’s division, which
-took place at this moment, convinced General Regnier that he had better
-discontinue a contest, in which he had so little prospect of success. He
-withdrew his divisions, therefore, and formed upon the ground from which
-he had originally moved. During this attack, Marshal Ney formed a part
-of his corps in column of mass, and directed it to ascend the height
-upon the right of the village, of which he had before obtained
-possession. The ground was extremely steep, and the column was but
-little annoyed in its ascent; as soon, however, as it had gained the
-summit, the guns attached to the light division opened a most
-destructive fire upon it, and the division charged it with the bayonet.
-The column was overthrown in an instant; the riflemen charged its flanks
-while Major General Crawford pursued it down the hill; the foremost
-regiments of the column were almost totally destroyed, General Simon
-wounded and taken and the whole division completely routed. The
-expression of a French soldier engaged in this attack, who was
-afterwards taken, “Qu’il se laissa rouler du haut en bas de la montagne,
-sans savoir comment il échappa,” best explains the mode in which the
-remnants of this column escaped. The allies pursued it across the
-valley, and thus put an end to the sanguine expectations of the enemy,
-and to their boasted promise, of driving us like sheep from our
-position. The rest of the day was occupied by an incessant fire between
-the light troops of the two armies; Marshal Massena had placed a
-considerable number of battalions in the road, which extended along the
-ravine, at the foot of the ridge on which we were formed; and he had
-hoped to induce Lord Wellington to reinforce the troops that were
-engaged with these battalions, and by that means to get him into an
-action of some consequence, out of the position which he occupied. This
-system had frequently been successful to the French; the commanders who
-have been opposed to them have been unwilling to allow their too near
-approach to their army, and have continued to reinforce the advanced
-posts, till the greater part of their troops had been drawn into an
-action, away from the ground on which they had decided to accept a
-battle; but Lord Wellington was not thus to be imposed upon; he directed
-the light troops, when pressed, to retire, and to give the enemy an
-opportunity of attacking his position, if he could persuade himself to
-do so. At the approach of night, Marshal Massena having lost all hopes
-of succeeding against the allies, withdrew his troops from the advanced
-positions he occupied, and placed them at some distance in the rear,
-near the ground which was occupied by General Junot. Major General
-Crawford then sent to the officer who commanded in the village, which
-had been ceded in the morning, telling him that the possession of it was
-necessary to his corps, and therefore directing him to abandon it. The
-officer refused, with a declaration that he would die in defence of the
-post he was intrusted with. Major General Crawford immediately ordered
-six guns to open upon him, and some companies of the 43d and Rifle Corps
-to charge the village. The French were instantly driven out of it, and
-the advanced post of the light division put in possession of it.
-
-The battle of Busaco was thus terminated. The French lost 10,000 men
-killed, wounded, and prisoners, in the course of the day; and Marshal
-Massena was first enabled to form an estimate of the talents of the
-General, and the bravery of the troops which he was directed to drive
-headlong into the sea.
-
-On the morning of the 28th, the two armies maintained their respective
-positions; towards the middle of the day, however, the French were
-observed to be retiring; they set fire to the woods to conceal their
-movement, but the height of Busaco so commanded the whole country, that
-their march was distinctly seen. Lord Wellington had been extremely
-anxious for the arrival of the corps of militia, under Colonel Trant,
-upon the Sierra of Caramula, the road over which communicated from Viseu
-to the great road from Oporto to Coimbra, near Sardao, Bamfiela and
-Avelans. This was the only pass by which the positions of the Sierra of
-Busaco could be turned, and there were parts of it so extremely
-difficult, that if this corps of militia had had the necessary time to
-destroy the bridges, and to avail itself of the positions afforded by
-the ravines which intersect the road, it might have opposed a most
-decisive resistance to the advance of the enemy. Lord Wellington did not
-choose to detach any part of the force which he considered as his
-effective army, to execute his object in this Sierra; such a corps might
-be cut off from him, or might have great difficulty in rejoining him;
-and he was resolved never to depart from his determination, that the
-great contest for the possession of Portugal should be fought by his
-whole army, and in a position which should leave the event as little
-doubtful as was possible in military operations. The corps of Colonel
-Trant did not form a part of the force which Lord Wellington had decided
-to keep with him; he intended it for the defence of Oporto, to which
-place its retreat was not likely to be interrupted from the Sierra of
-Caramula; it had therefore been ordered to occupy the latter position;
-but Lord Wellington would not supply its absence by any other
-detachment.
-
-As soon as Lord Wellington perceived the retreat of the enemy, he
-suspected that his object was to pass by the road just described.
-Colonel Trant had arrived upon the Vouga, late on the 28th; Lord
-Wellington was already aware, that a considerable corps of the enemy was
-by that time in possession of the Sierra; he therefore gave up the hope
-of seeing it occupied, and in the same night withdrew his whole army
-from Busaco, moving with his own corps into Coimbra, and directing
-Lieut.-General Hill to move by Thomar to Santarem. The cavalry was
-placed in observation of the enemy, and was directed to cover Lord
-Wellington’s movement to the rear. Colonel Trant was ordered to post his
-corps along the north bank of the Vouga; and a part of the militia from
-Lamego was ordered to enter Viseu in the enemy’s rear.
-
-The situation of the French army began at this time to wear a less
-promising appearance; its communication with Spain was totally cut off;
-its supply of provisions was nearly exhausted; it had no means of
-obtaining subsistence but from the country; and the total evacuation of
-it by the inhabitants, of which, according to the French accounts, they
-had not seen twenty since their entry into Portugal, made this last
-resource extremely precarious. The allies, on the contrary, had beat the
-whole French army; they had gained confidence in themselves; the
-Portuguese troops had behaved with great bravery; the army relied with
-implicit faith on its commander; and it felt that, notwithstanding his
-movement to the rear, he was not afraid of encountering the enemy, but
-was leading it to stronger positions than the one in which he had
-already beaten him.
-
-Marshal Massena appears at this time to have felt the difficulty of his
-situation: he had two lines of conduct open to him; either to rest
-satisfied with the progress he had made, and to endeavour to
-re-establish his communications with Spain, or to push forward in
-pursuit of the allies. The first would have been extremely difficult; he
-would have weakened his army by detaching to his rear; he would have
-suffered considerably from want of provisions, till the supplies should
-have reached him; and he would have exposed himself to an attack from
-Lord Wellington, while reduced in numbers. He was, besides, assured that
-there were no positions which the allies could take up in the vicinity
-of Lisbon; and he hoped, by a vigorous pursuit, to put into execution
-the orders of his master. He decided upon this operation.
-
-Lord Wellington evacuated Coimbra on the approach of the enemy, upon the
-1st of October; the town had generally been quitted by the higher
-classes of inhabitants during the preceding days; a considerable
-proportion, however, still remained, hoping that the enemy might yet be
-prevented from getting possession of it. But about ten o’clock on the
-morning of the first, there was suddenly an alarm that the enemy was
-approaching; the report was soon magnified into his having entered; and
-at one burst the whole of the remaining inhabitants ran shrieking from
-the town. The bridge, which is very long and narrow, was at once choked
-by the crowds which were pouring upon it; and the unhappy fugitives, who
-found their flight impeded, threw themselves into the river, and waded
-through it. The Mondego was fortunately not deep at this time, the dry
-season had kept it shallow; but there were three or four feet of water
-in many of the places where the unfortunate inhabitants passed it. In
-the midst of all the horrors of this scene; of the cries of the wretched
-people who were separated from their families; of those who were leaving
-their homes, their property, their only means of subsistence, without
-the prospect of procuring wherewithal to live for the next day, and of
-those who believed the enemy (with his train of unheard-of cruelties) at
-their heels; the ear was most powerfully arrested by the screams of
-despair which issued from the gaol; where the miserable captives, who
-saw their countrymen escaping, believed that they should be left victims
-to the ferocity of the French.
-
-The shrieks of these unhappy people were fortunately heard by Lord
-Wellington; who sent his aide-de-camp, Lord March, to relieve them from
-their situation; and thus the last of the inhabitants of Coimbra escaped
-from the enemy.
-
-It is not in the nature of this work to dwell upon scenes of misery,
-such as have been now described; but the recollection of them will last
-long on the minds of those who witnessed them. The cruelties of the
-French had made an impression upon the Portuguese, that nothing could
-efface; it seemed to be beyond the power of man to await the enemy’s
-approach. The whole country fled before him; and if any of the unhappy
-fugitives were discovered and chased by a French soldier, they abandoned
-every thing to which the human mind is devoted, to escape from what they
-looked upon as more than death, the grasp of their merciless
-invaders.—Innumerable instances of these melancholy truths might be
-detailed; but it would waste the time of the reader, and the relations
-of the horrid acts committed by the French would be too shocking to
-dwell upon.
-
-When Lord Wellington retired to Coimbra, he passed his divisions to the
-rear, and placed them in echellons upon the road to Leyria. As soon as
-he was convinced of Massena’s approach, he directed each division to
-move one march in retreat, and he fixed his head-quarters at Redinha.
-The cavalry which covered the army skirmished with the French in the
-plains of the Mondego, and obtained some advantages over those who
-attempted to pass the river. The following day, Lord Wellington moved to
-Leyria, where he remained till the enemy marched upon him. Massena had
-hoped to have overtaken some part of Lord Wellington’s infantry, when he
-advanced to Coimbra; but having failed, he pushed forward on the evening
-of that day to Condeixa; still he was deceived; Lord Wellington’s
-columns were not to be overtaken; and he was obliged to halt for three
-days. His army was fatigued with the severe marches it had made; his
-provisions were exhausted; he was obliged to sack the town of Coimbra,
-to collect what the inhabitants had left; and he was constrained to make
-some arrangement for his sick and wounded, who amounted to 5,000 men,
-and who were too numerous to be carried with him. Massena’s intercepted
-despatch to Buonaparte, proves how strongly he felt the difficulty of
-his situation: he says, that he is unable to leave a guard of any
-strength to protect his wounded, as it would weaken his army; and that
-the best security he can afford them, is by pursuing the allies with the
-whole of his force, and driving them from the country. It is surprising,
-that the French officers should still have entertained this hope. In a
-letter from Marshal Ney to his wife, he says, that every thing is going
-on better than could be expected; that the English are flying before the
-French army, and that they appear to have no other object in view than
-to escape to their transports, and to carry away as great a number of
-the youth of Portugal as they can entrap, by way of _dédommagement_, for
-the great expenses of the war.
-
-On the 4th of October Massena closed his divisions to his advanced guard
-at Pombal, and early on the 5th pushed forward with great rapidity on
-Leyria, hoping to reach some part of the allied army, but he was again
-deceived; Lord Wellington had placed his troops in echellons to the
-rear, and as soon as he was apprized of the movement of the French, he
-directed them to fall back; the advanced guard of the British cavalry
-had a sharp rencontre with the enemy, where three French officers and a
-considerable number of dragoons were taken; this was the only reward
-Marshal Massena derived from the rapidity of his advance.
-
-Lord Wellington moved to Alcobaça, the next day to Rio Mayor, the next
-to Alemquer, and on the 8th of October he entered a part of his lines at
-Arruda. The French army pressed forward during these days with very
-great exertion, but by the able arrangements of Lord Wellington it was
-unable to overtake any part of his troops; several skirmishes took place
-between the cavalry of the two armies; they were universally in favour
-of the British, who closed their operations by bringing in a squadron of
-French. The rains set in on the 8th; the allied army did not suffer from
-them, as it entered its positions on the 9th, and was generally placed
-in villages and under cover; the French were materially annoyed by them;
-the roads became extremely bad; their horses, which had been short of
-forage, and had made some most distressing marches, were in many
-instances unable to get forward with the artillery; great numbers of
-them perished, and the troops who were without cover, suffered most
-severely from the inclemency of the weather.
-
-We have thus conducted the British army to the termination of one of the
-most extraordinary operations which was ever carried into effect; the
-boldness of the original conception, as well as the perseverance and
-success with which it was executed, will command the admiration of all
-military men. The ascendency which the character and talents of Lord
-Wellington had obtained over the minds of all those who were within his
-guidance or control, could alone have enabled him to effect a plan which
-involved in it such fearful consequences. To have persuaded a foreign
-government and army, but lately subjected to his direction, to abandon
-the greater proportion of their country almost without a struggle, to
-the ravages of an invader; to see his approach to the capital without
-fear or hesitation, speaks of itself a confidence in the talents of the
-commander which is without example. Not less extraordinary was the mode
-in which a movement in retreat was executed from Almeida to Torres
-Vedras, a distance of 150 miles, in presence of a superior army, whose
-object was, by every exertion in its power, to harass the corps opposed
-to it; yet not a straggler was overtaken; no article of baggage
-captured; no corps of infantry, except where the invaders were routed at
-Busaco, was ever seen or molested. Of all the retreats which have ever
-been executed, this deserves most to be admired. The steady principle on
-which it was carried into effect could alone have secured its success.
-Lord Wellington never swerved from his purpose; the various changes
-which every day occur in war, made no impression on his determination.
-The great event of a battle, such as that of Busaco, won over an enemy
-who was surrounded by an hostile nation, never induced him to change the
-plan of operations which he was convinced would in the end produce the
-most decisive advantages. Guided by such a principle, Lord Wellington
-was enabled triumphantly to execute his plan; the successes which have
-since attended his career are the best evidences of its wisdom. It is a
-singular circumstance, that when in his turn Massena had to conduct his
-army in retreat over nearly the same ground to the frontiers of Spain,
-although he had the advantages of making his preparations in secret, and
-of disguising the moment of putting it into execution, yet he was
-constantly overtaken; the corps of his army beaten and harassed; and in
-every action which he was compelled to fight, he was driven with loss
-and disaster from his positions.
-
-Lord Wellington placed his army on the ground marked out for it in the
-course of the 8th, 9th, and 10th of October. The lines, as they have
-been termed, extended from Alhandra to the mouth of the Zizandra; the
-whole distance may be computed at about twenty-five miles from right to
-left. The term of lines was but little applicable to them; the defences
-procured by art were confined to closed redoubts placed upon the most
-essential points, and calculated to resist, although the enemy’s troops
-might have established themselves in their rear. They were thus enabled
-to protect the formation of the army upon any point attacked, before the
-enemy could bring cannon in operation with the troops which he might
-have pushed forward between them.
-
-These forts were occupied, (with very few exceptions), not by the
-regular army destined to act in the field, but by the militia, of which
-that of Lisbon formed a part, mixed up with a certain number of troops
-of the line. Their defence was thus intrusted to a description of force,
-capable of the service imposed upon it, but which would have been of
-trifling assistance in a field of battle. Each redoubt was provisioned
-for a certain time, and was supplied with the ammunition, _&c._,
-necessary for its protracted defence. The post of Alhandra, which formed
-the right of the whole position, was strong by nature, and was, besides,
-fortified by several redoubts; its defence was assisted by the gun-boats
-in the Tagus. The corps under the orders of Lieutenant General Hill
-occupied this part of the position. It defended the great approach to
-Lisbon, and its possession was of the greatest importance. Lieutenant
-General Hill communicated by his left, which was placed on the ground at
-the back of Arruda, on the Sierra de Monte Agraça, with the corps of the
-centre, which occupied the heights above Sobral. These heights, over
-which passed the second great road to Lisbon, having been fortified as
-much as the nature of the ground would admit, formed the principal point
-of defence on this part of the line. From this place towards the left,
-and in the vicinity of Ribaldiera, there were several passes into the
-main position, all of which were fortified; and the principal force of
-the army was concentrated in rear of them. The next points of importance
-were Runa and Undesquiera, supported by the line of heights in their
-rear; they were upon the road leading from Sobral to Torres Vedras, and
-were of the most essential consequence, since they commanded the only
-pass to the latter place within the Monte Junto; an advantage important
-to the strength of the whole position, and which never could with safety
-be abandoned. These posts were well fortified; were occupied by a
-considerable corps, and supported by the force under Major General
-Picton at Torres Vedras.
-
-It is necessary to give some description of Monte Junto, which has just
-been mentioned; for, although it was without the position, yet it was
-one of the main features which contributed to its general strength. This
-mountain runs directly north from Runa, for a distance of twelve or
-fourteen miles; there are no great roads or communications leading over
-it; the valley to the eastward, which divides it from Sobral, is
-impassable; it prevents, therefore, all military communication for an
-army from that town to Torres Vedras (excepting that stated as being
-occupied,) but round its northern point, and thus requiring a march of
-at least two days. The difficulty of passing across this mountain was so
-great that two corps separated by it could have carried no assistance to
-each other, if either had been attacked. There were therefore two
-portions of the British position, one that might be assailed from the
-east of Monte Junto, the other, (of which Torres Vedras was the right,
-and the sea at the mouth of the Zizandra the left) which might be
-attacked from the west. Lord Wellington’s communication from one to the
-other of these branches of his whole position was perfectly safe and
-easy; and in a few hours the greater part of his troops could be
-transported to the defence of either; whereas the direct contrary was
-the case, as has been shewn, with the enemy. This formed one of the main
-features of the strength of the lines.
-
-Torres Vedras and the ground about it was strongly fortified; forts were
-continued, at intervals, to the sea; and, although this part of the
-position was never menaced, yet it was occupied by garrisons, and was
-prepared to resist any attack that should be made upon it.
-
-In rear of this line of positions was a second, extending from the back
-of Alverca to Bucellas, thence along the Sierra di Serves and the Sierra
-di Barca to Montachique, from whence by the park wall of Mafra to the
-rear of Gradel, and along the line of heights to the mouth of the St.
-Lorenzo. Betwixt these two lines of positions, there were strong works
-at Enxara di Cavalhieros, at Carasquiera, and Mattacores, covering the
-communication between them. To the south, and on the other side of the
-Tagus, the heights which commanded the town and anchorage of Lisbon were
-also fortified, and a corps of 10,000 men, partly marines from the
-fleet, were destined to defend them; they extended from Almada to the
-fort called Bugia, opposite Fort St. Julian’s. These last defences were
-carried into effect with a view to resisting any force the enemy might
-bring through the Alemtejo against the capital, which at one time was
-menaced by the corps under Marshal Mortier, then assembled on the
-frontier of that province.
-
-Massena arrived with the 6th and 8th corps of his army at Sobral on the
-10th, 11th, and 12th of October. The 2d corps followed Lieutenant
-General Hill upon Alhandra. These troops were considerably fatigued with
-the forced marches they had in vain been making to come up with Lord
-Wellington’s army; the rain which had fallen since the 8th instant had
-rendered the roads extremely bad, particularly about Sobral; so that the
-men, and particularly the horses, were almost exhausted when they
-arrived in front of our positions.
-
-Massena occupied himself the first days with reconnoitring the ground on
-which Lord Wellington had placed his army; the task was difficult; it
-was so concealed behind the hills that a very small part of it could be
-discovered; enough, however, was perceptible to convince him that an
-attack was no easy undertaking. Lord Wellington occupied a redoubt at
-the foot of the great height above Sobral; the French established one at
-a short distance, and opposite to it. After several reconnoitres,
-Massena determined to carry the British redoubt. The troops which
-occupied it were commanded by Colonel the Honourable H. Cadogan, of the
-73d Regiment. Massena placed himself on a hill to see the success of his
-first operation against our lines. He was disappointed, his chosen
-troops were repulsed, and in sight of both armies the French redoubt was
-carried and maintained. From this moment no event of any consequence
-took place for a considerable length of time. Skirmishes in the rear of
-the French army, and particularly from the village of Ramalhal, where
-the brigade of British cavalry under Major General De Grey was posted,
-were almost the only military events which took place. These were
-chiefly brought about by parties of the French, who, in search of
-provisions, were continually met by Lord Wellington’s patroles, and in
-which a number of prisoners were taken.
-
-It is of consequence here to take a general view of the situation in
-which the French army was placed. Massena, when he entered Portugal,
-commanded a force of 72,000 effective men. The plan of operations he
-adopted was to break in at once upon Lord Wellington’s defences; to
-pursue him till he forced him to a battle; to allow no circumstances to
-arrest this decision, and finish thus at one blow the campaign intrusted
-to his conduct. In pursuance of his system, he marched, with all the
-corps of his army concentrated, into the heart of Portugal, taking his
-line direct upon Coimbra, at which place, by turning Lord Wellington’s
-left, he hoped to have arrived almost without resistance. In effecting
-this movement, he left no garrisons behind him; he occupied no posts to
-secure even his communication with Spain, or to ensure him any supplies
-or protection from the rear of his army. Such considerations were all
-sacrificed to preserve his greater numerical force for the battle by
-which he hoped at once to decide the fate of Portugal. The first
-interruption to this arrangement of the campaign, was the assembling of
-the whole British army at Busaco, and the subsequent defeat of the
-French. On the day on which this took place, Massena’s communication
-with Spain was cut off by a force of Portuguese militia, upon the
-frontiers near Pinhel and Celorico. He determined, however, to continue
-his original movement; and, hoping to conceal his march through the
-Sierra of Caramula, expected again to turn Lord Wellington, and fight a
-battle to advantage in the open country, between Busaco and Coimbra.
-These hopes were frustrated. Perceiving the difficulties into which the
-enemy was plunging, Lord Wellington retired through Coimbra, and
-abandoned to him that deserted town and country. Arrived at this point,
-Marshal Massena must have begun to feel the difficulties of his
-situation. He was encumbered with 5,000 wounded from the battle of
-Busaco; he was without the security of any supply of provisions, in the
-midst of a most inimical and exasperated population; he was without the
-means of communicating with Spain. If he remained where he was, the
-boasted conquest of Portugal in a campaign was at an end; the
-difficulties to which he must have exposed himself, by the extension of
-his army to procure provisions, must also have had weight with him; and
-the uncertainty as to our real object in so rapid a retreat, must have
-induced him to expect some great result from the bolder measure of
-pursuing the allied army. In conformity to this feeling, without leaving
-any protection for his rear, or even for his wounded, Marshal Massena
-conducted his army to Sobral. His progress here was totally arrested.
-
-The strength of the position occupied by us was such, as, with the
-recollection of Busaco fresh upon him, Massena dared not attack; he was,
-therefore, reduced at once to the defensive; his mighty vengeance was
-conducted harmless to this unpromising position.
-
-The first news, which must have been unpleasant to Marshal Massena, was
-the capture of Coimbra, with all the French wounded, by a corps of
-Portuguese militia, under Colonel Trant. The loss of the troops was not
-alone to be lamented in this case; it brought with it the disastrous
-conviction, that the French army was insulated on the ground on which it
-stood; no line of communication, no extent of country in subjection,
-from which to draw resources, remained to it. Wherever a Frenchman
-stood, for the moment, he commanded and desolated the spot; removed from
-it, all was in hostility against him. The march of the French, through
-Portugal to the lines, was most singular. The troops seldom saw an
-inhabitant; they could procure no guides; deserters from them, or
-prisoners, could never state the towns or villages from whence they
-came, though, in some instances, they had been weeks in the same places;
-they had seen no native to instruct them in their names. In this state
-of things, the French army began early to suffer from privations of
-every sort; its foraging parties were scouring the country in the rear,
-and upon their success depended chiefly the provisioning of the troops.
-The fatigue and sickness, consequent on this mode of living, were
-considerable. The French soldiers were generally bivouacked along the
-line they occupied, which, without shelter in the rainy season,
-increased the misery of their situation. By these causes, their army
-gradually diminished; while, on the contrary, that under Lord
-Wellington, excellently provided with all that was necessary, and mostly
-under cover in the villages within the position, was gaining strength
-and improving in discipline every day. The Spanish corps, under the
-orders of the Marquis of Romana, had joined the allied army from the
-frontiers of Estremadura; so that the force at this time, (the end of
-October and beginning of November) within the lines, was considerably
-greater than that of the enemy. Under these circumstances, Lord
-Wellington saw there was an opportunity of attacking Massena with
-advantage. The problem, whether it were wise to do so or not, engaged
-his most serious attention. He was persuaded, that if he attacked, he
-could secure a victory; to attempt it he was induced by every personal
-consideration; the glory which would have accrued to him in success
-would at that time have been immense; in England the word of Buonaparte,
-that his eagles should be planted on the towers of Lisbon, was generally
-looked upon as a decree which no talent or ability could avert; to have
-learnt at such a time that our army had defeated the boasted instruments
-Of this prophesying emperor, would have carried the man who executed
-such a plan to the pinnacle of greatness. Yet this inducement, as well
-as the anxious wish of the whole army to attack, had no effect. Lord
-Wellington was persuaded that the sounder line of conduct was to wait
-with patience, and in safety, the mischief, which he was satisfied would
-be brought upon the enemy by want and sickness, and by the continual
-hostility of the natives. He therefore decided steadily to pursue that
-plan; he was ever watchful to profit by any advantage which should be
-afforded; but unless a decided one was given him, he determined to
-remain on the defensive.
-
-About the beginning of November, Massena found his sick so fast
-increasing, and his means of obtaining provisions so much diminished,
-that he was obliged to detach General La Borde’s division of the 6th
-corps, to form a garrison at Santarem for the protection of an hospital,
-as well as to assist the foraging parties in that quarter. Lord
-Wellington made a corresponding movement to prevent the passage of the
-Tagus, by detaching Major General Fane with a brigade of cavalry into
-the Alemtejo to assemble opposite to La Borde. In this situation the
-armies remained in perfect tranquillity till the 15th in the morning,
-when it was found that during the night the whole French army had
-retreated. This movement had been carried into effect in such silence,
-that no suspicion of it had been entertained.
-
-It was the great triumph of Lord Wellington’s skill and foresight, that,
-without exposing a single man in action, he had since the 10th of
-October retained at first a superior army in inactivity before him; he
-had seen it diminish in numbers every day; and, in the end, without its
-having effected a single purpose, he had obliged it to retire, oppressed
-with fatigue and sickness. Towards reducing the country it occupied, it
-had not made the slightest progress; the provisions of the British army
-were drawn from the northern provinces in its rear; Coimbra continued
-occupied by the Portuguese militia; Abrantes by the Portuguese garrison;
-so that it may truly be described as commanding only the ground on which
-it stood.
-
-The state of Lisbon during the period when the enemy was hardly twenty
-miles distant from it, deserves to be mentioned. Massena had expected
-that his near approach would have caused tumult and a revolution; but
-far from this, as a proof of the extraordinary confidence entertained of
-Lord Wellington, no town was ever in more perfect quiet; there never
-appeared in it the slightest symptom of fear or apprehension. The
-ordinary occupations were continued, although the enemy was but a single
-march from it. Yet total ruin was known to await the town, if Massena,
-by succeeding against the allied army, forced an entry into it. The
-apprehension of such a catastrophe was, however, at no time entertained;
-implicit reliance on the skill of their chief, and the bravery of the
-troops, was the universal sentiment of the Portuguese.
-
-The persons whose property had been surrendered to be laid waste by the
-enemy, shewed the same feelings; the poor peasants, who had abandoned
-every thing they possessed, were alike persuaded that all was done for
-the best; and in the whole country there was not a dissenting voice in
-giving unlimited confidence to Lord Wellington.
-
-As soon as the retreat of the enemy was known, the allied army was put
-in motion to follow him; his movement was, however, so rapid, that he
-was not overtaken till within a few miles of Santarem. The rear guard
-was pushed over the bridge in front of that place, where it took up a
-strong and formidable position.
-
-Lord Wellington had not pursued the enemy with the whole of his force;
-suspecting, that it might, in the first instance, be the intention of
-Massena to move round Monte Junto, he retained Major General Picton’s
-division in its position at Torres Vedras; he afterwards detached
-Lieutenant General Hill with the corps under his orders across the Tagus
-at Valada, with a view of communicating with Abrantes, which it might be
-the intention of the French to attack, and also to protect the Alemtejo
-from any offensive operation.
-
-The rest of the army was brought opposite to Santarem. Lord Wellington
-having received a report from Major General Fane, that the baggage of
-the French army was retiring towards Thomar, conceived that Massena was
-altogether falling back; with this idea he determined to attack what
-appeared to be his rear guard, which was placed upon a small river, the
-Rio Mayor. A disposition with this view was made; a part of Brigadier
-General Pack’s brigade was to have passed, supported by a detachment of
-cavalry, on the right of the French position, about a mile beyond it;
-Sir William Erskine’s brigade, supported by the Guards, was to have
-stormed the bridge; while Major General Crawford, with the light
-division, was to have attacked the enemy’s left, and along the Tagus to
-have menaced the rear of his advanced position. The rain, which had been
-very heavy during the preceding days, had, however, so much swelled the
-river where Brigadier General Pack was to have passed, that it was found
-impracticable; the enemy also appearing in considerable force, the
-operation was given up; Lord Wellington still determining to adhere to
-his defensive system, and deciding rather to fall back again upon his
-lines than seek the French army, or give it an opportunity of meeting
-him upon any thing like equal terms.
-
-Massena continued the succeeding days to strengthen his position at
-Santarem; Lord Wellington retained only his light division in front of
-it, and placed the rest of his army in echellons to the rear. The
-head-quarters were placed at Cartaxo; Sir Brent Spencer, with the Guards
-and Major General Cameron’s brigade, in the same place; Lieutenant
-General Cole’s division at Azambujo; Major General Leith’s at Alcoentre;
-Major General A. Campbell’s at Alemquer; Major General Picton’s at
-Torres Vedras, and the Spaniards at Villa-Franca. Massena threw a bridge
-over the Zezere at its confluence with the Tagus, as if with the
-intention of passing a corps for the siege of Abrantes; he was
-contented, however, with reconnoitring that place, which he never after
-molested. He placed his army in cantonments stretching as far back as
-Thomar, Torres Novas, and Alcanede; and in this situation, protected by
-the position at Santarem, remained in quiet, apparently awaiting
-reinforcements and orders how to proceed. Lord Wellington saw this with
-perfect indifference; he was persuaded that the more the enemy was
-reinforced the greater would be his suffering, and the less the general
-advantage to his cause in the Peninsula. He determined, therefore, to
-undertake no operation to prevent it, nor any other which could either
-cause him risk, or could draw him from his general system of defensive
-measures.
-
-From this period, the 12th of November 1810, to the 4th of March, 1811,
-both armies retained their respective positions; the only events of any
-importance, were the arrival of the 9th corps of 10,000 men, commanded
-by General Cte. Erlon, which was placed by Massena to protect his right
-at Leyria; and the junction of 5,000 men, who were brought by General
-Foy upon his return from Paris, where he had been sent by Massena, soon
-after his arrival opposite our lines, to render an account of the
-operations of the French army, and of its situation. Buonaparte received
-the relation of these events with much indifference; and observed upon
-the excuses General Foy was directed to make, for the loss of the battle
-of Busaco, “Ah bah! les Anglais de tout temps ont battu les Français.”
-
-General Gardane, in attempting to carry a corps of 3,000 men to join
-Massena, was driven back by some Portuguese militia. General Claparede
-posted himself, with a corps of 8,000 men, in the environs of Guarda;
-from whence he had several actions with the irregulars in that part of
-the country, by whom the communication of the French army with Spain had
-been totally cut off.
-
-During the whole of this period, the French subsisted solely on the
-plunder of the country they occupied. The irregular manner in which this
-mode of obtaining supplies was conducted, led to the perpetration of the
-most revolting atrocities. Torture inflicted upon the inhabitants, to
-extract from them the secret of their depôts of provisions and property,
-was one of the expedients most common to the French soldiery. The murder
-of the peasantry seemed to be committed without remorse; the capture of
-the women was converted often into a source of profit. Nothing more
-revolting to the mind of civilized man can be produced, than the list of
-horrors committed during this lamentable period.
-
-Buonaparte directed Massena to continue his occupation of Portugal, till
-he could operate with Marshals Mortier and Soult, (to whom he had given
-orders to advance into the Alemtejo,) and thence combine their movements
-for an attack on Lord Wellington. In conformity with these views,
-Marshal Mortier arrived in the beginning of January in Spanish
-Estremadura; he soon after captured Olivenza, and laid siege to Badajos.
-Lord Wellington, upon the first notice of these movements, had detached
-the Spanish corps which had joined him in the lines, to reinforce the
-corps of General Mendizabel, which was already destined to the
-protection of these places; he, at the same time, strongly recommended
-that officer not to fight a battle, but, by taking up a defensive
-position, (which he pointed out to him,) to give every assistance to the
-defence of Badajos, and the other fortresses in that quarter.
-
-Unfortunately for Spain, for the interests of the allies, and for those
-persons who, acquainted with the Marquis of Romana, loved and cherished
-him for the virtues which adorned his character, he had expired in the
-beginning of January at Cartaxo; less able hands were now intrusted with
-the army he had commanded. On the 19th of January, General Mendizabel
-was attacked in a position close to Badajos by the French army which was
-besieging it, and totally defeated. Mortier, from that moment, pushed on
-without interruption the operations of the siege. The place surrendered
-on the 11th of March, notwithstanding the governor was informed by
-telegraph that a strong corps of the allied army was coming to his
-relief, and that Massena was already on his retreat from Santarem. It is
-a fact worthy of remark, that, in the articles of capitulation for this
-place, it was stipulated that the garrison should march out by the
-breach; but when this came to be examined; it was found so far from
-practicable, that it was necessary to employ some time to make it fit
-for the passage of the troops. The garrison was stronger than the corps
-which besieged it; so that taking all the circumstances into
-consideration, the giving up this important fortress was as
-extraordinary as it was disastrous.
-
-Throughout the month of February, Lord Wellington had been looking out
-with great anxiety for a reinforcement from England, which was, coming
-to him, and which, by the unfavourable state of the weather, had been
-unusually delayed, and did not arrive till the 7th of March. The
-distressed state of the French army, as well as the menaced movement of
-Soult and Mortier, had determined him, upon the arrival of this
-reinforcement, (which amounted to 7,000 English,) to attack; and his
-plans for this purpose were already decided upon.
-
-The night of the 4th of March, however, put an end to this project:
-Massena broke up from all his positions, and commenced his retreat. The
-country he had occupied was totally exhausted; his army could no longer
-subsist in it. The sickness and misery the French had suffered, together
-with the hostility of the peasants, had considerably reduced their
-numbers. Lord Wellington had triumphed in his calculations; without the
-loss of a single man, he had obliged the enemy, weakened and
-disheartened, to abandon all his objects.
-
-Massena, after having previously moved off his sick and baggage upon the
-road to the Peunte de Marcella, directed his effective army upon Pombal,
-where it appeared he had intended to fight a battle; some altercation is
-stated to have taken place here, between him and the Count Erlon; that
-officer having received instructions to act in Spain, insisted upon
-being allowed to retire from Portugal, and immediately commenced his
-movement to effect that object. Lord Wellington had on the 11th,
-concentrated a part of his army opposite Pombal; the enemy was driven
-from it, and the next day was attacked at Redinha, from the positions
-about which place he was also obliged to retire with considerable loss:
-from thence he was pushed upon Condeixa, where, appearing to take up his
-ground as if to defend it, Lord Wellington instantly detached a corps to
-menace his left, and his communication with Miranda do Corvo. This had
-the desired effect; Marshal Ney, who commanded the French rear-guard,
-retired upon Miranda, thus abandoning the chance of occupying Coimbra
-(which was without defence,) or of retaining any advanced position in
-Portugal.
-
-To the activity and vigour with which Lord Wellington pushed the French
-army, this advantage was entirely due; Massena conceived that an officer
-who, for so long a period, had acted with so much caution, would never
-seriously venture to disturb his retreat; he had, therefore, relied upon
-being able to conduct it at his own discretion: when he found, on the
-contrary, that he was most vigorously attacked, he was obliged to
-precipitate his movements. To this alone can be attributed his having
-been unable to ascertain that there was no garrison in Coimbra, a
-position to which it appears he was anxious to have led his army.
-
-Lord Wellington pursued the enemy, and obliged him precipitately to
-abandon Miranda do Corvo, leaving a great part of his baggage, and
-destroying, at Foz d’Arouse, a considerable number of his carts and
-baggage-horses. Ney took up a position on the Ciera; but having left a
-considerable part of his advanced guard on the left bank of that river,
-it was vigorously attacked by the allies, and, in complete disorder, and
-with great loss, driven into the main position. A French eagle was taken
-in the river, into which, in the hurry of defeat, a considerable number
-of the enemy had been precipitated, and drowned.
-
-On the 17th, Massena formed his army in a strong position behind the
-Alva, occupying the Puente de Marcella, and the heights along the banks
-of that river. Believing himself secure in this formidable position, he
-had sent out detachments from the different corps, to collect
-provisions; but Lord Wellington passed the Alva on the left of the
-French army, and obliged it to retire without having reassembled the
-parties sent out to forage, a considerable number of which were taken.
-
-The whole of these operations were conducted with the most transcendent
-skill and ability; whenever the enemy halted to defend himself he was
-out-manœuvred, and driven from his ground; he was constantly attacked
-and beaten. Besides the loss in battle, his stragglers, his sick and
-wounded, and a considerable part of his baggage, became a prey to the
-allied army.
-
-Lord Wellington was now obliged, for a moment, to give up the active
-pursuit he had hitherto maintained. His army had out-marched its
-supplies; he was forced to give time for them to join him; he had
-besides been obliged to detach a considerable force into the Alemtejo,
-which, having reduced his numbers below those of the enemy, forced him
-to proceed with caution.
-
-When Massena commenced his retreat, Lord Wellington had decided to send
-the second British division, together with that of General Hamilton of
-Portuguese, with the 13th Light Dragoons, and a Portuguese brigade of
-cavalry, to protect the Alemtejo, and to oblige Mortier to raise the
-siege of Badajos; a part of this corps having, however, passed to the
-north of the Tagus at Abrantes, and driven the enemy from the Zezere at
-Punhete, its march to the southward was delayed till Lord Wellington,
-receiving intelligence of the surrender of Badajos, was obliged to add
-to this force the 4th division, under Lieutenant-General Cole, and the
-heavy brigade of British cavalry, under Major-General De Grey. This
-immense detachment from his army was rendered necessary from the very
-great importance of defending the southern frontier of Portugal, while
-the remainder of his forces pursued the enemy in the north. It was
-intrusted to the command of Marshal Beresford, and began its march
-towards Portalegre and Campo Mayor on the 17th. Lord Wellington
-considered the possession of Badajos as of the greatest importance to
-his future operations; and therefore directed Marshal Beresford, if
-possible, to invest it before the enemy should have had time to repair
-the fortifications, and provision it. This object was unfortunately not
-accomplished; and the recapture of that fortress, at a later period, was
-most dearly purchased.
-
-After a few days’ halt upon the Alva, the allied troops continued the
-pursuit of Massena’s army; it had taken a position at Guarda, where it
-appeared determined to defend itself. The ground about that town is
-extremely strong; being at a considerable height, it commands the
-country around it, and is most difficult of access. Massena had availed
-himself of these advantages, and hoped to maintain his army, protected
-by them, within the frontier of Portugal. He had held out this hope to
-Buonaparte, and therefore made every disposition within his means to
-secure his object; but Lord Wellington, on the 27th, in the morning, had
-manœuvred with seven columns, so as to turn him on every side, and
-having gained possession of his position, to force him to a precipitate
-retreat; a brigade of French infantry, under General Maucune, was near
-being taken, and the whole French army was driven across the Coa.
-Massena here made a last effort to maintain some footing within the
-frontiers of the country, of which he had so triumphantly predicted the
-entire conquest; he placed his army along the Coa, and in occupation of
-Sabugal; he was attacked, however, on the 2d of April; his hopes were
-blasted; he was driven into Spain. Lord Wellington had directed the
-light division to pass the Coa on the left, and in rear of General
-Regnier’s corps, while two divisions attacked in front; from the badness
-of the weather, a battalion of the Rifle Corps, under Colonel Beckwith,
-was deceived in the ford at which it was to cross, and got engaged alone
-for a considerable time with almost the whole of the French force.
-Colonel Beckwith, at the moment of being charged by the French cavalry,
-took advantage of a stone enclosure, from whence he defended himself
-with the most distinguished gallantry; an opportunity offering, he
-charged and took a howitzer, which he maintained; and, after having
-caused a severe loss to the enemy, was relieved by the arrival of the
-rest of the light division, and afterwards of the other corps which had
-been destined to the attack. Regnier was obliged to retire with great
-precipitation, leaving a considerable number of killed and wounded, and
-losing many prisoners on his march to Alfaiates, where he entered the
-Spanish territory.
-
-Thus were the last of Massena’s troops chased from the country, of which
-they still maintained the pompous appellation. “The Army of Portugal,”
-was yet the title they were distinguished by, though they could boast of
-that country but as the scene of disaster and defeat; and out of which,
-with the loss of half their numbers, they had been driven headlong,
-leaving only the sad remembrance of the atrocities they had committed.
-
-Lord Wellington having reconnoitred Almeida, decided immediately to
-blockade it; having appointed the corps for that purpose, and
-distributed the rest of his army in cantonments, he went to the
-Alemtejo, to visit the army commanded by Marshal Beresford. This force
-had arrived at Campo Mayor on the 25th of March; the town had, two days
-before, after a spirited resistance, surrendered to the enemy, but the
-wretched state of its defences obliged Marshal Mortier to abandon it on
-the approach of the allies. The advanced guard, composed of the 13th
-Light Dragoons, and some Portuguese cavalry, came up with the enemy’s
-convoy, protected by a corps of cavalry, three battalions of infantry,
-and a brigade of artillery, as it was retiring to Badajos; Colonel Head
-charged the French cavalry, defeated it, and drove it to the gates of
-Badajos; from the walls of which place the 13th Light Dragoons suffered
-some loss, having, in the ardour of the pursuit, exposed themselves to
-the fire from them.
-
-The heavy brigade of British cavalry, composed of the 3d Dragoon Guards,
-and the 4th Dragoons, came up to the French infantry soon after this
-charge had taken place; but at the moment of attacking it, were halted
-by Marshal Beresford, who, in doubt of the event of the charge made by
-the 13th, did not venture to expose the rest of his cavalry to any risk.
-This infantry therefore was allowed to move off without molestation; and
-in the night the French were enabled to carry into Badajos a great part
-of the guns, stores, and ammunition, which, in the charge of the 13th
-Dragoons, had been taken in the morning. The result of this affair,
-after so brilliant a commencement, was unfortunate; the return of the
-infantry was a considerable reinforcement to a garrison we were about,
-to attack; and the artillery, stores, and provisions were objects of the
-first necessity to its defence.
-
-The French having thus been driven over the Guadiana, Marshal Beresford
-sought as early as possible to pass that river, to invest Badajos,
-according to the instructions he had received. He was delayed, however,
-by the state of the river, and his unwillingness to risk its passage,
-without having previously secured his after communications across it; so
-that he did not effectually establish himself on the left bank, till the
-6th and 7th of April, by which time the enemy had provisioned and
-repaired the place, and Marshal Mortier (leaving it in a state of
-defence,) had retired with his corps towards Seville.
-
-The blockade of Badajos was immediately established; and
-Lieutenant-General Cole was directed to conduct the siege of Olivenza,
-which, having only a garrison of 370 men, was surrendered at discretion
-on the 15th.
-
-Immediately after this event, and while Marshal Beresford was preparing
-for the attack of Badajos, Lord Wellington arrived. He was strongly
-impressed with the importance of this fortress to his future plans, in
-the new system of warfare which the late events had laid open to him.
-Snatched from him at the moment all his other calculations had
-triumphed, it had already been most detrimental to his general success.
-By the large detachment he had been obliged to make from his army, in
-consequence of its fall, it had prevented his more vigorous pursuit of
-Massena, and had destroyed his hope of undertaking the blockade of
-Ciudad Rodrigo (as well as that of Almeida,) before it could be
-re-victualled, and placed in a state of defence; and it still menaced,
-as long as it remained in the hands of the French, to curb all his
-offensive movements into Spain, by protecting their positions in the
-south of the country, and by enabling them at all times to threaten the
-southern provinces of Portugal.
-
-Lord Wellington found the army of Marshal Beresford in possession of the
-whole of Estremadura; an affair of cavalry which had taken place at
-Usagre, in which the 3d Dragoon Guards had most gallantly charged and
-defeated the French, had, terminated their attempt to maintain
-themselves within it. Lord Wellington immediately reconnoitred Badajos
-with two battalions of infantry, and some Portuguese cavalry; a sharp
-affair was engaged by these troops with part of the garrison, but he
-effected his purpose, and decided to besiege the place, and fixed upon
-such points to attack as he hoped would lead to the capture of the
-fortress within fourteen or sixteen days. He had neither the means nor
-the time to undertake a regular siege; besieging artillery, stores, and
-ammunition could all be but very inefficiently supplied from Elvas, the
-only depôt from whence they could be drawn; and it was evident that
-Soult would make every effort to prevent the capture of the place, and
-that he would, in about three weeks, be able to collect an army strong
-enough to attempt its relief.
-
-The heights of St. Christobal, on the right of the Guadiana, seemed to
-offer a favourable _emplacement_ for the establishment of batteries to
-protect an attack on the old castle; it was therefore decided to carry,
-if possible, the fort which occupied them, and afterwards, from that
-position, to endeavour to destroy the defences of the castle, while its
-walls should be breached from the batteries in the plain below, and on
-the left of the river. Preparations were immediately made to carry this
-plan into effect, which Lord Wellington hoped would be in operation on
-the 24th. The movements of Massena recalled him to the north; he
-therefore left the prosecution of the siege to Marshal Beresford,
-recommending, if the enemy attempted to disturb him, to fight a battle,
-rather than be driven from his object.
-
-The commencement of the siege was most unfortunately delayed by the
-swelling of the Guadiana on the 24th, and the consequent destruction of
-the bridge across it, till the 8th of May, when Major-General Lumley
-completed the investment on the right of that river, Major-General Sir
-W. Stewart having previously effected it on the left. The means provided
-for the siege were found very unequal to the undertaking; before any
-progress could be made, Marshal Soult had collected his army as had been
-anticipated; on the night of the 15th, the attack of the place was
-discontinued, and the troops marched to Albuhera, where, on the 16th,
-Marshal Beresford obtained a signal victory over the French army.
-
-Lord Wellington returned to his head-quarters at Villa Formoso on the
-28th of April. Massena had collected his army at Ciudad Rodrigo; it
-consisted of the 2d, 6th, 8th, and 9th corps, with the cavalry and
-artillery which belonged to them, and of 1,500 cavalry of the Imperial
-Guard, commanded by the Duke of Istria. The whole force amounted to
-40,000 men, the remnant of the army of Portugal, which, six months
-before, had counted above 90,000 rank and file.
-
-Lord Wellington saw the approach of the enemy without dismay; the French
-force was superior to his own,—its object, the relief of Almeida. To
-thwart this attempt it was necessary to accept a battle; and, from the
-situation of Almeida, on the right of the Coa, the position to defend
-the approach to it must necessarily be taken up in front of the town,
-thus having the river in rear of the allied army. The banks of the Coa
-are extremely steep; there are few fords at which it can be passed, none
-in the part of it near Almeida serviceable for an army: the bridge over
-it, under the guns of that fortress, is extremely narrow, and at the
-time was nearly impassable. The bridge at Castel de Bom was also a most
-difficult communication. From Ciudad Rodrigo a road leads to Sabugal,
-where there is another bridge over the Coa, which, in case of defeat,
-might have served the allied army to retire over. Lord Wellington
-(though not entirely from his own conviction) determined to take up a
-defensive position, covering both the approach to Almeida, and the road
-to Sabugal. He perceived, from the beginning, that this double object
-was more than the forces he had with him might be able to maintain; the
-extension to the road above mentioned weakened his position; whereas, he
-was persuaded that, by confining himself to the protection of Almeida
-alone, he could bid defiance to the enemy. The object, however, of
-defending the entry by Sabugal into Portugal, and of securing a second
-road to retire upon, was not without mature consideration to be given
-up; and Lord Wellington felt convinced, that if the necessity of so
-doing should arise, he could always withdraw his army to the more
-concentrated position.
-
-With these views Lord Wellington took up the ground along the Duas
-Casas. He placed the fifth division on his extreme left, near the fort
-of La Conception, to defend the great road to Almeida, which crosses the
-river at a ford immediately in front of that fortification. The light
-and sixth divisions he placed opposite to the village of Almada; the
-first, third, and seventh, were placed in rear of Fuentes d’Honor, with
-the light infantry of the third division and of the brigades of
-Major-Generals Nightingale and Howard occupying the village, supported
-by a battalion of the German Legion, the 2d battalion of the 83d, and
-the 71st and 79th Regiments. A Spanish corps, under Don Julian Sanches,
-was posted on the extreme right, at Nava d’Aver. Brigadier-General Pack,
-with a brigade of Portuguese infantry and the 2d British or Queen’s
-Regiment, blockaded Almeida.
-
-Massena advanced from Ciudad Rodrigo on the 2d of May; and our troops
-having retired from the Agueda, he arrived, on the 3d, opposite to the
-position occupied by the allied army. In the evening he made a desperate
-attempt to carry the village of Fuentes d’Honor; but after a severe
-contest, most gallantly maintained, his troops were totally repulsed.
-Defeated with considerable loss in his first attempt, he spent the whole
-of the 4th in reconnoitring our position. Lord Wellington penetrated his
-intention of attacking the right of the allied army, and in the night
-moved the seventh division to Porco Velho, the only ford at which the
-enemy could cross the Duas Casas, and where the banks of that river
-opposed but a trifling obstacle to his advance.
-
-On the morning of the 5th, the eighth corps was discovered opposite to
-this village, and preparing to attack it; Lord Wellington moved the
-light division to support the seventh, while he directed the first and
-third divisions to occupy some high ground between the Turon and Duas
-Casas rivers; thus observing the sixth and ninth corps of the French
-army, which had made a movement to their left, and had approached the
-ground occupied by the eighth corps.
-
-Massena began the action of this day by an attack on the advanced guard
-of the seventh division; which, overpowered by numbers, was obliged to
-retire, giving up the village of Porco Velho. The French cavalry, under
-General Montbrun, (which had already driven Don Julian Sanches from Nava
-d’Aver) charged with a very superior force the cavalry of the allies,
-and though (in the first rencontre) its advance was driven back, yet it
-afterwards succeeded in penetrating to the infantry, which, supported in
-the most gallant manner by the artillery, received the French cavalry
-and repulsed it with considerable loss. At this moment Lord Wellington
-decided to withdraw his army into the more concentrated position, to
-which from the beginning he had felt inclined to confine himself.
-
-He directed the light and seventh divisions, supported by the cavalry,
-to retire and to take up the ground extending from the Duas Casas
-towards Frenada, on the Coa. This movement, as bold as it was decisive,
-was executed with the greatest precision; the enemy could make no
-impression on the allied columns while on their march, and the new
-position, at right angles with the old one, was taken up with perfect
-regularity. Massena declined making any attempt on the troops now formed
-on their new alignement; he confined his efforts for the remainder of
-the day to successive attacks, made by the sixth corps, upon Fuentes
-d’Honor; the contest was most severe in this quarter, and lasted till
-night, when, with great loss on both sides, the allied troops, having
-completely repulsed the enemy, retained possession of this most
-obstinately disputed village.
-
-So terminated this memorable action, the only one throughout the whole
-war in which the enemy had to boast of a momentary success against the
-allies; the ground at Porco Velho, from which the advance of the seventh
-division was obliged to retire, afforded no decisive position, and if
-the French infantry had been attacking at the moment of the charge of
-cavalry under General Montbrun, our loss in the retreat to the new
-alignement might have been considerably greater. Not such, however, as
-the French officers assert; the novelty of an advantage to them was so
-great, that on our change of position they predicted the entire
-destruction of the allied army; and although these hopes were so
-blasted, that they dared not afterwards make a single movement in attack
-upon us, yet they still persuaded themselves, that if the proper moment
-had been seized, we were in total confusion, and must inevitably have
-been defeated.
-
-The British army can seldom be calculated upon to verify such
-predictions; if the French had attempted to pursue, they would, as on
-other occasions of the same nature, have had more to repent than to
-boast of[4]. The message of General Foy to Buonaparte, before the action
-of Waterloo, “that in the whole war in the Peninsula, the French had
-never once beaten the British infantry,” would have been as true in its
-application to any attack made at the moment above alluded to, as it
-proved to be in the tremendous battle of Mont Saint Jean.
-
-Footnote 4:
-
-  See Book the 5th, Chapter 1st of Sir Walter Raleigh’s _History of the
-  World_, “where, in deciding this controversie, whether the Macedonian
-  or the Roman were the best warriors,” he answers, “the Englishman,”
-  and quotes the French historian, who says, “The English comes with a
-  conquering bravery, as he that was accustomed to gain every where
-  without any stay.”
-
-Defeated in all his projects, Massena, on the morning of the 6th,
-withdrew his troops from the front of the allied position, and, having
-given up all hope of forcing his way to Almeida, confined his views to a
-simple communication with the place, directing General Brenier to
-evacuate and destroy it. The French army remained in a position opposite
-the allies till the 10th, when it retired to Ciudad Rodrigo. Lord
-Wellington had employed the time since the battle of the 5th, in
-entrenching his new position, and had rendered it so strong that the
-enemy did not make any attempt against it. Marshal Marmont arrived on
-the 7th, and soon after superseded Marshal Massena in his command.
-
-As soon as the French army had retired, Lord Wellington made
-arrangements to secure Almeida; aware of the distressed situation of
-that place, he detached General Campbell, on the 10th, to resume the
-blockade, and to relieve Brigadier-General Pack. In the night of the
-same day, however, at 11 o’clock, General Brenier, having previously
-destroyed the defences of the place, marched out at the head of his
-garrison, and, taking the road to Barba del Puerco, forced his way
-through the pickets of the allies, and with the loss of not more than
-200 men escaped to the French army. There were a variety of
-circumstances which favoured this undertaking. The order for the march
-of the 4th Regiment upon Almeida had been delayed by Sir W. Erskine; the
-2d queen’s Regiment, not believing the enemy had escaped, remained on
-their position; the orderly drummer of the 36th Regiment was not at
-General Campbell’s quarters to give the alarm, and this regiment did
-not, in consequence, overtake the enemy so soon as it otherwise might
-have done. Brigadier General Pack, having been relieved by General
-Campbell, had gone from his quarters, and, during his absence, Colonel
-Campbell had marched his brigade to more distant villages; when
-Brigadier General Pack returned, he found General Campbell in possession
-of the house he had occupied, but as it was 9 o’clock he remained there
-for the night; he joined the pickets of his brigade, which were still on
-duty, on the first alarm, and at the point where the enemy had forced
-the chain. He immediately pursued with from 30 to 40 men, but this force
-was totally insufficient to give any serious disturbance to the enemy.
-The 4th and 36th Regiments did not arrive at Barba del Puerco till
-day-light: at this moment Brenier was passing the bridge, and
-immediately afterwards joined the French corps which was stationed there
-to receive him.
-
-By this event the operations in Portugal were brought to a close; that
-country was delivered from the enemy, and was freed for ever after from
-his odious oppression.
-
-The glorious and transcendent services of Lord Wellington were duly
-appreciated throughout the kingdom; his name was blest, and to the
-latest posterity will be handed down in that country with grateful
-recollection. He was hailed as one to whom a whole people owed their
-emancipation. The governors vied with the governed in expressing to him
-their admiration of the exalted achievements which had immortalized his
-name, and which had sustained the honour of the combined armies.
-
-Lord Wellington, immediately after the capture of Almeida, detached two
-divisions to the southern army, and soon after proceeded himself to join
-Marshal Beresford.
-
-He arrived at his head-quarters after the battle of Albuhera had been
-fought, and as soon as the means could be collected, commenced a second
-time the siege of Badajos.
-
-The detail of these events which followed the deliverance of Portugal,
-does not, however, belong to the present work. To describe the capture
-of the important fortresses of Ciudad Rodrigo and Badajos, in the face
-of superior armies, and the destruction of that of Almaraz, by which the
-armies of Marmont and Soult were connected; to follow Lord Wellington
-through the brilliant operations which led to the battle of Salamanca,
-and to the re-conquest of Madrid and all the southern provinces of
-Spain; to trace the execution of that magnificent movement, by which,
-all the French defences in the northern provinces of Spain being turned
-without a blow, their armies were completely overthrown, with the loss
-of all their cannon and baggage, at the battle of Vittoria, and Spain,
-like Portugal, was delivered from foreign rule—these glorious
-transactions must be left to others to record. They will be handed down,
-with the rest of those great events which have distinguished the
-triumphant career of Lord Wellington, as a beacon to guide hereafter all
-military men in the pursuit of fame, combined with justice, with
-moderation, and with virtue.
-
-
-                                THE END.
-
-
-  London: Printed by W. CLOWES,
-      Northumberland-court.
-
-
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