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+The Project Gutenberg eBook of Cadet Life at West Point, by Hugh T. Reed
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
+most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
+whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
+of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
+www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will
+have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using
+this eBook.
+
+Title: Cadet Life at West Point
+
+Author: Hugh T. Reed
+
+Release Date: Mar 25, 2021 [eBook #64925]
+
+Language: English
+
+Produced by: MWS and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+             https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+             generously made available by The Internet Archive/American
+             Libraries.)
+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CADET LIFE AT WEST POINT ***
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+United States Military Academy
+
+West Point, New York
+
+                                                       _Jan. 10th, 1911._
+
+_Dear Reed_:
+
+_I have delayed sending back the proof sheets of the third edition of
+your “Cadet Life at West Point” because I wanted to read them. This I
+have finally found time to accomplish, but I really have not the time
+to write out my views on the book as I would like to do for you can
+appreciate my situation when I tell you that we leave here on the 17th
+inst. and the house is completely torn up._
+
+_I think, however, that in addition to having written a very interesting
+book you have given the public one full of valuable information,
+particularly useful to young men who contemplate entering this academy.
+The book recalls many pleasant incidents of our own cadet life and
+conditions now are very little changed from our day, especially as we are
+to return to the four-year course with entrance for the new class back to
+June again._
+
+_With best wishes for the New Year_,
+
+                              _Sincerely_,
+
+                                                          _Fred H Sibley_
+
+Colonel Sibley was the Commandant of Cadets from February 1, 1909, to
+January 17, 1911.
+
+
+
+
+PRESS COMMENTS ON CADET LIFE AT WEST POINT
+
+
+Dedicated to the dear girls who adore the military.
+
+“Entertaining personal reminiscences.”—_Cleveland Plain Dealer._
+
+“Most charming book.”—_The_ (Philadelphia) _Keystone_.
+
+“Especially entertaining to lads with military aspirations.”—(Boston)
+_Waverly Magazine_.
+
+“Parents and sisters too come under its spell.”—(Chicago) _Quarterly Book
+Review_.
+
+“The various troubles cadets have are clearly described.”—_Cincinnati
+Commercial Tribune._
+
+“The reader soon becomes interested.”—_Richmond_ (Ind.) _Palladium_.
+
+“Complete description of the life of a cadet.”—_The_ (Chicago) _Medical
+Standard_.
+
+“Through the trying days of plebedom.”—_Indianapolis Journal._
+
+“Until he finally doffs the cadet gray and dons the army blue.”—_Chicago
+Tribune._
+
+“The story is told in a very interesting way.”—(New York) _American
+Stationer_.
+
+    “Whether you’re young or old, girl or boy,
+    Reed’s ‘Cadet Life’ is a book to enjoy;
+    It is full of facts, mixed with fun,
+    That gives great pleasure to everyone.”
+
+“A very spirited and interesting book.”—(New York) _Scientific American_.
+
+“Stories, poems and accounts of graduation hops and other
+amusements.”—The (New York) _Publishers’ Weekly_.
+
+“Also contains statistics which are of sufficient value alone to warrant
+publication.”—_Chicago Journal._
+
+“Charming in its personality.”—_Army and Navy Journal._
+
+“Answers many questions one would like to ask.”—_Chicago Inter-Ocean._
+
+“In such a happy vein as to charm American readers of all ages.”—_Army
+and Navy Register._
+
+“A pleasing style.”—(New York) _Review of Reviews_.
+
+“The best description of cadet life and also of the workings of the
+academy.”—WM. WARD, _clerk in charge (for the last 60 years) of Cadet
+Records at West Point_.
+
+“Nothing quite like it in this country.”—(London, Eng.) _Army and Navy
+Gazette_.
+
+“A complete book.”—(Orchard Lake, Mich.) _Adjutant_.
+
+“Interesting reading.”—_Chicago Times-Herald._
+
+“About West Point, how to get there, etc.”—_Indianapolis News._
+
+“Just the thing.”—(Atlanta, Ga.) _Southern Star_.
+
+“Of value to guardsmen.”—_The_ (Columbus, O.) _National Guardsman_.
+
+“Interesting reading even for laymen.”—(New York) _Godey’s Magazine_.
+
+“Should be in both normal school and village libraries.”—_Cortland_ (New
+York) _Evening Standard_.
+
+Handsome cloth. 12mo. 315 pages. Illustrated. $1.50
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE AUTHOR]
+
+
+
+
+
+                        CADET LIFE AT WEST POINT
+
+                                   BY
+                  COL. HUGH T. REED, LIEUT. U. S. ARMY,
+                  _Late Inspector General of Indiana_.
+                                AUTHOR OF
+                  _Military Science and Tactics, Etc._
+
+                               ILLUSTRATED
+
+                             THIRD EDITION.
+
+                           RICHMOND, INDIANA:
+                            IRVIN REED & SON.
+
+                          ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
+               COPYRIGHT, 1896 AND 1911, BY HUGH T. REED.
+
+
+
+
+Dedicated
+
+
+_TO THE DEAR GIRLS WHO ADORE THE MILITARY, ONE OF WHOM HAVING PAID THE
+PENALTY OF HER ADMIRATION, IS NOW MY SUPERIOR OFFICER._
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+I believe it to be well established that the mental habits are fully
+as strong as the physical habits of man. That is, thought moves in
+grooves day after day and day after day as walks in life do. The habit
+of retrospectant thought fastened itself upon me several years ago, and
+the habit confined itself largely and almost irresistibly to my life at
+West Point. My reflections became almost realisms; I was to all intents
+and purposes oblivious of the intervening years; oblivious of accumulated
+griefs and sorrows, of successes and of contemporaneous ambitions—I was
+indeed a boy again, and at West Point, living over and over and over
+again all the scenes leading up to and creating my life at the Nation’s
+Military School.
+
+In one of these moods, it occurred to me, entirely for my own
+gratification, and possibly to dispossess myself of the habit of thinking
+upon the subject, to write a little sketch of those days. I became
+interested in the work, and the pages grew in number as memory served me
+with inspiration for my narrative, until I had at last completed what
+might be called a volume of reminiscences.
+
+As an amusement for him, I read chapter after chapter, as it was written,
+to a favorite nephew, and when the manuscript was written and in a
+temporary binding, I loaned it to this young relative, who, in turn,
+with my consent, loaned it to friends of his, and it was read by these
+youngsters and passed from hand to hand. I could not help but realize
+the interest that was taken by these young readers in what I had so
+carelessly and indifferently written, but at the same time, I should
+never have undertaken the publication of my notes if my nephew had not
+attended a military school and bombarded me with appeals to send him the
+old manuscript, so that his comrades might read about life at West Point.
+
+The old manuscript wouldn’t do, so I edited what I had written, re-wrote
+some of the pages, added a few lines here and there, and finally
+concluded to publish it without the least expectation that it will
+interest very many persons, or bring me any material reward.
+
+I have tried to write it naturally and without any attempt at literary
+excellence, and beg most respectfully to offer it to the public as a
+grateful tribute of my happiest years.
+
+For valuable data I am indebted to Colonel Charles W. Larned, Lieutenant
+Colonel F. W. Sibley, Commandant of Cadets, Captains W. E. Wilder, F. W.
+Coe and O. J. Charles, Adjutants, Lieut. M. B. Stewart, Tactical Officer,
+Dr. E. S. Holden, Librarian, and Mr. William Ward, in charge of Cadet
+Records from 1851 to 1911, all of the Military Academy, and to Lieutenant
+Charles Braden, editor of Cullum’s Biographical Register of West Point
+Graduates.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+    Chapter.                                            Page.
+
+       I. The Appointment                                 13
+
+      II. The Preparation                                 21
+
+     III. The Candidate                                   27
+
+      IV. The Plebe in Camp                               65
+
+       V. The Plebe in Barracks                           87
+
+      VI. The Yearling                                   125
+
+     VII. The Furloughman                                153
+
+    VIII. The Graduate                                   179
+
+     IX. The United States Military Academy              259
+
+      X. The Appendix                                    287
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+    The Author                                  Frontispiece
+
+    Might Be a Cadet                                      15
+
+    Topographical Sketch of West Point                    25
+
+    Setting-up Exercises                                  41
+
+    Hop Invitation—Camp McPherson                         63
+
+    Hop Invitation—I. O. C. B.                            81
+
+    Cadet Warrant                                        111
+
+    Hop Invitation—Camp Geo. H. Thomas                   123
+
+    Hop Invitation—Camp Belknap                          151
+
+    Graduating Hop Invitation—Class of 1872              163
+
+    Cadet Captain’s Chevron                              175
+
+    Bell Button for Civilian Coats                       176
+
+    Badge                                                176
+
+    Hop Invitation—Camp Thayer                           177
+
+    Inaugural Ball Invitation                          198-9
+
+    Graduating Hop Invitation—Class of 1873              203
+
+    Bird’s Eye View of West Point as It May Be in 1912   209
+
+    Diploma                                              211
+
+    Bird’s Eye View of West Point in 1902                213
+
+    West Point in 1848                                   215
+
+    West Point in 1825                                   217
+
+    Guard Mount in Camp                                  219
+
+    Color Line                                           219
+
+    Seal of the United States Military Academy           221
+
+    Cadet Hospital                                       221
+
+    Superintendent’s Quarters                            221
+
+    Battery Knox                                         223
+
+    Sea Coast Battery                                    223
+
+    Siege Battery                                        223
+
+    The Academic Building                                225
+
+    Mess Hall                                            227
+
+    Dining Room                                          227
+
+    South Cadet Barracks                                 227
+
+    Cavalry Drill                                        229
+
+    Battalion Marching from Camp to Barracks             229
+
+    Cadet Tent                                           231
+
+    Group of First Classmen                              233
+
+    Group of Furloughmen                                 233
+
+    The Old Cadet Chapel                                 233
+
+    Cadet Room                                           233
+
+    Professors’ Row                                      235
+
+    Flirtation Walk                                      235
+
+    Kosciuszco’s Garden                                  235
+
+    The Old Riding Hall                                  237
+
+    Battle Monument                                      237
+
+    Ponton Bridge                                        237
+
+    Cadet Camp—World’s Fair, 1893                        239
+
+    Officers’ Quarters Above Old North Gate in 1910      241
+
+    Officers’ Quarters Below Old South Gate in 1910      241
+
+    Bachelor Officers’ Quarters in 1910                  241
+
+    The New Cadet Chapel in 1910                         243
+
+    The North Cadet Barracks in 1910                     243
+
+    The Old Washington Headquarters                      245
+
+    Officers’ Mess in 1910                               245
+
+    Cullum Memorial Hall                                 245
+
+    Coat of Arms of the United States Military Academy   247
+
+    Library                                              247
+
+    Siege Battery Drill in 1910                          249
+
+    Artillery and Cavalry Group in 1910                  249
+
+    The New Gymnasium in 1910                            249
+
+    Proposed Staff Quarters                              251
+
+    Headquarters Building                                251
+
+    Inspection in Camp                                   253
+
+    Light Artillery Drill                                253
+
+    Sedgwick’s Monument                                  255
+
+    Professors’ Row                                      255
+
+    Cadet Monument                                       255
+
+    Looking East from the New Chapel in 1910             257
+
+    Perspective View from River on the East              257
+
+    Interior of New Riding Hall                          315
+
+
+
+
+CADET LIFE AT WEST POINT
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+THE APPOINTMENT.
+
+
+I was not more than eight years old when I first heard about West Point,
+and then I was told that it was Uncle Sam’s Military School; that the
+young men there were called cadets; that they were soldiers, and that
+they wore pretty uniforms with brass buttons on them. The impression
+made upon me at the time was such that I never tired talking and asking
+questions about West Point. I soon learned to indicate the site on the
+map, and I longed to go there, that I might be a cadet and wear brass
+buttons. I talked about it so much that my good mother made me a coat
+generous with brass buttons. I called it my cadet coat, and wore it
+constantly. Ah! for the day I should be a big boy and be a real cadet.
+With a wooden gun I played soldier, and when the war broke out and the
+soldiers camped in our old fair grounds, I was in their camp at every
+opportunity. The camp was about half-way between our home farm and
+father’s store in town, and many is the time I have been scolded for
+being so much at the camp. My only regret at that time was that I was not
+old enough to enlist, for I loved to watch the drills and linger around
+the camp-fires, listening to stories of the war.
+
+I learned a good deal from the soldiers about West Point. They told me
+that I could not go there until I was seventeen years old, and not then
+unless I was appointed as a cadet by my congressman. They also told me
+that I must be a good boy at school and study hard, for the reason that
+after securing the appointment I would have to pass a rigid examination
+at West Point before admission. This was bad news to me, because we
+farm boys never attended school longer than four or five months in
+a year. Fortunately, however, the family moved to “town” when I was
+fourteen years old. I was then assured that I would have my wish, and I
+never missed a day at school. I was so anxious to learn rapidly that I
+overtaxed my eyes, and was in a dark room for nearly a year. Still I did
+not give up hope, and when my eyesight permitted I returned to school
+again.
+
+I found out that there could be only one cadet at a time at West Point
+from the same congressional district, and also that there was then a
+young man there from my district; still I had hopes of getting there
+myself before I got too old, that is, over twenty-one.[1] Then there was
+no book published about West Point, and magazines and newspapers never
+described it.
+
+[Illustration: “MIGHT BE A CADET.”]
+
+One day I saw by the paper that the Hon. G. W. Julian was at home on a
+short visit, and I knew that he was my congressman; hence I wanted to go
+at once to see him. I confided in my mother and obtained her permission
+to be absent from school that afternoon. So I saddled old John, my
+favorite horse, and rode six miles to Mr. Julian’s house. He was at home,
+and was very kind to me. He asked my father’s name, and also my name and
+age, and he made a note of my address, saying that he might write to
+me from Washington. He also said that there would be a vacancy at West
+Point, from his district, the next year in June, and that he would make
+the appointment soon; that I was the first young man to apply for the
+place, but if any one who had served in the war applied for the cadetship
+within the next few weeks he would appoint him—that such a person could
+be just under twenty-four years of age. Nevertheless, if no old soldier
+applied, he would appoint me, as he knew my father well. He then said
+that if he did appoint me I must be a good student the next year, and
+prepare for the examination at West Point. Upon my return home I did
+not talk about West Point any more, nor did I speak to any one except
+my mother about having seen Mr. Julian, and I had five brothers and a
+sister, too!
+
+About two months after my visit to Mr. Julian, I received a letter from
+him, taking it myself from the postoffice, but alas! the writing was such
+that I could not read it, although there were but eight words in it, so
+I hastened with it to my mother, but she could not read it, either. Then
+as I must confide in another person, I decided to speak to my father, and
+ask him to read the letter, under promise that he would not talk about
+West Point with any one except my mother and myself. He read the letter
+at once, and said that the writing was all right, but that the letter did
+not mean anything, as Mr. Julian had probably written the same to other
+boys. I did not believe this, and was surer than ever of obtaining the
+appointment. Many years have passed since then, but the words of that
+letter are still fresh in my memory. They are:
+
+“Please inform me in reply your exact age.”
+
+I wanted my father to write Mr. Julian in my behalf, but he declined to
+do so, saying that he did not want me to go to West Point. I then got him
+to promise not to write “that” to Mr. Julian, and I myself answered the
+letter by return mail.
+
+About ten days after this I received another letter from the congressman,
+a great large one, in a long envelope, and all I could read of that was
+“I have recommended you”; but that was enough, as the appointment itself
+was enclosed, and I could read it, and I was a happy boy. I ran home to
+show the appointment to my mother, and then to the store to show it to
+my father, and also to get him to read the letter to me, which was as
+follows:
+
+    “I have recommended you, and enclose herewith your conditional
+    appointment as a cadet to West Point, together with certain
+    other papers from the War Department. I shall now expect you to
+    prepare yourself for the examination next June, and I hope you
+    will graduate with high honors, and that afterwards you will be
+    loyal and useful to your country.”
+
+
+THE APPOINTMENT.
+
+    War Department.[2]
+
+                                         Washington, ________ 1868.
+
+    Sir: You are hereby informed, that the President has
+    conditionally selected you for appointment as Cadet of the
+    United States Military Academy, at West Point, New York.
+
+    Should you desire the appointment, you will report in person
+    to the Superintendent of the Academy on the ____ day of
+    ________, 1869, for examination. If it be found that you
+    possess the qualifications required by law and set forth in the
+    circular[3] herewith, you will be admitted, with pay from date
+    of admission, and your warrant of appointment will be delivered
+    to you.
+
+    Should you be found deficient in studies at the semi-annual
+    or annual examinations, or should your conduct reports be
+    unfavorable, you will be discharged from the military service,
+    unless otherwise recommended for special reasons by the
+    Academic Board, but will receive an allowance for traveling
+    expenses to your home.
+
+    Your attention is particularly directed to the accompanying
+    circular, and it is to be distinctly understood that this
+    notification confers upon you no right to enter the Military
+    Academy unless your qualifications agree fully with its
+    requirements, and unless you report for examination at the time
+    specified.
+
+    You are requested to immediately inform the Department of your
+    acceptance or declination of the contemplated appointment upon
+    the above conditions.
+
+                        Very respectfully,
+
+                                                  ____________
+                                                  Secretary of War.
+
+    To ____________
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+                                                ____________, 1868.
+
+    To the Honorable Secretary of War,[4] Washington, D. C.
+
+    Sir: I hereby respectfully acknowledge the receipt of your
+    notification of my contemplated appointment as a Cadet of the
+    United States Military Academy, with the appended circular, and
+    inform you of my acceptance of the same upon the conditions
+    named.
+
+    I certify, on honor, that I was born at ________, in the
+    County of ________, State of ________, on the ____ day of
+    ________, 18__, and that I have been an actual resident of the
+    Congressional District of ________ for __ years and __ months.
+
+                              (Signature of appointee) ____________
+
+    I hereby assent to the acceptance by my ________ of his
+    conditional appointment as Cadet in the military service, and
+    he has my full permission to sign articles binding himself to
+    serve the United States eight years, unless sooner discharged.
+
+    I also certify, on honor, that the above statements are true
+    and correct in every particular.
+
+                     (Signature of parent or guardian) ____________
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+THE PREPARATION.
+
+
+After examining the papers received from the War Department, I found one
+that required my father’s signature before I myself could accept the
+appointment. My parents both objected to my leaving home, and therefore
+did not wish me to go to West Point. I argued that I wanted to go to
+college somewhere, and why not let me go where Uncle Sam paid the bills.
+At last I won my mother on my side, and then my father, seeing that my
+heart was so fixed, signed the paper requiring his signature, and mailed
+it to the Honorable Secretary of War, Washington, D. C. This done, I let
+the secret out, and all of my boy friends wanted to know how I had gotten
+the appointment. I told part, but I did not tell just how I did get it.
+
+After seeing the kind of examination[5] I would have to pass at West
+Point the next year, my father decided to send me to the High School at
+Ann Arbor, Mich., and to send my brother Charley there with me to prepare
+him for the University of Michigan. We entered the High School early in
+September. About two weeks afterward the University of Michigan (also at
+Ann Arbor) opened, and we observed that many of the candidates for the
+freshman class seemed no farther advanced than we thought ourselves, so
+we applied, were examined, and admitted to the University. I thought that
+if I failed at West Point I could return and graduate at the University
+in three instead of four years.
+
+There was a tall young man from Tennessee, who entered the High School
+with us, and afterward entered the University, too. He, like myself, had
+an appointment to West Point, and was going there the next June, so we
+became friends at once, and he and I agreed to study after Christmas for
+the West Point examination. After the sophomores quit hazing, all went
+well with us, and the year soon passed. I left Ann Arbor on the last day
+of April to return home via Lakes Huron and Michigan, and went to Detroit
+to take the first steamer of the season around the lakes to Chicago. Upon
+arriving in Detroit, I heard that there was to be a muster and inspection
+of a regiment of United States troops out at Fort Wayne, a short ride
+from Detroit, and as I was to be a soldier, I went to see the sight. As I
+looked at the troops (the First U. S. Infantry), I thought that I would
+like to be an officer of that regiment when I graduated from West Point,
+and singularly enough my wish was gratified. I remained so long at Fort
+Wayne that the boat had departed when I returned to Detroit, so I took
+train and overtook the boat at Port Huron. While there I went to see Fort
+Gratiot, and strange to say, that was subsequently my first army station.
+When the steamer stopped at Mackinaw I visited the fort that was there at
+that time.
+
+After my return home I reviewed the studies I was to be examined on in
+a few weeks, and then started east. I promised my father if I failed to
+pass the examination that I would return home at once. Arriving in the
+great city of New York, I took passage on the day steamer “Mary Powell,”
+and was charmed with the scenery along the Hudson. The first stop was at
+the south landing at West Point. I was on the upper deck at the time,
+and after seeing my trunk put ashore, I walked leisurely downstairs to
+disembark and to my great surprise the boat was fifty feet or more from
+shore when I got down. I thought that all steamers made long stops,
+for the only other boat that I had ever been on stopped for many hours
+every time she landed. The captain would not let me off, and said that I
+could get off at Cornwall and take a down boat the same evening. I was
+satisfied and went on the upper deck again and saw the passengers who had
+landed get into the West Point Hotel ’bus. All the trunks except mine
+were put on the top of the ’bus, and it was then driven up the hill,
+leaving my trunk all alone on the dock.
+
+When the steamer stopped at Cornwall I this time promptly stepped ashore.
+It was about sunset. There were not more than half a dozen buildings in
+sight, and not a soul at the dock, and I was the only passenger landing
+at that point. I went to one of the houses and inquired the location of
+the hotel, and I was informed that it was not open, as it was too early
+for summer visitors. I then asked what time the down boat was due, and
+was informed that it would be along soon, but that it would not stop. The
+West Shore Railroad was not built at that time, and as there was no stage
+line over the mountains nor ferry on the river, I began to fear that I
+could not get away by the tenth of June, the last day for me to report.
+This bothered me more than the hotel accommodations, but I soon found
+obliging people and arranged for my lodging and breakfast, and also to be
+rowed to my destination the next day.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration: Topographical Sketch of WEST POINT]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+THE CANDIDATE.
+
+
+    “As the twig is bent, the tree is inclined.”
+
+It was about ten o’clock in the morning of June 8, 1869, when I stepped
+from a rowboat on the dock near the Sea Coast Battery at West Point.
+The weather was perfect, and my heart was light and free. As there was
+neither any person nor conveyance at the dock, I followed the road
+winding up the hill to the plain. I stopped to admire the scenery. In
+front I beheld a level green plain of one hundred acres or more with
+massive buildings peeping through the large elm trees that fringe two
+sides of the plain; on either side were high hills; in my rear rolled the
+majestic Hudson between the Highlands, with Siege Battery at my feet. As
+I gazed around it was to me then, as it is to me now, the most beautiful
+of places.
+
+I found my way to the Adjutant’s office in the Administration Building[6]
+and reported. I was courteously received and handed the “Instructions
+to Candidates” to read. I stated the fact of my trunk having been put
+ashore on the south dock and of the Mary Powell carrying me to Cornwall
+the previous evening, and I was told that my trunk had undoubtedly been
+taken to the hotel, as there was then (and now is) but one hotel at the
+Point. And I was also informed that my trunk would be sent to the Cadet
+Barracks. After I had complied with the instructions, an orderly, at the
+sound of a bell, entered and was directed to escort me to the barracks.
+In going through the area we passed some cadets and I overheard such
+remarks as “He’ll learn to button his coat.” At the orderly’s suggestion
+I buttoned my coat. He took me into a hall, said “This is the door,”
+laid down my valise, and left me. The door was the first one on the
+right of the eighth division—how well I remember it! I knocked on the
+door, and heard a commanding voice say “Come in!”[7] With valise and
+umbrella in one hand and cap in the other, I entered. There were two
+cadets in the room, seated near a table, and before I had a chance to
+speak, I was greeted about as follows: “Leave your things in the hall.
+Don’t you know better than to bring them in here?” I stepped into the
+hall, left the door open, and while looking for a suitable place to put
+my things (for there was neither a hook nor a table), one of these two
+cadets cried out: “Lay them on the floor and come in, and don’t be all
+day about it, either. Move lively, I say. Shut the door. Stand there.
+Come to attention. Put your heels together, turn out your toes, put your
+hands by your side, palms to the front, fingers closed, little fingers
+on the seams of the trousers, head up, chin in, shoulders thrown back,
+chest out, draw in your belly, and keep your eyes on this tack.” While
+one cadet was giving commands with great rapidity, the other one fixed
+my feet, hands, head and shoulders. “What’s your name? Put a Mr. before
+it. How do you spell it? What’s your first name? Spell it. What’s your
+middle name? Have none? What state are you from? What part? Put a sir
+on every answer. Where’s your trunk? Don’t know? Didn’t you bring one?
+Put on a sir; how often do you want me to speak about it?” I explained
+how my trunk and I had arrived at different times. “You’re too slow.
+You’ll never get along here. Keep your eyes on that tack; turn the palms
+of your hands squarely to the front. Did you bring all of the articles
+marked ‘thus’? You don’t know what they are? Put on a sir, I tell you.
+Didn’t you get a circular telling what articles you should bring? Didn’t
+you read it? Now answer me; did you bring the articles marked ‘thus’?
+Well, why didn’t you say so at first? Keep your eyes on that tack.” A
+wagon drove up and put a trunk on the porch near the window. “About face!
+Turn around the other way. Don’t you know anything? Is that your trunk?
+It is, is it? Now, let’s see you ‘about face’ properly. Steady. At the
+word ‘about’ turn on the left heel, turning the left toe to the front,
+carrying the right foot to the rear, the hollow opposite to and three
+inches from the left heel, the feet perpendicular to each other. Don’t
+look at your feet. Head up. Stand at ‘attention’ till I give the command.
+Now, ‘about’ (one of the cadets fixed my feet); at the word ‘face,’ turn
+on both heels, raise the toe a little, face to the rear, when the face
+is nearly completed, raise the right foot and replace it by the left.
+Now, ‘face.’ Ah! turn on both heels. Fix your eyes on that tack again.
+Draw in your belly. Throw back your shoulders and stand up like a man.
+Now, ‘left, face.’ Don’t you know your left hand from your right? Face
+that door; open it. Ah! why don’t you step off with the left foot first?
+Pick up your things, follow me, and move lively.” My back was nearly
+broken, and I was glad to get out of that room. After going a few steps
+on the broad porch on the area side of barracks, a young man in civilian
+clothes came out of the next hallway carrying the palms of his hands to
+the front. “Come here, Mr. Howard, and help your room-mate carry his
+trunk upstairs; step lively, now.” With that introduction Mr. Howard and
+I took hold of the trunk. Just then the tall young Tennesseean, whom I
+knew at Ann Arbor, passed, carrying the palms of his hands to the front.
+We exchanged knowing winks, but did not venture to speak. “What’s the
+matter with you? Don’t be all day carrying that trunk upstairs.” Howard
+and I tugged away and finally got the trunk upstairs and into the room
+designated. Candidates Howard and Knapp had already been assigned to the
+same room. “Stand attention, Mr. Knapp. Don’t you know enough to stand
+attention when I enter the room? Palms to the front. Put the trunk over
+there. Mr. R⸺d, open your trunk and valise and take out everything and
+make a list of all you have. Stand attention, Mr. Howard. Take out your
+things first and make a list afterward. Put the small articles on this
+part of the clothes-press, hang your clothes on those pegs and put your
+bedding over there. Study the regulations. Fold your things properly,
+put them in their places, and the next time I come in I want to see
+everything in place. What did you bring that umbrella for? You will never
+need it here. Mr. R⸺d, post your name over there on the ‘alcove,’ put it
+on the ‘Orderly Board’ under Mr. Knapp’s name, and put it there on the
+clothes-press. Whenever you hear the command, ‘Candidates, turn out,’
+button your coats, hasten downstairs and ‘fall in’ in the Area.” Cadet
+Hood left the room then, and we sat down, prostrated. Then we proceeded
+to get acquainted with one another, and on comparing notes we found that
+each one of us had had about the same reception. As Howard and Knapp had
+reported the day before, they gave me many pointers, which I appreciated.
+
+The room was good-sized, with two alcoves at the end opposite the window;
+but, oh! how uninviting it seemed. No bed, no carpet, no curtains,
+and not even shades. The furniture that was in the room consisted of
+a clothes-press, that is, shelving arranged for two cadets, but to be
+used by three or four candidates, two small iron tables, a wash stand,
+an iron mantel and a steam coil with a marble slab on it. H⸺rd and K⸺p
+had already carried from the Commissary certain articles for use by all
+occupants of the room, as follows: A looking-glass, a wash basin, a water
+bucket, a cocoanut dipper, a slop bucket and a broom. They had also
+obtained such other articles as were required for their personal use,
+such as a chair and a pillow.
+
+The following extract from the “Blue Book” shows the arrangement of
+rooms, etc.
+
+White Helmet.—On the clothes-press.
+
+Dress Hat.—On the gun-rack shelf.
+
+Cartridge Box and Bayonet or Sword.—On pegs near gun-rack.
+
+Caps and Sabres.—On pegs near gun-rack.
+
+Rifle.—In gun-rack.
+
+Spurs.—On peg with sabre.
+
+Bedstead.—In alcove against side wall of room, head against rear wall.
+
+Bedding.—Mattress, folded once; blankets, comforter and sheets, folded
+separately, so that the folds shall be the width of the pillow, and all
+piled against the head of the bedstead, thus: mattress, sheets, pillow,
+blankets and comforter; the end of the pile next to the alcove partition
+to be in line with the side of the bedstead; this end and the front of
+the pile to be vertical.
+
+Clothes-Press.—Books on top against the wall, backs to the front; hair
+and clothes brushes, combs, shaving materials, such small boxes as are
+allowed, vials for medicines, etc., on top shelf; belts, collars, gloves,
+handkerchiefs, socks, etc., on second shelf from the top; sheets, pillow
+cases, shirts, drawers, pants, etc., on the other shelves.
+
+Text-Books.—Those in daily use may be upon the tables, except during
+Sunday morning inspection.
+
+Arrangement.—All articles of the same kind to be neatly placed in one
+pile, folded edges to the front and even with front edge of the shelves.
+Nothing to be between these piles and the back of the press, unless want
+of room renders it necessary.
+
+Soiled Clothes.—In clothes bag.
+
+Shoes.—To be kept clean, dusted and arranged in line, toes to the front,
+along the side near the foot of the bed. Shoe brush in the fireplace.
+
+Woolen Clothing, Dressing Gown and Clothes Bag.—On pegs in alcove,
+arranged as follows: Overcoat, dressing gown, uniform coats, jackets,
+gray pants, clothes bag and night clothes.
+
+Broom.—Behind the door.
+
+Candle Box.—In fireplace.
+
+Tables.—Against the wall under gas jet or near the window when the room
+is dark.
+
+Chairs.—From 8 a. m. to 10 p. m. against the tables when not in use.
+
+Mirror.—At center of mantel.
+
+Wash Stand.—In front of and against alcove partition.
+
+Wash Basin.—Inverted on top of wash stand.
+
+Water Bucket.—Near to and on side of wash stand opposite the door.
+
+Dipper.—In water bucket.
+
+Slop Bucket.—Near to and on side of wash stand nearest the door.
+
+Curtains.—Regulation only allowed.
+
+Calendar.—A small, plain one may be placed on the wall over the gas
+fixture.
+
+Clock.—A small plain one may be kept on the mantel.
+
+Bath Towel.—May be hung in the alcove.
+
+Trunks, Pictures, Splashers, Writing Desks, Etc.—Prohibited. There is a
+storeroom for trunks.
+
+Floor.—To be kept clean and free from grease spots or stains.
+
+Heating Apparatus.—To be kept clean and free from scratches.
+
+Windows.—Cadets are forbidden to sit at the windows with feet on
+the woodwork, or to appear before windows improperly dressed, or to
+communicate through windows, or to raise the lower sash more than four
+inches during “call to quarters.”
+
+Names.—Uniformly printed to be posted over gun-rack pegs, alcove,
+clothes-press and on orderly board over wash stand.
+
+Hours of Recitation.—To be on the mantel on either side of the mirror.
+
+Academic Regulations, Articles of War and the Blue Book.—To be kept on
+the mantel.
+
+Laundry.—All clothes sent to the wash to be plainly marked with owner’s
+name.
+
+Room Orderly.—Is responsible for the cleanliness and ventilation of the
+room, and that articles for joint use are in place.
+
+After having folded and arranged my possessions according to the Blue
+Book, as I understood from a hasty perusal of it, I looked out of the
+window down into the Area of Barracks, where I saw old cadets passing to
+and fro. They carried themselves so very erect that we could not help
+but admire them and wish that we too were as straight and walked as well
+as they. We observed what small waists they had, and we wondered if they
+laced. Another thing we observed was that the cadets looked so much
+alike. I had unbuttoned my coat while arranging my effects, and forgot to
+button it again, when I heard a quick walk in the hall and then a sharp,
+firm, single rap on the door. We all sprang promptly to attention, palms
+to the front. Cadet Hood entered and began: “Button your coat, Mr. R⸺d.”
+He moved several piles on the clothes-press and disarranged my bedding,
+too, saying, “Not folded properly. Why don’t you study the Blue Book? Mr.
+Howard, fill your water bucket the first thing every morning. Get the
+water from one of the hydrants[8] in the Area. The floor is very dirty;
+sweep it properly, invert your wash bowl, and don’t let me have occasion
+to speak about these things again.”
+
+The first call for dinner sounded and then we heard, “Candidates, turn
+out promptly.” We hastened downstairs. The old cadets were gathering in
+four different groups, while the candidates were being put into another
+one. Cadets Hood, Allen and Macfarlan were on the watch for candidates,
+and they began thus:
+
+“Button that coat. Get down here lively. ‘Fall in.’ Fall in in the rear;
+don’t you know better than to get in front of anybody? Palms to the
+front. Fix your eyes on the seam of the coat collar of the man in front
+of you, and at the second call, face to the left.” Some of the candidates
+faced one way and some another, but we were soon straightened out, and
+then, “Eyes to the front! What do you mean gazing about in ranks? Each
+candidate, as his name is called, will answer ‘Here’ in a clear and
+audible tone of voice.” The roll of the candidates was then called. “Why
+don’t you answer, Mr. H⸺? Well, then, speak up so that you can be heard.
+Mr. ⸺, don’t shout,” and so on till the last name was called. We were
+told how to “count fours,” and after the command came something like
+this: “Stop counting. Try it over. Count fours. Steady, Mr. ⸺; wait till
+the man on your right counts. Eyes to the front. Why don’t you count,
+Mr. ⸺! Speak out. Eyes to the front,” and so on. We were now told how
+to “wheel by fours,” and at the command, “March,” to step off with the
+left foot first. There was a great time after the command, “Fours right,
+march,” was given. The cadets on duty over us were kept busy shouting at
+and pulling in place, first one candidate and then another, but after
+a fashion we got started and followed the cadets to the Mess Hall, and
+those on duty over us were kept busy all the way correcting mistakes made
+by the candidates.
+
+While en route to dinner we were directed to remove our caps just before
+entering the Mess Hall and to put them on again just after leaving it.
+Of course we made blunders, and were gently (?) corrected for them. Upon
+entering the hall we were directed to certain tables, but told not to
+sit down until the command, “Candidates, take seats,” was given. When
+each one found a place behind an iron stool (that in my day resembled an
+hour glass in shape), the command, “A Company, take seats,” was given,
+and then the members of A Company all sat down promptly; then came “B
+Company, take seats,” “C Company, take seats,” “D Company, take seats,”
+and then “Candidates, take seats.” Immediately after the last command
+something like this came: “Sit down promptly. Do you want to be all day
+about it? Eat your dinner, and don’t leave the table until the command,
+‘Candidates, rise.’”
+
+Dinner was on the table, and there were a good many tables in the big
+hall. Each table had seats for twenty-two persons, ten on a side and
+one at either end. There were tablecloths, but no napkins, and one
+waiter for every two long tables; the waiters did not pass anything, but
+brought water, bread, etc., when needed. The cadets (and candidates) at
+the ends of the tables did the carving, while those at the center of
+the long tables poured the water. At supper and breakfast there were no
+tablecloths. Tablecloths and napkins are now furnished for all meals, and
+there are cane seat chairs instead of the old iron stools. The tables
+of the cadets were divided crosswise in the center by an imaginary line
+into two parts, and each part was called a table. The cadets had seats
+according to rank, and they always sat in the same seats. First classmen
+sat near the end called the head of the table, second classmen next,
+third classmen (except the corporals) next, and then fourth classmen,
+the latter being at the center of the long tables. The corporals at the
+ends of the tables were the carvers, and the fourth classmen poured the
+water.[9]
+
+After dinner we were marched back to barracks, and before being dismissed
+the candidates were informed that they could do as they pleased until the
+bugle sounded “Call to quarters” at 2 o’clock, and then they must repair
+promptly to quarters, that is, to their own rooms in the barracks. All
+the time that we were in ranks the usual volleys were fired at us, such
+as: “Eyes to the front. Head erect and chin in.” After we were dismissed
+we were constantly reminded to “carry palms of the hands to the front,”
+notwithstanding the fact that we had been told to go where we pleased
+for a whole half hour. Some of the candidates went to the sink (i. e.,
+water closet),[10] and some of the old cadets went there, too. A number
+of them surrounded a poor candidate, called him a plebe or an animal,
+and fired dozens of questions at him at once. The madder the plebe got
+the more fun it was for the old cadets. As the candidates were not
+acquainted with one another, and as they dreaded to meet the old cadets,
+they naturally drifted to their quarters, thinking that the safest place
+to be, but, alas! some of the old cadets called upon them there. While
+they did not mention their names, something like this generally occurred:
+“‘Shun, squad. Come to attention, plebes. Palms to the front. What’s your
+name? Spell it; spell it backwards. What state are you from? Who’s your
+predecessor?’ Say ‘Mr. ⸺.’ Do you think you can pass the ‘prelim’? Where
+is Newburg? Don’t know? How do you expect to get in here if you don’t
+know where Newburg is? Climb up on that mantel and be lively about it,
+too. Now move your arms and say ‘Caw, caw.’ Stop that laughing. Eyes to
+the front.” And so on, till the old cadets would slip out in time to go
+to their rooms for “Call to quarters.”
+
+At two o’clock came the call, “Candidates, turn out promptly,” and every
+candidate turned out and “fell in.” A number were sent back for towels,
+and upon returning to the Area were sent to the bathrooms, then in the
+basement of D Company quarters. After bathing, some were sent to the
+Cadet Hospital for physical examination, and were there told to strip to
+the skin, then called one at a time before three Army Surgeons, in full
+uniform, who examined the lungs, eyes, ears, teeth and feet, made the
+candidates hop first on one foot, then on the other, raise their hands
+high above the head, cough, bend over forward, etc. When my turn came I
+did not mention anything about ever having been troubled with my eyes.
+
+Upon returning to the barracks we were sent to the Commissary, where each
+candidate was given the articles necessary for his own immediate use.
+As near as I now remember, I got a chair, a pillow, a piece of soap, an
+arithmetic, a slate, a copybook, a quire of “uniform” paper, a history, a
+grammar and a geography. Other candidates who, like myself, had brought
+the articles marked “Thus*” received the same as I, while those who had
+not brought them got two blankets in addition to what the rest of us got.
+The books mentioned above are not now issued to candidates. Cadet H⸺d saw
+to it that candidates rooming together were provided with a wash bowl, a
+mirror, two buckets, etc. When all were fitted out we took up our loads
+and returned with them to Barracks, carrying them in our hands or on our
+shoulders, as was most convenient. This trip from the Commissary store
+across the grassy plain to Barracks has been described thus:
+
+[Illustration: SETTING UP EXERCISES.
+
+The setting up exercises are now taught by the Instructor of Military
+Gymnastics and Physical Culture.]
+
+    “Examinations being completed,
+      The ‘found’ having fled evermore,
+          Then with fear and a sigh
+          And blood in the eye,
+      Candidates hasten to the store.
+
+    “‘Give me my things,’ in joy a plebe exclaims,
+      Then the storekeeper puts on a smile,
+          But dispels the illusion
+          And causes confusion
+      By throwing his goods in a pile.
+
+    “Slowly he carries them across the plain,
+      With buckets and broom in the rear;
+          But hard is the task,
+          He has reason to ask
+      If his future abode is quite clear.
+
+    “The looking-glass breaks, the pails rattle loud,
+      And the sound echoes from afar;
+          Plebe cries in disgust,
+          ‘Let me get up and dust,
+      I want to go home to my ma.’”
+
+Upon returning to Barracks we were ordered to our rooms, and then to the
+shoeblacks, at that time in the basement of B Company quarters, to have
+our shoes cleaned and polished, and told to go there, at certain hours,
+as often as necessary to keep our shoes in proper order. Candidates whose
+hair was considered too long by Cadet H⸺d were sent to the barber’s, at
+that time in the basement of C Company quarters. Candidates who had to
+shave were directed to shave themselves, as the barber was not permitted
+to do anything but cut hair.
+
+At 4:15 p. m. we were turned out for “Squad Drill.” We “fell in”
+promptly and were corrected in the manner indicated when we fell in
+for dinner. Even now I seem to hear Cadets A⸺n, H⸺d and M⸺n shouting
+themselves hoarse at us poor, stupid candidates. There were about twenty
+“yearlings,” classmates of Cadets A⸺n and H⸺d, standing around our line,
+waiting to get a chance at the candidates, so as to compete with them
+and with one another for “Corporal’s chevrons.” We were separated into
+squads of four or five to the squad, and a cadet instructor assigned to
+drill each squad. Cadet H⸺d had the squad I was in. After all details
+were adjusted, the command, “March off your Squads” was given, and then
+Babylon was let loose; the candidates could hear the commands of all of
+the instructors, and they did not know the voice of their own, hence
+there was much confusion. Some of the instructors acted as if they wanted
+to terrorize the candidates in their squads, and shouted: “Eyes to the
+front. Pay attention to me. What do you mean by listening to others?
+Palms to the front,” and so on, for ten or fifteen minutes, and then we
+were given a brief “rest.”
+
+Then we were taught how to march and the instructor began thus: “At the
+word ‘forward’ throw the weight of the body upon the right leg, the left
+knee straight. At the word ‘march’ move the left leg smartly, without
+jerk, carry the left foot forward thirty inches from the right, the sole
+near the ground, the toe a little depressed, knee straight and slightly
+turned out. At the same time throw the weight of the body forward (eyes
+to the front), and plant the foot without shock, weight of the body
+resting upon it; next, in like manner, advance the right foot and plant
+it as above. Continue to advance without crossing the legs or striking
+one against the other, keeping the face direct to the front. Now,
+‘forward, common time, march.’ Depress the toe, so that it strikes the
+ground at the same time as the heel. (Palms of the hands squarely to the
+front. Head up.) When I count ‘one,’ plant the left foot, ‘two,’ plant
+the right, ‘three,’ plant the left again, ‘four,’ plant the right again,
+and so on. Now, ‘One,’ ‘two,’ ‘three,’ ‘four,’” etc. “Bring your feet
+down together. Depress your toes,” and so on.
+
+We were taught many things, such as the facings, the exercises, rests,
+etc. “In place, rest,” was the most acceptable, but half the pleasure of
+that was taken away from the candidates by being often told to “keep one
+heel in place.” That first hour at squad drill is not soon forgotten. My
+every muscle was sore and I ached all over. Just before we were dismissed
+we were informed that we could go anywhere we pleased on Cadet Limits, so
+long as we were back a little before sunset, in time for dress parade.
+This seemed a great privilege, but wherever candidates went some old
+cadets were already there, and greeted them with “Depress your toes,
+plebes. Palms to the front. Are you going to be all summer learning how
+to march? Squad halt. Right hand salute. What’s your name? Can you sing,
+dance or play on the piano? Come here ‘Dad,’ and see this ‘animal.’” And
+a thousand and one other equally pleasant sayings.
+
+Dress parade came and went, but the candidates did not participate in the
+ceremony out on the grassy plain. They were kept in the Area, and their
+positions alternated between “Attention” and “Parade, Rest.” When the
+“Retreat Gun” was fired many of them jumped half out of ranks, and then
+were gently (?) informed that they were a fine lot of soldiers. “What do
+you mean by leaving ranks before you are dismissed?” When we had half a
+chance we enjoyed the music of the band, but it was very hard to hear it
+and our instructor’s commands at the same time. Soon after parade we fell
+in again and marched to supper. On the way to and from the Mess Hall we
+were constantly entertained by our cadet instructors by such commands
+as, “Eyes to the front,” “Depress your toes,” and “Palms to the front.”
+Before being dismissed after supper we were informed that we had half an
+hour before “Call to quarters,” and that during that half hour we could
+do as we pleased. But that half hour passed just as the other half hours
+had passed, that is, by the candidates furnishing amusement for the old
+cadets.
+
+Upon going to our rooms at the signal of “Call to quarters,” Cadet H⸺d
+called to say that if we expected to pass our preliminary examination
+we had better “bone up” for it; he also informed us that we could not
+retire until after “Tattoo.” A cadet’s bed is “made down,” when it is
+ready to get into, and it is “made up” when it is piled according to
+regulations and not ready for use. We were too tired to talk. At 9:30 we
+were turned out to Tattoo. After Tattoo I folded each blanket lengthwise
+and laid it on the floor, then spread the sheets and comforter on the
+blankets, undressed and got in bed, leaving H⸺rd, the room orderly, to
+turn out the gas. Our bones did not fit the hard floor very well, but
+we soon fell asleep. “Taps” sounded at 10 p. m., and, oh, how sweet and
+soothing it was. In a few moments more our room door was opened (for
+they are never locked), a dark lantern flashed in our faces and the door
+closed again. The same thing was repeated once more during the night, but
+this time by an officer of the army, called by the cadets a “Tactical
+Officer.” These inspections were made to make sure that our lights were
+out and that we were in bed. We slept in the alcoves, heads near the wall
+farthest from the door. H⸺rd, K⸺p and I, when fast asleep, were suddenly
+awakened. We had been “yanked,” that is, some old cadets had come into
+our room, seized our blankets, and with a quick jerk carried us some
+distance from the wall, and then ran out of the room. We fell asleep once
+more and slept soundly until we were awakened by the “Reveille Gun” that
+is fired at sunrise and followed by the beating off of “Reveille.” This
+music was very pretty, too, but we could not half appreciate it, as we
+had to get up at once, fall in and begin another day. After reveille we
+made up our beds. H⸺rd swept out and brought a bucket of fresh water.
+Cadet H⸺d inspected our quarters twenty minutes after reveille, and said,
+“Mr. H⸺rd, your wash bowl is not inverted, and your floor not half swept.
+Attend to them at once.”
+
+We had another hour’s drill before breakfast (omitted now), which made
+us very hungry. Sick call sounded soon after this drill, but while the
+candidates were all half sick, it was not medicine they wanted, so none
+of them went to the hospital. Breakfast was at seven o’clock, and after
+it the candidates furnished the cadets with the customary half-hour’s
+entertainment before call to quarters sounded. Cadet H⸺d again cautioned
+us to “bone up” when he inspected quarters about nine o’clock, and said:
+“The mantel is dusty, and the floor very dirty.” Captain H⸺t, a Tactical
+Officer of the Army, also inspected us before noon, but he did not say
+anything. While I had then been only a day at West Point, so much had
+happened that it seemed an age.
+
+About a week passed with much the same routine as for the first day,
+except that we had Saturday afternoon, after inspection, to ourselves,
+that is, such part of it as we were not busy entertaining old cadets,
+and on Sunday morning we had inspection of quarters, and after this
+inspection we were all marched to church. On Sunday afternoon we were
+permitted to make down and air, or use, our beds, and to enjoy lying
+on the soft side of the boards again. The candidates were all marched
+to the Episcopal Church, “the” church there at that day. In due time
+the Catholics and Methodists attended their own churches, but all
+cadets, except Jewish ones, had to attend some church once a week. After
+inspection of quarters on Sunday morning, K⸺p became room orderly for the
+next week. It was then his duty to sweep and dust the room and to carry
+the water needed for himself, H⸺rd and me. The dirt was swept into the
+hall to one side of the door, and left there. A policeman, that is, the
+janitor, swept the halls, carried out the waste water and scrubbed room
+and hall floors, when necessary. It is wonderful how soon we learned many
+things, such as to button our coats and spring to attention, palms to the
+front, at the sound of footsteps in our hall. At first we made mistakes,
+but we soon learned to distinguish the footsteps of our instructors from
+those of our fellow-candidates.
+
+There was a story in my day of a gentleman who went with his son when the
+latter reported as a candidate, and that while Cadets H⸺d and A⸺n were
+putting the son through his first lesson in the office, the father turned
+his palms to the front, put his heels together, and otherwise assumed the
+position of the soldier.
+
+At the first opportunity I wrote home, but I was very careful not to
+mention the hardships I endured, for the reason that I had gone to West
+Point contrary to my parents’ wishes, and consequently I was determined
+to get through if I could. This reminds me, there were young men in
+my class whose parents had sent them there against the wishes of the
+candidates themselves, and many of these young men did not want to stay.
+Competitive examinations required by some Congressmen for appointments
+were not as common in my day as they are now. Some of my classmates
+purposely failed on the preliminary examination and West Point is no
+place for a young man unless the young man himself wants to go there.
+
+One day Mr. B⸺dy, my predecessor, sent for me to go to his quarters. I
+did not know what new trials were in store for me, as I had never been
+in any old cadet’s quarters. Mr. B⸺dy invited me to sit down, which I
+did for the first time in an old cadet’s presence. We talked for a few
+moments about people we both knew at our native places. He then gave me
+his “white pants” (about twenty pairs), and said he hoped I would pass
+the “prelim” so as to be able to wear them, and that I would graduate
+higher than he would.
+
+The “graduating ball” that year was on the night of June 14th, but as
+candidates were not expected to attend it, none were present. The next
+day the graduating class received their diplomas, discarded cadet gray,
+put on “Cit” clothes, said good-byes and left the Point, to return no
+more as cadets. We did not know much of the graduating class, but I now
+remember the names of more men in that class than in any other at the
+Academy, excepting my own. This I account for from the fact that I was
+then so much impressed with the importance of a graduate of West Point.
+In my eyes he seemed to be a greater man than the Superintendent, in fact
+there was no comparison.
+
+There was a change made on graduating day among the cadet officers. At
+the next drill Cadet H⸺d appeared with pretty gold lace chevrons on his
+coat. He wore them on the sleeves of his dress coat, below the elbow,
+and he was proud to have everybody know that he was a “Corporal” now. I
+promptly congratulated him, and he said, “Thank you, Mr. R⸺d,” instead
+of reprimanding me for speaking without having been first spoken to. In
+a few days more the new second class men put on “Cit” clothes, and left
+on furlough. It seemed strange to me that these cadets seemed just as
+anxious to take off the cadet gray as the candidates were to put it on.
+
+Before the departure of the graduates and furloughmen the candidates
+learned that there were four trunk rooms[11] in the angle of Barracks,
+one for the cadets of each company. They learned this by carrying trunks
+from there to the rooms of the graduates and furloughmen. I soon learned
+that I got along the easiest by saying as little as possible and doing
+about as I was told. The candidates who talked much or who bragged on
+what they knew, especially about military matters, had the hardest time.
+These poor fellows were called “too fresh,” or “rapid,” and, as the
+cadets expressed it, they had to be “taken down.”
+
+It was a common thing for old cadets to enjoy a call upon candidates
+after supper and on Saturday afternoons. And it was difficult at first
+for candidates to become acquainted with one another, as so much of their
+leisure (?) time was taken up answering questions, standing on chairs,
+tables and mantels, reading press notices about themselves, singing, and
+in fact doing almost everything old cadets told them to do. I have heard
+many cadets when they were “plebes” or “animals,” declare that they would
+not do so and so, but they always did as they were told, and they were
+quick about it, too. It is strange what control old cadets have over
+“plebes.” They never laid hands on candidates except when they yanked
+them.
+
+We soon discovered that the cadets who found especial delight in being
+in the society of plebes were generally “yearlings,” that is, those
+who had themselves been plebes only the year before. But “yearling”
+instructors[12] seldom deviled plebes in their own squads.
+
+Mail arrived every day, and was sorted over, that for the cadets and
+plebes in each division was dropped on the floor in the halls near the
+entrances and the word mail called out in a loud tone of voice. Every one
+expecting mail buttoned up his coat and hastened to get such as might be
+for him. Now the policemen deliver mail to the cadets in their rooms.[13]
+
+In a few days more the candidates were sent in sections of about a
+dozen to the section for their preliminary or entrance examination. The
+section I was in was sent to a room having tables, chairs and writing
+materials, and we were here examined in writing and spelling. There was
+but one officer present, and after a certain time we put our names on
+and handed our papers to him whether we had finished them or not. We
+were next sent to another room, where there were about a half a dozen
+members of the Academic Board, and as many other army officers.[14]
+Each candidate, as his name was called, was assigned a subject and then
+sent to a blackboard. The first one called was numbered one, the second
+numbered two, and so on, until five or six candidates were sent to
+different blackboards. Each was directed to write his name and number at
+the upper right hand corner of the board, to put such data or work on
+the board as he wished, and when ready to recite to pick up a pointer
+in his right hand and face about. While those sent to the blackboard
+were getting ready to recite, another candidate was sent to the center
+of the room, facing the examiners, and then questioned by one of them.
+After finishing with the candidate on questions, No. 1 was called upon
+to recite, and after he was through, another candidate was assigned a
+subject and sent to the board, and so on. Some of the candidates were
+self-possessed, and made good recitations and ready answers to questions,
+while others trembled all over and lost control over themselves, their
+hearts got up into their throats or went down into their boots. The
+examination here was in grammar, history, and geography. We were then
+sent to another room before as many other Professors and Army Officers
+for examination in arithmetic and reading. I was satisfied with my
+examination up to this time. After the assignments to the blackboards I
+was called upon to read. I began to tremble, and had much difficulty in
+turning to the page designated. I read very poorly, because I could not
+hold the book steady, and the words on the page danced so that it was
+hard for me to catch them. I was then told to put down the book and was
+questioned in arithmetic. Professor C⸺h asked me a number of questions,
+the answers to which I knew perfectly well, yet all the answer I could
+make was “I don’t know, sir.” Professor C⸺h then talked kindly and said
+how important it was to me, that I answer the questions, because if I
+did not answer properly that I would be found deficient and sent home.
+I then said that the old cadets had told me he would “find” me, and I
+believed he would. After having said this I got courage to ask to be
+sent to the blackboard. My request was granted, and I had no trouble in
+writing answers to every question, or to solve any problem given me, but
+for the life of me I could not turn my back to the board and tell what I
+had put on it; but fortunately I could point to anything called for. The
+preliminary examinations the next year were written, and they have been
+written ever since, which is decidedly the best, as some of my class were
+so badly frightened that they did not know what they said, and some who
+failed were graduates of good schools, or had passed splendid competitive
+examinations for their appointments. In a few days the result of the
+examination was announced, and I was happy to write home that I was one
+of the lucky ones to enter West Point, and be a “new Cadet” instead of a
+“Candidate.” Those of us who were fortunate enough to pass were sent to
+the Commissary[15] for “plebe-skins,” that is, rubber overcoats, caps and
+white gloves, and we were measured for uniform, clothes and shoes, and
+for fear perhaps that we might get lazy another hour’s drill, from 11 a.
+m. to 12 m., was given us. From now on we wore caps and white gloves at
+all infantry drills.
+
+The new cadet whose name comes first in alphabetical order is the
+“class-marcher” whenever the class is called out by itself, and it is his
+duty to call the roll of the class and to report absentees. After our
+preliminary examination Baily became the class-marcher, and he marched us
+over to the Library, where we took the oath of allegiance.[16] We were
+now assigned to Companies, the tallest were put in A and D and the rest
+in B and C Companies, but the new cadets were still drilled by themselves
+in small squads, then in larger ones, and later on all in one squad as a
+company.
+
+W⸺r of my class wore a plug hat when he reported, and he was sorry for
+it many times. He was the left file of Mr. H⸺d’s squad. One day we
+were drilling on the Cavalry plain,[17] and there were many ladies and
+gentlemen watching the drill. We were marching in line at double time,
+and Mr. H⸺d gave the command, “By the right flank, march.” Three of us
+marched to the right, but Mr. W⸺r went off to the left all by himself.
+Everybody near laughed, even Mr. H⸺d suppressed a grin, and then scolded
+the new cadets for laughing in ranks. Mr. W⸺r chewed tobacco, and this,
+too, caused him many unhappy moments, but after having been repeatedly
+reprimanded for chewing tobacco and told to spit it out he quit the
+practice in ranks.
+
+There was a young man who could not keep step, yet he tried hard to do
+so. When in front he threw everybody behind him out of step and at other
+times he would walk all over the heels of the man in front of him. I do
+not remember whether he was found deficient physically or mentally, but
+he was not there long. This reminds me of the “Awkward Squad.” It was
+composed of those who were particularly slow in doing what they were told
+to do. Tired and sore as they were from the frequent drills, I have seen
+members of the Awkward Squad practice alone, determined to get out of it,
+which, of course, they eventually did.
+
+We studied the Blue Book, but the most of the regulations were learned by
+having them beaten into our heads by the old cadets. We did not then have
+a copy of the Drill Regulations to study, but we learned them in the same
+way that we learned most of the Regulations in the Blue Book.
+
+We were now instructed in many things besides Squad Drill. For instance,
+we were informed that we would be reported for all delinquencies, that
+is, for all offenses committed against the Regulations, that the reports
+would be read out daily after parade, and be posted the next day in a
+certain place; that we must go there every day to see the list; that when
+there were reports against us we must copy the exact wording of each
+report and then write an explanation for it; that we must write as many
+explanations as there were reports against us, and further, that for all
+official communications we must use “Uniform Paper” (i. e., paper of a
+certain size) and no other.
+
+New cadets are taught to use as few words as possible in their
+explanations. One evening at Dress Parade, a plebe raised his hand and of
+course he was reported for it, and the reason he gave in his explanation
+for raising his hand in ranks was, “Bug in ear.”
+
+The following illustrates the character of the reports posted against
+cadets, to-wit:
+
+    REPORTS.
+
+    Floor not properly swept at A. M. inspection.
+
+    Bedding not properly folded at police inspection.
+
+    Late at dinner formation.
+
+    Calling for articles of food in an unnecessarily loud tone of
+    voice at supper.
+
+    Gloves in clothes-press not neatly arranged at morning
+    inspection.
+
+    Appearing in Mathematical Section Room with shoes not properly
+    polished.
+
+    Inattention in Mathematical Section Room.
+
+    Shoulder belt too short at inspection.
+
+    Dust in chamber of rifle at inspection.
+
+    In dressing gown at A. M. inspection.
+
+    Shoes at side of bed not dusted at A. M. inspection.
+
+    Hair too long at weekly inspection.
+
+    Absent from formation for gymnasium at 12 M.
+
+    Orderly light in quarters after taps.
+
+    Late at reveille.
+
+    Absent from quarters 9 A. M.
+
+    Wheeling improperly by fours at drill.
+
+    Not seeing to it that a cadet who was late at breakfast was
+    reported.
+
+    Coat not buttoned throughout at reveille.
+
+    Cap visor dusty at guard-mounting.
+
+The discipline is very strict, more so by far than in the Army, but the
+enforcement of penalties for reports is inflexible rather than severe.
+The reports are made by Army Officers, and by certain cadets themselves,
+such as file-closers and section-marchers, and the cadets make by far
+the greatest number of reports against one another, but no cadet ever
+reports another except when it is his duty to do so. If he fails to
+report a breach of discipline he himself is reported for the neglect.
+Cadets may write explanations for all reports against them, but they
+must write an explanation for absence from any duty or from quarters;
+for communicating at blackboard in section room; for neglect of study or
+duty; for disobedience of orders; for failure to register for a bath, and
+for failure to report departure or return on permit where such report is
+required.
+
+When the Commandant accepts an explanation as satisfactory he crosses off
+the report, and four days after the date of reports, for which either no
+explanations or unsatisfactory ones have been received, he forwards them
+to the Superintendent, and he causes a certain number of demerits to be
+entered against a cadet for each report in a book kept for that purpose,
+and which the cadets may see once a week. Any cadet receiving more than
+one hundred demerits[18] in six months is dismissed from the Academy for
+deficiency in discipline. The result is that cadets invariably write
+explanations, and the form now used is as follows:
+
+                                  West Point, N. Y., ____ __, 19__.
+
+    Sir:
+
+    With reference to the report, “Absent from 9:20 A. M. class
+    formation,” I have the honor to state that I did not hear the
+    call for this formation. I was in my room at the time. The
+    offense was unintentional.
+
+                        Very respectfully,
+
+                                                JOHN JONES,
+                                     Cadet prt. Co. “B,” 4th class.
+
+For the first few weeks demerits are not counted against new cadets, but
+to teach them how to write them, explanations must be submitted for all
+reports. Whenever a cadet is reported absent, and he is on Cadet Limits,
+he is sure to write an explanation stating this fact and anything
+more he may have to say, because if he fails to do so he is tried by
+Court-Martial.[19]
+
+A “permit” is a document that grants certain privileges to the cadet
+named in it. A map of “Cadet Limits” is posted where all may see it, and
+when a cadet desires to visit friends at the hotel or at an Officer’s
+quarters, or go to the Dutch Woman’s, i. e., the confectioner’s, or to
+the dentist’s, he must write an official letter to the Commandant of
+Cadets (or to the Adjutant of the Military Academy, as the case may be),
+setting forth what duty, if any, he wishes to be excused from, and the
+exact time he wishes. This letter will be returned with an endorsement
+granting all, a part or none of his request, and the cadet must govern
+himself accordingly.
+
+From now on we had to make out a list of such articles as we wanted or
+were instructed to get from the Commissary. An account is kept by the
+Treasurer with each cadet, who is credited with his deposit, and also
+with his pay,[20] and he is charged for everything furnished him, such as
+board, washing, wearing apparel, bedding, books, gas, policing barracks,
+polishing shoes, etc. At his option a cadet is also charged for boats,
+hops, etc., and when out of debt with such luxuries as new clothes, hop
+gloves, hop shoes, or $2.00 per month for confectioneries at the “Dutch
+Woman’s.”
+
+As time wore away we felt less fatigue from drill, and found more
+pleasure in life, and letters borne were quite cheerful.
+
+    NOTE 1. At present the new 5th classman is received by cadet
+    officers under the immediate supervision of an officer of the
+    Tactical Department and his reception is strictly in accordance
+    with the requirements of military discipline and courtesy.
+    The discipline is, of course, of the strictest and is rigidly
+    enforced, but the life of the newcomer is so hedged about by
+    orders and is so carefully guarded by those who have him in
+    charge, that it is doubtful if a young man entering any school
+    or college in the country would be subjected to less annoyance
+    or embarrassment than would fall to his lot at the Military
+    Academy.
+
+    NOTE 2. At present each table seats 10 cadets, and the cadets
+    are about equally divided among the different classes. One
+    first classman sits at the head of each table; he is officially
+    designated “The Commandant of Table,” and is responsible for
+    order at his table.
+
+    NOTE 3. The mail is now received and distributed by company in
+    the Cadet Guard House, and at a signal on the trumpet a cadet
+    private from each division of barracks, detailed for a week
+    at a time, reports at the Guard House, gets the mail for his
+    division, and distributes it to the proper rooms.
+
+    NOTE 4. In addition to demerits cadets receive other
+    punishments for certain classes of offenses; these consist of
+    confinement to room during release from quarters for a certain
+    number of days, or, of walking (equipped as a sentinel) for a
+    certain number of hours on certain days in the area of barracks.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration: CAMP McPHERSON
+
+The Pleasure of your company is requested at the hops to be given by the
+Corps of Cadets every Monday Wednesday and Friday Evening during the
+encampment
+
+MANAGERS
+
+FOR THE FIRST CLASS
+
+P. S. BOMUS. W. S. EDGERLY. S. WARREN FOUNTAIN. F. V. GREENE. OTTO L.
+HEIN. DEXTER W. PARKER. CLARENCE A. POSTLEY. W. R. QUINAN. EDWD G.
+STEVENS.
+
+FOR THE THIRD CLASS
+
+JAMES ALLEN. W H. CARTER. G. F. ELLIOTT. HARRY A. LANDON. J. A. RUCKER.
+W. F. ZEILIN.
+
+West Point
+
+N.Y. 5th July 1869.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+THE PLEBE IN CAMP.
+
+
+About two weeks after I reported we were directed to prepare to go to
+Camp McPherson, a half mile or so from Barracks, out beyond the Cavalry
+plain, near old Fort Clinton. We were told just what articles to take
+for use in camp, and that we must put the balance of our effects in our
+trunks and carry them to the trunk rooms in the angle. We sorted out
+our camp articles, and each cadet made a bundle of his small things,
+and used a comforter or a blanket to hold them. D⸺n, M⸺s, and I, having
+arranged to tent together, we helped one another store away our trunks.
+When the call sounded to “fall in” we fell in with our bundles, brooms
+and buckets, and marched over to the camp. There were trees all around
+the camp site, with quite a grove at the guard tents. The tents were all
+pitched and they looked very pretty through the trees, with the trees and
+green parapet of Fort Clinton as a background, which could be seen over
+the tops of the white tents as we approached the camp. The tent cords
+were not fastened to pegs in the ground, but to pegs in cross-pieces
+supported upon posts about four feet high, which brought the Company
+tents only four or five feet apart. All of the tents for cadets were
+wall tents, and each had a “fly” on it. There was a wooden floor, a gun
+rack, and a keyless locker (that is, a four-compartment long box), and
+a swinging pole hung about eighteen inches below the ridge pole of the
+tent, and nothing else in it. After the assignment, which, of course, was
+made according to rank, we proceeded to our respective tents, that were
+to be our homes till the 29th of August, the day to return to Barracks.
+
+The “Yearlings” and first classmen, too, began to take a greater interest
+in the plebes than ever. They were anxious to teach them how to fix up
+their tents, and this is the way they did: “Come here, Plebe, and I’ll
+show you how to fix up your tent. Untie those bundles, fold the blankets
+once one way then once the other way; that’s it. Now pile them in the
+rear corner over there, farthest from the locker; put the folded edges
+to the front and inside; that’s not right, turn them the other way; now
+that’s right. Lay the pillows on the blankets, closed ends toward the
+locker; that’s it; now fold the comforters just like you folded the
+blankets, and pile them the same way on top of the pillows; that’s it.
+Why, you’re an old soldier, ain’t you? Straighten the pile a little, so
+that the edges are vertical; that’s it. Now hang the mirror up there
+on the front pole; that’s it. Put the washbowl out there against the
+platform, bottom outward; that’s it. Put the candle-box behind the
+rear tent pole. Put the white pants, underclothes, etc., in the locker.
+Throw the overcoats, gray pants, etc., on the pole. There, that’ll do.
+Say, wait a minute. When you go after water, why I want some; just set
+the bucket down there by the washbowl when you come back.” After having
+been given several lessons the plebes were permitted to fix up their own
+tents, and in a very short time every tent was ship-shape. The yearlings
+kindly showed the plebes how to clean rifles, too, and this is the way
+they did it: “Come here, Plebe, you’ll soon be getting your guns, so I’ll
+teach you how to clean yours; just get that gun over there in my rack;
+that’s the one; get the cleaning materials in the candle-box, take out
+a rag, put oil on it; that’s it. Lay the gun in your lap, muzzle to the
+left, half-cock the piece, open the chamber. Why, you’re doing well.
+See the rust in the breech block? Well, get a small stick out of the
+candle-box, put a bit of the rag over it, pour a little oil on the rag,
+now be quick, rub it on the rusty place, rub hard, elbow grease is what
+counts most, so don’t be afraid to use plenty of it,” and so on, till
+the yearling’s gun showed an improvement. “I’ll call you again soon to
+give you another lesson; that’ll do now.” Strange as it may appear, even
+the first classmen condescended to teach us some things, and even the
+cadet officers showed us how to clean their breast plates. The old cadets
+never told us, in so many words, to do anything of a menial character,
+but their broad hints and insinuating ways were very persuasive. Every
+day the plebes were called to the tents of the Army Officers in charge
+of cadet companies, and asked if they had any complaints to make against
+upper classmen, and the plebes invariably answered “No, sir.”
+
+We continued to take our meals in the Mess Hall, and we marched to and
+fro as usual, but as the distance was a half mile or more we were now
+cheered en route (notwithstanding the plebes still carried palms to the
+front) by the inspiring music of fifes and drums; and we now sat at
+tables with the old cadets, and had the pleasure of pouring water for
+them before helping ourselves, no matter how thirsty we might be, but
+such is the life of a plebe, and it is a necessary part of his training.
+
+The first day in camp we were initiated in police duty; the other
+classmen turned out with us, and, as usual, they did the talking and we
+did the work. The detail from each company had a wheelbarrow, a shovel,
+and a broom. The grounds, to us plebes, seemed clean when we began, but
+we got half a wheelbarrow load of dirt all the same, which we dumped into
+“police hollow,”[21] near camp and just west of Fort Clinton. We gathered
+up burnt matches, cigar stumps, tobacco quids, bits of paper, etc.
+Whenever there was a sign of rain we turned out and loosened tent cords,
+and after a rain we turned out and tightened them—always by command, of
+course. We dreaded the nights in camp, but we were not yanked often,
+unless we got too fresh or rapid, and then, of course, we had to be taken
+down.[22]
+
+The parade ground was changed during camp from the grassy plain in front
+of Professor’s Row to the space between the guard tents and the west line
+of company tents. In fair weather the battalion stacked arms on the camp
+parade ground, and the colors were furled and laid on the center stack.
+The arms and colors, that is, the United States flag, were left there
+from after guard mount till 4 p. m., and a sentinel posted to require
+everybody crossing his post, which is known as the “Color Line,” to
+salute the colors by lifting the cap.
+
+We plebes were very anxious to get guns, but after we did get them we
+wished we did not have them, for we were again put into small squads and
+drilled three times a day, notwithstanding the fact that our right arms
+were very sore, and each rifle seemed to weigh a ton, and, again, we had
+to spend several hours a day, for weeks, cleaning the guns before they
+would pass inspection. Each cadet knows his own gun by the number on it.
+The upper classmen had already taught us how to clean their guns, so we
+knew something about cleaning our own, and they now were considerate
+enough to allow us more time to ourselves, and some of the plebes
+finished cleaning their guns in less than an hour’s time. But, alas! at
+the first drill with arms the cadet instructors told them that their
+guns, cartridge boxes, and waist plates were very dirty. After drill
+we set to work on them again, but still they were said to be dirty. In
+the course of time we were told that our guns were passable, and later
+on that they were in fair condition. We soon learned to attend to them
+immediately after a rain, as it was easier to clean them then than after
+they had stood awhile.
+
+We were kept busy at first complying with requests (?) of upper classmen,
+but they were very considerate and dispensed with our services long
+enough to let us attend drills three times a day, police service twice a
+day, and to other military duties. We were still required, both in and
+out of ranks, to carry palms of the hands to the front, but nothing more
+was said about depressing the toes.
+
+Cadets are encouraged to be patriotic, and they always celebrate Fourth
+of July. This year, as the Fourth fell on Sunday, the exercises were held
+on the next day.
+
+    NOTE 1. At my time hazing, or deviling, consisted of little
+    more than harmless badgering, which had the effect of reducing
+    a possibly conceited or bumptuous youth to a frame of mind more
+    consistent with the requirements of military discipline. In
+    time, however, it developed into practices which it was deemed
+    advisable to discontinue, and hazing has entirely disappeared
+    from the Academy.
+
+                  UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY.
+
+                          July 5th, 1869.
+
+                            President,
+
+    Cadet E. E. Wood                                    Pennsylvania
+
+                        Marshal of the Day,
+
+    Cadet J. Rockwell                                       New York
+
+                            PROGRAMME.
+
+                             Overture.
+
+                              Prayer.
+
+                              Music.
+
+            Reading of the Declaration of Independence,
+
+    Cadet E. M. Cobb                                      California
+
+                              Music.
+
+                             Oration,
+
+    Cadet E. S. Chapin                                          Iowa
+
+                              Music.
+
+                           Benediction.
+
+                              Music.
+
+Plebe life was very trying, especially on H⸺e of my class, and he, being
+something of a poet, reduced his thoughts to writing, which he showed to
+his classmates. They said that he had expressed the situation very well,
+indeed. Some of the yearlings heard of H⸺e’s poetry, so he was persuaded
+(?) to read it to them, and then to sing it. His poetry was so well
+received by the yearlings that the first classmen wanted to hear it, too,
+so at their invitation (?) H⸺e both read and sang it for them. And, at
+the request of a number of upper classmen, he made copies of his songs
+for them. Other plebes were requested (?) to make copies of the copies,
+and the following are copies of H⸺e’s copies that were made for me by a
+plebe in my yearling camp, viz.:
+
+THE BIG MENAGERIE.
+
+    Attention, all ye forlorn Plebes,
+      While the story I relate,
+    Of how I came to fall into
+      My present lost estate.
+    A moment only dry your tears
+      And listen unto me,
+    And I’ll describe my experience
+      In this big menagerie.
+
+    The first day that I reported
+      My heart was full of joy,
+    And to all intents and purposes,
+      I was a bully boy.
+    A stunner in my native town,
+      I thought I’d easily
+    Upon my muscle go right through
+      This big menagerie.
+
+    But, ah! full soon that fatal day
+      My crest began to fall,
+    And my spirits came down mighty fast
+      When I got to the Mess Hall.
+    My folly and my sauciness,
+      They soon took out of me,
+    And made me sing a different tune,
+      In this big menagerie.
+
+    They put me up in the window,
+      Attention made me stand.
+    And I had to dance and sing and speak
+      At everyone’s command.
+    I tried to run, but soon found out
+      That my rapidity
+    Was not the kind of game to play,
+      In this big menagerie.
+
+    The first time that I went on guard,
+      The night was dark as pitch,
+    They took my gun and then yanked me
+      Right in Fort Clinton’s ditch.
+    The Corporal I called aloud,
+      But not a step came he,
+    And then I learned another dodge
+      In this big menagerie.
+
+    But after all I’d been through,
+      They said I was not tame,
+    And that they would complete the cure,
+      By giving me another name.
+    They called me for some gay old cuss,
+      Who’d been dead a century,
+    And now I’m known as De la Rive,
+      In this big menagerie.
+
+    All day I police, scrub and drill,
+      Till my troubles make me weep,
+    And when the day, is over,
+      I’m denied the boon of sleep,
+    But all the night lie trembling,
+      From Taps to Reveille,
+    For fear I really will be yanked
+      In this big menagerie.
+
+    My frolics, joys and amusements,
+      Are all knocked into smash,
+    And pleasures all concentrated are
+      In eating Mess Hall hash.
+    And should I meet a lady fair,
+      I dare not speak to she,
+    That would be too fast for a Plebe,
+      In this big menagerie.
+
+    They call me beast and vile reptile,
+      And goodness only knows,
+    I’d rather be a kangaroo,
+      In one of those circus shows,
+    For all the real animals
+      Are happier far than we,
+    For they don’t have any squad drill
+      In their menagerie.
+
+    The lions, tigers, bears and wolves
+      Can never feel our woes,
+    For whoever heard of an elephant
+      Depressing his great toes.
+    And even the little monkeys
+      Are happy, gay and free,
+    And carry their hands just as they please
+      In their menagerie.
+
+    But soon this camp will end, and then
+      My troubles will be o’er,
+    I’ll drop the beast from off my name,
+      And sing this song no more.
+    But where’er I roam in years to come,
+      On land or on the sea,
+    I’ll ne’er forget my sufferings
+      In this big menagerie.
+
+A PLEBE’S LAMENTATION.
+
+      Oh, Lord, will I never get done
+      A rubbing on this rusty gun.
+
+    Chorus—
+      I wish I was at home,
+      I wish I was there, too.
+
+      It makes me sigh, it makes me fret,
+      To clean this rusty bayonet.
+
+    Chorus—
+
+      And all day long, in rain or shine,
+      We’ve got these darned old tents to line.
+
+    Chorus—
+
+There were a good many more verses to this song, and songs written by
+others of my class, but I have forgotten them.
+
+Uniforms were issued to the plebes as fast as they were made, and in a
+few weeks all were uniformed. The only pocket in the whole suit was a
+watch pocket in the pants. We were permitted to carry a watch, but not
+a chain. Our handkerchiefs were tucked in the breasts of our coats.
+After getting uniforms we were sent to the trunk rooms to put away our
+cit clothes, as we were not allowed to keep them in either our tent or
+barrack room. In a few weeks the plebes were admitted to the battalion,
+at first to march to and from meals, and then for parades, but they still
+had to carry disengaged hands, palms to the front.
+
+After supper we were permitted to bathe in the Hudson at Gee’s Point, and
+many of us availed ourselves of the privilege. As I have said, soon after
+reporting, I wondered if the old cadets laced. Well, now, when bathing,
+I discovered they did not lace. Still, I wondered why old cadets’ waists
+were so much smaller than plebes’ waists.
+
+Every day, especially during guard-mount, parades, and band practice,
+there used to be many ladies and other visitors under the trees near the
+guard tents. The upper classmen seemed to enjoy being with them, but the
+plebes were seldom wanted there. The plebes used to hear that there were
+hops three times a week during camp, but that is about all they knew of
+hops. However, they went to the old fencing room in the Academic Building
+and took dancing lessons, and as no ladies were admitted they danced with
+one another.
+
+At last the time arrived for us to go on guard, for there was a chain
+of cadet sentinels all around the camp. We dreaded our first night on
+post, but each plebe had to experience it. Our guns were not loaded,
+and we had no cartridges; the rifle with the bayonet on is all we had
+to protect ourselves with. It was amusing afterwards to compare notes
+of our experiences. Some who had boasted most fared the worst. Some had
+had their rifles taken away, some had been tied to a tree, some rolled
+down into Fort Clinton ditch[23] alongside of Posts No. 2 and No. 3.
+Others had been frightened by ghosts, or confused by numerous parties
+approaching at the same time from different directions. Some replies to
+the challenge being a band of Indians, a body of armed troops, and the
+Prince of Wales. Of course, the plebe would call for the corporal of the
+guard, but this official never got around in time to see anyone, except
+the sentinel. The poor plebe was then taken to task for allowing himself
+to be disarmed, or for not detaining parties till the corporal arrived.
+When questioned as to who the parties were the answer invariably was “I
+could not recognize any of them.” When the old guard marched off the next
+morning each member fired three shots at a target.[24] When it came M⸺s’
+time to fire he was badly frightened because he had never fired a gun.
+And when asked why he did not close his left eye when aiming he said that
+no one had told him to close it.
+
+On the 12th of August we again visited the trunk rooms, and this time to
+put away our dress coats, white pants, dress hats, etc., as we were to
+go on a campaign. A knapsack and a half of a shelter tent were issued to
+each cadet. After packing our knapsacks and getting everything, except
+our wall tents, in readiness, we fell in at the sound of the drum. Our
+wall tents were left standing with the walls fastened down and the flaps
+tied in front. To the time of “The Girl I Left Behind Me” we marched in
+a drenching rain about a dozen miles westward up into the mountains;
+halted, stacked arms, unslung knapsacks, and unloaded the big six-mule
+wagons that had followed us. We then pitched the “A” tents that were
+provided for our use now; we then dug a trench around each tent, and
+so as not to lie in the mud we cut boughs to sleep on. We then got our
+rifles and knapsacks, and were soon at home again, but this time in more
+contracted quarters. We were now taught to live at Camp Lookout in
+regular army style, and as there is no delinquency book in the army we
+had none in this camp. We ate army rations and slept on the ground. We
+built camp fires, sang songs, and otherwise enjoyed our freedom, for no
+one said anything about palms to the front out there in the mountains.
+The camp was in the woods, between Long Pond and Round Pond. We obtained
+drinking water from one, and utilized the other to wash and to bathe
+in. We remained out there about ten days, and each cadet learned to do
+guard duty in the woods. Members of the guard had to cut poles for their
+shelter tents, and button two or more pieces together for use at night,
+and they were needed, too, as it rained more than half the time we were
+in the mountains. Between rains, when not on duty, we roamed through the
+woods and over the hills. There were many laurel bushes all about us, and
+one day a first classman said that he wanted a nice root to make a pipe,
+and that I could get it with a hatchet and spade. I took the hint and dug
+about half a dozen good roots. I put the two best ones in the breast of
+my gray jacket and gave the others to the first classmen. I afterwards
+made myself two fine pipes, and I have one of them now. Years afterwards
+that first classman and I met, and the first thing I did was to show him
+my pet pipe and thank him for it. He admired the pipe and my cheek, too,
+for having kept the best root.
+
+As soon as we returned to Camp McPherson palms of the hands were turned
+to the front again and the usual routine there resumed.
+
+Some of the yearlings said that certain of the plebes had become “too
+fresh” out in the mountains, and as the ordinary methods would not tame
+them down a few fights in Fort Clinton were necessary. Seconds were
+chosen, and soon nearly every cadet in camp knew that there would be
+a fight in Fort Clinton on a certain day during the supper hour. Fort
+Clinton is just across Posts Nos. 2 and 3. Those who desired to witness
+a fight assembled at the ice water tank, near which the Posts of Nos. 2
+and 3 meet. Then when the two sentinels on these posts were far apart
+and their backs toward one another (which is against the rule) across
+the posts would dash the Fort Clinton party, and strange to say neither
+sentinel would see any unauthorized person or persons cross his post.
+When the referee calls time the principals and seconds are in place and
+the fight begins. Fists only are used in these fights, and as soon as
+either side calls enough, or either principal fails to come to time,
+the fight is over. All return to camp, the bruises are bathed, and if
+necessary one or both principals go to the hospital, and the sick report
+the next morning shows one or two names with “contusions” as the cause
+of the disability. Unless the army officers on duty at the Point have
+“official knowledge” of a cadet fight no notice is taken of it. When
+a dispute arises that only a fight will settle and the parties to the
+dispute are unevenly matched the result may be one or two fights. The
+offending cadet must fight, and a classmate of the other cadet about
+his size and strength is selected to do battle with him. Sometimes the
+offended cadet must fight a man of his size, and then there are two
+fights.
+
+[Illustration: I. O. C. B.
+
+The pleasure of your company is respectfully solicited at a Hop
+Extraordinary, to be given on the evening of July 29th, under the
+auspices of the “Confirmed Bachelors” of the Class of 18—.
+
+    F. G. SCHWATKA,
+    JAS. E. SHORTELLE,
+    U. G. WHITE,
+    Managers.
+
+West Point, July 28, 1869.]
+
+We plebes were sent to the river a number of times to assist the first
+classmen to build pontoon bridges, and we rendered very valuable
+assistance, too, by carrying all heavy timbers used and helping to get
+the boats in place for the timbers to be laid upon them.
+
+    NOTE 1. Fort Clinton ditch, then along the north side of the
+    camp ground, was filled up and that part of the parapet removed
+    long ago, the major part of this fort being now used for an
+    extension of the camp.
+
+RETURN OF THE FURLOUGH CLASS.
+
+    There’s a stir in Camp, as all observers may see,
+    ’Tis a moment of interest, a moment of glee.
+
+    The “Furloughs” are coming, and now must be near;
+    There is dust, there is shouting, the “Furloughs” are here.
+
+    We welcome you back to the Camp and the plain,
+    There your favorite “Tac” will drill you again.
+
+The 28th of August is a day every graduate remembers, for it is then
+the furloughmen return. I can see them now rushing[25] into camp. That
+evening there was a great time out on the color line; we plebes were
+turned out for the last time to amuse upper classmen. H⸺e and others sang
+their songs. Some of them had been sung so often that everybody knew them
+and joined in. The evening was a perfect one, and there were many ladies
+under the trees near the guard tents, who heaved a sigh to think that all
+gayeties were over at West Point until the next June. The following are
+some of the songs that were so often sung during my cadet days, to-wit:
+
+    Old Black Joe,
+    Dixie,
+    Marching Through Georgia,
+    Tramp, Tramp, Tramp,
+    Hail Columbia,
+    Star Spangled Banner,
+    My Country,
+    Annie Laurie,
+    Red, White and Blue,
+    Home, Sweet Home,
+    Suanee River,
+    Auld Lang Syne.
+
+ARMY BLUE.
+
+      We’ve not much longer here to stay,
+        For in a year or two
+      We’ll bid farewell to “Cadet Gray,”
+        And don the “Army Blue.”
+
+    Chorus—
+
+      Army Blue, Army Blue,
+        We’ll don the Army Blue,
+      We’ll bid farewell to Cadet Gray,
+        And don the Army Blue.
+
+      To the ladies who come up in June,
+        We’ll bid a fond adieu,
+      And hoping they’ll be married soon,
+        We’ll don the Army Blue.
+
+    Chorus—
+
+      Now here’s to the man who wins “the cup,”
+        May he be kind and true,
+      And may he bring “our godson” up
+        To don the Army Blue.
+
+    Chorus—
+
+BENNY HAVENS, OH!
+
+    Come, fill your glasses, fellows, and stand up in a row,
+      To singing sentimentally, we’re going for to go;
+    In the Army there’s sobriety, promotion’s very slow,
+      So we’ll sing our reminiscences of Benny Havens, Oh!
+
+            Oh! Benny Havens, Oh! Oh! Benny Havens, Oh!
+          So we’ll sing our reminiscences of Benny Havens, Oh!
+
+    Let us remember, comrades, when to our posts we go,
+      The ties that must be cut in twain, as o’er life’s sea we row,
+    Hearts that now throb in unison must moulder down below,
+      So let us take a parting cup at Benny Havens, Oh!
+
+            Oh! Benny Havens, Oh! etc.
+
+    To our kind old Alma Mater, our rock-bound Highland home,
+      We’ll cast back many a fond regret, as o’er life’s sea we roam,
+    Until our last battle-field the lights of heaven shall glow,
+      We’ll never fail to drink to her and Benny Havens, Oh!
+
+            Oh! Benny Havens, Oh! etc.
+
+    May the army be augmented, promotion be less slow,
+      May our Country, in her hour of need, be ready for the foe,
+    May we find a soldier’s resting-place beneath a soldier’s blow,
+      With space enough beside our graves for Benny Havens, Oh!
+
+            Oh! Benny Havens, Oh! etc.
+
+    Come, fill up to our Generals, God bless the brave heroes,
+      They’re an honor to their country, and a terror to her foes;
+    May they long rest on their laurels and trouble never know,
+      But live to see a thousand years, at Benny Havens, Oh!
+
+            Oh! Benny Havens, Oh! etc.
+
+    When you and I and Benny, and all the others, too,
+      Are called before the final board our course of life to view,
+    May we never “fess” on any point, but coldly “max” it through,
+      And join the Army of the blest, at Benny Havens, Oh!
+
+            Oh! Benny Havens, Oh! etc.
+
+NOTE.—The following verses are from the 1909 Howitzer:
+
+    Then here’s to you, old glory team, that downs the strongest foes.
+    Your Benny Haven’s strongest sons, in you our hopes repose,
+    On the mountains by old Hudson’s shore, your deeds have been our theme;
+    But, victors or defeated men, you’re still the army team.
+
+    The brave old army team, the loyal army team,
+    The army’s hearts, the army’s hopes, are with the army team.
+
+    When you meet the rovers of the sea, and struggle hand to hand,
+    Remember, in that hour supreme we all behind you stand—
+    Let black recall our past defeats, the present struggle gray,
+    But victory is brightest gold, that you shall win that day.
+
+    The black, and gray, and gold, the black, and gold, and gray,
+    Yea! Victory shall be the prize, the black, and gold, and gray.
+
+    On the world’s rough-trampled gridiron, the battle-field of life,
+    Your spirit brave, old rock-bound home, shall nerve us in the strife.
+    Before us gleams the future, with manly parts to play,
+    While from the dim past stretches the unbroken line of gray.
+
+    Oh! the dear old gray battalion, the loyal line of gray,
+    Friend close to friend, firm to the end, shall stand the line of gray.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+THE PLEBE IN BARRACKS.
+
+
+The next morning we took our bundles, buckets, and brooms to barracks,
+and upon returning to camp we unfastened the tent cords and held up the
+canvas by the poles, and, at the tap of the drum at 12 o’clock, every
+tent was lowered to the ground, and “Camp McPherson” was no more. We then
+“fell in,” and to the tune of “The Girl I Left Behind Me” marched to
+barracks, leaving the summer visitors standing under the trees near where
+the guard tents had been.
+
+There were rooms enough so that every two cadets could have one together.
+Roommates having been chosen and rooms selected (according to rank,
+of course,) each cadet went to his own room, and there he found two
+single iron bedsteads and a double clothes-press. The old cadets got the
+balance of their effects (such as cadets are permitted to have in their
+rooms) from the trunk rooms, while the plebes got the articles they had
+there, and the balance, such as mattresses and tables, they went to the
+Commissary for, and carried them across the plain. Every one obtained at
+the Commissary the text-books he needed before Christmas, and by night
+all rooms were in order. The return to barracks is a great day for
+plebes, for then they quit carrying palms to the front.
+
+The “Seps” arrived about this time, and those who were admitted were
+assigned to rooms, and they at once became a part of the fourth class.
+“Seps” are candidates, who, for some good reason, did not report in June.
+(See appendix.) They began recitations with the rest of the plebes, but
+for weeks they attended drill in squads by themselves. Notwithstanding
+the fact that Seps escape the many trials and tribulations of plebe
+camp, in escaping it, they miss one of the most valuable parts of cadet
+life, as it is an experience which most old graduates look back upon
+with pleasure. After having been through the course of deviling,[26] or
+hazing, as practiced in my day, I am a believer in the system, because
+I believe it makes young men manly and self-reliant. I never saw bodily
+injury inflicted upon a plebe, but I do not call bodily injury deviling.
+I call that cruelty, and cruelty should be severely punished. But times
+have changed at the Academy since I left it. Now after candidates have
+reported at the Adjutant’s office they are sent to the Army Officer in
+charge of new cadets. And it is his duty to personally instruct them
+respecting their rights and duties in their relations to old cadets and
+to the cadets on duty over them. He causes to be read to them the present
+regulations pertaining to new cadets and explains to them what is meant
+by “Cadet Limits.” Candidates are also informed that they must not
+submit to hazing, and that they must promptly report to the Commandant or
+to the Army Officer over them any attempt at hazing on the part of old
+cadets. But they must be respectful to all and perfectly subordinate and
+obedient to the cadets on duty over them.
+
+    No more shall Plebes be deviled,
+      And yearlings can’t be seen,
+    For there’s now a law against
+      Hazing the Plebes so green.
+
+The penalties for hazing are very severe, and several cadets have
+been dismissed from the Academy for engaging in it. A recent act of
+Congress says: “Any cadet dismissed for hazing shall not be eligible to
+reappointment.”
+
+White pants were very pretty for camp, but now that the hops were
+over and the visitors gone the cadets had to work, so on the first of
+September they appeared in their gray working clothes.
+
+The daily routine from September 1st to about June 20th is as follows:
+Reveille at 5:45 A. M. (on Sunday at 6:30); roll call; police call
+five minutes after reveille; sick call fifteen minutes after reveille;
+then clean arms or study or take physical exercise; breakfast at 6:15;
+recreation except for the guard,[27] which is mounted, at 7:15; then
+study and recitations from 8:00 A. M. to 1:00 P. M.; dinner at 1:00;
+recreation; then study and recitations from 2:00 to 4:00; then generally
+military exercises for about an hour; then about half hour recreation,
+followed by retreat parade at about 6:00; supper; recreation; then study
+from about 7:30 to 9:30; taps at 10:00; then lights out till reveille the
+next morning. Rooms are inspected at police call; between 8 and 11 a. m.;
+11 a. m. and 1 p. m.; 2 and 4; four times between 7:30 and 9:30; again at
+taps, and once more between taps and reveille. In September and May there
+are Infantry drills; in October and April there are Artillery drills; in
+every month from September first to June first there are Cavalry drills;
+from December first to April first there is exercise in the gymnasium or
+in dancing. Saturday afternoon is for recreation except between 2 and
+2:30 during the weekly inspection of the battalion. On Wednesday after
+4 p. m. there are no drills, the time being given for recreation. On
+Sundays there are no recitations and no military duties, except guard
+and inspection of quarters at 9:45 a. m., and the time for recreation
+is a little longer than usual; the cadets march to and from church; all
+wear white gloves, white belts and those entitled to do so swords, which
+(swords excepted) are not removed during service, some of the cadets are
+members of the choir. Visiting between cadets is allowed only during
+recreation hours.
+
+The gymnasium is open to cadets daily, except Sundays, from 1:30 to 2 p.
+m.; 4:00 to supper mess parade, and on Saturdays afternoons and evenings
+until tattoo.
+
+We were arranged into sections of from eight to ten cadets to the
+section, the arrangement of upper classmen being made according to
+class standing,[28] as determined at the last examination, while the
+arrangement of the plebes was alphabetical. The first cadet in each
+section was the section-marcher, that is, he marched the section to and
+from the section room. The section-marchers were notified what the first
+lessons would be, and the hours for recitations, and they then notified
+the members of their sections. The studies[29] for the fourth class were
+Mathematics and French, and in addition to these we had instruction in
+Fencing,[30] and for this the sections were larger than as stated above.
+One half the class attended recitations or fencing at a time, and the
+other half had to be in their rooms during Call to Quarters. To let the
+Inspectors know when cadets are at recitations the following form is used:
+
+HOURS OF RECITATION.
+
+          Cadet __________________________ 4th Class.
+    Mathematics             From   8 A. M. to 9:30 A. M.
+    Use of the sword, etc.  From  12    M. to 1    P. M.
+    Modern Languages        From   3 P. M. to 4    P. M.
+
+Each cadet obtained a blank form (and there is a special form for each
+class), put his name on it in block letters, filled in his hours of
+recitation and put it on the mantel, and he also put his name in block
+letters over his alcove, on the orderly board, on his clothes-press,
+and on his gun-rack. Every cadet not in his room at inspection, and not
+at recitation at the time, was reported absent, unless his room-mate was
+in and could properly account for the absence. We at first thought that
+our studies, being so few, would be easy, but when we saw the great long
+lessons and had experienced the thoroughness required at recitations, we
+changed our opinions, and decided that much hard study was necessary.
+
+Promptly at eight o’clock on the morning of September first, the bugle
+was sounded for sections to form. One half of each class “fell in.”
+The Cadet Officer of the Day commanded—“Front, Call your rolls.” Line
+was formed in the area of barracks, first classmen were nearest the
+Academic Building, next to them were sections of the second class, next
+third classmen and then the plebes. Each section-marcher facing his
+section, called his roll and faced to the front, then beginning with
+the ranking section of the first class, the section-marchers reported.
+The Officer of the Day then commanded “March off your sections.” If
+there were any absentees not excused, he hunted them up and sent them to
+their section rooms. The sections marched to the Academic Building, and
+each went to the room previously assigned, the members of each section
+hung their caps in the hall on hooks near the door and then filed into
+the room. The section-marcher took post near the center of the room,
+facing the instructor, who was seated on the platform opposite to the
+door. The members of the section went one half to the right, and the
+other half to the left, in front of two benches. The section-marcher
+saluted and reported, “All are present, Sir,” or, “Mr. ⸺ is absent,
+sir,” the instructor returned the salute and then the cadets sat down,
+the section-marcher taking seat on the right of the first half of his
+section. On a blackboard behind the instructor, was written the lesson
+for the next day, and each cadet noted it. The instructor then called Mr.
+⸺, who took post in the center of the room facing the instructor. The
+instructor assigned to him a topic in the lesson, care being required
+on the part of the cadet to understand the topic which is called his
+“enunciation.” When he understood it, he went to a certain blackboard,
+and in the upper right hand corner wrote his name and number thus—Brown
+1. The instructor called up another cadet who, after understanding his
+enunciation, went to the next board, and wrote his name and number,
+thus—Smith 2, and so on. Topics in the lesson of the day were assigned to
+the first four, and topics in the lesson of the day before were assigned
+to three or four others. Then one was called who took post in the center
+of the room, and the instructor questioned him for ten minutes or more
+upon such parts of either lesson that he elected, and when through said
+“That’ll do,” when this cadet returned to his seat. The cadets at the
+boards wrote on them such work as they wished pertaining to their own
+subjects and when ready to recite, each took a pointer in his right hand
+and stood at ease facing the instructor. Beginning with the cadet who
+was ready and had the smallest number, when he was called upon to recite
+the cadet, said: “I am required to” and then gave his enunciation, after
+which he proceeded in his own words. If the instructor was satisfied
+with the recitation, he said, “that’ll do” and the cadet faced about,
+laid down his pointer, cleaned his board, and took his seat; but if the
+instructor was not satisfied with the recitation, he asked such questions
+as he deemed proper to draw out, if possible, further information on the
+subject, and when through, said, “That’ll do.” This drawing out process
+is necessary with plebes, until they learn what is required of them in
+the way of recitations. No communication between cadets is allowed in
+the section room. When the time expired the instructor said, “That’ll
+do, gentlemen; section’s dismissed.” If the bugle was sounded before all
+had recited, those at the board who were ready to recite and had all
+necessary work on the board, were marked the same as if they had recited.
+The cadets filed out of the room, got their caps and “fell in,” then
+marched to the area where the line was formed and there the section was
+dismissed. The mark for a perfect recitation is a 3, 2.5 is a good mark,
+2 is fair, 1.5 is medium, 1 poor, .5 very poor, and a zero a complete
+failure. Recitations go on every day except Saturday afternoons and
+Sundays. On Monday the marks of the previous week were posted so that the
+cadets could see them. The instructor never told the cadets what marks
+he gave them, and he could not excuse a cadet from recitation. A cadet
+who was sick enough to require it was taken into the hospital, or by the
+surgeon excused from reciting, but a cadet excused from reciting had to
+go to and remain in the section room, and there report to the instructor
+that he was excused. Nothing is gained by not reciting, because every
+cadet must make satisfactory recitations and pass the examinations[31] in
+January and June or be found deficient. At the end of the fifth or sixth
+week, and at times after that, transfers from one section to another were
+made, and some cadets were sent up and others down to other sections. By
+Christmas, the plebe class was pretty well dissipated by transfers.
+
+Days, weeks and months passed with a firm, steady grind. In my day up at
+5, but now 5:45 a. m., and nothing but study, recitations and drill till
+9:30 p. m., except during the short half hour for recreation after each
+meal, the welcome half holiday on Saturdays and the change of routine
+on Sundays. No visitors at the Point, no hops, no nothing but hard
+study and drill to look forward to until the next June. It is true that
+Thanksgiving, Christmas and New Year’s are always acceptable days to a
+cadet, but he generally eats so much turkey then, that he receives a poor
+mark at recitations the next day.
+
+Not long before examination the instructor selects as many topics as
+there are cadets in his section and writes each topic on a separate piece
+of paper, turns them face down, mixes them, and then numbers them; number
+one being for the first cadet in the section, number two for the second,
+and so on, or otherwise mixes them so that no partiality be shown on
+examination.
+
+Of course we could not study all of the time set apart for study, so we
+often devised ways and means to lighten our burdens.
+
+All of our coats buttoned up to the chin and the white collars of my
+day were made so that we had to fold them lengthwise and pin them on
+the coat. As white shirts were not used to fasten the collar to we quit
+wearing them, and pinned our cuffs to the inside of the coat sleeves. We
+got the knack of dressing down to a fine point, no cadet wore suspenders
+then, so all we had to do for reveille or tattoo, was to jump into our
+pants, stick our feet into our oldest shoes, from which the strings had
+been removed, and called “reveilles,” put on the coat and cap to be worn
+and hustle, buttoning up just before going out of the hall-door. Two
+minutes gave us ample time to get from our rooms to the line in the area.
+Now the cadets are required to wear white shirts and the style of the
+white collar[32] having been changed it requires a white shirt to fasten
+it to.
+
+A cadet generally carries his lead pencil stuck into his coat near the
+throat, but I made a little pocket on the underside of the tail of my
+dress-coat, just big enough for a little pen knife and a pencil an inch
+and a half long, and I never got “skinned” for it either. In my day, the
+last section was called “the Immortals” but I am told that the “Goats”
+have captured the name I once knew so well.
+
+For many years, “Old Bentz” blew the bugle calls for recitations and
+mid rain or snow, he never missed a call, he blew it first on the north
+side of the Barracks, near the “Sally Port,” and then in the area. Many
+a cadet has stood at the blackboard, not ready to recite, praying for
+old Bentz to blow; once in a while he would succeed in “bugling it,”
+that is, avoid a recitation, but as the instructors have all been cadets
+themselves, the poor fellow was generally called upon to recite and got
+1.5 or less for his pains.
+
+A day or two after returning to barracks I was on post one evening
+in the hall of the old “sixth div.” when D⸺m, of my class, who lived
+in that “div.” passed through the hall with his coat unbuttoned. Of
+course I reported him for it. The next day the report was on the list
+of delinquencies read out to the battalion by the cadet adjutant. After
+supper that evening another classmate called on me and asked what I had
+against D⸺m, I said I had nothing against him and I wanted to know why
+he asked. He replied that D⸺m was very angry with me for having reported
+him for “coat unbuttoned in hall of barracks.” I was surprised and said
+that I had to report him or tell a lie to the officer or corporal of the
+guard. Up to that time D⸺m had not been on guard in barracks and he did
+not know the orders, so he consulted an upper classman about the report
+and learned that I had done my duty. Then he came to me and said, “I
+sent a friend to challenge you but find that you are right and I wrong,
+so I want to beg your pardon.” Had I not have reported D⸺m I would have
+gotten into serious trouble, because the cadets themselves have no use
+for a liar or a thief. As I have said the rooms of barracks are never
+locked, hence any cadet will promptly report another for stealing and the
+thief[33] is summarily dealt with by the authorities.
+
+In barracks a sentinel is posted in each hall, and he walks post only
+during meal hours, evening call to quarters, and Sunday[34] call to
+quarters. When a relief is to be taken off post and no new sentinels
+are to be posted, such as after meals and at tattoo, the corporal of
+the relief on post, beginning at the first division hall, calls, “No.
+1 Off,” marches him to the second division and calls, “No. 2 Off,” and
+so on until the eight sentinels are off, the relief is then marched to
+the guard house, and there dismissed. The spirit of deviltry used to
+crop out in the average fourth classman, as soon as his plebe camp was
+over, and he often laid awake at night devising ways and means for sweet
+revenge upon the next class or even upon the “Seps” of his own class,
+before they became acquainted with one another. One night a June plebe
+discovered that the sentinels on Posts 1, 2 and 3, were Seps of his own
+class, and that they were on guard for their first time. A happy thought
+came to this June plebe. He put on his overcoat, turned the collar up to
+hide his face, got his rifle, and just before time for the Corporal to
+take off his Relief at tattoo, this plebe took off the Relief himself.
+The first three sentinels being green Seps “fell in” without a suspicion
+of anything wrong, and the older cadets of the Relief knowing that it
+was about time to be relieved, also fell in. Just as the June plebe was
+approaching the guard house with the Relief, Lieutenant K⸺g saw the
+Corporal of this Relief in the guard house watching the clock, hence
+he knew that some devilment was up. The plebe saw that the Lieutenant
+saw him, so he fled to his room, with the Lieutenant after him and the
+members of the Relief ran back to their posts. The plebe was caught
+and he walked “extras” for many a Saturday afternoon for his fun; and
+the Corporal was reduced to the ranks for allowing his Relief to be
+improperly relieved.
+
+Cadets do not salute one another except on occasions of ceremony
+prescribed by the regulations. Plebes address one another as Jones or
+Smith, but they say[35] Mr. Jones and Mr. Smith in speaking of them to
+an officer, or to an upper classman. In speaking to or of an officer,
+they use his title, but in speaking to or of an upper classman, they
+say[35] Mr. White or Mr. Black. Upper classmen address one another as
+White and Black, but they say Mr. White or Mr. Black in speaking of them
+to an officer or to a plebe. In speaking to or of an officer they use
+his title, but in speaking to or of a plebe, they say Mr. Jones or Mr.
+Smith. Officers in speaking to or of a cadet say Mr. Jones or Mr. White.
+Cadet titles are used only by the cadets having them, and then only in
+their permits and explanations, thus—Cadet Corporal, Cadet Sergeant,
+etc. Except officially, officers and cadets rarely speak to one another.
+At first it seemed very strange to recite to an officer for months, and
+to pass him on the plain without a friendly word being exchanged, the
+military salute being the only recognition. It is best that it is that
+way, as it avoids intimacy and favoritism.
+
+When the first snow fell, I was greatly amused to see one of my
+classmates who had never seen it snow. He ran out into the area
+bare-headed (and was reported for being in the area without cap). He held
+out his hands and then opened his mouth to catch the flakes; it was a
+soft fine snow and melted as soon as it touched anything, so he could not
+catch any of the flakes, yet he could see them in the air and he appeared
+dumbfounded.
+
+Now that we did not have to carry palms of the hands to the front we used
+to walk more about the post. I say walk, because we were not allowed
+to ride. We found our way occasionally to the Dutchwoman’s,[36] near
+the postoffice[37] (as no permits were needed to go there in my day),
+where cadets having a little change, or who, being out of debt, could
+get ice cream, cakes, pies, etc. On Saturday afternoons we went down
+“Flirtation Walk,” a beautiful stroll along the Hudson, or up to Cro’
+Nest, the highest peak for miles around, or to old Fort Putnam, on a hill
+west of the Barracks, and once in a while to Kinsley’s orchard.[38] The
+only reason I can think of having gone to Kinsley’s is, that it was then
+“off limits,” and the Regulations said cadets caught off limits should
+be dismissed, or otherwise less severely punished. Christmas season had
+much in store for us. We received boxes of sweetmeats from home, we had
+a theatrical performance in the Mess Hall, and some of us, and I was
+one, had a three days’ “leave” from the Point. This leave was granted
+to cadets having not over six demerits for the past six months. But
+few cadets obtained leaves, and those who did were envied by the less
+fortunate fellows. Everybody enjoyed the boxes from home, because cadets
+are proverbially generous, and divide their good things with those who
+do not receive boxes. Many were “skinned” and given demerits for grease
+upon their floors after the boxes came. The cadets are not now permitted
+to receive Christmas boxes. An entertainment was given on New Year’s Eve,
+in the Mess Hall. A temporary stage was erected, and all of the actors,
+“actresses” and members of the orchestra were cadets.
+
+A PARODY ON HOHENLINDEN.
+
+    At West Point, when the sun was low,
+    All spotless lay the untrodden snow,
+    And dark as winter was the flow
+          Of Hudson rolling rapidly.
+
+    But West Point saw another sight.
+    Loud groans were heard at dead of night,
+    And plebeians howled with wild affright,
+          Whilst dreaming of Geometry.
+
+    ’Twas morn, but on that luckless day
+    The morning brought no cheering ray,
+    To pierce the mist of Algebra,
+          Or clear it of perplexity.
+
+    In glittering armor, bright arrayed,
+    Each teacher drew his battle blade,
+    And furious each plebeian made,
+          To witness such pomposity.
+
+    Then shook the hills with thunder river,
+    As each plebe to the blackboard driven
+    Despairing of all hopes of Heaven,
+          In view of his deficiency
+
+    And fainter still his hopes did grow,
+    When he received a big zero;
+    His throbbing bosom rent with woe,
+          The tears came railing rapidly.
+
+    “Immortals” falter! On! ye brave!
+    Who rush to glory or the grave,
+    Wave! plebeians; All thy banners wave!
+          And charge that Trigonometry.
+
+    The lesson o’er—the hovering cloud
+    Hath burst in torrents, wild and loud,
+    And buried in one common shroud
+          The essence of stupidity.
+
+    The “found” shall part, no more to meet,
+    For Math has been their winding sheet,
+    And every “hash” they now shall eat
+          Brings curses to the memory.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+                             PROGRAMME
+
+                              OF THE
+
+                    Entertainment Given by the
+                      U. S. Corps of Cadets,
+
+                       NEW YEAR’S EVE., 1869
+                            WEST POINT.
+
+    Overture                                               Orchestra
+
+                              PART I.
+
+                  PADDY MILES, THE LIMERICK BOY.
+
+                (A drama of Corinthian lightness.)
+
+                        DRAMATIS PERSONAE.
+
+    Paddy Miles                                      Cadet Shortelle
+
+                              (The Greek.)
+
+    Dr. Coates                                            Cadet Wood
+
+                         (Spooney and Fidgety.)
+
+    Henry, his son                                        Cadet Cobb
+
+                             (No joke here.)
+
+    Job, a gardener                                      Cadet Guard
+
+                           (Biles with rage.)
+
+    Reuben                                                Cadet Hall
+
+                            (Randy—O! High.)
+
+    Mrs. Fidget                                        Cadet Paddock
+
+                        (See joke on Dr. Coates.)
+
+    Jane                                              Cadet Fornance
+
+                        (The Girl of the period.)
+
+    Guitar Duet                          Cadets Evans and Harrington
+
+    Music                                                  Orchestra
+
+                                PART II.
+
+              DARK TRAGEDY OF OTHELLO, THE MOOR OF VENICE.
+
+    Othello                                              Cadet Davis
+
+                           (Ye Swarthy Moor.)
+
+    Desdemona                                         Cadet McDonald
+
+                         (As was gone back on.)
+
+    Brabantio                                        Cadet McGinniss
+
+    Duke                                              Cadet “Doylle”
+
+    Senators, Assassins, Collectors of Internal Revenue, etc., by
+    the Company.
+
+    Music                                                  Orchestra
+
+                                PART III.
+
+         THE LIGHTSOME FARCE OF GRIMSHAW, BAGSHAW AND BRADSHAW.
+
+    Peter Grimshaw                                    Cadet Williams
+
+                (Christened Peter after his Aunt Sarah.)
+
+    John Bagshaw                                       Cadet Goddard
+
+                           (“Trust him not.”)
+
+    BRADSHAW!!!                                       Cadet Fountain
+
+                 (Bastante dicho—“wich” it is Spanish.)
+
+    Towser                                                Cadet Wood
+
+          (Characteristics: Heart flinty, Conchoidal fracture.)
+
+    Fanny, a milliner                                 Cadet Townsend
+
+                      (A-lass! not a Millionaire.)
+
+    Emily, Towser’s niece                               Cadet Birney
+
+                             (Same at same.)
+
+    Music                                                  Orchestra
+
+                                PART IV.
+
+                             “DARKER HERE.”
+
+                      MINSTRELS, BY THE CADET BAND.
+
+                                   1.
+
+    Overture, “Les Dames de Seville,”                     Cadet Band
+
+    The Bell Goes Ringing for Sarah                  Solo and Chorus
+
+    Linda Polka                                           Cadet Band
+
+    Little Maggie May                                Solo and Chorus
+
+    We Parted by the River Side                              Company
+
+    Selection                                             Cadet Band
+
+    Clog Dance                                         Cadet Bassett
+
+                                   2.
+
+    Selections                                            Cadet Band
+
+    Fairy Moonlight                                        Quartette
+
+    West Point Polka and Selection                        Cadet Band
+
+    My Christmas Leave                                          Solo
+
+    Et Bonde Cryllup                                      Cadet Band
+
+    Rootle Tum Tootle Tum Tay                        Solo and Chorus
+
+    Galop Militaire                                       Cadet Band
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    NO HURDLES.
+
+    “GENERAL REGULATIONS.”
+
+    Those unable to secure seats will be permitted to visit the
+    Guard-house, where they will find amusement during the entire
+    entertainment in the perusal of the delinquences posted there.
+
+    In consideration of the almost perfect disguise which may be
+    effected through the magic agency of burnt cork, by which even
+    the dignified features of our Professors can be effectually
+    concealed, we would enjoin upon the audience a respect for
+    gravity during the minstrel performance; and the managers would
+    take this opportunity of thanking the “Heads of Departments”
+    for the very affable manner in which they have consented to
+    contribute, by their Terpsichorean and Ethiopian efforts to the
+    evening’s amusement.
+
+    Owing to the probability of the hall being inspected by the
+    “Officer in charge,” after the Battalion has returned to
+    Barracks, the managers earnestly solicit the destruction of all
+    vestiges of this “Feast of reason,” as it is not mentioned on
+    the “Cadets’ Bill of Fare” for this date. First classmen are
+    recommended to preserve the “Flow of soul” for use to-morrow,
+    in case the Superintendents may not be pleased to release them
+    from “pledge.”
+
+    The managers respectfully call attention to their endeavors
+    to produce that long desired “mean” equally removed from
+    “Corinthian lightness, and Egyptian massiveness.”
+
+    Should the performers attempt to “consume time,” or the
+    enthusiasm of the audience be kindled to such an extent as
+    to create apprehension for the safety of the building, the
+    services of the Fire Department, under the able management
+    of its efficient “Chief Engineer,” will be called into
+    requisition—(provided the nozzle can be found.)
+
+    MANAGERS:
+
+        S. W. FOUNTAIN,
+        R. A. WILLIAMS,
+        E. M. COBB,
+        A. H. RUSSELL,
+        A. E. WOOD.
+
+The semi-annual examination commenced right after New Years and when
+the class standing[39] was announced, about thirty cadets were found
+deficient, and discharged. At least half the deficient ones were in my
+class, and the balance in the other three classes. Those near the foot
+of my class, who passed, but about whom doubts had been entertained as
+to their ability to get through, were now furnished with warm cloth
+overcoats of the regulation cadet gray. The sections were rearranged
+according to the standing determined by the examinations, text books for
+the next five months were drawn, lessons assigned and studies resumed.
+Shortly after our class standing had been published, the class was sent
+to the Library, where we again took the oath of allegiance, and in due
+time afterwards each fourth classman received his “cadet warrant.”
+
+The plebes now began to make the best show they could both about their
+rooms and in their personal appearance. Those who could do so procured
+curtains[40] for the windows, alcoves and clothes presses, all turkey
+red, of course, as that was the regulation color. When they got new
+clothes, they were particular about the fit, especially of the dress
+coats, as their waists had grown more shapely, caused by wearing close
+fitting clothes and belts, which required the chest and not the abdomen
+to be used for breathing. They had their old dress coats made smaller in
+the waist, too.
+
+Cadets having a taste for music were permitted to have such musical
+instruments as banjos, guitars and flutes, and during “release from
+quarters” they could practice. Musical spirits were soon brought
+together, and after the players became proficient they attracted
+attention. Aside from those who played upon instruments, there were
+some who had very good voices. When pleasant spring evenings came, the
+musicians would often assemble on one of the front steps of the Barracks
+and their sweet music and songs attracted all other cadets. Often would
+the officers, their ladies and the few visitors at the Point at that
+season of the year, stroll near the cadet Barracks to hear music and
+songs, and even Old Bentz would look at his watch a dozen times and wait
+till the last second to sound “Call to Quarters.” One evening, Christine
+Nilsson, the famous “Swedish singer,” who was visiting the Point, was so
+attracted by the singing of the cadets that she consented to sing for the
+whole corps on condition that the cadet quartette would sing for her.
+Her proposition was accepted and the Mess Hall was used for the purpose.
+Of course we were charmed by her sweet voice and she complimented the
+quartette, too, and Cadet W⸺r in particular. Miss Nilsson told him that
+he ought to cultivate his voice and that if he would resign she herself
+would pay for his musical education in Europe. Cadet W⸺r thanked her
+for her generous offer, but declined to accept it. Miss Nilsson then
+said that the cadets must pay for her singing, and that she would make
+the collection at once. She was promptly informed that cadets were not
+allowed to have money, and that they did not even have pockets in their
+clothes. She replied every cadet had with him that which she wanted,
+namely a bell-button, and she was particular about the one too, and said,
+“I want the spooney button, the one from over the heart.” She produced a
+string and we filed past her and each cadet gladly paid her price. The
+officers present on this occasion neglected their duty for not reporting
+every cadet, for “a button off dress coat in Mess Hall.” About once a
+month on Saturday evenings during the winter the band gave orchestra
+concerts at which cadets could be present.
+
+[Illustration: TO ALL WHOM IT MAY CONCERN:
+
+Know ye, _That the PRESIDENT has been pleased to appoint ________________
+a CADET in the Military Service of the UNITED STATES, to rank as such
+from the __ day of ________ 18__. He is therefore to be received with all
+the consideration attached to such appointment._
+
+Given _under my hand at the WAR DEPARTMENT, this __ day of ________, in
+the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and ____, and of the
+INDEPENDENCE OF THE UNITED STATES the ________._
+
+                                                   ____________
+                                                _Secretary of War_.]
+
+One day, S⸺s, one of my classmates, took sick with typhoid fever, and
+was confined to bed in the hospital for weeks. We took turns sitting
+up at night with him. When he became dangerously ill, his parents were
+notified, and they came at once and were with him some days before he
+died. An order was published announcing his death, and the loss of a
+valuable member of the corps, and directed as a mark of respect to his
+memory, that all cadets should wear the usual badge of mourning; that is,
+a four-inch band of black crape around the left arm, above the elbow, for
+a period of thirty days, and that the flag should be at half-staff on
+the day of the funeral. The pallbearers were chosen from his class and
+the funeral services held in the little chapel. The coffin was carried
+from the chapel, arms were presented, the band played an appropriate
+air, and then the coffin was laid upon an artillery caisson draped with
+the stars and stripes. We marched to solemn music, with “arms reversed,”
+to the beautiful little cadet cemetery just outside of the north gate
+overlooking the Hudson at the foot of the highest peak of the Highlands.
+Upon reaching the grave, line was formed facing it, and the coffin placed
+over it; arms were again presented and the band played another solemn
+air; the body was then lowered to its last resting place. We stood with
+bowed heads at rest on arms, while the Chaplain conducted the services at
+the grave. We then fired three rounds of blank cartridges and returned
+to barracks. After leaving the cemetery, we came to “right shoulder”
+arms, and marched to a quick step. During my day the corps of cadets
+attended a great many funerals, and among them were those of three of
+our professors, two or more cadets, and a number of old graduates of the
+Academy.
+
+We fourth classmen now began to talk of June first, the day on which we
+would become yearlings and be admitted to the corps on equality with
+the other classmen; of the dropping of the Mr., of the shedding of our
+“plebe-skins” and how that great event should be celebrated; of how we
+would treat the next class, of which of us would be made corporals, of
+the hops, of the ladies who come up in June, and of other topics of vital
+interest to fourth classmen. At a class meeting we selected six hop
+managers, six being our share for the summer hops, and we selected them
+by ballot. There were no nominations, it having been decided that the
+six receiving the greatest number of votes should be elected, and I was
+not one of the six. About the twenty-fifth of May D Company vacated its
+quarters and they were put in order for the candidates, who reported in
+my day between the first and tenth of June; then they reported later in
+June, after the cadets had gone into camp. Now new cadets report March
+1st.
+
+The academic year practically closed on the 31st of May, and on the next
+day the battalion was to again appear in its summer clothes; that is, in
+white pants and gray coats. White pants are the forerunners of the many
+changes to soon occur at the Point; a class to be graduated, another to
+go on furlough, and the other two, with a new class added to the corps,
+to go into camp; the members of the Board of Visitors[41] and hundreds
+of other people to arrive, some to witness the graduating exercises, old
+graduates to attend their alumni meeting, others to see relatives in the
+corps, and still others to attend the summer hops. But with all these
+and other pleasures in store for the cadets about a dozen of the plebes
+were not satisfied. They knew that on the morrow candidates would begin
+to report, and that then they themselves would shed their plebe-skins,
+drop the Mr. and be full-fledged “yearlings.” In order to mark this
+great event in the life of a cadet at West Point we had months before
+decided upon doing something that no other yearlings had done. Away
+back in April, while at light battery drill, we “hived” some powder, by
+taking a little from a dozen or more cartridges, and we also “hived” some
+friction-primers. The night of May 31st was cloudy and hazy, which just
+suited us, and the tactical officers favored us by inspecting every room
+before midnight. At about half-past eleven we tied the handle of the
+angle door to an upright of the porch and fastened a rope to the posts
+at the head of the angle porch stairs, and then went one at a time out
+to the “reveille gun” that stood near execution hollow away out on the
+plain. We loaded that gun and then put in it all of our old socks and
+rammed the charge well. Some of our trusty party got cannon balls at
+Trophy Point and joined the others at the gun. We then wheeled the gun
+near the gravel walk in front of the barracks, and one of our party went
+on the grass to the right and another to the left. These two then made
+noises that attracted the attention of the two engineer sentinels posted
+at night on the gravel walk, and signaled that our coast was clear. We
+then rushed across the walk through the Sally Port and fired that gun in
+the area. At the same time the cannon balls were rolled along the porches
+in rear of barracks, then we hastened to our rooms, undressed and went
+to bed to await developments. Oh, what a dandy report that gun made;
+it shook the barracks and other buildings, too, and shattered windows
+all around. The cannon balls were also a great success, for they made a
+horrible rumbling sound. We awoke everybody. Lieutenant M⸺l was “officer
+in charge,” and we soon heard him tugging away at the angle door and then
+stumble against the clothesline that we had so thoughtfully put up for
+his special benefit. He called the “drummer orderly,” who slept in the
+guard-house and had long roll sounded. He questioned the cadet officers,
+but, of course, they knew nothing; then, as he himself had been a cadet,
+he made the new-born yearlings fall in and told them that the outrage
+had been committed by some of them, and that the guilty ones should be
+punished. He then said that all who had not taken part in the disgraceful
+affair could fall out and go to their quarters; the guilty ones trembled
+in their shoes, but soon recovered, for not a man fell out. The night
+was raw and chilly, but there the Lieutenant made us stand, first at
+attention, then at parade rest and then at attention again. The innocent
+were once more told to fall out, but not a man moved. We were then put
+into the guard-house and several of us obtained permission to go to our
+rooms for overcoats. Line was re-formed and B⸺ly directed to call the
+roll. I was in my own room at this time and could see and hear what was
+going on in the area. I knew that B⸺ly had not called the class roll for
+months, so I staid in my room and listened to the roll-call, and when I
+discovered that I was not reported absent I went to bed. Lieutenant M⸺l
+then marched the yearlings out on the cavalry plain and drilled them at
+double time for several hours. He stood still some times and marched the
+class around him, and as he was not always near enough to distinguish
+one yearling from another in the dark there were many blunders purposely
+made in ranks, and this made him furious. After awhile Colonel B⸺k, the
+Commandant, put in his appearance, and then the class behaved all right,
+but it was kept at drill till near breakfast time. Before being dismissed
+Colonel B⸺k told the innocent ones to fall out, but not a man left the
+ranks. The class was then dismissed, and in a few minutes the battalion
+was formed for breakfast, and, of course, I fell in then. Before marching
+to the Mess Hall an order was published confining all members of the
+fourth class, except one who was in the hospital, to the area of the
+barracks until further orders. Some of the class had relatives and
+friends at the Point, and the confinement was hard on them, because
+cadets in confinement cannot see their friends for longer than half an
+hour, and then only in the visitors’ room in the guard-house.
+
+A salute of seventeen guns was fired by a detail of cadets in honor of
+the arrival of the Board of Visitors. There was much of interest now at
+the Point for the Board and others to see. Beginning with guard-mount
+now after parade, then oral examinations from 9 to 4 followed infantry,
+artillery or cavalry drill, and the day closing with dress parade at
+sunset. The rear view of the cadets marching at double time, to or from
+dress parade, out on the grassy plain is a beautiful sight, especially
+when white pants are worn, for then the wavy motion of the handsome
+uniforms with the black shoes alternating against the white pants and
+the green grass once seen is a sight never forgotten. In the evening the
+cadets, except those in confinement, and their friends could be together
+for an hour or two at the hotel or at some of the officers’ quarters,
+provided, of course, that the cadets had “permits.” Not to speak of a
+handsome display of fireworks on one evening and the graduating hop on
+another. During all these festivities, which lasted about three weeks,
+the cadets and candidates were undergoing rigid examinations,[42] and
+at which many failed. Lists of the successful ones were announced, the
+graduates and furloughmen left and the others went into camp. Some of the
+“found” were turned back to join the next class, while the others were
+discharged.
+
+On the morning after we had fired the gun in the area Colonel Black sent
+for me, showed me one of my own slippers and told me that it had been
+picked up that morning on the walk in front of the barracks, and as it
+had my name in it he wanted me to explain how the slipper got out of my
+room. I told him that I didn’t know, as the last time I had worn or seen
+it was on the previous evening before taps. He did not ask me if I had
+taken part in the “disgraceful” affair. All of his questioning could get
+nothing more out of me, because I told the truth. I afterwards learned
+how the slipper did get out on the walk. When D Company vacated its
+quarters for the new class C⸺y came over to room with L⸺t and me, and
+unbeknown to me he had worn my slippers, and as he was one of the two
+cadets chased by the engineer sentinels he lost it, and then for fear
+that he and I might both be caught he did not mention the fact to me
+until after my return from the Commandant’s office.
+
+Three of my class were turned out over new cadets, and others of the
+class detailed to help drill them, and when the new list of corporals was
+published I had the pleasure of writing home that I was one of the few
+yearlings to wear chevrons.
+
+After the publication of the new lists of class standing I called upon
+one of the unfortunates to express regret that he had not passed. He
+seemed to be very indifferent about having been found, and said that,
+after a long search on his “family tree,” he had on that day made the
+fortunate discovery that he was the nineteenth cousin of Queen Victoria!
+
+While in confinement Casey wrote a song commemorating the firing of the
+gun in the area, and the song was very popular in my day. The following
+is my version of it:
+
+WHO FIRED THAT GUN IN THE AREA?
+
+    In eighteen hundred and ⸺ ⸺ ⸺
+    Some plebes went out on the plain so free,
+    Played the mischief generally,
+        And fired the gun in the area.
+
+    They locked them up in the old guard-house,
+    And bade them be as still as a mouse;
+    They whooped and yelled and kicked about,
+        And fired the gun in the area.
+
+    They made them at the attention stand,
+    With rifles held all tight in the hand,
+    But no one “peached” on any man
+        Who fired the gun in the area.
+
+    Then Gussie M. said: “Oh, don’t you see
+    There’s no use of your fooling with me?
+    I’ll make you stand till ‘Reveille’
+        For firing gun in the area.
+
+    “And if you rascals don’t all be still,
+    Of punishment you shall have your fill—
+    I’ll take you on the plain to drill
+        For firing gun in the area.”
+
+    He marched them round at the double time—
+    Egad! that drill it was very fine;
+    From everything they took the shine,
+        And fired the gun in the area.
+
+    This man he got into such a state
+    That ev’ry plebe he wanted to ate,
+    And said they were insubord’nate,
+        And fired the gun in the area.
+
+    Then Harry B. just raves and hollers,
+    “Leave them alone, the bad young bothers;
+    Confine them till further orders,
+        For firing gun in the area.”
+
+    Yearlings the plebes all became that day,
+    And paid the price for being so gay
+    After midnight the last of May,
+        For firing gun in the area.
+
+    NOTE 1. Now only those cadets are examined whose average
+    marks fall below a certain figure, which may be different for
+    different subjects. For changes and improvements see Chapter
+    IX, the articles by Colonels Tillman and Larned.
+
+    NOTE 2. A change has been made since the text was written so
+    that the white collar is not buttoned to the shirt, but is
+    fastened to the inside of the collar of the coat by means of
+    three metal clasps.
+
+    NOTE 3. Such a thing as stealing is rare among the cadets.
+
+    NOTE 4. Sentinels are now posted from shortly after the return
+    of the battalion from supper until 9:30 p. m. only.
+
+    NOTE 5. The Dutch woman left the post in 1875, and the
+    confectionery or store is now in a brick building about 200
+    yards north of the brick cottage she occupied.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration: CAMP GEO. H. THOMAS.
+
+The Pleasure of your company is requested at the hops to be given by the
+Corps of Cadets every Monday Wednesday and Friday evening during the
+encampment.
+
+_Managers._
+
+    FRED D. GRANT
+    ANDREW H. RUSSELL
+    WALTER S. WYATT
+    EDWARD W. CASEY
+    HENRY C. LA POINT
+    JAMES R. WASSON
+    THOS S. MUMFORD
+    REID T. STEWART
+    QUINCY O. GILLMORE
+    WILLIAM T. RUSSELL
+    J. BURKE HICKEY
+    T. M. WOODRUFF
+    CORBIN DAVENPORT
+    LOUIS A. CRAIG
+    WILLIAM H. COFFIN
+
+West Point N. Y.
+
+22d June, 1870.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+THE YEARLING.
+
+
+When we marched into camp again at the old site, which was this year
+named “Camp Geo. H. Thomas,” the yearlings were perfectly happy. We
+enjoyed the society of the plebes for awhile, but soon tired of that.
+We had been under such a strain during the previous year that we needed
+a rest, and we had it, too, as there was not much required of us for
+the first month. We seemed to need sleep, and we slept in the morning,
+again in the afternoon and all night, too. After we were rested we
+loitered under the trees near the guard tents during guard-mounts and
+band practice and mingled among the numerous summer visitors at the
+Point; to get acquainted was not difficult, as some of the visitors had
+relatives or friends in the corps, and, moreover, people get acquainted
+easier at a resort or a dance than almost anywhere else. Some of the
+yearlings never missed a hop, and there were three of them a week, from 8
+to 11 p. m. Others of us who were not proficient in the art took dancing
+lessons occasionally, but generally found our pleasure in boating and in
+being with the ladies, or with one another, listening to the music; in
+promenading on “Flirtation Walk,” or calling at the hotel. We idled away
+the whole summer, and it did us good, for, when we returned to barracks,
+we were ready for study again. I don’t want to be understood that we had
+nothing to do during camp, because many hours were spent at drill, at
+inspections and on guard, just enough to keep us active and healthy.
+
+On pleasant days when not on duty we often strolled on “Flirtation Walk,”
+that beautiful path winding through the trees and rocks between the camp
+site and the river to watch passing steamers or to see the objects of
+interest along this walk. There are some links of a huge chain on “Trophy
+Point” between Professor’s Row and the hotel that was floated on logs
+across the Hudson during the Revolutionary War from Gee’s Point at the
+big bend of the river to Constitution Island[43] near the village of Cold
+Springs on the east side of the Hudson. We used to examine the place near
+the lighthouse on Gee’s Point, where one end of this chain was fastened
+and wonder what effect such an obstruction would be to the gunboats of
+to-day. At other times we would linger about Kosciuszco’s Monument, a
+little south of Gee’s Point, and quench our thirst at the same spring
+that this noble Pole drank from more than a century ago when he built
+Fort Clinton—that is, nearby on the plain—while at the same time General
+Putnam constructed the numerous other fortifications on the neighboring
+hills. Then we would visit Battery Knox, near Kosciuszco’s garden, to
+see the beautiful view down the Hudson that this work commands, or go to
+see still another handsome view up the Hudson from Trophy Point or Siege
+Battery at the north, or rather the west end of Flirtation Walk. Battery
+Knox, and Seacoast, Siege and Mortar batteries are of comparative recent
+origin and were built by the cadets. There are many monuments, aside
+from those in the little cemetery, that have been erected at salient
+points about the grounds to heroes who freely sacrificed their lives in
+the cause of freedom. Some of those brave men shed their blood to give
+birth to our republic, others to wrest territory from the Indians or from
+Mexico, and still others that our Union might live. Then there are cannon
+and other relics of war on Trophy Point and in the “museum” that are
+silent teachers for all who see them. The very air about this historic
+spot teaches love of country, and the cadets absorb much valuable
+information that is not taught in the section room.
+
+Cadets who were popular with the ladies often used to pin the “spooney
+buttons” on their coats, and when a cadet gave his spooney button to a
+young lady this act was equivalent to saying that she was the favored one.
+
+    “The ladies—may Heaven bless their faces!
+      They come here in summer sweet,
+    Each being loaded with graces,
+      And all have cadets at their feet.”
+
+Lieutenant K⸺g was a popular tactical officer and quite a ladies’ man.
+He liked music, and at band practice he often requested the leader to
+play “Shoo Fly,” and so often that the cadets noticed it, and called him
+“Shoo Fly,” not to his face, of course, but among ourselves. Clara G⸺e,
+a little six-year-old girl, was a frequent visitor at camp, and she was
+a great admirer of Cadet W⸺e. One day he was officer of the guard and
+I was corporal of the guard. During dress parade my post was near the
+first guard tent facing the battalion, and it was my duty to see that
+visitors kept back of a certain line. Little Clara was out to see the
+dress parade, and, as Cadet W⸺e was at the guard tents, she was near him.
+W⸺e called me, and then told little Clara just when and where to go and
+what to say. There were many visitors present that evening. I took my
+post, and in a few minutes Lieutenant K⸺g stepped a dozen or so yards in
+front of me and of the line of visitors preparatory to taking post as
+officer in charge of the parade. Just then little Clara ran out in front
+of the visitors’ line, and in a loud voice called: “Lieutenant K⸺g! Oh,
+Lieutenant K⸺g!” which, of course, attracted everybody’s attention, and
+then she said, “What do they all call you ‘Shoo Fly’ for?”
+
+One day four young ladies came to camp, and four of us yearlings met them
+under the trees at the guard tents. The ladies wanted us to take them out
+boating, and as they knew cadets had no way of providing refreshments,
+they themselves had brought baskets of cake and fruit. Knowing that our
+quartette could be absent from camp for several hours we picked up the
+baskets and started. Attached to our boathouse[44] there was an inclined
+and also a floating dock, all fastened together, so that the two docks
+would rise and fall with the water in the river. The floating dock had
+been covered with water so often that it was quite slippery, and we
+cautioned the young ladies about it. While we were carrying our boat from
+its place in the boathouse one of the young ladies ran down the inclined
+dock, and the moment she stepped upon the floating dock she slipped and
+sat down in a half inch of water. Her sister (for there were two sisters
+in the party) ran to her rescue, and she, too, sat down in the water.
+We knew nothing of the mishaps until the sisters were just getting upon
+their feet; then we suggested another day for the trip, but they said
+no, as everything was ready now we must go. All got in the boat and off
+we went. We rowed across the river under the bridge and landed (off
+limits) in the woods on the east side of the Hudson. The ladies said
+that they would prepare lunch, so the yearlings left them to themselves
+for a while. Upon our return a dainty lunch was spread upon the grass,
+and we all fell to with a relish, and then started upon our return to
+the camp. We observed that the ladies insisted upon carrying the baskets
+and to hold on to them while in the boat; this, of course, excited our
+suspicions, and we found out that the baskets contained the sisters’
+laundry.
+
+It was the rule for a corporal to march the sick of his company to the
+hospital at sick-call at 6:30 a. m., and as there were not many sick the
+custom sprang up in the corps for one corporal to take the sick-report
+books of all four companies to the hospital when there were no sick. So
+one morning near the close of Yearling Camp, when there were no sick in
+my company to go to the hospital, a corporal of another company took my
+sick-report book, and as luck would have it I was reported for “Neglect
+of duty, not taking sick-report book to the hospital,” and for this I
+was reduced to ranks, but soon afterwards I was appointed a “marker”
+for battalion drill, a very pleasant duty. The summer soon passed, the
+furlough class returned, we struck tents and our yearling camp was over.
+
+Back to barracks we went, donned our gray pants, drew text books,[45]
+posted our hours of recitation and began the school work for another year.
+
+Cavalry drill is a part of the course in each of the last three years,
+and the yearlings always hailed the day when they could begin cavalry
+drill, and at last the time came for us. The class was divided into two
+platoons, and a platoon at a time sent to the Riding Hall.[46] When my
+platoon marched into the hall we were all disappointed, for, instead
+of finding our horses ready saddled, they were not saddled at all. We
+were marched in front of the line of horses, which were being held by
+cavalry soldiers, the yearling on the right of the line was instructed to
+take the first horse, the next yearling to take the next horse, and so
+on to the left. The horses were bridled and had blankets on them, held
+in place by surcingles. Captain B⸺s explained to us how to mount, and
+then ordered us to mount. Some of us had no trouble in mounting, but it
+was very amusing to see others who had never been on a horse; it took
+them a long time to get on, notwithstanding the drill we had had in the
+gymnasium.[47] It was found that a real horse was different from a wooden
+horse. After all were mounted the position of the soldier, mounted, was
+explained to us, and our faults corrected. We were then dismounted, then
+mounted again. So much time was taken up in explaining details and in
+mounting and dismounting and correcting errors that the whole hour passed
+in that way. The next day we did get to ride, but for only a few minutes,
+and at a walk then. As the days came we rode longer each time, but always
+at a walk for weeks. Then came the slow trot, and it was fun to see some
+of the yearlings fall off, but as we had been so well drilled in mounting
+they were soon on again. That first day at the slow trot we all got very
+sore. Many of the horses were hard trotters, and many a yearling had
+chafed legs. I remember seeing several of my class who suffered a great
+deal, so much that for a time the blood ran down on their shoes. We were
+taught to saddle and unsaddle, to fold the saddle blanket, to bridle and
+unbridle, to ride with saddles, first at a walk, then a trot and then
+at a gallop. We were then taught to ride with a sabre and then given
+sabre exercises, and then the use of the pistol, then without saddles to
+mount and dismount, first at a walk, then at a trot, then at a gallop
+and then at the full speed of the horse; then to jump hurdles, then to
+jump a hurdle, dismount, mount and jump another hurdle, the horse going
+at full speed; then to use the sabre, cutting at leather balls, called
+heads, one on a post, one on the ground and another on a post; then to
+jump a hurdle and with the sabre to catch a ring at the same time from a
+string suspended near the hurdle, then to cut a head on the ground, then
+one on a post and then to jump another hurdle, catch another ring and
+take another head. We were also taught the various platoon movements, and
+occasionally on pleasant days we were taken out for long rides into the
+country.
+
+Visitors at the Point often wanted to see how the cadets lived, and
+when they went about it right, i. e., made the acquaintance of certain
+tactical officers, their requests were sometimes granted. Lieutenant K⸺g
+came to my room one morning after he had made his regular inspection and
+said that he had wanted to bring some visiting ladies and gentlemen over
+to see my room, but from the looks of things he thought it inadvisable. I
+replied that all would be in order in a few minutes, and when ready I’d
+go to the hall door, where he could see me. To this he assented. My room
+at that particular time was in bad order. O’C⸺r and I had our guns apart
+and cleaning materials and rags scattered about the floor, and worse, two
+of our classmates who lived across the hall from us brought their chairs
+to our room, and we four were playing whist, but Lieutenant K⸺g was good
+enough not to notice our visitors or cards, and he did not report us. In
+a few minutes all was in order, and I went to the hall door as a signal.
+In a few minutes more Lieutenant K⸺g arrived with, the visitors; they
+wanted to see our guns, but fearing criticism he made an excuse that they
+were all alike. O’C⸺r and I at once got our rifles and the Lieutenant was
+amazed to see them in fine condition. Afterwards he told us that he did
+not know how we put things in shape in such a short time.
+
+One pleasant Saturday afternoon a party of young ladies arrived with
+baskets of refreshments to meet a party of yearlings for a trip to “Cro’
+Nest.” As I was the only one of the yearlings not “on punishment” or “in
+confinement” I met the young ladies, explained the situation and said
+that the trip would have to be postponed. They replied that as two of
+the young ladies were to leave for New York on Monday next they were
+determined to go to Cro’ Nest at once, and that if I would not go that
+the ladies would go alone. Seeing that they were determined to go I went
+with them. We climbed to the top of the mountain and had a good view, as
+Cro’ Nest is near the top of the highest peak around. The mountain is
+covered with timber, and after leaving the top it was hard to tell just
+where we would find our way down. Unfortunately, we reached the foot of
+the mountain at a point on the Hudson where the bank was about vertical,
+and so high that we had to climb more than half way up again to get down
+on the other side of that ridge. This consumed so much time that when we
+reached the Dutchwoman’s it was after 10 o’clock at night. Alfred, the
+Dutchwoman’s son, was there, and we sent him for Lieutenant K⸺g to take
+the young ladies to Cold Springs, where some of them lived and the others
+were visiting. Cold Springs was off cadet limits, hence I could not risk
+going there, when I knew I had been reported absent from dress parade
+and from quarters, so I bade the young ladies adieu and reported with as
+little delay as possible to the cadet officer of the day, who had made
+search for me and was about to send a detail to hunt for me. Immediately
+after breakfast the next morning I went to the Dutchwoman’s, saw Alfred
+and learned that he had found Lieutenant K⸺g in ample time to catch the
+last ferryboat at 11 p. m., but that the Lieutenant waited to finish
+a game of billiards he was playing at the officers’ mess,[48] and he
+arrived with the ladies at the North Landing just in time to see the last
+ferryboat beyond call. The party then went to the Engineer Barracks,
+a half mile or more distant, got a large engineer boat, and Lieutenant
+K⸺g himself rowed the young ladies across the Hudson to Cold Springs,
+and did not return until after reveille the following Sunday morning. I
+hastened back to my quarters and worked hard on my gun in preparing my
+room for inspection (for I was room orderly that week), for I felt that
+the Lieutenant would be especially careful with me at inspection, and so
+he was, but he could find nothing to report me for. After inspecting my
+room he said, “Mr. R⸺d, you had quite an adventure yesterday?” I replied,
+“Yes, sir.” He then asked: “Did the young ladies get home safely?” and I
+answered, “You ought to know more about that than I do, sir.” He left the
+room, banged the door and accepted my explanation for my absence the day
+before.
+
+Before we could realize it Thanksgiving came and went, Christmas and the
+boxes of sweetmeats arrived, and as no Christmas leaves were granted this
+year we took a greater interest than usual in an entertainment that came
+off in the Mess Hall on New Year’s Eve.
+
+The January examinations came again, and as is always the case there were
+many failures, among them being my tall young friend from Tennessee.
+After changing our hours of recitation the steady grind went on as usual.
+
+About 1 o’clock in the morning of the 5th of February “long roll”
+sounded, and, of course, this meant for everybody to turn out promptly.
+In a few minutes after the call sounded the cadet companies formed in
+the area, and in a few minutes more those in the fire department had
+our little hand engine out and at work, for the cadet barracks were on
+fire. Tony R⸺r held the nozzle and directed the stream on the roof of
+the “Fourth Division,” where the flames were the thickest. The bucket
+brigade was also soon at work. Some of the plebes in the cock-loft of
+the Fourth Division did not awake until after their rooms were filled
+with smoke, and when roll was called they were discovered absent, and
+formed lines taking hold of hands and went into their rooms that were
+filled with smoke and brought them out. We worked until after daylight
+the next morning. Engineer and cavalry soldiers soon arrived to help
+us, but much damage was done before the fire was put out. Most of the
+roof was destroyed and great damage done to the “Dialectic Society Room”
+over the Sally Port and to the cock-loft rooms of the Fourth Division.
+No one was injured, but some of the cadets lost everything except their
+nightclothes, which they had escaped in. The unfortunate ones found
+accommodations by doubling-up with their classmates. Recitations begun at
+8 a. m. that day as though nothing had happened, and in a few weeks the
+damage to the building was repaired, and a little later Congress, which
+was then in session, made good all losses.
+
+                             PROGRAMME
+
+                              OF THE
+
+                    Entertainment Given by the
+                      U. S. Corps of Cadets,
+
+                       NEW YEAR’S EVE., 1870
+                            WEST POINT.
+
+    Overture                                               Orchestra
+
+                              PART I.
+
+                            Handy Andy.
+
+                       (Ye Gladsome Farce.)
+
+    Handy Andy                                       Cadet Shortelle
+
+    Squire Egan                                     Cadet A. E. Wood
+
+    Dick Dawson                                         Cadet Rogers
+
+    Mr. Murphy                                           Cadet Casey
+
+    Squire O’Grady                                     Cadet Goddard
+
+    Mr. Furlong                                        Cadet Mumford
+
+    Edward O’Conner                                     Cadet Hickey
+
+    Simon                                                Cadet Guard
+
+    First Ruffian                                      Cadet “Doyle”
+
+    Second Ruffian                                  Cadet “McGinnis”
+
+    Oonah Rooney                                        Cadet Birney
+
+    Mad Nance                                         Cadet Townsend
+
+    Fanny Dawson                                        Cadet Rowell
+
+       Peasants, Strangers, Citizens, Etc., by the Company.
+
+    Music                                                  Orchestra
+
+                             PART II.
+
+               Ye Soul-Stirring Tragedy of Macbeth.
+
+    Macbeth—Ye vengeful slayer of his King; who is knawed by grim
+      remorse.
+
+    Macduff—Ye valiant general; ye loyal nobleman.
+
+    Duncan—King of Scotland.
+
+    Lady Macbeth—Who nightly walketh in her sleep.
+
+    Seyton—Ye officer of Horse Marines, attendant upon Macbeth.
+
+    Guitar Duet                          Cadets Evans and Harrington
+
+                            “Camille.”
+
+                            A Tragedy.
+
+    Camille                                              Cadet Casey
+
+                      (Tries to wheeden it.)
+
+    Armand Duvall                                      Cadet Goddard
+
+                (The histrionic vender of peanuts.)
+
+    Music                                                  Orchestra
+
+                             PART III.
+
+     Dion Bourcicault’s “Speelshakes” Unparalleled Combination
+               Overstrung Electro-Plated Tragedy of
+
+             Les Immortelles de la Classe Von-Bonaute.
+
+    As exhibited on the European plan by the world-renowned Pere
+    Hyacinthe Troupe at Covent Garden, New Jersey, for over one
+    consecutive night, during the rainy season, to an overflowing
+    house, and afterwards successfully brought out by the Sheriff
+    and Posse Troupe at the Tombs, New York, to a well-secured
+    audience.
+
+                            CHARACTERS.
+
+                    (Don’t cut this part off.)
+
+    Cadet Shrimp, Plan and Section Marcher.
+
+    Cadet McDoyle                                          Vesskoldt
+
+    Cadet Ginness                                    Narywacks U. C.
+
+    Cadet Bewkellit                                     Wheet, N. R.
+
+    Cadet Cutit                                              Tanbark
+
+    Cadet Merritt, D.
+
+    Recites at No. 1.5 Cockloft, Cavalry Stables, or in the area of
+    Barracks on Saturday, alternating daily as the Professor may
+    feel like it, with Courts-Martial from 2 P. M. until Police
+    Inspection.
+
+    Music                                                  Orchestra
+
+                                PART IV.
+
+                      Minstrels, by the Cadet Band.
+
+                                   1.
+
+    Overture (Ernani)                                     Cadet Band
+
+    Beautiful Bells                                  Solo and Chorus
+
+    Polka (La tarde del Sabado)                           Cadet Band
+
+    Kaiser, Don’t You Want to Buy a Dog?                     Company
+
+    Riding Hall Galop                                     Cadet Band
+
+    Mary Aileen                                      Solo and Chorus
+
+    Music                                                  Orchestra
+
+                                   2.
+
+    Maltese Boat Song                                      Quartette
+
+    Galop (Dgagdfnp)                                      Cadet Band
+
+    Now I Lay Me Down to Sleep                       Solo and Chorus
+
+    Flirtation Waltz                                      Cadet Band
+
+    Die Wacht am Rhein                                       Company
+
+    Jim Jam Chorus                                           Company
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    ARTICLES OF WAR.
+
+    ARTICLE I.—The managers wish it to be distinctly understood
+    that they have original jurisdiction over all cases of loud and
+    unseemly noise, shouting and crying out “Supe,” “Boots,” “Carry
+    him out” and the like; and appellate jurisdiction over all
+    violations of these Articles of Confederation, including the
+    use of peanuts, taffy, pop-corn or other raging strong drink.
+
+    ART. II.—In case of fire, to prevent unnecessary disturbance,
+    the audience will be formed in two ranks endwise, the right
+    wing resting on the Chapel steps, the left on the Declaration
+    of Independence, bayonets fixed and trimmings to be worn on the
+    outside of the mess hall. Should the danger be imminent a small
+    detail, made by the Superintendent on recommendation of the
+    academic board, will be allowed to visit the trunk rooms for
+    the purpose of obtaining their white pants.
+
+    AMENDMENT XIV.—Should any one of the audience feel hungry
+    during the performance he will make out a statement of the
+    fact, showing the color of his eyes and hair, when and where
+    he was born, when and where enlisted, how long since he ate
+    anything, and why he did not then eat enough to last. He will
+    submit it to the Commandant of Cadets, who will, if convenient,
+    forward it to the Superintendent. He will forward it to the
+    Secretary of War, who will refer it to the Third Auditor of the
+    Treasury to ascertain how much of the necessary appropriation
+    remains unexpended. It will then be exposed to Brand’s sulphate
+    of soda test to ascertain the effect of frost, after which it
+    will be covered with several layers of beton, well rammed.
+    At the end of ten hundred years, if it still yields to the
+    pressure of the finger and remains soluble in hot rum toddy,
+    the application will be disapproved. The applicant will
+    meanwhile receive napkins, cane-bottomed chairs and plated
+    castors to whet his appetite.
+
+    PREAMBLE.—Should any member of the academic staff be so
+    overcome by the refining nature of the performance as to feel a
+    desire to sign the temperance pledge, he will find one in the
+    cupboard of a little room in rear of the dining room of the
+    officers’ mess.
+
+When a cadet expected to “cut a meal,” that is, not go to the Mess Hall
+for it, or when he wanted a lunch between meals, he would butter a
+breakfast roll or two pieces of bread, fold the lunch in his handkerchief
+and put it in the breast of his coat, and then throw his shoulders
+forward to hide it, so as not to be reported for carrying food from the
+Mess Hall. In winter I often carried a roll to my room and put it on the
+steam coil under the marble slab. The heat melted the butter and made a
+luscious evening lunch. Whenever a cadet had not provided a lunch for
+himself and he wished to attend a “fight” at Fort Clinton a classmate
+would bring him something from the Mess Hall.
+
+Once in a while some of the cadets would try their hands at cooking;
+they would get such articles of food from the Mess Hall as they could
+conceal about their clothes and other articles from the Dutch Woman’s,
+and after taps put a blanket up to cover the window, attach one end of a
+rubber tube to the gas jet and the other to a burner under a pot or pan,
+using candles for light. About the time the dainty dish, called “hash,”
+was ready the invited guests would arrive, and then such a feast. Once
+in a while an unexpected visitor in the form of a tactical officer would
+happen around, and then such scampering; the unlucky ones always paying
+dearly for the fun by walking “extras” on Saturday afternoons. There were
+two of my classmates who lived together, and one of them was a famous
+cook, but they were both “found” in January, and the one who was not the
+cook told me that he himself would not have been found had he not had a
+cook for a room-mate.
+
+The paraphrase, by T⸺n of the class of 18—, gives a good account of “a
+cadet hash” and the results following it:
+
+A CADET HASH—(With Apologies to “The Raven.”)
+
+    Once upon a morning dreary,
+    Whilst I pondered sad and weary,
+    Over the remains of cooking
+    And the grease upon the floor,
+    Suddenly there came a tapping,
+    As of Kent or Piper rapping,
+    Rapping at my chamber door;
+    Only this and nothing more.
+
+    What I said I will not mention
+    When I heard the “stand attention”
+    Coming from my chamber door.
+    Up I jumped nor word did utter,
+    As with many a snuff and splutter,
+    Came the giant form of Henry
+    Gazing at my greasy floor;
+    Only this and nothing more.
+
+    And behind him came a creature,
+    Human as to form and feature,
+    Whom I recognized as Jakey,
+    Gazing, too, upon my floor.
+    When I heard this creature vicious
+    Putting on a smile malicious,
+    Mutter, “You’ve been having cooking,
+    That is what has greased your floor.”
+    Only this and nothing more.
+
+    “Yes,” said Henry, “I can smell it,
+    ’Tis so plain that one can tell it,
+    Tell the odor of the cooking,
+    And the grease upon the floor.”
+    Thus his spirit burned within him,
+    And he said to Jacob, “Skin him,
+    Skin him for the smell of cooking
+    And for grease upon the floor.”
+    “Yes,” said Jakey, and something more.
+
+    Then he said, with look aggressive,
+    And with twist of head expressive,
+    “Put him on as orderly.
+    Orderly for one week more!”
+    “Yes,” said Jacob, “I will do it;
+    This young man shall surely rue it,
+    Rue the night that he had cooking,
+    Rue the time he greased his floor,
+    He shall serve for one week more.”
+
+    Then they left me in my sadness,
+    Musing o’er the deed of madness,
+    Thinking of the smell of cooking
+    And of grease upon my floor.
+    All that night was turned to mourning,
+    Visions stern of “extras” dawning,
+    On my tearful, blinded vision,
+    Caused me pain evermore.
+    This is all—there’s nothing more.
+
+Among the plebes reporting last June there was a colored youth, and he
+was the first colored appointee. He passed the preliminary examinations
+and was duly admitted. Without any concert of action we each and every
+one let the colored plebe alone. We never spoke to him except officially.
+He had a tent or a room all by himself, and he never had cause to
+complain of being deviled. However, one day he did complain, and said he
+had been tied and had had his ears cut; a great cry was raised against
+the hazing at West Point. The case was investigated, but he had no
+charges to make against any particular person, and as his injuries were
+of a certain kind the cadets were of the opinion that he had inflicted
+them upon himself. The army surgeons gave it as their opinion that any
+one could tie and injure himself as this colored youth had been tied and
+injured. This lad was neither black nor was he a mulatto; his face and
+hands were light, with dark spots on them, and these spots were darker
+on some occasions than others, which caused us to watch him closely. We
+discovered that just before a rain the spots in his cheeks were darker
+than at any other time, so we spoke of him as the “Walking Barometer.”
+Like many a better man, he was found deficient in a year or two and
+discharged. Had he been a white man I do not believe that he would ever
+have been admitted to West Point, because, as cadets, we thought him very
+dull and stupid.
+
+There were some young ladies living at Cold Springs, who often visited
+the Point, and they repeatedly invited certain of the cadets to call
+on them some evening after “Taps.” Upon promise of a good supper and
+music some of us agreed to “run it” over there on the next Saturday
+night, provided, of course, that the tactical officers made their night
+inspections in time for us to catch the last ferryboat at 11 p. m. It
+so happened that the tactical officers all made early inspections on
+a particular Saturday night, and soon after they had gone we went to
+the rooms of certain candidates, who had not gotten their uniforms and
+whose suits of civilian clothes we decided to wear, unbeknown to them,
+of course. We found them asleep, took off our cadet gray and donned the
+candidates’ citizen clothes. By “hustling” we were just in time for
+the ferry, but as we were going down hill past the Seacoast Battery we
+met Professor C⸺h and some other officers, who had just arrived on the
+ferry, and as luck went L⸺n, from force of habit, saluted the officers.
+Our courage almost failed us then, but on we went. After reaching the
+boat landing we hesitated about crossing the Hudson for fear that, after
+having been seen, another inspection of quarters would be made that
+night, and if it were made we were sure of being reported absent, and
+this meant, as we could not make explanation that we were on cadet limits
+at the time, that we would have to stand “trial by court-martial,” and
+if any witnesses were found to prove us off limits we were certain to
+be dismissed. Notwithstanding all this, we went, and reached the house
+where all the young ladies had agreed to be at about midnight. We were
+not expected, but the young ladies were up and said that they did not
+dream of our taking the chances we did of being dismissed. As we were
+not expected, there was no supper for us. One of the ladies played the
+piano for a little while, and then quit because it was Sunday morning.
+Seeing that our trip was a disappointment we left the house and started
+on our return to barracks. The boatman was not where he told us to call
+for him, and we did not find him till about 4 a. m. In the meantime we
+became thoroughly chilled, and we ran across several men who might become
+witnesses, thus increasing our chances of being caught. Again it was fast
+approaching reveille, we would be absent from roll call, and what would
+the candidates whose clothes we had on do? Then there were our clothes
+with our names in them in the candidates’ rooms to be used as evidence
+against us. Oh, what a pleasant time we had that night! At last we landed
+at the same dock that I had first landed at, but I was not then in a
+humor to appreciate the scenery. We agreed after we changed clothes again
+with the candidates and had gone to our own rooms to see whether or not
+we had been “hived absent” to meet at the sink. It was not long till we
+met there and found that we had not been caught absent, and that the
+candidates never knew we wore their clothes.
+
+We now began to talk of furlough, and as the time drew near we became
+the more anxious to see home folks again. Tailors visited the Point with
+samples of summer suitings, and the Commissary tailor also had samples to
+show. At last each yearling ordered the clothes he wanted to wear when he
+went on furlough as a swell second classman, and when the citizen suits
+were ready those who ordered at the Commissary could try them on, while
+the others had to wait for theirs until after the 1st of June. During the
+spring months we held several class meetings to decide upon a furlough
+cane, and at last we agreed upon one. It was a small malaca stick with an
+L-shaped ivory head, having the last two figures of the year we expected
+to graduate in cut into the free end of the L. Our folks when they saw us
+with the little canes called us dudes, and they were about right, too,
+but that was many years ago, when we were young and charming.
+
+A FURLOUGH DREAM.[49]
+
+Air:—Benny Havens, Oh!
+
+    A few more days and June will come,
+      And with her rosy hand
+    Will open wide the gate that leads
+      Unto the promised land,
+    Where dwells the “Cit” in happy ease,
+      Without the least regard,
+    While he doth have the entire earth
+      Enclosed in his front yard.
+
+    He has no fear of any “Tac”
+      When he off limits strays,
+    No reveille disturbs his ear.
+      Oh, joyful are his days;
+    He has no fear of Mathy probs,
+      Or French to masticate;
+    No Spanish grip with outstretched arms
+      Awaits to seal his fate.
+
+    He has no bony nag to ride
+      In Grant’s or Custer’s style,
+    No other animals to fight
+      That wear a goaty smile;
+    And as the summer days roll by
+      The wily hammock holds
+    This happy, lazy, lounging “Cit”
+      Within its sleepy folds.
+
+    Oh, haste the day when we shall share
+      In life’s sweet joys again;
+    No hearts on earth will lighter beat
+      Than those of furloughmen.
+    ’Twill all seem like a happy dream,
+      But, oh! how short and sweet,
+    This oasis in our four years,
+      When friends long parted meet.
+
+    And then once more we will return
+      To West Point battle ground,
+    To fight again for two years more,
+      That is, if we’re not “found;”
+    So furloughmen just brace yourselves,
+      And keep hopes’ fire ablaze,
+    For we, too, shall be jolly “Cits”
+      In just a few more days.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration: CAMP BELKNAP.
+
+The Pleasure of your company is requested at the hops to be given by the
+Corps of Cadets every Monday Wednesday and Friday evening during the
+encampment
+
+_MANAGERS._
+
+    STANHOPE E BLUNT
+    THOMAS C WOODBURY
+    J W WILKINSON
+    J LEW WILSON
+    ALFRED REYNOLDS
+    GEO T T PATTERSON
+    ADDIS M HENRY
+    HARRY C WYCANT
+    CHARLES W ROWELL
+    EDMUND K WEBSTER
+    HENRY R LEMLY
+    HARRY H LANDON
+    LEVEN C ALLEN
+    C E SCOTT WOOD
+    WM L GEARY
+
+West Point
+
+21st June 1871.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+THE FURLOUGHMAN.
+
+
+Another June rolled around, the Board of Visitors arrived, the customary
+salute was fired and the alumni meeting held. The examinations were
+completed, another class was graduated and a new one admitted to the
+corps. As usual, at the annual examinations some of the “found” were
+turned back to join the next class, while the other unfortunates left the
+Point to return no more as cadets. The fortunate graduates and the happy
+furloughmen, after drawing the “balances due” from the Treasurer of the
+Academy, donned their “cit” clothes and went on furlough; the graduates
+to assume the duties of Second Lieutenants in the army at the expiration
+of their “graduating leave” on the 30th of the following September, and
+the second classmen to return to the Point at the expiration of their
+“furlough” on the 28th of August. The amounts due varied according to
+the economy practiced by the cadets. Some had nothing due, while others
+received as much as two hundred dollars in addition to the “equipment
+fund.” Four dollars per month is retained from the pay of each cadet as
+his “equipment fund,” and it is given to him when he graduates or leaves
+the Academy never to return as a cadet.
+
+Mine was the furlough class this year, and when I reached home my mother
+made me open my trunk in the back yard, and she herself was present to
+see that I shook and aired everything I had, for the reason, she said,
+that, as there were no women to keep things clean about our barracks, she
+was sure that we had bedbugs there.
+
+I had not been at home long when an old Quaker called on me and said:
+“H⸺, I have been waiting for thee to come home. During the war I noticed
+that soldiers always stepped off with the left foot first, and now that
+thee has been to the Government’s Military School for two years, thee
+probably knows why.” I had to confess my ignorance on the subject then,
+and I must confess it now.
+
+One day I received an invitation to visit a battalion of State Militia in
+camp, and I was requested to take my uniform. I accepted the invitation,
+and wore it in camp. I was able to and did give instruction in many
+points of the tactics, which at that time were new to the militia, and at
+the same time I learned much at this camp that was new and useful to me.
+At the request of the commanding officer of the camp I acted as Adjutant
+at parades and guard-mounts. I got along all right after the first dress
+parade, where I took post on the wrong side of the commanding officer
+after having presented arms to him. However, the militia of my state was
+not then as well posted on tactics[50] as it is to-day; my blunder was
+not discovered.
+
+During furlough some of my classmates visited me, and I visited some of
+them, and we had a jolly good time of course, for all college men enjoy
+their vacations. While students of other colleges usually have several
+months’ vacation every year, West Point cadets have but one vacation in
+their four years. With many pleasures and not a care the summer soon
+passed, and as usual most of the furloughmen met in New York to return
+together from there.
+
+A warm welcome awaited us in “Camp Belknap,” that being the name of
+the camp at the Point this year. Mustaches and side whiskers that we
+had grown during the summer all had to come off before we reported our
+return to the Adjutant. We soon shaved, visited the trunk rooms, donned
+our uniforms and reported for duty. After a gay time on the “color line”
+that evening we turned in with the first classmen, who had long been our
+friends, although they were once the yearlings who had deviled us in our
+plebe camp; so quickly is the deviling forgiven and yet never forgotten.
+The next day we “broke camp” and returned to barracks, this time to begin
+on the hardest studies[51] of the four years. It did not take us long to
+get down to hard study and drill again and to become interested once
+more in the few things that afford pleasure to cadets during the Academic
+year.
+
+After arriving at the Point and before reporting the return from
+furlough, it has long been a custom to have a class picture taken upon
+the chapel steps, and when sitting for this picture furloughmen generally
+look as “tough” as possible, as may be seen from the picture of the group
+of furloughmen.
+
+When marching to and from meals, long before I myself became a second
+classman, I observed four members of the then second class who did not
+march with the battalion, but who strolled leisurely to and from the Mess
+Hall. My first thought was that they had been excused by the Post Surgeon
+from marching to and from meals, but upon inquiry I learned that these
+four were “Company Clerks,” and that they were detailed on special duty
+upon the recommendations of the first sergeants. Hence I promptly secured
+the promise of D⸺t that if he obtained the first sergeancy of C Company
+I should be the company clerk. He was made the first sergeant and kept
+his promise to me, and for more than a year I made out the muster rolls
+and guard details of C Company. From that day I have not walked post as a
+sentinel; the first year because I was company clerk, and the next year
+because first classmen do not do guard duty after the plebes begin to
+go on guard. Neither did I march to and from meals any more; the first
+year because I was company clerk and the next because I was one of twelve
+first classmen who, at that time, took their meals at a private house in
+Professor’s Row.
+
+Professor K⸺k was an old bachelor, but he kept open house on Saturday
+afternoons, and it was a great pleasure to him to welcome cadet callers.
+He always treated them to waffles and maple syrup or to something else
+equally as delicious and not found on the Mess Hall bill of fare.
+
+In my day the gas tips in cadet rooms did not give a very good light, so
+some of the cadets bought better tips and when caught using them they
+were of course reported for tampering with public property. G⸺r, of
+my class, had an “Argand burner,” and at first he was very careful to
+take it off for inspection of quarters, but one evening he was caught
+unawares and reported. For this serious offense he was confined to “light
+prison” for several months. Light prisons at that time were rooms in
+the angle of barracks, and they were off limits for cadets not there in
+confinement. The cadet officer of the day carried the prison keys, and
+at certain hours, such as for recitations and drills, he would let out
+the prisoners. G⸺r got so tired of being alone that he removed a panel of
+his prison door and then often went visiting after taps. But he got out
+through the panel once too often, for he was caught and then his prison
+door was barred and his stay in prison lengthened many weeks.
+
+One day when Captain B⸺s had my cavalry platoon out for a long ride in
+the country, just before passing an orchard filled with luscious ripe
+apples, the Captain rode from the head to the rear of the column and said
+to the rear guide: “Mr. H⸺s, don’t let anyone go into that orchard,” and
+then returned to the head of the column. H⸺s saw to it that none of us
+“fell out” of ranks, but he himself treated to apples from that orchard.
+
+Cadets are taught the use of the pencil, pen and brush, the latter in
+water colors only. In this work we painted from models of landscapes,
+figures, ships, etc., and, as may be expected, some cadets were more
+skillful than others. Those near the foot of the class in drawing had
+hard work to keep from being found deficient in it. To get better results
+in water color work the professor occasionally directed a cadet to wash
+out a part of his drawing and begin that part over again. In looking
+at Cadet G⸺e’s work one day, Professor W⸺r directed him to wash out
+the “hull” of the ship he was at work on. After a while the professor
+returned and began to scold, when G⸺e “innocently” said: “Why, professor,
+you told me to wash out the ‘whole’ of it.” The topographical sketch
+of the most interesting part of West Point given on another page is a
+reproduction of a specimen of cadet pen and ink work.
+
+We were kept so busy during this year that the time passed rapidly,
+notwithstanding many privileges that we had enjoyed were taken away
+from us. For instance, this year we were not allowed to go on Christmas
+leave, nor to receive Christmas boxes, nor to give an entertainment on
+New Year’s Eve. The fact is a new superintendent had taken charge of
+affairs and it did not take us long to find it out. Still we soon became
+accustomed to the new order of things and all went well.
+
+As I have said, cadets wore old shoes to reveille, and the accompanying
+verses express the kindly feelings they have for them:
+
+MY OLD REVEILLES.
+
+    You may talk of your gaiters as much as you please,
+    Their beauty, their elegance, comfort and ease;
+      But of all the shoes that e’er shoemaker made,
+      Not a word that is better of them can be said
+    Than Cadets will say and they’ll not say it to please,
+    But for pure, honest love of their old Reveilles.
+
+    Long ages ago, they have seen their best day;
+    Tho’ rusty and holey, I’ll not throw them away,
+      But fondly will cherish tho’ the uppers wear out,
+      And the soles are all ready to sail up the spout,
+    For there’s no shoes in the world possess so much ease
+    For my poor tired feet as my old Reveilles.
+
+    The worldly may scoff and at sight of them sneer,
+    But I’ll cling to them yet for old memories dear;
+      They covered my feet when a Plebe in distress,
+      And into my Yearling year helped me to press;
+    As long as winds whistle and waves roll o’er the seas
+    Will I look with kind glance on my old Reveilles.
+
+    At last when the policeman shall come in some day,
+    And gather the “rimnants” that I’ve thrown away,
+      And bears the old rubbish to the heap down below,
+      Along with the rest in the dust and the snow,
+    You’ll see them there lying, producers of ease
+    Sad, lonely, neglected, my old Reveilles.
+
+    Others and newer may take their old place,
+    And with plenteous blacking shine smiles in my face,
+      My feet will look smaller and better perhaps,
+      But in the sweet slumbers that come after Taps,
+    Foremost and fairest of all visions that please,
+    Will be happy remembrances of my old Reveilles.
+
+    Let them go while a tear drop in memory flows
+    Gently down from my eye-lid and rests on my nose,
+      But little they’ll reck of my sorrow or pain,
+      Nor of my longing to get them again.
+    While over their resting-place cold winds scatter leaves
+    Where they peacefully sleep—Farewell, Reveilles!
+
+Artillery drills come in each year of the four. The first year the drill
+is on foot at the light battery; the next year with horses at the light
+battery; the third year on foot at the siege, mortar and sea-coast
+batteries, and the last year first classmen act as assistants to the
+instructors. Light battery drill with horses is one that all cadets
+thoroughly enjoy. There are six pieces (each with its caisson) in the
+battery, and there is great rivalry between the cadets and drivers at
+each piece, especially in executing some maneuver that ends with firing.
+
+In my day the target for mortar drill was a barrel on a post, placed
+at the foot of Cro’ Nest, 1,000 yards or more from the mortar battery,
+near “Trophy Point.” One day I was “gunner” of a piece and was fortunate
+enough to knock the barrel from its post, a feat rarely accomplished, as
+it is very difficult to strike a small object with a mortar.
+
+One of the guns of the sea-coast battery was a very large one, the
+diameter of the bore being twenty inches. One day at drill at this
+battery, while at “rest,” one of the cadets, who was a little fellow,
+crawled into the bore of this big gun. After getting in a certain
+distance the more he tried to get out the farther in he went, hence he
+had to be pulled out by the heels. The instructor, appreciating the
+situation, threatened to report him for being off limits.
+
+Cadets are taught photography, and on pleasant May days second classmen
+can often be seen with cameras taking views of the different buildings
+and of the many pretty sights about the Point.
+
+One pleasant afternoon in May a classmate and I were walking along
+Professor’s Row, near the north gate, and we saw three pretty young
+ladies, daughters of Professor W⸺r, sitting on their porch, so we stopped
+for a chat. The ladies said that they would play the piano and sing
+for us if we would go in the house. My friend declined the invitation,
+because he was too near found on demerits to risk being caught off cadet
+limits, and we did not have a permit. Up to that time I had had but few
+demerits and had been lucky in never having been caught off limits, so
+I decided to accept the invitation. When there was no officer in sight
+I went in, and passed a merry hour with the young ladies. But when I
+came out an officer saw me, and reported me for being off cadet limits.
+I wrote an explanation, stating where I was at the time, and that was
+all. “Off Limits” is a serious offense, especially in an old cadet,
+and besides receiving five or six demerits, I was given six “extras”
+officially designated as “Saturday afternoon punishments.” This I did not
+relish at all, especially as I had never had any before, but I learned to
+my sorrow what an extra meant, and I had ample time to ponder over the
+gravity of my offense as I paced to and fro, across the area of barracks,
+carrying my rifle “just so,” from 2 p. m. till ten minutes before dress
+parade at sunset. I never till then fully realized the length of the days
+in May and June. When it came time to go to camp again I had walked only
+four of the six extras, and as there are no “extras” in camp, for the
+remaining two I was given two weeks “confinement,” i. e., I had to be
+in my tent all the time for the first two weeks in my first class camp,
+except, of course, when absent from it on duty or by special permission.
+
+Just before this Academic year closed my class selected its quota of
+managers for the coming summer hops, and also all of the managers for
+the hop that my class gave to the graduating class. The invitations and
+programs for these dances were sent to friends, and they began to arrive
+with the Board of Visitors and old graduates who came to attend the
+Alumni meeting and dinner in the bachelor officers’ part of the Mess Hall.
+
+Cullum Memorial Hall is now used for all hops and the alumni meetings are
+usually held in it, and luncheon is served afterwards from the Officers’
+Mess, next door.
+
+[Illustration: TO CLASS OF ’72 FROM ’73.
+
+THE PLEASURE OF YOUR COMPANY IS REQUESTED AT A HOP TO BE GIVEN TO THE
+GRADUATING CLASS on June 14th.
+
+_Managers_
+
+    G. F. HARRISON.
+    E. W. CASEY.
+    E. S. BEACOM.
+    J. E. BLOOM.
+
+West Point, N.Y.]
+
+The new buildings now completed or far enough along to be used are the
+bachelor officers’ quarters, across the road east and a little south of
+old Fort Clinton; Cullum Memorial Hall, a gift accepted by Congress,
+a little further south; the officers’ mess, still further south; the
+Administration Building, across the road east of and facing the cadet
+mess hall; the power plant, a little further east; the cadet hospital,
+a little north of the old one that is now used for married officers’
+quarters; the Academic, on the site of, but much larger than the old
+one; the North Cadet Barracks, in Professors’ Bow, and a little north
+of the old, now called the South Cadet Barracks, to which some years
+ago two divisions were added to the east end of its west wing; a second
+guard house, in rear, i. e., west of the North Cadet Barracks; a Catholic
+church, built, with permission of Congress, by Catholics, on high
+ground some distance west of the old north gate that was removed years
+ago; many married officers’ quarters, some northwesterly of the old
+north gate and some south of the old south gate, that was also removed
+years ago—these quarters are built facing the river in two tiers; the
+artillery and cavalry barracks and stables are upon two sides of a new
+artillery and cavalry plain that adjoins the village of Highland Falls;
+the Observatory, on the Hill, now called Observatory Hill, near old Fort
+Putnam; lastly, the Cadet Chapel, a beautiful cathedral-like building on
+Observatory Hill, crowns the group of handsome buildings. The reservoir
+on the west slope of Observatory Hill has been enlarged and a filter
+plant added to it.
+
+The new gymnasium and riding hall are now well under way. The gymnasium
+is west and a little north of the west wing of the north cadet barracks;
+the roof of the old (and but a few years ago the new) gymnasium has been
+taken to cover the swimming pool part of this large new building. The
+riding hall nearly fills the space between the officers’ mess on the
+north and the power plant on the south; in fact, the riding hall and
+power plant will join, and on the south-east corner of this building
+there will be a tower to correspond with that of the Administration
+Building.
+
+The following buildings will soon be razed to the ground, to-wit: the old
+Cadet Chapel (to be rebuilt in the cadet cemetery); the old, and but a
+few years ago the new Administration Building, from a little south of the
+old chapel; the old power plant, from the area of the old cadet barracks;
+the old, and but a few years ago the new, cadet sink or water closet
+building, from the area of the old cadet barracks; the old gymnasium,
+from a little west of the angle of the South Cadet Barracks; the old
+riding hall, that is now nearly surrounded by the walls of the new one;
+and the officers’ quarters in front of the new gymnasium, as the latter
+stands well back of but fronts east on Professors’ Row.
+
+While the Military Academy was the first educational institution in this
+country to recognize (in 1817) the value of a uniform system of physical
+training it was not till 1890 that the Academic Board allowed cadet teams
+to play against teams of other institutions. The first contest being a
+baseball game with an Annapolis midshipmen team, then came other contests
+with teams from other colleges. Now contests are held annually—and since
+1908 under official control—with outside teams in baseball, football,
+fencing, basketball and hockey. The present system of indoor gymnastics
+dates from 1882 and track work, tennis, golf, polo and wrestling are
+indulged in. Most of the contests are held at West Point—many of them
+being played on the beautiful green infantry parade ground—and seats
+arranged in tiers like the bleechers at professional ball games are put
+up in sections on the plain to accommodate the thousands of spectators
+that now witness these contests. There being no admission fee the seats
+are assigned by tickets to the cadets and their friends, and to officers
+and friends of the Academy who voluntarily contribute to the financial
+support of cadet athletics.
+
+Certain cadets who excel in athletics, i. e., those who have actually
+played on an Academy (first) team for a year are entitled to wear a large
+A, (the initial of Army) on the sweater, jersey, jacket, cap or other
+article of athletic uniform, subject to the following:
+
+    1st. In football they must play in two-thirds of all games
+    played with outside teams or in a Navy game.
+
+    2d. In baseball they must play in two-thirds of all games
+    played with outside teams or in a Navy game.
+
+    3d. In fencing they must participate in three-fifths of all
+    contests fenced with outside teams, or in the Intercollegiate
+    contest.
+
+    4th. Any cadet who at an Outdoor Meet breaks an Academy record.
+
+To keep pace with other colleges cadets now have “colors” and “yells.”
+
+For the Class of 1909 the color is gold, and the yell is—
+
+                          SISS! BOOM! AH!
+           U. S. M. A.! RAH! RAH! U. S. M. A.! RAH! RAH!
+                         HOO RAH! HOO RAH!
+                           NAUGHTY-NINE!
+                               RAH!
+
+For the Class of 1910 the color is royal purple, and the yell is—
+
+                         R-A-Y! RAH! RAH!
+                         R-A-Y! RAH! RAH!
+                            U. S. M. A.
+                           NINETEEN TEN!
+
+For the Class of 1911 the color is Maroon, and the yell is—
+
+                     HOO-RAH-RAH! HOO-RAH-RAH!
+                   HOO-RAH! HOO-RAY! U. S. M. A.
+                         1911! 1911! 1911!
+
+For the Class of 1912 the color is royal-blue, and the yell is—
+
+                           U. S. M. A.!
+                           U. S. M. A.!
+                           U. S. M. A.!
+                            1912! RAY!
+
+While the Corps colors are gray, black and gold, and the Corps yell is—
+
+                          Rah, Rah, Ray,
+                          Rah, Rah, Ray,
+                            West Point
+                            West Point
+                              AR-MAY!
+                          Rah, Rah, Ray.
+                Rah, Rah, Rah, Rah, Rah, Rah, Rah!
+                            West Point,
+                            West Point,
+                            West Point!
+
+And for the Charge yell—
+
+                        Rah, Rah, Rah, Rah!
+                    Ki-yi, Ki-yi, Ki-yi Ki-yi,
+                       Ki-yi, Ki-yi, Ki-yi,
+                          Wow, Wow, Wow.
+                       Ki-yi, Ki-yi, Ki-yi,
+                          Wow, Wow, Wow.
+                              CHARGE!
+
+Each class elects one or more “Cheer Leaders,” but a first class Cheer
+Leader leads the Corps in Corps yells.
+
+In contests with outside teams the West Point team is called the “Army
+Team” and the Annapolis team is called the “Navy Team.”
+
+Imagine the feelings of one who graduated at the Academy prior to
+1890 listening to cadet yells and to such songs (copied from the 1909
+Howitzer) as the following that are now sung by the Corps in the presence
+of the Academic Board and other officers, to wit:
+
+_Air_: “Tipperary.”
+
+    When you see that old veteran Army Team
+      Come bounding over the ropes,
+    And settle right down to a winning game
+      That breaks the Navy’s hopes,
+    It makes every genuine soldier’s heart
+      Fill up with joy and pride.
+
+    That he’s of the metal that makes the team,
+      And that he roots on the Army side.
+    Throughout this country far and wide,
+      And islands far away,
+    Each heart in blue beats hard and beats true
+      For the Army.
+
+    Chorus.
+
+    Army, Army, you’re a wonder;
+      You will snow the Middies under.
+    Win this game without a blunder, for
+      You’ve got to win, you’ve got to win,
+    And _down_ that Navy, _down_ that Navy;
+      It’s for the honor of the Army.
+
+_Air_: “Women.”
+
+    For this season, the old Army Mule
+    Has adopted the same sporting rule,
+    Which he holds as inherited right;
+    And that rule is “fight, fight, fight.”
+    So the Tiger of Princeton must fall,
+    And the Yale Bulldog taste bitter gall;
+    While the beaten Navy Goat
+    Must leave land and board a boat,
+    To be safe on his sea of tears.
+
+_Air_: “O’Reilly.”
+
+          The Army, The Army,
+          The Army’s a team that’s sure stormy,
+    So beat it, you sailor lads, run ’fore the wind,
+          When our men first blew in here
+          Your team was skinned.
+          Poor Navy, dear Navy,
+          Not even your anchors can save ye,
+    Your flukes have all stuck, but your line gave way
+          In this terrible cyclone, the Army.
+
+“FIGHT! FIGHT! FIGHT!”
+
+    At the Army-Navy football game, in November, 1908, on Franklin
+    Field, Philadelphia, Pa., during a moment of suspense between
+    cheers, some one started the refrain—Fight! Fight! Fight!
+    Spreading instantaneously through the (West Point) Corps, it
+    was promptly adopted as the Army’s watchword, and throughout
+    the remainder of the game the stands throbbed with the stirring
+    slogan:
+
+    Tense is the strain in the stands to-day,—
+      Six to four, and the army leads!
+    And, charging in vain ’gainst the line of gray,
+      The shattered Navy attack recedes.—
+    For the thought that nerves every Army’s son
+      Is not the renown of an athlete’s might,
+    But the call of the Corps, that swells in one
+      Reverberant chorus, Fight! Fight! Fight!
+
+    The bed of the thicket is stained with red,
+      So fierce was the Moro ambuscade:
+    Half the men down, and the captain dead,
+      And each tree shelters a rebel blade.
+    But the boy, with never a blush of fear,
+      Forms the shattered ranks, drives the foe in flight.
+    For the Corps from afar still speaks to him clear,
+      And the word that he hears is Fight! Fight! Fight!
+
+    This is the message that evermore,
+      While endlessly stretches the firm gray line,
+    Each son hears whispered anew by the Corps,
+      “Your life no longer is wholly thine.
+    Your utmost strength and your fullest meed
+      Of service is pledged as the Nation’s right
+    And all through life’s battle, this be your creed
+      And watchword forever—Fight! Fight! Fight!”
+
+While most of the contests in which a cadet (i. e., the army) team
+takes part are played at West Point, some of them are played on other
+grounds—notably the annual football game with the Annapolis (i. e., the
+Navy) team—it is played on Franklin Field at Philadelphia, Penn., and it
+is an event of the year for Washington officials and society folks from
+near and from far.
+
+
+THE WEST POINT HYMN.
+
+[Written by the Reverend Herbert Shipman, a former chaplain at West
+Point, and sung by the cadets at the dedication of their new chapel, June
+12, 1910.]
+
+THE CORPS! THE CORPS! THE CORPS!
+
+    The Corps! bare-headed, salute it,
+      With eyes up, thanking our God—
+    That we of the Corps are treading
+      Where they of the Corps have trod.
+    They are here in ghostly assemblage,
+      The men of the Corps long dead,
+    And our hearts are standing attention
+      While we wait for their passing tread.
+
+    We sons of to-day, we salute you,
+      You, sons of an earlier day,
+    We follow, close order, behind you,
+      Where you have pointed the way;
+    The long gray line of us stretches
+      Thro’ the years of a century told,
+    And the last man feels to his marrow
+      The grip of your far-off hold.
+
+    Grip hands with us now though we see not,
+      Grip hands with us, strengthen our hearts—
+    As the long line stiffens and straightens
+      With the thrill that your presence imparts.
+    Grip hands, tho’ it be from the shadows,
+      While we swear, as you did of yore,
+    Or living, or dying to honor
+      The Corps, and the Corps, and the Corps.
+
+A few years ago the first class was given permission to have a club and
+the First Classmen’s Club was duly organized. At first the club had a
+room on the ground floor in the Academic Building, but now it has fine
+quarters on the second floor in the new North Cadet Barracks where, when
+it does not interfere with duty, members may go at any time between 7:15
+a. m. and 9:30 p. m. and until recall from the hop on cadet hop nights.
+The club provides, at its own expense, such periodicals, newspapers,
+chess, checkers, etc., as may be approved by the superintendent.
+Refreshments of all kinds, gambling, cigarette smoking, and deliberations
+or discussions having the object of conveying praise or censure or any
+mark of approbation or disapprobation toward any one in the military
+service, are prohibited. On the week-day immediately preceding the
+graduation exercises, the club gives a reception to the members of the
+second class to introduce them to the privileges they may soon enjoy.
+
+The transformation that of late has been wrought in the architectural
+setting of West Point, the changes made in the method of teaching and in
+the disciplinary ideals, and the greater privileges granted to cadets
+all tend to bring the Military Academy closer to other educational
+institutions of the country.
+
+As a school year closes there is much interest taken in the changes soon
+to be announced in orders.
+
+Cadet rank is indicated by chevrons,[52] as follows:
+
+For a Captain,[53] 4 bars.
+
+For the Adjutant,[53] 3 bars and an arc of 3 bars.
+
+For the Quartermaster,[53] 3 bars and a tie of 3 bars.
+
+For a Lieutenant,[53] 3 bars.
+
+For the Sergeant-Major,[54] 2 bars and an arc of 2 bars.
+
+For the Quartermaster-Sergeant,[54] 2 bars and a tie of 2 bars.
+
+For a First Sergeant,[54] 2 bars and a lozenge.
+
+For a Company Quartermaster-Sergeant,[54] 2 bars and a tie of 1 bar.
+
+For a Sergeant,[54] 2 bars.
+
+For a Corporal,[55] 2 bars.
+
+Commissions are not given to the cadet officers, i. e., the captains
+and lieutenants, and warrants are not given to cadet non-commissioned
+officers, i. e., the sergeants and corporals. Two of the sergeants are
+designated as color sergeants, the one carries a United States flag
+called the colors, the other marching on his left carries the Corps
+banner.
+
+[Illustration: Cadet Captain’s Chevron
+
+(_Rear._) (_Front._)]
+
+Cadets now wear gilt service straps on their coat sleeves as follows,
+to wit: Third classmen, one stripe; second classmen, two stripes; first
+classmen, three stripes.
+
+
+BUTTON.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+In June, 1893, the Association of Graduates adopted a miniature bell
+button to be worn by members in the upper buttonhole of civilian coats;
+the part nearest an observer is a gold plate with the year of graduation
+on it, next is a gray stone, then a gold band with the class motto on
+it, then a dark blue stone; the date plate being fastened by a shank to
+a circular metal base on the under side of which are the owner’s name
+and the letters U. S. M. A. In June, 1904, this button was substituted
+by another showing the West Point colors, gray, black and gold. In June,
+1910, the bell button was re-adopted.
+
+
+BADGE.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Badge of the “Association of Graduates of the United States Military
+Academy[56],” adopted June 9, 1902. Composed of the Coat of Arms of the
+United States Military Academy and a bar pin made of bronze gilt, silver
+gilt or gold pierced by the Corps colors, a gray, black and gold ribbon.
+The date of graduation is put on the bar. Worn only by members of the
+association at graduate re-unions, graduate dinners, class dinners, etc.
+
+[Illustration: CAMP THAYER
+
+THE PLEASURE OF YOUR COMPANY IS REQUESTED AT THE HOPS TO GIVEN BY THE
+CORPS OF CADETS EVERY MONDAY WEDNESDAY AND FRIDAY EVENING DURING THE
+ENCAMPMENT
+
+_MANAGERS_
+
+    W. G. BIRNEY
+    G. F. HARRISON
+    A. S. CUMMINS
+    E. D. HOYLE
+    J. M. BALDWIN
+    E. W. CASEY
+    E. S. BEACOM
+    H. C. LA POINT
+    J. J. CRITTENDEN
+    J. H. KING
+    C. M. O’CONNOR
+    J. E. BLOOM
+    R. LONDON
+    J. R. JEFFERSON
+    H. W. ISBELL
+
+_West Point N.Y._
+
+_June 1872._]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+THE GRADUATE.
+
+
+After the June examinations were over we went into camp again at the
+usual place. This year it was named “Camp Thayer” in honor of a former
+superintendent of the Academy, and as first classmen have precedence over
+all other cadets, it was “our camp.” Among the young lady visitors were
+many who had been to the Point for several summers. They seemed like old
+friends and the pleasure of meeting again was mutual. The first thing
+of importance for us to do was to arrange for the celebration of the
+Fourth of July and for a special hop that evening. We elected officers
+to conduct the holiday exercises and to have charge of the special hop.
+It was not obligatory upon any one to attend those festivities, but as
+the weather was perfect and as there were no other inviting places to go,
+everybody who could be present attended the exercises held in the morning
+in the pretty little chapel,[57] and in the evening some witnessed the
+handsome pyrotechnic display, while others attended the hop, and as usual
+the Mess Hall was beautifully decorated and used for the special hop.[58]
+
+In my day, by special dispensation, twelve cadets of the first class were
+permitted to take meals at the Misses Thompson, who lived in General
+Washington’s old log Headquarter House, in Professor’s Row. These ladies
+were quite old when I knew them; the oldest of the three sisters died
+of old age shortly before I went there to board. It was not easy to get
+a seat at the Misses Thompson’s table, and when a cadet secured one
+without any conditions imposed he generally “willed it to his plebe.”
+And this is the way I obtained mine. My predecessor had a seat there and
+he willed it to me, but as I could not go there until I became a first
+classman certain members of the three classes ahead of me had the seat on
+condition that it should come to me when I became eligible. But this was
+not all, as may be seen from the following (old form) permit:
+
+                               West Point, New York, June 19, 1872.
+
+    Cadet R⸺d, Private 2nd Class “C” Co., has permission to take
+    his meals at the Misses Thompson (to have the seat last
+    occupied by Cadet R⸺p), his name having been proposed and
+    accepted.
+
+        J. F. S⸺h,
+        Com’d’g Co. “C.”
+
+        E. U⸺n,
+        Comdt. Cadets.
+
+    Approved:
+
+        T. H. R⸺r,
+        Superintendent.
+
+                         JULY 4      1872
+
+                            ANNIVERSARY
+
+                              OF THE
+
+                 Independence of the United States
+
+                      CELEBRATION AND HOP BY
+
+                        THE CORPS OF CADETS
+
+                             TO WHICH
+
+      The pleasure of your Company is respectfully requested.
+              Ceremonies in the Chapel to commence at
+                             Ten A. M.
+
+       Marshall,          Orator,            Reader,
+    CADET COFFIN.      CADET TOTTEN.      CADET EATON.
+
+                            President,
+                           CADET HOYLE.
+
+                   Hop Commencing at Eight P. M.
+
+                          Floor Managers:
+
+    CADET BIRNEY, CADET O’CONNOR, CADET LA POINT.
+
+             Pyrotechnic Display on the Cavalry Plain.
+
+The father of these old ladies rendered most valuable services to General
+Washington during the Revolutionary War, and as his family was left in
+humble circumstances they were permitted to live at the Point and board
+twelve cadets. We used to think that Miss Amelia was about ninety years
+old and that Miss Kate was seventy-five. Miss Kate for months talked of
+making a trip to New York, but finally Miss Amelia said: “Catharine could
+not go, as she was too young and giddy.”
+
+There was an old saying at the Point in my day that “extras breed
+extras,” and I found it so in my case. While I was serving the two weeks
+confinement that were given me, in lieu of the last two of the six extras
+for “Off Limits,” an old boy friend from home visited the Point, and I
+got permission to be with him in rear of the guard tents for half an
+hour. We could not talk about everything we wanted to in half an hour,
+so I told him just how to run the gauntlet, that is, how to cross the
+sentinel’s post and get to my tent, which he did. At that particular
+time of day nearly all of my classmates were out of camp; some on permit
+visiting friends at the hotel, some boating and others anywhere fancy
+took them. I had the walls of my tent down, so that my friend could not
+be seen, for it was a violation of the regulations to have a citizen
+in the body of the camp. He and I were having a good time talking over
+boyhood days. R⸺s, a classmate, was officer of the day, and thinking
+that I was lonesome he came around to cheer me up, saying that my two
+weeks was nearly over, but, alas, he had no sooner opened my tent than
+he saw my friend, and as the officer of the day is “on honor” to report
+all violations of the regulations that he sees, he had to report me for
+“Citizen in tent,” and to send my friend at once out of camp. I have
+never seen that friend since to tell him that I was given two weeks’
+confinement for that violation of the regulations.
+
+C⸺s was a Cadet Captain, and one day when walking with a lady between the
+camp and the hotel, the lady raised her parasol, and C⸺s, to be polite,
+carried it for her. An officer saw him with the parasol and reported him.
+For this serious offense he was reduced to the ranks. It was not long
+afterward that the young lady saw him carrying a rifle and pacing to and
+fro on Post No. 2, but as he did not wish further punishment he did not
+speak to her as she crossed his post; he waited until he was relieved and
+then told her why.
+
+We spent some time out in Fort Clinton digging trenches and making
+fascines, gabions and a sap roller, thus imitating methods used in the
+attack and defense of a fortified place. We also spent some time in the
+laboratory making rockets, bombs and other articles used at times by the
+military in time of war. With the assistance of the plebes we constructed
+pontoon bridges some distance out into the Hudson.
+
+In my day we played base ball occasionally, but it was not a very popular
+game at the Point, not like football has been of recent years. Boating
+was allowed then, and the first, second and third classes each owned
+a number of row boats, and during camp and in barracks on Saturday
+afternoons the boats were always in demand. But since 1875 boating has
+not been allowed.
+
+One evening, when I was officer of the guard, not long after taps, the
+sentinel on No. 1 challenged: “Who comes there?” and as I was awake and
+in the first guard tent, I heard the reply: “Friend with lemons,” and
+also the sentinel’s call, “Halt! Friend with lemons, Corporal of the
+Guard, Post No. 1.” As the reply was an unusual one I went out, and
+seeing a man in civilian dress, standing alone, I directed the Corporal
+to advance the friend with lemons. The man advanced and began to deliver
+lemons. He had lemons in every pocket, and he had a good many pockets,
+too. There were more lemons than the Corporal and I could carry (for
+there are no pockets in cadet uniforms), so I called other members of
+the guard to help us carry lemons. The gentleman proved to be an old
+army officer who had entered the army from private life and earned a
+Brigadier’s star during the war. He said he thought he would treat the
+guard that night, and that while I sent to the tank for a bucket of
+ice water he would go back to the hotel (not far from camp) for sugar.
+About the time two members of the guard returned with ice water No. 1
+challenged again, and the answer this time was “Friend with sugar.” It
+did not take long to advance the friend with sugar and to disarm him, not
+only of sugar, but of a package of cakes, too. We were soon feasting,
+and it seemed to please the General to see us enjoying his treat. He
+knew that we violated the regulations by admitting him to camp, but he
+promised not to report us. He then treated us to cigars, and he and I
+sat under the trees for an hour or two discussing topics of interest to
+cadets. In speaking of the hops I told the General how B⸺y, C⸺s and I
+had taken many lessons in dancing, and that we were too timid to venture
+on the floor at a hop, but that we had agreed with one another to attend
+our next hop, and to waltz or treat at the Dutch woman’s. The next
+evening was the time for the three to dance, and just as I was ready to
+start for the hall[59] the General called for me, and we went to the hop
+together. As we approached the Academic Building we observed that the hop
+room was well filled. We went to a corner of the room, and the General
+surprised me by presenting me to his wife, for he had talked as though
+he was alone at the Point. His good wife said that she had come to the
+hop in the hotel ’bus with other ladies. The music ceased and a classmate
+brought a very pretty young lady over near us, thanked her and said that
+she was the best dancer in the room. The General again surprised me by
+saying: “Mr. R⸺d, this is my daughter.” At that moment the orchestra
+struck up a waltz and the young lady said: “Come, Mr. R⸺d, this is our
+dance.” I protested that I did not waltz, but she put my arm around her
+waist, saying: “Papa has told me of your agreement to waltz to-night or
+to treat at the Dutch woman’s, so come on;” and I have waltzed ever
+since then. After I got started to waltz I found the hops very attractive
+places to be, and I was more than sorry that I had not met Miss S⸺r long
+before I did. It was a long way from the hotel to the hop-room, too far
+for young ladies who danced much to walk, so they generally rode, but the
+cadets could not ride with them, as it was “Off Limits” to get into a
+vehicle. There were always plenty of young ladies at the hops, and some
+of them traveled several miles to attend; some came from Highland Falls,
+some from Cold Springs and others from Garrison’s, besides those from the
+West Point Hotel. They may come from greater distances now that there is
+the West Shore Railroad to travel on.
+
+At one of the hops I met a New York lady. She was a good dancer and a
+good talker, too, but she was not very well posted on the history of
+our country. She asked me what state I was from, and when I replied
+“Indiana,” she said: “From way out there! You have plenty of buffalo and
+other wild animals there, don’t you?”
+
+There is something strange about the partiality young ladies manifest for
+the cadets. I have seen many an instance where a young lady would use
+all her power to be with a certain cadet, and at his graduating hop and
+afterward she would bestow her favors on some member of the next class;
+a cadet and an officer, although one and the same man, were different
+persons in her eyes. But the young lady, to succeed, had to be very
+careful of her conduct toward the cadets in the next class that she
+wished to be friendly with after the first class graduated, because if
+she had ever been rude to them they would have nothing to do with her.
+
+Our summer hops began at 8 and closed at 11 p. m., but we could stay
+later at the Fourth of July hop, the last summer one, and at the
+graduating hop in June. The following were the popular dances in my day:
+
+Waltz, Galop, Deux Temps, Trois Temps, Lanciers, Redowa, Polka,
+Polka-Redowa, Quadrille, Schottische and Medley.
+
+AT THE HOP.
+
+    “Yes, I’m here, I suppose you’re delighted,
+      You’d heard I was not coming down?
+    Why I’ve been here a week—rather early—
+      I know, but it’s horrid in town.
+    At Boston? Most certainly, thank you,
+      This music is perfectly sweet;
+    Of course I like dancing in summer,
+      It’s warm but I don’t mind the heat.
+    The clumsy thing! Oh! how he hurt me!
+      I really can’t dance any more—
+    Let’s walk—see they’re forming a Lanciers;
+      These square dances are such a bore,
+    My cloak, oh! I really don’t need it,
+      Well carry it—so, in the folds,
+    I hate it, but Ma made me bring it,
+      She’s frightened to death about colds.
+    This is rather cooler than dancing,
+      They’re lovely piazzas up here;
+    Those lanterns look sweet in the bushes,
+      It’s lucky the night is so clear.
+    I am rather tired of this corner—
+      Very well, if you like, I don’t care—
+    But you’ll have to sit on the railing—
+      You see there is only one chair.
+    So long since you’ve seen me!—Oh! ages—
+      Let’s see, why it’s ten days ago.
+    Seems years—Oh! of course—don’t look spooney,
+      It isn’t becoming you know.
+    How bright the stars seem to-night, don’t they?
+      What was it you said about eyes?
+    How sweet!—Why you must be a poet—
+      One never can tell till he tries.
+    Why can’t you be sensible, Harry?
+      I don’t like men’s arms on my chair,
+    Be still, if you don’t stop that nonsense
+      I’ll get up and leave you, so there!
+    Oh! please don’t—I don’t want to hear it—
+      A boy like you, talking of love.
+    My answer—Well, Sir, you shall have it—
+      Just wait till I get off my glove.
+    See that? Well you needn’t look tragic,
+      Its only a solitaire ring—
+    Of course, I am proud of it, very—
+      It’s rather an elegant thing.
+    Engaged!—yes—why, didn’t you know it?
+      I thought the news must have reached here,
+    Why, the wedding will be in October,
+      The happy man? Charley LeClear.
+    Why don’t blame me—I tried to stop you,
+      But you would go on like a goose.
+    I’m sorry it happened—forget it—
+      Don’t think of it—don’t—What’s the use?
+    There’s somebody coming—don’t look so—
+      Get up on the railing again—
+    Can’t you seem as if nothing had happened?
+      I never saw such geese as men.
+    Ah! Charley, you’ve found me! a galop?
+      The ‘Bahn frei’? Yes, take my bouquet,
+    And my fan if you will, now I’m ready—
+      You’ll excuse me, of course, Mr. Gray.”
+
+One day I received a letter from home, saying that my father, mother and
+sister were coming east and would pay me a visit. I wrote at once and
+said that I would be delighted to see them any time after the fifteenth
+of July, but not before then, as I would be too busy to see much of them.
+The fact was I would not get out of confinement before the fifteenth of
+July, but I did not tell them. They came the latter part of July, and we
+were delighted to be together several hours every day during the visit.
+They were charmed with the beauty of the place, and my mother said when
+I returned home next year that I need not take my trunk in the back yard
+again to open it, for now that she had seen what a sweet and clean place
+West Point was she was satisfied there were no bedbugs there.
+
+There is a good deal of cactus, of the prickly pear variety, growing on
+the hills about the Point, and one day when B⸺m’s father and mother were
+there from Cincinnati they wanted some to take home with them, and Mr.
+B⸺m kindly offered to send some to my father, if I wished him to. Of
+course I wished it. I expected the folks at home to speak about receiving
+the cactus, hence I did not refer to it for a long time, and when I did
+my mother told me not to speak of it to my father, as he was very angry
+about the cactus. It appeared that Mr. B⸺m put it in a box and sent it
+prepaid to my father, and as he supposed that I had written about it, he
+did not write. My father opened the box and not knowing anything about
+cactus, he took it cautiously in his hands, with the natural painful
+results. He dropped the cactus, and, as luck went, he rubbed his hands on
+his face and neck, and they too became filled with the stickers.
+
+Just across the south line of cadet limits in my day was Kinsley’s apple
+orchard, and many a cadet run it there for apples. One day Mr. Kinsley,
+himself an old graduate of the Academy, caught several cadets in his
+orchard, so he hitched up at once and drove to the superintendent’s
+office to report the case. The superintendent said that if Mr. Kinsley
+could identify the cadets they should be punished; he said he could
+identify them. So when the battalion was formed Mr. Kinsley passed down
+the line, but failed to identify them, for the reason, he said, that all
+cadets looked alike.
+
+One Saturday afternoon four of us first classmen stuffed pillow cases in
+the breasts of our coats and deliberately went to Kinsley’s for apples,
+and we proposed to help ourselves, too. Kinsley’s house was in one corner
+of the orchard and there were stone fences around and through the center
+of the orchard. We went to different trees and found all the apples we
+wanted on the ground, so we set to work filling our pillow cases. B⸺y
+filled his, set it by a stone fence on the far side from the house,
+and then boldly climbed the fence and ventured to trees nearer to the
+house. His approach made the chickens cackle and the ducks quack, thus
+attracting a lady’s attention. She came out of the house and spoke to
+B⸺y, who had three or four apples in his hands. We heard their voices and
+then emptied most of our apples on the ground and ran away, as there was
+no use of any more of us getting caught than necessary. After we had been
+back in barracks awhile we went over to see how B⸺y had gotten away. He
+said that Mrs. Kinsley told him that she did not object to any one taking
+two or three apples as he had done, but that she did not want the cadets
+to carry them off by the bag full. She then asked him who we were, and
+he told her we might be plebes, as older cadets knew better than to do
+such a thing. We asked him what he did with his pillow case of apples,
+and he said: “You don’t suppose I had the cheek, after my narrow escape,
+to bring away a bag full, do you?” Notwithstanding this statement, and
+the fact that B⸺y was the first Captain of the Corps, we put our hands up
+into his chimney, moved a stick and down fell his pillow case of apples.
+
+Along in December, when we felt confident of graduating the next June,
+we began to discuss what we would adopt as our “Class Ring.” Jewelers in
+New York, Philadelphia and other cities, knowing that it was customary
+for each class at the Point to adopt a certain handsome ring as its class
+ring, submitted samples to us. Upon receiving about twenty samples we
+held class meetings, and after much discussion part of the class wanted
+to adopt one of the designs while the rest wanted to adopt another one.
+Finally we agreed to abide by a majority vote, but when the ballots were
+counted there was a tie. Then we agreed to take two pieces of paper of
+the same size, and to write the maker’s name of one of the two rings on
+one paper, and the maker’s name of the other ring on the other paper, to
+put the two papers in a cap, shake them up, hold the cap above the head,
+and to let T⸺r draw one paper which should decide the case. This was done
+and ratified; the ring adopted was a gold ring with a large setting;
+there were thirteen stars around the setting, and on one side under the
+stars there was an eagle with one wing spread; on the other side under
+the stars was a helmet on crossed rifles with the last two figures of
+the year of our graduation in the lower angle of the cross, and from
+here around to the eagle was a chain. It was agreed that each member
+of the class could select his own setting, and some selected amethyst,
+some topaz and others blood-stone or onyx. It was also agreed that each
+member could use his pleasure about having the “Class Motto” cut into the
+setting. A Latin motto was suggested, but many of us opposed it, because
+the Academic Board had not made Latin a part of the course of study at
+West Point, but after much deliberation, my class, by a close vote,
+decided to add Latin to our course, and that “Omnia pro Patria” should
+embody the entire course of Latin for our class, and for fear that we
+might forget it we adopted it as the motto of our class. We then agreed
+that the motto, when cut in the setting of the class ring, should be put
+on a ribbon, partially enclosing the last two figures of our graduating
+year. I now remember my Latin course better than any other course of
+study, for I have never forgotten that “Omnia pro Patria” means “All for
+Country.” About this time we also selected the photographer that should
+make our Class Albums,[60] but left it to each member to make his own
+selection of pictures for it. There is an official photographer now. As
+each cadet had to pay for his own ring and album, it was agreed that he
+could buy them at his pleasure, but early in January nearly every one
+in the class was wearing his class ring and in May the albums began to
+arrive.
+
+One day a misunderstanding arose between a yearling and a plebe that
+nothing but a fight could settle. Seconds and a referee were chosen, and
+they and others wishing to see the fight repaired to old Fort Clinton.
+The fight was begun and several rounds fought, when one of those present
+heard footsteps, and peeping through the brush he saw a blue uniform and
+gave the alarm. A stampede followed, and in a moment the whole party
+scaled the parapet, and almost tumbled over one another in their mad
+haste down toward Flirtation Walk, where trees and bushes covered their
+retreat. The referee declared the fight off. The principals respected one
+another’s fighting qualities and afterward became warm friends. The only
+one in the party that the officer recognized was B⸺p, the referee and a
+captain of my class, and for being present at the fight he was reduced to
+the ranks.
+
+                       A PERMIT (OLD FORM).
+
+                                        West Point, March __, 1873.
+
+    Cadet ________, Private 1st Class “B” Co., has permission to
+    get a drawing table from the Engineering Drawing Room and keep
+    it in his quarters until he finishes his drawing of Noizet’s
+    Front, having been in the hospital and excused from attending
+    recitations for over a week, he was not able to complete the
+    drawing in the Academy.
+
+        _____________,
+        Com’d’g Co “B.”
+
+    Respectfully referred to the Professor of Engineering,
+    By command of
+    Col. _____________
+
+        _____________,
+        Adjutant.
+
+    Respectfully returned app’d,
+
+        _____________,
+        Prof. of Eng.
+
+    Approved:
+
+        _____________,
+        Superintendent.
+
+In January, after the examinations were over, the daily papers informed
+us that the Secretary of War had written to the Superintendent saying
+that it was his intention to require the presence of the Corps of Cadets
+in Washington on March 4th next, on the occasion of the inauguration
+of the President-elect, a graduate of the Academy. The secretary did
+this because he was gratified by the conduct and marked improvement
+and bearing of the young gentlemen at the Academy, and he believed the
+duties which a trip of this kind would require them to perform would be
+a relaxation from the close confinement to which they were subjected at
+the Academy. Furthermore, he desired to show the people gathered at the
+Capitol from all parts of the country a body of young military men which
+he believed in discipline, drill and orderly appearance and the qualities
+that make a military cadet could not be surpassed.
+
+In due time the necessary orders were issued, and with knapsacks on our
+backs we arrived in Washington on the 3d of March. We were quartered at
+the Ebbitt House, and in the afternoon gave a drill and dress parade
+before a large audience in front of the Arlington. In the evening we were
+given the freedom of the city, the Delinquency Book having been left at
+the Academy. On the 4th we joined the procession and took the post of
+honor at the head of the long column. We were without overcoats, and it
+was fearfully cold, too. Some of us wore double suits of underclothing,
+and as many pairs of white gloves as we could and hold on to our guns.
+Bands playing (ours at the head, too), banners and flags waving, bright
+eyes beaming upon us, and delicate hands applauding us as we marched on
+Pennsylvania avenue, made us forget all about overcoats. We stood in
+front of General Grant while the oath as President of the United States
+was administered to him. We then marched at the head of the procession
+along Pennsylvania avenue and passed General Grant on a reviewing stand
+in the White House grounds, where we fell out of the column and saw the
+balance of the procession pass. Next to the cadets came some battalions
+of U. S. Artillery, then the midshipmen from Annapolis, a battalion of U.
+S. Marines, then regiment after regiment of militia, then ex-Presidents
+and Vice-Presidents, the U. S. Supreme Court, U. S. Court of Claims,
+the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, the U. S. Senators and
+Representatives, Foreign Ministers, Presidential Electors and tens of
+thousands more. Of all the military I was especially pleased to see the
+Second Connecticut, a magnificent body of well-drilled men, whose lines
+were perfect as they passed us, and extended from curb to curb.
+
+                             A CONCERT
+
+                              BY THE
+
+                          ORCHESTRAL BAND
+
+                         WILL BE GIVEN IN
+
+                           THE LIBRARY,
+                     THURSDAY, MARCH 27, 1873
+
+                 COMMENCING AT 7:30 O’CLOCK, P. M.
+
+                            PROGRAMME.
+
+                             (No. 7.)
+
+    No. 1. March, Tannhauser                            Wagner
+
+        2. Ouverture, Rui Blas                     Mendelssohn
+
+        3. Reminiscences of Weber                      Godfrey
+
+        4. Reveille Galop                                 Rehm
+
+        5. Selection, Moses in Egypt                   Rossini
+
+        6. Potpourri, Musical Tour Through Europe      Conradi
+
+        8. Potpourri, A Musical Joke                      Sass
+
+[Illustration: _You are respectfully invited to attend the INAUGURATION
+BALL on the evening of March 4th 1873_
+
+Managers
+
+    _Roscoe Conkling_
+    _H. Hamlin_
+    _A. G. Thurman_
+    _W. T. Hamilton_
+    _Simon Cameron_
+    _Z. Chandler_
+    _J. W. Stevenson_
+    _J. P. Stockton_
+    _O. P. Morton_
+    _F. A. Sawyer_
+    _Eugene Casserly_
+    _M. W. Ransom_
+    _Jno. A. Logan_
+    _H. B. Anthony_
+    _T. F. Bayard_
+    _H. G. Davis_
+    _M. H. Carpenter_
+    _J. S. Morrill_
+    _J. W. Patterson_
+    _J. G. Blaine_
+    _H. H. Starkweather_
+    _J. A. Garfield_
+    _L. P. Poland_
+    _Fernando Wood_
+    _S. S. Marshall_
+    _H. L. Dawes_
+    _J. H. Platt Jr._
+    _D. C. Giddings_
+    _C. A. Eldridge_
+    _A. R. Cotton_
+    _A. A. Sargent_
+    _Thos. Swann_
+    _J. B. Chaffee_
+    _O. D. Conger_
+    _G. A. Halsey_
+    _D. W. Voorhees_
+    _B. F. Butler_
+    _H. Maynard_
+    _H. W. Barry_
+    _Jas. B. Beck_
+    _P. M. B. Young_
+    _L. A. Sheldon_
+    _Gens. W. T. Sherman & E. D. Townsend_
+    _Gen. W. S. Hancock_
+    _Gen. M. C. Meigs_
+    _A. B. Dyer_
+    _R. B. Marcy_
+    _J. K. Barnes_
+    _A. A. Humphreys_
+    _A. B. Eaton_
+    _B. Alvard_
+    _J. H. Wilson_
+    _J. G. Parke_
+    _Admirals D. D. Porter & L. M. Goldsborough_
+    _Adm. B. F. Sands_
+    _J. Zeilin_
+    _Dr. J. C. Palmer_
+    _E. T. Dunn U.S.N._
+    _Com. C. R. P. Rodgers_
+    _Ch. Justice Chase_
+    _Justices Field, Miller, Bradley & Strong_
+    _Ch. Justice Carter_
+    _Justices Wylie & McArthur_
+    _Alex. R. Sheppard_
+    _H. D. Cooke_
+    _J. W. Thompson_
+    _Col. Amos Webster_
+    _Wm. Dickson_
+    _John O. Evans_
+    _Thos. L. Hume_
+    _John B. Blake_
+    _A. M. Clapp_
+    _B. Perley Poore_
+    _G. S. Gideon_
+    _H. Kilbourn_
+    _W. F. Mattingly_
+    _J. H. Brooks_
+    _S. R. Bond_
+    _A. B. Mullett_
+    _S. H. Kauffmann_
+    _W. R. Collins_
+    _Joshua Riley_
+    _A. Cluss_
+    _Enoch Totten_
+    _N. Wilson_
+    _J. F. Olmstead_
+    _W. J. Murtagh_
+    _B. L. Blackford_
+    _Richard Wallach_
+    _D. S. Evans_
+    _J. W. Boteler_
+    _J. G. Berret_
+    _Samuel Cross_
+    _C. J. Hillyer_
+    _H. M. Hutchinson_
+    _L. A. Bartlett_
+    _Wm. Tindall_
+    _John A. Baker_
+    _R. T. Auchmuty_
+    _E. L. Stanton_
+    _W. D. Colt_]
+
+After the review was over we returned to the Ebbitt House, nearly frozen,
+but we “thawed out” in time to attend the inaugural ball in the evening,
+and here we had to dance or freeze, as it was bitter cold there. The
+decorations were beautiful. There were mottos and coats of arms of the
+United States, and of all the States and Territories in the Union,
+shining among the festoons of the many flags of red, white and blue; then
+there were flags and coats of arms of many foreign nations. Everybody at
+this grand ball had to present a ticket of admission, except the cadets
+and midshipmen, whose uniforms admitted them.
+
+Upon our return we were met at the Battery in New York by the famous
+Seventh (New York) Regiment and escorted to its armory for refreshments.
+The march up Broadway was amid a continuous line of spectators, who
+applauded us all the way. We saw the regiment as it passed us to take
+post as our escort, and we were charmed with their faultless alignments
+and movements, and were friends at once. The reception was highly
+appreciated as a distinguishing feature of our trip. We reached West
+Point at 5 p. m. on the 6th of March, and as we marched to the barracks
+the band played “When Johnnie Comes Marching Home Again.” The regular
+routine was at once resumed.
+
+In speaking of our drill in Washington one paper said: “The drill of
+the West Point Cadets on Pennsylvania avenue was certainly splendid.
+The whole battalion went through their various and intricate maneuvers
+with such precision that they even surprised some of the military
+officers who, in company with the Secretary of War, reviewed them. The
+sight was grand, almost beyond description. Thousands of persons viewed
+their drills from the streets and indoors, and all were of the opinion
+expressed above. If there are any better drilled organizations let them
+come along.”
+
+After the January examinations were over first classmen and furloughmen
+began to count the days until the first of June, and to hold meetings of
+rejoicing on the hundredth, fiftieth and twenty-fifth nights. On the
+hundredth night there was a special program, and the following was sung
+on that night:
+
+THE HUNDREDTH NIGHT.
+
+    Come, fellows, listen to my song,
+    A pleasant tale and not too long,
+    Of scenes familiar to each one.
+    Some have passed and some will come.
+
+    The hundredth night has come at last,
+    And first-class course will soon be past,
+    Of Cadet gray they’ll take their leave
+    And give their white pants to their plebe.
+
+    It really makes the “immortals” laugh,
+    To think that they’ll get in the staff.
+    When asked where they are going to go,
+    In four years Engineers, you know.
+
+    When one more week has had its run,
+    The Corps will start for Washington.
+    Clean candle-boxes will be worn.
+    On us, militia will look with scorn.
+
+    To drink will be the greatest crime,
+    The corps will drill by band clock-time.
+    Old Emory will march in grand state
+    And Murray behind will get a late.
+
+    Now, second classmen, don’t be glum,
+    First-class camp quite soon will come.
+    And then you bet you’ll cut a swell,
+    And spooney “femmes” at the hotel.
+
+    Oh! furlough is a very good thing,
+    You wear Cit clothes and have your fling.
+    The Cit you stuff with famous lies,
+    And if he doubts, you punch his eyes.
+
+    Plebeistic youth, lift up your head,
+    Your yearling path you soon will tread,
+    Corporal chevrons will grace your arm,
+    Which fills the beasts with much alarm.
+
+    And now we’ve done our level best,
+    I’ve sung this song by request.
+    If you don’t like it ’tis not a sin,
+    To say you think it rather thin.
+
+    NOTE 1. The Howitzer, started by the late Colonel Arthur L.
+    Wagner, Class of ’75, as a small paper, read on the hundredth
+    night, has grown into a large beautifully illustrated book,
+    published annually, that now takes the place of Class Albums.
+
+[Illustration: ’73 FROM ’74.
+
+THE PLEASURE OF YOUR COMPANY IS REQUESTED AT THE FAREWELL HOP GIVEN TO
+THE GRADUATING CLASS BY THE CLASS OF ’74.
+
+FLOOR MANAGERS
+
+    J HANSELL FRENCH
+    LUTHER R. HARE
+    WILLIS WITTICH.
+
+Committee.
+
+    J. HANSELL FRENCH
+    Wm. H. WHEELER
+    LOUIS A CRAIG
+    C. E. SCOTT WOOD
+    EDGAR B. ROBERTSON
+    LOTUS NILES
+    WILLIS WITTICH.
+    JAS. L. WILSON.
+    LUTHER R. HARE.
+
+WEST POINT]
+
+As our days to wear cadet gray could now be counted by two figures,
+for the second and last time at the Academy, we selected clothes for
+“Cit” suits, and as we had all decided to enter the army as “Second
+Lieutenants,” we also selected uniforms and accoutrements for ourselves
+as officers of that high rank. Military goods dealers and tailors were
+frequent visitors at the Point on Saturday afternoons, each claiming to
+give the most for the least money. We had great trouble about the stripes
+on the pants, the color of the cloth in the shoulder knots and straps,
+the head gear, etc., because all did not know for certain what arm of
+service they would be assigned to, and those things are different for
+each arm. The result was that some gave conditional orders, while others
+guessed at it and ordered all or a part of their outfits. On the first
+of June our new clothes began to arrive, and we were permitted to have
+trunks in our rooms and from that day we began to feel that our cadet
+days were gone. And it was practically so, too, for even the ladies who
+came up in June began to show preferences for the coming first classmen,
+except, of course, where friendships were strong.
+
+Occasionally cadets were invited to dine at some of the professor’s
+quarters, but even then we were required to get a permit before we could
+accept invitations. General U⸺n, the Commandant, made it a rule to invite
+all of the members of the first class (a few at a time) to dine at his
+quarters, as may be seen from the following invitation, to-wit:
+
+    “The Comd’t of Cadets will be pleased to see Cadets London,
+    O’Connor, Paddock and Reed, H. T., at tea this evening after
+    parade till 8:30 p. m.
+
+    “June—, 18—.”
+
+As every cadet who graduates at the Military Academy may at his option
+enter the army as a Second Lieutenant, he can choose his corps or arm of
+the service in accordance with his class standing, and after the first of
+June he makes application substantially as follows:
+
+                 “United States Military Academy, West Point, N. Y.
+
+                                                      June —, 1873.
+
+    The Adjutant General, U. S. Army, Washington, D. C.
+
+    Sir:—I have the honor to apply for a commission as 2nd
+    Lieutenant in the U. S. Army in the Arm and Regiments as
+    follows: _______________________________. My address for the
+    ensuing month will be ____________________.
+
+             Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
+
+                                      ___________________________
+                                      Graduated Cadet, U. S. M. A.”
+
+The “diploma” given to graduates is reproduced on another page, and the
+following is the wording on it, to-wit:
+
+    “UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY.
+
+    Be it known that Cadet ________ of the State of ________,
+    having been carefully examined on all of the branches of the
+    Arts, Science and of Literature taught at the United States
+    Military Academy, has been judged worthy to receive the degree
+    required by law, preparatory to his advancement in the U. S.
+    Army.
+
+    In testimony whereof, and by virtue of authority vested in
+    the Academic Staff, we do confer upon him this Diploma, and
+    recommend him to the President for promotion in ____.
+
+    Given at West Point in the State of New York, this __ day of
+    ____, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and
+    ____.”
+
+It is signed by the members of the Academic Board in the order of their
+rank, and entered in the “Register of Graduates” that is kept at the
+Academy.
+
+On the first of June the President of the United States, the Board of
+Visitors and others arrived, especially to witness the examinations of
+the graduating class. The usual salute, review, drills, fireworks and
+hop were on the program. All the members of my class, after having spent
+four years at the Academy, fully expected to graduate, but one of the
+number was found deficient and discharged on the last day. The weather
+on graduating day was perfect, and at the appointed hour my class was
+escorted by the Corps of Cadets to the grove in front of the Library,
+where a stand had been erected for the President, Secretary of War, Board
+of Visitors and invited guests.
+
+While we were under the big elm trees, surrounded by our schoolmates,
+professors, instructors and the many others, listening to the Chaplain’s
+prayer, to the sweet music of the band we loved so well, and to the
+address of the Secretary of War, and receiving diplomas from the
+President’s hand, many thoughts flashed through my mind. It seemed like a
+dream. I thought of home, of my life since leaving it, and of the future,
+wondering what it had in store for me. My cadet life had been all and
+more than I had anticipated it to be, not a care and no one but self to
+think of for four years, with good food and clothing in plenty, kind
+friends and just teachers, cheerful surroundings and the most beautiful
+spot on earth, I was loath to say good-bye to my Cadet Home.
+
+    My heart is in the Highlands, shades
+      Of night are on my brow;
+    Ye pleasant haunts and quiet glades,
+      My soul is with you now.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration: BIRD’S EYE VIEW OF WEST POINT AS IT MAY BE IN 1912. (FROM
+A DRAWING)]
+
+[Illustration: DIPLOMA.]
+
+[Illustration: BIRD’S EYE VIEW OF WEST POINT IN 1902.]
+
+[Illustration: WEST POINT IN 1848.]
+
+[Illustration: WEST POINT IN 1825.]
+
+[Illustration: GUARD MOUNTING IN CAMP.
+
+COLOR LINE.]
+
+[Illustration: SEAL OF UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY. ADOPTED IN 1898.
+
+CADET HOSPITAL.
+
+SUPERINTENDENT’S QUARTERS.]
+
+[Illustration: BATTERY KNOX.
+
+SEA COAST BATTERY.
+
+SIEGE BATTERY.]
+
+[Illustration: THE ACADEMIC.]
+
+[Illustration: MESS HALL.
+
+DINING ROOM.
+
+SOUTH CADET BARRACKS.]
+
+[Illustration: CAVALRY DRILL.
+
+BATTALION MARCHING FROM CAMP TO BARRACKS.]
+
+[Illustration: CADET TENT.]
+
+[Illustration: FIRST CLASSMEN.
+
+FURLOUGHMEN.
+
+THE OLD CHAPEL.
+
+CADET ROOM.]
+
+[Illustration: PROFESSORS’ ROW.
+
+FLIRTATION WALK.
+
+KOSCIUSZCO’S GARDEN.]
+
+[Illustration: THE OLD RIDING HALL.
+
+BATTLE MONUMENT.
+
+PONTON BRIDGE.]
+
+[Illustration: CADETS AT THE WORLD’S FAIR AT CHICAGO, 1893.]
+
+[Illustration: OFFICERS QUARTERS ABOVE THE OLD NORTH GATE IN 1910.
+
+OFFICERS QUARTERS BELOW THE OLD SOUTH GATE IN 1910.
+
+BACHELOR OFFICERS QUARTERS IN 1910.]
+
+[Illustration: THE CADET CHAPEL IN 1910.
+
+NORTH CADET BARRACKS IN 1910.]
+
+[Illustration: THE OLD WASHINGTON HEADQUARTERS.
+
+THE OFFICERS MESS IN 1910.
+
+THE CULLUM MEMORIAL HALL.]
+
+[Illustration: COAT OF ARMS OF THE UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY.
+ADOPTED IN 1898.
+
+LIBRARY.]
+
+[Illustration: SIEGE BATTERY DRILL IN 1910.
+
+ARTILLERY AND CAVALRY GROUP IN 1910.
+
+THE NEW GYMNASIUM IN 1910.]
+
+[Illustration: PROPOSED STAFF QUARTERS ON THE SITE OF THE PRESENT HOTEL.
+(FROM A DRAWING.)
+
+HEADQUARTERS BUILDING IN 1910.]
+
+[Illustration: INSPECTION IN CAMP.
+
+LIGHT ARTILLERY DRILL.]
+
+[Illustration: SEDGWICK MONUMENT.
+
+CADET MONUMENT.
+
+PROFESSORS’ ROW.]
+
+[Illustration: LOOKING EAST FROM THE NEW CADET CHAPEL IN 1910.
+
+PERSPECTIVE VIEW FROM THE RIVER ON THE EAST. (FROM A DRAWING.)]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY.
+
+
+    “Where proud and free the Hudson flows,
+      Above the Highlands grand,
+    And in its placid bosom shows
+      The charms of Nature’s hand”
+
+West Point, the seat of the United States Military Academy, is the
+property of the United States and situated in the State of New York in
+the Highlands on the west bank of the Hudson River, about fifty miles
+north of New York City. The grounds comprise 2,550 acres, of which about
+200 acres are a plain, some one hundred and sixty feet above the river,
+the balance being mountainous.
+
+In May, 1776, Brigadier General Henry Knox, Chief of Artillery, proposed
+plans for a military school for the new government, Colonel Alexander
+Hamilton seconded them and on October 1, 1776, upon the recommendation of
+General George Washington, the Continental Congress passed a resolution
+appointing a committee to prepare a plan for “a Military Academy at the
+Army” which was followed by the law of June 20, 1777, that provided for
+a “Corps of Invalids” to serve as a military school for young gentlemen
+previous to their appointment to marching regiments. This corps was
+organized the next month in Philadelphia, Penn.
+
+The occupation of West Point as a military post took place January 20,
+1778, and has been continuous since then.
+
+On March 30, 1779, the Board of War adopted regulations for the Corps
+of Engineers and for the Sappers and Miners: these were promulgated in
+Orders, July 30, 1779, by General Washington and provided for a plan
+of instruction to be carried into effect after approval by the Board
+and by the General-in-Chief. The plan contemplated lectures by engineer
+officers, on fortifications, mining, reconnaissance, encampments and the
+like, and as early as February, 1780, practical experiments in gunnery
+were conducted at West Point, and in 1781, at the request of Washington,
+the Corps of Invalids was marched from Philadelphia to West Point,
+where an engineer school, a laboratory, and a library had already been
+established in three separate buildings.
+
+At Newburgh, N. Y., in 1783, Washington discussed with his officers the
+necessity of the government maintaining a military academy as a part
+of the regular army and as the first President of the United States he
+again referred to it in his message of December 3, 1793, which resulted
+in the law of May 9, 1794, authorizing the organization of a “Corps of
+Artillerists and Engineers” with two cadets to each company, thereby
+creating the new grade of “cadet” in our regular army. The artillerists
+and engineers were stationed at West Point that year and a school for
+the cadets was opened at once and continued until 1796 when the school
+buildings were destroyed by fire.
+
+In his last message to Congress, Washington said: “The institution of a
+military academy is also recommended by cogent reasons. However pacific
+the general policy of a nation may be, it ought never to be without an
+adequate stock of military knowledge for emergencies. The first would
+impair the energy of its character, and both would hazard its safety, or
+expose it to greater evils when war could not be avoided. Besides that,
+war might not often depend upon its own choice. In proportion as the
+observance of pacific maxims might exempt a nation from the necessity
+of practicing rules of military art, ought to be its care in preserving
+and transmitting, by proper establishments, the knowledge of that art.
+Whatever argument may be drawn from particular examples superficially
+viewed, a thorough examination of the subject will evince that the art
+of war is at once comprehensive and complicated; that it demands much
+previous study; and that the possession of it in its most approved and
+perfect state is always of great moment to the security of a nation.
+This, therefore, ought to be a serious care of every Government; and for
+this purpose, an academy, where a regular course of instruction is given,
+is an obvious expedient, which different nations have successfully
+employed.”
+
+In a letter to Colonel Hamilton, Ex-President Washington said: “The
+establishment of an Institution of this kind, upon a respectable and
+extensive Basis, has ever been considered by me as an object of primary
+importance to this Country; and while I was in the Chair of Government, I
+omitted no proper opportunity of recommending it, in my public speeches
+and other ways, to the attention of the Legislature.... I sincerely hope
+that the subject will meet with due attention, and that the reasons for
+its establishment which you have so clearly pointed out in your letter
+to the Secretary, will prevail upon the Legislature to place it upon a
+permanent and respectable footing.”
+
+New buildings were put up at West Point and on July 20, 1801, the
+Secretary of War ordered all cadets of the corps of artillerists to
+proceed there, and on September 1st of that year the school was reopened
+with four army officers and one civilian as instructors.
+
+An act of Congress approved March 16, 1802, authorized the President to
+organize a corps of engineers to consist of five officers and ten cadets,
+at West Point, to constitute a military academy, which he did and with
+the quota present the United States Military Academy was formally opened
+on the Fourth of July of that year.
+
+But Congress did not appropriate any money for the Academy until March
+3, 1803, and then in the Army Bill it gave only $2,000.00 for both the
+Academy and for War Department books and apparatus. The Army Bill of 1804
+contained $1,000.00 for the Academy, and that of 1805 gave it $500.00.
+Then Congress ignored this institution until the war with England, when
+in the Army Bill of 1812 it gave the Academy $25,000.00 and authorized
+the erection of a library and other buildings, and the reorganization of
+the academic staff.
+
+An Act of Congress in 1808 authorized 40 cadets from the artillery, 16
+from the dragoons, 20 from the riflemen, and 100 from the infantry, but
+as no provision was made for them at West Point only a few of these were
+appointed. In 1810 the Military Academy was deprived of nearly all means
+of instruction and both officers and cadets experienced difficulty in
+getting their pay. During most of the year 1811, although war was then
+imminent, academic instruction was practically abandoned and in March,
+1812, it was abandoned when the last instructor was ordered to duty
+elsewhere. Up to this time 88 cadets had graduated and they had been
+admitted to the academy without mental or physical examinations, at all
+ages, from twelve to thirty-four and at any time of the year.
+
+By an Act of Congress approved April 29, 1812, the Military Academy
+was reorganized, and the provisions of this Act furnished the general
+principles upon which the Academy has since been conducted and
+controlled; a more adequate corps of professors was authorized, a maximum
+of 250 cadets was fixed, and age and mental requisites for admission of
+candidates were prescribed, and in 1817 under the able superintendency of
+Major Sylvanus Thayer, a graduate of the West Point class of 1808, the
+present era in the Academy’s history began, because he made it a school
+for the practical and theoretical training of cadets for the military
+service. Since then the requisites for admission have been increased from
+time to time by Congress and with its permission by the Secretary of War.
+
+In 1834 an appropriation (of $139,881.45) for the Military Academy was
+for the first time made in a separate bill, called the Military Academy
+bill.
+
+In 1838 many records and other property were destroyed by fire.
+
+Prior to 1843 a prescribed residence was not a legal qualification for
+appointment but the selection of one cadet from each congressional
+district became a custom, and in this year Congress prescribed that the
+corps of cadets should consist of one cadet (recommended by the member)
+from each congressional district, one (recommended by the delegate)
+from each Territory, one from the District of Columbia and ten from the
+United States at large, to be appointed by the President; the number of
+cadets varying as the number of congressmen and delegates increased or
+diminished.
+
+The Academic Board now comprises the following, to-wit:
+
+Superintendent.
+
+Commandant of Cadets—Instructor of Tactics.
+
+Professor of Civil and Military Engineering.
+
+Professor of Natural and Experimental Philosophy.
+
+Professor of Mathematics.
+
+Professor of Chemistry, Mineralogy and Geology.
+
+Professor of Drawing.
+
+Professor of Modern Languages.
+
+Professor of Law and History.
+
+Professor of Practical Military Engineering, Military Signaling and
+Telegraphy.
+
+Professor of Ordnance and Gunnery.
+
+Professor of Military Hygiene.
+
+Professor of English and History.
+
+Without regard to his rank the Superintendent is the head of the
+institution, while the other members of the Board take precedence
+according to rank.
+
+These officers have as many assistants detailed from the army as the
+Secretary of War deems necessary for the proper instruction of the
+cadets, and the senior assistant in each department of instruction is a
+member of the Academic Board or of a committee of it, for the purpose of
+examining cadets, arranging them in order of merit, and determining their
+proficiency or deficiency in every branch of study in that department;
+and the instructor of any section under examination or consideration is
+a member of a department committee of the Academic Board for the purpose
+of examining the section and arranging it in order of merit.
+
+All deliberations of the Academic Board and of its committees, and
+expressions of opinions and votes, individual or collective, of members
+thereof are confidential. The decisions of the Board are published in
+orders.
+
+Since 1812 the Course of Study has been four years, except that for the
+classes entering in 1854, ’55 and ’56 it was five years, and for classes
+entering in 1908, ’09 and ’10 it was four years and three months, as new
+cadets were then admitted March 1.
+
+Cadets of the Fourth Class found deficient at the January examinations
+are invariably discharged or permitted to resign, while some of the
+unfortunates at the June examination are turned back to the next class.
+
+By virtue of Section 1331, Revised Statutes of the United States, the
+supervision and charge of the Academy are in the War Department under
+such officer or officers as the Secretary of War may assign to that
+duty.[61]
+
+The Act of Congress approved June 23, 1879, provided “That each member
+of the graduating classes of the Military Academy of 1879 and 1880,
+after graduation, may elect, with the assent of the Secretary of War, to
+receive the gross sum of seven hundred and fifty dollars and mileage to
+his place of residence[62]; and the acceptance of this gross sum shall
+render him ineligible to appointment in the army, except in the event
+of war, until two years after his graduation.” And Congress did this
+when the Military Academy never graduated enough cadets to keep the army
+supplied with second lieutenants.[63]
+
+The Act of Congress approved May 17, 1886, provided “That when any
+Cadet of the United States Military Academy has gone through all its
+classes and received a regular diploma from the Academic Staff, he may
+be promoted and commissioned as a second lieutenant in any arm or corps
+of the Army in which there may be a vacancy and the duties of which he
+may have been judged competent to perform; and in case there shall not at
+the time be a vacancy in such arm or corps, he may, at the discretion of
+the President, be promoted and commissioned in it as an additional second
+lieutenant, with the usual pay and allowances of a second lieutenant,
+until a vacancy shall happen.”
+
+The Act of Congress approved November 4, 1889, provided that “Any cadet
+dismissed for hazing shall not be reappointed.”
+
+By Acts of Congress approved June 6, 1900, March 2, 1901, June 28, 1902
+(this act alone appropriated $5,500,000.00 for the improvement of a
+then fine plant), March 3, 1903, and May 28, 1908, the corps of cadets
+was made to consist of one cadet (recommended by the member) from each
+congressional district, two (one recommended by each senator) from each
+State at large, one (recommended by the delegate) from each Territory,
+one (recommended by the Commissioners) from the District of Columbia, one
+(recommended by the Resident Commissioner) from Porto Rico, and forty
+(appointed by the President) from the United States at large and, with
+the exception of the forty from the United States at large, to be actual
+residents of the Congressional District, State, Territory, District of
+Columbia or Porto Rico, respectively, from which appointed.
+
+Four Filipinos, one for each class, are authorized to receive instruction
+as cadets, to be eligible on graduation only to commissions in the
+Philippine Scouts.
+
+Under these Acts when in June a cadet finishes three years of his course
+at the academy, or sooner if his name is dropped from its rolls before
+then, a principal and two alternates may be appointed and the successful
+one admitted to the academy (formerly in the following June or September
+and now) on the next March 1st. But from July 1, 1910, to July 1, 1916,
+under the Act of April 19, 1910, when in June a cadet finishes two years
+of his course at the academy, or sooner if his name is dropped from its
+rolls before then, a principal and two alternates may be appointed and
+the successful one admitted to the academy on the next March 1st.
+
+According to the twelfth census, the maximum number of cadets was fixed
+at 533.[64]
+
+It is suggested to all candidates (principals and alternates[65]) that
+before leaving their homes for the place designated (either West Point or
+their nearest military post) for their official examination, they should
+cause themselves to be thoroughly examined by a competent physician, and
+by a teacher or instructor in good standing. By such an examination any
+serious disqualification or deficiency in mental preparation would be
+revealed, and the candidate probably spared the expense and trouble of a
+useless journey and the mortification of rejection.
+
+It should be understood that the informal examination herein recommended
+is solely for the convenience and benefit of the candidate himself, and
+can in no manner affect the decision of the official Examining Boards.
+
+There being no provision whatever for the payment of the traveling
+expenses of either accepted or rejected candidates for admission, no
+candidate should fail to provide himself in advance with the means of
+returning to his home, in case of his rejection before either of the
+Examining Boards, as he may otherwise be put to considerable trouble,
+inconvenience, and even suffering on account of his destitute condition.
+If admitted, the money brought by him to meet such a contingency can be
+deposited with the treasurer on account of his equipment as a cadet, or
+returned to his friends.
+
+When the official examination is at a military post the questions[66]
+for the candidates and surgeons to answer are sent from West Point to
+the Board of Officers that conducts the examination. Each candidate is
+given a number which he signs to his examination papers and to a letter
+containing his autograph; the two are put in separate envelopes and sent
+to West Point.
+
+The Act of Congress approved March 2, 1901, provided that “Appointees
+shall be examined under regulations to be framed by the Secretary of War
+before they shall be admitted to the Academy and shall be well versed in
+such subjects as he may from time to time prescribe.”
+
+Special Acts of Congress are sometimes passed that authorize the
+education at the Academy of young men from foreign countries. These young
+men are not commissioned in the Army and the acts always provide that
+all of their expenses shall be defrayed by the countries to which they
+belong.
+
+The Cadets are arranged in four distinct classes, corresponding with the
+four years of study.
+
+The cadets employed on the first year’s course constitute the fourth
+class; those on the second year’s course the third class; those on the
+third year’s course the second class; and those on the fourth year’s
+course the first class.
+
+There was in 1908, ’09 and ’10 a preliminary course from about March 11
+to June 10 for new cadets then admitted March 1, and they constituted the
+class of new cadets.
+
+The academic year commences on the 1st of July. On, or before, that date
+the result of the examination held in the preceding month is announced
+and Cadets are advanced from one class to another. At no other time is a
+Cadet advanced from one class to another, unless prevented by sickness,
+or authorized absence, from attending the aforesaid examination; in
+such a case a special examination is granted; but in no case is a Cadet
+advanced from one class to another without having satisfied the Academic
+Board of his proficiency in each branch of study pursued by his class.
+
+“No cadet who is reported as deficient in either conduct or studies
+and recommended to be discharged from the Academy, shall, unless upon
+recommendation of the Academic Board, be returned or reappointed or be
+appointed to any place in the Army before his class shall have left the
+Academy and received their commissions.”
+
+(Section 1325, Revised Statutes of the United States.)
+
+  =====+========+================================================
+       |Names   |                    MERIT IN
+       |        +-----------+-------+------+-------+------------+
+       |Arranged|           |       |      |       |            |
+       |in Order|           |       |      |       |            |
+       |  of    |           |       |      |       |  Natural   |
+  Class|General |           |       |      |       |    and     |
+  Rank | Merit  |           |       |      |       |Experimental|
+       |        |Mathematics|English|French|Spanish| Philosophy |
+       +--------+-----------+-------+------+-------+------------+
+       |Maximum |           |       |      |       |            |
+       |in each |   400.00  | 75.00 |150.00| 125.00|   300.00   |
+       |branch  |           |       |      |       |            |
+  -----+--------+-----------+-------+------+-------+------------+
+
+  =====+========+=======================================================
+       |Names   |                    MERIT IN
+       |        +----------+------------+----------+-------+-----------+
+       |Arranged|Chemistry,|   Drill    |          |       |           |
+       |in Order| Chemical |Regulations:|          |       |           |
+       |  of    | Physics, |  Cavalry,  |          |       |           |
+  Class|General |Mineralogy| Artillery  |          |       | Civil and |
+  Rank | Merit  |   and    |    and     | Military |       | Military  |
+       |        |Geology   | Infantry   |Efficiency|Drawing|Engineering|
+       +--------+----------+------------+----------+-------+-----------+
+       |Maximum |          |            |          |       |           |
+       |in each |  225.00  |   115.00   |  130.00  |125.00 |  300.00   |
+       |branch  |          |            |          |       |           |
+  -----+--------+----------+------------+----------+-------+-----------+
+
+  =====+========+========================================================
+       |Names   |                    MERIT IN
+       |        +------+--------+-----------+----------+--------+-------+
+       |Arranged|      |        |           |          |        |       |
+       |in Order|      |Ordnance|           |          |        |       |
+       |  of    |      |   and  |           |Soldierly |        |       |
+  Class|General |      |Science | Practical |Deportment|        |       |
+  Rank | Merit  |      |   of   | Military  |   and    |Military| Final |
+       |        | Law  |Gunnery |Engineering|Discipline|Hygiene |Conduct|
+       +--------+------+--------+-----------+----------+--------+-------+
+       |Maximum |      |        |           |          |        |       |
+       |in each |150.00| 150.00 |    45.00  |   20.00  |  25.00 |125.00 |
+       |branch  |      |        |           |          |        |       |
+  -----+--------+------+--------+-----------+----------+--------+-------+
+
+  =====+========+========
+       |Names   |
+       |        ++-------
+       |Arranged||
+       |in Order||
+       |  of    ||
+  Class|General ||
+  Rank | Merit  ||General
+       |        || Merit
+       +--------++-------
+       |Maximum ||
+       |in each ||2460.00
+       |branch  ||
+  -----+--------++-------
+
+The count for conduct, based upon the number of demerits received by a
+cadet each year, is
+
+    Class of New Cadets   40
+    Fourth class year     50
+    Third class year      75
+    Second class year    100
+    First class year     125
+
+The final count in conduct for the graduating merit roll is 125. It is
+obtained by adding together the respective proportional parts for each
+of the four years and the preliminary course for New Cadets, and then
+reducing the sums thus found to equivalent values with a maximum of 125.
+
+Upon completing the prescribed course of study the graduates are eligible
+for promotion to the grade of Second Lieutenant in any corps or arm of
+the army, the duties of which the Academic Board may judge them competent
+to perform.
+
+For instruction in infantry drill regulations and in military police and
+discipline, the Corps of Cadets is organized into two battalions, under
+the Commandant of Cadets, assisted by two battalion commanders (army
+officers), each company being commanded by an army officer. The cadet
+officers and non-commissioned officers are selected from those who have
+been most studious, soldier-like in the performance of their duties,
+and most exemplary in their general deportment. In general, the cadet
+officers are taken from the first class, the sergeants from the second,
+and the corporals from the third.
+
+In an article in the July-August, 1904, number of The Journal of the
+Military Service Institution, Professor Samuel E. Tillman, of the United
+States Military Academy said:
+
+“Any one returning to the Academy now after an absence of fifteen years
+will observe many striking changes, the most important of which are: The
+disappearance in large part of the annual and semi-annual examinations;
+the introduction of the intermediate examinations, that is examinations
+during the academic term, at the completion of some part of the
+term-course; the large increase in written recitations with corresponding
+decrease in oral; a great increase in practical and semipractical work
+in connection with the descriptive courses; the greater amount of
+time permitted for recreation exercises. These changes have greatly
+modified methods deemed of much importance for sixty years prior to
+1890, yet it can be confidently asserted that the changes have enabled
+cadets to acquire a greater amount of information with less effort upon
+their part.... Cadet schools should always be training, developing and
+character-forming schools, as they control the students at the best
+formative period.”
+
+Since 1840 the following changes have been made in the subjects taught,
+to-wit:
+
+In 1853 Practical Military Engineering was added.
+
+In 1857 Spanish was added.
+
+In 1873 Ethics and Logic were dropped.
+
+In 1882 General History was added and Physical Training was made a
+distinct course.
+
+In 1909 Military Hygiene was added.
+
+Text books have been changed or revised from time to time since the
+Academy was founded.
+
+Colonel Charles W. Larned, Professor of Drawing at the Academy, in a
+recent article in _Munsey’s Magazine_, said:
+
+“The improvements now in progress at the Military Academy ... include not
+only an architectural renewal, but a revision of the entire curriculum,
+both of which are undertakings of transcendant importance to the
+institution....
+
+“It has been a difficult task to harmonize the various discordant
+buildings of other styles, which cannot be sacrificed, with the
+prevailing Tudor style; more especially as the topography of the site
+restricts the plan within confined limits. The architects have succeeded,
+however, in evolving a scheme which, when completed, will have both unity
+and coherence, and a picturesqueness unequaled on the continent. The
+rugged, climbing masses of semi-medieval Gothic structures that scale
+the granite cliffs and rise in towering succession to their crowning
+feature, the cathedral-like Chapel on Observatory Hill, will form a group
+of buildings in harmony both with their use and their environment, and
+worthy of the great institution they house.”
+
+And in speaking of what graduates have done, he said: “At the end of that
+tremendous struggle (the Civil War), all the armies in the field on both
+sides were commanded by graduates of West Point; nearly all the army
+corps, and most of the divisions. Out of sixty of the greatest battles
+... in fifty-six the commanders on both sides were graduates; in the
+other four a graduate commanded on one side, and three of the four were
+won by graduates....
+
+“As explorers, as early as 1820, Long’s expedition containing Bell,
+Graham and Swift, explored as far as Pike’s Peak, and first ascended
+it; Allen, in 1832, first traced the source of the Mississippi; and
+Bonneville’s great exploration, in 1832-1834, penetrated Wyoming, Utah,
+California, and the Columbia and Yellowstone regions, and supplied the
+first hydrographic maps of the country.
+
+“For half a century West Point was the principal and almost the
+only school of science and technology in America. Its graduates not
+only furnished presidents and teachers of scientific institutions
+as they appeared, but were the pioneer engineers who laid out the
+trans-continental routes of the great western railways, besides
+surveying and developing as engineers and presidents other systems in
+the East.... More than one hundred and seventy-five thousand miles of
+routes, lines and marches.” And graduates have had charge of “the Lake
+surveys; the Coast and Geodetic survey, reorganized and for twenty-four
+years superintended by a graduate; the surveys west of the one hundredth
+meridian; the river and harbor improvements of the United States; the
+control and building of the Panama Canal; the superintendency and
+construction of public buildings in Washington, including the wings and
+dome of the Capitol, and the Congressional Library; the rectification and
+completion of the Washington Monument; the construction of lighthouses,
+including the remarkable one of Minot’s Ledge; besides many other works
+of survey and construction, of which the Chicago (drainage) Canal is one
+of the most important. The disbursements of public funds for river and
+harbor work alone approximate six hundred million dollars and if other
+civil and military works are included, the grand total will be not far
+from one thousand millions.... Our officers ... have been: Governors of
+provinces, mayors of cities, collectors of customs, school commissioners,
+sanitary engineers, civil engineers, police commissioners, judges of
+courts, architects, superintendents of railroads, heads of departments of
+state, and even commanders of vessels....
+
+“Half of the (4,121) graduates in the first century of the academy’s
+existence entered civil life, and in the civil career alone their record
+shows nineteen per cent of distinguished success—far in excess of that of
+any other institution in the land....”
+
+In an article that appeared in 1904 in the New York Sun he gave the
+following data for—
+
+    _West Point Graduates Who Have Attained Distinguished Success._
+
+    1 President of the United States.
+
+    1 President of the Confederate States.
+
+    3 Presidential candidates.
+
+    1 Vice-Presidential candidate.
+
+    4 Members of the Cabinet of the United States.
+
+    1 Ambassador.
+
+    14 Ministers from the United States to foreign courts.
+
+    2 Chargés d’Affaires from the United States to foreign courts.
+
+    12 United States Consuls-General and Consuls.
+
+    24 Members of the United States Senate and House of
+    Representatives.
+
+    171 United States civil officers of various kinds.
+
+    8 Presidential electors.
+
+    2 Governors of States and Territories.
+
+    77 Members of State Legislatures.
+
+    2 Lieutenant-Governors of States.
+
+    8 Presiding officers of State Senates and Houses of
+    Representatives.
+
+    13 Members of conventions to form State constitutions.
+
+    81 State officers of various grades.
+
+    29 Adjutants, Inspectors, and Quartermasters-General and Chief
+    Engineers of States and Territories.
+
+    158 Officers of State militia.
+
+    17 Mayors of cities.
+
+    57 City officers.
+
+    46 Presidents of universities, colleges, etc.
+
+    32 Principals of academies and schools.
+
+    14 Regents and chancellors of educational institutions.
+
+    136 Professors and teachers.
+
+    1 Superintendent of Coast Survey.
+
+    11 Surveyors-General of States and Territories.
+
+    14 Chief Engineers of States.
+
+    87 Presidents of railroads and other corporations.
+
+    63 Chief engineers of railroads and other public works.
+
+    62 Superintendents of railroads and other public works.
+
+    24 Treasurers and receivers of railroads and other corporations.
+
+    228 Civil engineers.
+
+    5 Electrical engineers.
+
+    14 Judges.
+
+    200 Attorneys and counsellors at law.
+
+    1 Bishop.
+
+    1 Superior-General of clerical order.
+
+    20 Clergymen.
+
+    14 Physicians.
+
+    122 Merchants.
+
+    77 Manufacturers.
+
+    3 Artists.
+
+    7 Architects.
+
+    230 Farmers and planters.
+
+    18 Bankers.
+
+    8 Bank presidents.
+
+    23 Bank officers.
+
+    30 Editors.
+
+    179 Authors.
+
+In accordance with sections 1327, 1328 and 1329 of the Revised Statutes
+of the United States a Board of Visitors, composed of twelve persons,
+seven appointed by the President, two by the presiding officer of the
+Senate, and three by the Speaker of the House of Representatives, was
+for years annually appointed to visit the Military Academy to “inquire
+into the actual state of discipline, instruction, police administration,
+fiscal affairs, and other concerns of the institution, and reported the
+same to the Secretary of War for the information of Congress.” Each
+member of the Board received not exceeding eight cents per mile traveled,
+by the most direct route, from his residence to West Point and return,
+and in addition, five dollars per day for expenses during each day of
+his service at West Point. This Board visited and inspected the Academy
+during the first two weeks of June.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Act of Congress approved March 4, 1909, among other things says:
+
+“That hereafter the Board of Visitors to the Military Academy shall
+consist of five members of the Committee on Military Affairs of the
+Senate and seven members of the Committee on Military Affairs of the
+House of Representatives, to be appointed by the respective chairman
+thereof, who shall annually visit the Military Academy on such date or
+dates as may be fixed by the chairman of the said committees; and the
+Superintendent of the academy and the members of the Board of Visitors
+shall be notified of such date by the chairman of the said committees,
+acting jointly, at least fifteen days before the meeting. The expenses
+of the members of the board shall be their actual expenses while engaged
+upon their duties as members of said board, and their actual expenses for
+travel by the shortest mail routes: Provided further, That so much of
+sections 1327, 1328 and 1329, Revised Statutes of the United States, as
+is inconsistent with the provisions of this Act is hereby repealed.”
+
+The Military Academy, upon which millions of dollars have been expended
+on grounds and buildings alone, is maintained by the Government solely
+for the practical and theoretical training of young men for commissions
+in the army, and that the investment is appreciated by the country is
+voiced by its public men, a few quotations being given here.
+
+From his experience in the War of 1812 and service on Indian campaigns,
+General Andrew Jackson while President of the United States in a message
+to Congress said:
+
+“I recommend to your fostering care, as one of our safest means of
+national defense, the Military Academy. This institution has already
+exercised the happiest influence upon the moral and intellectual
+character of our Army; and such of the graduates from various causes
+may not pursue the profession of arms will be scarcely less useful as
+citizens. Their knowledge of the military art will be advantageously
+employed in the militia service, and in a measure secure to that class of
+troops the advantages which in this respect belongs to standing armies.”
+
+After the close of the Mexican war Lieutenant-General Winfield Scott in a
+report to the Secretary of War said:
+
+“I give it as my fixed opinion that, but for our graduated cadets, the
+war between the United States and Mexico might, and probably would, have
+lasted some four or five years, with, in its first half, more defeats
+than victories falling to our share; whereas, in less than two campaigns,
+we conquered a great country and a peace, without the loss of a single
+battle or skirmish.”
+
+Some two score of years later, in speaking of the graduates of the
+Military Academy, the Honorable Charles S. Fairchild, of New York, in
+an address said: “That roll, which, when told over, excites patriotic
+enthusiasm, and calls forth high emotion beyond that of the roll of any
+like institution in the world.”
+
+And General William Tecumseh Sherman said:
+
+“The education and manly training imparted to young men at West Point
+has repaid the United States a thousand times its cost, and more than
+verified the predictions of General Washington. Every cadet at West Point
+is an appointee of a member of Congress, every member having a cadet of
+his own nomination there, with only ten appointed by the President at
+large. The corps of cadets is therefore a youthful counterpart of our
+national House of Representatives. The same laws, the same regulations,
+the same instruction, books, clothing, and food are common to all, and a
+more democratic body never existed on earth than is the corps of cadets.”
+
+In June, 1902, some five hundred graduates and President Roosevelt,
+Secretary of War Root, Lieutenant-General Miles, Adjutant-General
+Corbin, and scores of other non-graduates, assembled together at West
+Point, many with and a few without their wives, and celebrated in a royal
+manner the first centennial of the founding of the Military Academy. The
+cadets went into camp that year earlier than usual and their barracks
+were used by such of the visiting graduates as were not cared for at the
+hotel, in Cullum Hall, or by the families on duty at the post, while the
+wives and daughters of those of us who slept in barracks were cared for
+at Cozzen’s Hotel, now a part of the post.
+
+Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, then President of the United States, in an
+address said:
+
+“This institution has completed its first hundred years of life. During
+that century no other educational institution in the land has contributed
+as many names as West Point has contributed to the honor roll of the
+nation’s greatest citizens.”
+
+The Hon. Elihu Root, the Secretary of War, said:
+
+“The foregoing considerations naturally bring to mind the Military
+Academy at West Point. I believe that the great service which it has
+rendered the country was never more conspicuous than it has been during
+the past two years. The faithful and efficient service of its graduates
+since the declaration of war with Spain have more than repaid the cost of
+the institution since its foundation. They have been too few in number
+and most heavily burdened.”
+
+And in his address to the graduating class of 1903 the Honorable
+David B. Henderson, of Iowa, a former Speaker of the National House
+of Representatives, and then the President of the West Point Board of
+Visitors, said: “The Board (of Visitors) have all been here and have
+devoted such time as was possible to studying the conditions of West
+Point. I can speak for the Board that they have been delighted with what
+they have seen, and are unanimously of the opinion, which the world
+holds, I may say, that this is the greatest military educational school
+on earth.”
+
+Many foreign princes and others interested in the education of young men
+for civil as well as for military pursuits visit West Point. Among the
+guests at the Academy’s Centennial were two German army officers sent by
+the Emperor as his personal representative.
+
+After a careful inspection of the leading educational institutions of the
+world Major-General Sir Thomas Frazer of the British Army in a letter
+referring to West Point said: “I think the institution is better than any
+I have seen.”
+
+And Field Marshal Lord Wolseley in writing about West Point said: “I
+have very often had the advantage of meeting men who have qualified at
+that best of all military schools and invariably found them interesting
+companions, with a thorough knowledge of their profession.”
+
+Colonel Bridges, C. M. G., recently said: “After an exhaustive course
+of inquiries into the training of the young idea in military matters,
+I have returned to Australia imbued with the idea that the American
+methods in vogue at their celebrated institution at West Point are the
+best, with, of course, certain modifications for Australia.... It is an
+extremely efficient institution for the purpose for which it is intended.”
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+TABLE SHOWING DISPOSITION OF CANDIDATES.
+
+  ========+=========+========+===========+=========+=========+
+          |         |        |           |         |         |
+          |         |        |           |         |         |
+          |         |        |Alternates |         |         |
+          |         |        |Passed     |         |         |
+          |         |        |for Whom no|         |         |
+  Year    |         |        |Vacancies  |Admitted |Cadets at|
+  Reported|Appointed|Reported|Existed.   |as Cadets|Academy  |
+  --------+---------+--------+-----------+---------+---------+
+  1800    |Records  |Records |Alternates |     2   |    —    |
+     1    |lost     |lost    |first      |     7   |    —    |
+     2    |by fire  |by fire |appointed  |     2   |    —    |
+     3    |in 1838. |in 1838.|in 1878.   |     8   |    —    |
+     4    |         |        |           |     9   |    —    |
+     5    |         |        |           |    10   |    —    |
+     6    |         |        |           |     9   |    —    |
+     7    |         |        |           |    17   |    —    |
+     8    |         |        |           |    41   |    —    |
+     9    |         |        |           |    10   |    —    |
+  1810    |         |        |           |     2   |    —    |
+     1    |         |        |           |     0   |    —    |
+     2    |         |        |           |    10   |    —    |
+     3    |         |        |           |    87   |    —    |
+     4    |         |        |           |   148   |    —    |
+     5    |         |        |           |    58   |    —    |
+     6    |         |        |           |    34   |    —    |
+     7    |         |        |           |    55   |    —    |
+     8    |         |        |           |   115   |    —    |
+     9    |         |        |           |    86   |    —    |
+  1820    |         |        |           |    67   |    —    |
+     1    |         |        |           |    77   |    —    |
+     2    |         |        |           |   108   |    —    |
+     3    |         |        |           |   103   |    —    |
+     4    |         |        |           |    79   |    —    |
+     5    |         |        |           |   105   |    —    |
+     6    |         |        |           |    91   |    —    |
+     7    |         |        |           |    97   |    —    |
+     8    |         |        |           |   106   |    —    |
+     9    |         |        |           |   113   |    —    |
+  1830    |         |        |           |   102   |    —    |
+     1    |         |        |           |    94   |    —    |
+     2    |         |        |           |   102   |    —    |
+     3    |         |        |           |   112   |    —    |
+     4    |         |        |           |    65   |    —    |
+     5    |         |        |           |    72   |    —    |
+     6    |         |        |           |    97   |    —    |
+     7    |         |        |           |   118   |    —    |
+     8    |   132   |  114   |           |   111   |    —    |
+     9    |    91   |   79   |           |    76   |    —    |
+  1840    |   106   |   94   |           |    84   |    —    |
+     1    |   131   |  122   |           |   114   |    —    |
+     2    |   144   |  135   |           |   109   |    —    |
+     3    |    77   |   74   |           |    60   |    —    |
+     4    |    96   |   90   |           |    75   |    —    |
+     5    |    98   |   91   |           |    81   |    —    |
+     6    |   121   |  109   |           |   103   |    —    |
+     7    |    84   |   78   |           |    74   |    —    |
+     8    |    84   |   83   |           |    81   |    —    |
+     9    |    95   |   90   |           |    88   |    —    |
+  1850    |    98   |   95   |           |    90   |    —    |
+     1    |    81   |   74   |           |    71   |    —    |
+     2    |   102   |  100   |           |    90   |    —    |
+     3    |    97   |   90   |           |    83   |    —    |
+     4    |   120   |  111   |           |   103   |    —    |
+     5    |    99   |   94   |           |    80   |    —    |
+     6    |   101   |   93   |           |    73   |    —    |
+     7    |   132   |  117   |           |    82   |    —    |
+     8    |   108   |   98   |           |    75   |    —    |
+     9    |    91   |   86   |           |    60   |    —    |
+  1860    |    84   |   84   |           |    72   |    —    |
+     1    |   148   |  123   |           |   108   |    —    |
+     2    |    96   |   92   |           |    81   |    —    |
+     3    |   126   |  111   |           |    99   |    —    |
+     4    |   101   |   88   |           |    73   |    —    |
+     5    |   101   |   94   |           |    74   |    —    |
+     6    |    95   |   88   |           |    70   |    —    |
+     7    |    84   |   75   |           |    55   |    —    |
+     8    |   127   |  113   |           |    76   |    —    |
+     9    |   112   |  101   |           |    70   |    —    |
+  1870    |   163   |  142   |           |    65   |    —    |
+     1    |   131   |  119   |           |    76   |    —    |
+     2    |   165   |  150   |           |    95   |    —    |
+     3    |   230   |  205   |           |   118   |    —    |
+     4    |   175   |  159   |           |    89   |    —    |
+     5    |   206   |  195   |           |   121   |    —    |
+     6    |   167   |  154   |           |    98   |    —    |
+     7    |   200   |  186   |           |    96   |    —    |
+     8    |   174   |  152   |     3     |   102   |    —    |
+     9    |   146   |  122   |     4     |    88   |    —    |
+  1880    |   139   |  115   |     6     |    73   |    —    |
+     1    |   200   |  152   |     3     |    85   |    —    |
+     2    |   216   |  192   |     8     |   129   |    —    |
+     3    |   235   |  209   |     9     |   141   |    —    |
+     4    |   178   |  155   |     4     |   100   |    —    |
+     5    |   171   |  143   |     6     |    95   |    —    |
+     6    |   215   |  190   |    10     |   128   |    —    |
+     7    |   256   |  210   |     9     |   127   |    —    |
+     8    |   210   |  181   |     6     |   101   |    —    |
+     9    |   231   |  196   |     7     |    96   |    —    |
+  1890    |   198   |  175   |    11     |    81   |    —    |
+     1    |   209   |  161   |     9     |    97   |    —    |
+     2    |   302   |  258   |    15     |   114   |    —    |
+     3    |   326   |  268   |    10     |   108   |    —    |
+     4    |   303   |  258   |    12     |   101   |    —    |
+     5    |   327   |  282   |    17     |   105   |    —    |
+     6    |   308   |  248   |    18     |   110   |    —    |
+     7    |   315   |  285   |    23     |   129   |    —    |
+     8    |   311   |  273   |    15     |   101   |    —    |
+     9    |   321   |  257   |    21     |   145   |    —    |
+  1900    |   379   |  317   |    36     |   170   |    —    |
+     1    |   374   |  311   |    47     |   160   |    —    |
+     2    |   269   |  211   |    26     |   114   |    —    |
+     3    |   425   |  324   |    28     |   163   |    —    |
+     4    |   353   |  279   |    42     |   153   |    —    |
+     5    |   368   |  289   |    41     |   145   |    1    |
+     6    |   315   |  228   |    30     |   123   |    8    |
+     7    |   387   |  308   |    34     |   143   |   92    |
+     8    |   461   |  351   |     7     |   132   |   88    |
+     9    |   482   |  366   |     4     |   128   |  118    |
+  1910    |   505   |  391   |     5     |   148   |  111    |
+  --------+---------+--------+-----------+---------+---------+
+  Total   |     —   |    —   |   526     | 9,742   |  418    |
+  --------+---------+--------+-----------+---------+---------+
+
+  +============================================================
+  |                   GRADUATED CADETS.
+  +----+-----+-----+------+-----+-----+-----+------+-----+-----
+  |    |     |     |      |     |     |     |In    |     |Year
+  |    |     |     |      |     |     |     |from  |     |or
+  |In  |In   |In   | In   |In   |In   |In   |One to|In   |Date
+  |One |Two  |Three| Four |Five |Six  |Seven|Seven |Each |of
+  |Year|Years|Years| Years|Years|Years|Years|Years |Class|Class
+  +----+ ----+-----+------+-----+-----+-----+------+-----+-----
+  |  — |  1  |  —  |    — |   — |   1 |   — |    2 |    —|    —
+  |  1 |  2  |  1  |    — |   1 |   — |   — |    5 |    —|    —
+  |  1 |  —  |  1  |    — |   — |   — |   — |    2 |    2| 1802
+  |  1 |  1  |  3  |    — |   1 |   — |   — |    6 |    3|    3
+  |  1 |  6  |  —  |    — |   — |   — |   — |    7 |    2|    4
+  |  4 |  2  |  1  |    — |   — |   1 |   — |    8 |    3|    5
+  |  3 |  4  |  —  |    — |   2 |   — |   — |    9 |   15|    6
+  |  9 |  —  |  —  |    1 |   2 |   — |   — |   12 |    5|    7
+  |  7 |  —  | 12  |   11 |   — |   — |   — |   30 |   15|    8
+  |  — |  3  |  3  |    — |   — |   — |   — |    6 |    7|    9
+  |  — |  2  |  —  |    — |   — |   — |   — |    2 |    0| 1810
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |    — |   — |   — |   — |    0 |   19|    1
+  |  1 |  7  |  —  |    — |   2 |   — |   — |   10 |   18|    2
+  | 23 | 31  |  —  |    3 |   2 |   3 |   — |   62 |    1|    3
+  |  9 |  —  | 13  |   16 |  15 |  11 |   2 |   66 |   30|    4
+  |  — |  1  |  4  |    7 |   8 |   1 |   — |   21 |   40|    5
+  |  — |  1  |  2  |    9 |   — |   — |   — |   12 |    0|    6
+  |  — |  2  |  2  |   18 |   8 |   — |   — |   30 |   19|    7
+  |  — |  —  |  3  |   32 |   9 |   — |   — |   44 |   23|    8
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   26 |   6 |   1 |   — |   33 |   29|    9
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   25 |   7 |   — |   — |   32 |   30| 1820
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   29 |   5 |   — |   — |   34 |   24|    1
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   36 |   7 |   — |   — |   43 |   40|    2
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   31 |   9 |   — |   — |   40 |   35|    3
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   24 |   4 |   — |   — |   28 |   31|    4
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   42 |   8 |   — |   — |   50 |   37|    5
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   34 |   3 |   — |   — |   37 |   41|    6
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   30 |  10 |   — |   — |   40 |   38|    7
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   35 |   8 |   — |   — |   43 |   33|    8
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   35 |  12 |   — |   — |   47 |   46|    9
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   24 |  13 |   — |   — |   37 |   42| 1830
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   43 |   5 |   — |   — |   48 |   33|    1
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   44 |   6 |   — |   — |   50 |   45|    2
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   44 |   9 |   — |   — |   53 |   43|    3
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   36 |   — |   — |   — |   36 |   36|    4
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   31 |   6 |   — |   — |   37 |   56|    5
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   36 |   6 |   — |   — |   42 |   49|    6
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   46 |   2 |   — |   — |   48 |   50|    7
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   54 |   5 |   — |   — |   59 |   45|    8
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   34 |   3 |   1 |   — |   38 |   31|    9
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   22 |   6 |   — |   — |   28 |   42| 1840
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   34 |  12 |   — |   — |   46 |   52|    1
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   47 |   9 |   — |   — |   56 |   56|    2
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   29 |   4 |   — |   — |   33 |   39|    3
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   34 |   3 |   — |   — |   37 |   25|    4
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   40 |   3 |   1 |   — |   44 |   41|    5
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   41 |   6 |   — |   — |   47 |   59|    6
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   35 |   5 |   — |   — |   40 |   38|    7
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   38 |  10 |   — |   — |   48 |   38|    8
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   42 |   6 |   — |   — |   48 |   43|    9
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   40 |   3 |   — |   — |   43 |   44| 1850
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   31 |   4 |   2 |   — |   37 |   42|    1
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   45 |   1 |   — |   — |   46 |   43|    2
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   35 |   7 |   — |   — |   42 |   52|    3
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   20 |  22 |   4 |   — |   46 |   46|    4
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |    — |  37 |   1 |   — |   38 |   34|    5
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |    — |  44 |   2 |   — |   46 |   49|    6
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   34 |   4 |   — |   — |   38 |   38|    7
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   24 |   5 |   — |   — |   29 |   27|    8
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   20 |   — |   — |   — |   20 |   22|    9
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   27 |   5 |   — |   — |   32 |   41| 1860
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   63 |   2 |   — |   — |   65 |   79|    1
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   39 |   5 |   — |   — |   44 |   28|    2
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   58 |   8 |   — |   1 |   67 |   25|    3
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   46 |   3 |   — |   — |   49 |   27|    4
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   36 |  13 |   — |   — |   49 |   68|    5
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   44 |   7 |   — |   — |   51 |   41|    6
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   34 |   4 |   — |   — |   38 |   63|    7
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   53 |   1 |   — |   — |   54 |   54|    8
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   40 |   4 |   — |   — |   44 |   39|    9
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   37 |   9 |   — |   — |   46 |   58| 1870
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   34 |   3 |   — |   — |   37 |   41|    1
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   45 |   3 |   — |   — |   48 |   57|    2
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   73 |   5 |   — |   — |   78 |   41|    3
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   38 |   3 |   1 |   — |   42 |   41|    4
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   64 |   4 |   — |   — |   68 |   43|    5
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   47 |   8 |   — |   — |   55 |   48|    6
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   45 |  11 |   — |   — |   56 |   76|    7
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   26 |  13 |   — |   — |   39 |   43|    8
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   39 |   3 |   — |   — |   42 |   67|    9
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   34 |   3 |   — |   — |   37 |   52| 1880
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   36 |   7 |   — |   — |   43 |   53|    1
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   70 |   5 |   — |   — |   75 |   37|    2
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   59 |   8 |   — |   — |   67 |   52|    3
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   36 |   6 |   — |   — |   42 |   37|    4
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   43 |   3 |   — |   — |   46 |   39|    5
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   51 |  11 |   — |   — |   62 |   77|    6
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   54 |  11 |   — |   — |   65 |   64|    7
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   51 |   6 |   — |   — |   57 |   44|    8
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   45 |  11 |   1 |   — |   57 |   49|    9
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   43 |   8 |   — |   — |   51 |   54| 1890
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   43 |  12 |   — |   — |   55 |   65|    1
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   61 |   6 |   — |   — |   67 |   62|    2
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   61 |   4 |   2 |   — |   67 |   51|    3
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   55 |   9 |   — |   — |   64 |   54|    4
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   61 |   3 |   2 |   — |   66 |   52|    5
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   51 |   8 |   — |   — |   59 |   73|    6
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   64 |   8 |   2 |   — |   74 |   67|    7
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   46 |  12 |   — |   — |   58 |   59|    8
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   79 |  14 |   3 |   1 |   97 |   72|    9
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |  110 |  14 |   1 |   — |  125 |   54| 1900
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   97 |  10 |   — |   — |  107 |   74|    1
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   66 |   9 |   1 |   — |   76 |   54|    2
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |  102 |   9 |   — |   — |  111 |   93|    3
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   98 |   6 |   — |   — |  104 |  124|    4
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   97 |  12 |   — |   — |  109 |  114|    5
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |   70 |   — |   — |   — |   70 |   78|    6
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |    — |   — |   — |   — |    — |  111|    7
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |    — |   — |   — |   — |    — |  108|    8
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |    — |   — |   — |   — |    — |  103|    9
+  |  — |  —  |  —  |    — |   — |   — |   — |    — |   82| 1910
+  +----+-----+-----+------+-----+-----+-----+------+-----------
+  | 60 | 63  | 45  |4,008 | 714 |  40 |   4 |4,934 |4,934|Total
+  +----+-----+-----+------+-----+-----+-----+------+-----------
+
+    In 1817 the Course of Study was fixed at four years.
+
+    One-half of the cadets admitted in 1854 formed the class of
+    1858, and, as the Course of Study was then changed to five
+    years, the other half constituted the class of 1859.
+
+    Two classes—those admitted in 1856 and 1857—were graduated in
+    1861—the former in May and the latter in June—when the Course
+    of Study was again fixed at four years.
+
+    Revised to June 30, 1910.
+
+
+SUPERINTENDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY
+
+  ===========================+==================================+
+  No.          Name.         |  Army Rank when Appointed.       |
+  ---------------------------+----------------------------------+
+  1   Jonathan Williams      |Major Corps of Engineers          |
+  2   Jonathan Williams      |Lieut. Col. Corps of Engineers    |
+  3   Joseph G. Swift        |Colonel Corps of Engineers        |
+  4   Alden Partridge        |Captain Corps of Engineers        |
+  5   Sylvanus Thayer        |Captain Corps of Engineers        |
+  6   Rene E. DeRussy        |Major Corps of Engineers          |
+  7   Richard Delafield      |Major Corps of Engineers          |
+  8   Henry Brewerton        |Captain Corps of Engineers        |
+  9   Robert E. Lee          |Captain Corps of Engineers        |
+  10  John G. Garnard        |Captain Corps of Engineers        |
+  11  Richard Delafield      |Major Corps of Engineers          |
+  12  Peter G. T. Beauregard |Captain Corps of Engineers        |
+  13  Richard Delafield      |Major Corps of Engineers          |
+  14  Alexander H. Bowman    |Major Corps of Engineers          |
+  15  Zealous B. Tower       |Major Corps of Engineers          |
+  16  George W. Cullum       |Lieut. Colonel Corps of Engineers |
+  17  Thomas G. Pitcher      |Colonel 44th Infantry             |
+  18  Thomas H. Ruger        |Colonel 18th Infantry             |
+  19  John M. Schofield      |Major General, U. S. A            |
+  20  Oliver O. Howard       |Brigadier General, U. S. A        |
+  21  Wesley Merritt         |Colonel 5th Cavalry               |
+  22  John G. Parke          |Colonel Corps of Engineers        |
+  23  John M. Wilson         |Lieut. Colonel Corps of Engineers |
+  24  Oswald H. Ernst        |Major Corps of Engineers          |
+  25  Albert L. Mills        |1st Lieutenant 1st Cavalry        |
+  26  Hugh L. Scott          |Major 14th Cavalry                |
+  27  Thomas H. Barry        |Major General U. S. A             |
+  ---------------------------+----------------------------------+
+
+  ====+==================+==================+=========
+  No. |       From       |        To        | Remarks.
+  ----+------------------+------------------+---------
+  1   |   April 15, 1802.| † June 20, 1803. | Resigned.
+  2   | † April 19, 1805.|   July 31, 1812. | Resigned.
+  3   |   July 31, 1812. |   March 24, 1814.| Relieved.
+  4   |   Jan’y 3, 1815. |   July 28, 1817. | Relieved.
+  5   |   July 28, 1817. |   July 1, 1833.  | Relieved.
+  6   |   July 1, 1833.  |   Sept. 1, 1838. | Relieved.
+  7   |   Sept. 1, 1838. |   Aug. 15, 1845. | Relieved.
+  8   |   Aug. 15, 1845. |   Sept. 1, 1852. | Relieved.
+  9   |   Sept. 1, 1852. |   March 31, 1855.| Relieved.
+  10  |   March 31, 1855.|   Sept. 8, 1856. | Relieved.
+  11  |   Sept. 8, 1856. | § Jan’y 23, 1861.| Relieved.
+  12  | § Jan’y 23, 1861.|   Jan’y 28, 1868.| Relieved.
+  13  |   Jan’y 28, 1861.|   March 1, 1861. | Relieved.
+  14  |   March 1, 1861. |   July 8, 1864.  | Relieved.
+  15  |   July 8, 1864.  |   Sept. 3, 1864. | Relieved.
+  16  |   Sept. 8, 1864. |   Aug. 28, 1866. | Relieved.
+  17  |   Aug. 28, 1866. |   Sept. 1, 1871. | Relieved.
+  18  |   Sept. 1, 1871. |   Sept. 1, 1876. | Relieved.
+  19  |   Sept. 1, 1876. |   Jan’y 21, 1881.| Relieved.
+  20  |   Jan’y 21, 1881.|   Sept. 1, 1882. | Relieved.
+  21  |   Sept. 1, 1882. |   July 1, 1887.  | Relieved.
+  22  |   Aug. 28, 1887. |   June 24, 1889. | Relieved.
+  23  |   Aug. 26, 1889. |   March 31, 1893.| Relieved.
+  24  |   March 31, 1893.|   Aug. 21, 1898. | Relieved.
+  25  |   Aug. 22, 1898. |   Aug. 31, 1906. | Relieved.
+  26  |   Aug. 31, 1906. |   Aug. 31, 1910. | Relieved.
+  27  |   Aug. 31, 1910  |                  |
+  ----+------------------+------------------+----------
+
+    Note.—The selection of the Superintendents of the Military
+    Academy was confined to the Corps of Engineers from the
+    establishment of the Institution, March 16, 1802, till the
+    passage of the law of July 13, 1866, which opened it to the
+    entire Army. By the Act of June 12, 1858, the local rank of
+    Colonel was conferred upon the Superintendent.
+
+    † Major Williams resigned June 20, 1803, on a point of command,
+    and pending its settlement until April 19, 1805, when he
+    again returned to service as Chief Engineer, no permanent
+    Superintendent of the Military Academy was appointed, the
+    command devolving upon the senior officer of the Corps of
+    Engineers present for duty.
+
+    § Bvt. Major P. G. T. Beauregard, Corps of Engineers, by order
+    of John B. Floyd, Secretary of War, relieved Colonel Delafield,
+    Jan. 23, 1861, from the superintendency of the Military
+    Academy, but was himself displaced five days later, Jan. 28,
+    1861, by direction of the Succeeding Secretary of War, Joseph
+    Holt, the command again devolving upon Colonel Delafield.
+
+
+COMMANDANTS OF CADETS AT THE UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY
+
+  ===========================+==================================+
+  No.          Name.         |  Army Rank when Appointed.       |
+  ---------------------------+----------------------------------+
+  1   George W. Gardiner     |2d Lieut. Corps of Artillery      |
+  2   John Bliss Captain     |6th Infantry                      |
+  3   John R. Bell           |Captain Light Artillery           |
+  4   William J. Worth       |Captain 2d Infantry               |
+  5   Ethan A. Hitchcock     |Captain 1st Infantry              |
+  6   John Fowle             |Major 3d Infantry                 |
+  7   Charles F. Smith       |1st Lieut. 2d Artillery           |
+  8   J. Addison Thomas      |1st Lieut. 3d Artillery           |
+  9   Bradford R. Alden      |Captain 4th Infantry              |
+  10  Robert S. Garnett      |Captain 7th Infantry              |
+  11  William H. T. Walker   |Captain 6th Infantry              |
+  12  William J. Hardee      |Major 2d Cavalry                  |
+  13  John F. Reynolds       |Captain 3d Artillery              |
+  14  Christopher C. Anger   |Major 13th Infantry               |
+  15  Kenner Garrard         |Captain 5th Cavalry               |
+  16  Henry B. Clitz         |Major 12th Infantry               |
+  17  John C. Tidball        |Captain 2d Artillery              |
+  18  Henry M. Black         |Major 7th Infantry                |
+  19  Emory Upton            |Lieut. Col. 1st Artillery         |
+  20  Thomas H. Neill        |Lieut. Col. 8th Cavalry           |
+  21  Henry M. Lazelle       |Lieut. Col. 23d Infantry          |
+  22  Henry C. Hasbrouck     |Captain 4th Artillery             |
+  23  Hamilton S. Hawkins    |Lieut. Col. 23d Infantry          |
+  24  Samuel M. Mills        |Captain 5th Artillery             |
+  25  Otto L. Hein           |Captain 1st Cavalry               |
+  26  Charles G. Treat       |Captain Artillery Corps           |
+  27  Robert L. Howze        |Captain 6th Cavalry               |
+  28  Frederick W. Sibley    |Lieut. Col. 4th Cavalry           |
+  29  Fred W. Sladen         |Capt. 14th Infantry               |
+  ---------------------------+----------------------------------+
+  ====+==================+==================+=========
+  No. |       From       |        To        | Remarks.
+  ----+------------------+------------------+----------
+  1   |   Sept. 15, 1817 |   April 2, 1818  | Relieved.
+  2   |   April 2, 1818  |   Jan. 11, 1819  | Relieved.
+  3   |   Feb. 8, 1819   |   March 17, 1820 | Relieved.
+  4   |   March 17, 1820 |   Dec. 2, 1828   | Relieved.
+  5   |   March 13, 1829 |   June 24, 1833  | Relieved.
+  6   |   July 10, 1833  |   March 31, 1838 | Relieved.
+  7   |   April 1, 1838  |   Sept. 1, 1842  | Relieved.
+  8   |   Sept. 1, 1842  |   Dec. 14, 1845  | Relieved.
+  9   |   Dec. 14, 1845  |   Nov. 1, 1852   | Relieved.
+  10  |   Nov. 1, 1852   |   July 31, 1854  | Relieved.
+  11  |   July 31, 1854  |   May 27, 1856   | Relieved.
+  12  |   July 22, 1856  |   Sept. 8, 1860  | Relieved.
+  13  |   Sept. 8, 1860  |   June 25, 1861  | Relieved.
+  14  |   August 20, 1861|   Dec. 5, 1861   | Relieved.
+  15  |   Dec. 5, 1861   |   Sept. 25, 1862 | Relieved.
+  16  |   Oct. 23, 1862  |   July 4, 1864   | Relieved.
+  17  |   July 10, 1864  |   Sept. 22, 1864 | Relieved.
+  18  |   Sept. 22, 1864 |   July 1, 1870   | Relieved.
+  19  |   July 1, 1870   |   June 3, 1875   | Relieved.
+  20  |   July 1, 1875   |   June 30, 1879  | Relieved.
+  21  |   July 1, 1879   |   Aug. 4, 1882   | Relieved.
+  22  |   August 22, 1882|   Sept. 1, 1892  | Relieved.
+  23  |   Feb. 1, 1888   |   Feb. 1, 1888   | Relieved.
+  24  |   Sept. 1, 1892  |   June 15, 1897  | Relieved.
+  25  |   June 15, 1897  |   June 15, 1901  | Relieved.
+  26  |   June 15, 1901  |   June 15, 1905  | Relieved.
+  27  |   June 15, 1905  |   Feb. 1, 1909   | Relieved.
+  28  |   Feb. 1, 1909   |   Jan. 17, 1911  | Relieved.
+  29  |   Feb. 1, 1911   |                  |
+  ----+------------------+------------------+----------
+
+    Notes.—From April 15, 1802, to September 15, 1817, the
+    Superintendent performed the duties of Commandant of Cadets in
+    addition to his own.
+
+    The Commandant of Cadets has the rank and pay of Lieutenant
+    Colonel, under Sections 1310 and 1334, Revised Statutes of the
+    United States.
+
+    When the Superintendent is absent from West Point the
+    Commandant of Cadets is the Acting Superintendent.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+WAR DEPARTMENT.
+
+INFORMATION RELATIVE TO THE APPOINTMENT AND ADMISSION OF CADETS TO THE
+UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY.
+
+[Communications relating to matters connected with the Military-Academy
+should be addressed to The Adjutant-General of the Army, Washington, D.
+C.]
+
+
+APPOINTMENTS.
+
+HOW MADE.—Each Congressional District and Territory—the District of
+Columbia and also Porto Rico—is entitled to have one cadet at the
+Academy. Each State is also entitled to have two cadets from the State at
+large, and forty are allowed from the United States at large. The law,
+however, provides that for six years from July 1, 1910, whenever any
+cadet shall have finished three years of his course at the Academy his
+successor may be admitted. The appointment from a Congressional District
+is made upon the recommendation of the Representative in Congress from
+that District, and those from a State at large upon the recommendations
+of the Senators of the State. Similarly the appointment from a Territory
+is made upon the recommendation of the Delegate in Congress. The
+appointment from the District of Columbia is made on the recommendation
+of the Commissioners of the District. Each person appointed must be
+an actual resident of the State, District or Territory from which the
+appointment is made.
+
+The appointments from the United States at large are made by the
+President of the United States upon his own selection. The cadet from
+Porto Rico, who must be a native of that island, is appointed by the
+President on the recommendation of the Resident Commissioner.
+
+The Secretary of War is authorized to permit not exceeding four
+Filipinos, to be designated, one for each class, by the Philippine
+Commission, to receive instruction at the United States Military Academy
+at West Point: Provided, That the Filipinos undergoing instruction shall
+receive the same pay, allowances, and emoluments as are authorized by law
+for cadets at the Military Academy appointed from the United States, to
+be paid out of the same appropriations: And provided further, That said
+Filipinos undergoing instruction on graduation shall be eligible only to
+commissions in the Philippine Scouts. And the provisions of section 1321,
+Revised Statutes, are modified in the case of the Filipinos undergoing
+instruction, so as to require them to engage to serve for eight years,
+unless sooner discharged, in the Philippine Scouts.
+
+DATE OF APPOINTMENTS.—Appointments are required by law to be made _one
+year in advance_ of the date of admission, except in cases where, by
+reason of death or other cause, a vacancy occurs which cannot be provided
+for by such appointment in advance. These vacancies are filled in time
+for the next examination.
+
+ALTERNATES.—For each candidate appointed there should be nominated _two
+alternates_. The principal and each alternate will receive from the War
+Department a letter of appointment, and must appear for examination at
+the time and place therein designated.[67] The fitness for admission
+to the Academy of the principal and alternates will be determined as
+prescribed in paragraphs 19 and 20, Regulations U. S. Military Academy.
+If the principal fails to qualify, either mentally or physically, then
+the qualifications of the alternates will be considered and if only one
+has met the requirements he will be admitted; if both alternates have met
+the requirements the better qualified will be admitted. The alternates,
+like the principal, should be designated _one year in advance_ of the
+date of admission.
+
+
+EXAMINATION AND ADMISSION OF CANDIDATES.[68]
+
+The following are extracts from the Regulations of the Military Academy
+relating to the examination of candidates for admission and will be
+strictly adhered to:
+
+19. On the second Tuesday in January of each year candidates selected
+for appointment (except the Filipino candidates) shall appear for
+mental and physical examination before boards of Army officers to
+be convened at such places as the War Department may designate. The
+Filipino candidates selected for appointment, unless otherwise notified
+by the War Department, shall appear for mental and physical examination
+on the second Tuesday in October of each year before a board of Army
+officers to be convened at such place in the Philippine Islands as the
+Commanding General of the Philippine Division may designate. Candidates
+who pass will be admitted to the Academy without further examination upon
+reporting in person to the Superintendent before 12 o’clock noon, on the
+1st day of March following the examination.
+
+20. Each candidate before admission to the academy must show by
+examination as prescribed in paragraph 19, that he is well versed in
+algebra, to include quadratic equations and progressions, plane geometry,
+English grammar, composition and literature, descriptive and physical
+geography, and general and United States history, as explained in the
+circulars of notification. No rejected candidate shall be re-examined,
+except upon recommendation of the Academic Board.
+
+22. Immediately after reporting to the Superintendent for admission, and
+before receiving his warrant of appointment, the candidate is required to
+sign an engagement for service in the following form, and in the presence
+of the Superintendent, or of some officer deputed by him:
+
+“I, ________, of the State (or Territory) of ____, aged ____ years ____
+months, do hereby engage (with the consent of my parent or guardian)
+that, from the date of my admission as a Cadet of the United States
+Military Academy, I will serve in the Army of the United States for eight
+years, unless sooner discharged by competent authority.”
+
+In the presence of ________.
+
+The candidate is then required to take and subscribe an oath or
+affirmation in the following form:
+
+“I, ________, do solemnly swear that I will support the Constitution of
+the United States, and bear true allegiance to the National Government:
+that I will maintain and defend the sovereignty of the United States,
+paramount to any and all allegiance, sovereignty, or fealty I may owe
+to any State or country whatsoever; and that I will at all times obey
+the legal orders of my superior officers, and the rules and articles
+governing the armies of the United States.”
+
+Sworn and subscribed, at ____, this ____ day of ____, nineteen hundred
+and ____ before me. ________
+
+QUALIFICATIONS.—No candidate shall be admitted who is under seventeen,
+or over twenty-two years of age, or less than five feet four inches in
+height at the age of seventeen, or five feet five inches in height at
+the age of eighteen and upward, or who is deformed, or afflicted with
+any disease or infirmity which would render him unfit for the military
+service, or who has, at the time of presenting himself, any disorder of
+an infectious or immoral character. Candidates must be unmarried.
+
+Each candidate must on reporting at West Point present a certificate
+showing successful vaccination within one year; or a certificate of two
+vaccinations, made at least a month apart, within three months.
+
+NOTE.—Candidates are eligible for admission from the day they are
+seventeen until the day they become twenty-two years of age, on which
+latter day they are not eligible.
+
+It is suggested to all candidates for admission to the Military Academy
+that, before leaving their places of residence for the place of
+examination, they should cause themselves to be thoroughly examined by a
+competent physician, and by a teacher or instructor in good standing. By
+such examinations any _serious_ physical disqualification or deficiency
+in mental preparation would be revealed.
+
+It should be understood that the informal examination herein recommended
+is solely for the convenience and benefit of the candidate himself,
+and can in no manner affect the decision of the Academic and Medical
+Examining Boards.
+
+
+CHARACTER OF EXAMINATIONS.
+
+
+PHYSICAL EXAMINATION.
+
+Upon the completion of the mental examination all candidates will be
+thoroughly examined physically by the medical officers of the board,
+under the following instructions prepared by the Surgeon General of the
+Army:
+
+Hearing must be normal in both ears.
+
+Vision, as determined by the official test types, must not fall below
+20/40 in either eye, and not below 20/20 unless the defect is a simple
+refractive error not hyperopia, is not due to ocular disease, and is
+entirely corrected by proper glasses.
+
+In the record of all examinations the acuity of vision without glasses,
+and also with glasses when the acuity is less than 20/20, will be given
+for each eye separately; in the latter case the correction will also be
+noted.
+
+Hyperopia requiring any spherical correction, anisometropia, squint, or
+muscular insufficiency, if marked, are causes for rejection.
+
+Color blindness, red, green, or violet, is cause for rejection.
+
+The following are causes of disqualification if found to exist to such
+a degree as would immediately or at no very distant period impair the
+efficiency of the candidate:
+
+    1.—Feeble constitution; unsound health from whatever cause;
+    indications of former disease, glandular swellings, or other
+    symptoms of scrofula.
+
+    2.—Chronic cutaneous affections, especially of the scalp.
+
+    3.—Severe injuries of the bones of the head; convulsions.
+
+    4.—Impaired vision, from whatever cause; inflammatory
+    affections of the eyelids; immobility or irregularity of the
+    iris; fistula lachrymalis, &c., &c.
+
+    5.—Deafness; copious discharge from the ears.
+
+    6.—loss of many teeth, or the teeth generally unsound.
+
+    7.—Impediment of speech.
+
+    8.—Want of due capacity of the chest, and any other indication
+    of a liability to a pulmonic disease.
+
+    9.—Impaired or inadequate efficiency of one or both of the
+    superior extremities on account of fractures, especially of the
+    clavicle, contraction of a joint, deformity, &c.
+
+    10.—An unusual excurvature or incurvature of the spine.
+
+    11.—Hernia.
+
+    12.—A varicose state of the veins of the scrotum or spermatic
+    cord (when large), hydrocele, hemorrhoids, fistulas.
+
+    13.—Impaired or inadequate efficiency of one or both of the
+    inferior extremities on account of varicose veins, fractures,
+    malformation (flat feet, &c.), lameness, contraction, unequal
+    length, bunions, overlying or supernumerary toes, &c., &c.
+
+    14.—Ulcers, or unsound cicatrices of ulcers likely to break out
+    afresh.
+
+The requirements of the following tables of physical proportions are
+_minimum for growing youths_ and are for the guidance of medical officers
+in connection with the other data of the examination, a consideration of
+all of which should determine the candidate’s physical eligibility. Mere
+fulfillment of the requirements of the standard tables does not determine
+eligibility, while on the other hand no departure below the standard
+should be allowed unless upon the unanimous recommendation of the medical
+examining board for excellent reasons clearly stated in each case.
+
+The physical requirements should be those of the age at the birthday
+nearest the time of the examination. Fractions greater than ½ inch will
+be considered as an additional inch of height, but candidates 17 years
+old must be at least 64 inches, and those 18 years and upward at least 65
+inches in height.
+
+
+_Table of physical proportion for height, weight, and chest measurement._
+
+                               Chest
+                               measurement—  Chest
+             Height,  Weight,  expiration,    mobility,
+    Age.     inches.  pounds.  inches.        inches.
+
+    17 yrs.    64       110        29          2
+               65       112        29¼         2
+               66       114        29½         2
+               67       116        29¾         2
+               68       119        30          2½
+               69       122        30¼         2½
+               70       125        30½         2½
+               71       128        30¾         2½
+
+    18 yrs.    65       117        30¼         2
+               66       119        30½         2
+               67       121        30¾         2
+               68       124        31          2½
+               69       127        31¼         2½
+               70       130        31½         2½
+               71       133        31¾         2½
+               72       136        32          3
+
+    19 yrs.    65       121        30¾         2
+               66       123        31          2
+               67       125        31¼         2
+               68       129        31½         2½
+               69       133        31¼         2½
+               70       137        32          2½
+               71       141        32¼         2½
+               72       145        32½         3
+               73       149        32¾         3
+
+    20 yrs.    65       122        31          2
+               66       124        31¼         2
+               67       126        31½         2
+               68       130        31¾         2½
+               69       134        32          2½
+               70       138        32¼         2½
+               71       142        32½         2½
+               72       146        32¾         3
+               73       150        33          3
+               74       154        33¼         3½
+
+    21 yrs.    65       123        31½         2
+               66       125        31½         2
+               67       127        31¾         2
+               68       132        32          2½
+               69       137        32¼         2½
+               70       142        32½         2½
+               71       147        32¾         2½
+               72       152        33          3
+               73       157        33¼         3
+               74       162        33½         3½
+               75       167        33¾         3½
+
+    22 yrs.    65       125        31½         2
+               66       127        31¾         2
+               67       129        32          2
+               68       134        32¼         2½
+               69       139        32½         2½
+               70       144        32¾         2½
+               71       149        33          2½
+               72       154        33¼         3
+               73       159        33½         3
+               74       164        33¾         3½
+               75       169        34          3½
+               76       174        34¼         4
+
+
+MENTAL EXAMINATION.
+
+ALGEBRA.—Candidates will be required to pass a satisfactory examination
+in that portion of _algebra_ which includes the following range of
+subjects: definitions and notation; the fundamental laws; the fundamental
+operations, viz.: addition, subtraction, multiplication and division;
+factoring; highest common factor; lowest common multiple; fractions,
+simple and complex; simple, or linear, equations with one unknown
+quantity; simultaneous simple, or linear, equations with two or more
+unknown quantities; involution, including the formation of the squares
+and cubes of polynomials; binomial theorem with positive integral
+exponents; evolution, including the extraction of the square and cube
+roots of polynomials and of numbers: theory of exponents; radicals,
+including reduction and fundamental operations, rationalization,
+equations involving radicals, operations with imaginary numbers,
+quadratic equations; equations of quadratic form; simultaneous
+quadratic equations; ratio and proportion; arithmetical and geometrical
+progressions. Candidates will be required to solve problems involving any
+of the principles or methods contained in the foregoing subjects.
+
+The following questions were used at a recent examination:
+
+Substitute _y_ + 3 for _x_ in _x_⁴-_x_³ + 2x²-3 and arrange the result in
+descending powers of _y_.
+
+On the eve of a battle one army had 5 men to every 6 men in the other.
+The first army lost 14,000 men and the second 6,000 men. The first army
+then had 2 men to every 3 men in the other. How many men were there
+originally in each army?
+
+    Solve 1.2_x_ - (.18_x_ - .05)/.5 = .4_w_ + 8.9
+
+Find the lowest common multiple of 1-_x_, _x_²-1, _x_-2, and _x_²-4.
+
+    Solve √_x_ + 9 = 2 √_x_ - 3.
+
+    Solve (2_x_ - 3)² = 8_x_.
+
+Expand (_m_-3/4-_m_(4/3))⁴ by the Binominal Theorem.
+
+Find all the values of _a_ for which the roots of _ax_² + 2(_a_ + 3)_x_ +
+16 = 0 are equal.
+
+    Solve
+
+    ((_x_ + _y_)/2) - ((_x_ - _y_)/3) = 8
+
+    and
+
+    ((_x_ + _y_)/3) + ((_x_ - _y_)/4) = 11.
+
+    Solve _x_² - 4_y_² = 9, _xy_ + 2_y_² = 3.
+
+A certain article of consumption is subject to a duty of $1.50 per cwt.
+In consequence of a reduction in duty the consumption increases one half,
+but the revenue falls off one third. Find the duty per cwt. after the
+reduction.
+
+A and B run a mile. First A gives B a start of 44 yards and beats him
+by 51 seconds; at the second heat A gives B a start of 1 minute and 15
+seconds and is beaten by 88 yards. Find the time in which A and B can run
+a mile separately.
+
+Sum to infinity the progression 3 + 2 + 4/3....
+
+A servant agrees for certain wages the first month, on the understanding
+that they are to be raised a dollar every subsequent month until they
+reach $60 a month. At the end of the first of the months for which he
+receives $60 he finds that his wages during his time of service have
+averaged $48 per month. How long has he served?
+
+PLANE GEOMETRY.—Candidates will be required to give accurate definitions
+of the terms used in _plane geometry_, to demonstrate any proposition of
+plane geometry as given in the ordinary text-books and to solve simple
+geometrical problems either by a construction or by an application of
+algebra.
+
+The following questions were used at a recent examination:
+
+Define the following:
+
+1°. Rhombus. 2°. A mean proportional. 3°. Similar triangles. 4°. A
+segment of a circle. 5°. The apothem of a regular polygon.
+
+Theorem: The perpendicular is the shortest line between a point and a
+straight line.
+
+Theorem: In the same circle or equal circles, the less of two chords is
+at the greater distance from the centre; conversely, the chord at the
+greater distance from the centre is the less.
+
+Construction: Divide a given straight line internally in extreme and mean
+ratio.
+
+Theorem: The areas of two triangles which have an angle of one equal to
+the angle of the other are to each other as the products of the sides
+including those angles.
+
+Problem: Given a circle of unit diameter and the side of a regular
+inscribed polygon, find the side of a regular inscribed polygon of double
+the number of sides.
+
+Theorem: The four bisectors of the four angles of a quadrilateral form a
+second quadrilateral, the opposite angles of which are supplementary.
+
+Theorem: If on the diameter of a circle two points be taken equally
+distant from the centre, the sum of the squares of the distances of any
+point of the circumference from these two points is constant.
+
+Problem: Find the locus of the point of intersection of the three
+altitudes of a triangle, given a fixed base, and constant angle at the
+vertex.
+
+ENGLISH GRAMMAR.—Candidates must have a good knowledge of _English
+grammar_; they must be able to define the terms used therein; to
+define the parts of speech; to give inflections, including declension,
+conjugation and comparison; to give the corresponding masculine and
+feminine gender nouns; to give and apply the ordinary rules of syntax.
+
+They must be able to parse correctly any ordinary sentence; giving the
+subject of each verb, the governing word of each objective case, the
+word for which each pronoun stands or to which it refers, the words
+between which each preposition shows the relation, precisely what each
+conjunction and each relative pronoun connects, what each adjective and
+adverb qualifies or limits, the construction of each infinitive, and
+generally to show a good knowledge of the function of each word in the
+sentence.
+
+They must be able to correct in sentences or extracts any ordinary
+grammatical errors.
+
+It is not required that any particular text-book shall be followed: but
+the definitions, parsing, and corrections must be in accordance with good
+usage and common sense.
+
+The examinations may include questions similar to the following:
+
+    1. Define and give examples of: _a._ infinitive; _b._ indirect
+    object; _c._ simple sentence.
+
+    2. Give the principal parts of: _a._ choose; _b._ crow; _c._
+    freeze; _d._ fly; _e._ burst.
+
+    3. (i). Give the plurals of: _a._ motto: _b._ fairy; _c._
+    money: _d._ belief; _e._ axis. (ii). Indicate which of the
+    following words are singular, which are plural, and which may
+    be either: _a._ cherubim; _b._ mathematic; _c._ species; _d._
+    basis; _e._ news.
+
+    4. (i). Give the feminine of: _a._ hero; _b._ gander; _c._
+    duke; _d._ priest; _e._ Englishman. (ii). Indicate the gender
+    of: _a._ songster; _b._ spinster; _c._ goose; _d._ mouse; _e._
+    book.
+
+    5. (i). Give the possessive case singular of: _a._ it; _b._
+    princes; _c._ Kings of Italy; _d._ Henry the Fourth; _e._
+    man-of-war. (ii). Give the possessive case plural of: _a._
+    brother-in-law; _b._ Jones; _c._ I; _d._ who; _e._ Musselman.
+
+    6. Give the comparison of: _a._ mournful; _b._ little; _c._
+    great; _d._ old; _e._ angry.
+
+    7. Parse the _italicized_ words in the following sentence:
+    Other _things being equal, it_ is _obvious that_ the writer who
+    has most words _to choose from_ is _most likely_ to find in
+    _his_ assortment _just_ the word _which_ he needs _at_ a given
+    moment.
+
+    8. Correct all words in the following sentences. Of words in
+    brackets {} draw a line through the incorrect word or words:
+
+                                  {your }
+    1. Have either of you brought {their} umbrellas?
+                                  {his  }
+
+    2. The river had overflown its banks.
+
+    3. John thinks he will be able to come and that James shall come also.
+                      shall                               will
+
+    4. Men are in the plural number because they mean more than one.
+
+    5. That is neither a squirrel or rabbit’s track.
+
+    6. I believe he dont know its here.
+
+    7. Him dying at this time led to the attempt being given up.
+
+ENGLISH COMPOSITION AND ENGLISH LITERATURE.—Candidates will be required:
+
+1. By the writing of short themes on subjects chosen by themselves
+within limits set by the examination paper, to prove (_a_) their
+ability to spell, capitalize, and punctuate, and (_b_) their mastery of
+the elementary principles of composition, including paragraphing and
+sentence-structure.
+
+2. To give evidence of intelligent acquaintance with three plays of
+Shakespeare: one comedy, one history, and one tragedy,—_The Merchant of
+Venice_, _Henry V._, and _Macbeth_ being especially recommended.
+
+3. To exhibit a fair knowledge of the names of the most prominent English
+and American authors, and of the names of their principal works.
+
+The general character and scope of the examination are indicated by the
+following specimen:
+
+    A. Write a composition of about two hundred and fifty words, on
+    each of four subjects selected from the following list. (Of two
+    or more subjects in brackets choose but one.)
+
+    1. The Story of the Three Caskets in _The Merchant of Venice_.
+    A Character-Sketch of Antonio.
+
+    2. The Influences that Caused Macbeth’s Moral Downfall.
+    The Story of Macduff.
+
+    3. { The English Army at Agincourt (in _Henry V._)
+       { A Brief Narrative of the Historical Events of _Henry V._ Previous
+           to Agincourt.
+
+    4. { A Description of a Building.
+       { A Character-Sketch of a Dog.
+       { A Narrative of an Interesting Journey.
+       { Reasons for Liking a Favorite Book.
+       { How to Make a Squirrel-Trap (or a Kite, or an Ice-Boat, etc.)
+
+    B. 1. What author wrote _The Ancient Mariner_? _Comus_? _The
+    Marble Faun_? _Rasselas_? _Barbara Frietchie_?
+
+    2. Name two works of each of the following authors: Goldsmith,
+    Emerson, Burke, Macaulay.
+
+    3. Give the names of two principal works of a great American
+    novelist; a great English Puritan poet of the seventeenth
+    century; an English woman novelist of the last century; a
+    living American novelist.
+
+GEOGRAPHY.—Candidates will be required to pass a satisfactory examination
+in _descriptive geography_ and the elements of _physical geography_. A
+preponderance of weight is attached to a knowledge of the geography of
+the United States.
+
+In descriptive geography of the United States, candidates should be
+thoroughly informed as to its general features and boundaries; adjacent
+oceans, seas, bays, gulfs, sounds, straits, and islands; lakes, the
+location and extent of mountain ranges; the sources, directions, and
+terminations of the important rivers, the names of their principal
+tributaries, and at what points, if any, these rivers break through
+highlands on their way to the ocean; the water routes of communication
+from one part of the country to another; the location and termination
+of important railroad lines; the boundaries of the several states and
+territories and their order along the coasts, frontiers and principal
+rivers; the locations and boundaries of the island possessions; and the
+names and locations of the capitals and other important cities of the
+several states, territories and island possessions.
+
+In short, the knowledge should be so complete that a clear mental picture
+of the whole of the United States is impressed on the mind of the
+candidate.
+
+In descriptive geography of other countries, candidates should be
+familiar with the continental areas and grand divisions of water; the
+earth’s surface; the large bodies of water which in part or wholly
+surround the grand divisions of the land; the capes, from what parts they
+project and into what waters, the principal peninsulas, location, and by
+what waters embraced; the parts connected by an isthmus; the principal
+islands, location and surrounding waters; the seas, gulfs, and bays,
+the coasts they indent, and the waters to which they are subordinate;
+the straits, the lands they separate, and the waters they connect; the
+location of the principal lakes: the locations, boundaries, capitals and
+principal cities of the political divisions of the world.
+
+In physical geography, candidates should be familiar with the relief
+of the earth’s surface; the principal mountain systems, the river
+systems and watersheds; the coastal and lake plains, and the influence
+of climate, soil, mineral deposits and other physical features on the
+resources, industries, commercial relations and development of a country
+and its people, especially of the United States.
+
+The following questions were used at a recent examination:
+
+    1. Name the bodies of water surrounding Europe.
+
+    2. Where is 1. Cape St. Vincent, 2. Cape Corrientes, 3. Cape
+    Matapan, 4. Cape Lopez, 5. Cape Comorin, 6. Cape York.
+
+    3. Name in order the political divisions of South America which
+    border on the Pacific Ocean and the capital of each.
+
+    4. Locate definitely the following islands: 1. Mauritius, 2.
+    Tasmania, 3. Formosa, 4. New Zealand, 5. Madeira, 6. Falkland;
+    to what country does each belong?
+
+    5. Where are the gulfs of 1. Bothnia, 2. Guinea, 3. Paria, 4.
+    Salonica, 5. Pechili?
+
+    6. What lands are separated and what waters connected by 1.
+    Torres Strait, 2. Hudson Strait, 3. Strait of Malacca?
+
+    7. Bound Italy; name its capital, largest river and principal
+    mountain range.
+
+    8. Locate definitely the following cities: 1. Vienna, 2.
+    Nankin, 3. Cork, 4. Tunis, 5. Montevideo, 6. Batavia, 7. Suez,
+    8. Pretoria.
+
+    9. Name in order the waters traversed in sailing from
+    Liverpool, England, to Hong Kong, China.
+
+    10. A considerable portion of the boundary line of the United
+    States is along what parallel?
+
+    11. Locate definitely the following: 1. Flathead Lake, 2.
+    Sabine Pass, 3. Black Hills, 4. Sebago Lake, 5. Cape Lookout,
+    6. Montauk Point, 7. Wichita Mountains, 8. Lingayen Bay.
+
+    12. The meridian of Minneapolis passes through what states?
+
+    13. Name the principal rivers that drain Pennsylvania; where do
+    they rise, at what points do they leave the state and at what
+    points, if any, do they break through highlands?
+
+    14. Name all the waters traversed in going by the two
+    commercial water routes from Duluth to the Atlantic Ocean.
+
+    15. Name the principal ranges of mountains crossed in going
+    by rail from New York to San Francisco; state the rail route
+    assumed to be traveled.
+
+    16. Bound precisely the following states and territories:
+    1. Montana, 2. Arizona, 3. Arkansas, 4. Wisconsin, 5.
+    Pennsylvania, 6. Georgia. (In bounding, all contiguous states
+    must be mentioned as well as rivers, mountain ranges, etc.)
+
+    17. Name the states west of the Mississippi River, drained
+    wholly or in part by it or its tributaries, and give the
+    capital of each.
+
+    18. Locate accurately the following cities: 1. Austin, 2.
+    Pensacola, 3. Ashville, 4. Winchester, 5. Allegheny, 6. Iloilo,
+    7. Oswego, 8. Pasadena, 9. Guthrie, 10. Detroit.
+
+    19. Going by water from New Orleans, La., to Pittsburgh, Pa.,
+    what states would you pass on the left?
+
+    20. How many large islands are there in the Hawaiian group?
+    Which is the largest? Which is the most important?
+
+    21. Going westward on the 35th parallel of north latitude, from
+    near Newberne, N. C., what states and large rivers would be
+    crossed?
+
+    22. Describe the chief mountain system of the eastern
+    hemisphere, and state what island chains of Asia abound in
+    volcanoes.
+
+    23. What are the great river systems of South America? Where
+    are the principal coastal plains?
+
+    24. What are the qualifications of a good harbor? Name three
+    of the best harbors on the Atlantic coast; one on the Pacific
+    coast.
+
+    25. What has made the Middle Atlantic states the principal
+    commercial section of the United States?
+
+HISTORY.—Candidates must be thoroughly familiar with so much of the
+History of the United States, and of Ancient Greece and Rome as is
+contained in good high school text-books on these subjects, and must have
+a good knowledge of the important facts in General Ancient History and in
+the History of Medieval Europe to the end of the fifteenth century.
+
+In History of the United States, the examination will include questions
+concerning early discoveries and settlements; the forms of government in
+the colonies; the causes, leading events, and results of wars; important
+events in the political and economic history of the nation since its
+foundation; and the elementary principles of civil government, with
+special reference to the federal congress, executive and judiciary.
+
+In Ancient History, the examination will include questions on important
+persons and events in the legendary and authentic history of Greece and
+Rome, and on general important facts in the history of other ancient
+peoples, taking some account also of Greek art, of Greek and Roman
+literature, and especially of Roman government.
+
+In History of Medieval Europe, the greater emphasis will be laid on the
+period from Charlemagne to the end of the Middle Ages, particularly on
+events connected with the political and social development of England.
+
+Questions similar to the following in character and scope are likely to
+be asked:
+
+    1. What explorations or discoveries did each of the following
+    named persons make? Give the date in each case. _a._ Narvaez.
+    _b._ Coronado. _c._ Marquette. _d._ La Salle.
+
+    2. Name three colonies that were founded for religious reasons
+    and give the sect or denomination by which each was colonized.
+
+    3. Who were the Pilgrims? Explain the difference between
+    “Pilgrim” and “Puritan.”
+
+    4. When, and under what circumstances was Delaware separated
+    from Pennsylvania?
+
+    5. Give an account of Bacon’s Rebellion?
+
+    6. When and where did each of the following events occur?
+    _a._ Meeting of the first Colonial Congress. _b._ Burgoyne’s
+    surrender. _c._ Arnold’s treason.
+
+    7. Name some important results of each of the following battles
+    of the Revolutionary War: _a._ Long Island. _b._ Trenton. _c._
+    Brandywine.
+
+    8. Name four additions to the territory of the United States
+    since the Revolutionary War, and give the way each has been
+    acquired.
+
+    9. Bound the territory of the United States at the close of the
+    Revolutionary War.
+
+    10. What was the “Massacre of Wyoming”?
+
+    11. When, where, and for what purpose, did the Constitutional
+    Convention meet? What resulted from its deliberations?
+
+    12. What was the “Whiskey Insurrection”?
+
+    13. What were the “Alien and Sedition” laws? What was their
+    effect?
+
+    14. When and where was the last battle of the War of 1812
+    fought? Name the commanders on each side.
+
+    15. What were the two principal political parties in 1860?
+    Their candidates for the Presidency? Their leading doctrines
+    on the slavery question? Parties. Candidates, Principles.
+
+    16. With what foreign nations had the United States unfriendly
+    relations during and at the close of the Civil War? Give the
+    cause in each case.
+
+    17. Name, with date, three important military events of 1865.
+
+    18. What Vice-Presidents have become President? Name the
+    predecessor in each case.
+
+    19. Give an account of the “Virginius affair.”
+
+    20. In what war were the following battles fought? What were
+    the opposing forces? Which side won? _a._ Ticonderoga. _b._
+    Monterey. _c._ Saratoga. _d._ Stony Point. _e._ Spottsylvania.
+    _f_. Lundy’s Lane.
+
+    21. By what authority could Lincoln proclaim the emancipation
+    of the slaves? What states were immediately affected by the
+    Emancipation Proclamation? How was emancipation legally
+    completed later?
+
+    22. How may the Constitution of the United States be amended?
+    Name two important constitutional amendments.
+
+    23. Name three offices in the cabinet of the President of the
+    United States, and state the chief duties that belong to each.
+
+    24. Explain as briefly as possible how a minority of actual
+    votes might defeat a majority at a presidential election.
+
+    25. Define Electoral College; Spoils System; Primary; Supreme
+    Court.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+    1. Into what general periods is the history of Egypt divided?
+    What did Egypt contribute to Greek civilization?
+
+    2. Name one of the great kings of Assyria. Mention two
+    important facts concerning the city of Nineveh.
+
+    3. Mention the principal events of the reign of Darius I., and
+    the most noteworthy feature of his government. Of what nation
+    was he ruler?
+
+    4. Mention three important facts in connection with the
+    Phœnicians as traders and colonizers in the West.
+
+    5. Who were: Agamemnon? Achilles? Hercules? Homer?
+
+    6. Mention two ways in which the physical geography of Greece
+    influenced the national life and character.
+
+    7. What was the nature of the government of Athens after the
+    expulsion of the Tyrants?
+
+    8. Name four great battles of the Græco-Persian War, and give
+    the date of any two of them.
+
+    9. What states were leaders in the great war between the states
+    of Greece? What caused the war? What were its chief results?
+
+    10. Outline the career of conquest of Alexander the Great.
+    About when did he die? How would his undertaking have been more
+    difficult if he had turned west instead of east?
+
+    11. In Greek History what is the significance of the following
+    names and phrases: Aristides? The Olympian Games? Solon? The
+    Confederacy of Delos? Delphi? Sophocles? Praxiteles?
+
+    12. Give the main points in the Greek colonial system. How did
+    the Roman colonial system differ most conspicuously from the
+    Greek?
+
+    13. Give the titles of the principal officers of the Roman
+    Republic and describe their functions.
+
+    14. What were the Punic Wars? How many in number? Name two
+    great generals on each side.
+
+    15. Mention four causes that led to the fall of the Roman
+    Republic. Discuss briefly the operation of two of them toward
+    this result.
+
+    16. Why did the Emperors persecute the Christians? State the
+    attitude of Diocletian and Constantine respectively toward the
+    Christians.
+
+    17. For what is each of the following emperors most famous:
+    Marcus Aurelius? Justinian? Nero?
+
+    18. In Roman History what is the significance of: The Gracchi?
+    Horace? The Comitia Curiata? Verres? The Battle of Chalons? A
+    Pyrrhian Victory? Æneas? Alaric?
+
+    19. What do the following dates mean to you: 800? 1066? 1215?
+    1453?
+
+    20. What do you know of Joan of Arc?
+
+    21. How did the Feudal System originate? Define Suzerain,
+    Vassal, Serf.
+
+    22. What was The Renaissance? By what inventions and
+    discoveries was it quickened? Through what channel was ancient
+    science transmitted to modern times?
+
+    23. Who was Simon de Montfort?
+
+    24. What changes took place in the condition of the English
+    peasantry in the fourteenth century? Due to what causes?
+
+    25. Toward the close of the fifteenth century in England was
+    the power of Parliament becoming greater or less than it had
+    been previously? By what right was Henry IV. King of England?
+    What was the earliest form of parliamentary assembly in English
+    history?
+
+
+ACADEMIC DUTIES.
+
+The academic duties of new cadets commence on the 11th day of March. The
+academic duties and exercises of the other cadets commence on the 1st
+day of September and continue until about the 5th of June. Examinations
+of the several classes are held in December and June. At the December
+examination cadets, who are found to be proficient in their studies, are
+arranged according to merit in each subject. At the June examination they
+are similarly arranged and they are also assigned general standing in
+the class as determined by their standings in the various subjects. When
+a subject of study is completed during a term an examination concluding
+the work in that subject is sometimes held. Cadets deficient in studies
+at any examination are discharged from the Academy unless for special
+reasons the Academic Board recommends otherwise. Cadets exceeding at
+any time the maximum number of demerits allowed for six months are
+immediately reported to the Academic Board as deficient in conduct and
+are discharged.
+
+
+PHYSICAL EXAMINATION.
+
+All cadets are examined physically in June of each year, and those found
+physically disqualified to continue with the course or, in case of the
+first class, for commission in the Army, are discharged.
+
+
+VACATIONS AND LEAVES OF ABSENCE.
+
+Academic duties are suspended from the completion of the June
+examinations until the end of August. During this period cadets live in
+camp and are engaged in military duties and exercises and in receiving
+practical instruction in military and other subjects. Academic duties
+are also suspended from the close of the semi-annual examinations,
+about December 23rd, until January 2nd, and on the Friday and Saturday
+preceding the last Sunday in March. All duties and exercises, as far as
+practicable, are suspended on New Year’s Day, February 22nd, May 30th,
+July 4th, Thanksgiving Day and Christmas Day.
+
+Cadets of the first, second and third classes are allowed short leaves of
+from four to six days at Christmas, if their conduct during the preceding
+six months has been satisfactory. Cadets of the first class, having
+satisfactory conduct records, are allowed leaves, not to exceed 75 hours,
+at the beginning of the summer encampment and leaves not to exceed 27
+hours at Thanksgiving. Excepting these short leaves for good conduct,
+cadets are allowed but one leave of absence during the four years’
+course. As a rule this leave is granted at the end of the first two years
+and extends from the middle of June to the 28th of August.
+
+
+PAY OF CADETS.
+
+The pay of a cadet is $600 per year and one ration per day, or
+commutation therefor, at thirty cents per day. The total is $709.50, to
+commence with his admission to the Academy. The actual and necessary
+traveling expenses of candidates from their homes to the Military Academy
+are credited to their accounts _after_ their admission as cadets.
+
+No cadet is permitted to receive money, or any other supplies, from
+his parents, or from any person whomsoever, without the sanction of the
+Superintendent. A _most rigid_ observance of this regulation is urged
+upon all parents and guardians, as its violations would make distinctions
+between cadets which it is the especial desire to avoid; the pay of a
+cadet is sufficient, with proper economy, for his support.
+
+Each cadet must keep himself supplied with the following mentioned
+articles, viz.:
+
+Eight white shirts; two gray shirts; *eight summer undershirts; *six
+winter undershirts; *four night shirts; twelve white linen collars;
+twelve pairs of white linen cuffs; *eight pairs of summer drawers;
+*six pairs of winter drawers; *eight pairs of socks; *twelve pocket
+handkerchiefs; one black tie; *twelve towels; two clothes bags, made of
+ticking; two pairs of uniform shoes; six pairs of uniform white gloves;
+two sets of white belts; *one clothes brush; *one hair-brush; *one
+tooth-brush; *one comb; one mattress; one pillow; four pillowcases; six
+sheets; two blankets; one quilted bed cover; one chair; one tumbler; *one
+trunk; one account book; one wash basin.
+
+Candidates are authorized to bring with them the articles marked *.
+
+Cadets are required to wear the prescribed uniform. All articles of their
+uniform are of a designated pattern, and are sold to cadets at West Point
+at regulated prices.
+
+
+DEPOSIT PRIOR TO ADMISSION.
+
+Immediately after admission candidates must be provided with an outfit
+of uniform, etc., the cost of which is about $160. This sum, or at least
+$100 thereof, _must be deposited with the treasurer of the Academy
+before the candidate is admitted_. It is best for the candidate to take
+with him no more money than he needs for traveling expenses and for his
+parents to send the required deposit by draft, payable to the Treasurer,
+U. S. Military Academy. The deposit is credited at once to the cadet’s
+account. Upon graduation a cadet who has exercised proper economy will
+have sufficient money to his credit with the Treasurer of the Academy to
+purchase his uniform and equipment as an officer.
+
+
+PROMOTION AFTER GRADUATION.
+
+The attention of applicants and candidates is called to the provisions of
+an Act of Congress approved May 17, 1886, given in the chapter entitled
+United States Military Academy.
+
+
+RECITATION SCHEDULE.
+
+On another page is shown the recitation schedule adopted by the Academic
+Board, June 23, 1907, and approved by the War Department, August 10, 1907.
+
+This schedule was put in effect with the class entering March 1, 1908.
+The other classes in the academy on that date continue the old schedule,
+with some modifications adopted to facilitate administration of the
+departments during the period of transition from the old course of
+studies to the new.
+
+The preliminary term is March 11 to June 10. New cadets are advanced to
+the 4th class after passing the June examinations.
+
+The first term of the regular academic year is September 1 to December
+18, inclusive.
+
+The second term of the regular academic year is January 2 to June 4,
+inclusive.
+
+
+DEPARTMENT OF TACTICS.
+
+
+ALL CLASSES.
+
+New cadets, upon reporting for duty, are given infantry recruit
+instruction, with gymnastic and calisthenic exercises, until they join
+the battalion.
+
+Practical instruction is given during the summer encampment, and from
+September 1st to November 1st, and from March 15th to June 1st, in
+cavalry, artillery and infantry drill regulations, in target practice
+with the rifle, revolver, mountain gun and field gun, and in Military
+Engineering.
+
+During the summer encampment, cadets of the third and fourth classes
+are also taught swimming and dancing, and those of the first class, the
+service of sea-coast artillery and submarine defense at Fort Wright,
+N. Y.; all classes participate in exercises in minor tactics, practice
+marches, problems and practical field work, in which the employment of
+all arms is exemplified.
+
+Practical instruction in fencing and gymnastic exercises and in boxing
+and wrestling is given to the fourth class from October 1st to June 1st,
+and to the other classes from November 1st to March 15th.
+
+Instruction in riding is given to the first class during the encampment
+and from September 1st to June 1st, excepting the month of February;
+to the second class, from November 1st to March 31st, and to the third
+class from November 1st to March 15th and during the summer encampment.
+Instruction with English pad saddles is given to the first class, and in
+polo to the first and second classes.
+
+During the winter months map problems for the purpose of instruction
+in writing orders, selecting positions from the map, both offensive
+and defensive, making dispositions of small forces, selecting best
+route for advance and retreat, and for practice of map reading in
+general; also lectures upon the methods pursued in company, post and
+staff administration as required by Army Regulations, upon uniforms and
+equipments, and upon etiquette and customs of the service are given
+cadets of the first class.
+
+
+TEXT BOOKS.
+
+    Light Artillery Drill Regulations. U. S.
+    Cavalry Drill Regulations. U. S.
+    Infantry Drill Regulations. U. S.
+    Coast Artillery Drill Regulations. U. S.
+    A Military Primer of the Service of Security and Information.
+      Marshall and Simonds.
+    Elements of Hippology. Marshall.
+    Coast Artillery Drill Regulations: Position-finding service.
+
+
+BOOKS OF REFERENCE.
+
+    Army Regulations. U.S.
+    Small Arms Firing Regulations. U. S.
+    Manual of Instruction in Mountain Guns, etc. U. S. M. A.
+    Manual of Guard Duty. U. S.
+    Manual of Pack Transportation. U. S. M. A.
+    Regulations. U. S. M. A.
+    Blue Book. U. S.M. A.
+    Manual of Gymnastic Exercises. Koehler.
+    Field Service Regulations. U. S.
+    Horses, Saddles and Bridles. Carter.
+
+
+ISSUED TO FIRST CLASS BEFORE GRADUATION.
+
+    Army Regulations. U. S.
+    Manual of the Subsistence Department. U. S.
+    Manual of Quartermaster’s Department. U. S.
+    Paymaster’s Manual. U. S.
+    Regulations for the Post Exchange.
+    Manual of Medical Department. U. S.
+    Drill Regulations of the Hospital Corps. U. S.
+    Manual of Courts-Martial. U. S.
+    Army Register. U. S.
+    General Orders, No. 169, War Department, series of 1907.
+    (Uniform Order) with all amendments.
+
+
+DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND MILITARY ENGINEERING.
+
+
+FIRST CLASS.
+
+The course in civil and military engineering and the art of war is
+confined to the first class year.
+
+The course in civil engineering begins September 1st and is completed
+during the first term, which closes with the Christmas holidays. It
+comprises brief treatises on the mechanics of civil engineering, framed
+and masonry structures, the materials of engineering, water supply and
+sewerage.
+
+
+RECITATION SCHEDULE
+
+  ======+=======+====================+====================+================
+  Class.| Term. |Periods of Recitat’n|      Department.   | Subjects and
+        |       |                    |                    |    Remarks.
+  ------+-------+--------+-------+---+--------------------+----------------
+   New  |Prelim-|        |       |   |                    |
+  Cadets| inary |A.M. *80|†3 to 6|‡39|Mathematics         |Algebra.
+        |       |A.M.  80| 3 to 6| 37|English and History |Geometry.
+        |       |P.M.  60|   3   | 38|   ”     ”     ”    |English.
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  —(Saturdays
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  A. M.)
+        |       |P.M.  60|   3   | 38|   ”     ”     ”    |History.
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  —(Saturdays
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  A. M.)
+  Fourth| First |A.M.  80| 3 to 6| 45|Mathematics         |Algebra.
+        |   ”   |A.M.  80| 3 to 6| 31|     ”              |Trigonometry.
+        |   ”   |A.M.  80| 3 to 6| 17|     ”              |Conic Sections.
+        |   ”   |P.M.  60| 2 to 3| 38|English and History |English.
+        |   ”   |P.M.  60| 2 to 3| 38|   ”     ”     ”    |History.
+        |   ”   |A.M.  60|   1   | 13|Tactics             |Infantry and
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  Artillery
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  Drill
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  regulations.
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  —(Saturdays.)
+        | Second|A.M.  80| 3 to 6| 39|Mathematics         |Conic Sections.
+        |   ”   |A.M.  80| 3 to 6| 22|     ”              |Solid Analytical
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  Geometry.
+        |   ”   |A.M.  80| 3 to 6| 62|     ”              |Descriptive
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  Geometry.
+        |   ”   |P.M.  60| 2 to 3| 11|English and History |English.
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  —(January
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  only.)
+        |   ”   |P.M.  60| 2 to 3| 11|   ”     ”     ”    |History.
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  —(January
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  only.)
+        |   ”   |P.M.  60|   5   | 20|Practical Military  |Surveying.
+        |       |        |       |   |  Eng.              |  —(February
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  only.)
+        |   ”   |P.M.  60|   5   | 76|Modern Languages    |French.—(March
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  1-June 4,
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  inclusive.)
+        |   ”   |A.M.  60|   1   | 15|Tactics             |Security and
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  Information.
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  —(February 1
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  -May 15.
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  Saturdays.)
+  Third | First |A.M.  80| 3 to 6| 71|Mathematics         |Calculus.—(Has 6
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  per week in
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  Sept. and
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  Oct., and 3
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  per week in
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  Nov. and Dec.)
+        |   ”   |P.M. 120| 2 to 3| 21|Philosophy          |Mechanics.—(The
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  periods of 120
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  minutes in
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  Mechanics are
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  laboratory
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  periods,
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  September and
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  October.)
+        |   ”   |A.M.  80|   3   | 20|    ”               |Mechanics.
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  —(November and
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  December.)
+        |   ”   |A.M.  60|   6   | 91|Modern Languages    |French.
+        |   ”   |P.M. 120| 2 to 3| 38|Drawing             |Freehand; Plane
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  Geometrical.
+        | Second|A.M.  80|   3   | 24|Mathematics         |Calculus.
+        |   ”   |A.M.  80|   3   | 63|Philosophy          |Mechanics.
+        |   ”   |A.M.  60|   6   | 49|Modern Languages    |French.—(January
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  2-February 28,
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  inclusive.)
+        |   ”   |A.M.  80| 1 to 2| 20|  ”       ”         |French.—(March 1
+        |       |        |       |   |                    | -June 4,
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  inclusive.)
+        |   ”   |A.M.  70|   6   | 76|Chemistry           |Chemistry;
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  Heat.—(March 1
+        |       |        |       |   |                    | -June 4,
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  inclusive.)
+        |   ”   |P.M. 120|2, 3, 5| 81|Drawing             |Descriptive
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  Geometry;
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  Topography;
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  Field Work.
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  —(5 per week
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  after March
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  15.)
+        |   ”   |A.M.  80| 1 to 2| 20|   ”                |Descriptive
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  Geometry;
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  Topography;
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  Field Work.
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  —(5 per week
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  after March
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  15.)
+  Second| First |A.M.  80|   3   | 45|Philosophy          |Sound; Light.
+        |   ”   |A.M.  70|   6   | 91|Chemistry           |Heat;
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  Mineralogy;
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  Geology;
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  Electricity.
+        |   ”   |A.M.  60| 2 to 3| 45|Ordnance and Gunnery|Ordnance and
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  Gunnery.
+        |   ”   |P.M. 120| 2 to 3| 38|Drawing             |Field Sketching;
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  Building
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  Construction;
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  Projective
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  Geometry.
+        | Second|A.M.  80|   3   | 63|Philosophy          |Light;
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  Astronomy.
+        |   ”   |A.M.  70|   6   | 49|Chemistry           |Electricity.
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  —(January 2-
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  February 28,
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  inclusive.)
+        |   ”   |A.M.  60|   3   | 49|Ordnance and Gunnery|Ordnance and
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  Gunnery.—(To
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  May 4.)
+        |   ”   |A.M.  60|   3   | 38|Modern Languages    |Spanish.—(March
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  1-June 4,
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  inclusive.)
+        |   ”   |P.M.  60|   3   | 13|Hygiene             |Principles of
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  Hygiene.—(Also
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  6 lectures,
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  P. M.)
+        |   ”   |A.M.  60|   3   | 38|Tactics             |Cavalry,
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  Artillery, and
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  Infantry Drill
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  Regulations.
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  —(March 1-June
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  4, inclusive.)
+        |   ”   |P.M. 120| 2 to 3| 50|Drawing             |Building
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  Construction;
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  Mechanical and
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  Engineering
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  Drawing.
+  First | First |A.M.  80|   6   | 91|Engineering         |Civil and
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  Military.
+        |   ”   |      60| 2 to 3| 45|Law                 |Elementary;
+        |       |        |       |   |                    | Constitutional.
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  —(39 in A. M.
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  & 2 P. M.’S
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  per week for
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  6 weeks for
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  half class.)
+        |   ”   |P.M.  60|   5   | 70|Modern Languages    |Spanish.—(5 per
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  week, except
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  half class 2
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  P. M.’S per
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  week for 6
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  weeks.)
+        | Second|A.M.  80|   6   |126|Engineering         |Military
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  Engineering;
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  Art of War.
+        |   ”   |      60| 2 to 3| 73|Law                 |International;
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  Military.—(58
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  in A. M. & 2
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  P. M.’S per
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  week for 15
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  weeks for half
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  class.)
+        |   ”   |P.M.  60| 3 to 4| 75|Modern Languages    |Spanish.
+        |   ”   |A.M.  60|   3   | 12|Tactics             |Hippology.
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  —(February.)
+        |   ”   |P.M. 120|   1   | 15|Tactics             |Lectures and
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  Tactical Map
+        |       |        |       |   |                    |  Problems.
+  ------+-------+--------+-------+---+--------------------+----------------
+
+    * Length in minutes.
+
+    † Number per week.
+
+    ‡ Total number.
+
+The course in military engineering and the art of war begins on January
+2nd and closes on the 3rd of June. Military engineering embraces the
+study of field and permanent fortifications and siege works. The art of
+war embraces the study of the organization of armies, employment of the
+different arms in combination, logistics and strategy. To familiarize the
+students with its principles, lectures are delivered on military subjects
+and the principal operations of about twenty selected campaigns are
+studied. During this course the students are taken to the battle-field
+of Gettysburg to familiarize them with the effects of topography on the
+employment of troops in the field.
+
+
+TEXT BOOKS.
+
+    Civil Engineering. Fiebeger.
+    Field Fortifications. Fiebeger.
+    Permanent Fortifications. Fiebeger.
+    Elements of Strategy. Fiebeger.
+    Siege Works. Mercur.
+    Organization and Tactics. Wagner.
+    Field Service Regulations. U. S.
+    Campaign of Gettysburg. Fiebeger.
+
+
+BOOKS OF REFERENCE.
+
+    Campaigns and Battles. Department.
+    Story of Civil War. Ropes. Cambria Steel.
+
+The department has a well-selected reference library on civil
+engineering, military engineering and the art of war.
+
+
+DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PHILOSOPHY.
+
+
+THIRD AND SECOND CLASSES.
+
+The course in natural and experimental philosophy begins with the
+third academic year. Mechanics is studied during this year, the class
+alternating daily by halves. The text used is Gordon’s “Mechanics.”
+Many of the principles are illustrated by apparatus in the lecture and
+section rooms, and the students are required to repeat and explain these
+experiments. The course aims to be as complete as possible with the
+limitation that it can be properly covered in a term of about 100 days by
+students having a proficient knowledge of the calculus; the treatment is
+sufficiently mathematical to furnish a confident basis for advanced work
+in the technical staff corps after graduation.
+
+During the second class year about 100 lessons are allotted to this
+department. The first half of this time is devoted to the subjects of
+sound and light. The authorized text-book is Gordon’s “Sound and Light.”
+
+Astronomy is studied in the remainder of the second class year. The texts
+used are Young’s “General Astronomy” and Michie and Harlow’s “Practical
+Astronomy.” The principal aim of this course, in addition to its
+important value in educational development, is to furnish an ample basis
+for the establishment of stations in explorations and surveys.
+
+The class alternates daily by halves throughout the year.
+
+
+TEXT-BOOKS.
+
+    Sound and Light. Gordon.
+    Mechanics. Gordon.
+    General Astronomy. Young.
+    Practical Astronomy. Michie and Harlow.
+
+Numerous standard works on the general subjects covered by the course are
+available for reference.
+
+
+DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS.
+
+
+NEW CADETS, FOURTH AND THIRD CLASSES.
+
+The course in mathematics begins with the new cadet class upon entrance
+in March, and extends through two years.
+
+In the new cadet class year algebra and geometry are taken on alternate
+days for three months. In both these subjects the matter covered by
+the entrance examination is reviewed rapidly and, in the case of plane
+geometry, very briefly before proceeding with the regular course. An
+examination is held in June upon which the class is graded according to
+mathematical capacity.
+
+In the fourth-class year algebra is completed in alternation with
+trigonometry. Plane and solid analytical geometry and descriptive
+geometry follow.
+
+In the third-class year a course in the differential and integral
+calculus is taken, alternating during the latter portion with the subject
+of mechanics in the department of philosophy. The most advanced students
+take also a brief course in the theory of errors and method of least
+squares.
+
+The course in algebra covers the entire subject as generally taught in
+colleges, but the student is expected to have already mastered elementary
+algebra to include the progressions and the solution of the quadratic
+equation. The course in elementary geometry includes the books that
+relate to the plane and those that relate to space, but the student is
+expected to have mastered the former. Plane and spherical trigonometry
+includes the complete solution of the plane and spherical triangles. The
+course in analytical geometry includes the discussion of the general
+equation of the second degree in the plane and in space.
+
+Descriptive geometry includes, in orthographic projections, the right
+line, the plane, ruled surfaces and surfaces of revolution, tangent
+planes and intersections of surfaces. It also covers shades and shadows,
+perspective, isometric projections and, for the upper part of the class,
+spherical projections.
+
+The course in differential and integral calculus covers the ground of
+the usual college text-book, including briefly the subject of ordinary
+differential equations.
+
+
+TEXT BOOKS.
+
+
+NEW CADET CLASS.
+
+    Advanced Course in Algebra. Wells.
+    Elements of Geometry. Phillips and Fisher.
+
+
+FOURTH CLASS.
+
+    Advanced Course in Algebra. Wells.
+    Quadratics and Beyond. Fisher and Schwatt.
+    Elements of Plane and Spherical Trigonometry. Crockett.
+    Logarithmic Tables. Newcomb.
+    Conic Sections. C. Smith.
+    Elements of Analytical Geometry (Solid). Smith and Gale.
+    Descriptive Geometry. Church.
+
+
+THIRD CLASS.
+
+    Differential and Integral Calculus. Granville.
+    Integral Calculus. D. A. Murray.
+    Method of Least Squares. Johnson.
+
+
+DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, MINERALOGY AND GEOLOGY.
+
+
+THIRD AND SECOND CLASSES.
+
+This department embraces two branches of physics not included in its
+title, namely, heat and electricity.
+
+The course begins March 1 of the second academic year and extends to
+March 1 of the third academic year; exercises, recitations, laboratory
+work or lectures take place on all week-days.
+
+Commencing March 1, the subjects of heat and general chemistry alternate
+daily until the completion of the first six chapters of heat, about March
+20, after which the chemistry exercises are held daily until the close of
+the term, June 1.
+
+During this term all members of the class whose progress, as shown
+by their recitations, warrants it, are given laboratory practice in
+chemistry. This practice begins with chemical manipulations and proceeds
+in the usual general order of elementary laboratory work. The laboratory
+exercises are one hour and fifty minutes long. It is generally possible
+to give all parts of the class some laboratory experience: the amount of
+this work, however, varies with the aptitude of the student from a few
+hours to fifty-five or sixty hours.
+
+This term closes with an examination upon the essential parts of
+the entire course, which all cadets who have not shown a prescribed
+proficiency in daily work must take.
+
+In chemistry the course is a descriptive general one, based upon a
+concise statement of the more essential principles of chemistry,
+and includes that class of information deemed most important to
+nonspecialists, together with an accurate and logical treatment of many
+useful applications of chemistry.
+
+Beginning September 1, the daily exercises alternate between heat and
+mineralogy until these subjects are completed, then the daily exercises
+alternate between geology and electricity, the geology being completed
+by the close of the term, December 23. This term also closes with an
+examination, covering the essential parts of the subjects studied during
+the term, which all cadets who have not shown a prescribed proficiency in
+daily work are required to take.
+
+Beginning January 1, the remainder of the course in electricity is
+completed by the end of February. This mid-winter term involves an
+examination, if necessary, as prescribed for the terms ending June 1 and
+December 23.
+
+The course in heat is short, but it is a comprehensive elementary course
+intended to embrace what is most applicable to subsequent work at the
+Academy and what is most useful in general education.
+
+The course in geology is a brief but scientific presentation of the
+essential elements of this branch of science.
+
+The mineralogy is an eminently practical course consisting of the
+descriptive study and the practical determination of the important
+minerals. The lithological and palæontological part of geology is
+accompanied in study by the continued practical examination of the
+objects described.
+
+The course in electricity is a brief exposition of the leading electrical
+phenomena and their relations to each other. It includes a study of
+the general principles of the subject and of the typical machines,
+generators, motors and transformers, together with the more important
+uses of electricity. The laboratory exercises give experience with a
+number of the machines and in the use of a great variety of apparatus
+employed in the numerous forms of electric measurements. In this term the
+laboratory work is a part of the electrical course and all cadets enter
+the laboratory. All laboratory work is performed under the immediate
+supervision of an instructor.
+
+
+TEXT BOOKS.
+
+    Elementary Lessons in Heat. Tillman.
+    Descriptive General Chemistry. Tillman.
+    Practical Chemistry. (Laboratory Guide.) Clowes.
+    Elements of Geology. Le Conte.
+    Important Minerals and Rocks. Tillman.
+    Elementary Lessons in Electricity and Magnetism. S. P. Thompson.
+
+During all terms standard works on the respective subjects are available
+for reference both to cadets and instructors.
+
+
+DEPARTMENT OF DRAWING.
+
+
+THIRD AND SECOND CLASSES.
+
+The course in drawing is carried on through the third class and second
+class years.
+
+It begins in the first year course with elementary freehand work from
+blocks and objects for the training of the eye and hand, and is followed
+by instruction in the nature and use of drawing instruments, papers and
+material, construction of practical problems in plane geometry used in
+constructive and mechanical drawing. This is followed by the construction
+of problems in descriptive geometry covering the theoretical course in
+mathematics; the lower part of the class being confined to the practical
+problems most useful in mechanical and building construction drawing.
+A short course of lettering and handling of flat washes precedes
+the general study of topography and map making in which theoretical
+instruction is coupled with the execution of conventional signs,
+platting, the construction and lettering of a finished map, and practice
+in the field in the various elements of military topographical field
+sketching. This completes the first year’s course.
+
+Text-book pamphlets:
+
+    Drawing Instruments and Papers.
+    The Use of Drawing Instruments, and Geometrical Problems.
+    Elementary Exercises in Water-color Washes.
+    Military Topography—Map Reading and Map Making.
+    Book of Letters and Lettering.
+    Descriptive Geometry Problems.
+
+The work of the second year begins with freehand military landscape
+sketching in the field; and is followed by memory drawing for the
+training of the formal memory, and freehand mechanical and projective
+drawing. Practical projective geometry, including axonometric projection,
+is then resumed preparatory of the plan, section, and elevation drawing
+of a building construction project. In this the student learns the
+structural elements of a house and of building construction methods
+and design, and the ability to read working drawings. Following this a
+mechanical drawing of the plan, section, and elevation of a portion of
+a steam engine is constructed, in connection with instruction in the
+structure and function of the parts of a steam engine. Finally the class
+is separated into groups corresponding to the corps in the Army in which
+the standing of cadets indicates that they will graduate, and subjects
+of engineering, ordnance, and service building construction drawing are
+assigned in accordance therewith. The course concludes with a short
+series of lectures on the art and architecture of the world, and a trip
+to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, upon which a thesis
+is written by each member of the class.
+
+Text-book pamphlets:
+
+    Framing.
+    The Steam Engine.
+    Notes on Building Construction.
+
+
+DEPARTMENT OF MODERN LANGUAGES.
+
+
+FOURTH, THIRD, SECOND, AND FIRST CLASSES.
+
+The course in modern languages comprises instruction in the French and
+Spanish languages.
+
+
+THE FRENCH LANGUAGE.
+
+
+FOURTH AND THIRD CLASSES.
+
+The requirements of this course are as follows:
+
+Construction of the language; reading and writing French; dictation:
+military terms; translation (written and oral) of English into French and
+French into English; conversation; themes.
+
+Instruction in the French language begins March 1 of the fourth-class
+year and is completed June 4 of the third-class year. Examinations
+thereon will be held at the June examination, fourth-class year, and at
+the December and June examinations of the third-class year. The course
+comprises about two hundred and twenty-one lessons.
+
+
+THE SPANISH LANGUAGE.
+
+
+SECOND AND FIRST CLASSES.
+
+The requirements of this course are as follows:
+
+Construction of the language; reading and writing Spanish; dictation;
+translation (written and oral) of English into Spanish and Spanish into
+English; oral recitations and conversation; themes.
+
+Instruction in the Spanish language begins March 1 of the second-class
+year and is completed June 4 of the first-class year. Examinations
+thereon will be held at the June examination, second-class year, and at
+the December and June examinations of the first-class year. The course
+comprises about one hundred and eighty-three lessons.
+
+The present text-books are:
+
+
+FOURTH CLASS.
+
+French:
+
+    French Pronunciation. De Peiffer.
+    Treatise on the Conjugation of French Verbs. Castarède.
+    Elementary French. Aldrich and Foster.
+    La Langue Française. Première Partie. Bercy.
+    Le Petit Parisien. Kron.
+
+
+THIRD CLASS.
+
+French:
+
+    Martin’s French Verbs.
+    Elementary French. Aldrich and Foster.
+    Introductory French Composition, Francois. Guerlac’s Standard French
+      Authors.
+    Advanced French Prose Composition, Francois. Potter’s Dix Contes
+      Modernes.
+    French Verbs and Prepositions, Idioms, Letters. Cameron’s Tales of
+      France.
+    Marchand’s French Idioms. Revue Militaire des Armées Étrangères.
+    Labiche and Martin’s Voyage de M. Perrichon. Courrier des Etats-Unis
+      (Sunday edition).
+    Le Petit Parisien. Kron.
+
+
+SECOND AND FIRST CLASSES.
+
+Spanish:
+
+    Spanish Verb and Spanish Pronunciation. Traub.
+    Spanish Grammar. Monsanto and Languellier.
+    Spanish Grammar. Garner.
+    El Castellano Actual. Román y Salamero.
+    Las Novedades.
+    First Spanish Book. Worman.
+    Elementary Spanish Reader. Ramsey.
+
+
+BOOKS OF REFERENCE.
+
+French:
+
+    French Pronouncing Dictionary. Spiers and Surenne.
+    Military Technical Dictionary. Willcox.
+
+Spanish:
+
+    New Spanish-English and English-Spanish Dictionary, by Cuyás. Appleton.
+
+
+DEPARTMENT OF LAW.
+
+
+FIRST CLASS.
+
+The course in law covers the following subjects:
+
+    1. The elements of law.
+    2. Constitutional law.
+    3. International law.
+    4. Military law.
+
+To illustrate principles in the text-books cadets are required to recite
+on numerous cases from reports. Lectures are also given upon the subjects
+taught, so far as the limits of time allotted to this course permit.
+
+
+TEXT BOOKS.
+
+    The Elements of Law. Davis, G. B.
+    Constitutional Law. Davis, E. G.
+    International Law. Davis, G. B.
+    Military Law. Dudley.
+
+
+BOOKS OF REFERENCE.
+
+There is a reference library in the department of about 2,500 volumes,
+accessible to the cadets.
+
+
+DEPARTMENT OF PRACTICAL MILITARY ENGINEERING.
+
+
+FOURTH, THIRD, SECOND AND FIRST CLASSES.
+
+Cadets of the fourth class receive an elementary course in theoretical
+surveying during the month of February.
+
+During the summer encampment, cadets of the third class receive practical
+instruction in the use and adjustment of surveying instruments and in
+surveying methods. In this course they apply in the field what has
+been taught them in their theoretical course of the preceding spring.
+The course includes tie line surveys, made by use of the tape or chain
+alone, surveys made with the compass and with the transit, and running
+differential level circuits.
+
+Cadets of the second class receive, during the fall drill season,
+instruction in visual signaling, using the flag and the heliograph for
+sending and receiving messages. They are also taught to set up and adjust
+the heliograph and the acetylene lantern. During the spring period, this
+class is instructed in the field methods of electrical communication, and
+is given practice in establishing and using buzzer lines under, as nearly
+as possible, service conditions. The course also comprises setting up and
+operating field wireless telegraph outfits.
+
+During the summer encampment, cadets of the first class are instructed in
+building pile, trestle, and pontoon bridges, in improvising methods of
+crossing streams, in making road sketches, both mounted and dismounted,
+and in combined position sketching. During the fall course, this class
+is given instruction in the construction and operation of appliances
+used in field engineering, in the erection of spar and trestle bridges,
+and in the use of explosives in military demolitions. The spring course
+is devoted to field fortification work, including the construction of
+trenches, revetments, obstacles, bomb proofs, and gun pits; posting and
+distribution of working parties in the construction of saps, trenches,
+parallels, and approaches; and tracing and profiling siege works.
+
+
+TEXT BOOK.
+
+    Theory and Practice of Surveying. Johnson.
+
+
+BOOKS OF REFERENCE.
+
+    The Engineer Field Manual.
+    Survey Manual. Pence and Ketchum.
+
+
+DEPARTMENT OF ORDNANCE AND GUNNERY.
+
+
+FIRST CLASS.
+
+The subject of ordnance and gunnery is studied by the cadets of the first
+class throughout the academic year.
+
+The course of instruction covers the principles involved in the
+construction and use of war material. It is broadly divided into
+three parts: the theoretical, the descriptive, and the practical. The
+theoretical part includes the study of the action of explosives, the
+study of interior and exterior ballistics, the theories of gun and
+carriage construction, and the principles of gunnery. The theoretical
+part of the course is not the same for all cadets, those showing the
+necessary proficiency taking a special course of 21 lessons in the time
+devoted by the remainder of the class to review work.
+
+The descriptive part of the course covers the processes of manufacture
+of powders, guns, projectiles and armor; and describes the small arms,
+cannon, machine and rapid-fire guns in use in the United States service,
+with the carriages, ammunition and accessory appliances required for
+their service. The department is well supplied with models, which are
+used in conjunction with the text.
+
+The practical part of the course covers work with ballistic instruments,
+and the operation of machines and appliances used in the fabrication of
+modern ordnance, the latter work being in effect a short but valuable
+course in manual training.
+
+In connection with the course, visits are made to Watervliet Arsenal,
+where the processes of gun construction are observed, and to the Ordnance
+Proving Ground at Sandy Hook, where actual firings from the several
+classes of guns are observed, including usually one or more shots against
+armor, and where the latest developments in war material are seen.
+
+
+TEXT BOOKS.
+
+    Ordnance and Gunnery. Lissak.
+    Exterior Ballistics. O’Hern.
+    Stresses in Wire-Wrapped Guns and in Gun Carriages. Ruggles.
+
+
+BOOKS OF REFERENCE.
+
+    Ballistic Tables. Ingalls.
+    Mathematical Tables. Newcomb.
+    Publications of Ordnance Department. U. S. Army.
+
+
+DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY HYGIENE.
+
+
+SECOND CLASS.
+
+The course in military hygiene for the second class begins on or about
+the 15th of April and continues into June. It consists of 6 lectures and
+13 recitations for each half of the class, given on alternate days and
+ending by a written examination on the subjects treated.
+
+The course covers the essential points in military hygiene, particular
+attention being paid to the following:
+
+Personal hygiene with special reference to the soldier and his
+environment: the hygiene and sanitation of military commands in garrison
+and in the field; and the causes and prevention of infectious diseases
+and control of epidemics. Also the nature of alcoholic drinks and
+narcotics, and special instruction as to their effects upon the human
+system.
+
+During the summer camp, 5 lectures with exercises are given to the first
+class on the use of the first aid packet and the treatment of medical and
+surgical emergencies. While on the practice march, at the end of each
+day, the medical officer on duty with the corps discusses the advantages
+and disadvantages of the camp site from the view point of the military
+sanitarian and also camp cooking, the water supply, and various other
+matters pertaining to camp hygiene and sanitation.
+
+
+TEXT BOOKS.
+
+    The Elements of Military Hygiene. Ashburn.
+    Anatomy, Physiology and Hygiene. Tracy.
+
+
+REFERENCE BOOKS.
+
+    Military Hygiene. Harvard.
+    Theory and Practice of Military Hygiene. Munson.
+    Notes on Military Hygiene. Woodhull.
+    Practical Hygiene. Harrington.
+
+
+DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH AND HISTORY.
+
+
+NEW CADETS AND FOURTH CLASS.
+
+English: Essential principles of rhetoric; frequent practice in
+various forms of written and oral composition, including personal and
+official correspondence and official forms; study of selected literary
+masterpieces, and of essentials in the history of English literature and
+language.
+
+History: Political, social and economic history from the end of the
+Middle Ages to the present day; study of typical forms of modern national
+and municipal governments; fundamental principles of civil government,
+historically considered, with special reference to the United States.
+
+
+TEXT BOOKS—ENGLISH.
+
+    English Composition. Henry S. Canby and others.
+    Golden Treasury, Everyman’s Library Edition. Palgrave.
+    Shakespeare’s Works.
+    Tennyson’s Idylls of the King.
+    Selections from Addison, selections from Macaulay, selections from
+      Stevenson, and Carlyle’s Heroes and Hero-Worship.
+
+
+TEXT-BOOKS—HISTORY.
+
+    A Political History of Modern Europe. F. Schwill.
+    The Development of Modern Europe. J. H. Robinson and C. A. Beard.
+    Readings in Modern European History, Vol. II. Robinson and Beard.
+    The Development of the State. Dealey.
+
+
+THE LIBRARY.
+
+Cadets and officers have free access to the library, which comprises some
+80,000 books, maps and manuscripts. The collection contains substantially
+all standard books on the subjects taught in the Academy and is
+especially complete in military subjects. Its card catalogues (about
+272,000 cards) are arranged with the special object of saving the time of
+the cadets. The library is open on week-days from 8 A. M. to 9:30 P. M.;
+on Sundays and holidays from 2 to 6 P. M.
+
+[Illustration: INTERIOR OF NEW RIDING HALL]
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES
+
+
+[1] See Appendix.
+
+[2] This is to be presented to the Adjutant of the Military Academy on
+arrival of the appointee, i. e., the candidate, at West Point.
+
+[3] See Appendix for the circular now used.
+
+[4] This is to be filled out and mailed to the Secretary of War soon
+after its receipt by the candidate.
+
+[5] See Appendix for the kind used now.
+
+[6] Then the west end of the present Library Building. A fine stone
+Administration Building was later built just south of the old Chapel,
+but it is to be torn down and a very fine and large new Administration
+Building has been put up still further south.
+
+[7] See page 62, Note 1.
+
+[8] Now there is water on the first floor of each division.
+
+[9] See page 62, Note 2.
+
+[10] The sink was a low building east of the old guard house, now there
+are water closets and bath tubs in the basement of each division.
+
+[11] Now there is a trunk room in the basement of each division.
+
+[12] The plebe instructors, or drill masters, are now first-class men.
+
+[13] See page 62, Note 3.
+
+[14] In full uniform.
+
+[15] Then some distance west of Siege Battery and north of the turn in
+Professors’ Row.
+
+[16] See Appendix.
+
+[17] Now the east end of the grassed plain. The new artillery and cavalry
+plain adjoins the village of Highland Falls.
+
+[18] See page 62, Note 4.
+
+[19] Cadets are court-martialed for serious offenses only.
+
+[20] See Appendix.
+
+[21] Filled up long ago.
+
+[22] See page 70, Note 1.
+
+[23] See page 81, Note 1.
+
+[24] The cadets now have a fine rifle range.
+
+[25] Rushing into camp was prohibited long ago.
+
+[26] See page 70, Note 1.
+
+[27] Now mounted after dress parade.
+
+[28] See Appendix.
+
+[29] See Appendix.
+
+[30] Then taught in the north ground floor room of the old Academic
+Building. This room was also used to practice dancing in and for band
+concerts on winter evenings.
+
+[31] See page 122, Note 1.
+
+[32] See page 122, Note 2.
+
+[33] See page 122, Note 3.
+
+[34] See page 122, Note 4.
+
+[35] They now say “Cadet” instead of “Mister.”
+
+[36] See page 122, Note 5.
+
+[37] Now in the new Administration Building.
+
+[38] Kinsley’s farm is now a part of the post.
+
+[39] See Appendix and also page 122, Note 1.
+
+[40] Curtains are now allowed.
+
+[41] They now come at any time of the year.
+
+[42] See page 122, Note 1, and for candidates see Appendix.
+
+[43] Now part of the post—a gift from Mrs. Russell Sage and Mrs. Anna B.
+Warner.
+
+[44] Then just east of Seacoast Battery.
+
+[45] See Appendix.
+
+[46] Soon to be torn down to give way to a giant new one now partly built.
+
+[47] Then a part of the ground floor room of the old Academic Building.
+
+[48] Then in the south end of the Mess Hall. Mr. Bratt, then caterer of
+the Cadet Mess, lived in the north end.
+
+[49] From songs by the Class of 1897.
+
+[50] Now called Drill Regulations.
+
+[51] See Appendix.
+
+[52] Chevrons are made of gold lace ⅜ inch wide; sewed on dark blue cloth
+with ⅜ inch intervals between the bars.
+
+[53] Worn above the elbows, points up.
+
+[54] Worn above the elbow, points up.
+
+[55] Worn below the elbows, points up.
+
+[56] A life membership costs only ten dollars. Address Secretary of the
+Association of Graduates, West Point, N. Y.
+
+[57] The new Chapel and Chaplain’s quarters on the hill near old Fort
+Putnam are now in one large beautiful building that was dedicated in
+June, 1910. Graduates have contributed for a handsome memorial window and
+Professor Weir’s grand painting, now in the old Chapel, will be put over
+this window in the new Chapel.
+
+[58] Cullum Memorial Hall is now used for hops.
+
+[59] In the old Academic Building.
+
+[60] See page 202, Note 1.
+
+[61] In conformity with the provisions of this section, the Chief of
+Staff is now, by direction of the Secretary, charged with the supervision
+of matters in the War Department pertaining to the Academy.
+
+[62] Four of the class of 1880 accepted this offer, and, as there were
+not then vacancies enough for the balance, some were first appointed
+brevet second lieutenants, and as vacancies occurred they were
+commissioned second lieutenants.
+
+[63] The army is supplied with second lieutenants from four sources,
+viz.: First, the Military Academy; second, graduates from other military
+schools; third, from meritorious enlisted men, and fourth, from civil
+life.
+
+[64] The Act of 1910 increased this number 25% for six years. The total
+number of graduates from 1802 to August 31, 1910, is 4,935.
+
+[65] Alternates have been appointed since 1877.
+
+[66] See Appendix.
+
+[67] The Board before which a candidate is directed to appear will be,
+without exception, the one convened at the nearest or most convenient to
+his home, or to the school at which he is in regular attendance at the
+time of appointment.
+
+[68] On December 8, 1910, the Adjutant General of the Army wrote to the
+author saying “that while it has been decided to admit the next class of
+cadets into the Military Academy on the 14th day of June instead of on
+the 1st day of March, no change has been made in the date and places of
+examination of cadet candidates.”
+
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+    max-width: 100%;
+    width: auto;
+    height: auto;
+}
+
+.x-ebookmaker .poetry {
+    display: block;
+    margin-left: 1.5em;
+}
+
+.x-ebookmaker .blockquote {
+    margin: 1.5em 5%;
+}
+
+.x-ebookmaker .borders th.rotate {
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+    </style>
+  </head>
+<body>
+<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.1em; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em;'>
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Cadet Life at West Point, by Hugh T. Reed
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
+most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
+whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
+of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
+at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you
+are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the
+country where you are located before using this eBook.
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:table;margin-bottom:1em;'>
+  <div style='display:table-row;'>
+    <div style='display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em;'>Title:</div>
+    <div style='display:table-cell;'>Cadet Life at West Point</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+  <div style='display:table-row;'>
+    <div style='display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em;'>Author: </div>
+    <div style='display:table-cell;'>Hugh T. Reed</div>
+  </div>
+
+<div style='height:10px'></div>
+
+<div style='margin-bottom:1em;'>
+Release Date: Mar 25, 2021 [eBook #64925]
+</div>
+
+<div style='margin-bottom:1em;'>
+Language: English
+</div>
+
+<div style='display:table;margin-bottom:1em;'>
+  <div style='display:table-row;'>
+    <div style='display:table-cell;vertical-align:top;'>Produced&nbsp;by:&nbsp;</div>
+    <div style='display:table-cell;'>MWS and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+
+<div style='margin-top:1em;margin-bottom:1.5em;'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG BOOK OF CADET LIFE AT WEST POINT ***</div>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/crest.jpg" width="300" height="275" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center larger gothic">United States Military Academy</p>
+
+<p class="center gothic">West Point, New York</p>
+
+<p class="right"><i>Jan. 10th, 1911.</i></p>
+
+<p class="noindent"><i>Dear Reed</i>:</p>
+
+<p><i>I have delayed sending back the proof sheets of the third
+edition of your “Cadet Life at West Point” because I wanted
+to read them. This I have finally found time to accomplish, but
+I really have not the time to write out my views on the book as
+I would like to do for you can appreciate my situation when I
+tell you that we leave here on the 17th inst. and the house is
+completely torn up.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>I think, however, that in addition to having written a very
+interesting book you have given the public one full of valuable
+information, particularly useful to young men who contemplate
+entering this academy. The book recalls many pleasant incidents
+of our own cadet life and conditions now are very little changed
+from our day, especially as we are to return to the four-year
+course with entrance for the new class back to June again.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>With best wishes for the New Year</i>,</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Sincerely</i>,</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<img src="images/signature.jpg" width="400" height="125" alt="" />
+<p class="caption"><i>Fred H Sibley</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="smaller">Colonel Sibley was the Commandant of Cadets from February 1,
+1909, to January 17, 1911.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smaller">PRESS COMMENTS ON</span><br />
+CADET LIFE AT WEST POINT</h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">Dedicated to the dear girls who adore the military.</p>
+
+<p>“Entertaining personal reminiscences.”—<i>Cleveland
+Plain Dealer.</i></p>
+
+<p>“Most charming book.”—<i>The</i> (Philadelphia) <i>Keystone</i>.</p>
+
+<p>“Especially entertaining to lads with military aspirations.”—(Boston)
+<i>Waverly Magazine</i>.</p>
+
+<p>“Parents and sisters too come under its spell.”—(Chicago)
+<i>Quarterly Book Review</i>.</p>
+
+<p>“The various troubles cadets have are clearly described.”—<i>Cincinnati
+Commercial Tribune.</i></p>
+
+<p>“The reader soon becomes interested.”—<i>Richmond</i>
+(Ind.) <i>Palladium</i>.</p>
+
+<p>“Complete description of the life of a cadet.”—<i>The</i>
+(Chicago) <i>Medical Standard</i>.</p>
+
+<p>“Through the trying days of plebedom.”—<i>Indianapolis
+Journal.</i></p>
+
+<p>“Until he finally doffs the cadet gray and dons the
+army blue.”—<i>Chicago Tribune.</i></p>
+
+<p>“The story is told in a very interesting way.”—(New
+York) <i>American Stationer</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">“Whether you’re young or old, girl or boy,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Reed’s ‘Cadet Life’ is a book to enjoy;</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">It is full of facts, mixed with fun,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">That gives great pleasure to everyone.”</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>“A very spirited and interesting book.”—(New York)
+<i>Scientific American</i>.</p>
+
+<p>“Stories, poems and accounts of graduation hops and
+other amusements.”—The (New York) <i>Publishers’ Weekly</i>.</p>
+
+<p>“Also contains statistics which are of sufficient value
+alone to warrant publication.”—<i>Chicago Journal.</i></p>
+
+<p>“Charming in its personality.”—<i>Army and Navy Journal.</i></p>
+
+<p>“Answers many questions one would like to ask.”—<i>Chicago
+Inter-Ocean.</i></p>
+
+<p>“In such a happy vein as to charm American readers
+of all ages.”—<i>Army and Navy Register.</i></p>
+
+<p>“A pleasing style.”—(New York) <i>Review of Reviews</i>.</p>
+
+<p>“The best description of cadet life and also of the
+workings of the academy.”—<span class="smcap">Wm. Ward</span>, <i>clerk in charge
+(for the last 60 years) of Cadet Records at West Point</i>.</p>
+
+<p>“Nothing quite like it in this country.”—(London,
+Eng.) <i>Army and Navy Gazette</i>.</p>
+
+<p>“A complete book.”—(Orchard Lake, Mich.) <i>Adjutant</i>.</p>
+
+<p>“Interesting reading.”—<i>Chicago Times-Herald.</i></p>
+
+<p>“About West Point, how to get there, etc.”—<i>Indianapolis
+News.</i></p>
+
+<p>“Just the thing.”—(Atlanta, Ga.) <i>Southern Star</i>.</p>
+
+<p>“Of value to guardsmen.”—<i>The</i> (Columbus, O.) <i>National
+Guardsman</i>.</p>
+
+<p>“Interesting reading even for laymen.”—(New York)
+<i>Godey’s Magazine</i>.</p>
+
+<p>“Should be in both normal school and village libraries.”—<i>Cortland</i>
+(New York) <i>Evening Standard</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Handsome cloth. 12mo. 315 pages. Illustrated. $1.50</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_1"></a>[1]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 475px;" id="illus1">
+<img src="images/illus1.jpg" width="475" height="700" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">THE AUTHOR</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_2"></a>[2]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_3"></a>[3]</span></p>
+
+<p class="titlepage larger">CADET LIFE AT WEST POINT</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage">BY<br />
+<span class="smcap">Col. Hugh T. Reed, Lieut. U. S. Army</span>,<br />
+<i>Late Inspector General of Indiana</i>.<br />
+<span class="allsmcap">AUTHOR OF</span><br />
+<i>Military Science and Tactics, Etc.</i></p>
+
+<p class="titlepage larger">ILLUSTRATED</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage">THIRD EDITION.</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage">RICHMOND, INDIANA:<br />
+IRVIN REED &amp; SON.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_4"></a>[4]</span></p>
+
+<p class="titlepage smaller">ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.<br />
+COPYRIGHT, 1896 AND 1911, BY HUGH T. REED.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_5"></a>[5]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="larger gothic">Dedicated</span><br />
+<i>TO THE DEAR GIRLS WHO ADORE THE MILITARY, ONE OF
+WHOM HAVING PAID THE PENALTY OF HER ADMIRATION,
+IS NOW MY SUPERIOR OFFICER.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6"></a>[6]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7"></a>[7]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak">PREFACE</h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>I believe it to be well established that the mental
+habits are fully as strong as the physical habits
+of man. That is, thought moves in grooves
+day after day and day after day as walks in life
+do. The habit of retrospectant thought fastened
+itself upon me several years ago, and the habit
+confined itself largely and almost irresistibly to
+my life at West Point. My reflections became
+almost realisms; I was to all intents and purposes
+oblivious of the intervening years; oblivious of
+accumulated griefs and sorrows, of successes and
+of contemporaneous ambitions—I was indeed a
+boy again, and at West Point, living over and over
+and over again all the scenes leading up to and
+creating my life at the Nation’s Military School.</p>
+
+<p>In one of these moods, it occurred to me, entirely
+for my own gratification, and possibly to dispossess
+myself of the habit of thinking upon the
+subject, to write a little sketch of those days. I
+became interested in the work, and the pages grew
+in number as memory served me with inspiration
+for my narrative, until I had at last completed
+what might be called a volume of reminiscences.</p>
+
+<p>As an amusement for him, I read chapter after
+chapter, as it was written, to a favorite nephew,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8"></a>[8]</span>
+and when the manuscript was written and in a
+temporary binding, I loaned it to this young relative,
+who, in turn, with my consent, loaned it to
+friends of his, and it was read by these youngsters
+and passed from hand to hand. I could not help
+but realize the interest that was taken by these
+young readers in what I had so carelessly and indifferently
+written, but at the same time, I should
+never have undertaken the publication of my notes
+if my nephew had not attended a military school
+and bombarded me with appeals to send him the
+old manuscript, so that his comrades might read
+about life at West Point.</p>
+
+<p>The old manuscript wouldn’t do, so I edited what
+I had written, re-wrote some of the pages, added
+a few lines here and there, and finally concluded
+to publish it without the least expectation that
+it will interest very many persons, or bring me any
+material reward.</p>
+
+<p>I have tried to write it naturally and without
+any attempt at literary excellence, and beg most
+respectfully to offer it to the public as a grateful
+tribute of my happiest years.</p>
+
+<p>For valuable data I am indebted to Colonel
+Charles W. Larned, Lieutenant Colonel F. W. Sibley,
+Commandant of Cadets, Captains W. E.
+Wilder, F. W. Coe and O. J. Charles, Adjutants,
+Lieut. M. B. Stewart, Tactical Officer, Dr. E. S.
+Holden, Librarian, and Mr. William Ward, in
+charge of Cadet Records from 1851 to 1911, all of
+the Military Academy, and to Lieutenant Charles
+Braden, editor of Cullum’s Biographical Register
+of West Point Graduates.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_9"></a>[9]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak">INDEX.</h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<table summary="Contents">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">Chapter.</td>
+    <td></td>
+    <td class="tdpg">Page.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">I.</td>
+    <td>The Appointment</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CHAPTER_I">13</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">II.</td>
+    <td>The Preparation</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CHAPTER_II">21</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">III.</td>
+    <td>The Candidate</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CHAPTER_III">27</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">IV.</td>
+    <td>The Plebe in Camp</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV">65</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">V.</td>
+    <td>The Plebe in Barracks</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CHAPTER_V">87</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">VI.</td>
+    <td>The Yearling</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CHAPTER_VI">125</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">VII.</td>
+    <td>The Furloughman</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CHAPTER_VII">153</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">VIII.</td>
+    <td>The Graduate</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CHAPTER_VIII">179</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">IX.</td>
+    <td>The United States Military Academy</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CHAPTER_IX">259</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">X.</td>
+    <td>The Appendix</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#CHAPTER_X">287</a></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h2 class="nobreak">ILLUSTRATIONS.</h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<table summary="Illustrations">
+  <tr>
+    <td>The Author</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus1">Frontispiece</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Might Be a Cadet</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus2">15</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Topographical Sketch of West Point</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus3">25</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Setting-up Exercises</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus4">41</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hop Invitation—Camp McPherson</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus5">63</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hop Invitation—I. O. C. B.</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus6">81</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Cadet Warrant</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus7">111</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hop Invitation—Camp Geo. H. Thomas</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus8">123</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hop Invitation—Camp Belknap</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus9">151</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Graduating Hop Invitation—Class of 1872</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus10">163</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Cadet Captain’s Chevron</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus11">175</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Bell Button for Civilian Coats</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus12">176</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Badge</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus13">176</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hop Invitation—Camp Thayer</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus14">177</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Inaugural Ball Invitation</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus15">198-9</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Graduating Hop Invitation—Class of 1873</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus16">203</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Bird’s Eye View of West Point as It May Be in 1912</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus17">209</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Diploma</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus18">211</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Bird’s Eye View of West Point in 1902</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus19">213</a><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_10"></a>[10]</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>West Point in 1848</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus20">215</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>West Point in 1825</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus21">217</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Guard Mount in Camp</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus22-23">219</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Color Line</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus22-23">219</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Seal of the United States Military Academy</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus24-26">221</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Cadet Hospital</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus24-26">221</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Superintendent’s Quarters</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus24-26">221</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Battery Knox</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus27-29">223</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Sea Coast Battery</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus27-29">223</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Siege Battery</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus27-29">223</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>The Academic Building</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus30">225</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Mess Hall</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus31-33">227</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Dining Room</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus31-33">227</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>South Cadet Barracks</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus31-33">227</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Cavalry Drill</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus34-35">229</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Battalion Marching from Camp to Barracks</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus34-35">229</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Cadet Tent</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus36">231</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Group of First Classmen</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus37-40">233</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Group of Furloughmen</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus37-40">233</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>The Old Cadet Chapel</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus37-40">233</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Cadet Room</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus37-40">233</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Professors’ Row</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus41-43">235</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Flirtation Walk</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus41-43">235</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Kosciuszco’s Garden</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus41-43">235</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>The Old Riding Hall</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus44-46">237</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Battle Monument</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus44-46">237</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Ponton Bridge</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus44-46">237</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Cadet Camp—World’s Fair, 1893</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus47">239</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Officers’ Quarters Above Old North Gate in 1910</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus48-50">241</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Officers’ Quarters Below Old South Gate in 1910</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus48-50">241</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Bachelor Officers’ Quarters in 1910</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus48-50">241</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>The New Cadet Chapel in 1910</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus51-52">243</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>The North Cadet Barracks in 1910</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus51-52">243</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>The Old Washington Headquarters</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus53-55">245</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Officers’ Mess in 1910</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus53-55">245</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Cullum Memorial Hall</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus53-55">245</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Coat of Arms of the United States Military Academy</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus56-57">247</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Library</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus56-57">247</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Siege Battery Drill in 1910</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus58-60">249</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Artillery and Cavalry Group in 1910</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus58-60">249</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>The New Gymnasium in 1910</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus58-60">249</a><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11"></a>[11]</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Proposed Staff Quarters</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus61-62">251</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Headquarters Building</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus61-62">251</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Inspection in Camp</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus63-64">253</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Light Artillery Drill</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus63-64">253</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Sedgwick’s Monument</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus65-67">255</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Professors’ Row</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus65-67">255</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Cadet Monument</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus65-67">255</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Looking East from the New Chapel in 1910</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus68-69">257</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Perspective View from River on the East</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus68-69">257</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Interior of New Riding Hall</td>
+    <td class="tdpg"><a href="#illus70">315</a></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12"></a>[12]</span></p>
+
+<h1>CADET LIFE AT WEST POINT</h1>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13"></a>[13]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_I">CHAPTER I.<br />
+<span class="smaller">THE APPOINTMENT.</span></h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>I was not more than eight years old when I
+first heard about West Point, and then I was
+told that it was Uncle Sam’s Military School;
+that the young men there were called cadets; that
+they were soldiers, and that they wore pretty uniforms
+with brass buttons on them. The impression
+made upon me at the time was such that I
+never tired talking and asking questions about
+West Point. I soon learned to indicate the site
+on the map, and I longed to go there, that I might
+be a cadet and wear brass buttons. I talked about
+it so much that my good mother made me a coat
+generous with brass buttons. I called it my cadet
+coat, and wore it constantly. Ah! for the day I
+should be a big boy and be a real cadet. With a
+wooden gun I played soldier, and when the war
+broke out and the soldiers camped in our old fair
+grounds, I was in their camp at every opportunity.
+The camp was about half-way between our
+home farm and father’s store in town, and many<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14"></a>[14]</span>
+is the time I have been scolded for being so much
+at the camp. My only regret at that time was
+that I was not old enough to enlist, for I loved to
+watch the drills and linger around the camp-fires,
+listening to stories of the war.</p>
+
+<p>I learned a good deal from the soldiers about
+West Point. They told me that I could not go
+there until I was seventeen years old, and not
+then unless I was appointed as a cadet by my
+congressman. They also told me that I must be
+a good boy at school and study hard, for the reason
+that after securing the appointment I would
+have to pass a rigid examination at West Point
+before admission. This was bad news to me, because
+we farm boys never attended school longer
+than four or five months in a year. Fortunately,
+however, the family moved to “town” when I was
+fourteen years old. I was then assured that I
+would have my wish, and I never missed a day at
+school. I was so anxious to learn rapidly that I
+overtaxed my eyes, and was in a dark room for
+nearly a year. Still I did not give up hope, and
+when my eyesight permitted I returned to school
+again.</p>
+
+<p>I found out that there could be only one cadet
+at a time at West Point from the same congressional
+district, and also that there was then a
+young man there from my district; still I had
+hopes of getting there myself before I got too old,
+that is, over twenty-one.<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> Then there was no<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15"></a>[15]</span>
+book published about West Point, and magazines
+and newspapers never described it.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_16"></a>[16]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 325px;" id="illus2">
+<img src="images/illus2.jpg" width="325" height="500" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">“MIGHT BE A CADET.”</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_17"></a>[17]</span></p>
+
+<p>One day I saw by the paper that the Hon.
+G. W. Julian was at home on a short visit, and
+I knew that he was my congressman; hence I
+wanted to go at once to see him. I confided in
+my mother and obtained her permission to be
+absent from school that afternoon. So I saddled
+old John, my favorite horse, and rode six miles
+to Mr. Julian’s house. He was at home, and
+was very kind to me. He asked my father’s
+name, and also my name and age, and he made
+a note of my address, saying that he might write
+to me from Washington. He also said that there
+would be a vacancy at West Point, from his district,
+the next year in June, and that he would
+make the appointment soon; that I was the first
+young man to apply for the place, but if any one
+who had served in the war applied for the cadetship
+within the next few weeks he would appoint
+him—that such a person could be just under
+twenty-four years of age. Nevertheless, if no old
+soldier applied, he would appoint me, as he knew
+my father well. He then said that if he did appoint
+me I must be a good student the next year,
+and prepare for the examination at West Point.
+Upon my return home I did not talk about West
+Point any more, nor did I speak to any one except
+my mother about having seen Mr. Julian, and I
+had five brothers and a sister, too!</p>
+
+<p>About two months after my visit to Mr. Julian,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_18"></a>[18]</span>
+I received a letter from him, taking it myself from
+the postoffice, but alas! the writing was such that
+I could not read it, although there were but eight
+words in it, so I hastened with it to my mother,
+but she could not read it, either. Then as I must
+confide in another person, I decided to speak to
+my father, and ask him to read the letter, under
+promise that he would not talk about West Point
+with any one except my mother and myself. He
+read the letter at once, and said that the writing
+was all right, but that the letter did not mean anything,
+as Mr. Julian had probably written the
+same to other boys. I did not believe this, and
+was surer than ever of obtaining the appointment.
+Many years have passed since then, but the words
+of that letter are still fresh in my memory. They
+are:</p>
+
+<p>“Please inform me in reply your exact age.”</p>
+
+<p>I wanted my father to write Mr. Julian in my
+behalf, but he declined to do so, saying that he did
+not want me to go to West Point. I then got him
+to promise not to write “that” to Mr. Julian, and
+I myself answered the letter by return mail.</p>
+
+<p>About ten days after this I received another letter
+from the congressman, a great large one, in a
+long envelope, and all I could read of that was “I
+have recommended you”; but that was enough,
+as the appointment itself was enclosed, and I could
+read it, and I was a happy boy. I ran home to
+show the appointment to my mother, and then to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_19"></a>[19]</span>
+the store to show it to my father, and also to get
+him to read the letter to me, which was as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="smaller">
+
+<p>“I have recommended you, and enclose herewith your conditional
+appointment as a cadet to West Point, together with certain
+other papers from the War Department. I shall now expect
+you to prepare yourself for the examination next June, and I
+hope you will graduate with high honors, and that afterwards you
+will be loyal and useful to your country.”</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<h3>THE APPOINTMENT.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+
+<p class="center">War Department.<a id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p>
+
+<p class="right">Washington, ________ 1868.</p>
+
+<p>Sir: You are hereby informed, that the President has conditionally
+selected you for appointment as Cadet of the United
+States Military Academy, at West Point, New York.</p>
+
+<p>Should you desire the appointment, you will report in person
+to the Superintendent of the Academy on the ____ day of
+________, 1869, for examination. If it be found that you possess
+the qualifications required by law and set forth in the circular<a id="FNanchor_3" href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>
+herewith, you will be admitted, with pay from date of admission,
+and your warrant of appointment will be delivered to you.</p>
+
+<p>Should you be found deficient in studies at the semi-annual or
+annual examinations, or should your conduct reports be unfavorable,
+you will be discharged from the military service, unless otherwise
+recommended for special reasons by the Academic Board, but
+will receive an allowance for traveling expenses to your home.</p>
+
+<p>Your attention is particularly directed to the accompanying
+circular, and it is to be distinctly understood that this notification
+confers upon you no right to enter the Military Academy unless
+your qualifications agree fully with its requirements, and unless
+you report for examination at the time specified.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_20"></a>[20]</span></p>
+
+<p>You are requested to immediately inform the Department of
+your acceptance or declination of the contemplated appointment
+upon the above conditions.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Very respectfully,</p>
+
+<p class="right">____________<br />
+Secretary of War.</p>
+
+<p class="noindent">To ____________</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+
+<p class="right">____________, 1868.</p>
+
+<p class="noindent">To the Honorable Secretary of War,<a id="FNanchor_4" href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p>Sir: I hereby respectfully acknowledge the receipt of your
+notification of my contemplated appointment as a Cadet of the
+United States Military Academy, with the appended circular, and
+inform you of my acceptance of the same upon the conditions
+named.</p>
+
+<p>I certify, on honor, that I was born at ________,
+in the County of ________, State of ________,
+on the ____ day of ________, 18__, and that I have
+been an actual resident of the Congressional District of
+________ for __ years and __ months.</p>
+
+<p class="right">(Signature of appointee) ____________</p>
+
+<p>I hereby assent to the acceptance by my ________ of his
+conditional appointment as Cadet in the military service, and he
+has my full permission to sign articles binding himself to serve
+the United States eight years, unless sooner discharged.</p>
+
+<p>I also certify, on honor, that the above statements are true and
+correct in every particular.</p>
+
+<p class="right">(Signature of parent or guardian) ____________</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_21"></a>[21]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER II.<br />
+<span class="smaller">THE PREPARATION.</span></h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>After examining the papers received from
+the War Department, I found one that required
+my father’s signature before I myself
+could accept the appointment. My parents
+both objected to my leaving home, and therefore
+did not wish me to go to West Point. I argued
+that I wanted to go to college somewhere, and
+why not let me go where Uncle Sam paid the bills.
+At last I won my mother on my side, and then my
+father, seeing that my heart was so fixed, signed
+the paper requiring his signature, and mailed it
+to the Honorable Secretary of War, Washington,
+D. C. This done, I let the secret out, and all of
+my boy friends wanted to know how I had gotten
+the appointment. I told part, but I did not tell
+just how I did get it.</p>
+
+<p>After seeing the kind of examination<a id="FNanchor_5" href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> I would
+have to pass at West Point the next year, my
+father decided to send me to the High School at
+Ann Arbor, Mich., and to send my brother Charley
+there with me to prepare him for the University
+of Michigan. We entered the High School<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_22"></a>[22]</span>
+early in September. About two weeks afterward
+the University of Michigan (also at Ann Arbor)
+opened, and we observed that many of the candidates
+for the freshman class seemed no farther
+advanced than we thought ourselves, so we applied,
+were examined, and admitted to the University.
+I thought that if I failed at West Point
+I could return and graduate at the University in
+three instead of four years.</p>
+
+<p>There was a tall young man from Tennessee,
+who entered the High School with us, and afterward
+entered the University, too. He, like myself,
+had an appointment to West Point, and was
+going there the next June, so we became friends
+at once, and he and I agreed to study after Christmas
+for the West Point examination. After the
+sophomores quit hazing, all went well with us, and
+the year soon passed. I left Ann Arbor on the
+last day of April to return home via Lakes Huron
+and Michigan, and went to Detroit to take the
+first steamer of the season around the lakes to
+Chicago. Upon arriving in Detroit, I heard that
+there was to be a muster and inspection of a regiment
+of United States troops out at Fort Wayne,
+a short ride from Detroit, and as I was to be a
+soldier, I went to see the sight. As I looked at
+the troops (the First U. S. Infantry), I thought
+that I would like to be an officer of that regiment
+when I graduated from West Point, and singularly
+enough my wish was gratified. I remained
+so long at Fort Wayne that the boat had departed<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_23"></a>[23]</span>
+when I returned to Detroit, so I took train and
+overtook the boat at Port Huron. While there I
+went to see Fort Gratiot, and strange to say, that
+was subsequently my first army station. When
+the steamer stopped at Mackinaw I visited the
+fort that was there at that time.</p>
+
+<p>After my return home I reviewed the studies I
+was to be examined on in a few weeks, and then
+started east. I promised my father if I failed to
+pass the examination that I would return home at
+once. Arriving in the great city of New York, I
+took passage on the day steamer “Mary Powell,”
+and was charmed with the scenery along the Hudson.
+The first stop was at the south landing at
+West Point. I was on the upper deck at the time,
+and after seeing my trunk put ashore, I walked
+leisurely downstairs to disembark and to my great
+surprise the boat was fifty feet or more from shore
+when I got down. I thought that all steamers
+made long stops, for the only other boat that I
+had ever been on stopped for many hours every
+time she landed. The captain would not let me
+off, and said that I could get off at Cornwall and
+take a down boat the same evening. I was satisfied
+and went on the upper deck again and saw the
+passengers who had landed get into the West
+Point Hotel ’bus. All the trunks except mine were
+put on the top of the ’bus, and it was then driven
+up the hill, leaving my trunk all alone on the
+dock.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_24"></a>[24]</span></p>
+
+<p>When the steamer stopped at Cornwall I this
+time promptly stepped ashore. It was about sunset.
+There were not more than half a dozen buildings
+in sight, and not a soul at the dock, and I
+was the only passenger landing at that point. I
+went to one of the houses and inquired the location
+of the hotel, and I was informed that it was
+not open, as it was too early for summer visitors.
+I then asked what time the down boat was due,
+and was informed that it would be along soon,
+but that it would not stop. The West Shore Railroad
+was not built at that time, and as there was
+no stage line over the mountains nor ferry on the
+river, I began to fear that I could not get away by
+the tenth of June, the last day for me to report.
+This bothered me more than the hotel accommodations,
+but I soon found obliging people and arranged
+for my lodging and breakfast, and also to
+be rowed to my destination the next day.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/footer1.jpg" width="300" height="75" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_25"></a>[25]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;" id="illus3">
+<p class="transnote">Transcriber’s Note: Image is clickable for a larger version.</p>
+<a href="images/illus3-full.jpg"><img src="images/illus3.jpg" width="400" height="525" alt="" /></a>
+<p class="caption">Topographical Sketch of WEST POINT</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_26"></a>[26]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_27"></a>[27]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III.<br />
+<span class="smaller">THE CANDIDATE.</span></h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse">“As the twig is bent, the tree is inclined.”</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>It was about ten o’clock in the morning of
+June 8, 1869, when I stepped from a rowboat
+on the dock near the Sea Coast Battery at
+West Point. The weather was perfect, and my
+heart was light and free. As there was neither
+any person nor conveyance at the dock, I followed
+the road winding up the hill to the plain. I
+stopped to admire the scenery. In front I beheld
+a level green plain of one hundred acres or more
+with massive buildings peeping through the large
+elm trees that fringe two sides of the plain; on
+either side were high hills; in my rear rolled the
+majestic Hudson between the Highlands, with
+Siege Battery at my feet. As I gazed around it
+was to me then, as it is to me now, the most beautiful
+of places.</p>
+
+<p>I found my way to the Adjutant’s office in the
+Administration Building<a id="FNanchor_6" href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> and reported. I was
+courteously received and handed the “Instructions
+to Candidates” to read. I stated the fact<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_28"></a>[28]</span>
+of my trunk having been put ashore on the south
+dock and of the Mary Powell carrying me to Cornwall
+the previous evening, and I was told that my
+trunk had undoubtedly been taken to the hotel,
+as there was then (and now is) but one hotel at
+the Point. And I was also informed that my trunk
+would be sent to the Cadet Barracks. After I had
+complied with the instructions, an orderly, at the
+sound of a bell, entered and was directed to escort
+me to the barracks. In going through the area we
+passed some cadets and I overheard such remarks
+as “He’ll learn to button his coat.” At the orderly’s
+suggestion I buttoned my coat. He took
+me into a hall, said “This is the door,” laid down
+my valise, and left me. The door was the first
+one on the right of the eighth division—how well
+I remember it! I knocked on the door, and heard
+a commanding voice say “Come in!”<a id="FNanchor_7" href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> With valise
+and umbrella in one hand and cap in the other,
+I entered. There were two cadets in the room,
+seated near a table, and before I had a chance to
+speak, I was greeted about as follows: “Leave
+your things in the hall. Don’t you know better
+than to bring them in here?” I stepped into the
+hall, left the door open, and while looking for a
+suitable place to put my things (for there was
+neither a hook nor a table), one of these two cadets
+cried out: “Lay them on the floor and come in,
+and don’t be all day about it, either. Move lively,
+I say. Shut the door. Stand there. Come to attention.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_29"></a>[29]</span>
+Put your heels together, turn out your
+toes, put your hands by your side, palms to the
+front, fingers closed, little fingers on the seams of
+the trousers, head up, chin in, shoulders thrown
+back, chest out, draw in your belly, and keep your
+eyes on this tack.” While one cadet was giving
+commands with great rapidity, the other one fixed
+my feet, hands, head and shoulders. “What’s
+your name? Put a Mr. before it. How do you
+spell it? What’s your first name? Spell it.
+What’s your middle name? Have none? What
+state are you from? What part? Put a sir on
+every answer. Where’s your trunk? Don’t know?
+Didn’t you bring one? Put on a sir; how often
+do you want me to speak about it?” I explained
+how my trunk and I had arrived at different times.
+“You’re too slow. You’ll never get along here.
+Keep your eyes on that tack; turn the palms of
+your hands squarely to the front. Did you bring
+all of the articles marked ‘thus’? You don’t know
+what they are? Put on a sir, I tell you. Didn’t
+you get a circular telling what articles you should
+bring? Didn’t you read it? Now answer me; did
+you bring the articles marked ‘thus’? Well, why
+didn’t you say so at first? Keep your eyes on that
+tack.” A wagon drove up and put a trunk on the
+porch near the window. “About face! Turn
+around the other way. Don’t you know anything?
+Is that your trunk? It is, is it? Now, let’s see
+you ‘about face’ properly. Steady. At the word
+‘about’ turn on the left heel, turning the left toe<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_30"></a>[30]</span>
+to the front, carrying the right foot to the rear,
+the hollow opposite to and three inches from the
+left heel, the feet perpendicular to each other.
+Don’t look at your feet. Head up. Stand at ‘attention’
+till I give the command. Now, ‘about’
+(one of the cadets fixed my feet); at the word
+‘face,’ turn on both heels, raise the toe a little,
+face to the rear, when the face is nearly completed,
+raise the right foot and replace it by the left.
+Now, ‘face.’ Ah! turn on both heels. Fix your
+eyes on that tack again. Draw in your belly.
+Throw back your shoulders and stand up like a
+man. Now, ‘left, face.’ Don’t you know your
+left hand from your right? Face that door; open
+it. Ah! why don’t you step off with the left foot
+first? Pick up your things, follow me, and move
+lively.” My back was nearly broken, and I was
+glad to get out of that room. After going a few
+steps on the broad porch on the area side of barracks,
+a young man in civilian clothes came out of
+the next hallway carrying the palms of his hands
+to the front. “Come here, Mr. Howard, and help
+your room-mate carry his trunk upstairs; step
+lively, now.” With that introduction Mr. Howard
+and I took hold of the trunk. Just then the tall
+young Tennesseean, whom I knew at Ann Arbor,
+passed, carrying the palms of his hands to the
+front. We exchanged knowing winks, but did not
+venture to speak. “What’s the matter with you?
+Don’t be all day carrying that trunk upstairs.”
+Howard and I tugged away and finally got the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_31"></a>[31]</span>
+trunk upstairs and into the room designated.
+Candidates Howard and Knapp had already been
+assigned to the same room. “Stand attention,
+Mr. Knapp. Don’t you know enough to stand attention
+when I enter the room? Palms to the
+front. Put the trunk over there. Mr. R⸺d,
+open your trunk and valise and take out everything
+and make a list of all you have. Stand attention,
+Mr. Howard. Take out your things first
+and make a list afterward. Put the small articles
+on this part of the clothes-press, hang your clothes
+on those pegs and put your bedding over there.
+Study the regulations. Fold your things properly,
+put them in their places, and the next time
+I come in I want to see everything in place. What
+did you bring that umbrella for? You will never
+need it here. Mr. R⸺d, post your name over
+there on the ‘alcove,’ put it on the ‘Orderly Board’
+under Mr. Knapp’s name, and put it there on the
+clothes-press. Whenever you hear the command,
+‘Candidates, turn out,’ button your coats, hasten
+downstairs and ‘fall in’ in the Area.” Cadet
+Hood left the room then, and we sat down,
+prostrated. Then we proceeded to get acquainted
+with one another, and on comparing notes we
+found that each one of us had had about the same
+reception. As Howard and Knapp had reported
+the day before, they gave me many pointers, which
+I appreciated.</p>
+
+<p>The room was good-sized, with two alcoves at
+the end opposite the window; but, oh! how uninviting
+it seemed. No bed, no carpet, no curtains,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_32"></a>[32]</span>
+and not even shades. The furniture that was in
+the room consisted of a clothes-press, that is,
+shelving arranged for two cadets, but to be used
+by three or four candidates, two small iron tables,
+a wash stand, an iron mantel and a steam coil with
+a marble slab on it. H⸺rd and K⸺p had already
+carried from the Commissary certain articles
+for use by all occupants of the room, as follows:
+A looking-glass, a wash basin, a water
+bucket, a cocoanut dipper, a slop bucket and a
+broom. They had also obtained such other articles
+as were required for their personal use, such
+as a chair and a pillow.</p>
+
+<p>The following extract from the “Blue Book”
+shows the arrangement of rooms, etc.</p>
+
+<p>White Helmet.—On the clothes-press.</p>
+
+<p>Dress Hat.—On the gun-rack shelf.</p>
+
+<p>Cartridge Box and Bayonet or Sword.—On pegs
+near gun-rack.</p>
+
+<p>Caps and Sabres.—On pegs near gun-rack.</p>
+
+<p>Rifle.—In gun-rack.</p>
+
+<p>Spurs.—On peg with sabre.</p>
+
+<p>Bedstead.—In alcove against side wall of room,
+head against rear wall.</p>
+
+<p>Bedding.—Mattress, folded once; blankets, comforter
+and sheets, folded separately, so that the
+folds shall be the width of the pillow, and all piled
+against the head of the bedstead, thus: mattress,
+sheets, pillow, blankets and comforter; the end
+of the pile next to the alcove partition to be in
+line with the side of the bedstead; this end and
+the front of the pile to be vertical.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_33"></a>[33]</span></p>
+
+<p>Clothes-Press.—Books on top against the wall,
+backs to the front; hair and clothes brushes,
+combs, shaving materials, such small boxes as are
+allowed, vials for medicines, etc., on top shelf;
+belts, collars, gloves, handkerchiefs, socks, etc.,
+on second shelf from the top; sheets, pillow cases,
+shirts, drawers, pants, etc., on the other shelves.</p>
+
+<p>Text-Books.—Those in daily use may be upon
+the tables, except during Sunday morning inspection.</p>
+
+<p>Arrangement.—All articles of the same kind to
+be neatly placed in one pile, folded edges to the
+front and even with front edge of the shelves.
+Nothing to be between these piles and the back of
+the press, unless want of room renders it necessary.</p>
+
+<p>Soiled Clothes.—In clothes bag.</p>
+
+<p>Shoes.—To be kept clean, dusted and arranged
+in line, toes to the front, along the side near the
+foot of the bed. Shoe brush in the fireplace.</p>
+
+<p>Woolen Clothing, Dressing Gown and Clothes
+Bag.—On pegs in alcove, arranged as follows:
+Overcoat, dressing gown, uniform coats, jackets,
+gray pants, clothes bag and night clothes.</p>
+
+<p>Broom.—Behind the door.</p>
+
+<p>Candle Box.—In fireplace.</p>
+
+<p>Tables.—Against the wall under gas jet or near
+the window when the room is dark.</p>
+
+<p>Chairs.—From 8 a. m. to 10 p. m. against the
+tables when not in use.</p>
+
+<p>Mirror.—At center of mantel.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_34"></a>[34]</span></p>
+
+<p>Wash Stand.—In front of and against alcove
+partition.</p>
+
+<p>Wash Basin.—Inverted on top of wash stand.</p>
+
+<p>Water Bucket.—Near to and on side of wash
+stand opposite the door.</p>
+
+<p>Dipper.—In water bucket.</p>
+
+<p>Slop Bucket.—Near to and on side of wash
+stand nearest the door.</p>
+
+<p>Curtains.—Regulation only allowed.</p>
+
+<p>Calendar.—A small, plain one may be placed on
+the wall over the gas fixture.</p>
+
+<p>Clock.—A small plain one may be kept on the
+mantel.</p>
+
+<p>Bath Towel.—May be hung in the alcove.</p>
+
+<p>Trunks, Pictures, Splashers, Writing Desks,
+Etc.—Prohibited. There is a storeroom for
+trunks.</p>
+
+<p>Floor.—To be kept clean and free from grease
+spots or stains.</p>
+
+<p>Heating Apparatus.—To be kept clean and free
+from scratches.</p>
+
+<p>Windows.—Cadets are forbidden to sit at the
+windows with feet on the woodwork, or to appear
+before windows improperly dressed, or to communicate
+through windows, or to raise the
+lower sash more than four inches during “call to
+quarters.”</p>
+
+<p>Names.—Uniformly printed to be posted over
+gun-rack pegs, alcove, clothes-press and on orderly
+board over wash stand.</p>
+
+<p>Hours of Recitation.—To be on the mantel on
+either side of the mirror.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_35"></a>[35]</span></p>
+
+<p>Academic Regulations, Articles of War and the
+Blue Book.—To be kept on the mantel.</p>
+
+<p>Laundry.—All clothes sent to the wash to be
+plainly marked with owner’s name.</p>
+
+<p>Room Orderly.—Is responsible for the cleanliness
+and ventilation of the room, and that articles
+for joint use are in place.</p>
+
+<p>After having folded and arranged my possessions
+according to the Blue Book, as I understood
+from a hasty perusal of it, I looked out of the
+window down into the Area of Barracks, where I
+saw old cadets passing to and fro. They carried
+themselves so very erect that we could not help
+but admire them and wish that we too were as
+straight and walked as well as they. We observed
+what small waists they had, and we wondered
+if they laced. Another thing we observed
+was that the cadets looked so much alike. I had
+unbuttoned my coat while arranging my effects,
+and forgot to button it again, when I heard a
+quick walk in the hall and then a sharp, firm,
+single rap on the door. We all sprang promptly
+to attention, palms to the front. Cadet Hood
+entered and began: “Button your coat, Mr.
+R⸺d.” He moved several piles on the clothes-press
+and disarranged my bedding, too, saying,
+“Not folded properly. Why don’t you study the
+Blue Book? Mr. Howard, fill your water bucket
+the first thing every morning. Get the water from
+one of the hydrants<a id="FNanchor_8" href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> in the Area. The floor is<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_36"></a>[36]</span>
+very dirty; sweep it properly, invert your wash
+bowl, and don’t let me have occasion to speak
+about these things again.”</p>
+
+<p>The first call for dinner sounded and then we
+heard, “Candidates, turn out promptly.” We
+hastened downstairs. The old cadets were gathering
+in four different groups, while the candidates
+were being put into another one. Cadets
+Hood, Allen and Macfarlan were on the watch
+for candidates, and they began thus:</p>
+
+<p>“Button that coat. Get down here lively. ‘Fall
+in.’ Fall in in the rear; don’t you know better
+than to get in front of anybody? Palms to the
+front. Fix your eyes on the seam of the coat collar
+of the man in front of you, and at the second
+call, face to the left.” Some of the candidates
+faced one way and some another, but we were
+soon straightened out, and then, “Eyes to the
+front! What do you mean gazing about in ranks?
+Each candidate, as his name is called, will answer
+‘Here’ in a clear and audible tone of voice.”
+The roll of the candidates was then called. “Why
+don’t you answer, Mr. H⸺? Well, then, speak
+up so that you can be heard. Mr. ⸺, don’t
+shout,” and so on till the last name was called.
+We were told how to “count fours,” and after
+the command came something like this: “Stop
+counting. Try it over. Count fours. Steady,
+Mr. ⸺; wait till the man on your right counts.
+Eyes to the front. Why don’t you count, Mr. ⸺!
+Speak out. Eyes to the front,” and so on.
+We were now told how to “wheel by fours,” and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_37"></a>[37]</span>
+at the command, “March,” to step off with the
+left foot first. There was a great time after the
+command, “Fours right, march,” was given. The
+cadets on duty over us were kept busy shouting
+at and pulling in place, first one candidate and
+then another, but after a fashion we got started
+and followed the cadets to the Mess Hall, and
+those on duty over us were kept busy all the way
+correcting mistakes made by the candidates.</p>
+
+<p>While en route to dinner we were directed to
+remove our caps just before entering the Mess
+Hall and to put them on again just after leaving
+it. Of course we made blunders, and were
+gently (?) corrected for them. Upon entering the
+hall we were directed to certain tables, but told
+not to sit down until the command, “Candidates,
+take seats,” was given. When each one found a
+place behind an iron stool (that in my day resembled
+an hour glass in shape), the command, “A
+Company, take seats,” was given, and then the
+members of A Company all sat down promptly;
+then came “B Company, take seats,” “C Company,
+take seats,” “D Company, take seats,” and
+then “Candidates, take seats.” Immediately
+after the last command something like this came:
+“Sit down promptly. Do you want to be all day
+about it? Eat your dinner, and don’t leave the
+table until the command, ‘Candidates, rise.’”</p>
+
+<p>Dinner was on the table, and there were a good
+many tables in the big hall. Each table had seats
+for twenty-two persons, ten on a side and one at
+either end. There were tablecloths, but no napkins,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_38"></a>[38]</span>
+and one waiter for every two long tables;
+the waiters did not pass anything, but brought
+water, bread, etc., when needed. The cadets (and
+candidates) at the ends of the tables did the carving,
+while those at the center of the long tables
+poured the water. At supper and breakfast there
+were no tablecloths. Tablecloths and napkins are
+now furnished for all meals, and there are cane
+seat chairs instead of the old iron stools. The
+tables of the cadets were divided crosswise in the
+center by an imaginary line into two parts, and
+each part was called a table. The cadets had seats
+according to rank, and they always sat in the
+same seats. First classmen sat near the end
+called the head of the table, second classmen next,
+third classmen (except the corporals) next, and
+then fourth classmen, the latter being at the center
+of the long tables. The corporals at the ends
+of the tables were the carvers, and the fourth
+classmen poured the water.<a id="FNanchor_9" href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></p>
+
+<p>After dinner we were marched back to barracks,
+and before being dismissed the candidates
+were informed that they could do as they pleased
+until the bugle sounded “Call to quarters” at 2
+o’clock, and then they must repair promptly to
+quarters, that is, to their own rooms in the barracks.
+All the time that we were in ranks the
+usual volleys were fired at us, such as: “Eyes to
+the front. Head erect and chin in.” After we
+were dismissed we were constantly reminded to
+“carry palms of the hands to the front,” notwithstanding<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_39"></a>[39]</span>
+the fact that we had been told to
+go where we pleased for a whole half hour. Some
+of the candidates went to the sink (i. e., water
+closet),<a id="FNanchor_10" href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> and some of the old cadets went there,
+too. A number of them surrounded a poor candidate,
+called him a plebe or an animal, and fired
+dozens of questions at him at once. The madder
+the plebe got the more fun it was for the old
+cadets. As the candidates were not acquainted
+with one another, and as they dreaded to meet the
+old cadets, they naturally drifted to their quarters,
+thinking that the safest place to be, but,
+alas! some of the old cadets called upon them
+there. While they did not mention their names,
+something like this generally occurred: “‘Shun,
+squad. Come to attention, plebes. Palms to the
+front. What’s your name? Spell it; spell it
+backwards. What state are you from? Who’s
+your predecessor?’ Say ‘Mr. ⸺.’ Do you think
+you can pass the ‘prelim’? Where is Newburg?
+Don’t know? How do you expect to get in here
+if you don’t know where Newburg is? Climb up
+on that mantel and be lively about it, too. Now
+move your arms and say ‘Caw, caw.’ Stop that
+laughing. Eyes to the front.” And so on, till
+the old cadets would slip out in time to go to their
+rooms for “Call to quarters.”</p>
+
+<p>At two o’clock came the call, “Candidates, turn
+out promptly,” and every candidate turned out
+and “fell in.” A number were sent back for<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_40"></a>[40]</span>
+towels, and upon returning to the Area were sent
+to the bathrooms, then in the basement of D Company
+quarters. After bathing, some were sent to
+the Cadet Hospital for physical examination, and
+were there told to strip to the skin, then called
+one at a time before three Army Surgeons, in full
+uniform, who examined the lungs, eyes, ears,
+teeth and feet, made the candidates hop first on
+one foot, then on the other, raise their hands high
+above the head, cough, bend over forward, etc.
+When my turn came I did not mention anything
+about ever having been troubled with my eyes.</p>
+
+<p>Upon returning to the barracks we were sent
+to the Commissary, where each candidate was
+given the articles necessary for his own immediate
+use. As near as I now remember, I got a
+chair, a pillow, a piece of soap, an arithmetic, a
+slate, a copybook, a quire of “uniform” paper, a
+history, a grammar and a geography. Other candidates
+who, like myself, had brought the articles
+marked “Thus*” received the same as I, while
+those who had not brought them got two blankets
+in addition to what the rest of us got. The books
+mentioned above are not now issued to candidates.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_41"></a>[41]</span>
+Cadet H⸺d saw to it that candidates rooming
+together were provided with a wash bowl, a mirror,
+two buckets, etc. When all were fitted out we
+took up our loads and returned with them to Barracks,
+carrying them in our hands or on our shoulders,
+as was most convenient. This trip from the
+Commissary store across the grassy plain to
+Barracks has been described thus:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_42"></a>[42]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;" id="illus4">
+<img src="images/illus4.jpg" width="450" height="700" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">SETTING UP EXERCISES.</p>
+<p class="caption">The setting up exercises are now taught by the Instructor of
+Military Gymnastics and Physical Culture.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_43"></a>[43]</span></p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">“Examinations being completed,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">The ‘found’ having fled evermore,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent6">Then with fear and a sigh</div>
+    <div class="verse indent6">And blood in the eye,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Candidates hasten to the store.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">“‘Give me my things,’ in joy a plebe exclaims,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Then the storekeeper puts on a smile,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent6">But dispels the illusion</div>
+    <div class="verse indent6">And causes confusion</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">By throwing his goods in a pile.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">“Slowly he carries them across the plain,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">With buckets and broom in the rear;</div>
+    <div class="verse indent6">But hard is the task,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent6">He has reason to ask</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">If his future abode is quite clear.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">“The looking-glass breaks, the pails rattle loud,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">And the sound echoes from afar;</div>
+    <div class="verse indent6">Plebe cries in disgust,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent6">‘Let me get up and dust,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">I want to go home to my ma.’”</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Upon returning to Barracks we were ordered to
+our rooms, and then to the shoeblacks, at that time
+in the basement of B Company quarters, to have
+our shoes cleaned and polished, and told to go
+there, at certain hours, as often as necessary to
+keep our shoes in proper order. Candidates whose
+hair was considered too long by Cadet H⸺d
+were sent to the barber’s, at that time in the basement
+of C Company quarters. Candidates who
+had to shave were directed to shave themselves,
+as the barber was not permitted to do anything
+but cut hair.</p>
+
+<p>At 4:15 p. m. we were turned out for “Squad<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_44"></a>[44]</span>
+Drill.” We “fell in” promptly and were corrected
+in the manner indicated when we fell in for dinner.
+Even now I seem to hear Cadets A⸺n,
+H⸺d and M⸺n shouting themselves hoarse
+at us poor, stupid candidates. There were about
+twenty “yearlings,” classmates of Cadets A⸺n
+and H⸺d, standing around our line, waiting to
+get a chance at the candidates, so as to compete
+with them and with one another for “Corporal’s
+chevrons.” We were separated into squads of four
+or five to the squad, and a cadet instructor assigned
+to drill each squad. Cadet H⸺d had the
+squad I was in. After all details were adjusted,
+the command, “March off your Squads” was given,
+and then Babylon was let loose; the candidates
+could hear the commands of all of the instructors,
+and they did not know the voice of their own,
+hence there was much confusion. Some of the
+instructors acted as if they wanted to terrorize
+the candidates in their squads, and shouted: “Eyes
+to the front. Pay attention to me. What do you
+mean by listening to others? Palms to the front,”
+and so on, for ten or fifteen minutes, and then we
+were given a brief “rest.”</p>
+
+<p>Then we were taught how to march and the instructor
+began thus: “At the word ‘forward’ throw
+the weight of the body upon the right leg, the left
+knee straight. At the word ‘march’ move the left
+leg smartly, without jerk, carry the left foot forward
+thirty inches from the right, the sole near
+the ground, the toe a little depressed, knee straight<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_45"></a>[45]</span>
+and slightly turned out. At the same time throw
+the weight of the body forward (eyes to the front),
+and plant the foot without shock, weight of the
+body resting upon it; next, in like manner, advance
+the right foot and plant it as above. Continue
+to advance without crossing the legs or striking
+one against the other, keeping the face direct
+to the front. Now, ‘forward, common time, march.’
+Depress the toe, so that it strikes the ground at
+the same time as the heel. (Palms of the hands
+squarely to the front. Head up.) When I count
+‘one,’ plant the left foot, ‘two,’ plant the right,
+‘three,’ plant the left again, ‘four,’ plant the right
+again, and so on. Now, ‘One,’ ‘two,’ ‘three,’ ‘four,’”
+etc. “Bring your feet down together. Depress your
+toes,” and so on.</p>
+
+<p>We were taught many things, such as the facings,
+the exercises, rests, etc. “In place, rest,” was
+the most acceptable, but half the pleasure of that
+was taken away from the candidates by being
+often told to “keep one heel in place.” That first
+hour at squad drill is not soon forgotten. My every
+muscle was sore and I ached all over. Just before
+we were dismissed we were informed that we could
+go anywhere we pleased on Cadet Limits, so long
+as we were back a little before sunset, in time for
+dress parade. This seemed a great privilege, but
+wherever candidates went some old cadets were already
+there, and greeted them with “Depress your
+toes, plebes. Palms to the front. Are you going
+to be all summer learning how to march? Squad<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_46"></a>[46]</span>
+halt. Right hand salute. What’s your name?
+Can you sing, dance or play on the piano? Come
+here ‘Dad,’ and see this ‘animal.’” And a thousand
+and one other equally pleasant sayings.</p>
+
+<p>Dress parade came and went, but the candidates
+did not participate in the ceremony out on
+the grassy plain. They were kept in the Area, and
+their positions alternated between “Attention” and
+“Parade, Rest.” When the “Retreat Gun” was fired
+many of them jumped half out of ranks, and then
+were gently (?) informed that they were a fine lot
+of soldiers. “What do you mean by leaving ranks
+before you are dismissed?” When we had half a
+chance we enjoyed the music of the band, but it
+was very hard to hear it and our instructor’s commands
+at the same time. Soon after parade we
+fell in again and marched to supper. On the way
+to and from the Mess Hall we were constantly entertained
+by our cadet instructors by such commands
+as, “Eyes to the front,” “Depress your toes,”
+and “Palms to the front.” Before being dismissed
+after supper we were informed that we had half
+an hour before “Call to quarters,” and that during
+that half hour we could do as we pleased. But
+that half hour passed just as the other half hours
+had passed, that is, by the candidates furnishing
+amusement for the old cadets.</p>
+
+<p>Upon going to our rooms at the signal of “Call
+to quarters,” Cadet H⸺d called to say that if
+we expected to pass our preliminary examination
+we had better “bone up” for it; he also informed<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_47"></a>[47]</span>
+us that we could not retire until after “Tattoo.” A
+cadet’s bed is “made down,” when it is ready to
+get into, and it is “made up” when it is piled according
+to regulations and not ready for use. We
+were too tired to talk. At 9:30 we were turned out
+to Tattoo. After Tattoo I folded each blanket
+lengthwise and laid it on the floor, then spread the
+sheets and comforter on the blankets, undressed
+and got in bed, leaving H⸺rd, the room orderly,
+to turn out the gas. Our bones did not fit the hard
+floor very well, but we soon fell asleep. “Taps”
+sounded at 10 p. m., and, oh, how sweet and soothing
+it was. In a few moments more our room door
+was opened (for they are never locked), a dark lantern
+flashed in our faces and the door closed again.
+The same thing was repeated once more during
+the night, but this time by an officer of the army,
+called by the cadets a “Tactical Officer.” These inspections
+were made to make sure that our lights
+were out and that we were in bed. We slept in
+the alcoves, heads near the wall farthest from
+the door. H⸺rd, K⸺p and I, when fast
+asleep, were suddenly awakened. We had been
+“yanked,” that is, some old cadets had come into
+our room, seized our blankets, and with a quick
+jerk carried us some distance from the wall, and
+then ran out of the room. We fell asleep
+once more and slept soundly until we were awakened
+by the “Reveille Gun” that is fired at sunrise
+and followed by the beating off of “Reveille.” This
+music was very pretty, too, but we could not half<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_48"></a>[48]</span>
+appreciate it, as we had to get up at once, fall in
+and begin another day. After reveille we made up
+our beds. H⸺rd swept out and brought a
+bucket of fresh water. Cadet H⸺d inspected
+our quarters twenty minutes after reveille, and
+said, “Mr. H⸺rd, your wash bowl is not inverted,
+and your floor not half swept. Attend to them at
+once.”</p>
+
+<p>We had another hour’s drill before breakfast
+(omitted now), which made us very hungry. Sick
+call sounded soon after this drill, but while the
+candidates were all half sick, it was not medicine
+they wanted, so none of them went to the hospital.
+Breakfast was at seven o’clock, and after it the
+candidates furnished the cadets with the customary
+half-hour’s entertainment before call to quarters
+sounded. Cadet H⸺d again cautioned us
+to “bone up” when he inspected quarters about
+nine o’clock, and said: “The mantel is dusty, and
+the floor very dirty.” Captain H⸺t, a Tactical
+Officer of the Army, also inspected us before
+noon, but he did not say anything. While I had
+then been only a day at West Point, so much had
+happened that it seemed an age.</p>
+
+<p>About a week passed with much the same
+routine as for the first day, except that we
+had Saturday afternoon, after inspection, to ourselves,
+that is, such part of it as we were not
+busy entertaining old cadets, and on Sunday morning
+we had inspection of quarters, and after this
+inspection we were all marched to church. On<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_49"></a>[49]</span>
+Sunday afternoon we were permitted to make
+down and air, or use, our beds, and to enjoy lying
+on the soft side of the boards again. The candidates
+were all marched to the Episcopal Church,
+“the” church there at that day. In due time the
+Catholics and Methodists attended their own
+churches, but all cadets, except Jewish ones, had
+to attend some church once a week. After inspection
+of quarters on Sunday morning, K⸺p became
+room orderly for the next week. It was then
+his duty to sweep and dust the room and to
+carry the water needed for himself, H⸺rd and
+me. The dirt was swept into the hall to one side
+of the door, and left there. A policeman, that is,
+the janitor, swept the halls, carried out the waste
+water and scrubbed room and hall floors, when
+necessary. It is wonderful how soon we learned
+many things, such as to button our coats and
+spring to attention, palms to the front, at the
+sound of footsteps in our hall. At first we made
+mistakes, but we soon learned to distinguish the
+footsteps of our instructors from those of our fellow-candidates.</p>
+
+<p>There was a story in my day of a gentleman
+who went with his son when the latter reported as
+a candidate, and that while Cadets H⸺d and
+A⸺n were putting the son through his first lesson
+in the office, the father turned his palms to the
+front, put his heels together, and otherwise assumed
+the position of the soldier.</p>
+
+<p>At the first opportunity I wrote home, but I was<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_50"></a>[50]</span>
+very careful not to mention the hardships I endured,
+for the reason that I had gone to West Point
+contrary to my parents’ wishes, and consequently
+I was determined to get through if I could. This
+reminds me, there were young men in my class
+whose parents had sent them there against the
+wishes of the candidates themselves, and many of
+these young men did not want to stay. Competitive
+examinations required by some Congressmen
+for appointments were not as common in my day
+as they are now. Some of my classmates purposely
+failed on the preliminary examination and
+West Point is no place for a young man unless the
+young man himself wants to go there.</p>
+
+<p>One day Mr. B⸺dy, my predecessor, sent for
+me to go to his quarters. I did not know what new
+trials were in store for me, as I had never been in
+any old cadet’s quarters. Mr. B⸺dy invited me
+to sit down, which I did for the first time in an old
+cadet’s presence. We talked for a few moments
+about people we both knew at our native places.
+He then gave me his “white pants” (about twenty
+pairs), and said he hoped I would pass the “prelim”
+so as to be able to wear them, and that I
+would graduate higher than he would.</p>
+
+<p>The “graduating ball” that year was on the
+night of June 14th, but as candidates were not expected
+to attend it, none were present. The next
+day the graduating class received their diplomas,
+discarded cadet gray, put on “Cit” clothes, said
+good-byes and left the Point, to return no more as<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_51"></a>[51]</span>
+cadets. We did not know much of the graduating
+class, but I now remember the names of more men
+in that class than in any other at the Academy, excepting
+my own. This I account for from the fact
+that I was then so much impressed with the importance
+of a graduate of West Point. In my eyes
+he seemed to be a greater man than the Superintendent,
+in fact there was no comparison.</p>
+
+<p>There was a change made on graduating day
+among the cadet officers. At the next drill Cadet
+H⸺d appeared with pretty gold lace chevrons
+on his coat. He wore them on the sleeves of his
+dress coat, below the elbow, and he was proud to
+have everybody know that he was a “Corporal”
+now. I promptly congratulated him, and he said,
+“Thank you, Mr. R⸺d,” instead of reprimanding
+me for speaking without having been first spoken
+to. In a few days more the new second class men
+put on “Cit” clothes, and left on furlough. It
+seemed strange to me that these cadets seemed
+just as anxious to take off the cadet gray as the
+candidates were to put it on.</p>
+
+<p>Before the departure of the graduates and furloughmen
+the candidates learned that there were
+four trunk rooms<a id="FNanchor_11" href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> in the angle of Barracks, one
+for the cadets of each company. They learned this
+by carrying trunks from there to the rooms of the
+graduates and furloughmen. I soon learned that
+I got along the easiest by saying as little as possible
+and doing about as I was told. The candidates
+who talked much or who bragged on what they<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_52"></a>[52]</span>
+knew, especially about military matters, had the
+hardest time. These poor fellows were called “too
+fresh,” or “rapid,” and, as the cadets expressed it,
+they had to be “taken down.”</p>
+
+<p>It was a common thing for old cadets to enjoy
+a call upon candidates after supper and on Saturday
+afternoons. And it was difficult at first for
+candidates to become acquainted with one another,
+as so much of their leisure (?) time was taken
+up answering questions, standing on chairs, tables
+and mantels, reading press notices about themselves,
+singing, and in fact doing almost everything
+old cadets told them to do. I have heard
+many cadets when they were “plebes” or “animals,”
+declare that they would not do so and so,
+but they always did as they were told, and they
+were quick about it, too. It is strange what control
+old cadets have over “plebes.” They never laid
+hands on candidates except when they yanked
+them.</p>
+
+<p>We soon discovered that the cadets who found
+especial delight in being in the society of plebes
+were generally “yearlings,” that is, those who had
+themselves been plebes only the year before. But
+“yearling” instructors<a id="FNanchor_12" href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> seldom deviled plebes in
+their own squads.</p>
+
+<p>Mail arrived every day, and was sorted over,
+that for the cadets and plebes in each division was
+dropped on the floor in the halls near the entrances
+and the word mail called out in a loud tone of
+voice. Every one expecting mail buttoned up his<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_53"></a>[53]</span>
+coat and hastened to get such as might be for him.
+Now the policemen deliver mail to the cadets in
+their rooms.<a id="FNanchor_13" href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p>
+
+<p>In a few days more the candidates were sent in
+sections of about a dozen to the section for their
+preliminary or entrance examination. The section
+I was in was sent to a room having tables, chairs
+and writing materials, and we were here examined
+in writing and spelling. There was but one
+officer present, and after a certain time we put our
+names on and handed our papers to him whether
+we had finished them or not. We were next sent
+to another room, where there were about a half a
+dozen members of the Academic Board, and as
+many other army officers.<a id="FNanchor_14" href="#Footnote_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> Each candidate, as his
+name was called, was assigned a subject and then
+sent to a blackboard. The first one called was
+numbered one, the second numbered two, and so
+on, until five or six candidates were sent to different
+blackboards. Each was directed to write his
+name and number at the upper right hand corner
+of the board, to put such data or work on the board
+as he wished, and when ready to recite to pick up a
+pointer in his right hand and face about. While
+those sent to the blackboard were getting ready
+to recite, another candidate was sent to the center
+of the room, facing the examiners, and then questioned
+by one of them. After finishing with the
+candidate on questions, No. 1 was called upon to
+recite, and after he was through, another candidate
+was assigned a subject and sent to the board,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_54"></a>[54]</span>
+and so on. Some of the candidates were self-possessed,
+and made good recitations and ready answers
+to questions, while others trembled all over
+and lost control over themselves, their hearts got
+up into their throats or went down into their boots.
+The examination here was in grammar, history,
+and geography. We were then sent to another
+room before as many other Professors and Army
+Officers for examination in arithmetic and reading.
+I was satisfied with my examination up to this
+time. After the assignments to the blackboards
+I was called upon to read. I began to tremble,
+and had much difficulty in turning to the page
+designated. I read very poorly, because I could
+not hold the book steady, and the words on the
+page danced so that it was hard for me to catch
+them. I was then told to put down the book and
+was questioned in arithmetic. Professor C⸺h
+asked me a number of questions, the answers to
+which I knew perfectly well, yet all the answer I
+could make was “I don’t know, sir.” Professor
+C⸺h then talked kindly and said how important
+it was to me, that I answer the questions, because
+if I did not answer properly that I would be
+found deficient and sent home. I then said that
+the old cadets had told me he would “find” me,
+and I believed he would. After having said this
+I got courage to ask to be sent to the blackboard.
+My request was granted, and I had no trouble in
+writing answers to every question, or to solve any
+problem given me, but for the life of me I could<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_55"></a>[55]</span>
+not turn my back to the board and tell what I had
+put on it; but fortunately I could point to anything
+called for. The preliminary examinations
+the next year were written, and they have been
+written ever since, which is decidedly the best, as
+some of my class were so badly frightened that
+they did not know what they said, and some who
+failed were graduates of good schools, or had
+passed splendid competitive examinations for
+their appointments. In a few days the result of
+the examination was announced, and I was happy
+to write home that I was one of the lucky ones to
+enter West Point, and be a “new Cadet” instead of
+a “Candidate.” Those of us who were fortunate
+enough to pass were sent to the Commissary<a id="FNanchor_15" href="#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> for
+“plebe-skins,” that is, rubber overcoats, caps and
+white gloves, and we were measured for uniform,
+clothes and shoes, and for fear perhaps that we
+might get lazy another hour’s drill, from 11 a. m. to
+12 m., was given us. From now on we wore caps
+and white gloves at all infantry drills.</p>
+
+<p>The new cadet whose name comes first in alphabetical
+order is the “class-marcher” whenever the
+class is called out by itself, and it is his duty to
+call the roll of the class and to report absentees.
+After our preliminary examination Baily became
+the class-marcher, and he marched us over
+to the Library, where we took the oath of allegiance.<a id="FNanchor_16" href="#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a>
+We were now assigned to Companies, the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_56"></a>[56]</span>
+tallest were put in A and D and the rest in
+B and C Companies, but the new cadets were
+still drilled by themselves in small squads, then in
+larger ones, and later on all in one squad as a
+company.</p>
+
+<p>W⸺r of my class wore a plug hat when he reported,
+and he was sorry for it many times. He
+was the left file of Mr. H⸺d’s squad. One day
+we were drilling on the Cavalry plain,<a id="FNanchor_17" href="#Footnote_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> and there
+were many ladies and gentlemen watching the
+drill. We were marching in line at double time,
+and Mr. H⸺d gave the command, “By the right
+flank, march.” Three of us marched to the right,
+but Mr. W⸺r went off to the left all by himself.
+Everybody near laughed, even Mr. H⸺d suppressed
+a grin, and then scolded the new cadets
+for laughing in ranks. Mr. W⸺r chewed tobacco,
+and this, too, caused him many unhappy
+moments, but after having been repeatedly reprimanded
+for chewing tobacco and told to spit it out
+he quit the practice in ranks.</p>
+
+<p>There was a young man who could not keep step,
+yet he tried hard to do so. When in front he threw
+everybody behind him out of step and at other
+times he would walk all over the heels of the man
+in front of him. I do not remember whether he
+was found deficient physically or mentally, but he
+was not there long. This reminds me of the
+“Awkward Squad.” It was composed of those
+who were particularly slow in doing what they
+were told to do. Tired and sore as they were from<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_57"></a>[57]</span>
+the frequent drills, I have seen members of the
+Awkward Squad practice alone, determined to get
+out of it, which, of course, they eventually did.</p>
+
+<p>We studied the Blue Book, but the most of the
+regulations were learned by having them beaten
+into our heads by the old cadets. We did not
+then have a copy of the Drill Regulations to study,
+but we learned them in the same way that we
+learned most of the Regulations in the Blue Book.</p>
+
+<p>We were now instructed in many things besides
+Squad Drill. For instance, we were informed that
+we would be reported for all delinquencies, that
+is, for all offenses committed against the Regulations,
+that the reports would be read out daily
+after parade, and be posted the next day in a certain
+place; that we must go there every day to see
+the list; that when there were reports against us
+we must copy the exact wording of each report
+and then write an explanation for it; that we must
+write as many explanations as there were reports
+against us, and further, that for all official communications
+we must use “Uniform Paper” (i. e.,
+paper of a certain size) and no other.</p>
+
+<p>New cadets are taught to use as few words as
+possible in their explanations. One evening at
+Dress Parade, a plebe raised his hand and of course
+he was reported for it, and the reason he gave in
+his explanation for raising his hand in ranks was,
+“Bug in ear.”</p>
+
+<p>The following illustrates the character of the
+reports posted against cadets, to-wit:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_58"></a>[58]</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+
+<p class="center">REPORTS.</p>
+
+<p>Floor not properly swept at A. M. inspection.</p>
+
+<p>Bedding not properly folded at police inspection.</p>
+
+<p>Late at dinner formation.</p>
+
+<p>Calling for articles of food in an unnecessarily
+loud tone of voice at supper.</p>
+
+<p>Gloves in clothes-press not neatly arranged at
+morning inspection.</p>
+
+<p>Appearing in Mathematical Section Room with
+shoes not properly polished.</p>
+
+<p>Inattention in Mathematical Section Room.</p>
+
+<p>Shoulder belt too short at inspection.</p>
+
+<p>Dust in chamber of rifle at inspection.</p>
+
+<p>In dressing gown at A. M. inspection.</p>
+
+<p>Shoes at side of bed not dusted at A. M. inspection.</p>
+
+<p>Hair too long at weekly inspection.</p>
+
+<p>Absent from formation for gymnasium at 12 M.</p>
+
+<p>Orderly light in quarters after taps.</p>
+
+<p>Late at reveille.</p>
+
+<p>Absent from quarters 9 A. M.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_59"></a>[59]</span></p>
+
+<p>Wheeling improperly by fours at drill.</p>
+
+<p>Not seeing to it that a cadet who was late at
+breakfast was reported.</p>
+
+<p>Coat not buttoned throughout at reveille.</p>
+
+<p>Cap visor dusty at guard-mounting.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>The discipline is very strict, more so by far than
+in the Army, but the enforcement of penalties for
+reports is inflexible rather than severe. The reports
+are made by Army Officers, and by certain
+cadets themselves, such as file-closers and section-marchers,
+and the cadets make by far the greatest
+number of reports against one another, but no
+cadet ever reports another except when it is his
+duty to do so. If he fails to report a breach of discipline
+he himself is reported for the neglect. Cadets
+may write explanations for all reports against
+them, but they must write an explanation for absence
+from any duty or from quarters; for communicating
+at blackboard in section room; for
+neglect of study or duty; for disobedience of orders;
+for failure to register for a bath, and for failure
+to report departure or return on permit where
+such report is required.</p>
+
+<p>When the Commandant accepts an explanation
+as satisfactory he crosses off the report, and four
+days after the date of reports, for which either no
+explanations or unsatisfactory ones have been received,
+he forwards them to the Superintendent,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_60"></a>[60]</span>
+and he causes a certain number of demerits to be
+entered against a cadet for each report in a book
+kept for that purpose, and which the cadets may
+see once a week. Any cadet receiving more than
+one hundred demerits<a id="FNanchor_18" href="#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> in six months is dismissed
+from the Academy for deficiency in discipline. The
+result is that cadets invariably write explanations,
+and the form now used is as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+
+<p class="right">West Point, N. Y., ____ __, 19__.</p>
+
+<p class="noindent">Sir:</p>
+
+<p>With reference to the report, “Absent from
+9:20 A. M. class formation,” I have the honor to
+state that I did not hear the call for this formation.
+I was in my room at the time. The offense was
+unintentional.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Very respectfully,</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">John Jones</span>,<br />
+Cadet prt. Co. “B,” 4th class.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>For the first few weeks demerits are not counted
+against new cadets, but to teach them how to
+write them, explanations must be submitted for
+all reports. Whenever a cadet is reported absent,
+and he is on Cadet Limits, he is sure to write an
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_61"></a>[61]</span>explanation stating this fact and anything more
+he may have to say, because if he fails to do so he
+is tried by Court-Martial.<a id="FNanchor_19" href="#Footnote_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></p>
+
+<p>A “permit” is a document that grants certain
+privileges to the cadet named in it. A map of
+“Cadet Limits” is posted where all may see it, and
+when a cadet desires to visit friends at the hotel
+or at an Officer’s quarters, or go to the Dutch
+Woman’s, i. e., the confectioner’s, or to the dentist’s,
+he must write an official letter to the Commandant
+of Cadets (or to the Adjutant of the Military
+Academy, as the case may be), setting forth
+what duty, if any, he wishes to be excused from,
+and the exact time he wishes. This letter will be
+returned with an endorsement granting all, a part
+or none of his request, and the cadet must govern
+himself accordingly.</p>
+
+<p>From now on we had to make out a list of such
+articles as we wanted or were instructed to get
+from the Commissary. An account is kept by the
+Treasurer with each cadet, who is credited with
+his deposit, and also with his pay,<a id="FNanchor_20" href="#Footnote_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> and he is
+charged for everything furnished him, such as
+board, washing, wearing apparel, bedding, books,
+gas, policing barracks, polishing shoes, etc. At
+his option a cadet is also charged for boats, hops,
+etc., and when out of debt with such luxuries as
+new clothes, hop gloves, hop shoes, or $2.00
+per month for confectioneries at the “Dutch
+Woman’s.”</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_62"></a>[62]</span></p>
+
+<p>As time wore away we felt less fatigue from
+drill, and found more pleasure in life, and letters
+borne were quite cheerful.</p>
+
+<div class="smaller">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Note 1.</span> At present the new 5th classman is received by cadet
+officers under the immediate supervision of an officer of the Tactical
+Department and his reception is strictly in accordance with
+the requirements of military discipline and courtesy. The discipline
+is, of course, of the strictest and is rigidly enforced, but
+the life of the newcomer is so hedged about by orders and is so
+carefully guarded by those who have him in charge, that it is
+doubtful if a young man entering any school or college in the
+country would be subjected to less annoyance or embarrassment
+than would fall to his lot at the Military Academy.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Note 2.</span> At present each table seats 10 cadets, and the cadets
+are about equally divided among the different classes. One first
+classman sits at the head of each table; he is officially designated
+“The Commandant of Table,” and is responsible for order at his
+table.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Note 3.</span> The mail is now received and distributed by company
+in the Cadet Guard House, and at a signal on the trumpet a cadet
+private from each division of barracks, detailed for a week at a
+time, reports at the Guard House, gets the mail for his division,
+and distributes it to the proper rooms.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Note 4.</span> In addition to demerits cadets receive other punishments
+for certain classes of offenses; these consist of confinement
+to room during release from quarters for a certain number of
+days, or, of walking (equipped as a sentinel) for a certain number
+of hours on certain days in the area of barracks.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/footer2.jpg" width="300" height="125" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_63"></a>[63]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;" id="illus5">
+<img src="images/illus5.jpg" width="500" height="700" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">CAMP McPHERSON</p>
+
+<p class="caption">The Pleasure of your
+company is requested
+at the hops to be given by the
+Corps of Cadets every Monday
+Wednesday and Friday Evening
+during the encampment</p>
+
+<p class="caption">MANAGERS</p>
+
+<p class="caption">FOR THE FIRST CLASS</p>
+
+<p class="caption">P. S. BOMUS. W. S. EDGERLY. S. WARREN FOUNTAIN.
+F. V. GREENE. OTTO L. HEIN. DEXTER W. PARKER.
+CLARENCE A. POSTLEY. W. R. QUINAN. EDWD G. STEVENS.</p>
+
+<p class="caption">FOR THE THIRD CLASS</p>
+
+<p class="caption">JAMES ALLEN. W H. CARTER. G. F. ELLIOTT.
+HARRY A. LANDON. J. A. RUCKER. W. F. ZEILIN.</p>
+
+<p class="caption">West Point</p>
+
+<p class="caption">N.Y. 5th July 1869.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_64"></a>[64]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_65"></a>[65]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_IV">CHAPTER IV.<br />
+<span class="smaller">THE PLEBE IN CAMP.</span></h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>About two weeks after I reported we were directed
+to prepare to go to Camp McPherson,
+a half mile or so from Barracks, out beyond
+the Cavalry plain, near old Fort Clinton. We
+were told just what articles to take for use
+in camp, and that we must put the balance
+of our effects in our trunks and carry them
+to the trunk rooms in the angle. We sorted
+out our camp articles, and each cadet
+made a bundle of his small things, and used a comforter
+or a blanket to hold them. D⸺n, M⸺s,
+and I, having arranged to tent together, we helped
+one another store away our trunks. When the
+call sounded to “fall in” we fell in with our bundles,
+brooms and buckets, and marched over to
+the camp. There were trees all around the camp
+site, with quite a grove at the guard tents. The
+tents were all pitched and they looked very pretty
+through the trees, with the trees and green parapet
+of Fort Clinton as a background, which could
+be seen over the tops of the white tents as we approached
+the camp. The tent cords were not fastened
+to pegs in the ground, but to pegs in cross-pieces
+supported upon posts about four feet<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_66"></a>[66]</span>
+high, which brought the Company tents only
+four or five feet apart. All of the tents
+for cadets were wall tents, and each had
+a “fly” on it. There was a wooden floor,
+a gun rack, and a keyless locker (that is, a
+four-compartment long box), and a swinging pole
+hung about eighteen inches below the ridge pole of
+the tent, and nothing else in it. After the assignment,
+which, of course, was made according to
+rank, we proceeded to our respective tents, that
+were to be our homes till the 29th of August, the
+day to return to Barracks.</p>
+
+<p>The “Yearlings” and first classmen, too, began
+to take a greater interest in the plebes than ever.
+They were anxious to teach them how to fix up
+their tents, and this is the way they did: “Come
+here, Plebe, and I’ll show you how to fix up your
+tent. Untie those bundles, fold the blankets once
+one way then once the other way; that’s it. Now
+pile them in the rear corner over there, farthest
+from the locker; put the folded edges to the front
+and inside; that’s not right, turn them the other
+way; now that’s right. Lay the pillows on the
+blankets, closed ends toward the locker; that’s it;
+now fold the comforters just like you folded the
+blankets, and pile them the same way on top of the
+pillows; that’s it. Why, you’re an old soldier,
+ain’t you? Straighten the pile a little, so that the
+edges are vertical; that’s it. Now hang the mirror
+up there on the front pole; that’s it. Put the
+washbowl out there against the platform, bottom<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_67"></a>[67]</span>
+outward; that’s it. Put the candle-box behind the
+rear tent pole. Put the white pants, underclothes,
+etc., in the locker. Throw the overcoats, gray
+pants, etc., on the pole. There, that’ll do. Say,
+wait a minute. When you go after water, why I
+want some; just set the bucket down there by the
+washbowl when you come back.” After having
+been given several lessons the plebes were permitted
+to fix up their own tents, and in a very
+short time every tent was ship-shape. The yearlings
+kindly showed the plebes how to clean rifles,
+too, and this is the way they did it: “Come here,
+Plebe, you’ll soon be getting your guns, so I’ll
+teach you how to clean yours; just get that gun
+over there in my rack; that’s the one; get the
+cleaning materials in the candle-box, take out a
+rag, put oil on it; that’s it. Lay the gun in your
+lap, muzzle to the left, half-cock the piece, open
+the chamber. Why, you’re doing well. See the
+rust in the breech block? Well, get a small stick
+out of the candle-box, put a bit of the rag over it,
+pour a little oil on the rag, now be quick, rub it on
+the rusty place, rub hard, elbow grease is what
+counts most, so don’t be afraid to use plenty of it,”
+and so on, till the yearling’s gun showed an improvement.
+“I’ll call you again soon to give you
+another lesson; that’ll do now.” Strange as it may
+appear, even the first classmen condescended to
+teach us some things, and even the cadet officers
+showed us how to clean their breast plates. The
+old cadets never told us, in so many words, to do<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_68"></a>[68]</span>
+anything of a menial character, but their broad
+hints and insinuating ways were very persuasive.
+Every day the plebes were called to the tents of the
+Army Officers in charge of cadet companies, and
+asked if they had any complaints to make against
+upper classmen, and the plebes invariably answered
+“No, sir.”</p>
+
+<p>We continued to take our meals in the Mess
+Hall, and we marched to and fro as usual, but as
+the distance was a half mile or more we were now
+cheered en route (notwithstanding the plebes still
+carried palms to the front) by the inspiring music
+of fifes and drums; and we now sat at tables with
+the old cadets, and had the pleasure of pouring
+water for them before helping ourselves, no matter
+how thirsty we might be, but such is the life of a
+plebe, and it is a necessary part of his training.</p>
+
+<p>The first day in camp we were initiated in police
+duty; the other classmen turned out with us, and,
+as usual, they did the talking and we did the work.
+The detail from each company had a wheelbarrow,
+a shovel, and a broom. The grounds, to us
+plebes, seemed clean when we began, but we got
+half a wheelbarrow load of dirt all the same, which
+we dumped into “police hollow,”<a id="FNanchor_21" href="#Footnote_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> near camp and
+just west of Fort Clinton. We gathered up burnt
+matches, cigar stumps, tobacco quids, bits of
+paper, etc. Whenever there was a sign of rain we
+turned out and loosened tent cords, and after a
+rain we turned out and tightened them—always
+by command, of course. We dreaded the nights<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_69"></a>[69]</span>
+in camp, but we were not yanked often, unless we
+got too fresh or rapid, and then, of course, we had
+to be taken down.<a id="FNanchor_22" href="#Footnote_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a></p>
+
+<p>The parade ground was changed during camp
+from the grassy plain in front of Professor’s Row
+to the space between the guard tents and the west
+line of company tents. In fair weather the battalion
+stacked arms on the camp parade ground,
+and the colors were furled and laid on the center
+stack. The arms and colors, that is, the United
+States flag, were left there from after guard mount
+till 4 p. m., and a sentinel posted to require everybody
+crossing his post, which is known as the
+“Color Line,” to salute the colors by lifting the cap.</p>
+
+<p>We plebes were very anxious to get guns, but
+after we did get them we wished we did not have
+them, for we were again put into small squads and
+drilled three times a day, notwithstanding the fact
+that our right arms were very sore, and each rifle
+seemed to weigh a ton, and, again, we had to spend
+several hours a day, for weeks, cleaning the guns
+before they would pass inspection. Each cadet
+knows his own gun by the number on it. The
+upper classmen had already taught us how to
+clean their guns, so we knew something about
+cleaning our own, and they now were considerate
+enough to allow us more time to ourselves, and
+some of the plebes finished cleaning their guns in
+less than an hour’s time. But, alas! at the first
+drill with arms the cadet instructors told them
+that their guns, cartridge boxes, and waist plates<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_70"></a>[70]</span>
+were very dirty. After drill we set to work on
+them again, but still they were said to be dirty.
+In the course of time we were told that our guns
+were passable, and later on that they were in fair
+condition. We soon learned to attend to them
+immediately after a rain, as it was easier to clean
+them then than after they had stood awhile.</p>
+
+<p>We were kept busy at first complying with requests
+(?) of upper classmen, but they were very
+considerate and dispensed with our services long
+enough to let us attend drills three times a day,
+police service twice a day, and to other military
+duties. We were still required, both in and out of
+ranks, to carry palms of the hands to the front, but
+nothing more was said about depressing the toes.</p>
+
+<p>Cadets are encouraged to be patriotic, and they
+always celebrate Fourth of July. This year, as
+the Fourth fell on Sunday, the exercises were held
+on the next day.</p>
+
+<div class="smaller">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Note 1.</span> At my time hazing, or deviling, consisted of little
+more than harmless badgering, which had the effect of reducing
+a possibly conceited or bumptuous youth to a frame of mind more
+consistent with the requirements of military discipline. In time,
+however, it developed into practices which it was deemed advisable
+to discontinue, and hazing has entirely disappeared from
+the Academy.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_71"></a>[71]</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+
+<p class="center larger">UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY.</p>
+
+<p class="center">July 5th, 1869.</p>
+
+<p class="center">President,</p>
+
+<table class="programme" summary="Programme">
+  <tr>
+    <td>Cadet E. E. Wood</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Pennsylvania</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">Marshal of the Day,</p>
+
+<table class="programme" summary="Programme">
+  <tr>
+    <td>Cadet J. Rockwell</td>
+    <td class="tdr">New York</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">PROGRAMME.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Overture.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Prayer.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Music.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_72"></a>[72]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">Reading of the Declaration of Independence,</p>
+
+<table class="programme" summary="Programme">
+  <tr>
+    <td>Cadet E. M. Cobb</td>
+    <td class="tdr">California</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">Music.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Oration,</p>
+
+<table class="programme" summary="Programme">
+  <tr>
+    <td>Cadet E. S. Chapin</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Iowa</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">Music.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Benediction.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Music.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_73"></a>[73]</span></p>
+
+<p>Plebe life was very trying, especially on H⸺e
+of my class, and he, being something of a poet, reduced
+his thoughts to writing, which he showed
+to his classmates. They said that he had expressed
+the situation very well, indeed. Some of
+the yearlings heard of H⸺e’s poetry, so he was
+persuaded (?) to read it to them, and then to sing
+it. His poetry was so well received by the yearlings
+that the first classmen wanted to hear it, too,
+so at their invitation (?) H⸺e both read and
+sang it for them. And, at the request of a number
+of upper classmen, he made copies of his songs
+for them. Other plebes were requested (?) to make
+copies of the copies, and the following are copies
+of H⸺e’s copies that were made for me by a
+plebe in my yearling camp, viz.:</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse center">THE BIG MENAGERIE.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Attention, all ye forlorn Plebes,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">While the story I relate,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Of how I came to fall into</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">My present lost estate.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">A moment only dry your tears</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">And listen unto me,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And I’ll describe my experience</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">In this big menagerie.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">The first day that I reported</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">My heart was full of joy,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And to all intents and purposes,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">I was a bully boy.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">A stunner in my native town,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">I thought I’d easily</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Upon my muscle go right through</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">This big menagerie.</div><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_74"></a>[74]</span>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">But, ah! full soon that fatal day</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">My crest began to fall,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And my spirits came down mighty fast</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">When I got to the Mess Hall.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">My folly and my sauciness,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">They soon took out of me,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And made me sing a different tune,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">In this big menagerie.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">They put me up in the window,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Attention made me stand.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And I had to dance and sing and speak</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">At everyone’s command.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">I tried to run, but soon found out</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">That my rapidity</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Was not the kind of game to play,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">In this big menagerie.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">The first time that I went on guard,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">The night was dark as pitch,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">They took my gun and then yanked me</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Right in Fort Clinton’s ditch.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">The Corporal I called aloud,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">But not a step came he,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And then I learned another dodge</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">In this big menagerie.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">But after all I’d been through,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">They said I was not tame,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And that they would complete the cure,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">By giving me another name.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">They called me for some gay old cuss,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Who’d been dead a century,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And now I’m known as De la Rive,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">In this big menagerie.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">All day I police, scrub and drill,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Till my troubles make me weep,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And when the day, is over,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">I’m denied the boon of sleep,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">But all the night lie trembling,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">From Taps to Reveille,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">For fear I really will be yanked</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">In this big menagerie.</div><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_75"></a>[75]</span>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">My frolics, joys and amusements,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Are all knocked into smash,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And pleasures all concentrated are</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">In eating Mess Hall hash.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And should I meet a lady fair,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">I dare not speak to she,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">That would be too fast for a Plebe,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">In this big menagerie.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">They call me beast and vile reptile,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">And goodness only knows,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">I’d rather be a kangaroo,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">In one of those circus shows,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">For all the real animals</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Are happier far than we,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">For they don’t have any squad drill</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">In their menagerie.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">The lions, tigers, bears and wolves</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Can never feel our woes,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">For whoever heard of an elephant</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Depressing his great toes.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And even the little monkeys</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Are happy, gay and free,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And carry their hands just as they please</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">In their menagerie.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">But soon this camp will end, and then</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">My troubles will be o’er,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">I’ll drop the beast from off my name,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">And sing this song no more.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">But where’er I roam in years to come,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">On land or on the sea,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">I’ll ne’er forget my sufferings</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">In this big menagerie.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse center">A PLEBE’S LAMENTATION.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent2">Oh, Lord, will I never get done</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">A rubbing on this rusty gun.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Chorus—</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">I wish I was at home,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">I wish I was there, too.</div><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_76"></a>[76]</span>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent2">It makes me sigh, it makes me fret,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">To clean this rusty bayonet.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Chorus—</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent2">And all day long, in rain or shine,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">We’ve got these darned old tents to line.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Chorus—</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>There were a good many more verses to this
+song, and songs written by others of my class, but
+I have forgotten them.</p>
+
+<p>Uniforms were issued to the plebes as fast as
+they were made, and in a few weeks all were uniformed.
+The only pocket in the whole suit was a
+watch pocket in the pants. We were permitted to
+carry a watch, but not a chain. Our handkerchiefs
+were tucked in the breasts of our coats.
+After getting uniforms we were sent to the trunk
+rooms to put away our cit clothes, as we were
+not allowed to keep them in either our tent or barrack
+room. In a few weeks the plebes were admitted
+to the battalion, at first to march to and
+from meals, and then for parades, but they still
+had to carry disengaged hands, palms to the front.</p>
+
+<p>After supper we were permitted to bathe in the
+Hudson at Gee’s Point, and many of us availed
+ourselves of the privilege. As I have said, soon
+after reporting, I wondered if the old cadets laced.
+Well, now, when bathing, I discovered they did
+not lace. Still, I wondered why old cadets’ waists
+were so much smaller than plebes’ waists.</p>
+
+<p>Every day, especially during guard-mount, parades,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_77"></a>[77]</span>
+and band practice, there used to be many
+ladies and other visitors under the trees near the
+guard tents. The upper classmen seemed to enjoy
+being with them, but the plebes were seldom
+wanted there. The plebes used to hear that there
+were hops three times a week during camp, but
+that is about all they knew of hops. However,
+they went to the old fencing room in the Academic
+Building and took dancing lessons, and as no
+ladies were admitted they danced with one another.</p>
+
+<p>At last the time arrived for us to go on guard,
+for there was a chain of cadet sentinels all around
+the camp. We dreaded our first night on post,
+but each plebe had to experience it. Our guns
+were not loaded, and we had no cartridges; the
+rifle with the bayonet on is all we had to protect
+ourselves with. It was amusing afterwards to
+compare notes of our experiences. Some who had
+boasted most fared the worst. Some had had
+their rifles taken away, some had been tied to a
+tree, some rolled down into Fort Clinton ditch<a id="FNanchor_23" href="#Footnote_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a>
+alongside of Posts No. 2 and No. 3. Others had
+been frightened by ghosts, or confused by numerous
+parties approaching at the same time from
+different directions. Some replies to the challenge
+being a band of Indians, a body of armed
+troops, and the Prince of Wales. Of course, the
+plebe would call for the corporal of the guard, but
+this official never got around in time to see anyone,
+except the sentinel. The poor plebe was then taken<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_78"></a>[78]</span>
+to task for allowing himself to be disarmed, or for
+not detaining parties till the corporal arrived.
+When questioned as to who the parties were the
+answer invariably was “I could not recognize any
+of them.” When the old guard marched off the
+next morning each member fired three shots at a
+target.<a id="FNanchor_24" href="#Footnote_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> When it came M⸺s’ time to fire he was
+badly frightened because he had never fired a gun.
+And when asked why he did not close his left eye
+when aiming he said that no one had told him to
+close it.</p>
+
+<p>On the 12th of August we again visited the
+trunk rooms, and this time to put away our
+dress coats, white pants, dress hats, etc., as we
+were to go on a campaign. A knapsack and a half
+of a shelter tent were issued to each cadet. After
+packing our knapsacks and getting everything, except
+our wall tents, in readiness, we fell in at the
+sound of the drum. Our wall tents were left
+standing with the walls fastened down and the
+flaps tied in front. To the time of “The Girl I Left
+Behind Me” we marched in a drenching rain about
+a dozen miles westward up into the mountains;
+halted, stacked arms, unslung knapsacks, and unloaded
+the big six-mule wagons that had followed
+us. We then pitched the “A” tents that were provided
+for our use now; we then dug a trench
+around each tent, and so as not to lie in the mud
+we cut boughs to sleep on. We then got our rifles
+and knapsacks, and were soon at home again, but
+this time in more contracted quarters. We were<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_79"></a>[79]</span>
+now taught to live at Camp Lookout in regular
+army style, and as there is no delinquency book in
+the army we had none in this camp. We ate army
+rations and slept on the ground. We built camp
+fires, sang songs, and otherwise enjoyed our freedom,
+for no one said anything about palms to the
+front out there in the mountains. The camp was
+in the woods, between Long Pond and Round
+Pond. We obtained drinking water from one, and
+utilized the other to wash and to bathe in. We
+remained out there about ten days, and each cadet
+learned to do guard duty in the woods. Members
+of the guard had to cut poles for their shelter tents,
+and button two or more pieces together for use at
+night, and they were needed, too, as it rained more
+than half the time we were in the mountains. Between
+rains, when not on duty, we roamed through
+the woods and over the hills. There were many
+laurel bushes all about us, and one day a first
+classman said that he wanted a nice root to make
+a pipe, and that I could get it with a hatchet and
+spade. I took the hint and dug about half a dozen
+good roots. I put the two best ones in the breast
+of my gray jacket and gave the others to the first
+classmen. I afterwards made myself two fine pipes,
+and I have one of them now. Years afterwards
+that first classman and I met, and the first thing
+I did was to show him my pet pipe and thank him
+for it. He admired the pipe and my cheek, too,
+for having kept the best root.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_80"></a>[80]</span></p>
+
+<p>As soon as we returned to Camp McPherson
+palms of the hands were turned to the front again
+and the usual routine there resumed.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the yearlings said that certain of the
+plebes had become “too fresh” out in the mountains,
+and as the ordinary methods would not tame
+them down a few fights in Fort Clinton were
+necessary. Seconds were chosen, and soon nearly
+every cadet in camp knew that there would be a
+fight in Fort Clinton on a certain day during the
+supper hour. Fort Clinton is just across Posts
+Nos. 2 and 3. Those who desired to witness a
+fight assembled at the ice water tank, near which
+the Posts of Nos. 2 and 3 meet. Then when the
+two sentinels on these posts were far apart and
+their backs toward one another (which is against
+the rule) across the posts would dash the Fort
+Clinton party, and strange to say neither sentinel
+would see any unauthorized person or persons
+cross his post. When the referee calls time the
+principals and seconds are in place and the fight
+begins. Fists only are used in these fights, and as
+soon as either side calls enough, or either principal
+fails to come to time, the fight is over. All return to
+camp, the bruises are bathed, and if necessary one
+or both principals go to the hospital, and the sick
+report the next morning shows one or two names
+with “contusions” as the cause of the disability.
+Unless the army officers on duty at the Point have
+“official knowledge” of a cadet fight no notice is
+taken of it. When a dispute arises that only a
+fight will settle and the parties to the dispute are
+unevenly matched the result may be one or two
+fights. The offending cadet must fight, and a
+classmate of the other cadet about his size and
+strength is selected to do battle with him. Sometimes
+the offended cadet must fight a man of his
+size, and then there are two fights.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_81"></a>[81]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;" id="illus6">
+<img src="images/illus6.jpg" width="450" height="250" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">I. O. C. B.</p>
+
+<p class="caption">The pleasure of your company is respectfully solicited at
+a Hop Extraordinary, to be given on the evening of July 29th,
+under the auspices of the “Confirmed Bachelors” of the Class
+of 18—.</p>
+
+<ul class="smaller">
+<li>F. G. SCHWATKA,</li>
+<li>JAS. E. SHORTELLE,</li>
+<li>U. G. WHITE,</li>
+<li>Managers.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="caption">West Point, July 28, 1869.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_82"></a>[82]</span></p>
+
+<p>We plebes were sent to the river a number of
+times to assist the first classmen to build pontoon
+bridges, and we rendered very valuable assistance,
+too, by carrying all heavy timbers used and helping
+to get the boats in place for the timbers to be
+laid upon them.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_83"></a>[83]</span></p>
+
+<div class="smaller">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Note 1.</span> Fort Clinton ditch, then along the north side of the
+camp ground, was filled up and that part of the parapet removed
+long ago, the major part of this fort being now used for an
+extension of the camp.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse center">RETURN OF THE FURLOUGH CLASS.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">There’s a stir in Camp, as all observers may see,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">’Tis a moment of interest, a moment of glee.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">The “Furloughs” are coming, and now must be near;</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">There is dust, there is shouting, the “Furloughs” are here.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">We welcome you back to the Camp and the plain,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">There your favorite “Tac” will drill you again.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The 28th of August is a day every graduate remembers,
+for it is then the furloughmen return.
+I can see them now rushing<a id="FNanchor_25" href="#Footnote_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> into camp. That
+evening there was a great time out on the color
+line; we plebes were turned out for the last time
+to amuse upper classmen. H⸺e and others
+sang their songs. Some of them had been sung so
+often that everybody knew them and joined in.
+The evening was a perfect one, and there were<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_84"></a>[84]</span>
+many ladies under the trees near the guard tents,
+who heaved a sigh to think that all gayeties were
+over at West Point until the next June. The following
+are some of the songs that were so often
+sung during my cadet days, to-wit:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Old Black Joe,</li>
+<li>Dixie,</li>
+<li>Marching Through Georgia,</li>
+<li>Tramp, Tramp, Tramp,</li>
+<li>Hail Columbia,</li>
+<li>Star Spangled Banner,</li>
+<li>My Country,</li>
+<li>Annie Laurie,</li>
+<li>Red, White and Blue,</li>
+<li>Home, Sweet Home,</li>
+<li>Suanee River,</li>
+<li>Auld Lang Syne.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse center">ARMY BLUE.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent2">We’ve not much longer here to stay,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent4">For in a year or two</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">We’ll bid farewell to “Cadet Gray,”</div>
+    <div class="verse indent4">And don the “Army Blue.”</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Chorus—</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent2">Army Blue, Army Blue,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent4">We’ll don the Army Blue,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">We’ll bid farewell to Cadet Gray,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent4">And don the Army Blue.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent2">To the ladies who come up in June,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent4">We’ll bid a fond adieu,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">And hoping they’ll be married soon,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent4">We’ll don the Army Blue.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Chorus—</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent2">Now here’s to the man who wins “the cup,”</div>
+    <div class="verse indent4">May he be kind and true,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">And may he bring “our godson” up</div>
+    <div class="verse indent4">To don the Army Blue.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Chorus—</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_85"></a>[85]</span></p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse center">BENNY HAVENS, OH!</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Come, fill your glasses, fellows, and stand up in a row,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">To singing sentimentally, we’re going for to go;</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">In the Army there’s sobriety, promotion’s very slow,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">So we’ll sing our reminiscences of Benny Havens, Oh!</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent8">Oh! Benny Havens, Oh! Oh! Benny Havens, Oh!</div>
+    <div class="verse indent6">So we’ll sing our reminiscences of Benny Havens, Oh!</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Let us remember, comrades, when to our posts we go,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">The ties that must be cut in twain, as o’er life’s sea we row,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Hearts that now throb in unison must moulder down below,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">So let us take a parting cup at Benny Havens, Oh!</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent8">Oh! Benny Havens, Oh! etc.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">To our kind old Alma Mater, our rock-bound Highland home,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">We’ll cast back many a fond regret, as o’er life’s sea we roam,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Until our last battle-field the lights of heaven shall glow,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">We’ll never fail to drink to her and Benny Havens, Oh!</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent8">Oh! Benny Havens, Oh! etc.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">May the army be augmented, promotion be less slow,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">May our Country, in her hour of need, be ready for the foe,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">May we find a soldier’s resting-place beneath a soldier’s blow,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">With space enough beside our graves for Benny Havens, Oh!</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent8">Oh! Benny Havens, Oh! etc.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Come, fill up to our Generals, God bless the brave heroes,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">They’re an honor to their country, and a terror to her foes;</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">May they long rest on their laurels and trouble never know,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">But live to see a thousand years, at Benny Havens, Oh!</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent8">Oh! Benny Havens, Oh! etc.</div><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_86"></a>[86]</span>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">When you and I and Benny, and all the others, too,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Are called before the final board our course of life to view,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">May we never “fess” on any point, but coldly “max” it through,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">And join the Army of the blest, at Benny Havens, Oh!</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent8">Oh! Benny Havens, Oh! etc.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="smaller">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Note.</span>—The following verses are from the 1909 Howitzer:</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Then here’s to you, old glory team, that downs the strongest foes.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Your Benny Haven’s strongest sons, in you our hopes repose,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">On the mountains by old Hudson’s shore, your deeds have been our theme;</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">But, victors or defeated men, you’re still the army team.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">The brave old army team, the loyal army team,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">The army’s hearts, the army’s hopes, are with the army team.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">When you meet the rovers of the sea, and struggle hand to hand,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Remember, in that hour supreme we all behind you stand—</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Let black recall our past defeats, the present struggle gray,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">But victory is brightest gold, that you shall win that day.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">The black, and gray, and gold, the black, and gold, and gray,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Yea! Victory shall be the prize, the black, and gold, and gray.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">On the world’s rough-trampled gridiron, the battle-field of life,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Your spirit brave, old rock-bound home, shall nerve us in the strife.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Before us gleams the future, with manly parts to play,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">While from the dim past stretches the unbroken line of gray.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Oh! the dear old gray battalion, the loyal line of gray,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Friend close to friend, firm to the end, shall stand the line of gray.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/footer3.jpg" width="500" height="85" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_87"></a>[87]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_V">CHAPTER V.<br />
+<span class="smaller">THE PLEBE IN BARRACKS.</span></h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>The next morning we took our bundles, buckets,
+and brooms to barracks, and upon returning
+to camp we unfastened the tent
+cords and held up the canvas by the poles, and, at
+the tap of the drum at 12 o’clock, every tent was
+lowered to the ground, and “Camp McPherson”
+was no more. We then “fell in,” and to the tune
+of “The Girl I Left Behind Me” marched to barracks,
+leaving the summer visitors standing under
+the trees near where the guard tents had been.</p>
+
+<p>There were rooms enough so that every two
+cadets could have one together. Roommates having
+been chosen and rooms selected (according to
+rank, of course,) each cadet went to his own room,
+and there he found two single iron bedsteads and
+a double clothes-press. The old cadets got the
+balance of their effects (such as cadets are permitted
+to have in their rooms) from the trunk
+rooms, while the plebes got the articles they had
+there, and the balance, such as mattresses and
+tables, they went to the Commissary for, and carried
+them across the plain. Every one obtained
+at the Commissary the text-books he needed before
+Christmas, and by night all rooms were in order.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_88"></a>[88]</span>
+The return to barracks is a great day for
+plebes, for then they quit carrying palms to the
+front.</p>
+
+<p>The “Seps” arrived about this time, and those
+who were admitted were assigned to rooms, and
+they at once became a part of the fourth class.
+“Seps” are candidates, who, for some good reason,
+did not report in June. (<a href="#CHAPTER_X">See appendix.</a>) They
+began recitations with the rest of the plebes, but
+for weeks they attended drill in squads by themselves.
+Notwithstanding the fact that Seps escape
+the many trials and tribulations of plebe camp, in
+escaping it, they miss one of the most valuable
+parts of cadet life, as it is an experience which
+most old graduates look back upon with pleasure.
+After having been through the course of deviling,<a id="FNanchor_26" href="#Footnote_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a>
+or hazing, as practiced in my day, I am a
+believer in the system, because I believe it makes
+young men manly and self-reliant. I never saw
+bodily injury inflicted upon a plebe, but I do not
+call bodily injury deviling. I call that cruelty, and
+cruelty should be severely punished. But times
+have changed at the Academy since I left it. Now
+after candidates have reported at the Adjutant’s
+office they are sent to the Army Officer in charge
+of new cadets. And it is his duty to personally
+instruct them respecting their rights and duties
+in their relations to old cadets and to the cadets
+on duty over them. He causes to be read to them
+the present regulations pertaining to new cadets
+and explains to them what is meant by “Cadet<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_89"></a>[89]</span>
+Limits.” Candidates are also informed that they
+must not submit to hazing, and that they must
+promptly report to the Commandant or to the
+Army Officer over them any attempt at hazing on
+the part of old cadets. But they must be respectful
+to all and perfectly subordinate and obedient
+to the cadets on duty over them.</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">No more shall Plebes be deviled,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">And yearlings can’t be seen,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">For there’s now a law against</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Hazing the Plebes so green.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The penalties for hazing are very severe, and
+several cadets have been dismissed from the Academy
+for engaging in it. A recent act of Congress
+says: “Any cadet dismissed for hazing shall not
+be eligible to reappointment.”</p>
+
+<p>White pants were very pretty for camp, but now
+that the hops were over and the visitors gone the
+cadets had to work, so on the first of September
+they appeared in their gray working clothes.</p>
+
+<p>The daily routine from September 1st to about
+June 20th is as follows: Reveille at 5:45 A. M.
+(on Sunday at 6:30); roll call; police call five minutes
+after reveille; sick call fifteen minutes after
+reveille; then clean arms or study or take physical
+exercise; breakfast at 6:15; recreation except
+for the guard,<a id="FNanchor_27" href="#Footnote_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> which is mounted, at 7:15; then
+study and recitations from 8:00 A. M. to 1:00 P. M.;
+dinner at 1:00; recreation; then study and recitations
+from 2:00 to 4:00; then generally military
+exercises for about an hour; then about half hour<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_90"></a>[90]</span>
+recreation, followed by retreat parade at about
+6:00; supper; recreation; then study from about
+7:30 to 9:30; taps at 10:00; then lights out till
+reveille the next morning. Rooms are inspected at
+police call; between 8 and 11 a. m.; 11 a. m. and
+1 p. m.; 2 and 4; four times between 7:30 and
+9:30; again at taps, and once more between taps
+and reveille. In September and May there are
+Infantry drills; in October and April there are
+Artillery drills; in every month from September
+first to June first there are Cavalry drills; from
+December first to April first there is exercise in
+the gymnasium or in dancing. Saturday afternoon
+is for recreation except between 2 and 2:30 during
+the weekly inspection of the battalion. On
+Wednesday after 4 p. m. there are no drills, the
+time being given for recreation. On Sundays there
+are no recitations and no military duties, except
+guard and inspection of quarters at 9:45 a. m.,
+and the time for recreation is a little longer than
+usual; the cadets march to and from church; all
+wear white gloves, white belts and those entitled
+to do so swords, which (swords excepted) are not
+removed during service, some of the cadets are
+members of the choir. Visiting between cadets
+is allowed only during recreation hours.</p>
+
+<p>The gymnasium is open to cadets daily, except
+Sundays, from 1:30 to 2 p. m.; 4:00 to supper mess
+parade, and on Saturdays afternoons and evenings
+until tattoo.</p>
+
+<p>We were arranged into sections of from eight<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_91"></a>[91]</span>
+to ten cadets to the section, the arrangement of
+upper classmen being made according to class
+standing,<a id="FNanchor_28" href="#Footnote_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> as determined at the last examination,
+while the arrangement of the plebes was alphabetical.
+The first cadet in each section was the
+section-marcher, that is, he marched the section to
+and from the section room. The section-marchers
+were notified what the first lessons would be, and
+the hours for recitations, and they then notified
+the members of their sections. The studies<a id="FNanchor_29" href="#Footnote_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> for
+the fourth class were Mathematics and French, and
+in addition to these we had instruction in Fencing,<a id="FNanchor_30" href="#Footnote_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a>
+and for this the sections were larger than
+as stated above. One half the class attended recitations
+or fencing at a time, and the other half
+had to be in their rooms during Call to Quarters.
+To let the Inspectors know when cadets are at
+recitations the following form is used:</p>
+
+<p class="center">HOURS OF RECITATION.</p>
+
+<table summary="Hours of recitation form">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="center" colspan="7">Cadet __________________________ 4th Class.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Mathematics</td>
+    <td>From</td>
+    <td class="tdr">8</td>
+    <td class="tdr">A. M.</td>
+    <td>to</td>
+    <td class="tdr">9:30</td>
+    <td class="tdr">A. M.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Use of the sword, etc.</td>
+    <td>From</td>
+    <td class="tdr">12</td>
+    <td class="tdr">M.</td>
+    <td>to</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdr">P. M.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Modern Languages</td>
+    <td>From</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">P. M.</td>
+    <td>to</td>
+    <td class="tdr">4</td>
+    <td class="tdr">P. M.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Each cadet obtained a blank form (and there is
+a special form for each class), put his name on it in
+block letters, filled in his hours of recitation and put
+it on the mantel, and he also put his name in block
+letters over his alcove, on the orderly board, on<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_92"></a>[92]</span>
+his clothes-press, and on his gun-rack. Every
+cadet not in his room at inspection, and not at
+recitation at the time, was reported absent, unless
+his room-mate was in and could properly account
+for the absence. We at first thought that our
+studies, being so few, would be easy, but when we
+saw the great long lessons and had experienced
+the thoroughness required at recitations, we
+changed our opinions, and decided that much hard
+study was necessary.</p>
+
+<p>Promptly at eight o’clock on the morning of
+September first, the bugle was sounded for sections
+to form. One half of each class “fell in.” The
+Cadet Officer of the Day commanded—“Front, Call
+your rolls.” Line was formed in the area of barracks,
+first classmen were nearest the Academic
+Building, next to them were sections of the second
+class, next third classmen and then the plebes.
+Each section-marcher facing his section, called his
+roll and faced to the front, then beginning with
+the ranking section of the first class, the section-marchers
+reported. The Officer of the Day
+then commanded “March off your sections.” If
+there were any absentees not excused, he hunted
+them up and sent them to their section rooms. The
+sections marched to the Academic Building, and
+each went to the room previously assigned, the
+members of each section hung their caps in the
+hall on hooks near the door and then filed into the
+room. The section-marcher took post near the
+center of the room, facing the instructor, who<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_93"></a>[93]</span>
+was seated on the platform opposite to the door.
+The members of the section went one half to the
+right, and the other half to the left, in front of
+two benches. The section-marcher saluted and reported,
+“All are present, Sir,” or, “Mr. ⸺ is
+absent, sir,” the instructor returned the salute and
+then the cadets sat down, the section-marcher
+taking seat on the right of the first half of his
+section. On a blackboard behind the instructor,
+was written the lesson for the next day, and each
+cadet noted it. The instructor then called Mr.
+⸺, who took post in the center of the room
+facing the instructor. The instructor assigned to
+him a topic in the lesson, care being required on
+the part of the cadet to understand the topic which
+is called his “enunciation.” When he understood
+it, he went to a certain blackboard, and in the
+upper right hand corner wrote his name and number
+thus—Brown 1. The instructor called up another
+cadet who, after understanding his enunciation,
+went to the next board, and wrote his name
+and number, thus—Smith 2, and so on. Topics
+in the lesson of the day were assigned to the first
+four, and topics in the lesson of the day before were
+assigned to three or four others. Then one was
+called who took post in the center of the room,
+and the instructor questioned him for ten minutes
+or more upon such parts of either lesson that he
+elected, and when through said “That’ll do,” when
+this cadet returned to his seat. The cadets at the
+boards wrote on them such work as they wished<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_94"></a>[94]</span>
+pertaining to their own subjects and when ready
+to recite, each took a pointer in his right hand and
+stood at ease facing the instructor. Beginning
+with the cadet who was ready and had the smallest
+number, when he was called upon to recite
+the cadet, said: “I am required to” and then gave
+his enunciation, after which he proceeded in his
+own words. If the instructor was satisfied with
+the recitation, he said, “that’ll do” and the cadet
+faced about, laid down his pointer, cleaned his
+board, and took his seat; but if the instructor
+was not satisfied with the recitation, he asked
+such questions as he deemed proper to draw out, if
+possible, further information on the subject, and
+when through, said, “That’ll do.” This drawing
+out process is necessary with plebes, until they
+learn what is required of them in the way of recitations.
+No communication between cadets is
+allowed in the section room. When the time expired
+the instructor said, “That’ll do, gentlemen;
+section’s dismissed.” If the bugle was sounded
+before all had recited, those at the board who
+were ready to recite and had all necessary work
+on the board, were marked the same as if they
+had recited. The cadets filed out of the room, got
+their caps and “fell in,” then marched to the area
+where the line was formed and there the section
+was dismissed. The mark for a perfect recitation
+is a 3, 2.5 is a good mark, 2 is fair, 1.5 is medium,
+1 poor, .5 very poor, and a zero a complete failure.
+Recitations go on every day except Saturday afternoons<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_95"></a>[95]</span>
+and Sundays. On Monday the marks of the
+previous week were posted so that the cadets could
+see them. The instructor never told the cadets
+what marks he gave them, and he could not excuse
+a cadet from recitation. A cadet who was
+sick enough to require it was taken into the hospital,
+or by the surgeon excused from reciting, but a
+cadet excused from reciting had to go to and remain
+in the section room, and there report to the
+instructor that he was excused. Nothing is gained
+by not reciting, because every cadet must make
+satisfactory recitations and pass the examinations<a id="FNanchor_31" href="#Footnote_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a>
+in January and June or be found deficient.
+At the end of the fifth or sixth week, and at times
+after that, transfers from one section to another
+were made, and some cadets were sent up and
+others down to other sections. By Christmas,
+the plebe class was pretty well dissipated by
+transfers.</p>
+
+<p>Days, weeks and months passed with a firm,
+steady grind. In my day up at 5, but now 5:45
+a. m., and nothing but study, recitations and drill
+till 9:30 p. m., except during the short half hour
+for recreation after each meal, the welcome half
+holiday on Saturdays and the change of routine on
+Sundays. No visitors at the Point, no hops, no
+nothing but hard study and drill to look forward
+to until the next June. It is true that Thanksgiving,
+Christmas and New Year’s are always acceptable
+days to a cadet, but he generally eats so much
+turkey then, that he receives a poor mark at recitations
+the next day.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_96"></a>[96]</span></p>
+
+<p>Not long before examination the instructor selects
+as many topics as there are cadets in his
+section and writes each topic on a separate piece
+of paper, turns them face down, mixes them, and
+then numbers them; number one being for the first
+cadet in the section, number two for the second,
+and so on, or otherwise mixes them so that no partiality
+be shown on examination.</p>
+
+<p>Of course we could not study all of the time set
+apart for study, so we often devised ways and
+means to lighten our burdens.</p>
+
+<p>All of our coats buttoned up to the chin and the
+white collars of my day were made so that we had
+to fold them lengthwise and pin them on the
+coat. As white shirts were not used to fasten the
+collar to we quit wearing them, and pinned our
+cuffs to the inside of the coat sleeves. We got the
+knack of dressing down to a fine point, no cadet
+wore suspenders then, so all we had to do for
+reveille or tattoo, was to jump into our pants,
+stick our feet into our oldest shoes, from which
+the strings had been removed, and called “reveilles,”
+put on the coat and cap to be worn and hustle,
+buttoning up just before going out of the hall-door.
+Two minutes gave us ample time to get from our
+rooms to the line in the area. Now the cadets are
+required to wear white shirts and the style of the
+white collar<a id="FNanchor_32" href="#Footnote_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> having been changed it requires a
+white shirt to fasten it to.</p>
+
+<p>A cadet generally carries his lead pencil stuck
+into his coat near the throat, but I made a little<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_97"></a>[97]</span>
+pocket on the underside of the tail of my dress-coat,
+just big enough for a little pen knife and a
+pencil an inch and a half long, and I never got
+“skinned” for it either. In my day, the last section
+was called “the Immortals” but I am told that the
+“Goats” have captured the name I once knew so
+well.</p>
+
+<p>For many years, “Old Bentz” blew the bugle
+calls for recitations and mid rain or snow, he
+never missed a call, he blew it first on the north
+side of the Barracks, near the “Sally Port,” and
+then in the area. Many a cadet has stood at the
+blackboard, not ready to recite, praying for old
+Bentz to blow; once in a while he would succeed in
+“bugling it,” that is, avoid a recitation, but as the
+instructors have all been cadets themselves, the
+poor fellow was generally called upon to recite
+and got 1.5 or less for his pains.</p>
+
+<p>A day or two after returning to barracks I was
+on post one evening in the hall of the old “sixth
+div.” when D⸺m, of my class, who lived in that
+“div.” passed through the hall with his coat unbuttoned.
+Of course I reported him for it. The
+next day the report was on the list of delinquencies
+read out to the battalion by the cadet adjutant.
+After supper that evening another classmate called
+on me and asked what I had against D⸺m, I
+said I had nothing against him and I wanted to
+know why he asked. He replied that D⸺m was
+very angry with me for having reported him for
+“coat unbuttoned in hall of barracks.” I was surprised<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_98"></a>[98]</span>
+and said that I had to report him or tell a
+lie to the officer or corporal of the guard. Up to
+that time D⸺m had not been on guard in barracks
+and he did not know the orders, so he consulted
+an upper classman about the report and
+learned that I had done my duty. Then he came
+to me and said, “I sent a friend to challenge you
+but find that you are right and I wrong, so I want
+to beg your pardon.” Had I not have reported
+D⸺m I would have gotten into serious trouble,
+because the cadets themselves have no use for a
+liar or a thief. As I have said the rooms of barracks
+are never locked, hence any cadet will
+promptly report another for stealing and the thief<a id="FNanchor_33" href="#Footnote_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a>
+is summarily dealt with by the authorities.</p>
+
+<p>In barracks a sentinel is posted in each hall,
+and he walks post only during meal hours, evening
+call to quarters, and Sunday<a id="FNanchor_34" href="#Footnote_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> call to quarters.
+When a relief is to be taken off post and no new
+sentinels are to be posted, such as after meals
+and at tattoo, the corporal of the relief on post, beginning
+at the first division hall, calls, “No. 1 Off,”
+marches him to the second division and calls, “No.
+2 Off,” and so on until the eight sentinels are off,
+the relief is then marched to the guard house, and
+there dismissed. The spirit of deviltry used to
+crop out in the average fourth classman, as soon
+as his plebe camp was over, and he often laid
+awake at night devising ways and means for sweet
+revenge upon the next class or even upon the
+“Seps” of his own class, before they became acquainted<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_99"></a>[99]</span>
+with one another. One night a June
+plebe discovered that the sentinels on Posts 1, 2
+and 3, were Seps of his own class, and that they
+were on guard for their first time. A happy
+thought came to this June plebe. He put on his
+overcoat, turned the collar up to hide his face,
+got his rifle, and just before time for the Corporal
+to take off his Relief at tattoo, this plebe took off
+the Relief himself. The first three sentinels being
+green Seps “fell in” without a suspicion of anything
+wrong, and the older cadets of the Relief
+knowing that it was about time to be relieved,
+also fell in. Just as the June plebe was approaching
+the guard house with the Relief, Lieutenant
+K⸺g saw the Corporal of this Relief in the
+guard house watching the clock, hence he knew
+that some devilment was up. The plebe saw that
+the Lieutenant saw him, so he fled to his room,
+with the Lieutenant after him and the members of
+the Relief ran back to their posts. The plebe was
+caught and he walked “extras” for many a Saturday
+afternoon for his fun; and the Corporal was reduced
+to the ranks for allowing his Relief to be
+improperly relieved.</p>
+
+<p>Cadets do not salute one another except on occasions
+of ceremony prescribed by the regulations.
+Plebes address one another as Jones or Smith,
+but they say[35] Mr. Jones and Mr. Smith in speaking
+of them to an officer, or to an upper classman. In
+speaking to or of an officer, they use his title, but
+in speaking to or of an upper classman, they say<a id="FNanchor_35" href="#Footnote_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_100"></a>[100]</span>
+Mr. White or Mr. Black. Upper classmen address
+one another as White and Black, but they say Mr.
+White or Mr. Black in speaking of them to an
+officer or to a plebe. In speaking to or of an officer
+they use his title, but in speaking to or of a plebe,
+they say Mr. Jones or Mr. Smith. Officers in speaking
+to or of a cadet say Mr. Jones or Mr. White.
+Cadet titles are used only by the cadets having
+them, and then only in their permits and explanations,
+thus—Cadet Corporal, Cadet Sergeant, etc.
+Except officially, officers and cadets rarely speak
+to one another. At first it seemed very strange
+to recite to an officer for months, and to pass him
+on the plain without a friendly word being exchanged,
+the military salute being the only recognition.
+It is best that it is that way, as it avoids
+intimacy and favoritism.</p>
+
+<p>When the first snow fell, I was greatly amused
+to see one of my classmates who had never seen it
+snow. He ran out into the area bare-headed (and
+was reported for being in the area without cap).
+He held out his hands and then opened his mouth
+to catch the flakes; it was a soft fine snow and
+melted as soon as it touched anything, so he could
+not catch any of the flakes, yet he could see them
+in the air and he appeared dumbfounded.</p>
+
+<p>Now that we did not have to carry palms of the
+hands to the front we used to walk more about the
+post. I say walk, because we were not allowed to
+ride. We found our way occasionally to the Dutchwoman’s,<a id="FNanchor_36" href="#Footnote_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a>
+near the postoffice<a id="FNanchor_37" href="#Footnote_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> (as no permits<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_101"></a>[101]</span>
+were needed to go there in my day), where cadets
+having a little change, or who, being out of debt,
+could get ice cream, cakes, pies, etc. On Saturday
+afternoons we went down “Flirtation Walk,” a
+beautiful stroll along the Hudson, or up to Cro’
+Nest, the highest peak for miles around, or to old
+Fort Putnam, on a hill west of the Barracks, and
+once in a while to Kinsley’s orchard.<a id="FNanchor_38" href="#Footnote_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> The only
+reason I can think of having gone to Kinsley’s is,
+that it was then “off limits,” and the Regulations
+said cadets caught off limits should be dismissed,
+or otherwise less severely punished. Christmas
+season had much in store for us. We received
+boxes of sweetmeats from home, we had a theatrical
+performance in the Mess Hall, and some of
+us, and I was one, had a three days’ “leave” from
+the Point. This leave was granted to cadets having
+not over six demerits for the past six months.
+But few cadets obtained leaves, and those who did
+were envied by the less fortunate fellows. Everybody
+enjoyed the boxes from home, because cadets
+are proverbially generous, and divide their good
+things with those who do not receive boxes. Many
+were “skinned” and given demerits for grease upon
+their floors after the boxes came. The cadets are
+not now permitted to receive Christmas boxes. An
+entertainment was given on New Year’s Eve, in
+the Mess Hall. A temporary stage was erected,
+and all of the actors, “actresses” and members of
+the orchestra were cadets.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_102"></a>[102]</span></p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse center">A PARODY ON HOHENLINDEN.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">At West Point, when the sun was low,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">All spotless lay the untrodden snow,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And dark as winter was the flow</div>
+    <div class="verse indent6">Of Hudson rolling rapidly.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">But West Point saw another sight.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Loud groans were heard at dead of night,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And plebeians howled with wild affright,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent6">Whilst dreaming of Geometry.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">’Twas morn, but on that luckless day</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">The morning brought no cheering ray,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">To pierce the mist of Algebra,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent6">Or clear it of perplexity.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">In glittering armor, bright arrayed,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Each teacher drew his battle blade,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And furious each plebeian made,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent6">To witness such pomposity.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Then shook the hills with thunder river,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">As each plebe to the blackboard driven</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Despairing of all hopes of Heaven,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent6">In view of his deficiency</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">And fainter still his hopes did grow,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">When he received a big zero;</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">His throbbing bosom rent with woe,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent6">The tears came railing rapidly.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">“Immortals” falter! On! ye brave!</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Who rush to glory or the grave,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Wave! plebeians; All thy banners wave!</div>
+    <div class="verse indent6">And charge that Trigonometry.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">The lesson o’er—the hovering cloud</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Hath burst in torrents, wild and loud,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And buried in one common shroud</div>
+    <div class="verse indent6">The essence of stupidity.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">The “found” shall part, no more to meet,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">For Math has been their winding sheet,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And every “hash” they now shall eat</div>
+    <div class="verse indent6">Brings curses to the memory.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_103"></a>[103]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/programme.jpg" width="500" height="100" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Programme</span><br />
+<br />
+OF THE<br />
+<br />
+Entertainment Given by the<br />
+U. S. Corps of Cadets,<br />
+<br />
+NEW YEAR’S EVE., 1869<br />
+WEST POINT.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_104"></a>[104]</span></p>
+
+<table class="programme" summary="Programme">
+  <tr>
+    <td>Overture</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Orchestra</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">PART I.<br />
+PADDY MILES, THE LIMERICK BOY.</p>
+
+<p class="center">(A drama of Corinthian lightness.)</p>
+
+<p class="center">DRAMATIS PERSONAE.</p>
+
+<table class="programme" summary="Programme">
+  <tr>
+    <td>Paddy Miles</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cadet Shortelle</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td colspan="2" class="center">(The Greek.)</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Dr. Coates</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cadet Wood</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td colspan="2" class="center">(Spooney and Fidgety.)</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Henry, his son</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cadet Cobb</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td colspan="2" class="center">(No joke here.)</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Job, a gardener</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cadet Guard</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td colspan="2" class="center">(Biles with rage.)</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Reuben</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cadet Hall</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td colspan="2" class="center">(Randy—O! High.)</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Mrs. Fidget</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cadet Paddock</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td colspan="2" class="center">(See joke on Dr. Coates.)</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Jane</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cadet Fornance</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td colspan="2" class="center">(The Girl of the period.)</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Guitar Duet</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cadets Evans and Harrington</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Music</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Orchestra</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_105"></a>[105]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">PART II.<br />
+DARK TRAGEDY OF OTHELLO, THE MOOR OF VENICE.</p>
+
+<table class="programme" summary="Programme">
+  <tr>
+    <td>Othello</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cadet Davis</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td colspan="2" class="center">(Ye Swarthy Moor.)</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Desdemona</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cadet McDonald</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td colspan="2" class="center">(As was gone back on.)</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Brabantio</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cadet McGinniss</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Duke</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cadet “Doylle”</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td colspan="2">Senators, Assassins, Collectors of Internal Revenue, etc., by the Company.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Music</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Orchestra</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_106"></a>[106]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">PART III.<br />
+THE LIGHTSOME FARCE OF GRIMSHAW, BAGSHAW AND BRADSHAW.</p>
+
+<table class="programme" summary="Programme">
+  <tr>
+    <td>Peter Grimshaw</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cadet Williams</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td colspan="2" class="center">(Christened Peter after his Aunt Sarah.)</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>John Bagshaw</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cadet Goddard</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td colspan="2" class="center">(“Trust him not.”)</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>BRADSHAW!!!</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cadet Fountain</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td colspan="2" class="center">(Bastante dicho—“wich” it is Spanish.)</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Towser</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cadet Wood</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td colspan="2" class="center">(Characteristics: Heart flinty, Conchoidal fracture.)</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Fanny, a milliner</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cadet Townsend</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td colspan="2" class="center">(A-lass! not a Millionaire.)</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Emily, Towser’s niece</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cadet Birney</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td colspan="2" class="center">(Same at same.)</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Music</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Orchestra</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_107"></a>[107]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">PART IV.<br />
+“DARKER HERE.”</p>
+
+<p class="center">MINSTRELS, BY THE CADET BAND.</p>
+
+<p class="center">1.</p>
+
+<table class="programme" summary="Programme">
+  <tr>
+    <td>Overture, “Les Dames de Seville,”</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cadet Band</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>The Bell Goes Ringing for Sarah</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Solo and Chorus</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Linda Polka</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cadet Band</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Little Maggie May</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Solo and Chorus</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>We Parted by the River Side</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Company</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Selection</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cadet Band</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Clog Dance</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cadet Bassett</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">2.</p>
+
+<table class="programme" summary="Programme">
+  <tr>
+    <td>Selections</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cadet Band</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Fairy Moonlight</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Quartette</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>West Point Polka and Selection</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cadet Band</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>My Christmas Leave</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Solo</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Et Bonde Cryllup</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cadet Band</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Rootle Tum Tootle Tum Tay</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Solo and Chorus</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Galop Militaire</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cadet Band</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_108"></a>[108]</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+
+<p class="center">NO HURDLES.</p>
+
+<p class="center">“GENERAL REGULATIONS.”</p>
+
+<p>Those unable to secure seats will be permitted to visit the
+Guard-house, where they will find amusement during the entire
+entertainment in the perusal of the delinquences posted there.</p>
+
+<p>In consideration of the almost perfect disguise which may
+be effected through the magic agency of burnt cork, by which
+even the dignified features of our Professors can be effectually
+concealed, we would enjoin upon the audience a respect for
+gravity during the minstrel performance; and the managers
+would take this opportunity of thanking the “Heads of Departments”
+for the very affable manner in which they have
+consented to contribute, by their Terpsichorean and Ethiopian
+efforts to the evening’s amusement.</p>
+
+<p>Owing to the probability of the hall being inspected by the
+“Officer in charge,” after the Battalion has returned to Barracks,
+the managers earnestly solicit the destruction of all
+vestiges of this “Feast of reason,” as it is not mentioned on the
+“Cadets’ Bill of Fare” for this date. First classmen are recommended
+to preserve the “Flow of soul” for use to-morrow,
+in case the Superintendents may not be pleased to release
+them from “pledge.”</p>
+
+<p>The managers respectfully call attention to their endeavors
+to produce that long desired “mean” equally removed from
+“Corinthian lightness, and Egyptian massiveness.”</p>
+
+<p>Should the performers attempt to “consume time,” or the
+enthusiasm of the audience be kindled to such an extent as to
+create apprehension for the safety of the building, the services
+of the Fire Department, under the able management of its
+efficient “Chief Engineer,” will be called into requisition—(provided
+the nozzle can be found.)</p>
+
+<p>MANAGERS:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>S. W. FOUNTAIN,</li>
+<li>R. A. WILLIAMS,</li>
+<li>E. M. COBB,</li>
+<li>A. H. RUSSELL,</li>
+<li>A. E. WOOD.</li>
+</ul>
+
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_109"></a>[109]</span></p>
+
+<p>The semi-annual examination commenced right
+after New Years and when the class standing<a id="FNanchor_39" href="#Footnote_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a>
+was announced, about thirty cadets were found
+deficient, and discharged. At least half the deficient
+ones were in my class, and the balance in the
+other three classes. Those near the foot of my class,
+who passed, but about whom doubts had been
+entertained as to their ability to get through, were
+now furnished with warm cloth overcoats of the
+regulation cadet gray. The sections were rearranged
+according to the standing determined by
+the examinations, text books for the next five
+months were drawn, lessons assigned and studies
+resumed. Shortly after our class standing had
+been published, the class was sent to the Library,
+where we again took the oath of allegiance, and
+in due time afterwards each fourth classman received
+his “cadet warrant.”</p>
+
+<p>The plebes now began to make the best show
+they could both about their rooms and in their
+personal appearance. Those who could do so procured
+curtains<a id="FNanchor_40" href="#Footnote_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> for the windows, alcoves and
+clothes presses, all turkey red, of course, as that
+was the regulation color. When they got new
+clothes, they were particular about the fit, especially
+of the dress coats, as their waists had grown
+more shapely, caused by wearing close fitting
+clothes and belts, which required the chest and
+not the abdomen to be used for breathing. They
+had their old dress coats made smaller in the
+waist, too.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_110"></a>[110]</span></p>
+
+<p>Cadets having a taste for music were permitted
+to have such musical instruments as banjos, guitars
+and flutes, and during “release from quarters”
+they could practice. Musical spirits were soon
+brought together, and after the players became
+proficient they attracted attention. Aside from
+those who played upon instruments, there were
+some who had very good voices. When pleasant
+spring evenings came, the musicians would often
+assemble on one of the front steps of the Barracks
+and their sweet music and songs attracted all other
+cadets. Often would the officers, their ladies and
+the few visitors at the Point at that season of the
+year, stroll near the cadet Barracks to hear music
+and songs, and even Old Bentz would look at his
+watch a dozen times and wait till the last second
+to sound “Call to Quarters.” One evening, Christine
+Nilsson, the famous “Swedish singer,” who
+was visiting the Point, was so attracted by the
+singing of the cadets that she consented to sing
+for the whole corps on condition that the cadet
+quartette would sing for her. Her proposition was
+accepted and the Mess Hall was used for the purpose.
+Of course we were charmed by her sweet
+voice and she complimented the quartette, too,
+and Cadet W⸺r in particular. Miss Nilsson told
+him that he ought to cultivate his voice and that
+if he would resign she herself would pay for his
+musical education in Europe. Cadet W⸺r
+thanked her for her generous offer, but declined
+to accept it. Miss Nilsson then said that<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_111"></a>[111]</span>
+the cadets must pay for her singing, and
+that she would make the collection at once.
+She was promptly informed that cadets were
+not allowed to have money, and that they
+did not even have pockets in their clothes.
+She replied every cadet had with him that which
+she wanted, namely a bell-button, and she was
+particular about the one too, and said, “I want
+the spooney button, the one from over the heart.”
+She produced a string and we filed past her and
+each cadet gladly paid her price. The officers present
+on this occasion neglected their duty for not
+reporting every cadet, for “a button off dress coat
+in Mess Hall.” About once a month on Saturday
+evenings during the winter the band gave orchestra
+concerts at which cadets could be present.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_112"></a>[112]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;" id="illus7">
+<img src="images/illus7.jpg" width="450" height="475" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">TO ALL WHOM IT MAY CONCERN:</p>
+
+<p class="caption">Know ye, <i>That the <span class="allsmcap">PRESIDENT</span> has been pleased to appoint
+________________ a <span class="allsmcap">CADET</span> in the
+Military Service of the <span class="allsmcap">UNITED STATES</span>, to rank as such from the
+__ day of ________ 18__. He is therefore to be
+received with all the consideration attached to such appointment.</i></p>
+
+<p class="caption">Given <i>under my hand at the <span class="allsmcap">WAR DEPARTMENT</span>, this __
+day of ________, in the year of our Lord one thousand
+eight hundred and ____, and of the <span class="allsmcap">INDEPENDENCE OF THE UNITED STATES</span>
+the ________.</i></p>
+
+<p class="caption">____________<br />
+<i>Secretary of War</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_113"></a>[113]</span></p>
+
+<p>One day, S⸺s, one of my classmates, took sick
+with typhoid fever, and was confined to bed in the
+hospital for weeks. We took turns sitting up at
+night with him. When he became dangerously ill,
+his parents were notified, and they came at once
+and were with him some days before he died. An
+order was published announcing his death, and
+the loss of a valuable member of the corps, and
+directed as a mark of respect to his memory, that
+all cadets should wear the usual badge of mourning;
+that is, a four-inch band of black crape around
+the left arm, above the elbow, for a period of thirty
+days, and that the flag should be at half-staff on
+the day of the funeral. The pallbearers were
+chosen from his class and the funeral services held<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_114"></a>[114]</span>
+in the little chapel. The coffin was carried from
+the chapel, arms were presented, the band played
+an appropriate air, and then the coffin was laid
+upon an artillery caisson draped with the stars
+and stripes. We marched to solemn music, with
+“arms reversed,” to the beautiful little cadet cemetery
+just outside of the north gate overlooking the
+Hudson at the foot of the highest peak of the Highlands.
+Upon reaching the grave, line was formed
+facing it, and the coffin placed over it; arms were
+again presented and the band played another
+solemn air; the body was then lowered to its last
+resting place. We stood with bowed heads at
+rest on arms, while the Chaplain conducted the
+services at the grave. We then fired three rounds
+of blank cartridges and returned to barracks.
+After leaving the cemetery, we came to “right
+shoulder” arms, and marched to a quick step. During
+my day the corps of cadets attended a great
+many funerals, and among them were those of
+three of our professors, two or more cadets, and
+a number of old graduates of the Academy.</p>
+
+<p>We fourth classmen now began to talk of June
+first, the day on which we would become yearlings
+and be admitted to the corps on equality with
+the other classmen; of the dropping of the Mr., of
+the shedding of our “plebe-skins” and how that
+great event should be celebrated; of how we would
+treat the next class, of which of us would be made
+corporals, of the hops, of the ladies who come up
+in June, and of other topics of vital interest to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_115"></a>[115]</span>
+fourth classmen. At a class meeting we selected
+six hop managers, six being our share for the summer
+hops, and we selected them by ballot. There
+were no nominations, it having been decided that
+the six receiving the greatest number of votes
+should be elected, and I was not one of the six.
+About the twenty-fifth of May D Company vacated
+its quarters and they were put in order for
+the candidates, who reported in my day between
+the first and tenth of June; then they reported
+later in June, after the cadets had gone into camp.
+Now new cadets report March 1st.</p>
+
+<p>The academic year practically closed on the
+31st of May, and on the next day the battalion was
+to again appear in its summer clothes; that is, in
+white pants and gray coats. White pants are the
+forerunners of the many changes to soon occur at
+the Point; a class to be graduated, another to go
+on furlough, and the other two, with a new class
+added to the corps, to go into camp; the members
+of the Board of Visitors<a id="FNanchor_41" href="#Footnote_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> and hundreds of other
+people to arrive, some to witness the graduating
+exercises, old graduates to attend their alumni
+meeting, others to see relatives in the corps, and
+still others to attend the summer hops. But with
+all these and other pleasures in store for the cadets
+about a dozen of the plebes were not satisfied.
+They knew that on the morrow candidates would
+begin to report, and that then they themselves
+would shed their plebe-skins, drop the Mr. and be
+full-fledged “yearlings.” In order to mark this<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_116"></a>[116]</span>
+great event in the life of a cadet at West Point we
+had months before decided upon doing something
+that no other yearlings had done. Away back in
+April, while at light battery drill, we “hived” some
+powder, by taking a little from a dozen or more
+cartridges, and we also “hived” some friction-primers.
+The night of May 31st was cloudy and
+hazy, which just suited us, and the tactical officers
+favored us by inspecting every room before midnight.
+At about half-past eleven we tied
+the handle of the angle door to an upright
+of the porch and fastened a rope to the
+posts at the head of the angle porch stairs,
+and then went one at a time out to the
+“reveille gun” that stood near execution hollow
+away out on the plain. We loaded that gun and
+then put in it all of our old socks and rammed the
+charge well. Some of our trusty party got cannon
+balls at Trophy Point and joined the others at
+the gun. We then wheeled the gun near the
+gravel walk in front of the barracks, and one of
+our party went on the grass to the right and another
+to the left. These two then made noises that
+attracted the attention of the two engineer sentinels
+posted at night on the gravel walk, and signaled
+that our coast was clear. We then rushed
+across the walk through the Sally Port and fired
+that gun in the area. At the same time the cannon
+balls were rolled along the porches in rear of
+barracks, then we hastened to our rooms, undressed
+and went to bed to await developments.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_117"></a>[117]</span>
+Oh, what a dandy report that gun made; it shook
+the barracks and other buildings, too, and shattered
+windows all around. The cannon balls were
+also a great success, for they made a horrible rumbling
+sound. We awoke everybody. Lieutenant
+M⸺l was “officer in charge,” and we soon heard
+him tugging away at the angle door and then
+stumble against the clothesline that we had so
+thoughtfully put up for his special benefit. He
+called the “drummer orderly,” who slept in the
+guard-house and had long roll sounded. He questioned
+the cadet officers, but, of course, they knew
+nothing; then, as he himself had been a cadet, he
+made the new-born yearlings fall in and told them
+that the outrage had been committed by some of
+them, and that the guilty ones should be punished.
+He then said that all who had not taken part in
+the disgraceful affair could fall out and go to their
+quarters; the guilty ones trembled in their shoes,
+but soon recovered, for not a man fell out. The
+night was raw and chilly, but there the Lieutenant
+made us stand, first at attention, then at parade
+rest and then at attention again. The innocent
+were once more told to fall out, but not a man
+moved. We were then put into the guard-house
+and several of us obtained permission to go to our
+rooms for overcoats. Line was re-formed and
+B⸺ly directed to call the roll. I was in my
+own room at this time and could see and hear
+what was going on in the area. I knew that
+B⸺ly had not called the class roll for months,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_118"></a>[118]</span>
+so I staid in my room and listened to the roll-call,
+and when I discovered that I was not reported absent
+I went to bed. Lieutenant M⸺l then
+marched the yearlings out on the cavalry plain
+and drilled them at double time for several hours.
+He stood still some times and marched the class
+around him, and as he was not always near enough
+to distinguish one yearling from another in the
+dark there were many blunders purposely made
+in ranks, and this made him furious. After awhile
+Colonel B⸺k, the Commandant, put in his appearance,
+and then the class behaved all right, but
+it was kept at drill till near breakfast time. Before
+being dismissed Colonel B⸺k told the innocent
+ones to fall out, but not a man left the
+ranks. The class was then dismissed, and in a
+few minutes the battalion was formed for breakfast,
+and, of course, I fell in then. Before marching
+to the Mess Hall an order was published confining
+all members of the fourth class, except one
+who was in the hospital, to the area of the barracks
+until further orders. Some of the class had
+relatives and friends at the Point, and the confinement
+was hard on them, because cadets in confinement
+cannot see their friends for longer than half
+an hour, and then only in the visitors’ room in the
+guard-house.</p>
+
+<p>A salute of seventeen guns was fired by a detail
+of cadets in honor of the arrival of the Board of
+Visitors. There was much of interest now at the
+Point for the Board and others to see. Beginning<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_119"></a>[119]</span>
+with guard-mount now after parade, then oral examinations
+from 9 to 4 followed infantry, artillery
+or cavalry drill, and the day closing with dress
+parade at sunset. The rear view of the cadets
+marching at double time, to or from dress parade,
+out on the grassy plain is a beautiful sight, especially
+when white pants are worn, for then the
+wavy motion of the handsome uniforms with the
+black shoes alternating against the white pants
+and the green grass once seen is a sight never forgotten.
+In the evening the cadets, except those in
+confinement, and their friends could be together
+for an hour or two at the hotel or at some of the
+officers’ quarters, provided, of course, that the cadets
+had “permits.” Not to speak of a handsome
+display of fireworks on one evening and the
+graduating hop on another. During all these festivities,
+which lasted about three weeks, the cadets
+and candidates were undergoing rigid examinations,<a id="FNanchor_42" href="#Footnote_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a>
+and at which many failed. Lists of the successful
+ones were announced, the graduates and
+furloughmen left and the others went into camp.
+Some of the “found” were turned back to join the
+next class, while the others were discharged.</p>
+
+<p>On the morning after we had fired the gun in the
+area Colonel Black sent for me, showed me one
+of my own slippers and told me that it had been
+picked up that morning on the walk in front of
+the barracks, and as it had my name in it he
+wanted me to explain how the slipper got out of
+my room. I told him that I didn’t know, as the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_120"></a>[120]</span>
+last time I had worn or seen it was on the previous
+evening before taps. He did not ask me if I
+had taken part in the “disgraceful” affair. All of
+his questioning could get nothing more out of me,
+because I told the truth. I afterwards learned
+how the slipper did get out on the walk. When D
+Company vacated its quarters for the new class
+C⸺y came over to room with L⸺t and me,
+and unbeknown to me he had worn my slippers,
+and as he was one of the two cadets chased by the
+engineer sentinels he lost it, and then for fear that
+he and I might both be caught he did not mention
+the fact to me until after my return from the Commandant’s
+office.</p>
+
+<p>Three of my class were turned out over new cadets,
+and others of the class detailed to help drill
+them, and when the new list of corporals was published
+I had the pleasure of writing home that I
+was one of the few yearlings to wear chevrons.</p>
+
+<p>After the publication of the new lists of class
+standing I called upon one of the unfortunates to
+express regret that he had not passed. He seemed
+to be very indifferent about having been found,
+and said that, after a long search on his “family
+tree,” he had on that day made the fortunate discovery
+that he was the nineteenth cousin of Queen
+Victoria!</p>
+
+<p>While in confinement Casey wrote a song commemorating
+the firing of the gun in the area, and
+the song was very popular in my day. The following
+is my version of it:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_121"></a>[121]</span></p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse center">WHO FIRED THAT GUN IN THE AREA?</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">In eighteen hundred and ⸺ ⸺ ⸺</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Some plebes went out on the plain so free,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Played the mischief generally,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent4">And fired the gun in the area.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">They locked them up in the old guard-house,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And bade them be as still as a mouse;</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">They whooped and yelled and kicked about,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent4">And fired the gun in the area.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">They made them at the attention stand,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">With rifles held all tight in the hand,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">But no one “peached” on any man</div>
+    <div class="verse indent4">Who fired the gun in the area.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Then Gussie M. said: “Oh, don’t you see</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">There’s no use of your fooling with me?</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">I’ll make you stand till ‘Reveille’</div>
+    <div class="verse indent4">For firing gun in the area.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">“And if you rascals don’t all be still,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Of punishment you shall have your fill—</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">I’ll take you on the plain to drill</div>
+    <div class="verse indent4">For firing gun in the area.”</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">He marched them round at the double time—</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Egad! that drill it was very fine;</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">From everything they took the shine,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent4">And fired the gun in the area.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">This man he got into such a state</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">That ev’ry plebe he wanted to ate,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And said they were insubord’nate,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent4">And fired the gun in the area.</div><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_122"></a>[122]</span>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Then Harry B. just raves and hollers,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">“Leave them alone, the bad young bothers;</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Confine them till further orders,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent4">For firing gun in the area.”</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Yearlings the plebes all became that day,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And paid the price for being so gay</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">After midnight the last of May,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent4">For firing gun in the area.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="smaller">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Note 1.</span> Now only those cadets are examined whose average
+marks fall below a certain figure, which may be different for
+different subjects. For changes and improvements see Chapter
+IX, the articles by Colonels Tillman and Larned.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Note 2.</span> A change has been made since the text was written
+so that the white collar is not buttoned to the shirt, but is fastened
+to the inside of the collar of the coat by means of three metal
+clasps.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Note 3.</span> Such a thing as stealing is rare among the cadets.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Note 4.</span> Sentinels are now posted from shortly after the
+return of the battalion from supper until 9:30 p. m. only.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Note 5.</span> The Dutch woman left the post in 1875, and the
+confectionery or store is now in a brick building about 200 yards
+north of the brick cottage she occupied.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/footer4.jpg" width="500" height="85" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_123"></a>[123]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;" id="illus8">
+<img src="images/illus8.jpg" width="450" height="700" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">CAMP GEO. H. THOMAS.</p>
+
+<p class="caption">The Pleasure
+of your company is
+requested at the hops to be
+given by the Corps of Cadets every
+Monday Wednesday and Friday
+evening during the encampment.</p>
+
+<p class="caption"><i>Managers.</i></p>
+
+<ul class="smaller">
+<li>FRED D. GRANT</li>
+<li>ANDREW H. RUSSELL</li>
+<li>WALTER S. WYATT</li>
+<li>EDWARD W. CASEY</li>
+<li>HENRY C. LA POINT</li>
+<li>JAMES R. WASSON</li>
+<li>THOS S. MUMFORD</li>
+<li>REID T. STEWART</li>
+<li>QUINCY O. GILLMORE</li>
+<li>WILLIAM T. RUSSELL</li>
+<li>J. BURKE HICKEY</li>
+<li>T. M. WOODRUFF</li>
+<li>CORBIN DAVENPORT</li>
+<li>LOUIS A. CRAIG</li>
+<li>WILLIAM H. COFFIN</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="caption">West Point N. Y.</p>
+
+<p class="caption">22d June, 1870.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_124"></a>[124]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_125"></a>[125]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_VI">CHAPTER VI.<br />
+<span class="smaller">THE YEARLING.</span></h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>When we marched into camp again at the
+old site, which was this year named
+“Camp Geo. H. Thomas,” the yearlings
+were perfectly happy. We enjoyed the society
+of the plebes for awhile, but soon tired of
+that. We had been under such a strain during
+the previous year that we needed a rest,
+and we had it, too, as there was not much required
+of us for the first month. We seemed to
+need sleep, and we slept in the morning, again in
+the afternoon and all night, too. After we were
+rested we loitered under the trees near the guard
+tents during guard-mounts and band practice and
+mingled among the numerous summer visitors at
+the Point; to get acquainted was not difficult, as
+some of the visitors had relatives or friends in the
+corps, and, moreover, people get acquainted easier
+at a resort or a dance than almost anywhere else.
+Some of the yearlings never missed a hop, and
+there were three of them a week, from 8 to 11 p. m.
+Others of us who were not proficient in the art took
+dancing lessons occasionally, but generally found
+our pleasure in boating and in being with the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_126"></a>[126]</span>
+ladies, or with one another, listening to the music;
+in promenading on “Flirtation Walk,” or calling
+at the hotel. We idled away the whole summer,
+and it did us good, for, when we returned to barracks,
+we were ready for study again. I don’t
+want to be understood that we had nothing to do
+during camp, because many hours were spent at
+drill, at inspections and on guard, just enough to
+keep us active and healthy.</p>
+
+<p>On pleasant days when not on duty we often
+strolled on “Flirtation Walk,” that beautiful path
+winding through the trees and rocks between the
+camp site and the river to watch passing steamers
+or to see the objects of interest along this walk.
+There are some links of a huge chain on “Trophy
+Point” between Professor’s Row and the hotel
+that was floated on logs across the Hudson during
+the Revolutionary War from Gee’s Point at the big
+bend of the river to Constitution Island<a id="FNanchor_43" href="#Footnote_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> near the
+village of Cold Springs on the east side of the Hudson.
+We used to examine the place near the lighthouse
+on Gee’s Point, where one end of this chain
+was fastened and wonder what effect such an obstruction
+would be to the gunboats of to-day. At
+other times we would linger about Kosciuszco’s
+Monument, a little south of Gee’s Point, and
+quench our thirst at the same spring that this
+noble Pole drank from more than a century ago
+when he built Fort Clinton—that is, nearby on the
+plain—while at the same time General Putnam
+constructed the numerous other fortifications on<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_127"></a>[127]</span>
+the neighboring hills. Then we would visit Battery
+Knox, near Kosciuszco’s garden, to see the
+beautiful view down the Hudson that this work
+commands, or go to see still another handsome
+view up the Hudson from Trophy Point or Siege
+Battery at the north, or rather the west end of
+Flirtation Walk. Battery Knox, and Seacoast,
+Siege and Mortar batteries are of comparative
+recent origin and were built by the cadets. There
+are many monuments, aside from those in the little
+cemetery, that have been erected at salient
+points about the grounds to heroes who freely sacrificed
+their lives in the cause of freedom. Some
+of those brave men shed their blood to give birth
+to our republic, others to wrest territory from the
+Indians or from Mexico, and still others that our
+Union might live. Then there are cannon and
+other relics of war on Trophy Point and in the
+“museum” that are silent teachers for all who see
+them. The very air about this historic spot
+teaches love of country, and the cadets absorb
+much valuable information that is not taught in
+the section room.</p>
+
+<p>Cadets who were popular with the ladies often
+used to pin the “spooney buttons” on their coats,
+and when a cadet gave his spooney button to a
+young lady this act was equivalent to saying that
+she was the favored one.</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">“The ladies—may Heaven bless their faces!</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">They come here in summer sweet,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Each being loaded with graces,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">And all have cadets at their feet.”</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_128"></a>[128]</span></p>
+
+<p>Lieutenant K⸺g was a popular tactical officer
+and quite a ladies’ man. He liked music, and
+at band practice he often requested the leader to
+play “Shoo Fly,” and so often that the cadets noticed
+it, and called him “Shoo Fly,” not to his face,
+of course, but among ourselves. Clara G⸺e, a
+little six-year-old girl, was a frequent visitor at
+camp, and she was a great admirer of Cadet
+W⸺e. One day he was officer of the guard and
+I was corporal of the guard. During dress parade
+my post was near the first guard tent facing the
+battalion, and it was my duty to see that visitors
+kept back of a certain line. Little Clara was out
+to see the dress parade, and, as Cadet W⸺e was
+at the guard tents, she was near him. W⸺e
+called me, and then told little Clara just when and
+where to go and what to say. There were many
+visitors present that evening. I took my post, and
+in a few minutes Lieutenant K⸺g stepped a
+dozen or so yards in front of me and of the line of
+visitors preparatory to taking post as officer in
+charge of the parade. Just then little Clara ran
+out in front of the visitors’ line, and in a loud voice
+called: “Lieutenant K⸺g! Oh, Lieutenant
+K⸺g!” which, of course, attracted everybody’s
+attention, and then she said, “What do they all
+call you ‘Shoo Fly’ for?”</p>
+
+<p>One day four young ladies came to camp, and
+four of us yearlings met them under the trees at
+the guard tents. The ladies wanted us to take
+them out boating, and as they knew cadets had no<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_129"></a>[129]</span>
+way of providing refreshments, they themselves
+had brought baskets of cake and fruit. Knowing
+that our quartette could be absent from camp for
+several hours we picked up the baskets and
+started. Attached to our boathouse<a id="FNanchor_44" href="#Footnote_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> there was an
+inclined and also a floating dock, all fastened together,
+so that the two docks would rise and fall
+with the water in the river. The floating dock had
+been covered with water so often that it was quite
+slippery, and we cautioned the young ladies about
+it. While we were carrying our boat from its
+place in the boathouse one of the young ladies ran
+down the inclined dock, and the moment she
+stepped upon the floating dock she slipped and sat
+down in a half inch of water. Her sister (for there
+were two sisters in the party) ran to her rescue,
+and she, too, sat down in the water. We knew
+nothing of the mishaps until the sisters were just
+getting upon their feet; then we suggested another
+day for the trip, but they said no, as everything
+was ready now we must go. All got in the boat
+and off we went. We rowed across the river under
+the bridge and landed (off limits) in the woods
+on the east side of the Hudson. The ladies said
+that they would prepare lunch, so the yearlings
+left them to themselves for a while. Upon our return
+a dainty lunch was spread upon the grass,
+and we all fell to with a relish, and then started
+upon our return to the camp. We observed that
+the ladies insisted upon carrying the baskets and
+to hold on to them while in the boat; this, of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_130"></a>[130]</span>
+course, excited our suspicions, and we found out
+that the baskets contained the sisters’ laundry.</p>
+
+<p>It was the rule for a corporal to march the sick
+of his company to the hospital at sick-call at 6:30
+a. m., and as there were not many sick the custom
+sprang up in the corps for one corporal to take the
+sick-report books of all four companies to the hospital
+when there were no sick. So one morning
+near the close of Yearling Camp, when there were
+no sick in my company to go to the hospital, a corporal
+of another company took my sick-report
+book, and as luck would have it I was reported for
+“Neglect of duty, not taking sick-report book to
+the hospital,” and for this I was reduced to ranks,
+but soon afterwards I was appointed a “marker”
+for battalion drill, a very pleasant duty. The
+summer soon passed, the furlough class returned,
+we struck tents and our yearling camp was over.</p>
+
+<p>Back to barracks we went, donned our gray
+pants, drew text books,<a id="FNanchor_45" href="#Footnote_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> posted our hours of recitation
+and began the school work for another year.</p>
+
+<p>Cavalry drill is a part of the course in each of
+the last three years, and the yearlings always
+hailed the day when they could begin cavalry drill,
+and at last the time came for us. The class was
+divided into two platoons, and a platoon at a
+time sent to the Riding Hall.<a id="FNanchor_46" href="#Footnote_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> When my platoon
+marched into the hall we were all disappointed,
+for, instead of finding our horses ready saddled,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_131"></a>[131]</span>
+they were not saddled at all. We were marched
+in front of the line of horses, which were being
+held by cavalry soldiers, the yearling on the right
+of the line was instructed to take the first horse,
+the next yearling to take the next horse, and so on
+to the left. The horses were bridled and had
+blankets on them, held in place by surcingles.
+Captain B⸺s explained to us how to mount, and
+then ordered us to mount. Some of us had no
+trouble in mounting, but it was very amusing to
+see others who had never been on a horse; it took
+them a long time to get on, notwithstanding the
+drill we had had in the gymnasium.<a id="FNanchor_47" href="#Footnote_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> It was found
+that a real horse was different from a wooden
+horse. After all were mounted the position of the
+soldier, mounted, was explained to us, and our
+faults corrected. We were then dismounted, then
+mounted again. So much time was taken up in
+explaining details and in mounting and dismounting
+and correcting errors that the whole hour
+passed in that way. The next day we did get to
+ride, but for only a few minutes, and at a walk
+then. As the days came we rode longer each
+time, but always at a walk for weeks. Then came
+the slow trot, and it was fun to see some of the
+yearlings fall off, but as we had been so well
+drilled in mounting they were soon on again.
+That first day at the slow trot we all got very sore.
+Many of the horses were hard trotters, and many
+a yearling had chafed legs. I remember seeing
+several of my class who suffered a great deal, so<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_132"></a>[132]</span>
+much that for a time the blood ran down on their
+shoes. We were taught to saddle and unsaddle,
+to fold the saddle blanket, to bridle and unbridle,
+to ride with saddles, first at a walk, then a trot
+and then at a gallop. We were then taught to
+ride with a sabre and then given sabre exercises,
+and then the use of the pistol, then without saddles
+to mount and dismount, first at a walk, then at a
+trot, then at a gallop and then at the full speed of
+the horse; then to jump hurdles, then to jump a
+hurdle, dismount, mount and jump another hurdle,
+the horse going at full speed; then to use the
+sabre, cutting at leather balls, called heads, one on
+a post, one on the ground and another on a post;
+then to jump a hurdle and with the sabre to catch
+a ring at the same time from a string suspended
+near the hurdle, then to cut a head on the ground,
+then one on a post and then to jump another hurdle,
+catch another ring and take another head.
+We were also taught the various platoon movements,
+and occasionally on pleasant days we were
+taken out for long rides into the country.</p>
+
+<p>Visitors at the Point often wanted to see how
+the cadets lived, and when they went about it
+right, i. e., made the acquaintance of certain tactical
+officers, their requests were sometimes granted.
+Lieutenant K⸺g came to my room one morning
+after he had made his regular inspection and said
+that he had wanted to bring some visiting ladies
+and gentlemen over to see my room, but from the
+looks of things he thought it inadvisable. I replied<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_133"></a>[133]</span>
+that all would be in order in a few minutes,
+and when ready I’d go to the hall door, where he
+could see me. To this he assented. My room at
+that particular time was in bad order. O’C⸺r
+and I had our guns apart and cleaning materials
+and rags scattered about the floor, and worse, two
+of our classmates who lived across the hall from us
+brought their chairs to our room, and we four were
+playing whist, but Lieutenant K⸺g was good
+enough not to notice our visitors or cards, and
+he did not report us. In a few minutes
+all was in order, and I went to the hall
+door as a signal. In a few minutes more Lieutenant
+K⸺g arrived with, the visitors; they
+wanted to see our guns, but fearing criticism he
+made an excuse that they were all alike. O’C⸺r
+and I at once got our rifles and the Lieutenant was
+amazed to see them in fine condition. Afterwards
+he told us that he did not know how we put things
+in shape in such a short time.</p>
+
+<p>One pleasant Saturday afternoon a party of
+young ladies arrived with baskets of refreshments
+to meet a party of yearlings for a trip to “Cro’
+Nest.” As I was the only one of the yearlings not
+“on punishment” or “in confinement” I met the
+young ladies, explained the situation and said that
+the trip would have to be postponed. They replied
+that as two of the young ladies were to leave for
+New York on Monday next they were determined
+to go to Cro’ Nest at once, and that if I would not
+go that the ladies would go alone. Seeing that<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_134"></a>[134]</span>
+they were determined to go I went with them. We
+climbed to the top of the mountain and had a good
+view, as Cro’ Nest is near the top of the highest
+peak around. The mountain is covered with timber,
+and after leaving the top it was hard to tell
+just where we would find our way down. Unfortunately,
+we reached the foot of the mountain at a
+point on the Hudson where the bank was about
+vertical, and so high that we had to climb more
+than half way up again to get down on the other
+side of that ridge. This consumed so much time
+that when we reached the Dutchwoman’s it was
+after 10 o’clock at night. Alfred, the Dutchwoman’s
+son, was there, and we sent him for
+Lieutenant K⸺g to take the young ladies to
+Cold Springs, where some of them lived and the
+others were visiting. Cold Springs was off cadet
+limits, hence I could not risk going there, when I
+knew I had been reported absent from dress parade
+and from quarters, so I bade the young ladies
+adieu and reported with as little delay as possible
+to the cadet officer of the day, who had made
+search for me and was about to send a detail to
+hunt for me. Immediately after breakfast the
+next morning I went to the Dutchwoman’s, saw
+Alfred and learned that he had found Lieutenant
+K⸺g in ample time to catch the last ferryboat
+at 11 p. m., but that the Lieutenant waited to finish
+a game of billiards he was playing at the officers’
+mess,<a id="FNanchor_48" href="#Footnote_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> and he arrived with the ladies at the
+North Landing just in time to see the last ferryboat<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_135"></a>[135]</span>
+beyond call. The party then went to the
+Engineer Barracks, a half mile or more distant,
+got a large engineer boat, and Lieutenant K⸺g
+himself rowed the young ladies across the Hudson
+to Cold Springs, and did not return until after
+reveille the following Sunday morning. I hastened
+back to my quarters and worked hard on my
+gun in preparing my room for inspection (for I was
+room orderly that week), for I felt that the Lieutenant
+would be especially careful with me at inspection,
+and so he was, but he could find nothing
+to report me for. After inspecting my room he
+said, “Mr. R⸺d, you had quite an adventure yesterday?”
+I replied, “Yes, sir.” He then asked:
+“Did the young ladies get home safely?” and I answered,
+“You ought to know more about that than
+I do, sir.” He left the room, banged the door and
+accepted my explanation for my absence the day
+before.</p>
+
+<p>Before we could realize it Thanksgiving came
+and went, Christmas and the boxes of sweetmeats
+arrived, and as no Christmas leaves were granted
+this year we took a greater interest than usual in
+an entertainment that came off in the Mess Hall
+on New Year’s Eve.</p>
+
+<p>The January examinations came again, and as is
+always the case there were many failures, among
+them being my tall young friend from Tennessee.
+After changing our hours of recitation the steady
+grind went on as usual.</p>
+
+<p>About 1 o’clock in the morning of the 5th of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_136"></a>[136]</span>
+February “long roll” sounded, and, of course, this
+meant for everybody to turn out promptly. In a
+few minutes after the call sounded the cadet companies
+formed in the area, and in a few minutes
+more those in the fire department had our little
+hand engine out and at work, for the cadet barracks
+were on fire. Tony R⸺r held the nozzle
+and directed the stream on the roof of the “Fourth
+Division,” where the flames were the thickest. The
+bucket brigade was also soon at work. Some of
+the plebes in the cock-loft of the Fourth Division
+did not awake until after their rooms were filled
+with smoke, and when roll was called they were
+discovered absent, and formed lines taking
+hold of hands and went into their rooms that were
+filled with smoke and brought them out. We
+worked until after daylight the next morning. Engineer
+and cavalry soldiers soon arrived to help
+us, but much damage was done before the fire was
+put out. Most of the roof was destroyed and
+great damage done to the “Dialectic Society Room”
+over the Sally Port and to the cock-loft rooms of
+the Fourth Division. No one was injured, but
+some of the cadets lost everything except their
+nightclothes, which they had escaped in. The unfortunate
+ones found accommodations by doubling-up
+with their classmates. Recitations begun at
+8 a. m. that day as though nothing had happened,
+and in a few weeks the damage to the building
+was repaired, and a little later Congress, which
+was then in session, made good all losses.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_137"></a>[137]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/programme.jpg" width="500" height="100" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Programme</span><br />
+<br />
+OF THE<br />
+<br />
+Entertainment Given by the<br />
+U. S. Corps of Cadets,<br />
+<br />
+NEW YEAR’S EVE., 1870<br />
+WEST POINT.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_138"></a>[138]</span></p>
+
+<table class="programme" summary="Programme">
+  <tr>
+    <td>Overture</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Orchestra</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">PART I.<br />
+Handy Andy.</p>
+
+<p class="center">(Ye Gladsome Farce.)</p>
+
+<table class="programme" summary="Programme">
+  <tr>
+    <td>Handy Andy</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cadet Shortelle</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Squire Egan</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cadet A. E. Wood</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Dick Dawson</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cadet Rogers</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Mr. Murphy</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cadet Casey</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Squire O’Grady</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cadet Goddard</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Mr. Furlong</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cadet Mumford</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Edward O’Conner</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cadet Hickey</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Simon</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cadet Guard</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>First Ruffian</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cadet “Doyle”</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Second Ruffian</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cadet “McGinnis”</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Oonah Rooney</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cadet Birney</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Mad Nance</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cadet Townsend</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Fanny Dawson</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cadet Rowell</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td colspan="2">Peasants, Strangers, Citizens, Etc., by the Company.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Music</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Orchestra</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_139"></a>[139]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">PART II.<br />
+Ye Soul-Stirring Tragedy of Macbeth.</p>
+
+<table class="programme" summary="Programme">
+  <tr>
+    <td colspan="2">Macbeth—Ye vengeful slayer of his King; who is knawed by grim remorse.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td colspan="2">Macduff—Ye valiant general; ye loyal nobleman.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td colspan="2">Duncan—King of Scotland.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td colspan="2">Lady Macbeth—Who nightly walketh in her sleep.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td colspan="2">Seyton—Ye officer of Horse Marines, attendant upon Macbeth.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Guitar Duet</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cadets Evans and Harrington</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">“Camille.”<br />
+A Tragedy.</p>
+
+<table class="programme" summary="Programme">
+  <tr>
+    <td>Camille</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cadet Casey</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td colspan="2" class="center">(Tries to wheeden it.)</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Armand Duvall</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cadet Goddard</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td colspan="2" class="center">(The histrionic vender of peanuts.)</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Music</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Orchestra</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_140"></a>[140]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">PART III.<br />
+Dion Bourcicault’s “Speelshakes” Unparalleled Combination
+Overstrung Electro-Plated Tragedy of<br />
+<br />
+Les Immortelles de la Classe Von-Bonaute.</p>
+
+<p>As exhibited on the European plan by the world-renowned
+Pere Hyacinthe Troupe at Covent Garden, New Jersey, for over
+one consecutive night, during the rainy season, to an overflowing
+house, and afterwards successfully brought out by the
+Sheriff and Posse Troupe at the Tombs, New York, to a well-secured
+audience.</p>
+
+<p class="center">CHARACTERS.</p>
+
+<p class="center">(Don’t cut this part off.)</p>
+
+<table class="programme" summary="Programme">
+  <tr>
+    <td colspan="2">Cadet Shrimp, Plan and Section Marcher.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Cadet McDoyle</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Vesskoldt</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Cadet Ginness</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Narywacks U. C.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Cadet Bewkellit</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Wheet, N. R.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Cadet Cutit</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Tanbark</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td colspan="2">Cadet Merritt, D.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Recites at No. 1.5 Cockloft, Cavalry Stables, or in the area of
+Barracks on Saturday, alternating daily as the Professor may
+feel like it, with Courts-Martial from 2 P. M. until Police Inspection.</p>
+
+<table class="programme" summary="Programme">
+  <tr>
+    <td>Music</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Orchestra</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_141"></a>[141]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">PART IV.<br />
+Minstrels, by the Cadet Band.</p>
+
+<p class="center">1.</p>
+
+<table class="programme" summary="Programme">
+  <tr>
+    <td>Overture (Ernani)</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cadet Band</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Beautiful Bells</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Solo and Chorus</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Polka (La tarde del Sabado)</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cadet Band</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Kaiser, Don’t You Want to Buy a Dog?</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Company</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Riding Hall Galop</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cadet Band</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Mary Aileen</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Solo and Chorus</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Music</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Orchestra</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">2.</p>
+
+<table class="programme" summary="Programme">
+  <tr>
+    <td>Maltese Boat Song</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Quartette</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Galop (Dgagdfnp)</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cadet Band</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Now I Lay Me Down to Sleep</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Solo and Chorus</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Flirtation Waltz</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Cadet Band</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Die Wacht am Rhein</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Company</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Jim Jam Chorus</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Company</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_142"></a>[142]</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+
+<p class="center">ARTICLES OF WAR.</p>
+
+<p>ARTICLE I.—The managers wish it to be distinctly understood
+that they have original jurisdiction over all cases of
+loud and unseemly noise, shouting and crying out “Supe,”
+“Boots,” “Carry him out” and the like; and appellate jurisdiction
+over all violations of these Articles of Confederation, including
+the use of peanuts, taffy, pop-corn or other raging
+strong drink.</p>
+
+<p>ART. II.—In case of fire, to prevent unnecessary disturbance,
+the audience will be formed in two ranks endwise, the
+right wing resting on the Chapel steps, the left on the Declaration
+of Independence, bayonets fixed and trimmings to be worn
+on the outside of the mess hall. Should the danger be imminent
+a small detail, made by the Superintendent on recommendation
+of the academic board, will be allowed to visit the
+trunk rooms for the purpose of obtaining their white pants.</p>
+
+<p>AMENDMENT XIV.—Should any one of the audience feel
+hungry during the performance he will make out a statement
+of the fact, showing the color of his eyes and hair, when and
+where he was born, when and where enlisted, how long since
+he ate anything, and why he did not then eat enough to last.
+He will submit it to the Commandant of Cadets, who will, if
+convenient, forward it to the Superintendent. He will forward
+it to the Secretary of War, who will refer it to the Third
+Auditor of the Treasury to ascertain how much of the necessary
+appropriation remains unexpended. It will then be exposed
+to Brand’s sulphate of soda test to ascertain the effect
+of frost, after which it will be covered with several layers of
+beton, well rammed. At the end of ten hundred years, if it
+still yields to the pressure of the finger and remains soluble
+in hot rum toddy, the application will be disapproved. The
+applicant will meanwhile receive napkins, cane-bottomed
+chairs and plated castors to whet his appetite.</p>
+
+<p>PREAMBLE.—Should any member of the academic staff be
+so overcome by the refining nature of the performance as to
+feel a desire to sign the temperance pledge, he will find one in
+the cupboard of a little room in rear of the dining room of the
+officers’ mess.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_143"></a>[143]</span></p>
+
+<p>When a cadet expected to “cut a meal,” that is,
+not go to the Mess Hall for it, or when he wanted a
+lunch between meals, he would butter a breakfast
+roll or two pieces of bread, fold the lunch in
+his handkerchief and put it in the breast of his
+coat, and then throw his shoulders forward to hide
+it, so as not to be reported for carrying food from
+the Mess Hall. In winter I often carried a roll to
+my room and put it on the steam coil under the
+marble slab. The heat melted the butter and
+made a luscious evening lunch. Whenever a cadet
+had not provided a lunch for himself and he
+wished to attend a “fight” at Fort Clinton a classmate
+would bring him something from the Mess
+Hall.</p>
+
+<p>Once in a while some of the cadets would try
+their hands at cooking; they would get such articles
+of food from the Mess Hall as they could conceal
+about their clothes and other articles from
+the Dutch Woman’s, and after taps put a blanket
+up to cover the window, attach one end of a rubber
+tube to the gas jet and the other to a burner
+under a pot or pan, using candles for light. About
+the time the dainty dish, called “hash,” was ready
+the invited guests would arrive, and then such a
+feast. Once in a while an unexpected visitor in
+the form of a tactical officer would happen
+around, and then such scampering; the unlucky
+ones always paying dearly for the fun by walking
+“extras” on Saturday afternoons. There were two
+of my classmates who lived together, and one of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_144"></a>[144]</span>
+them was a famous cook, but they were both
+“found” in January, and the one who was not the
+cook told me that he himself would not have been
+found had he not had a cook for a room-mate.</p>
+
+<p>The paraphrase, by T⸺n of the class of 18—,
+gives a good account of “a cadet hash” and the results
+following it:</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse center">A CADET HASH—(With Apologies to “The Raven.”)</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Once upon a morning dreary,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Whilst I pondered sad and weary,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Over the remains of cooking</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And the grease upon the floor,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Suddenly there came a tapping,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">As of Kent or Piper rapping,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Rapping at my chamber door;</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Only this and nothing more.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">What I said I will not mention</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">When I heard the “stand attention”</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Coming from my chamber door.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Up I jumped nor word did utter,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">As with many a snuff and splutter,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Came the giant form of Henry</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Gazing at my greasy floor;</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Only this and nothing more.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">And behind him came a creature,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Human as to form and feature,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Whom I recognized as Jakey,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Gazing, too, upon my floor.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">When I heard this creature vicious</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Putting on a smile malicious,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Mutter, “You’ve been having cooking,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">That is what has greased your floor.”</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Only this and nothing more.</div><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_145"></a>[145]</span>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">“Yes,” said Henry, “I can smell it,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">’Tis so plain that one can tell it,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Tell the odor of the cooking,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And the grease upon the floor.”</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Thus his spirit burned within him,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And he said to Jacob, “Skin him,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Skin him for the smell of cooking</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And for grease upon the floor.”</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">“Yes,” said Jakey, and something more.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Then he said, with look aggressive,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And with twist of head expressive,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">“Put him on as orderly.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Orderly for one week more!”</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">“Yes,” said Jacob, “I will do it;</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">This young man shall surely rue it,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Rue the night that he had cooking,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Rue the time he greased his floor,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">He shall serve for one week more.”</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Then they left me in my sadness,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Musing o’er the deed of madness,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Thinking of the smell of cooking</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And of grease upon my floor.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">All that night was turned to mourning,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Visions stern of “extras” dawning,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">On my tearful, blinded vision,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Caused me pain evermore.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">This is all—there’s nothing more.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Among the plebes reporting last June there was
+a colored youth, and he was the first colored appointee.
+He passed the preliminary examinations
+and was duly admitted. Without any concert of
+action we each and every one let the colored plebe
+alone. We never spoke to him except officially.
+He had a tent or a room all by himself, and he
+never had cause to complain of being deviled.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_146"></a>[146]</span>
+However, one day he did complain, and said he
+had been tied and had had his ears cut; a great cry
+was raised against the hazing at West Point. The
+case was investigated, but he had no charges to
+make against any particular person, and as his
+injuries were of a certain kind the cadets were of
+the opinion that he had inflicted them upon himself.
+The army surgeons gave it as their opinion
+that any one could tie and injure himself as this
+colored youth had been tied and injured. This lad
+was neither black nor was he a mulatto; his face
+and hands were light, with dark spots on them,
+and these spots were darker on some occasions
+than others, which caused us to watch him closely.
+We discovered that just before a rain the spots in
+his cheeks were darker than at any other time, so
+we spoke of him as the “Walking Barometer.” Like
+many a better man, he was found deficient in a
+year or two and discharged. Had he been a white
+man I do not believe that he would ever have been
+admitted to West Point, because, as cadets, we
+thought him very dull and stupid.</p>
+
+<p>There were some young ladies living at Cold
+Springs, who often visited the Point, and they repeatedly
+invited certain of the cadets to call on
+them some evening after “Taps.” Upon promise
+of a good supper and music some of us agreed to
+“run it” over there on the next Saturday night,
+provided, of course, that the tactical officers made
+their night inspections in time for us to catch the
+last ferryboat at 11 p. m. It so happened that the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_147"></a>[147]</span>
+tactical officers all made early inspections on a
+particular Saturday night, and soon after they had
+gone we went to the rooms of certain candidates,
+who had not gotten their uniforms and whose
+suits of civilian clothes we decided to wear, unbeknown
+to them, of course. We found them asleep,
+took off our cadet gray and donned the candidates’
+citizen clothes. By “hustling” we were just in
+time for the ferry, but as we were going down hill
+past the Seacoast Battery we met Professor
+C⸺h and some other officers, who had just arrived
+on the ferry, and as luck went L⸺n, from
+force of habit, saluted the officers. Our courage
+almost failed us then, but on we went. After
+reaching the boat landing we hesitated about
+crossing the Hudson for fear that, after having
+been seen, another inspection of quarters would be
+made that night, and if it were made we were sure
+of being reported absent, and this meant, as we
+could not make explanation that we were on cadet
+limits at the time, that we would have to stand
+“trial by court-martial,” and if any witnesses were
+found to prove us off limits we were certain to be
+dismissed. Notwithstanding all this, we went, and
+reached the house where all the young ladies had
+agreed to be at about midnight. We were not expected,
+but the young ladies were up and said that
+they did not dream of our taking the chances we
+did of being dismissed. As we were not expected,
+there was no supper for us. One of the ladies
+played the piano for a little while, and then quit<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_148"></a>[148]</span>
+because it was Sunday morning. Seeing that our
+trip was a disappointment we left the house and
+started on our return to barracks. The boatman
+was not where he told us to call for him, and we
+did not find him till about 4 a. m. In the meantime
+we became thoroughly chilled, and we ran
+across several men who might become witnesses,
+thus increasing our chances of being caught.
+Again it was fast approaching reveille, we would
+be absent from roll call, and what would the candidates
+whose clothes we had on do? Then there
+were our clothes with our names in them in the
+candidates’ rooms to be used as evidence against
+us. Oh, what a pleasant time we had that night!
+At last we landed at the same dock that I had first
+landed at, but I was not then in a humor to appreciate
+the scenery. We agreed after we
+changed clothes again with the candidates and had
+gone to our own rooms to see whether or not we
+had been “hived absent” to meet at the sink. It
+was not long till we met there and found that we
+had not been caught absent, and that the candidates
+never knew we wore their clothes.</p>
+
+<p>We now began to talk of furlough, and as the
+time drew near we became the more anxious to
+see home folks again. Tailors visited the Point
+with samples of summer suitings, and the Commissary
+tailor also had samples to show. At last
+each yearling ordered the clothes he wanted to
+wear when he went on furlough as a swell second
+classman, and when the citizen suits were ready<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_149"></a>[149]</span>
+those who ordered at the Commissary could try
+them on, while the others had to wait for theirs until
+after the 1st of June. During the spring
+months we held several class meetings to decide
+upon a furlough cane, and at last we agreed upon
+one. It was a small malaca stick with an L-shaped
+ivory head, having the last two figures of
+the year we expected to graduate in cut into the
+free end of the L. Our folks when they saw us
+with the little canes called us dudes, and they
+were about right, too, but that was many years
+ago, when we were young and charming.</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse center">A FURLOUGH DREAM.<a id="FNanchor_49" href="#Footnote_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a></div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse center">Air:—Benny Havens, Oh!</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">A few more days and June will come,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">And with her rosy hand</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Will open wide the gate that leads</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Unto the promised land,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Where dwells the “Cit” in happy ease,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Without the least regard,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">While he doth have the entire earth</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Enclosed in his front yard.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">He has no fear of any “Tac”</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">When he off limits strays,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">No reveille disturbs his ear.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Oh, joyful are his days;</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">He has no fear of Mathy probs,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Or French to masticate;</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">No Spanish grip with outstretched arms</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Awaits to seal his fate.</div><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_150"></a>[150]</span>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">He has no bony nag to ride</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">In Grant’s or Custer’s style,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">No other animals to fight</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">That wear a goaty smile;</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And as the summer days roll by</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">The wily hammock holds</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">This happy, lazy, lounging “Cit”</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Within its sleepy folds.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Oh, haste the day when we shall share</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">In life’s sweet joys again;</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">No hearts on earth will lighter beat</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Than those of furloughmen.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">’Twill all seem like a happy dream,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">But, oh! how short and sweet,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">This oasis in our four years,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">When friends long parted meet.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">And then once more we will return</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">To West Point battle ground,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">To fight again for two years more,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">That is, if we’re not “found;”</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">So furloughmen just brace yourselves,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">And keep hopes’ fire ablaze,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">For we, too, shall be jolly “Cits”</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">In just a few more days.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/footer5.jpg" width="300" height="115" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_151"></a>[151]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;" id="illus9">
+<img src="images/illus9.jpg" width="450" height="700" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">CAMP BELKNAP.</p>
+
+<p class="caption">The Pleasure
+of your company
+is requested at the hops
+to be given by the
+Corps of Cadets every
+Monday Wednesday and
+Friday evening during
+the encampment</p>
+
+<p class="caption"><i>MANAGERS.</i></p>
+
+<ul class="smaller">
+<li>STANHOPE E BLUNT</li>
+<li>THOMAS C WOODBURY</li>
+<li>J W WILKINSON</li>
+<li>J LEW WILSON</li>
+<li>ALFRED REYNOLDS</li>
+<li>GEO T T PATTERSON</li>
+<li>ADDIS M HENRY</li>
+<li>HARRY C WYCANT</li>
+<li>CHARLES W ROWELL</li>
+<li>EDMUND K WEBSTER</li>
+<li>HENRY R LEMLY</li>
+<li>HARRY H LANDON</li>
+<li>LEVEN C ALLEN</li>
+<li>C E SCOTT WOOD</li>
+<li>WM L GEARY</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="caption">West Point</p>
+
+<p class="caption">21st June 1871.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_152"></a>[152]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_153"></a>[153]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_VII">CHAPTER VII.<br />
+<span class="smaller">THE FURLOUGHMAN.</span></h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>Another June rolled around, the Board of
+Visitors arrived, the customary salute was
+fired and the alumni meeting held. The
+examinations were completed, another class was
+graduated and a new one admitted to the
+corps. As usual, at the annual examinations
+some of the “found” were turned back to
+join the next class, while the other unfortunates
+left the Point to return no more as
+cadets. The fortunate graduates and the happy
+furloughmen, after drawing the “balances due”
+from the Treasurer of the Academy, donned their
+“cit” clothes and went on furlough; the graduates
+to assume the duties of Second Lieutenants in the
+army at the expiration of their “graduating leave”
+on the 30th of the following September, and the
+second classmen to return to the Point at the expiration
+of their “furlough” on the 28th of August.
+The amounts due varied according to the economy
+practiced by the cadets. Some had nothing due,
+while others received as much as two hundred dollars
+in addition to the “equipment fund.” Four
+dollars per month is retained from the pay of each<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_154"></a>[154]</span>
+cadet as his “equipment fund,” and it is given to
+him when he graduates or leaves the Academy
+never to return as a cadet.</p>
+
+<p>Mine was the furlough class this year, and when
+I reached home my mother made me open my
+trunk in the back yard, and she herself was present
+to see that I shook and aired everything I had,
+for the reason, she said, that, as there were no
+women to keep things clean about our barracks,
+she was sure that we had bedbugs there.</p>
+
+<p>I had not been at home long when an old Quaker
+called on me and said: “H⸺, I have been waiting
+for thee to come home. During the war I noticed
+that soldiers always stepped off with the left
+foot first, and now that thee has been to the Government’s
+Military School for two years, thee probably
+knows why.” I had to confess my ignorance
+on the subject then, and I must confess it now.</p>
+
+<p>One day I received an invitation to visit a battalion
+of State Militia in camp, and I was requested
+to take my uniform. I accepted the invitation,
+and wore it in camp. I was able to and did give
+instruction in many points of the tactics, which
+at that time were new to the militia, and at the
+same time I learned much at this camp that was
+new and useful to me. At the request of the commanding
+officer of the camp I acted as Adjutant
+at parades and guard-mounts. I got along all
+right after the first dress parade, where I took
+post on the wrong side of the commanding officer
+after having presented arms to him. However,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_155"></a>[155]</span>
+the militia of my state was not then as well
+posted on tactics<a id="FNanchor_50" href="#Footnote_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> as it is to-day; my blunder was
+not discovered.</p>
+
+<p>During furlough some of my classmates visited
+me, and I visited some of them, and we had a jolly
+good time of course, for all college men enjoy their
+vacations. While students of other colleges usually
+have several months’ vacation every year, West
+Point cadets have but one vacation in their four
+years. With many pleasures and not a care the
+summer soon passed, and as usual most of the
+furloughmen met in New York to return together
+from there.</p>
+
+<p>A warm welcome awaited us in “Camp Belknap,”
+that being the name of the camp at the
+Point this year. Mustaches and side whiskers that
+we had grown during the summer all had to come
+off before we reported our return to the Adjutant.
+We soon shaved, visited the trunk rooms,
+donned our uniforms and reported for duty. After
+a gay time on the “color line” that evening we
+turned in with the first classmen, who had long
+been our friends, although they were once the
+yearlings who had deviled us in our plebe camp;
+so quickly is the deviling forgiven and yet never
+forgotten. The next day we “broke camp” and
+returned to barracks, this time to begin on the
+hardest studies<a id="FNanchor_51" href="#Footnote_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a> of the four years. It did not take
+us long to get down to hard study and drill again<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_156"></a>[156]</span>
+and to become interested once more in the few
+things that afford pleasure to cadets during the
+Academic year.</p>
+
+<p>After arriving at the Point and before reporting
+the return from furlough, it has long been a custom
+to have a class picture taken upon the chapel
+steps, and when sitting for this picture furloughmen
+generally look as “tough” as possible, as may
+be seen from the picture of the group of furloughmen.</p>
+
+<p>When marching to and from meals, long before
+I myself became a second classman, I observed
+four members of the then second class who
+did not march with the battalion, but who strolled
+leisurely to and from the Mess Hall. My first
+thought was that they had been excused by the
+Post Surgeon from marching to and from meals,
+but upon inquiry I learned that these four were
+“Company Clerks,” and that they were detailed on
+special duty upon the recommendations of the first
+sergeants. Hence I promptly secured the promise
+of D⸺t that if he obtained the first sergeancy
+of C Company I should be the company clerk. He
+was made the first sergeant and kept his promise
+to me, and for more than a year I made out the
+muster rolls and guard details of C Company.
+From that day I have not walked post as a sentinel;
+the first year because I was company clerk,
+and the next year because first classmen do not
+do guard duty after the plebes begin to go on
+guard. Neither did I march to and from meals<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_157"></a>[157]</span>
+any more; the first year because I was company
+clerk and the next because I was one of twelve
+first classmen who, at that time, took their meals
+at a private house in Professor’s Row.</p>
+
+<p>Professor K⸺k was an old bachelor, but he
+kept open house on Saturday afternoons, and it
+was a great pleasure to him to welcome cadet callers.
+He always treated them to waffles and
+maple syrup or to something else equally as delicious
+and not found on the Mess Hall bill of fare.</p>
+
+<p>In my day the gas tips in cadet rooms did not
+give a very good light, so some of the cadets bought
+better tips and when caught using them they were
+of course reported for tampering with public property.
+G⸺r, of my class, had an “Argand burner,”
+and at first he was very careful to take it off
+for inspection of quarters, but one evening he was
+caught unawares and reported. For this serious
+offense he was confined to “light prison” for several
+months. Light prisons at that time were
+rooms in the angle of barracks, and they were off
+limits for cadets not there in confinement. The
+cadet officer of the day carried the prison keys,
+and at certain hours, such as for recitations and
+drills, he would let out the prisoners. G⸺r got
+so tired of being alone that he removed a panel
+of his prison door and then often went visiting
+after taps. But he got out through the panel once
+too often, for he was caught and then his prison
+door was barred and his stay in prison lengthened
+many weeks.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_158"></a>[158]</span></p>
+
+<p>One day when Captain B⸺s had my cavalry
+platoon out for a long ride in the country, just
+before passing an orchard filled with luscious ripe
+apples, the Captain rode from the head to the rear
+of the column and said to the rear guide: “Mr.
+H⸺s, don’t let anyone go into that orchard,”
+and then returned to the head of the column.
+H⸺s saw to it that none of us “fell out” of ranks,
+but he himself treated to apples from that orchard.</p>
+
+<p>Cadets are taught the use of the pencil, pen and
+brush, the latter in water colors only. In this
+work we painted from models of landscapes, figures,
+ships, etc., and, as may be expected, some
+cadets were more skillful than others. Those near
+the foot of the class in drawing had hard work to
+keep from being found deficient in it. To get better
+results in water color work the professor occasionally
+directed a cadet to wash out a part of his
+drawing and begin that part over again. In looking
+at Cadet G⸺e’s work one day, Professor
+W⸺r directed him to wash out the “hull” of the
+ship he was at work on. After a while the professor
+returned and began to scold, when G⸺e
+“innocently” said: “Why, professor, you told me
+to wash out the ‘whole’ of it.” The topographical
+sketch of the most interesting part of West Point
+given on another page is a reproduction of a specimen
+of cadet pen and ink work.</p>
+
+<p>We were kept so busy during this year that the
+time passed rapidly, notwithstanding many privileges
+that we had enjoyed were taken away from<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_159"></a>[159]</span>
+us. For instance, this year we were not allowed
+to go on Christmas leave, nor to receive Christmas
+boxes, nor to give an entertainment on New Year’s
+Eve. The fact is a new superintendent had taken
+charge of affairs and it did not take us long to find
+it out. Still we soon became accustomed to the
+new order of things and all went well.</p>
+
+<p>As I have said, cadets wore old shoes to reveille,
+and the accompanying verses express the kindly
+feelings they have for them:</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse center">MY OLD REVEILLES.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">You may talk of your gaiters as much as you please,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Their beauty, their elegance, comfort and ease;</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">But of all the shoes that e’er shoemaker made,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Not a word that is better of them can be said</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Than Cadets will say and they’ll not say it to please,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">But for pure, honest love of their old Reveilles.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Long ages ago, they have seen their best day;</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Tho’ rusty and holey, I’ll not throw them away,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">But fondly will cherish tho’ the uppers wear out,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">And the soles are all ready to sail up the spout,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">For there’s no shoes in the world possess so much ease</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">For my poor tired feet as my old Reveilles.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">The worldly may scoff and at sight of them sneer,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">But I’ll cling to them yet for old memories dear;</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">They covered my feet when a Plebe in distress,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">And into my Yearling year helped me to press;</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">As long as winds whistle and waves roll o’er the seas</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Will I look with kind glance on my old Reveilles.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">At last when the policeman shall come in some day,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And gather the “rimnants” that I’ve thrown away,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">And bears the old rubbish to the heap down below,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Along with the rest in the dust and the snow,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">You’ll see them there lying, producers of ease</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Sad, lonely, neglected, my old Reveilles.</div><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_160"></a>[160]</span>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Others and newer may take their old place,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And with plenteous blacking shine smiles in my face,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">My feet will look smaller and better perhaps,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">But in the sweet slumbers that come after Taps,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Foremost and fairest of all visions that please,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Will be happy remembrances of my old Reveilles.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Let them go while a tear drop in memory flows</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Gently down from my eye-lid and rests on my nose,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">But little they’ll reck of my sorrow or pain,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Nor of my longing to get them again.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">While over their resting-place cold winds scatter leaves</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Where they peacefully sleep—Farewell, Reveilles!</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Artillery drills come in each year of the four.
+The first year the drill is on foot at the light battery;
+the next year with horses at the light battery;
+the third year on foot at the siege, mortar
+and sea-coast batteries, and the last year first
+classmen act as assistants to the instructors.
+Light battery drill with horses is one that all
+cadets thoroughly enjoy. There are six pieces
+(each with its caisson) in the battery, and there is
+great rivalry between the cadets and drivers at
+each piece, especially in executing some maneuver
+that ends with firing.</p>
+
+<p>In my day the target for mortar drill was a barrel
+on a post, placed at the foot of Cro’ Nest, 1,000
+yards or more from the mortar battery, near
+“Trophy Point.” One day I was “gunner” of a
+piece and was fortunate enough to knock the barrel
+from its post, a feat rarely accomplished, as
+it is very difficult to strike a small object with a
+mortar.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_161"></a>[161]</span></p>
+
+<p>One of the guns of the sea-coast battery was a
+very large one, the diameter of the bore being
+twenty inches. One day at drill at this battery,
+while at “rest,” one of the cadets, who was a little
+fellow, crawled into the bore of this big gun. After
+getting in a certain distance the more he tried to
+get out the farther in he went, hence he had to
+be pulled out by the heels. The instructor, appreciating
+the situation, threatened to report him
+for being off limits.</p>
+
+<p>Cadets are taught photography, and on pleasant
+May days second classmen can often be seen with
+cameras taking views of the different buildings
+and of the many pretty sights about the Point.</p>
+
+<p>One pleasant afternoon in May a classmate and
+I were walking along Professor’s Row, near the
+north gate, and we saw three pretty young ladies,
+daughters of Professor W⸺r, sitting on their
+porch, so we stopped for a chat. The ladies said
+that they would play the piano and sing for us if
+we would go in the house. My friend declined the
+invitation, because he was too near found on demerits
+to risk being caught off cadet limits, and
+we did not have a permit. Up to that time I had
+had but few demerits and had been lucky in never
+having been caught off limits, so I decided to accept
+the invitation. When there was no officer in
+sight I went in, and passed a merry hour with the
+young ladies. But when I came out an officer saw
+me, and reported me for being off cadet limits. I
+wrote an explanation, stating where I was at the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_162"></a>[162]</span>
+time, and that was all. “Off Limits” is a serious
+offense, especially in an old cadet, and besides receiving
+five or six demerits, I was given six “extras”
+officially designated as “Saturday afternoon punishments.”
+This I did not relish at all, especially
+as I had never had any before, but I learned to my
+sorrow what an extra meant, and I had ample time
+to ponder over the gravity of my offense as I paced
+to and fro, across the area of barracks, carrying
+my rifle “just so,” from 2 p. m. till ten minutes before
+dress parade at sunset. I never till then fully
+realized the length of the days in May and June.
+When it came time to go to camp again I had
+walked only four of the six extras, and as there
+are no “extras” in camp, for the remaining two
+I was given two weeks “confinement,” i. e., I had
+to be in my tent all the time for the first two weeks
+in my first class camp, except, of course, when absent
+from it on duty or by special permission.</p>
+
+<p>Just before this Academic year closed my class
+selected its quota of managers for the coming
+summer hops, and also all of the managers for the
+hop that my class gave to the graduating class.
+The invitations and programs for these dances
+were sent to friends, and they began to arrive with
+the Board of Visitors and old graduates who came
+to attend the Alumni meeting and dinner in the
+bachelor officers’ part of the Mess Hall.</p>
+
+<p>Cullum Memorial Hall is now used for all hops
+and the alumni meetings are usually held in it,
+and luncheon is served afterwards from the
+Officers’ Mess, next door.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_163"></a>[163]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;" id="illus10">
+<img src="images/illus10.jpg" width="500" height="700" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">TO CLASS OF ’72 FROM ’73.</p>
+
+<p class="caption">THE PLEASURE OF YOUR
+COMPANY IS REQUESTED AT
+A HOP TO BE GIVEN TO THE
+<span class="smcap">Graduating Class</span>
+on June 14th.</p>
+
+<p class="caption"><i>Managers</i></p>
+
+<ul class="smaller">
+<li>G. F. HARRISON.</li>
+<li>E. W. CASEY.</li>
+<li>E. S. BEACOM.</li>
+<li>J. E. BLOOM.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="caption">West Point, N.Y.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_164"></a>[164]</span></p>
+
+<p>The new buildings now completed or far enough
+along to be used are the bachelor officers’ quarters,
+across the road east and a little south of old
+Fort Clinton; Cullum Memorial Hall, a gift accepted
+by Congress, a little further south; the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_165"></a>[165]</span>
+officers’ mess, still further south; the Administration
+Building, across the road east of and
+facing the cadet mess hall; the power plant, a
+little further east; the cadet hospital, a little
+north of the old one that is now used for married
+officers’ quarters; the Academic, on the site
+of, but much larger than the old one; the North
+Cadet Barracks, in Professors’ Bow, and a little
+north of the old, now called the South Cadet Barracks,
+to which some years ago two divisions were
+added to the east end of its west wing; a second
+guard house, in rear, i. e., west of the North Cadet
+Barracks; a Catholic church, built, with permission
+of Congress, by Catholics, on high
+ground some distance west of the old north gate
+that was removed years ago; many married officers’
+quarters, some northwesterly of the old
+north gate and some south of the old south gate,
+that was also removed years ago—these quarters
+are built facing the river in two tiers; the artillery
+and cavalry barracks and stables are upon
+two sides of a new artillery and cavalry plain
+that adjoins the village of Highland Falls; the
+Observatory, on the Hill, now called Observatory
+Hill, near old Fort Putnam; lastly, the Cadet
+Chapel, a beautiful cathedral-like building on<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_166"></a>[166]</span>
+Observatory Hill, crowns the group of handsome
+buildings. The reservoir on the west slope of
+Observatory Hill has been enlarged and a filter
+plant added to it.</p>
+
+<p>The new gymnasium and riding hall are now
+well under way. The gymnasium is west and a
+little north of the west wing of the north cadet
+barracks; the roof of the old (and but a few
+years ago the new) gymnasium has been taken
+to cover the swimming pool part of this large
+new building. The riding hall nearly fills the
+space between the officers’ mess on the north and
+the power plant on the south; in fact, the riding
+hall and power plant will join, and on the south-east
+corner of this building there will be a tower
+to correspond with that of the Administration
+Building.</p>
+
+<p>The following buildings will soon be razed to
+the ground, to-wit: the old Cadet Chapel (to be
+rebuilt in the cadet cemetery); the old, and but
+a few years ago the new Administration Building,
+from a little south of the old chapel; the old power
+plant, from the area of the old cadet barracks;
+the old, and but a few years ago the new, cadet
+sink or water closet building, from the area of the
+old cadet barracks; the old gymnasium, from a
+little west of the angle of the South Cadet Barracks;
+the old riding hall, that is now nearly surrounded
+by the walls of the new one; and the officers’
+quarters in front of the new gymnasium,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_167"></a>[167]</span>
+as the latter stands well back of but fronts east on
+Professors’ Row.</p>
+
+<p>While the Military Academy was the first educational
+institution in this country to recognize
+(in 1817) the value of a uniform system of physical
+training it was not till 1890 that the Academic
+Board allowed cadet teams to play against
+teams of other institutions. The first contest being
+a baseball game with an Annapolis midshipmen
+team, then came other contests with teams
+from other colleges. Now contests are held annually—and
+since 1908 under official control—with
+outside teams in baseball, football, fencing, basketball
+and hockey. The present system of indoor
+gymnastics dates from 1882 and track work, tennis,
+golf, polo and wrestling are indulged in.
+Most of the contests are held at West Point—many
+of them being played on the beautiful green
+infantry parade ground—and seats arranged in
+tiers like the bleechers at professional ball games
+are put up in sections on the plain to accommodate
+the thousands of spectators that now witness
+these contests. There being no admission fee
+the seats are assigned by tickets to the cadets and
+their friends, and to officers and friends of the
+Academy who voluntarily contribute to the financial
+support of cadet athletics.</p>
+
+<p>Certain cadets who excel in athletics, i. e., those
+who have actually played on an Academy (first)
+team for a year are entitled to wear a large A,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_168"></a>[168]</span>
+(the initial of Army) on the sweater, jersey, jacket,
+cap or other article of athletic uniform, subject
+to the following:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+
+<p>1st. In football they must play in two-thirds of
+all games played with outside teams or in a Navy
+game.</p>
+
+<p>2d. In baseball they must play in two-thirds of
+all games played with outside teams or in a Navy
+game.</p>
+
+<p>3d. In fencing they must participate in three-fifths
+of all contests fenced with outside teams, or
+in the Intercollegiate contest.</p>
+
+<p>4th. Any cadet who at an Outdoor Meet breaks
+an Academy record.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>To keep pace with other colleges cadets now
+have “colors” and “yells.”</p>
+
+<p>For the Class of 1909 the color is gold, and the
+yell is—</p>
+
+<p class="center">SISS! BOOM! AH!<br />
+U. S. M. A.! RAH! RAH! U. S. M. A.! RAH! RAH!<br />
+HOO RAH! HOO RAH!<br />
+NAUGHTY-NINE!<br />
+RAH!</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_169"></a>[169]</span></p>
+
+<p>For the Class of 1910 the color is royal purple,
+and the yell is—</p>
+
+<p class="center">R-A-Y! RAH! RAH!<br />
+R-A-Y! RAH! RAH!<br />
+U. S. M. A.<br />
+NINETEEN TEN!</p>
+
+<p>For the Class of 1911 the color is Maroon, and
+the yell is—</p>
+
+<p class="center">HOO-RAH-RAH! HOO-RAH-RAH!<br />
+HOO-RAH! HOO-RAY! U. S. M. A.<br />
+1911! 1911! 1911!</p>
+
+<p>For the Class of 1912 the color is royal-blue,
+and the yell is—</p>
+
+<p class="center">U. S. M. A.!<br />
+U. S. M. A.!<br />
+U. S. M. A.!<br />
+1912! RAY!</p>
+
+<p>While the Corps colors are gray, black and gold,
+and the Corps yell is—</p>
+
+<p class="center">Rah, Rah, Ray,<br />
+Rah, Rah, Ray,<br />
+West Point<br />
+West Point<br />
+AR-MAY!<br />
+Rah, Rah, Ray.<br />
+Rah, Rah, Rah, Rah, Rah, Rah, Rah!<br />
+West Point,<br />
+West Point,<br />
+West Point!</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_170"></a>[170]</span></p>
+
+<p>And for the Charge yell—</p>
+
+<p class="center">Rah, Rah, Rah, Rah!<br />
+Ki-yi, Ki-yi, Ki-yi Ki-yi,<br />
+Ki-yi, Ki-yi, Ki-yi,<br />
+Wow, Wow, Wow.<br />
+Ki-yi, Ki-yi, Ki-yi,<br />
+Wow, Wow, Wow.<br />
+CHARGE!</p>
+
+<p>Each class elects one or more “Cheer Leaders,”
+but a first class Cheer Leader leads the Corps in
+Corps yells.</p>
+
+<p>In contests with outside teams the West Point
+team is called the “Army Team” and the Annapolis
+team is called the “Navy Team.”</p>
+
+<p>Imagine the feelings of one who graduated at
+the Academy prior to 1890 listening to cadet yells
+and to such songs (copied from the 1909 Howitzer)
+as the following that are now sung by the
+Corps in the presence of the Academic Board
+and other officers, to wit:</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse center"><i>Air</i>: “Tipperary.”</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">When you see that old veteran Army Team</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Come bounding over the ropes,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And settle right down to a winning game</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">That breaks the Navy’s hopes,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">It makes every genuine soldier’s heart</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Fill up with joy and pride.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">That he’s of the metal that makes the team,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">And that he roots on the Army side.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Throughout this country far and wide,</div><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_171"></a>[171]</span>
+    <div class="verse indent2">And islands far away,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Each heart in blue beats hard and beats true</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">For the Army.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse center">Chorus.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Army, Army, you’re a wonder;</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">You will snow the Middies under.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Win this game without a blunder, for</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">You’ve got to win, you’ve got to win,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And <i>down</i> that Navy, <i>down</i> that Navy;</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">It’s for the honor of the Army.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse center"><i>Air</i>: “Women.”</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">For this season, the old Army Mule</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Has adopted the same sporting rule,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Which he holds as inherited right;</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And that rule is “fight, fight, fight.”</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">So the Tiger of Princeton must fall,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And the Yale Bulldog taste bitter gall;</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">While the beaten Navy Goat</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Must leave land and board a boat,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">To be safe on his sea of tears.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse center"><i>Air</i>: “O’Reilly.”</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent6">The Army, The Army,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent6">The Army’s a team that’s sure stormy,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">So beat it, you sailor lads, run ’fore the wind,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent6">When our men first blew in here</div>
+    <div class="verse indent6">Your team was skinned.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent6">Poor Navy, dear Navy,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent6">Not even your anchors can save ye,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Your flukes have all stuck, but your line gave way</div>
+    <div class="verse indent6">In this terrible cyclone, the Army.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_172"></a>[172]</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+
+<p class="center">“FIGHT! FIGHT! FIGHT!”</p>
+
+<p>At the Army-Navy football game, in November, 1908, on
+Franklin Field, Philadelphia, Pa., during a moment of suspense
+between cheers, some one started the refrain—Fight! Fight! Fight!
+Spreading instantaneously through the (West Point) Corps, it
+was promptly adopted as the Army’s watchword, and throughout
+the remainder of the game the stands throbbed with the stirring
+slogan:</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Tense is the strain in the stands to-day,—</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Six to four, and the army leads!</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And, charging in vain ’gainst the line of gray,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">The shattered Navy attack recedes.—</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">For the thought that nerves every Army’s son</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Is not the renown of an athlete’s might,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">But the call of the Corps, that swells in one</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Reverberant chorus, Fight! Fight! Fight!</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">The bed of the thicket is stained with red,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">So fierce was the Moro ambuscade:</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Half the men down, and the captain dead,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">And each tree shelters a rebel blade.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">But the boy, with never a blush of fear,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Forms the shattered ranks, drives the foe in flight.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">For the Corps from afar still speaks to him clear,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">And the word that he hears is Fight! Fight! Fight!</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">This is the message that evermore,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">While endlessly stretches the firm gray line,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Each son hears whispered anew by the Corps,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">“Your life no longer is wholly thine.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Your utmost strength and your fullest meed</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Of service is pledged as the Nation’s right</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And all through life’s battle, this be your creed</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">And watchword forever—Fight! Fight! Fight!”</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>While most of the contests in which a cadet
+(i. e., the army) team takes part are played at
+West Point, some of them are played on other
+grounds—notably the annual football game with
+the Annapolis (i. e., the Navy) team—it is played
+on Franklin Field at Philadelphia, Penn., and it
+is an event of the year for Washington officials
+and society folks from near and from far.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_173"></a>[173]</span></p>
+
+<h3>THE WEST POINT HYMN.</h3>
+
+<p>[Written by the Reverend Herbert Shipman, a former chaplain
+at West Point, and sung by the cadets at the dedication of their
+new chapel, June 12, 1910.]</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse center">THE CORPS! THE CORPS! THE CORPS!</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">The Corps! bare-headed, salute it,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">With eyes up, thanking our God—</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">That we of the Corps are treading</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Where they of the Corps have trod.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">They are here in ghostly assemblage,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">The men of the Corps long dead,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And our hearts are standing attention</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">While we wait for their passing tread.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">We sons of to-day, we salute you,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">You, sons of an earlier day,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">We follow, close order, behind you,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Where you have pointed the way;</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">The long gray line of us stretches</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Thro’ the years of a century told,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And the last man feels to his marrow</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">The grip of your far-off hold.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Grip hands with us now though we see not,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Grip hands with us, strengthen our hearts—</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">As the long line stiffens and straightens</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">With the thrill that your presence imparts.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Grip hands, tho’ it be from the shadows,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">While we swear, as you did of yore,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Or living, or dying to honor</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">The Corps, and the Corps, and the Corps.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>A few years ago the first class was given permission
+to have a club and the First Classmen’s
+Club was duly organized. At first the club had
+a room on the ground floor in the Academic Building,
+but now it has fine quarters on the second
+floor in the new North Cadet Barracks where,
+when it does not interfere with duty, members
+may go at any time between 7:15 a. m. and 9:30
+p. m. and until recall from the hop on cadet hop
+nights. The club provides, at its own expense,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_174"></a>[174]</span>
+such periodicals, newspapers, chess, checkers,
+etc., as may be approved by the superintendent.
+Refreshments of all kinds, gambling, cigarette
+smoking, and deliberations or discussions having
+the object of conveying praise or censure or any
+mark of approbation or disapprobation toward
+any one in the military service, are prohibited.
+On the week-day immediately preceding the graduation
+exercises, the club gives a reception to the
+members of the second class to introduce them
+to the privileges they may soon enjoy.</p>
+
+<p>The transformation that of late has been
+wrought in the architectural setting of West
+Point, the changes made in the method of teaching
+and in the disciplinary ideals, and the greater
+privileges granted to cadets all tend to bring the
+Military Academy closer to other educational institutions
+of the country.</p>
+
+<p>As a school year closes there is much interest
+taken in the changes soon to be announced in
+orders.</p>
+
+<p>Cadet rank is indicated by chevrons,<a id="FNanchor_52" href="#Footnote_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> as follows:</p>
+
+<p>For a Captain,<a id="FNanchor_53" href="#Footnote_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> 4 bars.</p>
+
+<p>For the Adjutant,<a href="#Footnote_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> 3 bars and an arc of 3 bars.</p>
+
+<p>For the Quartermaster,<a href="#Footnote_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> 3 bars and a tie of 3
+bars.</p>
+
+<p>For a Lieutenant,<a href="#Footnote_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> 3 bars.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_175"></a>[175]</span></p>
+
+<p>For the Sergeant-Major,<a id="FNanchor_54" href="#Footnote_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> 2 bars and an arc of
+2 bars.</p>
+
+<p>For the Quartermaster-Sergeant,<a href="#Footnote_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> 2 bars and
+a tie of 2 bars.</p>
+
+<p>For a First Sergeant,<a href="#Footnote_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> 2 bars and a lozenge.</p>
+
+<p>For a Company Quartermaster-Sergeant,<a href="#Footnote_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> 2
+bars and a tie of 1 bar.</p>
+
+<p>For a Sergeant,<a href="#Footnote_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> 2 bars.</p>
+
+<p>For a Corporal,<a id="FNanchor_55" href="#Footnote_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> 2 bars.</p>
+
+<p>Commissions are
+not given to the
+cadet officers, i. e.,
+the captains and
+lieutenants, and
+warrants are not
+given to cadet non-commissioned
+officers,
+i. e., the sergeants
+and corporals.
+Two of the
+sergeants are designated
+as color
+sergeants, the one
+carries a United
+States flag called
+the colors, the
+other marching on
+his left carries the Corps banner.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 350px;" id="illus11">
+<img src="images/illus11.jpg" width="350" height="500" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">Cadet Captain’s Chevron</p>
+<p class="caption">(<i>Rear.</i>) (<i>Front.</i>)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Cadets now wear gilt service straps on their<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_176"></a>[176]</span>
+coat sleeves as follows, to wit: Third classmen,
+one stripe; second classmen, two stripes; first
+classmen, three stripes.</p>
+
+<h3>BUTTON.</h3>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 150px;" id="illus12">
+<img src="images/illus12.jpg" width="150" height="110" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>In June, 1893, the Association of Graduates
+adopted a miniature bell button to be worn by
+members in the upper buttonhole of civilian coats;
+the part nearest an observer is a gold plate with
+the year of graduation on it, next is a gray stone,
+then a gold band with the class motto on it, then
+a dark blue stone; the date plate being fastened by a shank to
+a circular metal base on the under side of which are the owner’s
+name and the letters U. S. M. A. In June, 1904, this button was
+substituted by another showing the West Point colors, gray,
+black and gold. In June, 1910, the bell button was re-adopted.</p>
+
+<h3>BADGE.</h3>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px;" id="illus13">
+<img src="images/illus13.jpg" width="250" height="500" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Badge of the “Association of Graduates
+of the United States Military
+Academy<a id="FNanchor_56" href="#Footnote_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a>,” adopted June 9, 1902.
+Composed of the Coat of Arms of the
+United States Military Academy and a
+bar pin made of bronze gilt, silver gilt
+or gold pierced by the Corps colors, a
+gray, black and gold ribbon. The date
+of graduation is put on the bar. Worn
+only by members of the association at
+graduate re-unions, graduate dinners,
+class dinners, etc.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_177"></a>[177]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;" id="illus14">
+<img src="images/illus14.jpg" width="450" height="700" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">CAMP THAYER</p>
+
+<p class="caption">THE PLEASURE
+OF YOUR COMPANY
+IS REQUESTED AT THE
+HOPS TO GIVEN BY THE
+CORPS OF CADETS EVERY
+MONDAY WEDNESDAY AND
+FRIDAY EVENING DURING
+THE ENCAMPMENT</p>
+
+<p class="caption"><i>MANAGERS</i></p>
+
+<ul class="smaller">
+<li>W. G. BIRNEY</li>
+<li>G. F. HARRISON</li>
+<li>A. S. CUMMINS</li>
+<li>E. D. HOYLE</li>
+<li>J. M. BALDWIN</li>
+<li>E. W. CASEY</li>
+<li>E. S. BEACOM</li>
+<li>H. C. LA POINT</li>
+<li>J. J. CRITTENDEN</li>
+<li>J. H. KING</li>
+<li>C. M. O’CONNOR</li>
+<li>J. E. BLOOM</li>
+<li>R. LONDON</li>
+<li>J. R. JEFFERSON</li>
+<li>H. W. ISBELL</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="caption"><i>West Point N.Y.</i></p>
+
+<p class="caption"><i>June 1872.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_178"></a>[178]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_179"></a>[179]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_VIII">CHAPTER VIII.<br />
+<span class="smaller">THE GRADUATE.</span></h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>After the June examinations were over we
+went into camp again at the usual place.
+This year it was named “Camp Thayer” in
+honor of a former superintendent of the Academy,
+and as first classmen have precedence over all
+other cadets, it was “our camp.” Among the young
+lady visitors were many who had been to the Point
+for several summers. They seemed like old friends
+and the pleasure of meeting again was mutual.
+The first thing of importance for us to do was to
+arrange for the celebration of the Fourth of July
+and for a special hop that evening. We elected
+officers to conduct the holiday exercises and to
+have charge of the special hop. It was not obligatory
+upon any one to attend those festivities, but as
+the weather was perfect and as there were no
+other inviting places to go, everybody who could
+be present attended the exercises held in the morning
+in the pretty little chapel,<a id="FNanchor_57" href="#Footnote_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> and in the evening
+some witnessed the handsome pyrotechnic display,
+while others attended the hop, and as usual the
+Mess Hall was beautifully decorated and used for
+the special hop.<a id="FNanchor_58" href="#Footnote_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_180"></a>[180]</span></p>
+
+<p>In my day, by special dispensation, twelve
+cadets of the first class were permitted to take
+meals at the Misses Thompson, who lived in General
+Washington’s old log Headquarter House,
+in Professor’s Row. These ladies were quite old
+when I knew them; the oldest of the three sisters
+died of old age shortly before I went there to board.
+It was not easy to get a seat at the Misses Thompson’s
+table, and when a cadet secured one without
+any conditions imposed he generally “willed it to
+his plebe.” And this is the way I obtained mine.
+My predecessor had a seat there and he willed it
+to me, but as I could not go there until I became a
+first classman certain members of the three classes
+ahead of me had the seat on condition that it
+should come to me when I became eligible. But
+this was not all, as may be seen from the following
+(old form) permit:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+
+<p class="right">West Point, New York, June 19, 1872.</p>
+
+<p>Cadet R⸺d, Private 2nd Class “C” Co., has permission to
+take his meals at the Misses Thompson (to have the seat last
+occupied by Cadet R⸺p), his name having been proposed
+and accepted.</p>
+
+<p class="right">J. F. S⸺h,<br />
+Com’d’g Co. “C.”</p>
+
+<p class="right">E. U⸺n,<br />
+Comdt. Cadets.</p>
+
+<p>Approved:</p>
+
+<p class="right">T. H. R⸺r,<br />
+Superintendent.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_181"></a>[181]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">JULY 4 1872<br />
+<br />
+<span class="larger">ANNIVERSARY</span><br />
+<br />
+OF THE<br />
+<br />
+Independence of the United States</p>
+
+<p class="center">CELEBRATION AND HOP BY<br />
+<br />
+THE CORPS OF CADETS<br />
+<br />
+TO WHICH<br />
+<br />
+The pleasure of your Company is respectfully requested.<br />
+Ceremonies in the Chapel to commence at<br />
+Ten A. M.</p>
+
+<table summary="officials">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="center">Marshall,<br />CADET COFFIN.</td>
+    <td class="center">Orator,<br />CADET TOTTEN.</td>
+    <td class="center">Reader,<br />CADET EATON.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td class="center">President,<br />CADET HOYLE.</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">Hop Commencing at Eight P. M.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Floor Managers:</p>
+
+<p class="center">CADET BIRNEY, CADET O’CONNOR, CADET LA POINT.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Pyrotechnic Display on the Cavalry Plain.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_182"></a>[182]</span></p>
+
+<p>The father of these old ladies rendered most
+valuable services to General Washington during
+the Revolutionary War, and as his family was left
+in humble circumstances they were permitted to
+live at the Point and board twelve cadets. We
+used to think that Miss Amelia was about ninety
+years old and that Miss Kate was seventy-five.
+Miss Kate for months talked of making a trip to
+New York, but finally Miss Amelia said: “Catharine
+could not go, as she was too young and giddy.”</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_183"></a>[183]</span></p>
+
+<p>There was an old saying at the Point in my day
+that “extras breed extras,” and I found it so in
+my case. While I was serving the two weeks confinement
+that were given me, in lieu of the last
+two of the six extras for “Off Limits,” an old boy
+friend from home visited the Point, and I got permission
+to be with him in rear of the guard tents
+for half an hour. We could not talk about everything
+we wanted to in half an hour, so I told him
+just how to run the gauntlet, that is, how to cross
+the sentinel’s post and get to my tent, which he did.
+At that particular time of day nearly all of my
+classmates were out of camp; some on permit
+visiting friends at the hotel, some boating and
+others anywhere fancy took them. I had the walls
+of my tent down, so that my friend could not be
+seen, for it was a violation of the regulations to
+have a citizen in the body of the camp. He and I
+were having a good time talking over boyhood
+days. R⸺s, a classmate, was officer of the day,
+and thinking that I was lonesome he came around
+to cheer me up, saying that my two weeks was
+nearly over, but, alas, he had no sooner opened my
+tent than he saw my friend, and as the officer of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_184"></a>[184]</span>
+the day is “on honor” to report all violations of
+the regulations that he sees, he had to report me
+for “Citizen in tent,” and to send my friend at once
+out of camp. I have never seen that friend since
+to tell him that I was given two weeks’ confinement
+for that violation of the regulations.</p>
+
+<p>C⸺s was a Cadet Captain, and one day when
+walking with a lady between the camp and the
+hotel, the lady raised her parasol, and C⸺s, to be
+polite, carried it for her. An officer saw him with
+the parasol and reported him. For this serious offense
+he was reduced to the ranks. It was not
+long afterward that the young lady saw him carrying
+a rifle and pacing to and fro on Post No. 2, but
+as he did not wish further punishment he did not
+speak to her as she crossed his post; he waited until
+he was relieved and then told her why.</p>
+
+<p>We spent some time out in Fort Clinton digging
+trenches and making fascines, gabions and a sap
+roller, thus imitating methods used in the attack
+and defense of a fortified place. We also spent
+some time in the laboratory making rockets, bombs
+and other articles used at times by the military
+in time of war. With the assistance of the plebes
+we constructed pontoon bridges some distance out
+into the Hudson.</p>
+
+<p>In my day we played base ball occasionally, but
+it was not a very popular game at the Point, not
+like football has been of recent years. Boating
+was allowed then, and the first, second and third
+classes each owned a number of row boats, and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_185"></a>[185]</span>
+during camp and in barracks on Saturday afternoons
+the boats were always in demand. But
+since 1875 boating has not been allowed.</p>
+
+<p>One evening, when I was officer of the guard, not
+long after taps, the sentinel on No. 1 challenged:
+“Who comes there?” and as I was awake and in
+the first guard tent, I heard the reply: “Friend
+with lemons,” and also the sentinel’s call, “Halt!
+Friend with lemons, Corporal of the Guard, Post
+No. 1.” As the reply was an unusual one I went
+out, and seeing a man in civilian dress, standing
+alone, I directed the Corporal to advance the friend
+with lemons. The man advanced and began to
+deliver lemons. He had lemons in every pocket,
+and he had a good many pockets, too. There were
+more lemons than the Corporal and I could carry
+(for there are no pockets in cadet uniforms), so I
+called other members of the guard to help us carry
+lemons. The gentleman proved to be an old army
+officer who had entered the army from private life
+and earned a Brigadier’s star during the war. He
+said he thought he would treat the guard that
+night, and that while I sent to the tank for a
+bucket of ice water he would go back to the hotel
+(not far from camp) for sugar. About the time
+two members of the guard returned with ice water
+No. 1 challenged again, and the answer this time
+was “Friend with sugar.” It did not take long to
+advance the friend with sugar and to disarm him,
+not only of sugar, but of a package of cakes, too.
+We were soon feasting, and it seemed to please the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_186"></a>[186]</span>
+General to see us enjoying his treat. He knew
+that we violated the regulations by admitting him
+to camp, but he promised not to report us. He
+then treated us to cigars, and he and I sat under
+the trees for an hour or two discussing topics of
+interest to cadets. In speaking of the hops I told
+the General how B⸺y, C⸺s and I had taken
+many lessons in dancing, and that we were too
+timid to venture on the floor at a hop, but that we
+had agreed with one another to attend our next
+hop, and to waltz or treat at the Dutch woman’s.
+The next evening was the time for the three to
+dance, and just as I was ready to start for the hall<a id="FNanchor_59" href="#Footnote_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a>
+the General called for me, and we went to the
+hop together. As we approached the Academic
+Building we observed that the hop room was well
+filled. We went to a corner of the room, and the
+General surprised me by presenting me to his wife,
+for he had talked as though he was alone at the
+Point. His good wife said that she had come to
+the hop in the hotel ’bus with other ladies. The
+music ceased and a classmate brought a very
+pretty young lady over near us, thanked her and
+said that she was the best dancer in the room.
+The General again surprised me by saying: “Mr.
+R⸺d, this is my daughter.” At that moment the
+orchestra struck up a waltz and the young lady
+said: “Come, Mr. R⸺d, this is our dance.” I
+protested that I did not waltz, but she put my
+arm around her waist, saying: “Papa has told
+me of your agreement to waltz to-night or to treat<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_187"></a>[187]</span>
+at the Dutch woman’s, so come on;” and I have
+waltzed ever since then. After I got started to
+waltz I found the hops very attractive places to
+be, and I was more than sorry that I had not met
+Miss S⸺r long before I did. It was a long way
+from the hotel to the hop-room, too far for young
+ladies who danced much to walk, so they generally
+rode, but the cadets could not ride with them, as
+it was “Off Limits” to get into a vehicle. There were
+always plenty of young ladies at the hops, and
+some of them traveled several miles to attend;
+some came from Highland Falls, some from Cold
+Springs and others from Garrison’s, besides those
+from the West Point Hotel. They may come from
+greater distances now that there is the West Shore
+Railroad to travel on.</p>
+
+<p>At one of the hops I met a New York lady. She
+was a good dancer and a good talker, too, but she
+was not very well posted on the history of our
+country. She asked me what state I was from, and
+when I replied “Indiana,” she said: “From way
+out there! You have plenty of buffalo and other
+wild animals there, don’t you?”</p>
+
+<p>There is something strange about the partiality
+young ladies manifest for the cadets. I have seen
+many an instance where a young lady would use
+all her power to be with a certain cadet, and at
+his graduating hop and afterward she would bestow
+her favors on some member of the next class;
+a cadet and an officer, although one and the same
+man, were different persons in her eyes. But the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_188"></a>[188]</span>
+young lady, to succeed, had to be very careful of
+her conduct toward the cadets in the next class
+that she wished to be friendly with after the first
+class graduated, because if she had ever been rude
+to them they would have nothing to do with her.</p>
+
+<p>Our summer hops began at 8 and closed at 11
+p. m., but we could stay later at the Fourth of July
+hop, the last summer one, and at the graduating
+hop in June. The following were the popular
+dances in my day:</p>
+
+<p>Waltz, Galop, Deux Temps, Trois Temps, Lanciers,
+Redowa, Polka, Polka-Redowa, Quadrille,
+Schottische and Medley.</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse center">AT THE HOP.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">“Yes, I’m here, I suppose you’re delighted,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">You’d heard I was not coming down?</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Why I’ve been here a week—rather early—</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">I know, but it’s horrid in town.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">At Boston? Most certainly, thank you,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">This music is perfectly sweet;</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Of course I like dancing in summer,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">It’s warm but I don’t mind the heat.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">The clumsy thing! Oh! how he hurt me!</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">I really can’t dance any more—</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Let’s walk—see they’re forming a Lanciers;</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">These square dances are such a bore,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">My cloak, oh! I really don’t need it,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Well carry it—so, in the folds,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">I hate it, but Ma made me bring it,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">She’s frightened to death about colds.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">This is rather cooler than dancing,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">They’re lovely piazzas up here;</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Those lanterns look sweet in the bushes,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">It’s lucky the night is so clear.</div><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_189"></a>[189]</span>
+    <div class="verse indent0">I am rather tired of this corner—</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Very well, if you like, I don’t care—</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">But you’ll have to sit on the railing—</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">You see there is only one chair.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">So long since you’ve seen me!—Oh! ages—</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Let’s see, why it’s ten days ago.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Seems years—Oh! of course—don’t look spooney,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">It isn’t becoming you know.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">How bright the stars seem to-night, don’t they?</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">What was it you said about eyes?</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">How sweet!—Why you must be a poet—</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">One never can tell till he tries.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Why can’t you be sensible, Harry?</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">I don’t like men’s arms on my chair,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Be still, if you don’t stop that nonsense</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">I’ll get up and leave you, so there!</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Oh! please don’t—I don’t want to hear it—</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">A boy like you, talking of love.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">My answer—Well, Sir, you shall have it—</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Just wait till I get off my glove.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">See that? Well you needn’t look tragic,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Its only a solitaire ring—</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Of course, I am proud of it, very—</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">It’s rather an elegant thing.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Engaged!—yes—why, didn’t you know it?</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">I thought the news must have reached here,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Why, the wedding will be in October,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">The happy man? Charley LeClear.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Why don’t blame me—I tried to stop you,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">But you would go on like a goose.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">I’m sorry it happened—forget it—</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Don’t think of it—don’t—What’s the use?</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">There’s somebody coming—don’t look so—</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Get up on the railing again—</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Can’t you seem as if nothing had happened?</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">I never saw such geese as men.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Ah! Charley, you’ve found me! a galop?</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">The ‘Bahn frei’? Yes, take my bouquet,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And my fan if you will, now I’m ready—</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">You’ll excuse me, of course, Mr. Gray.”</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_190"></a>[190]</span></p>
+<p>One day I received a letter from home, saying
+that my father, mother and sister were coming
+east and would pay me a visit. I wrote at once
+and said that I would be delighted to see them
+any time after the fifteenth of July, but not before
+then, as I would be too busy to see much of
+them. The fact was I would not get out of confinement
+before the fifteenth of July, but I did not
+tell them. They came the latter part of July, and
+we were delighted to be together several hours
+every day during the visit. They were charmed
+with the beauty of the place, and my mother said
+when I returned home next year that I need not
+take my trunk in the back yard again to open it,
+for now that she had seen what a sweet and clean
+place West Point was she was satisfied there were
+no bedbugs there.</p>
+
+<p>There is a good deal of cactus, of the prickly
+pear variety, growing on the hills about the Point,
+and one day when B⸺m’s father and mother were
+there from Cincinnati they wanted some to take
+home with them, and Mr. B⸺m kindly offered
+to send some to my father, if I wished him to. Of
+course I wished it. I expected the folks at home
+to speak about receiving the cactus, hence I did not
+refer to it for a long time, and when I did my
+mother told me not to speak of it to my father, as
+he was very angry about the cactus. It appeared
+that Mr. B⸺m put it in a box and sent it prepaid
+to my father, and as he supposed that I had
+written about it, he did not write. My father<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_191"></a>[191]</span>
+opened the box and not knowing anything about
+cactus, he took it cautiously in his hands, with
+the natural painful results. He dropped the cactus,
+and, as luck went, he rubbed his hands on his
+face and neck, and they too became filled with the
+stickers.</p>
+
+<p>Just across the south line of cadet limits in my
+day was Kinsley’s apple orchard, and many a cadet
+run it there for apples. One day Mr. Kinsley, himself
+an old graduate of the Academy, caught several
+cadets in his orchard, so he hitched up at once
+and drove to the superintendent’s office to report
+the case. The superintendent said that if Mr.
+Kinsley could identify the cadets they should be
+punished; he said he could identify them. So
+when the battalion was formed Mr. Kinsley passed
+down the line, but failed to identify them, for the
+reason, he said, that all cadets looked alike.</p>
+
+<p>One Saturday afternoon four of us first classmen
+stuffed pillow cases in the breasts of our coats and
+deliberately went to Kinsley’s for apples, and we
+proposed to help ourselves, too. Kinsley’s house was
+in one corner of the orchard and there were stone
+fences around and through the center of the orchard.
+We went to different trees and found all
+the apples we wanted on the ground, so we set to
+work filling our pillow cases. B⸺y filled his, set
+it by a stone fence on the far side from the house,
+and then boldly climbed the fence and ventured to
+trees nearer to the house. His approach made the
+chickens cackle and the ducks quack, thus attracting<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_192"></a>[192]</span>
+a lady’s attention. She came out of the house
+and spoke to B⸺y, who had three or four apples
+in his hands. We heard their voices and then
+emptied most of our apples on the ground and
+ran away, as there was no use of any more of us
+getting caught than necessary. After we had been
+back in barracks awhile we went over to see how
+B⸺y had gotten away. He said that Mrs. Kinsley
+told him that she did not object to any one taking
+two or three apples as he had done, but that
+she did not want the cadets to carry them off by
+the bag full. She then asked him who we were,
+and he told her we might be plebes, as older cadets
+knew better than to do such a thing. We asked
+him what he did with his pillow case of apples,
+and he said: “You don’t suppose I had the cheek,
+after my narrow escape, to bring away a bag full,
+do you?” Notwithstanding this statement, and
+the fact that B⸺y was the first Captain of the
+Corps, we put our hands up into his chimney,
+moved a stick and down fell his pillow case of
+apples.</p>
+
+<p>Along in December, when we felt confident of
+graduating the next June, we began to discuss
+what we would adopt as our “Class Ring.” Jewelers
+in New York, Philadelphia and other cities,
+knowing that it was customary for each class at
+the Point to adopt a certain handsome ring as its
+class ring, submitted samples to us. Upon receiving
+about twenty samples we held class meetings,
+and after much discussion part of the class wanted<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_193"></a>[193]</span>
+to adopt one of the designs while the rest wanted
+to adopt another one. Finally we agreed to
+abide by a majority vote, but when the ballots
+were counted there was a tie. Then we agreed to
+take two pieces of paper of the same size, and to
+write the maker’s name of one of the two rings on
+one paper, and the maker’s name of the other ring
+on the other paper, to put the two papers in a
+cap, shake them up, hold the cap above the head,
+and to let T⸺r draw one paper which should decide
+the case. This was done and ratified; the ring
+adopted was a gold ring with a large setting; there
+were thirteen stars around the setting, and on one
+side under the stars there was an eagle with one
+wing spread; on the other side under the stars
+was a helmet on crossed rifles with the last two
+figures of the year of our graduation in the lower
+angle of the cross, and from here around to the
+eagle was a chain. It was agreed that each member
+of the class could select his own setting, and
+some selected amethyst, some topaz and others
+blood-stone or onyx. It was also agreed that each
+member could use his pleasure about having the
+“Class Motto” cut into the setting. A Latin motto
+was suggested, but many of us opposed it, because
+the Academic Board had not made Latin a part
+of the course of study at West Point, but after
+much deliberation, my class, by a close vote, decided
+to add Latin to our course, and that “Omnia
+pro Patria” should embody the entire course of
+Latin for our class, and for fear that we might forget<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_194"></a>[194]</span>
+it we adopted it as the motto of our class. We
+then agreed that the motto, when cut in the setting
+of the class ring, should be put on a ribbon,
+partially enclosing the last two figures of our graduating
+year. I now remember my Latin course
+better than any other course of study, for I have
+never forgotten that “Omnia pro Patria” means
+“All for Country.” About this time we also selected
+the photographer that should make our Class
+Albums,<a id="FNanchor_60" href="#Footnote_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a> but left it to each member to make his
+own selection of pictures for it. There is an official
+photographer now. As each cadet had to pay for
+his own ring and album, it was agreed that he
+could buy them at his pleasure, but early in January
+nearly every one in the class was wearing his
+class ring and in May the albums began to arrive.</p>
+
+<p>One day a misunderstanding arose between a
+yearling and a plebe that nothing but a fight could
+settle. Seconds and a referee were chosen, and
+they and others wishing to see the fight repaired
+to old Fort Clinton. The fight was begun and several
+rounds fought, when one of those present
+heard footsteps, and peeping through the brush
+he saw a blue uniform and gave the alarm. A
+stampede followed, and in a moment the whole
+party scaled the parapet, and almost tumbled over
+one another in their mad haste down toward Flirtation
+Walk, where trees and bushes covered their
+retreat. The referee declared the fight off. The
+principals respected one another’s fighting qualities
+and afterward became warm friends. The<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_195"></a>[195]</span>
+only one in the party that the officer recognized
+was B⸺p, the referee and a captain of my class,
+and for being present at the fight he was reduced
+to the ranks.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+
+<p class="center">A PERMIT (OLD FORM).</p>
+
+<p class="right">West Point, March __, 1873.</p>
+
+<p>Cadet ________, Private 1st Class “B” Co., has permission to
+get a drawing table from the Engineering Drawing Room and
+keep it in his quarters until he finishes his drawing of Noizet’s
+Front, having been in the hospital and excused from attending
+recitations for over a week, he was not able to complete the
+drawing in the Academy.</p>
+
+<p class="right">_____________,<br />
+Com’d’g Co “B.”</p>
+
+<p>Respectfully referred to the Professor of Engineering,</p>
+
+<p class="center">By command of<br />
+Col. _____________</p>
+
+<p class="right">_____________,<br />
+Adjutant.</p>
+
+<p>Respectfully returned app’d,</p>
+
+<p class="right">_____________,<br />
+Prof. of Eng.</p>
+
+<p>Approved:</p>
+
+<p class="right">_____________,<br />
+Superintendent.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>In January, after the examinations were over,
+the daily papers informed us that the Secretary of
+War had written to the Superintendent saying
+that it was his intention to require the presence
+of the Corps of Cadets in Washington on March
+4th next, on the occasion of the inauguration of
+the President-elect, a graduate of the Academy.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_196"></a>[196]</span>
+The secretary did this because he was gratified
+by the conduct and marked improvement and bearing
+of the young gentlemen at the Academy, and
+he believed the duties which a trip of this kind
+would require them to perform would be a relaxation
+from the close confinement to which they were
+subjected at the Academy. Furthermore, he desired
+to show the people gathered at the Capitol
+from all parts of the country a body of young military
+men which he believed in discipline, drill and
+orderly appearance and the qualities that make a
+military cadet could not be surpassed.</p>
+
+<p>In due time the necessary orders were issued,
+and with knapsacks on our backs we arrived in
+Washington on the 3d of March. We were quartered
+at the Ebbitt House, and in the afternoon
+gave a drill and dress parade before a large audience
+in front of the Arlington. In the evening we
+were given the freedom of the city, the Delinquency
+Book having been left at the Academy.
+On the 4th we joined the procession and took the
+post of honor at the head of the long column. We
+were without overcoats, and it was fearfully cold,
+too. Some of us wore double suits of underclothing,
+and as many pairs of white gloves as we could
+and hold on to our guns. Bands playing (ours at
+the head, too), banners and flags waving, bright
+eyes beaming upon us, and delicate hands applauding
+us as we marched on Pennsylvania avenue,
+made us forget all about overcoats. We stood in
+front of General Grant while the oath as President
+of the United States was administered to him. We
+then marched at the head of the procession along
+Pennsylvania avenue and passed General Grant
+on a reviewing stand in the White House grounds,
+where we fell out of the column and saw the balance
+of the procession pass. Next to the cadets
+came some battalions of U. S. Artillery, then the
+midshipmen from Annapolis, a battalion of U. S.
+Marines, then regiment after regiment of militia,
+then ex-Presidents and Vice-Presidents, the U. S.
+Supreme Court, U. S. Court of Claims, the Supreme
+Court of the District of Columbia, the U. S. Senators
+and Representatives, Foreign Ministers, Presidential
+Electors and tens of thousands more. Of
+all the military I was especially pleased to see the
+Second Connecticut, a magnificent body of well-drilled
+men, whose lines were perfect as they
+passed us, and extended from curb to curb.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_197"></a>[197]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/concert.jpg" width="500" height="150" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">A Concert</span><br />
+<br />
+BY THE<br />
+<br />
+ORCHESTRAL BAND<br />
+<br />
+WILL BE GIVEN IN<br />
+<br />
+THE LIBRARY,<br />
+THURSDAY, MARCH 27, 1873<br />
+<br />
+COMMENCING AT 7:30 O’CLOCK, P. M.<br />
+<br />
+PROGRAMME.<br />
+<br />
+(No. 7.)</p>
+
+<table summary="Programme">
+  <tr>
+    <td>No.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1.</td>
+    <td>March, Tannhauser</td>
+    <td>Wagner</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td class="tdr">2.</td>
+    <td>Ouverture, Rui Blas</td>
+    <td>Mendelssohn</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td class="tdr">3.</td>
+    <td>Reminiscences of Weber</td>
+    <td>Godfrey</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td class="tdr">4.</td>
+    <td>Reveille Galop</td>
+    <td>Rehm</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td class="tdr">5.</td>
+    <td>Selection, Moses in Egypt</td>
+    <td>Rossini</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td class="tdr">6.</td>
+    <td>Potpourri, Musical Tour Through Europe</td>
+    <td>Conradi</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td class="tdr">8.</td>
+    <td>Potpourri, A Musical Joke</td>
+    <td>Sass</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_198"></a>[198]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;" id="illus15">
+<p class="transnote">Transcriber’s Note: Image is clickable for a larger version.</p>
+<a href="images/illus15-full.jpg"><img src="images/illus15.jpg" width="400" height="525" alt="" /></a>
+<p class="caption"><i>You are respectfully invited to attend the
+<span class="smcap">Inauguration Ball</span>
+on the evening of March 4th 1873</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_199"></a>[199]</span></p>
+
+<p class="caption">Managers</p>
+
+<ul class="smaller">
+<li><i>Roscoe Conkling</i></li>
+<li><i>H. Hamlin</i></li>
+<li><i>A. G. Thurman</i></li>
+<li><i>W. T. Hamilton</i></li>
+<li><i>Simon Cameron</i></li>
+<li><i>Z. Chandler</i></li>
+<li><i>J. W. Stevenson</i></li>
+<li><i>J. P. Stockton</i></li>
+<li><i>O. P. Morton</i></li>
+<li><i>F. A. Sawyer</i></li>
+<li><i>Eugene Casserly</i></li>
+<li><i>M. W. Ransom</i></li>
+<li><i>Jno. A. Logan</i></li>
+<li><i>H. B. Anthony</i></li>
+<li><i>T. F. Bayard</i></li>
+<li><i>H. G. Davis</i></li>
+<li><i>M. H. Carpenter</i></li>
+<li><i>J. S. Morrill</i></li>
+<li><i>J. W. Patterson</i></li>
+<li><i>J. G. Blaine</i></li>
+<li><i>H. H. Starkweather</i></li>
+<li><i>J. A. Garfield</i></li>
+<li><i>L. P. Poland</i></li>
+<li><i>Fernando Wood</i></li>
+<li><i>S. S. Marshall</i></li>
+<li><i>H. L. Dawes</i></li>
+<li><i>J. H. Platt Jr.</i></li>
+<li><i>D. C. Giddings</i></li>
+<li><i>C. A. Eldridge</i></li>
+<li><i>A. R. Cotton</i></li>
+<li><i>A. A. Sargent</i></li>
+<li><i>Thos. Swann</i></li>
+<li><i>J. B. Chaffee</i></li>
+<li><i>O. D. Conger</i></li>
+<li><i>G. A. Halsey</i></li>
+<li><i>D. W. Voorhees</i></li>
+<li><i>B. F. Butler</i></li>
+<li><i>H. Maynard</i></li>
+<li><i>H. W. Barry</i></li>
+<li><i>Jas. B. Beck</i></li>
+<li><i>P. M. B. Young</i></li>
+<li><i>L. A. Sheldon</i></li>
+<li><i>Gens. W. T. Sherman &amp; E. D. Townsend</i></li>
+<li><i>Gen. W. S. Hancock</i></li>
+<li><i>Gen. M. C. Meigs</i></li>
+<li><i>A. B. Dyer</i></li>
+<li><i>R. B. Marcy</i></li>
+<li><i>J. K. Barnes</i></li>
+<li><i>A. A. Humphreys</i></li>
+<li><i>A. B. Eaton</i></li>
+<li><i>B. Alvard</i></li>
+<li><i>J. H. Wilson</i></li>
+<li><i>J. G. Parke</i></li>
+<li><i>Admirals D. D. Porter &amp; L. M. Goldsborough</i></li>
+<li><i>Adm. B. F. Sands</i></li>
+<li><i>J. Zeilin</i></li>
+<li><i>Dr. J. C. Palmer</i></li>
+<li><i>E. T. Dunn U.S.N.</i></li>
+<li><i>Com. C. R. P. Rodgers</i></li>
+<li><i>Ch. Justice Chase</i></li>
+<li><i>Justices Field, Miller, Bradley &amp; Strong</i></li>
+<li><i>Ch. Justice Carter</i></li>
+<li><i>Justices Wylie &amp; McArthur</i></li>
+<li><i>Alex. R. Sheppard</i></li>
+<li><i>H. D. Cooke</i></li>
+<li><i>J. W. Thompson</i></li>
+<li><i>Col. Amos Webster</i></li>
+<li><i>Wm. Dickson</i></li>
+<li><i>John O. Evans</i></li>
+<li><i>Thos. L. Hume</i></li>
+<li><i>John B. Blake</i></li>
+<li><i>A. M. Clapp</i></li>
+<li><i>B. Perley Poore</i></li>
+<li><i>G. S. Gideon</i></li>
+<li><i>H. Kilbourn</i></li>
+<li><i>W. F. Mattingly</i></li>
+<li><i>J. H. Brooks</i></li>
+<li><i>S. R. Bond</i></li>
+<li><i>A. B. Mullett</i></li>
+<li><i>S. H. Kauffmann</i></li>
+<li><i>W. R. Collins</i></li>
+<li><i>Joshua Riley</i></li>
+<li><i>A. Cluss</i></li>
+<li><i>Enoch Totten</i></li>
+<li><i>N. Wilson</i></li>
+<li><i>J. F. Olmstead</i></li>
+<li><i>W. J. Murtagh</i></li>
+<li><i>B. L. Blackford</i></li>
+<li><i>Richard Wallach</i></li>
+<li><i>D. S. Evans</i></li>
+<li><i>J. W. Boteler</i></li>
+<li><i>J. G. Berret</i></li>
+<li><i>Samuel Cross</i></li>
+<li><i>C. J. Hillyer</i></li>
+<li><i>H. M. Hutchinson</i></li>
+<li><i>L. A. Bartlett</i></li>
+<li><i>Wm. Tindall</i></li>
+<li><i>John A. Baker</i></li>
+<li><i>R. T. Auchmuty</i></li>
+<li><i>E. L. Stanton</i></li>
+<li><i>W. D. Colt</i></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_200"></a>[200]</span></p>
+
+<p>After the review was over we returned to the
+Ebbitt House, nearly frozen, but we “thawed out”
+in time to attend the inaugural ball in the evening,
+and here we had to dance or freeze, as it was bitter
+cold there. The decorations were beautiful. There
+were mottos and coats of arms of the United
+States, and of all the States and Territories in the
+Union, shining among the festoons of the many
+flags of red, white and blue; then there were flags
+and coats of arms of many foreign nations. Everybody
+at this grand ball had to present a ticket of
+admission, except the cadets and midshipmen,
+whose uniforms admitted them.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_201"></a>[201]</span></p>
+
+<p>Upon our return we were met at the Battery in
+New York by the famous Seventh (New York)
+Regiment and escorted to its armory for refreshments.
+The march up Broadway was amid a continuous
+line of spectators, who applauded us all
+the way. We saw the regiment as it passed us to
+take post as our escort, and we were charmed with
+their faultless alignments and movements, and
+were friends at once. The reception was highly
+appreciated as a distinguishing feature of our trip.
+We reached West Point at 5 p. m. on the 6th of
+March, and as we marched to the barracks the
+band played “When Johnnie Comes Marching
+Home Again.” The regular routine was at once
+resumed.</p>
+
+<p>In speaking of our drill in Washington one paper
+said: “The drill of the West Point Cadets on Pennsylvania
+avenue was certainly splendid. The
+whole battalion went through their various and
+intricate maneuvers with such precision that they
+even surprised some of the military officers who,
+in company with the Secretary of War, reviewed
+them. The sight was grand, almost beyond description.
+Thousands of persons viewed their
+drills from the streets and indoors, and all were of
+the opinion expressed above. If there are any better
+drilled organizations let them come along.”</p>
+
+<p>After the January examinations were over first
+classmen and furloughmen began to count the days
+until the first of June, and to hold meetings of rejoicing
+on the hundredth, fiftieth and twenty-fifth<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_202"></a>[202]</span>
+nights. On the hundredth night there was a special
+program, and the following was sung on that
+night:</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse center">THE HUNDREDTH NIGHT.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Come, fellows, listen to my song,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">A pleasant tale and not too long,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Of scenes familiar to each one.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Some have passed and some will come.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">The hundredth night has come at last,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And first-class course will soon be past,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Of Cadet gray they’ll take their leave</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And give their white pants to their plebe.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">It really makes the “immortals” laugh,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">To think that they’ll get in the staff.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">When asked where they are going to go,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">In four years Engineers, you know.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">When one more week has had its run,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">The Corps will start for Washington.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Clean candle-boxes will be worn.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">On us, militia will look with scorn.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">To drink will be the greatest crime,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">The corps will drill by band clock-time.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Old Emory will march in grand state</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And Murray behind will get a late.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Now, second classmen, don’t be glum,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">First-class camp quite soon will come.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And then you bet you’ll cut a swell,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And spooney “femmes” at the hotel.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Oh! furlough is a very good thing,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">You wear Cit clothes and have your fling.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">The Cit you stuff with famous lies,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And if he doubts, you punch his eyes.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Plebeistic youth, lift up your head,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Your yearling path you soon will tread,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Corporal chevrons will grace your arm,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Which fills the beasts with much alarm.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">And now we’ve done our level best,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">I’ve sung this song by request.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">If you don’t like it ’tis not a sin,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">To say you think it rather thin.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="smaller">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Note 1.</span> The Howitzer, started by the late Colonel Arthur L.
+Wagner, Class of ’75, as a small paper, read on the hundredth
+night, has grown into a large beautifully illustrated book, published
+annually, that now takes the place of Class Albums.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_203"></a>[203]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;" id="illus16">
+<img src="images/illus16.jpg" width="450" height="700" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">’73 FROM ’74.</p>
+
+<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">The pleasure of your company is
+requested at the FAREWELL HOP
+given to the GRADUATING CLASS
+by the class of ’74.</span></p>
+
+<p class="caption">FLOOR MANAGERS</p>
+
+<ul class="smaller">
+<li>J HANSELL FRENCH</li>
+<li>LUTHER R. HARE</li>
+<li>WILLIS WITTICH.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="caption">Committee.</p>
+
+<ul class="smaller">
+<li>J. HANSELL FRENCH</li>
+<li>Wm. H. WHEELER</li>
+<li>LOUIS A CRAIG</li>
+<li>C. E. SCOTT WOOD</li>
+<li>EDGAR B. ROBERTSON</li>
+<li>LOTUS NILES</li>
+<li>WILLIS WITTICH.</li>
+<li>JAS. L. WILSON.</li>
+<li>LUTHER R. HARE.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="caption">WEST POINT</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_204"></a>[204]</span></p>
+
+<p>As our days to wear cadet gray could now be
+counted by two figures, for the second and last
+time at the Academy, we selected clothes for “Cit”
+suits, and as we had all decided to enter the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_205"></a>[205]</span>
+army as “Second Lieutenants,” we also selected
+uniforms and accoutrements for ourselves as officers
+of that high rank. Military goods dealers and
+tailors were frequent visitors at the Point on Saturday
+afternoons, each claiming to give the most
+for the least money. We had great trouble about
+the stripes on the pants, the color of the cloth in
+the shoulder knots and straps, the head gear, etc.,
+because all did not know for certain what arm of
+service they would be assigned to, and those things
+are different for each arm. The result was that
+some gave conditional orders, while others guessed
+at it and ordered all or a part of their outfits. On
+the first of June our new clothes began to arrive,
+and we were permitted to have trunks in our rooms
+and from that day we began to feel that our cadet
+days were gone. And it was practically so, too,
+for even the ladies who came up in June began to
+show preferences for the coming first classmen,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_206"></a>[206]</span>
+except, of course, where friendships were strong.</p>
+
+<p>Occasionally cadets were invited to dine at some
+of the professor’s quarters, but even then we were
+required to get a permit before we could accept
+invitations. General U⸺n, the Commandant,
+made it a rule to invite all of the members of the
+first class (a few at a time) to dine at his quarters,
+as may be seen from the following invitation, to-wit:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+
+<p>“The Comd’t of Cadets will be pleased to see Cadets London,
+O’Connor, Paddock and Reed, H. T., at tea this evening after
+parade till 8:30 p. m.</p>
+
+<p>“June—, 18—.”</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>As every cadet who graduates at the Military
+Academy may at his option enter the army as a
+Second Lieutenant, he can choose his corps or arm
+of the service in accordance with his class standing,
+and after the first of June he makes application
+substantially as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+
+<p class="right">“United States Military Academy, West Point, N. Y.</p>
+
+<p class="right">June —, 1873.</p>
+
+<p>The Adjutant General,
+U. S. Army,
+Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p>Sir:—I have the honor to apply for a commission as 2nd
+Lieutenant in the U. S. Army in the Arm and Regiments as
+follows: _______________________________. My address for
+the ensuing month will be ____________________.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Very respectfully, your obedient servant,</p>
+
+<p class="right">___________________________<br />
+Graduated Cadet, U. S. M. A.”</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_207"></a>[207]</span></p>
+
+<p>The “diploma” given to graduates is reproduced
+on another page, and the following is the wording
+on it, to-wit:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+
+<p class="center">“UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY.</p>
+
+<p>Be it known that Cadet ________ of the State of ________,
+having been carefully examined on all of the branches of the
+Arts, Science and of Literature taught at the United States
+Military Academy, has been judged worthy to receive the
+degree required by law, preparatory to his advancement in the
+U. S. Army.</p>
+
+<p>In testimony whereof, and by virtue of authority vested in
+the Academic Staff, we do confer upon him this Diploma, and
+recommend him to the President for promotion in ____.</p>
+
+<p>Given at West Point in the State of New York, this __ day
+of ____, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred
+and ____.”</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>It is signed by the members of the Academic
+Board in the order of their rank, and entered in
+the “Register of Graduates” that is kept at the
+Academy.</p>
+
+<p>On the first of June the President of the United
+States, the Board of Visitors and others arrived,
+especially to witness the examinations of the graduating
+class. The usual salute, review, drills, fireworks
+and hop were on the program. All the
+members of my class, after having spent four years
+at the Academy, fully expected to graduate, but
+one of the number was found deficient and discharged
+on the last day. The weather on graduating
+day was perfect, and at the appointed hour
+my class was escorted by the Corps of Cadets to the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_208"></a>[208]</span>
+grove in front of the Library, where a stand had
+been erected for the President, Secretary of War,
+Board of Visitors and invited guests.</p>
+
+<p>While we were under the big elm trees, surrounded
+by our schoolmates, professors, instructors
+and the many others, listening to the Chaplain’s
+prayer, to the sweet music of the band we
+loved so well, and to the address of the Secretary
+of War, and receiving diplomas from the President’s
+hand, many thoughts flashed through my
+mind. It seemed like a dream. I thought of home,
+of my life since leaving it, and of the future, wondering
+what it had in store for me. My cadet life
+had been all and more than I had anticipated it to
+be, not a care and no one but self to think of for
+four years, with good food and clothing in plenty,
+kind friends and just teachers, cheerful surroundings
+and the most beautiful spot on earth, I was
+loath to say good-bye to my Cadet Home.</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">My heart is in the Highlands, shades</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Of night are on my brow;</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Ye pleasant haunts and quiet glades,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">My soul is with you now.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/footer6.jpg" width="300" height="100" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_209"></a>[209]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus17">
+<img src="images/illus17.jpg" width="700" height="425" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">BIRD’S EYE VIEW OF WEST POINT AS IT MAY BE IN 1912. (FROM A DRAWING)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_210"></a>[210]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_211"></a>[211]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;" id="illus18">
+<img src="images/illus18.jpg" width="500" height="700" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">DIPLOMA.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_212"></a>[212]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_213"></a>[213]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus19">
+<img src="images/illus19.jpg" width="700" height="425" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">BIRD’S EYE VIEW OF WEST POINT IN 1902.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_214"></a>[214]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_215"></a>[215]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus20">
+<img src="images/illus20.jpg" width="700" height="425" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">WEST POINT IN 1848.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_216"></a>[216]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_217"></a>[217]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus21">
+<img src="images/illus21.jpg" width="700" height="425" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">WEST POINT IN 1825.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_218"></a>[218]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_219"></a>[219]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus22-23">
+<img src="images/illus22-23.jpg" width="700" height="425" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">GUARD MOUNTING IN CAMP.</p>
+<p class="caption">COLOR LINE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_220"></a>[220]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_221"></a>[221]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus24-26">
+<img src="images/illus24-26.jpg" width="700" height="425" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">SEAL OF UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY. ADOPTED IN 1898.</p>
+<p class="caption">CADET HOSPITAL.</p>
+<p class="caption">SUPERINTENDENT’S QUARTERS.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_222"></a>[222]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_223"></a>[223]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus27-29">
+<img src="images/illus27-29.jpg" width="700" height="425" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">BATTERY KNOX.</p>
+<p class="caption">SEA COAST BATTERY.</p>
+<p class="caption">SIEGE BATTERY.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_224"></a>[224]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_225"></a>[225]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus30">
+<img src="images/illus30.jpg" width="700" height="500" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">THE ACADEMIC.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_226"></a>[226]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_227"></a>[227]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus31-33">
+<img src="images/illus31-33.jpg" width="700" height="425" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">MESS HALL.</p>
+<p class="caption">DINING ROOM.</p>
+<p class="caption">SOUTH CADET BARRACKS.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_228"></a>[228]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_229"></a>[229]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus34-35">
+<img src="images/illus34-35.jpg" width="700" height="425" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">CAVALRY DRILL.</p>
+<p class="caption">BATTALION MARCHING FROM CAMP TO BARRACKS.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_230"></a>[230]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_231"></a>[231]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus36">
+<img src="images/illus36.jpg" width="700" height="425" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">CADET TENT.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_232"></a>[232]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_233"></a>[233]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus37-40">
+<img src="images/illus37-40.jpg" width="700" height="425" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">FIRST CLASSMEN.</p>
+<p class="caption">FURLOUGHMEN.</p>
+<p class="caption">THE OLD CHAPEL.</p>
+<p class="caption">CADET ROOM.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_234"></a>[234]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_235"></a>[235]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus41-43">
+<img src="images/illus41-43.jpg" width="700" height="425" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">PROFESSORS’ ROW.</p>
+<p class="caption">FLIRTATION WALK.</p>
+<p class="caption">KOSCIUSZCO’S GARDEN.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_236"></a>[236]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_237"></a>[237]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus44-46">
+<img src="images/illus44-46.jpg" width="700" height="425" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">THE OLD RIDING HALL.</p>
+<p class="caption">BATTLE MONUMENT.</p>
+<p class="caption">PONTON BRIDGE.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_238"></a>[238]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_239"></a>[239]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus47">
+<img src="images/illus47.jpg" width="700" height="425" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">CADETS AT THE WORLD’S FAIR AT CHICAGO, 1893.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_240"></a>[240]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_241"></a>[241]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;" id="illus48-50">
+<img src="images/illus48-50.jpg" width="400" height="700" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">OFFICERS QUARTERS ABOVE THE OLD NORTH GATE IN 1910.</p>
+<p class="caption">OFFICERS QUARTERS BELOW THE OLD SOUTH GATE IN 1910.</p>
+<p class="caption">BACHELOR OFFICERS QUARTERS IN 1910.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_242"></a>[242]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_243"></a>[243]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;" id="illus51-52">
+<img src="images/illus51-52.jpg" width="400" height="700" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">THE CADET CHAPEL IN 1910.</p>
+<p class="caption">NORTH CADET BARRACKS IN 1910.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_244"></a>[244]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_245"></a>[245]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;" id="illus53-55">
+<img src="images/illus53-55.jpg" width="400" height="700" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">THE OLD WASHINGTON HEADQUARTERS.</p>
+<p class="caption">THE OFFICERS MESS IN 1910.</p>
+<p class="caption">THE CULLUM MEMORIAL HALL.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_246"></a>[246]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_247"></a>[247]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 425px;" id="illus56-57">
+<img src="images/illus56-57.jpg" width="425" height="700" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">COAT OF ARMS OF THE UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY.
+ADOPTED IN 1898.</p>
+<p class="caption">LIBRARY.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_248"></a>[248]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_249"></a>[249]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;" id="illus58-60">
+<img src="images/illus58-60.jpg" width="400" height="700" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">SIEGE BATTERY DRILL IN 1910.</p>
+<p class="caption">ARTILLERY AND CAVALRY GROUP IN 1910.</p>
+<p class="caption">THE NEW GYMNASIUM IN 1910.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_250"></a>[250]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_251"></a>[251]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 425px;" id="illus61-62">
+<img src="images/illus61-62.jpg" width="425" height="700" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">PROPOSED STAFF QUARTERS ON THE SITE OF THE PRESENT
+HOTEL. (FROM A DRAWING.)</p>
+<p class="caption">HEADQUARTERS BUILDING IN 1910.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_252"></a>[252]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_253"></a>[253]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 425px;" id="illus63-64">
+<img src="images/illus63-64.jpg" width="425" height="700" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">INSPECTION IN CAMP.</p>
+<p class="caption">LIGHT ARTILLERY DRILL.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_254"></a>[254]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_255"></a>[255]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 425px;" id="illus65-67">
+<img src="images/illus65-67.jpg" width="425" height="700" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">SEDGWICK MONUMENT.</p>
+<p class="caption">CADET MONUMENT.</p>
+<p class="caption">PROFESSORS’ ROW.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_256"></a>[256]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_257"></a>[257]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 425px;" id="illus68-69">
+<img src="images/illus68-69.jpg" width="425" height="700" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">LOOKING EAST FROM THE NEW CADET CHAPEL IN 1910.</p>
+<p class="caption">PERSPECTIVE VIEW FROM THE RIVER ON THE EAST. (FROM A DRAWING.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_258"></a>[258]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_259"></a>[259]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_IX">CHAPTER IX.<br />
+<span class="smaller">UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY.</span></h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">“Where proud and free the Hudson flows,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Above the Highlands grand,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And in its placid bosom shows</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">The charms of Nature’s hand”</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>West Point, the seat of the United States
+Military Academy, is the property of the
+United States and situated in the State
+of New York in the Highlands on the west bank of
+the Hudson River, about fifty miles north of New
+York City. The grounds comprise 2,550 acres, of
+which about 200 acres are a plain, some one hundred
+and sixty feet above the river, the balance
+being mountainous.</p>
+
+<p>In May, 1776, Brigadier General Henry Knox,
+Chief of Artillery, proposed plans for a military
+school for the new government, Colonel Alexander
+Hamilton seconded them and on October 1, 1776,
+upon the recommendation of General George
+Washington, the Continental Congress passed a
+resolution appointing a committee to prepare a
+plan for “a Military Academy at the Army”
+which was followed by the law of June 20, 1777,
+that provided for a “Corps of Invalids” to
+serve as a military school for young gentlemen
+previous to their appointment to marching regiments.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_260"></a>[260]</span>
+This corps was organized the next month
+in Philadelphia, Penn.</p>
+
+<p>The occupation of West Point as a military post
+took place January 20, 1778, and has been continuous
+since then.</p>
+
+<p>On March 30, 1779, the Board of War adopted
+regulations for the Corps of Engineers and for
+the Sappers and Miners: these were promulgated
+in Orders, July 30, 1779, by General Washington
+and provided for a plan of instruction to be carried
+into effect after approval by the Board and
+by the General-in-Chief. The plan contemplated
+lectures by engineer officers, on fortifications,
+mining, reconnaissance, encampments and the like,
+and as early as February, 1780, practical experiments
+in gunnery were conducted at West Point,
+and in 1781, at the request of Washington, the
+Corps of Invalids was marched from Philadelphia
+to West Point, where an engineer school, a laboratory,
+and a library had already been established
+in three separate buildings.</p>
+
+<p>At Newburgh, N. Y., in 1783, Washington discussed
+with his officers the necessity of the government
+maintaining a military academy as a part of
+the regular army and as the first President of the
+United States he again referred to it in his message
+of December 3, 1793, which resulted in the
+law of May 9, 1794, authorizing the organization
+of a “Corps of Artillerists and Engineers” with
+two cadets to each company, thereby creating the
+new grade of “cadet” in our regular army. The<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_261"></a>[261]</span>
+artillerists and engineers were stationed at West
+Point that year and a school for the cadets was
+opened at once and continued until 1796 when the
+school buildings were destroyed by fire.</p>
+
+<p>In his last message to Congress, Washington
+said: “The institution of a military academy is
+also recommended by cogent reasons. However
+pacific the general policy of a nation may be, it
+ought never to be without an adequate stock of military
+knowledge for emergencies. The first would
+impair the energy of its character, and both would
+hazard its safety, or expose it to greater evils
+when war could not be avoided. Besides that,
+war might not often depend upon its own choice.
+In proportion as the observance of pacific maxims
+might exempt a nation from the necessity of
+practicing rules of military art, ought to be its
+care in preserving and transmitting, by proper
+establishments, the knowledge of that art. Whatever
+argument may be drawn from particular
+examples superficially viewed, a thorough examination
+of the subject will evince that the art of
+war is at once comprehensive and complicated;
+that it demands much previous study; and that
+the possession of it in its most approved and
+perfect state is always of great moment to the
+security of a nation. This, therefore, ought to
+be a serious care of every Government; and for
+this purpose, an academy, where a regular course
+of instruction is given, is an obvious expedient,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_262"></a>[262]</span>
+which different nations have successfully employed.”</p>
+
+<p>In a letter to Colonel Hamilton, Ex-President
+Washington said: “The establishment of an Institution
+of this kind, upon a respectable and extensive
+Basis, has ever been considered by me as
+an object of primary importance to this Country;
+and while I was in the Chair of Government, I
+omitted no proper opportunity of recommending
+it, in my public speeches and other ways, to the
+attention of the Legislature.... I sincerely
+hope that the subject will meet with due attention,
+and that the reasons for its establishment which
+you have so clearly pointed out in your letter to
+the Secretary, will prevail upon the Legislature
+to place it upon a permanent and respectable
+footing.”</p>
+
+<p>New buildings were put up at West Point and
+on July 20, 1801, the Secretary of War ordered
+all cadets of the corps of artillerists to proceed
+there, and on September 1st of that year the school
+was reopened with four army officers and one
+civilian as instructors.</p>
+
+<p>An act of Congress approved March 16, 1802,
+authorized the President to organize a corps of
+engineers to consist of five officers and ten cadets,
+at West Point, to constitute a military academy,
+which he did and with the quota present the
+United States Military Academy was formally
+opened on the Fourth of July of that year.</p>
+
+<p>But Congress did not appropriate any money<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_263"></a>[263]</span>
+for the Academy until March 3, 1803, and then
+in the Army Bill it gave only $2,000.00 for both
+the Academy and for War Department books and
+apparatus. The Army Bill of 1804 contained
+$1,000.00 for the Academy, and that of 1805 gave
+it $500.00. Then Congress ignored this institution
+until the war with England, when in the
+Army Bill of 1812 it gave the Academy $25,000.00
+and authorized the erection of a library and other
+buildings, and the reorganization of the academic
+staff.</p>
+
+<p>An Act of Congress in 1808 authorized 40 cadets
+from the artillery, 16 from the dragoons, 20 from
+the riflemen, and 100 from the infantry, but as no
+provision was made for them at West Point only
+a few of these were appointed. In 1810 the Military
+Academy was deprived of nearly all means of
+instruction and both officers and cadets experienced
+difficulty in getting their pay. During most
+of the year 1811, although war was then imminent,
+academic instruction was practically abandoned
+and in March, 1812, it was abandoned when the
+last instructor was ordered to duty elsewhere. Up
+to this time 88 cadets had graduated and they had
+been admitted to the academy without mental or
+physical examinations, at all ages, from twelve to
+thirty-four and at any time of the year.</p>
+
+<p>By an Act of Congress approved April 29, 1812,
+the Military Academy was reorganized, and the
+provisions of this Act furnished the general principles
+upon which the Academy has since been conducted<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_264"></a>[264]</span>
+and controlled; a more adequate corps of
+professors was authorized, a maximum of 250
+cadets was fixed, and age and mental requisites for
+admission of candidates were prescribed, and in
+1817 under the able superintendency of Major Sylvanus
+Thayer, a graduate of the West Point class
+of 1808, the present era in the Academy’s history
+began, because he made it a school for the practical
+and theoretical training of cadets for the
+military service. Since then the requisites for
+admission have been increased from time to time
+by Congress and with its permission by the Secretary
+of War.</p>
+
+<p>In 1834 an appropriation (of $139,881.45) for
+the Military Academy was for the first time made
+in a separate bill, called the Military Academy
+bill.</p>
+
+<p>In 1838 many records and other property were
+destroyed by fire.</p>
+
+<p>Prior to 1843 a prescribed residence was not a
+legal qualification for appointment but the selection
+of one cadet from each congressional district
+became a custom, and in this year Congress prescribed
+that the corps of cadets should consist of
+one cadet (recommended by the member) from
+each congressional district, one (recommended by
+the delegate) from each Territory, one from the
+District of Columbia and ten from the United
+States at large, to be appointed by the President;
+the number of cadets varying as the number of congressmen
+and delegates increased or diminished.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_265"></a>[265]</span></p>
+
+<p>The Academic Board now comprises the following,
+to-wit:</p>
+
+<p>Superintendent.</p>
+
+<p>Commandant of Cadets—Instructor of Tactics.</p>
+
+<p>Professor of Civil and Military Engineering.</p>
+
+<p>Professor of Natural and Experimental Philosophy.</p>
+
+<p>Professor of Mathematics.</p>
+
+<p>Professor of Chemistry, Mineralogy and Geology.</p>
+
+<p>Professor of Drawing.</p>
+
+<p>Professor of Modern Languages.</p>
+
+<p>Professor of Law and History.</p>
+
+<p>Professor of Practical Military Engineering,
+Military Signaling and Telegraphy.</p>
+
+<p>Professor of Ordnance and Gunnery.</p>
+
+<p>Professor of Military Hygiene.</p>
+
+<p>Professor of English and History.</p>
+
+<p>Without regard to his rank the Superintendent
+is the head of the institution, while the other members
+of the Board take precedence according to
+rank.</p>
+
+<p>These officers have as many assistants detailed
+from the army as the Secretary of War deems necessary
+for the proper instruction of the cadets, and
+the senior assistant in each department of instruction
+is a member of the Academic Board or of a
+committee of it, for the purpose of examining
+cadets, arranging them in order of merit, and determining
+their proficiency or deficiency in every
+branch of study in that department; and the instructor<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_266"></a>[266]</span>
+of any section under examination or consideration
+is a member of a department committee
+of the Academic Board for the purpose of examining
+the section and arranging it in order of
+merit.</p>
+
+<p>All deliberations of the Academic Board and of
+its committees, and expressions of opinions and
+votes, individual or collective, of members thereof
+are confidential. The decisions of the Board are
+published in orders.</p>
+
+<p>Since 1812 the Course of Study has been four
+years, except that for the classes entering in
+1854, ’55 and ’56 it was five years, and for
+classes entering in 1908, ’09 and ’10 it was four
+years and three months, as new cadets were then
+admitted March 1.</p>
+
+<p>Cadets of the Fourth Class found deficient at
+the January examinations are invariably discharged
+or permitted to resign, while some of the
+unfortunates at the June examination are turned
+back to the next class.</p>
+
+<p>By virtue of Section 1331, Revised Statutes of
+the United States, the supervision and charge of
+the Academy are in the War Department under
+such officer or officers as the Secretary of War
+may assign to that duty.<a id="FNanchor_61" href="#Footnote_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Act of Congress approved June 23, 1879,
+provided “That each member of the graduating
+classes of the Military Academy of 1879 and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_267"></a>[267]</span>
+1880, after graduation, may elect, with the assent
+of the Secretary of War, to receive the gross sum
+of seven hundred and fifty dollars and mileage to
+his place of residence<a id="FNanchor_62" href="#Footnote_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a>; and the acceptance of this
+gross sum shall render him ineligible to appointment
+in the army, except in the event of war, until
+two years after his graduation.” And Congress
+did this when the Military Academy never graduated
+enough cadets to keep the army supplied
+with second lieutenants.<a id="FNanchor_63" href="#Footnote_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Act of Congress approved May 17, 1886,
+provided “That when any Cadet of the United
+States Military Academy has gone through all its
+classes and received a regular diploma from the
+Academic Staff, he may be promoted and commissioned
+as a second lieutenant in any arm or
+corps of the Army in which there may be a vacancy
+and the duties of which he may have been
+judged competent to perform; and in case there
+shall not at the time be a vacancy in such arm or
+corps, he may, at the discretion of the President,
+be promoted and commissioned in it as an additional
+second lieutenant, with the usual pay and
+allowances of a second lieutenant, until a vacancy
+shall happen.”</p>
+
+<p>The Act of Congress approved November 4,
+1889, provided that “Any cadet dismissed for
+hazing shall not be reappointed.”</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_268"></a>[268]</span></p>
+
+<p>By Acts of Congress approved June 6, 1900,
+March 2, 1901, June 28, 1902 (this act alone appropriated
+$5,500,000.00 for the improvement of
+a then fine plant), March 3, 1903, and May 28,
+1908, the corps of cadets was made to consist of
+one cadet (recommended by the member) from
+each congressional district, two (one recommended
+by each senator) from each State at
+large, one (recommended by the delegate) from
+each Territory, one (recommended by the Commissioners)
+from the District of Columbia, one
+(recommended by the Resident Commissioner)
+from Porto Rico, and forty (appointed by the
+President) from the United States at large and,
+with the exception of the forty from the United
+States at large, to be actual residents of the Congressional
+District, State, Territory, District of
+Columbia or Porto Rico, respectively, from which
+appointed.</p>
+
+<p>Four Filipinos, one for each class, are authorized
+to receive instruction as cadets, to be eligible
+on graduation only to commissions in the Philippine
+Scouts.</p>
+
+<p>Under these Acts when in June a cadet finishes
+three years of his course at the academy, or
+sooner if his name is dropped from its rolls before
+then, a principal and two alternates may be
+appointed and the successful one admitted to the
+academy (formerly in the following June or September
+and now) on the next March 1st. But
+from July 1, 1910, to July 1, 1916, under the Act<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_269"></a>[269]</span>
+of April 19, 1910, when in June a cadet finishes
+two years of his course at the academy, or sooner
+if his name is dropped from its rolls before then,
+a principal and two alternates may be appointed
+and the successful one admitted to the academy
+on the next March 1st.</p>
+
+<p>According to the twelfth census, the maximum
+number of cadets was fixed at 533.<a id="FNanchor_64" href="#Footnote_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a></p>
+
+<p>It is suggested to all candidates (principals and
+alternates<a id="FNanchor_65" href="#Footnote_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a>) that before leaving their homes for
+the place designated (either West Point or their
+nearest military post) for their official examination,
+they should cause themselves to be thoroughly
+examined by a competent physician, and
+by a teacher or instructor in good standing. By
+such an examination any serious disqualification
+or deficiency in mental preparation would be revealed,
+and the candidate probably spared the expense
+and trouble of a useless journey and the
+mortification of rejection.</p>
+
+<p>It should be understood that the informal examination
+herein recommended is solely for the
+convenience and benefit of the candidate himself,
+and can in no manner affect the decision of the
+official Examining Boards.</p>
+
+<p>There being no provision whatever for the payment
+of the traveling expenses of either accepted
+or rejected candidates for admission, no candidate should
+fail to provide himself in advance with<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_270"></a>[270]</span>
+the means of returning to his home, in case of his
+rejection before either of the Examining Boards,
+as he may otherwise be put to considerable trouble,
+inconvenience, and even suffering on account of
+his destitute condition. If admitted, the money
+brought by him to meet such a contingency can be
+deposited with the treasurer on account of his
+equipment as a cadet, or returned to his friends.</p>
+
+<p>When the official examination is at a military
+post the questions<a id="FNanchor_66" href="#Footnote_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a> for the candidates and surgeons
+to answer are sent from West Point to the
+Board of Officers that conducts the examination.
+Each candidate is given a number which he signs
+to his examination papers and to a letter containing
+his autograph; the two are put in separate
+envelopes and sent to West Point.</p>
+
+<p>The Act of Congress approved March 2, 1901,
+provided that “Appointees shall be examined
+under regulations to be framed by the Secretary
+of War before they shall be admitted to the Academy
+and shall be well versed in such subjects as
+he may from time to time prescribe.”</p>
+
+<p>Special Acts of Congress are sometimes
+passed that authorize the education at the Academy
+of young men from foreign countries. These
+young men are not commissioned in the Army and
+the acts always provide that all of their expenses
+shall be defrayed by the countries to which they
+belong.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_271"></a>[271]</span></p>
+
+<p>The Cadets are arranged in four distinct classes,
+corresponding with the four years of study.</p>
+
+<p>The cadets employed on the first year’s course
+constitute the fourth class; those on the second
+year’s course the third class; those on the third
+year’s course the second class; and those on the
+fourth year’s course the first class.</p>
+
+<p>There was in 1908, ’09 and ’10 a preliminary
+course from about March 11 to June 10 for new
+cadets then admitted March 1, and they constituted
+the class of new cadets.</p>
+
+<p>The academic year commences on the 1st of
+July. On, or before, that date the result of the
+examination held in the preceding month is announced
+and Cadets are advanced from one class
+to another. At no other time is a Cadet advanced
+from one class to another, unless prevented by
+sickness, or authorized absence, from attending
+the aforesaid examination; in such a case a special
+examination is granted; but in no case is a Cadet
+advanced from one class to another without having
+satisfied the Academic Board of his proficiency
+in each branch of study pursued by his
+class.</p>
+
+<p>“No cadet who is reported as deficient in either
+conduct or studies and recommended to be discharged
+from the Academy, shall, unless upon
+recommendation of the Academic Board, be returned
+or reappointed or be appointed to any
+place in the Army before his class shall have
+left the Academy and received their commissions.”</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_272"></a>[272]</span></p>
+
+<p>(Section 1325, Revised Statutes of the United States.)</p>
+
+<table summary="Merit marks" class="borders reduce">
+  <tr>
+    <th class="nobl" rowspan="3">Class Rank</th>
+    <th rowspan="2">Names<br /><br />Arranged in Order of General Merit</th>
+    <th colspan="16">MERIT IN</th>
+    <th></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th class="rotate">Mathematics</th>
+    <th class="rotate">English</th>
+    <th class="rotate">French</th>
+    <th class="rotate">Spanish</th>
+    <th class="rotate">Natural and Experimental Philosophy</th>
+    <th class="rotate">Chemistry, Chemical Physics, Mineralogy and Geology</th>
+    <th class="rotate">Drill Regulations: Cavalry, Artillery and Infantry</th>
+    <th class="rotate">Military Efficiency</th>
+    <th class="rotate">Drawing</th>
+    <th class="rotate">Civil and Military Engineering</th>
+    <th class="rotate">Law</th>
+    <th class="rotate">Ordnance and Science of Gunnery</th>
+    <th class="rotate">Practical Military Engineering</th>
+    <th class="rotate">Soldierly Deportment and Discipline</th>
+    <th class="rotate">Military Hygiene</th>
+    <th class="rotate">Final Conduct</th>
+    <th class="rotate">General Merit</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="bb">Maximum&nbsp;in<br />each&nbsp;branch</td>
+    <td class="center bb">400.00</td>
+    <td class="center bb">75.00</td>
+    <td class="center bb">150.00</td>
+    <td class="center bb">125.00</td>
+    <td class="center bb">300.00</td>
+    <td class="center bb">225.00</td>
+    <td class="center bb">115.00</td>
+    <td class="center bb">130.00</td>
+    <td class="center bb">125.00</td>
+    <td class="center bb">300.00</td>
+    <td class="center bb">150.00</td>
+    <td class="center bb">150.00</td>
+    <td class="center bb">45.00</td>
+    <td class="center bb">20.00</td>
+    <td class="center bb">25.00</td>
+    <td class="center bb">125.00</td>
+    <td class="center bb">2460.00</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The count for conduct, based upon the number
+of demerits received by a cadet each year, is</p>
+
+<table summary="The count for conduct">
+  <tr>
+    <td>Class of New Cadets</td>
+    <td class="tdr">40</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Fourth class year</td>
+    <td class="tdr">50</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Third class year</td>
+    <td class="tdr">75</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Second class year</td>
+    <td class="tdr">100</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>First class year</td>
+    <td class="tdr">125</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The final count in conduct for the graduating
+merit roll is 125. It is obtained by adding together
+the respective proportional parts for each
+of the four years and the preliminary course for
+New Cadets, and then reducing the sums thus
+found to equivalent values with a maximum of 125.</p>
+
+<p>Upon completing the prescribed course of study
+the graduates are eligible for promotion to the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_273"></a>[273]</span>
+grade of Second Lieutenant in any corps or arm
+of the army, the duties of which the Academic
+Board may judge them competent to perform.</p>
+
+<p>For instruction in infantry drill regulations
+and in military police and discipline, the Corps
+of Cadets is organized into two battalions, under
+the Commandant of Cadets, assisted by two battalion
+commanders (army officers), each company
+being commanded by an army officer. The cadet
+officers and non-commissioned officers are selected
+from those who have been most studious, soldier-like
+in the performance of their duties, and most
+exemplary in their general deportment. In general,
+the cadet officers are taken from the first
+class, the sergeants from the second, and the corporals
+from the third.</p>
+
+<p>In an article in the July-August, 1904, number
+of The Journal of the Military Service Institution,
+Professor Samuel E. Tillman, of the United
+States Military Academy said:</p>
+
+<p>“Any one returning to the Academy now after
+an absence of fifteen years will observe many
+striking changes, the most important of which are:
+The disappearance in large part of the annual
+and semi-annual examinations; the introduction
+of the intermediate examinations, that is examinations
+during the academic term, at the completion
+of some part of the term-course; the large increase
+in written recitations with corresponding decrease
+in oral; a great increase in practical and semipractical
+work in connection with the descriptive
+courses; the greater amount of time permitted for<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_274"></a>[274]</span>
+recreation exercises. These changes have greatly
+modified methods deemed of much importance for
+sixty years prior to 1890, yet it can be confidently
+asserted that the changes have enabled cadets to
+acquire a greater amount of information with less
+effort upon their part.... Cadet schools
+should always be training, developing and character-forming
+schools, as they control the students
+at the best formative period.”</p>
+
+<p>Since 1840 the following changes have been
+made in the subjects taught, to-wit:</p>
+
+<p>In 1853 Practical Military Engineering was
+added.</p>
+
+<p>In 1857 Spanish was added.</p>
+
+<p>In 1873 Ethics and Logic were dropped.</p>
+
+<p>In 1882 General History was added and Physical
+Training was made a distinct course.</p>
+
+<p>In 1909 Military Hygiene was added.</p>
+
+<p>Text books have been changed or revised from
+time to time since the Academy was founded.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Charles W. Larned, Professor of Drawing
+at the Academy, in a recent article in <i>Munsey’s
+Magazine</i>, said:</p>
+
+<p>“The improvements now in progress at the
+Military Academy ... include not only an
+architectural renewal, but a revision of the entire
+curriculum, both of which are undertakings of
+transcendant importance to the institution....</p>
+
+<p>“It has been a difficult task to harmonize the
+various discordant buildings of other styles,
+which cannot be sacrificed, with the prevailing<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_275"></a>[275]</span>
+Tudor style; more especially as the topography
+of the site restricts the plan within confined
+limits. The architects have succeeded, however,
+in evolving a scheme which, when completed, will
+have both unity and coherence, and a picturesqueness
+unequaled on the continent. The rugged,
+climbing masses of semi-medieval Gothic structures
+that scale the granite cliffs and rise in towering
+succession to their crowning feature, the
+cathedral-like Chapel on Observatory Hill, will
+form a group of buildings in harmony both with
+their use and their environment, and worthy of
+the great institution they house.”</p>
+
+<p>And in speaking of what graduates have done,
+he said: “At the end of that tremendous struggle
+(the Civil War), all the armies in the field on both
+sides were commanded by graduates of West
+Point; nearly all the army corps, and most of the
+divisions. Out of sixty of the greatest battles
+... in fifty-six the commanders on both sides
+were graduates; in the other four a graduate commanded
+on one side, and three of the four were
+won by graduates....</p>
+
+<p>“As explorers, as early as 1820, Long’s expedition
+containing Bell, Graham and Swift, explored
+as far as Pike’s Peak, and first ascended it; Allen,
+in 1832, first traced the source of the Mississippi;
+and Bonneville’s great exploration, in 1832-1834,
+penetrated Wyoming, Utah, California, and the
+Columbia and Yellowstone regions, and supplied
+the first hydrographic maps of the country.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_276"></a>[276]</span></p>
+
+<p>“For half a century West Point was the principal
+and almost the only school of science and
+technology in America. Its graduates not only
+furnished presidents and teachers of scientific institutions
+as they appeared, but were the pioneer
+engineers who laid out the trans-continental
+routes of the great western railways, besides surveying
+and developing as engineers and presidents
+other systems in the East.... More
+than one hundred and seventy-five thousand miles
+of routes, lines and marches.” And graduates
+have had charge of “the Lake surveys; the Coast
+and Geodetic survey, reorganized and for twenty-four
+years superintended by a graduate; the surveys
+west of the one hundredth meridian; the
+river and harbor improvements of the United
+States; the control and building of the Panama
+Canal; the superintendency and construction of
+public buildings in Washington, including the
+wings and dome of the Capitol, and the Congressional
+Library; the rectification and completion
+of the Washington Monument; the construction of
+lighthouses, including the remarkable one of
+Minot’s Ledge; besides many other works of survey
+and construction, of which the Chicago
+(drainage) Canal is one of the most important.
+The disbursements of public funds for river and
+harbor work alone approximate six hundred million
+dollars and if other civil and military works
+are included, the grand total will be not far from
+one thousand millions.... Our officers<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_277"></a>[277]</span>
+... have been: Governors of provinces,
+mayors of cities, collectors of customs, school
+commissioners, sanitary engineers, civil engineers,
+police commissioners, judges of courts, architects,
+superintendents of railroads, heads of departments
+of state, and even commanders of
+vessels....</p>
+
+<p>“Half of the (4,121) graduates in the first century
+of the academy’s existence entered civil life,
+and in the civil career alone their record shows
+nineteen per cent of distinguished success—far in
+excess of that of any other institution in the
+land....”</p>
+
+<p>In an article that appeared in 1904 in the New
+York Sun he gave the following data for—</p>
+
+<div class="blockquote">
+
+<p class="center"><i>West Point Graduates Who Have Attained Distinguished
+Success.</i></p>
+
+<p>1 President of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>1 President of the Confederate States.</p>
+
+<p>3 Presidential candidates.</p>
+
+<p>1 Vice-Presidential candidate.</p>
+
+<p>4 Members of the Cabinet of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>1 Ambassador.</p>
+
+<p>14 Ministers from the United States to foreign
+courts.</p>
+
+<p>2 Chargés d’Affaires from the United States to
+foreign courts.</p>
+
+<p>12 United States Consuls-General and Consuls.</p>
+
+<p>24 Members of the United States Senate and
+House of Representatives.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_278"></a>[278]</span></p>
+
+<p>171 United States civil officers of various kinds.</p>
+
+<p>8 Presidential electors.</p>
+
+<p>2 Governors of States and Territories.</p>
+
+<p>77 Members of State Legislatures.</p>
+
+<p>2 Lieutenant-Governors of States.</p>
+
+<p>8 Presiding officers of State Senates and
+Houses of Representatives.</p>
+
+<p>13 Members of conventions to form State constitutions.</p>
+
+<p>81 State officers of various grades.</p>
+
+<p>29 Adjutants, Inspectors, and Quartermasters-General
+and Chief Engineers of States and
+Territories.</p>
+
+<p>158 Officers of State militia.</p>
+
+<p>17 Mayors of cities.</p>
+
+<p>57 City officers.</p>
+
+<p>46 Presidents of universities, colleges, etc.</p>
+
+<p>32 Principals of academies and schools.</p>
+
+<p>14 Regents and chancellors of educational institutions.</p>
+
+<p>136 Professors and teachers.</p>
+
+<p>1 Superintendent of Coast Survey.</p>
+
+<p>11 Surveyors-General of States and Territories.</p>
+
+<p>14 Chief Engineers of States.</p>
+
+<p>87 Presidents of railroads and other corporations.</p>
+
+<p>63 Chief engineers of railroads and other public
+works.</p>
+
+<p>62 Superintendents of railroads and other public
+works.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_279"></a>[279]</span></p>
+
+<p>24 Treasurers and receivers of railroads and
+other corporations.</p>
+
+<p>228 Civil engineers.</p>
+
+<p>5 Electrical engineers.</p>
+
+<p>14 Judges.</p>
+
+<p>200 Attorneys and counsellors at law.</p>
+
+<p>1 Bishop.</p>
+
+<p>1 Superior-General of clerical order.</p>
+
+<p>20 Clergymen.</p>
+
+<p>14 Physicians.</p>
+
+<p>122 Merchants.</p>
+
+<p>77 Manufacturers.</p>
+
+<p>3 Artists.</p>
+
+<p>7 Architects.</p>
+
+<p>230 Farmers and planters.</p>
+
+<p>18 Bankers.</p>
+
+<p>8 Bank presidents.</p>
+
+<p>23 Bank officers.</p>
+
+<p>30 Editors.</p>
+
+<p>179 Authors.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>In accordance with sections 1327, 1328 and 1329
+of the Revised Statutes of the United States a
+Board of Visitors, composed of twelve persons,
+seven appointed by the President, two by the presiding
+officer of the Senate, and three by the
+Speaker of the House of Representatives, was for
+years annually appointed to visit the Military Academy
+to “inquire into the actual state of discipline,
+instruction, police administration, fiscal affairs,
+and other concerns of the institution, and
+reported the same to the Secretary of War for the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_280"></a>[280]</span>
+information of Congress.” Each member of the
+Board received not exceeding eight cents per mile
+traveled, by the most direct route, from his residence
+to West Point and return, and in addition,
+five dollars per day for expenses during each day
+of his service at West Point. This Board visited
+and inspected the Academy during the first two
+weeks of June.</p>
+
+<p>The Act of Congress approved March 4, 1909,
+among other things says:</p>
+
+<p>“That hereafter the Board of Visitors to the
+Military Academy shall consist of five members
+of the Committee on Military Affairs of the Senate
+and seven members of the Committee on Military
+Affairs of the House of Representatives, to be
+appointed by the respective chairman thereof, who
+shall annually visit the Military Academy on such
+date or dates as may be fixed by the chairman of
+the said committees; and the Superintendent of
+the academy and the members of the Board of
+Visitors shall be notified of such date by the chairman
+of the said committees, acting jointly, at least
+fifteen days before the meeting. The expenses of
+the members of the board shall be their actual expenses
+while engaged upon their duties as members
+of said board, and their actual expenses for
+travel by the shortest mail routes: Provided
+further, That so much of sections 1327, 1328 and
+1329, Revised Statutes of the United States, as<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_281"></a>[281]</span>
+is inconsistent with the provisions of this Act is
+hereby repealed.”</p>
+
+<p>The Military Academy, upon which millions of
+dollars have been expended on grounds and buildings
+alone, is maintained by the Government
+solely for the practical and theoretical training of
+young men for commissions in the army, and that
+the investment is appreciated by the country is
+voiced by its public men, a few quotations being
+given here.</p>
+
+<p>From his experience in the War of 1812 and
+service on Indian campaigns, General Andrew
+Jackson while President of the United States in
+a message to Congress said:</p>
+
+<p>“I recommend to your fostering care, as one of
+our safest means of national defense, the Military
+Academy. This institution has already exercised
+the happiest influence upon the moral and intellectual
+character of our Army; and such of the
+graduates from various causes may not pursue
+the profession of arms will be scarcely less useful
+as citizens. Their knowledge of the military art
+will be advantageously employed in the militia
+service, and in a measure secure to that class of
+troops the advantages which in this respect belongs
+to standing armies.”</p>
+
+<p>After the close of the Mexican war Lieutenant-General
+Winfield Scott in a report to the Secretary
+of War said:</p>
+
+<p>“I give it as my fixed opinion that, but for our
+graduated cadets, the war between the United<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_282"></a>[282]</span>
+States and Mexico might, and probably would,
+have lasted some four or five years, with, in its
+first half, more defeats than victories falling to
+our share; whereas, in less than two campaigns,
+we conquered a great country and a peace, without
+the loss of a single battle or skirmish.”</p>
+
+<p>Some two score of years later, in speaking of
+the graduates of the Military Academy, the Honorable
+Charles S. Fairchild, of New York, in an
+address said: “That roll, which, when told over,
+excites patriotic enthusiasm, and calls forth high
+emotion beyond that of the roll of any like institution
+in the world.”</p>
+
+<p>And General William Tecumseh Sherman said:</p>
+
+<p>“The education and manly training imparted
+to young men at West Point has repaid the United
+States a thousand times its cost, and more than
+verified the predictions of General Washington.
+Every cadet at West Point is an appointee of a
+member of Congress, every member having a cadet
+of his own nomination there, with only ten appointed
+by the President at large. The corps of
+cadets is therefore a youthful counterpart of our
+national House of Representatives. The same
+laws, the same regulations, the same instruction,
+books, clothing, and food are common to all, and
+a more democratic body never existed on earth
+than is the corps of cadets.”</p>
+
+<p>In June, 1902, some five hundred graduates and
+President Roosevelt, Secretary of War Root, Lieutenant-General
+Miles, Adjutant-General Corbin,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_283"></a>[283]</span>
+and scores of other non-graduates, assembled together
+at West Point, many with and a few without
+their wives, and celebrated in a royal manner
+the first centennial of the founding of the Military
+Academy. The cadets went into camp that year
+earlier than usual and their barracks were used by
+such of the visiting graduates as were not cared
+for at the hotel, in Cullum Hall, or by the families
+on duty at the post, while the wives and daughters
+of those of us who slept in barracks were cared for
+at Cozzen’s Hotel, now a part of the post.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, then President of
+the United States, in an address said:</p>
+
+<p>“This institution has completed its first hundred
+years of life. During that century no other
+educational institution in the land has contributed
+as many names as West Point has contributed to
+the honor roll of the nation’s greatest citizens.”</p>
+
+<p>The Hon. Elihu Root, the Secretary of War,
+said:</p>
+
+<p>“The foregoing considerations naturally bring
+to mind the Military Academy at West Point. I
+believe that the great service which it has rendered
+the country was never more conspicuous than it
+has been during the past two years. The faithful
+and efficient service of its graduates since the
+declaration of war with Spain have more than repaid
+the cost of the institution since its foundation.
+They have been too few in number and most
+heavily burdened.”</p>
+
+<p>And in his address to the graduating class of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_284"></a>[284]</span>
+1903 the Honorable David B. Henderson, of Iowa,
+a former Speaker of the National House of Representatives,
+and then the President of the West
+Point Board of Visitors, said: “The Board (of
+Visitors) have all been here and have devoted such
+time as was possible to studying the conditions of
+West Point. I can speak for the Board that they
+have been delighted with what they have seen, and
+are unanimously of the opinion, which the world
+holds, I may say, that this is the greatest military
+educational school on earth.”</p>
+
+<p>Many foreign princes and others interested in
+the education of young men for civil as well as for
+military pursuits visit West Point. Among the
+guests at the Academy’s Centennial were two German
+army officers sent by the Emperor as his
+personal representative.</p>
+
+<p>After a careful inspection of the leading educational
+institutions of the world Major-General
+Sir Thomas Frazer of the British Army in a
+letter referring to West Point said: “I think the
+institution is better than any I have seen.”</p>
+
+<p>And Field Marshal Lord Wolseley in writing
+about West Point said: “I have very often had
+the advantage of meeting men who have qualified
+at that best of all military schools and invariably
+found them interesting companions, with a thorough
+knowledge of their profession.”</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Bridges, C. M. G., recently said:
+“After an exhaustive course of inquiries into
+the training of the young idea in military matters,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_285"></a>[285]</span>
+I have returned to Australia imbued with
+the idea that the American methods in vogue
+at their celebrated institution at West Point are
+the best, with, of course, certain modifications
+for Australia.... It is an extremely efficient
+institution for the purpose for which it is
+intended.”</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;">
+<img src="images/footer6.jpg" width="300" height="100" alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_286"></a>[286]</span></p>
+
+<h3>TABLE SHOWING DISPOSITION OF CANDIDATES.</h3>
+
+<table summary="TABLE SHOWING DISPOSITION OF CANDIDATES." class="borders reduce">
+  <tr>
+    <th class="nobl rotate" rowspan="2">Year Reported</th>
+    <th class="rotate" rowspan="2">Appointed</th>
+    <th class="rotate" rowspan="2">Reported</th>
+    <th class="rotate" rowspan="2">Alternates Passed for<br />Whom no Vacancies Existed.</th>
+    <th class="rotate" rowspan="2">Admitted as Cadets</th>
+    <th class="rotate" rowspan="2">Cadets at Academy</th>
+    <th colspan="10">GRADUATED CADETS.</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th class="rotate">In One Year</th>
+        <th class="rotate">In Two Years</th>
+        <th class="rotate">In Three Years</th>
+        <th class="rotate">In Four Years</th>
+        <th class="rotate">In Five Years</th>
+        <th class="rotate">In Six Years</th>
+        <th class="rotate">In Seven Years</th>
+        <th class="rotate">In from One to Seven Years</th>
+        <th class="rotate">In Each Class</th>
+        <th class="rotate">Year or Date of Class</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">1800</td>
+    <td class="center" rowspan="38">Records lost by fire in 1838.</td>
+    <td class="center" rowspan="38">Records lost by fire in 1838.</td>
+    <td class="center" rowspan="78">Alternates first appointed in 1878.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdr">7</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">5</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">2</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1802</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">8</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">6</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">4</td>
+    <td class="tdr">9</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdr">6</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">7</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td>
+    <td class="tdr">4</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">5</td>
+    <td class="tdr">10</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">4</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">8</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">5</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">6</td>
+    <td class="tdr">9</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">4</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">9</td>
+    <td class="tdr">15</td>
+    <td class="tdr">6</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">7</td>
+    <td class="tdr">17</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">9</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">12</td>
+    <td class="tdr">5</td>
+    <td class="tdr">7</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">8</td>
+    <td class="tdr">41</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">7</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">12</td>
+    <td class="tdr">11</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">30</td>
+    <td class="tdr">15</td>
+    <td class="tdr">8</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">9</td>
+    <td class="tdr">10</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">6</td>
+    <td class="tdr">7</td>
+    <td class="tdr">9</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">1810</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td>
+    <td class="tdr">0</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1810</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdr">0</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">0</td>
+    <td class="tdr">19</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">2</td>
+    <td class="tdr">10</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdr">7</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">10</td>
+    <td class="tdr">18</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">87</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">23</td>
+    <td class="tdr">31</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">62</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">4</td>
+    <td class="tdr">148</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">9</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">13</td>
+    <td class="tdr">16</td>
+    <td class="tdr">15</td>
+    <td class="tdr">11</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td>
+    <td class="tdr">66</td>
+    <td class="tdr">30</td>
+    <td class="tdr">4</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">5</td>
+    <td class="tdr">58</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdr">4</td>
+    <td class="tdr">7</td>
+    <td class="tdr">8</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">21</td>
+    <td class="tdr">40</td>
+    <td class="tdr">5</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">6</td>
+    <td class="tdr">34</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td>
+    <td class="tdr">9</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">12</td>
+    <td class="tdr">0</td>
+    <td class="tdr">6</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">7</td>
+    <td class="tdr">55</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td>
+    <td class="tdr">18</td>
+    <td class="tdr">8</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">30</td>
+    <td class="tdr">19</td>
+    <td class="tdr">7</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">8</td>
+    <td class="tdr">115</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">32</td>
+    <td class="tdr">9</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">44</td>
+    <td class="tdr">23</td>
+    <td class="tdr">8</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">9</td>
+    <td class="tdr">86</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">26</td>
+    <td class="tdr">6</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">33</td>
+    <td class="tdr">29</td>
+    <td class="tdr">9</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">1820</td>
+    <td class="tdr">67</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">25</td>
+    <td class="tdr">7</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">32</td>
+    <td class="tdr">30</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1820</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdr">77</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">29</td>
+    <td class="tdr">5</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">34</td>
+    <td class="tdr">24</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">2</td>
+    <td class="tdr">108</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">36</td>
+    <td class="tdr">7</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">43</td>
+    <td class="tdr">40</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">103</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">31</td>
+    <td class="tdr">9</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">40</td>
+    <td class="tdr">35</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">4</td>
+    <td class="tdr">79</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">24</td>
+    <td class="tdr">4</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">28</td>
+    <td class="tdr">31</td>
+    <td class="tdr">4</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">5</td>
+    <td class="tdr">105</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">42</td>
+    <td class="tdr">8</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">50</td>
+    <td class="tdr">37</td>
+    <td class="tdr">5</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">6</td>
+    <td class="tdr">91</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">34</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">37</td>
+    <td class="tdr">41</td>
+    <td class="tdr">6</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">7</td>
+    <td class="tdr">97</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">30</td>
+    <td class="tdr">10</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">40</td>
+    <td class="tdr">38</td>
+    <td class="tdr">7</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">8</td>
+    <td class="tdr">106</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">35</td>
+    <td class="tdr">8</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">43</td>
+    <td class="tdr">33</td>
+    <td class="tdr">8</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">9</td>
+    <td class="tdr">113</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">35</td>
+    <td class="tdr">12</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">47</td>
+    <td class="tdr">46</td>
+    <td class="tdr">9</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">1830</td>
+    <td class="tdr">102</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">24</td>
+    <td class="tdr">13</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">37</td>
+    <td class="tdr">42</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1830</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdr">94</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">43</td>
+    <td class="tdr">5</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">48</td>
+    <td class="tdr">33</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">2</td>
+    <td class="tdr">102</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">44</td>
+    <td class="tdr">6</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">50</td>
+    <td class="tdr">45</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">112</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">44</td>
+    <td class="tdr">9</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">53</td>
+    <td class="tdr">43</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">4</td>
+    <td class="tdr">65</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">36</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">36</td>
+    <td class="tdr">36</td>
+    <td class="tdr">4</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">5</td>
+    <td class="tdr">72</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">31</td>
+    <td class="tdr">6</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">37</td>
+    <td class="tdr">56</td>
+    <td class="tdr">5</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">6</td>
+    <td class="tdr">97</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">36</td>
+    <td class="tdr">6</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">42</td>
+    <td class="tdr">49</td>
+    <td class="tdr">6</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">7</td>
+    <td class="tdr">118</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">46</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">48</td>
+    <td class="tdr">50</td>
+    <td class="tdr">7</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">8</td>
+    <td class="tdr">132</td>
+    <td class="tdr">114</td>
+    <td class="tdr">111</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">54</td>
+    <td class="tdr">5</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">59</td>
+    <td class="tdr">45</td>
+    <td class="tdr">8<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_287"></a>[287]</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">9</td>
+    <td class="tdr">91</td>
+    <td class="tdr">79</td>
+    <td class="tdr">76</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">34</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">38</td>
+    <td class="tdr">31</td>
+    <td class="tdr">9</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">1840</td>
+    <td class="tdr">106</td>
+    <td class="tdr">94</td>
+    <td class="tdr">84</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">22</td>
+    <td class="tdr">6</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">28</td>
+    <td class="tdr">42</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1840</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdr">131</td>
+    <td class="tdr">122</td>
+    <td class="tdr">114</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">34</td>
+    <td class="tdr">12</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">46</td>
+    <td class="tdr">52</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">2</td>
+    <td class="tdr">144</td>
+    <td class="tdr">135</td>
+    <td class="tdr">109</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">47</td>
+    <td class="tdr">9</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">56</td>
+    <td class="tdr">56</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">77</td>
+    <td class="tdr">74</td>
+    <td class="tdr">60</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">29</td>
+    <td class="tdr">4</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">33</td>
+    <td class="tdr">39</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">4</td>
+    <td class="tdr">96</td>
+    <td class="tdr">90</td>
+    <td class="tdr">75</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">34</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">37</td>
+    <td class="tdr">25</td>
+    <td class="tdr">4</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">5</td>
+    <td class="tdr">98</td>
+    <td class="tdr">91</td>
+    <td class="tdr">81</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">40</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">44</td>
+    <td class="tdr">41</td>
+    <td class="tdr">5</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">6</td>
+    <td class="tdr">121</td>
+    <td class="tdr">109</td>
+    <td class="tdr">103</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">41</td>
+    <td class="tdr">6</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">47</td>
+    <td class="tdr">59</td>
+    <td class="tdr">6</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">7</td>
+    <td class="tdr">84</td>
+    <td class="tdr">78</td>
+    <td class="tdr">74</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">35</td>
+    <td class="tdr">5</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">40</td>
+    <td class="tdr">38</td>
+    <td class="tdr">7</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">8</td>
+    <td class="tdr">84</td>
+    <td class="tdr">83</td>
+    <td class="tdr">81</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">38</td>
+    <td class="tdr">10</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">48</td>
+    <td class="tdr">38</td>
+    <td class="tdr">8</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">9</td>
+    <td class="tdr">95</td>
+    <td class="tdr">90</td>
+    <td class="tdr">88</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">42</td>
+    <td class="tdr">6</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">48</td>
+    <td class="tdr">43</td>
+    <td class="tdr">9</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">1850</td>
+    <td class="tdr">98</td>
+    <td class="tdr">95</td>
+    <td class="tdr">90</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">40</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">43</td>
+    <td class="tdr">44</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1850</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdr">81</td>
+    <td class="tdr">74</td>
+    <td class="tdr">71</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">31</td>
+    <td class="tdr">4</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">37</td>
+    <td class="tdr">42</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">2</td>
+    <td class="tdr">102</td>
+    <td class="tdr">100</td>
+    <td class="tdr">90</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">45</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">46</td>
+    <td class="tdr">43</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">97</td>
+    <td class="tdr">90</td>
+    <td class="tdr">83</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">35</td>
+    <td class="tdr">7</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">42</td>
+    <td class="tdr">52</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">4</td>
+    <td class="tdr">120</td>
+    <td class="tdr">111</td>
+    <td class="tdr">103</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">20</td>
+    <td class="tdr">22</td>
+    <td class="tdr">4</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">46</td>
+    <td class="tdr">46</td>
+    <td class="tdr">4</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">5</td>
+    <td class="tdr">99</td>
+    <td class="tdr">94</td>
+    <td class="tdr">80</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">37</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">38</td>
+    <td class="tdr">34</td>
+    <td class="tdr">5</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">6</td>
+    <td class="tdr">101</td>
+    <td class="tdr">93</td>
+    <td class="tdr">73</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">44</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">46</td>
+    <td class="tdr">49</td>
+    <td class="tdr">6</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">7</td>
+    <td class="tdr">132</td>
+    <td class="tdr">117</td>
+    <td class="tdr">82</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">34</td>
+    <td class="tdr">4</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">38</td>
+    <td class="tdr">38</td>
+    <td class="tdr">7</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">8</td>
+    <td class="tdr">108</td>
+    <td class="tdr">98</td>
+    <td class="tdr">75</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">24</td>
+    <td class="tdr">5</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">29</td>
+    <td class="tdr">27</td>
+    <td class="tdr">8</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">9</td>
+    <td class="tdr">91</td>
+    <td class="tdr">86</td>
+    <td class="tdr">60</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">20</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">20</td>
+    <td class="tdr">22</td>
+    <td class="tdr">9</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">1860</td>
+    <td class="tdr">84</td>
+    <td class="tdr">84</td>
+    <td class="tdr">72</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">27</td>
+    <td class="tdr">5</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">32</td>
+    <td class="tdr">41</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1860</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdr">148</td>
+    <td class="tdr">123</td>
+    <td class="tdr">108</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">63</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">65</td>
+    <td class="tdr">79</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">2</td>
+    <td class="tdr">96</td>
+    <td class="tdr">92</td>
+    <td class="tdr">81</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">39</td>
+    <td class="tdr">5</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">44</td>
+    <td class="tdr">28</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">126</td>
+    <td class="tdr">111</td>
+    <td class="tdr">99</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">58</td>
+    <td class="tdr">8</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdr">67</td>
+    <td class="tdr">25</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">4</td>
+    <td class="tdr">101</td>
+    <td class="tdr">88</td>
+    <td class="tdr">73</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">46</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">49</td>
+    <td class="tdr">27</td>
+    <td class="tdr">4</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">5</td>
+    <td class="tdr">101</td>
+    <td class="tdr">94</td>
+    <td class="tdr">74</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">36</td>
+    <td class="tdr">13</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">49</td>
+    <td class="tdr">68</td>
+    <td class="tdr">5</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">6</td>
+    <td class="tdr">95</td>
+    <td class="tdr">88</td>
+    <td class="tdr">70</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">44</td>
+    <td class="tdr">7</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">51</td>
+    <td class="tdr">41</td>
+    <td class="tdr">6</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">7</td>
+    <td class="tdr">84</td>
+    <td class="tdr">75</td>
+    <td class="tdr">55</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">34</td>
+    <td class="tdr">4</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">38</td>
+    <td class="tdr">63</td>
+    <td class="tdr">7</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">8</td>
+    <td class="tdr">127</td>
+    <td class="tdr">113</td>
+    <td class="tdr">76</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">53</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">54</td>
+    <td class="tdr">54</td>
+    <td class="tdr">8</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">9</td>
+    <td class="tdr">112</td>
+    <td class="tdr">101</td>
+    <td class="tdr">70</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">40</td>
+    <td class="tdr">4</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">44</td>
+    <td class="tdr">39</td>
+    <td class="tdr">9</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">1870</td>
+    <td class="tdr">163</td>
+    <td class="tdr">142</td>
+    <td class="tdr">65</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">37</td>
+    <td class="tdr">9</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">46</td>
+    <td class="tdr">58</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1870</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdr">131</td>
+    <td class="tdr">119</td>
+    <td class="tdr">76</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">34</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">37</td>
+    <td class="tdr">41</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">2</td>
+    <td class="tdr">165</td>
+    <td class="tdr">150</td>
+    <td class="tdr">95</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">45</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">48</td>
+    <td class="tdr">57</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">230</td>
+    <td class="tdr">205</td>
+    <td class="tdr">118</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">73</td>
+    <td class="tdr">5</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">78</td>
+    <td class="tdr">41</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">4</td>
+    <td class="tdr">175</td>
+    <td class="tdr">159</td>
+    <td class="tdr">89</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">38</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">42</td>
+    <td class="tdr">41</td>
+    <td class="tdr">4</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">5</td>
+    <td class="tdr">206</td>
+    <td class="tdr">195</td>
+    <td class="tdr">121</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">64</td>
+    <td class="tdr">4</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">68</td>
+    <td class="tdr">43</td>
+    <td class="tdr">5</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">6</td>
+    <td class="tdr">167</td>
+    <td class="tdr">154</td>
+    <td class="tdr">98</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">47</td>
+    <td class="tdr">8</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">55</td>
+    <td class="tdr">48</td>
+    <td class="tdr">6</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">7</td>
+    <td class="tdr">200</td>
+    <td class="tdr">186</td>
+    <td class="tdr">96</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">45</td>
+    <td class="tdr">11</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">56</td>
+    <td class="tdr">76</td>
+    <td class="tdr">7</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">8</td>
+    <td class="tdr">174</td>
+    <td class="tdr">152</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">102</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">26</td>
+    <td class="tdr">13</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">39</td>
+    <td class="tdr">43</td>
+    <td class="tdr">8<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_288"></a>[288]</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">9</td>
+    <td class="tdr">146</td>
+    <td class="tdr">122</td>
+    <td class="tdr">4</td>
+    <td class="tdr">88</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">39</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">42</td>
+    <td class="tdr">67</td>
+    <td class="tdr">9</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">1880</td>
+    <td class="tdr">139</td>
+    <td class="tdr">115</td>
+    <td class="tdr">6</td>
+    <td class="tdr">73</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">34</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">37</td>
+    <td class="tdr">52</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1880</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdr">200</td>
+    <td class="tdr">152</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">85</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">36</td>
+    <td class="tdr">7</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">43</td>
+    <td class="tdr">53</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">2</td>
+    <td class="tdr">216</td>
+    <td class="tdr">192</td>
+    <td class="tdr">8</td>
+    <td class="tdr">129</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">70</td>
+    <td class="tdr">5</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">75</td>
+    <td class="tdr">37</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">235</td>
+    <td class="tdr">209</td>
+    <td class="tdr">9</td>
+    <td class="tdr">141</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">59</td>
+    <td class="tdr">8</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">67</td>
+    <td class="tdr">52</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">4</td>
+    <td class="tdr">178</td>
+    <td class="tdr">155</td>
+    <td class="tdr">4</td>
+    <td class="tdr">100</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">36</td>
+    <td class="tdr">6</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">42</td>
+    <td class="tdr">37</td>
+    <td class="tdr">4</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">5</td>
+    <td class="tdr">171</td>
+    <td class="tdr">143</td>
+    <td class="tdr">6</td>
+    <td class="tdr">95</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">43</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">46</td>
+    <td class="tdr">39</td>
+    <td class="tdr">5</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">6</td>
+    <td class="tdr">215</td>
+    <td class="tdr">190</td>
+    <td class="tdr">10</td>
+    <td class="tdr">128</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">51</td>
+    <td class="tdr">11</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">62</td>
+    <td class="tdr">77</td>
+    <td class="tdr">6</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">7</td>
+    <td class="tdr">256</td>
+    <td class="tdr">210</td>
+    <td class="tdr">9</td>
+    <td class="tdr">127</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">54</td>
+    <td class="tdr">11</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">65</td>
+    <td class="tdr">64</td>
+    <td class="tdr">7</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">8</td>
+    <td class="tdr">210</td>
+    <td class="tdr">181</td>
+    <td class="tdr">6</td>
+    <td class="tdr">101</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">51</td>
+    <td class="tdr">6</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">57</td>
+    <td class="tdr">44</td>
+    <td class="tdr">8</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">9</td>
+    <td class="tdr">231</td>
+    <td class="tdr">196</td>
+    <td class="tdr">7</td>
+    <td class="tdr">96</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">45</td>
+    <td class="tdr">11</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">57</td>
+    <td class="tdr">49</td>
+    <td class="tdr">9</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">1890</td>
+    <td class="tdr">198</td>
+    <td class="tdr">175</td>
+    <td class="tdr">11</td>
+    <td class="tdr">81</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">43</td>
+    <td class="tdr">8</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">51</td>
+    <td class="tdr">54</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1890</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdr">209</td>
+    <td class="tdr">161</td>
+    <td class="tdr">9</td>
+    <td class="tdr">97</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">43</td>
+    <td class="tdr">12</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">55</td>
+    <td class="tdr">65</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">2</td>
+    <td class="tdr">302</td>
+    <td class="tdr">258</td>
+    <td class="tdr">15</td>
+    <td class="tdr">114</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">61</td>
+    <td class="tdr">6</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">67</td>
+    <td class="tdr">62</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">326</td>
+    <td class="tdr">268</td>
+    <td class="tdr">10</td>
+    <td class="tdr">108</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">61</td>
+    <td class="tdr">4</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">67</td>
+    <td class="tdr">51</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">4</td>
+    <td class="tdr">303</td>
+    <td class="tdr">258</td>
+    <td class="tdr">12</td>
+    <td class="tdr">101</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">55</td>
+    <td class="tdr">9</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">64</td>
+    <td class="tdr">54</td>
+    <td class="tdr">4</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">5</td>
+    <td class="tdr">327</td>
+    <td class="tdr">282</td>
+    <td class="tdr">17</td>
+    <td class="tdr">105</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">61</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">66</td>
+    <td class="tdr">52</td>
+    <td class="tdr">5</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">6</td>
+    <td class="tdr">308</td>
+    <td class="tdr">248</td>
+    <td class="tdr">18</td>
+    <td class="tdr">110</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">51</td>
+    <td class="tdr">8</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">59</td>
+    <td class="tdr">73</td>
+    <td class="tdr">6</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">7</td>
+    <td class="tdr">315</td>
+    <td class="tdr">285</td>
+    <td class="tdr">23</td>
+    <td class="tdr">129</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">64</td>
+    <td class="tdr">8</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">74</td>
+    <td class="tdr">67</td>
+    <td class="tdr">7</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">8</td>
+    <td class="tdr">311</td>
+    <td class="tdr">273</td>
+    <td class="tdr">15</td>
+    <td class="tdr">101</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">46</td>
+    <td class="tdr">12</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">58</td>
+    <td class="tdr">59</td>
+    <td class="tdr">8</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">9</td>
+    <td class="tdr">321</td>
+    <td class="tdr">257</td>
+    <td class="tdr">21</td>
+    <td class="tdr">145</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">79</td>
+    <td class="tdr">14</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdr">97</td>
+    <td class="tdr">72</td>
+    <td class="tdr">9</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">1900</td>
+    <td class="tdr">379</td>
+    <td class="tdr">317</td>
+    <td class="tdr">36</td>
+    <td class="tdr">170</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">110</td>
+    <td class="tdr">14</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">125</td>
+    <td class="tdr">54</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1900</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdr">374</td>
+    <td class="tdr">311</td>
+    <td class="tdr">47</td>
+    <td class="tdr">160</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">97</td>
+    <td class="tdr">10</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">107</td>
+    <td class="tdr">74</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">2</td>
+    <td class="tdr">269</td>
+    <td class="tdr">211</td>
+    <td class="tdr">26</td>
+    <td class="tdr">114</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">66</td>
+    <td class="tdr">9</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">76</td>
+    <td class="tdr">54</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">425</td>
+    <td class="tdr">324</td>
+    <td class="tdr">28</td>
+    <td class="tdr">163</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">102</td>
+    <td class="tdr">9</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">111</td>
+    <td class="tdr">93</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">4</td>
+    <td class="tdr">353</td>
+    <td class="tdr">279</td>
+    <td class="tdr">42</td>
+    <td class="tdr">153</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">98</td>
+    <td class="tdr">6</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">104</td>
+    <td class="tdr">124</td>
+    <td class="tdr">4</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">5</td>
+    <td class="tdr">368</td>
+    <td class="tdr">289</td>
+    <td class="tdr">41</td>
+    <td class="tdr">145</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">97</td>
+    <td class="tdr">12</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">109</td>
+    <td class="tdr">114</td>
+    <td class="tdr">5</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">6</td>
+    <td class="tdr">315</td>
+    <td class="tdr">228</td>
+    <td class="tdr">30</td>
+    <td class="tdr">123</td>
+    <td class="tdr">8</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">70</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">70</td>
+    <td class="tdr">78</td>
+    <td class="tdr">6</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">7</td>
+    <td class="tdr">387</td>
+    <td class="tdr">308</td>
+    <td class="tdr">34</td>
+    <td class="tdr">143</td>
+    <td class="tdr">92</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">111</td>
+    <td class="tdr">7</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">8</td>
+    <td class="tdr">461</td>
+    <td class="tdr">351</td>
+    <td class="tdr">7</td>
+    <td class="tdr">132</td>
+    <td class="tdr">88</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">108</td>
+    <td class="tdr">8</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">9</td>
+    <td class="tdr">482</td>
+    <td class="tdr">366</td>
+    <td class="tdr">4</td>
+    <td class="tdr">128</td>
+    <td class="tdr">118</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr">103</td>
+    <td class="tdr">9</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr bb">1910</td>
+    <td class="tdr bb">505</td>
+    <td class="tdr bb">391</td>
+    <td class="tdr bb">5</td>
+    <td class="tdr bb">148</td>
+    <td class="tdr bb">111</td>
+    <td class="tdr bb">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr bb">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr bb">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr bb">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr bb">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr bb">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr bb">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr bb">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr bb">82</td>
+    <td class="tdr bb">1910</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr bb">Total</td>
+    <td class="tdr bb">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr bb">—</td>
+    <td class="tdr bb">526</td>
+    <td class="tdr bb">9,742</td>
+    <td class="tdr bb">418</td>
+    <td class="tdr bb">60</td>
+    <td class="tdr bb">63</td>
+    <td class="tdr bb">45</td>
+    <td class="tdr bb">4,008</td>
+    <td class="tdr bb">714</td>
+    <td class="tdr bb">40</td>
+    <td class="tdr bb">4</td>
+    <td class="tdr bb">4,934</td>
+    <td class="tdr bb">4,934</td>
+    <td class="tdr bb">Total</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_289"></a>[289]</span></p>
+
+<div class="smaller">
+
+<p>In 1817 the Course of Study was fixed at four years.</p>
+
+<p>One-half of the cadets admitted in 1854 formed the class of 1858, and,
+as the Course of Study was then changed to five years, the other half
+constituted the class of 1859.</p>
+
+<p>Two classes—those admitted in 1856 and 1857—were graduated in 1861—the
+former in May and the latter in June—when the Course of Study was again
+fixed at four years.</p>
+
+<p>Revised to June 30, 1910.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<h3>SUPERINTENDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY</h3>
+
+<table summary="SUPERINTENDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY" class="borders reduce">
+  <tr>
+    <th class="nobl">No.</th>
+    <th class="nobl">Name.</th>
+    <th>Army Rank when Appointed.</th>
+    <th>From</th>
+    <th>To</th>
+    <th>Remarks.</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">1</td>
+    <td class="nobl">Jonathan Williams</td>
+    <td>Major Corps of Engineers</td>
+    <td>April 15, 1802.</td>
+    <td>† June 20, 1803.</td>
+    <td>Resigned.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">2</td>
+    <td class="nobl">Jonathan Williams</td>
+    <td>Lieut. Col. Corps of Engineers</td>
+    <td>† April 19, 1805.</td>
+    <td>July 31, 1812.</td>
+    <td>Resigned.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="nobl">Joseph G. Swift</td>
+    <td>Colonel Corps of Engineers</td>
+    <td>July 31, 1812.</td>
+    <td>March 24, 1814.</td>
+    <td>Relieved.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">4</td>
+    <td class="nobl">Alden Partridge</td>
+    <td>Captain Corps of Engineers</td>
+    <td>Jan’y 3, 1815.</td>
+    <td>July 28, 1817.</td>
+    <td>Relieved.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">5</td>
+    <td class="nobl">Sylvanus Thayer</td>
+    <td>Captain Corps of Engineers</td>
+    <td>July 28, 1817.</td>
+    <td>July 1, 1833.</td>
+    <td>Relieved.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">6</td>
+    <td class="nobl">Rene E. DeRussy</td>
+    <td>Major Corps of Engineers</td>
+    <td>July 1, 1833.</td>
+    <td>Sept. 1, 1838.</td>
+    <td>Relieved.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">7</td>
+    <td class="nobl">Richard Delafield</td>
+    <td>Major Corps of Engineers</td>
+    <td>Sept. 1, 1838.</td>
+    <td>Aug. 15, 1845.</td>
+    <td>Relieved.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">8</td>
+    <td class="nobl">Henry Brewerton</td>
+    <td>Captain Corps of Engineers</td>
+    <td>Aug. 15, 1845.</td>
+    <td>Sept. 1, 1852.</td>
+    <td>Relieved.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">9</td>
+    <td class="nobl">Robert E. Lee</td>
+    <td>Captain Corps of Engineers</td>
+    <td>Sept. 1, 1852.</td>
+    <td>March 31, 1855.</td>
+    <td>Relieved.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">10</td>
+    <td class="nobl">John G. Garnard</td>
+    <td>Captain Corps of Engineers</td>
+    <td>March 31, 1855.</td>
+    <td>Sept. 8, 1856.</td>
+    <td>Relieved.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">11</td>
+    <td class="nobl">Richard Delafield</td>
+    <td>Major Corps of Engineers</td>
+    <td>Sept. 8, 1856.</td>
+    <td>§ Jan’y 23, 1861.</td>
+    <td>Relieved.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">12</td>
+    <td class="nobl">Peter G. T. Beauregard</td>
+    <td>Captain Corps of Engineers</td>
+    <td>§ Jan’y 23, 1861.</td>
+    <td>Jan’y 28, 1868.</td>
+    <td>Relieved.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">13</td>
+    <td class="nobl">Richard Delafield</td>
+    <td>Major Corps of Engineers</td>
+    <td>Jan’y 28, 1861.</td>
+    <td>March 1, 1861.</td>
+    <td>Relieved.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">14</td>
+    <td class="nobl">Alexander H. Bowman</td>
+    <td>Major Corps of Engineers</td>
+    <td>March 1, 1861.</td>
+    <td>July 8, 1864.</td>
+    <td>Relieved.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">15</td>
+    <td class="nobl">Zealous B. Tower</td>
+    <td>Major Corps of Engineers</td>
+    <td>July 8, 1864.</td>
+    <td>Sept. 3, 1864.</td>
+    <td>Relieved.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">16</td>
+    <td class="nobl">George W. Cullum</td>
+    <td>Lieut. Colonel Corps of Engineers</td>
+    <td>Sept. 8, 1864.</td>
+    <td>Aug. 28, 1866.</td>
+    <td>Relieved.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">17</td>
+    <td class="nobl">Thomas G. Pitcher</td>
+    <td>Colonel 44th Infantry</td>
+    <td>Aug. 28, 1866.</td>
+    <td>Sept. 1, 1871.</td>
+    <td>Relieved.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">18</td>
+    <td class="nobl">Thomas H. Ruger</td>
+    <td>Colonel 18th Infantry</td>
+    <td>Sept. 1, 1871.</td>
+    <td>Sept. 1, 1876.</td>
+    <td>Relieved.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">19</td>
+    <td class="nobl">John M. Schofield</td>
+    <td>Major General, U. S. A</td>
+    <td>Sept. 1, 1876.</td>
+    <td>Jan’y 21, 1881.</td>
+    <td>Relieved.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">20</td>
+    <td class="nobl">Oliver O. Howard</td>
+    <td>Brigadier General, U. S. A</td>
+    <td>Jan’y 21, 1881.</td>
+    <td>Sept. 1, 1882.</td>
+    <td>Relieved.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">21</td>
+    <td class="nobl">Wesley Merritt</td>
+    <td>Colonel 5th Cavalry</td>
+    <td>Sept. 1, 1882.</td>
+    <td>July 1, 1887.</td>
+    <td>Relieved.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">22</td>
+    <td class="nobl">John G. Parke</td>
+    <td>Colonel Corps of Engineers</td>
+    <td>Aug. 28, 1887.</td>
+    <td>June 24, 1889.</td>
+    <td>Relieved.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">23</td>
+    <td class="nobl">John M. Wilson</td>
+    <td>Lieut. Colonel Corps of Engineers</td>
+    <td>Aug. 26, 1889.</td>
+    <td>March 31, 1893.</td>
+    <td>Relieved.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">24</td>
+    <td class="nobl">Oswald H. Ernst</td>
+    <td>Major Corps of Engineers</td>
+    <td>March 31, 1893.</td>
+    <td>Aug. 21, 1898.</td>
+    <td>Relieved.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">25</td>
+    <td class="nobl">Albert L. Mills</td>
+    <td>1st Lieutenant 1st Cavalry</td>
+    <td>Aug. 22, 1898.</td>
+    <td>Aug. 31, 1906.</td>
+    <td>Relieved.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">26</td>
+    <td class="nobl">Hugh L. Scott</td>
+    <td>Major 14th Cavalry</td>
+    <td>Aug. 31, 1906.</td>
+    <td>Aug. 31, 1910.</td>
+    <td>Relieved.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr bb">27</td>
+    <td class="nobl bb">Thomas H. Barry</td>
+    <td class="bb">Major General U. S. A</td>
+    <td class="bb">Aug. 31, 1910</td>
+    <td class="bb"></td>
+    <td class="bb"></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="smaller">
+
+<p>Note.—The selection of the Superintendents of the Military Academy
+was confined to the Corps of Engineers from the establishment of the
+Institution, March 16, 1802, till the passage of the law of July 13,
+1866, which opened it to the entire Army. By the Act of June 12, 1858,
+the local rank of Colonel was conferred upon the Superintendent.</p>
+
+<p>† Major Williams resigned June 20, 1803, on a point of command, and
+pending its settlement until April 19, 1805, when he again returned to
+service as Chief Engineer, no permanent Superintendent of the Military
+Academy was appointed, the command devolving upon the senior officer of
+the Corps of Engineers present for duty.</p>
+
+<p>§ Bvt. Major P. G. T. Beauregard, Corps of Engineers, by order of John B.
+Floyd, Secretary of War, relieved Colonel Delafield, Jan. 23, 1861, from
+the superintendency of the Military Academy, but was himself displaced
+five days later, Jan. 28, 1861, by direction of the Succeeding Secretary
+of War, Joseph Holt, the command again devolving upon Colonel Delafield.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_290"></a>[290]</span></p>
+
+<h3>COMMANDANTS OF CADETS AT THE UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY</h3>
+
+<table summary="COMMANDANTS OF CADETS OF THE UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY" class="borders reduce">
+  <tr>
+    <th class="nobl">No.</th>
+    <th class="nobl">Name.</th>
+    <th>Army Rank when Appointed.</th>
+    <th>From</th>
+    <th>To</th>
+    <th>Remarks.</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">1</td>
+    <td class="nobl">George W. Gardiner</td>
+    <td>2d Lieut. Corps of Artillery</td>
+    <td>Sept. 15, 1817</td>
+    <td>April 2, 1818</td>
+    <td>Relieved.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">2</td>
+    <td class="nobl">John Bliss Captain</td>
+    <td>6th Infantry</td>
+    <td>April 2, 1818</td>
+    <td>Jan. 11, 1819</td>
+    <td>Relieved.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="nobl">John R. Bell</td>
+    <td>Captain Light Artillery</td>
+    <td>Feb. 8, 1819</td>
+    <td>March 17, 1820</td>
+    <td>Relieved.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">4</td>
+    <td class="nobl">William J. Worth</td>
+    <td>Captain 2d Infantry</td>
+    <td>March 17, 1820</td>
+    <td>Dec. 2, 1828</td>
+    <td>Relieved.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">5</td>
+    <td class="nobl">Ethan A. Hitchcock</td>
+    <td>Captain 1st Infantry</td>
+    <td>March 13, 1829</td>
+    <td>June 24, 1833</td>
+    <td>Relieved.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">6</td>
+    <td class="nobl">John Fowle</td>
+    <td>Major 3d Infantry</td>
+    <td>July 10, 1833</td>
+    <td>March 31, 1838</td>
+    <td>Relieved.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">7</td>
+    <td class="nobl">Charles F. Smith</td>
+    <td>1st Lieut. 2d Artillery</td>
+    <td>April 1, 1838</td>
+    <td>Sept. 1, 1842</td>
+    <td>Relieved.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">8</td>
+    <td class="nobl">J. Addison Thomas</td>
+    <td>1st Lieut. 3d Artillery</td>
+    <td>Sept. 1, 1842</td>
+    <td>Dec. 14, 1845</td>
+    <td>Relieved.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">9</td>
+    <td class="nobl">Bradford R. Alden</td>
+    <td>Captain 4th Infantry</td>
+    <td>Dec. 14, 1845</td>
+    <td>Nov. 1, 1852</td>
+    <td>Relieved.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">10</td>
+    <td class="nobl">Robert S. Garnett</td>
+    <td>Captain 7th Infantry</td>
+    <td>Nov. 1, 1852</td>
+    <td>July 31, 1854</td>
+    <td>Relieved.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">11</td>
+    <td class="nobl">William H. T. Walker</td>
+    <td>Captain 6th Infantry</td>
+    <td>July 31, 1854</td>
+    <td>May 27, 1856</td>
+    <td>Relieved.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">12</td>
+    <td class="nobl">William J. Hardee</td>
+    <td>Major 2d Cavalry</td>
+    <td>July 22, 1856</td>
+    <td>Sept. 8, 1860</td>
+    <td>Relieved.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">13</td>
+    <td class="nobl">John F. Reynolds</td>
+    <td>Captain 3d Artillery</td>
+    <td>Sept. 8, 1860</td>
+    <td>June 25, 1861</td>
+    <td>Relieved.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">14</td>
+    <td class="nobl">Christopher C. Anger</td>
+    <td>Major 13th Infantry</td>
+    <td>August 20, 1861</td>
+    <td>Dec. 5, 1861</td>
+    <td>Relieved.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">15</td>
+    <td class="nobl">Kenner Garrard</td>
+    <td>Captain 5th Cavalry</td>
+    <td>Dec. 5, 1861</td>
+    <td>Sept. 25, 1862</td>
+    <td>Relieved.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">16</td>
+    <td class="nobl">Henry B. Clitz</td>
+    <td>Major 12th Infantry</td>
+    <td>Oct. 23, 1862</td>
+    <td>July 4, 1864</td>
+    <td>Relieved.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">17</td>
+    <td class="nobl">John C. Tidball</td>
+    <td>Captain 2d Artillery</td>
+    <td>July 10, 1864</td>
+    <td>Sept. 22, 1864</td>
+    <td>Relieved.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">18</td>
+    <td class="nobl">Henry M. Black</td>
+    <td>Major 7th Infantry</td>
+    <td>Sept. 22, 1864</td>
+    <td>July 1, 1870</td>
+    <td>Relieved.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">19</td>
+    <td class="nobl">Emory Upton</td>
+    <td>Lieut. Col. 1st Artillery</td>
+    <td>July 1, 1870</td>
+    <td>June 3, 1875</td>
+    <td>Relieved.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">20</td>
+    <td class="nobl">Thomas H. Neill</td>
+    <td>Lieut. Col. 8th Cavalry</td>
+    <td>July 1, 1875</td>
+    <td>June 30, 1879</td>
+    <td>Relieved.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">21</td>
+    <td class="nobl">Henry M. Lazelle</td>
+    <td>Lieut. Col. 23d Infantry</td>
+    <td>July 1, 1879</td>
+    <td>Aug. 4, 1882</td>
+    <td>Relieved.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">22</td>
+    <td class="nobl">Henry C. Hasbrouck</td>
+    <td>Captain 4th Artillery</td>
+    <td>August 22, 1882</td>
+    <td>Sept. 1, 1892</td>
+    <td>Relieved.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">23</td>
+    <td class="nobl">Hamilton S. Hawkins</td>
+    <td>Lieut. Col. 23d Infantry</td>
+    <td>Feb. 1, 1888</td>
+    <td>Feb. 1, 1888</td>
+    <td>Relieved.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">24</td>
+    <td class="nobl">Samuel M. Mills</td>
+    <td>Captain 5th Artillery</td>
+    <td>Sept. 1, 1892</td>
+    <td>June 15, 1897</td>
+    <td>Relieved.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">25</td>
+    <td class="nobl">Otto L. Hein</td>
+    <td>Captain 1st Cavalry</td>
+    <td>June 15, 1897</td>
+    <td>June 15, 1901</td>
+    <td>Relieved.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">26</td>
+    <td class="nobl">Charles G. Treat</td>
+    <td>Captain Artillery Corps</td>
+    <td>June 15, 1901</td>
+    <td>June 15, 1905</td>
+    <td>Relieved.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">27</td>
+    <td class="nobl">Robert L. Howze</td>
+    <td>Captain 6th Cavalry</td>
+    <td>June 15, 1905</td>
+    <td>Feb. 1, 1909</td>
+    <td>Relieved.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">28</td>
+    <td class="nobl">Frederick W. Sibley</td>
+    <td>Lieut. Col. 4th Cavalry</td>
+    <td>Feb. 1, 1909</td>
+    <td>Jan. 17, 1911</td>
+    <td>Relieved.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl tdr bb">29</td>
+    <td class="nobl bb">Fred W. Sladen</td>
+    <td class="bb">Capt. 14th Infantry</td>
+    <td class="bb">Feb. 1, 1911</td>
+    <td class="bb"></td>
+    <td class="bb"></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="smaller">
+
+<p>Notes.—From April 15, 1802, to September 15, 1817, the Superintendent performed the duties of Commandant of
+Cadets in addition to his own.</p>
+
+<p>The Commandant of Cadets has the rank and pay of Lieutenant Colonel, under Sections 1310 and 1334, Revised
+Statutes of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>When the Superintendent is absent from West Point the Commandant of Cadets is the Acting Superintendent.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_291"></a>[291]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_X">CHAPTER X.<br />
+<span class="smaller">APPENDIX.</span></h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">WAR DEPARTMENT.</p>
+
+<p class="center">INFORMATION RELATIVE TO THE APPOINTMENT AND ADMISSION
+OF CADETS TO THE UNITED STATES
+MILITARY ACADEMY.</p>
+
+<p>[Communications relating to matters connected with the Military-Academy
+should be addressed to The Adjutant-General of the Army,
+Washington, D. C.]</p>
+
+<h3>APPOINTMENTS.</h3>
+
+<p>HOW MADE.—Each Congressional District and Territory—the
+District of Columbia and also Porto Rico—is entitled to have one
+cadet at the Academy. Each State is also entitled to have two
+cadets from the State at large, and forty are allowed from the United
+States at large. The law, however, provides that for six years from
+July 1, 1910, whenever any cadet shall have finished three years of
+his course at the Academy his successor may be admitted. The
+appointment from a Congressional District is made upon the recommendation
+of the Representative in Congress from that District,
+and those from a State at large upon the recommendations of the
+Senators of the State. Similarly the appointment from a Territory
+is made upon the recommendation of the Delegate in Congress. The
+appointment from the District of Columbia is made on the recommendation
+of the Commissioners of the District. Each person
+appointed must be an actual resident of the State, District or Territory
+from which the appointment is made.</p>
+
+<p>The appointments from the United States at large are made by the
+President of the United States upon his own selection. The cadet
+from Porto Rico, who must be a native of that island, is appointed
+by the President on the recommendation of the Resident Commissioner.</p>
+
+<p>The Secretary of War is authorized to permit not exceeding four
+Filipinos, to be designated, one for each class, by the Philippine
+Commission, to receive instruction at the United States Military
+Academy at West Point: Provided, That the Filipinos undergoing
+instruction shall receive the same pay, allowances, and emoluments
+as are authorized by law for cadets at the Military Academy
+appointed from the United States, to be paid out of the same
+appropriations: And provided further, That said Filipinos undergoing
+instruction on graduation shall be eligible only to commissions in
+the Philippine Scouts. And the provisions of section 1321, Revised
+Statutes, are modified in the case of the Filipinos undergoing instruction,
+so as to require them to engage to serve for eight years, unless
+sooner discharged, in the Philippine Scouts.</p>
+
+<p>DATE OF APPOINTMENTS.—Appointments are required by law
+to be made <i>one year in advance</i> of the date of admission, except in
+cases where, by reason of death or other cause, a vacancy occurs
+which cannot be provided for by such appointment in advance.
+These vacancies are filled in time for the next examination.</p>
+
+<p>ALTERNATES.—For each candidate appointed there should be
+nominated <i>two alternates</i>. The principal and each alternate will
+receive from the War Department a letter of appointment, and must
+appear for examination at the time and place therein designated.<a id="FNanchor_67" href="#Footnote_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_292"></a>[292]</span>
+The fitness for admission to the Academy of the principal and alternates
+will be determined as prescribed in paragraphs 19 and 20,
+Regulations U. S. Military Academy. If the principal fails to
+qualify, either mentally or physically, then the qualifications of the
+alternates will be considered and if only one has met the requirements
+he will be admitted; if both alternates have met the requirements
+the better qualified will be admitted. The alternates,
+like the principal, should be designated <i>one year in advance</i> of the
+date of admission.</p>
+
+<h3>EXAMINATION AND ADMISSION OF CANDIDATES.<a id="FNanchor_68" href="#Footnote_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a></h3>
+
+<p>The following are extracts from the Regulations of the Military
+Academy relating to the examination of candidates for admission
+and will be strictly adhered to:</p>
+
+<p>19. On the second Tuesday in January of each year candidates
+selected for appointment (except the Filipino candidates) shall
+appear for mental and physical examination before boards of Army
+officers to be convened at such places as the War Department may
+designate. The Filipino candidates selected for appointment, unless
+otherwise notified by the War Department, shall appear for mental
+and physical examination on the second Tuesday in October of each
+year before a board of Army officers to be convened at such place
+in the Philippine Islands as the Commanding General of the Philippine
+Division may designate. Candidates who pass will be admitted
+to the Academy without further examination upon reporting in
+person to the Superintendent before 12 o’clock noon, on the 1st day
+of March following the examination.</p>
+
+<p>20. Each candidate before admission to the academy must show
+by examination as prescribed in paragraph 19, that he is well versed
+in algebra, to include quadratic equations and progressions, plane
+geometry, English grammar, composition and literature, descriptive
+and physical geography, and general and United States history, as
+explained in the circulars of notification. No rejected candidate
+shall be re-examined, except upon recommendation of the Academic
+Board.</p>
+
+<p>22. Immediately after reporting to the Superintendent for admission,
+and before receiving his warrant of appointment, the candidate
+is required to sign an engagement for service in the following form,
+and in the presence of the Superintendent, or of some officer deputed
+by him:</p>
+
+<p>“I, ________, of the State (or Territory) of ____, aged
+____ years ____ months, do hereby engage (with the consent
+of my parent or guardian) that, from the date of my admission as a
+Cadet of the United States Military Academy, I will serve in the
+Army of the United States for eight years, unless sooner discharged
+by competent authority.”</p>
+
+<p>In the presence of ________.</p>
+
+<p>The candidate is then required to take and subscribe an oath
+or affirmation in the following form:</p>
+
+<p>“I, ________, do solemnly swear that I will support the
+Constitution of the United States, and bear true allegiance to the
+National Government: that I will maintain and defend the sovereignty
+of the United States, paramount to any and all allegiance,
+sovereignty, or fealty I may owe to any State or country whatsoever;
+and that I will at all times obey the legal orders of my superior
+officers, and the rules and articles governing the armies of the
+United States.”</p>
+
+<p>Sworn and subscribed, at ____, this ____ day of ____,
+nineteen hundred and ____ before me. <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_293"></a>[293]</span>________</p>
+
+<p>QUALIFICATIONS.—No candidate shall be admitted who is under
+seventeen, or over twenty-two years of age, or less than five feet
+four inches in height at the age of seventeen, or five feet five inches
+in height at the age of eighteen and upward, or who is deformed,
+or afflicted with any disease or infirmity which would render him
+unfit for the military service, or who has, at the time of presenting
+himself, any disorder of an infectious or immoral character. Candidates
+must be unmarried.</p>
+
+<p>Each candidate must on reporting at West Point present a certificate
+showing successful vaccination within one year; or a certificate
+of two vaccinations, made at least a month apart, within three
+months.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Note.</span>—Candidates are eligible for admission from the day they
+are seventeen until the day they become twenty-two years of age,
+on which latter day they are not eligible.</p>
+
+<p>It is suggested to all candidates for admission to the Military
+Academy that, before leaving their places of residence for the place
+of examination, they should cause themselves to be thoroughly examined
+by a competent physician, and by a teacher or instructor in
+good standing. By such examinations any <i>serious</i> physical disqualification
+or deficiency in mental preparation would be revealed.</p>
+
+<p>It should be understood that the informal examination herein
+recommended is solely for the convenience and benefit of the candidate
+himself, and can in no manner affect the decision of the
+Academic and Medical Examining Boards.</p>
+
+<h3>CHARACTER OF EXAMINATIONS.</h3>
+
+<h4>PHYSICAL EXAMINATION.</h4>
+
+<p>Upon the completion of the mental examination all candidates
+will be thoroughly examined physically by the medical officers of the
+board, under the following instructions prepared by the Surgeon
+General of the Army:</p>
+
+<p>Hearing must be normal in both ears.</p>
+
+<p>Vision, as determined by the official test types, must not fall
+below 20/40 in either eye, and not below 20/20 unless the defect
+is a simple refractive error not hyperopia, is not due to ocular
+disease, and is entirely corrected by proper glasses.</p>
+
+<p>In the record of all examinations the acuity of vision without
+glasses, and also with glasses when the acuity is less than 20/20,
+will be given for each eye separately; in the latter case the correction
+will also be noted.</p>
+
+<p>Hyperopia requiring any spherical correction, anisometropia,
+squint, or muscular insufficiency, if marked, are causes for rejection.</p>
+
+<p>Color blindness, red, green, or violet, is cause for rejection.</p>
+
+<p>The following are causes of disqualification if found to exist to
+such a degree as would immediately or at no very distant period
+impair the efficiency of the candidate:</p>
+
+<div class="hanging">
+
+<p>1.—Feeble constitution; unsound health from whatever cause; indications
+of former disease, glandular swellings, or other
+symptoms of scrofula.</p>
+
+<p>2.—Chronic cutaneous affections, especially of the scalp.</p>
+
+<p>3.—Severe injuries of the bones of the head; convulsions.</p>
+
+<p>4.—Impaired vision, from whatever cause; inflammatory affections
+of the eyelids; immobility or irregularity of the iris; fistula
+lachrymalis, &amp;c., &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>5.—Deafness; copious discharge from the ears.</p>
+
+<p>6.—loss of many teeth, or the teeth generally unsound.</p>
+
+<p>7.—Impediment of speech.</p>
+
+<p>8.—Want of due capacity of the chest, and any other indication of
+a liability to a pulmonic disease.</p>
+
+<p>9.—Impaired or inadequate efficiency of one or both of the superior
+extremities on account of fractures, especially of the clavicle,
+contraction of a joint, deformity, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_294"></a>[294]</span></p>
+
+<p>10.—An unusual excurvature or incurvature of the spine.</p>
+
+<p>11.—Hernia.</p>
+
+<p>12.—A varicose state of the veins of the scrotum or spermatic cord
+(when large), hydrocele, hemorrhoids, fistulas.</p>
+
+<p>13.—Impaired or inadequate efficiency of one or both of the inferior
+extremities on account of varicose veins, fractures, malformation
+(flat feet, &amp;c.), lameness, contraction, unequal length,
+bunions, overlying or supernumerary toes, &amp;c., &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>14.—Ulcers, or unsound cicatrices of ulcers likely to break out afresh.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>The requirements of the following tables of physical proportions
+are <i>minimum for growing youths</i> and are for the guidance of medical
+officers in connection with the other data of the examination, a consideration
+of all of which should determine the candidate’s physical
+eligibility. Mere fulfillment of the requirements of the standard
+tables does not determine eligibility, while on the other hand no
+departure below the standard should be allowed unless upon the
+unanimous recommendation of the medical examining board for
+excellent reasons clearly stated in each case.</p>
+
+<p>The physical requirements should be those of the age at the
+birthday nearest the time of the examination. Fractions greater
+than ½ inch will be considered as an additional inch of height, but
+candidates 17 years old must be at least 64 inches, and those 18
+years and upward at least 65 inches in height.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Table of physical proportion for height, weight, and chest measurement.</i></p>
+
+<table summary="Table of physical proportion for height, weight, and chest measurement" class="reduce">
+  <tr>
+    <th>Age.</th>
+    <th>Height, inches.</th>
+    <th>Weight, pounds.</th>
+    <th>Chest measurement—expiration, inches.</th>
+    <th>Chest mobility, inches.</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>17 yrs.</td>
+    <td>64</td>
+    <td>110</td>
+    <td>29</td>
+    <td>2</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>65</td>
+    <td>112</td>
+    <td>29¼</td>
+    <td>2</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>66</td>
+    <td>114</td>
+    <td>29½</td>
+    <td>2</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>67</td>
+    <td>116</td>
+    <td>29¾</td>
+    <td>2</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>68</td>
+    <td>119</td>
+    <td>30</td>
+    <td>2½</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>69</td>
+    <td>122</td>
+    <td>30¼</td>
+    <td>2½</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>70</td>
+    <td>125</td>
+    <td>30½</td>
+    <td>2½</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>71</td>
+    <td>128</td>
+    <td>30¾</td>
+    <td>2½</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>18 yrs.</td>
+    <td>65</td>
+    <td>117</td>
+    <td>30¼</td>
+    <td>2</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>66</td>
+    <td>119</td>
+    <td>30½</td>
+    <td>2</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>67</td>
+    <td>121</td>
+    <td>30¾</td>
+    <td>2</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>68</td>
+    <td>124</td>
+    <td>31</td>
+    <td>2½</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>69</td>
+    <td>127</td>
+    <td>31¼</td>
+    <td>2½</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>70</td>
+    <td>130</td>
+    <td>31½</td>
+    <td>2½</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>71</td>
+    <td>133</td>
+    <td>31¾</td>
+    <td>2½</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>72</td>
+    <td>136</td>
+    <td>32</td>
+    <td>3</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>19 yrs.</td>
+    <td>65</td>
+    <td>121</td>
+    <td>30¾</td>
+    <td>2</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>66</td>
+    <td>123</td>
+    <td>31</td>
+    <td>2</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>67</td>
+    <td>125</td>
+    <td>31¼</td>
+    <td>2</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>68</td>
+    <td>129</td>
+    <td>31½</td>
+    <td>2½</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>69</td>
+    <td>133</td>
+    <td>31¼</td>
+    <td>2½</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>70</td>
+    <td>137</td>
+    <td>32</td>
+    <td>2½</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>71</td>
+    <td>141</td>
+    <td>32¼</td>
+    <td>2½</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>72</td>
+    <td>145</td>
+    <td>32½</td>
+    <td>3</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>73</td>
+    <td>149</td>
+    <td>32¾</td>
+    <td>3</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>20 yrs.</td>
+    <td>65</td>
+    <td>122</td>
+    <td>31</td>
+    <td>2</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>66</td>
+    <td>124</td>
+    <td>31¼</td>
+    <td>2</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>67</td>
+    <td>126</td>
+    <td>31½</td>
+    <td>2</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>68</td>
+    <td>130</td>
+    <td>31¾</td>
+    <td>2½</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>69</td>
+    <td>134</td>
+    <td>32</td>
+    <td>2½</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>70</td>
+    <td>138</td>
+    <td>32¼</td>
+    <td>2½</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>71</td>
+    <td>142</td>
+    <td>32½</td>
+    <td>2½</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>72</td>
+    <td>146</td>
+    <td>32¾</td>
+    <td>3</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>73</td>
+    <td>150</td>
+    <td>33</td>
+    <td>3</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>74</td>
+    <td>154</td>
+    <td>33¼</td>
+    <td>3½</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>21 yrs.</td>
+    <td>65</td>
+    <td>123</td>
+    <td>31½</td>
+    <td>2</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>66</td>
+    <td>125</td>
+    <td>31½</td>
+    <td>2</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>67</td>
+    <td>127</td>
+    <td>31¾</td>
+    <td>2</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>68</td>
+    <td>132</td>
+    <td>32</td>
+    <td>2½</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>69</td>
+    <td>137</td>
+    <td>32¼</td>
+    <td>2½</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>70</td>
+    <td>142</td>
+    <td>32½</td>
+    <td>2½</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>71</td>
+    <td>147</td>
+    <td>32¾</td>
+    <td>2½</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>72</td>
+    <td>152</td>
+    <td>33</td>
+    <td>3</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>73</td>
+    <td>157</td>
+    <td>33¼</td>
+    <td>3</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>74</td>
+    <td>162</td>
+    <td>33½</td>
+    <td>3½</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>75</td>
+    <td>167</td>
+    <td>33¾</td>
+    <td>3½</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>22 yrs.</td>
+    <td>65</td>
+    <td>125</td>
+    <td>31½</td>
+    <td>2</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>66</td>
+    <td>127</td>
+    <td>31¾</td>
+    <td>2</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>67</td>
+    <td>129</td>
+    <td>32</td>
+    <td>2</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>68</td>
+    <td>134</td>
+    <td>32¼</td>
+    <td>2½</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>69</td>
+    <td>139</td>
+    <td>32½</td>
+    <td>2½</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>70</td>
+    <td>144</td>
+    <td>32¾</td>
+    <td>2½</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>71</td>
+    <td>149</td>
+    <td>33</td>
+    <td>2½</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>72</td>
+    <td>154</td>
+    <td>33¼</td>
+    <td>3</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>73</td>
+    <td>159</td>
+    <td>33½</td>
+    <td>3</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>74</td>
+    <td>164</td>
+    <td>33¾</td>
+    <td>3½</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>75</td>
+    <td>169</td>
+    <td>34</td>
+    <td>3½</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>76</td>
+    <td>174</td>
+    <td>34¼</td>
+    <td>4</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_295"></a>[295]</span></p>
+
+<h4>MENTAL EXAMINATION.</h4>
+
+<p class="subject">ALGEBRA.—Candidates will be required to pass a satisfactory
+examination in that portion of <i>algebra</i> which includes the following
+range of subjects: definitions and notation; the fundamental laws;
+the fundamental operations, viz.: addition, subtraction, multiplication
+and division; factoring; highest common factor; lowest common
+multiple; fractions, simple and complex; simple, or linear, equations
+with one unknown quantity; simultaneous simple, or linear, equations
+with two or more unknown quantities; involution, including the
+formation of the squares and cubes of polynomials; binomial theorem
+with positive integral exponents; evolution, including the extraction
+of the square and cube roots of polynomials and of numbers: theory
+of exponents; radicals, including reduction and fundamental operations,
+rationalization, equations involving radicals, operations with
+imaginary numbers, quadratic equations; equations of quadratic form;
+simultaneous quadratic equations; ratio and proportion; arithmetical
+and geometrical progressions. Candidates will be required to solve
+problems involving any of the principles or methods contained in the
+foregoing subjects.</p>
+
+<p>The following questions were used at a recent examination:</p>
+
+<p>Substitute <i>y</i> + 3 for <i>x</i> in <i>x</i>⁴-<i>x</i>³ + 2x²-3 and arrange the result
+in descending powers of <i>y</i>.</p>
+
+<p>On the eve of a battle one army had 5 men to every 6 men in the
+other. The first army lost 14,000 men and the second 6,000 men.
+The first army then had 2 men to every 3 men in the other. How
+many men were there originally in each army?</p>
+
+<p>Solve 1.2<i>x</i> - (.18<i>x</i> - .05)/.5 = .4<i>w</i> + 8.9</p>
+
+<p>Find the lowest common multiple of 1-<i>x</i>, <i>x</i>²-1, <i>x</i>-2, and <i>x</i>²-4.</p>
+
+<p>Solve √<i>x</i> + 9 = 2 √<i>x</i> - 3.</p>
+
+<p>Solve (2<i>x</i> - 3)² = 8<i>x</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Expand (<i>m</i>-3/4-<i>m</i>(4/3))⁴ by the Binominal Theorem.</p>
+
+<p>Find all the values of <i>a</i> for which the roots of <i>ax</i>² + 2(<i>a</i> + 3)<i>x</i> +
+16 = 0 are equal.</p>
+
+<p>Solve ((<i>x</i> + <i>y</i>)/2) - ((<i>x</i> - <i>y</i>)/3) = 8 and ((<i>x</i> + <i>y</i>)/3) + ((<i>x</i> - <i>y</i>)/4) = 11.</p>
+
+<p>Solve <i>x</i>² - 4<i>y</i>² = 9, <i>xy</i> + 2<i>y</i>² = 3.</p>
+
+<p>A certain article of consumption is subject to a duty of $1.50 per
+cwt. In consequence of a reduction in duty the consumption increases
+one half, but the revenue falls off one third. Find the duty per cwt.
+after the reduction.</p>
+
+<p>A and B run a mile. First A gives B a start of 44 yards and beats
+him by 51 seconds; at the second heat A gives B a start of 1 minute
+and 15 seconds and is beaten by 88 yards. Find the time in which
+A and B can run a mile separately.</p>
+
+<p>Sum to infinity the progression 3 + 2 + 4/3....</p>
+
+<p>A servant agrees for certain wages the first month, on the understanding
+that they are to be raised a dollar every subsequent month
+until they reach $60 a month. At the end of the first of the months
+for which he receives $60 he finds that his wages during his time of
+service have averaged $48 per month. How long has he served?</p>
+
+<p class="subject">PLANE GEOMETRY.—Candidates will be required to give accurate
+definitions of the terms used in <i>plane geometry</i>, to demonstrate
+any proposition of plane geometry as given in the ordinary text-books
+and to solve simple geometrical problems either by a construction or
+by an application of algebra.</p>
+
+<p>The following questions were used at a recent examination:</p>
+
+<p>Define the following:</p>
+
+<p>1°. Rhombus. 2°. A mean proportional. 3°. Similar triangles.
+4°. A segment of a circle. 5°. The apothem of a regular polygon.</p>
+
+<p>Theorem: The perpendicular is the shortest line between a point
+and a straight line.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_296"></a>[296]</span></p>
+
+<p>Theorem: In the same circle or equal circles, the less of two
+chords is at the greater distance from the centre; conversely, the
+chord at the greater distance from the centre is the less.</p>
+
+<p>Construction: Divide a given straight line internally in extreme
+and mean ratio.</p>
+
+<p>Theorem: The areas of two triangles which have an angle of one
+equal to the angle of the other are to each other as the products of
+the sides including those angles.</p>
+
+<p>Problem: Given a circle of unit diameter and the side of a regular
+inscribed polygon, find the side of a regular inscribed polygon of
+double the number of sides.</p>
+
+<p>Theorem: The four bisectors of the four angles of a quadrilateral
+form a second quadrilateral, the opposite angles of which are supplementary.</p>
+
+<p>Theorem: If on the diameter of a circle two points be taken equally
+distant from the centre, the sum of the squares of the distances of
+any point of the circumference from these two points is constant.</p>
+
+<p>Problem: Find the locus of the point of intersection of the three
+altitudes of a triangle, given a fixed base, and constant angle at the
+vertex.</p>
+
+<p class="subject">ENGLISH GRAMMAR.—Candidates must have a good knowledge
+of <i>English grammar</i>; they must be able to define the terms used therein;
+to define the parts of speech; to give inflections, including declension,
+conjugation and comparison; to give the corresponding masculine
+and feminine gender nouns; to give and apply the ordinary
+rules of syntax.</p>
+
+<p>They must be able to parse correctly any ordinary sentence; giving
+the subject of each verb, the governing word of each objective case,
+the word for which each pronoun stands or to which it refers, the
+words between which each preposition shows the relation, precisely
+what each conjunction and each relative pronoun connects, what each
+adjective and adverb qualifies or limits, the construction of each infinitive,
+and generally to show a good knowledge of the function of
+each word in the sentence.</p>
+
+<p>They must be able to correct in sentences or extracts any ordinary
+grammatical errors.</p>
+
+<p>It is not required that any particular text-book shall be followed:
+but the definitions, parsing, and corrections must be in accordance
+with good usage and common sense.</p>
+
+<p>The examinations may include questions similar to the following:</p>
+
+<div class="hanging">
+
+<p>1. Define and give examples of: <i>a.</i> infinitive; <i>b.</i> indirect object; <i>c.</i>
+simple sentence.</p>
+
+<p>2. Give the principal parts of: <i>a.</i> choose; <i>b.</i> crow; <i>c.</i> freeze; <i>d.</i> fly;
+<i>e.</i> burst.</p>
+
+<p>3. (i). Give the plurals of: <i>a.</i> motto: <i>b.</i> fairy; <i>c.</i> money: <i>d.</i> belief;
+<i>e.</i> axis. (ii). Indicate which of the following words are singular,
+which are plural, and which may be either: <i>a.</i> cherubim; <i>b.</i>
+mathematic; <i>c.</i> species; <i>d.</i> basis; <i>e.</i> news.</p>
+
+<p>4. (i). Give the feminine of: <i>a.</i> hero; <i>b.</i> gander; <i>c.</i> duke; <i>d.</i> priest;
+<i>e.</i> Englishman. (ii). Indicate the gender of: <i>a.</i> songster;
+<i>b.</i> spinster; <i>c.</i> goose; <i>d.</i> mouse; <i>e.</i> book.</p>
+
+<p>5. (i). Give the possessive case singular of: <i>a.</i> it; <i>b.</i> princes; <i>c.</i> Kings
+of Italy; <i>d.</i> Henry the Fourth; <i>e.</i> man-of-war. (ii). Give the
+possessive case plural of: <i>a.</i> brother-in-law; <i>b.</i> Jones; <i>c.</i> I;
+<i>d.</i> who; <i>e.</i> Musselman.</p>
+
+<p>6. Give the comparison of: <i>a.</i> mournful; <i>b.</i> little; <i>c.</i> great; <i>d.</i> old;
+<i>e.</i> angry.</p>
+
+<p>7. Parse the <i>italicized</i> words in the following sentence: Other <i>things
+being equal, it</i> is <i>obvious that</i> the writer who has most words <i>to
+choose from</i> is <i>most likely</i> to find in <i>his</i> assortment <i>just</i> the word
+<i>which</i> he needs <i>at</i> a given moment.</p>
+
+<p>8. Correct all words in the following sentences. Of words in brackets
+{} draw a line through the incorrect word or words:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_297"></a>[297]</span></p>
+
+<table summary="Exam question" class="sentence">
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>{</td>
+    <td class="center">your</td>
+    <td>}</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1. Have either of you brought</td>
+    <td>{</td>
+    <td class="center">their</td>
+    <td>}</td>
+    <td>umbrellas?</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>{</td>
+    <td class="center">his</td>
+    <td>}</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>2. The river had overflown its banks.</p>
+
+<table summary="Exam question" class="sentence">
+  <tr>
+    <td>3. John thinks he</td>
+    <td>{</td>
+    <td class="center">will</td>
+    <td>}</td>
+    <td>be able to come and that James</td>
+    <td>{</td>
+    <td class="center">shall</td>
+    <td>}</td>
+    <td>come also.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>{</td>
+    <td class="center">shall</td>
+    <td>}</td>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>{</td>
+    <td class="center">will</td>
+    <td>}</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>4. Men are in the plural number because they mean more than one.</p>
+
+<p>5. That is neither a squirrel or rabbit’s track.</p>
+
+<p>6. I believe he dont know its here.</p>
+
+<p>7. Him dying at this time led to the attempt being given up.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class="subject">ENGLISH COMPOSITION AND ENGLISH LITERATURE.—Candidates
+will be required:</p>
+
+<p>1. By the writing of short themes on subjects chosen by themselves
+within limits set by the examination paper, to prove (<i>a</i>) their
+ability to spell, capitalize, and punctuate, and (<i>b</i>) their mastery of
+the elementary principles of composition, including paragraphing and
+sentence-structure.</p>
+
+<p>2. To give evidence of intelligent acquaintance with three plays
+of Shakespeare: one comedy, one history, and one tragedy,—<i>The Merchant
+of Venice</i>, <i>Henry V.</i>, and <i>Macbeth</i> being especially recommended.</p>
+
+<p>3. To exhibit a fair knowledge of the names of the most prominent
+English and American authors, and of the names of their principal
+works.</p>
+
+<p>The general character and scope of the examination are indicated
+by the following specimen:</p>
+
+<div class="hanging">
+
+<p>A. Write a composition of about two hundred and fifty words, on
+each of four subjects selected from the following list. (Of two or
+more subjects in brackets choose but one.)</p>
+
+<table summary="Exam question" class="sentence">
+  <tr>
+    <td>1.</td>
+    <td>The Story of the Three Caskets in <i>The Merchant of Venice</i>.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>A Character-Sketch of Antonio.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<table summary="Exam question" class="sentence">
+  <tr>
+    <td>2.</td>
+    <td>The Influences that Caused Macbeth’s Moral Downfall.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>The Story of Macduff.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<table summary="Exam question" class="sentence">
+  <tr>
+    <td>3.</td>
+    <td>{ The English Army at Agincourt (in <i>Henry V.</i>)</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>{ A Brief Narrative of the Historical Events of <i>Henry V.</i> Previous to Agincourt.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<table summary="Exam question" class="sentence">
+  <tr>
+    <td>4.</td>
+    <td>{ A Description of a Building.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>{ A Character-Sketch of a Dog.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>{ A Narrative of an Interesting Journey.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>{ Reasons for Liking a Favorite Book.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>{ How to Make a Squirrel-Trap (or a Kite, or an Ice-Boat, etc.)</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>B. 1. What author wrote <i>The Ancient Mariner</i>? <i>Comus</i>? <i>The Marble
+Faun</i>? <i>Rasselas</i>? <i>Barbara Frietchie</i>?</p>
+
+<p>2. Name two works of each of the following authors: Goldsmith,
+Emerson, Burke, Macaulay.</p>
+
+<p>3. Give the names of two principal works of a great American
+novelist; a great English Puritan poet of the seventeenth century;
+an English woman novelist of the last century; a living
+American novelist.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class="subject">GEOGRAPHY.—Candidates will be required to pass a satisfactory
+examination in <i>descriptive geography</i> and the elements of <i>physical
+geography</i>. A preponderance of weight is attached to a knowledge
+of the geography of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>In descriptive geography of the United States, candidates should
+be thoroughly informed as to its general features and boundaries;
+adjacent oceans, seas, bays, gulfs, sounds, straits, and islands; lakes,
+the location and extent of mountain ranges; the sources, directions,
+and terminations of the important rivers, the names of their principal
+tributaries, and at what points, if any, these rivers break through
+highlands on their way to the ocean; the water routes of communication
+from one part of the country to another; the location and termination
+of important railroad lines; the boundaries of the several states
+and territories and their order along the coasts, frontiers and principal
+rivers; the locations and boundaries of the island possessions;
+and the names and locations of the capitals and other important cities
+of the several states, territories and island possessions.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_298"></a>[298]</span></p>
+
+<p>In short, the knowledge should be so complete that a clear mental
+picture of the whole of the United States is impressed on the mind
+of the candidate.</p>
+
+<p>In descriptive geography of other countries, candidates should be
+familiar with the continental areas and grand divisions of water;
+the earth’s surface; the large bodies of water which in part or wholly
+surround the grand divisions of the land; the capes, from what parts
+they project and into what waters, the principal peninsulas, location,
+and by what waters embraced; the parts connected by an isthmus;
+the principal islands, location and surrounding waters; the seas,
+gulfs, and bays, the coasts they indent, and the waters to which
+they are subordinate; the straits, the lands they separate, and the
+waters they connect; the location of the principal lakes: the locations,
+boundaries, capitals and principal cities of the political divisions
+of the world.</p>
+
+<p>In physical geography, candidates should be familiar with the
+relief of the earth’s surface; the principal mountain systems, the
+river systems and watersheds; the coastal and lake plains, and the
+influence of climate, soil, mineral deposits and other physical features
+on the resources, industries, commercial relations and development
+of a country and its people, especially of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>The following questions were used at a recent examination:</p>
+
+<div class="hanging">
+
+<p>1. Name the bodies of water surrounding Europe.</p>
+
+<p>2. Where is 1. Cape St. Vincent, 2. Cape Corrientes, 3. Cape Matapan,
+4. Cape Lopez, 5. Cape Comorin, 6. Cape York.</p>
+
+<p>3. Name in order the political divisions of South America which
+border on the Pacific Ocean and the capital of each.</p>
+
+<p>4. Locate definitely the following islands: 1. Mauritius, 2. Tasmania,
+3. Formosa, 4. New Zealand, 5. Madeira, 6. Falkland;
+to what country does each belong?</p>
+
+<p>5. Where are the gulfs of 1. Bothnia, 2. Guinea, 3. Paria, 4. Salonica,
+5. Pechili?</p>
+
+<p>6. What lands are separated and what waters connected by 1. Torres
+Strait, 2. Hudson Strait, 3. Strait of Malacca?</p>
+
+<p>7. Bound Italy; name its capital, largest river and principal mountain
+range.</p>
+
+<p>8. Locate definitely the following cities: 1. Vienna, 2. Nankin,
+3. Cork, 4. Tunis, 5. Montevideo, 6. Batavia, 7. Suez, 8. Pretoria.</p>
+
+<p>9. Name in order the waters traversed in sailing from Liverpool,
+England, to Hong Kong, China.</p>
+
+<p>10. A considerable portion of the boundary line of the United States
+is along what parallel?</p>
+
+<p>11. Locate definitely the following: 1. Flathead Lake, 2. Sabine
+Pass, 3. Black Hills, 4. Sebago Lake, 5. Cape Lookout, 6. Montauk
+Point, 7. Wichita Mountains, 8. Lingayen Bay.</p>
+
+<p>12. The meridian of Minneapolis passes through what states?</p>
+
+<p>13. Name the principal rivers that drain Pennsylvania; where do
+they rise, at what points do they leave the state and at what
+points, if any, do they break through highlands?</p>
+
+<p>14. Name all the waters traversed in going by the two commercial
+water routes from Duluth to the Atlantic Ocean.</p>
+
+<p>15. Name the principal ranges of mountains crossed in going by rail
+from New York to San Francisco; state the rail route assumed
+to be traveled.</p>
+
+<p>16. Bound precisely the following states and territories: 1. Montana,
+2. Arizona, 3. Arkansas, 4. Wisconsin, 5. Pennsylvania,
+6. Georgia. (In bounding, all contiguous states must be
+mentioned as well as rivers, mountain ranges, etc.)</p>
+
+<p>17. Name the states west of the Mississippi River, drained wholly or
+in part by it or its tributaries, and give the capital of each.</p>
+
+<p>18. Locate accurately the following cities: 1. Austin, 2. Pensacola,
+3. Ashville, 4. Winchester, 5. Allegheny, 6. Iloilo, 7. Oswego,
+8. Pasadena, 9. Guthrie, 10. Detroit.</p>
+
+<p>19. Going by water from New Orleans, La., to Pittsburgh, Pa., what
+states would you pass on the left?</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_299"></a>[299]</span></p>
+
+<p>20. How many large islands are there in the Hawaiian group? Which
+is the largest? Which is the most important?</p>
+
+<p>21. Going westward on the 35th parallel of north latitude, from
+near Newberne, N. C., what states and large rivers would be
+crossed?</p>
+
+<p>22. Describe the chief mountain system of the eastern hemisphere,
+and state what island chains of Asia abound in volcanoes.</p>
+
+<p>23. What are the great river systems of South America? Where are
+the principal coastal plains?</p>
+
+<p>24. What are the qualifications of a good harbor? Name three of the
+best harbors on the Atlantic coast; one on the Pacific coast.</p>
+
+<p>25. What has made the Middle Atlantic states the principal commercial
+section of the United States?</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class="subject">HISTORY.—Candidates must be thoroughly familiar with so much
+of the History of the United States, and of Ancient Greece and Rome
+as is contained in good high school text-books on these subjects, and
+must have a good knowledge of the important facts in General Ancient
+History and in the History of Medieval Europe to the end of the
+fifteenth century.</p>
+
+<p>In History of the United States, the examination will include
+questions concerning early discoveries and settlements; the forms of
+government in the colonies; the causes, leading events, and results
+of wars; important events in the political and economic history of
+the nation since its foundation; and the elementary principles of
+civil government, with special reference to the federal congress,
+executive and judiciary.</p>
+
+<p>In Ancient History, the examination will include questions on
+important persons and events in the legendary and authentic history
+of Greece and Rome, and on general important facts in the history
+of other ancient peoples, taking some account also of Greek art, of
+Greek and Roman literature, and especially of Roman government.</p>
+
+<p>In History of Medieval Europe, the greater emphasis will be laid
+on the period from Charlemagne to the end of the Middle Ages, particularly
+on events connected with the political and social development
+of England.</p>
+
+<p>Questions similar to the following in character and scope are
+likely to be asked:</p>
+
+<div class="hanging">
+
+<p>1. What explorations or discoveries did each of the following named
+persons make? Give the date in each case. <i>a.</i> Narvaez. <i>b.</i> Coronado.
+<i>c.</i> Marquette. <i>d.</i> La Salle.</p>
+
+<p>2. Name three colonies that were founded for religious reasons and
+give the sect or denomination by which each was colonized.</p>
+
+<p>3. Who were the Pilgrims? Explain the difference between “Pilgrim”
+and “Puritan.”</p>
+
+<p>4. When, and under what circumstances was Delaware separated
+from Pennsylvania?</p>
+
+<p>5. Give an account of Bacon’s Rebellion?</p>
+
+<p>6. When and where did each of the following events occur? <i>a.</i> Meeting
+of the first Colonial Congress. <i>b.</i> Burgoyne’s surrender.
+<i>c.</i> Arnold’s treason.</p>
+
+<p>7. Name some important results of each of the following battles of
+the Revolutionary War: <i>a.</i> Long Island. <i>b.</i> Trenton. <i>c.</i> Brandywine.</p>
+
+<p>8. Name four additions to the territory of the United States since
+the Revolutionary War, and give the way each has been acquired.</p>
+
+<p>9. Bound the territory of the United States at the close of the
+Revolutionary War.</p>
+
+<p>10. What was the “Massacre of Wyoming”?</p>
+
+<p>11. When, where, and for what purpose, did the Constitutional Convention
+meet? What resulted from its deliberations?</p>
+
+<p>12. What was the “Whiskey Insurrection”?</p>
+
+<p>13. What were the “Alien and Sedition” laws? What was their effect?</p>
+
+<p>14. When and where was the last battle of the War of 1812 fought?
+Name the commanders on each side.</p>
+
+<p>15. What were the two principal political parties in 1860? Their<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_300"></a>[300]</span>
+candidates for the Presidency? Their leading doctrines on the
+slavery question? Parties. Candidates, Principles.</p>
+
+<p>16. With what foreign nations had the United States unfriendly relations
+during and at the close of the Civil War? Give the
+cause in each case.</p>
+
+<p>17. Name, with date, three important military events of 1865.</p>
+
+<p>18. What Vice-Presidents have become President? Name the predecessor
+in each case.</p>
+
+<p>19. Give an account of the “Virginius affair.”</p>
+
+<p>20. In what war were the following battles fought? What were the
+opposing forces? Which side won? <i>a.</i> Ticonderoga. <i>b.</i> Monterey.
+<i>c.</i> Saratoga. <i>d.</i> Stony Point. <i>e.</i> Spottsylvania. <i>f</i>. Lundy’s
+Lane.</p>
+
+<p>21. By what authority could Lincoln proclaim the emancipation of
+the slaves? What states were immediately affected by the
+Emancipation Proclamation? How was emancipation legally
+completed later?</p>
+
+<p>22. How may the Constitution of the United States be amended?
+Name two important constitutional amendments.</p>
+
+<p>23. Name three offices in the cabinet of the President of the United
+States, and state the chief duties that belong to each.</p>
+
+<p>24. Explain as briefly as possible how a minority of actual votes
+might defeat a majority at a presidential election.</p>
+
+<p>25. Define Electoral College; Spoils System; Primary; Supreme Court.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="hanging">
+
+<p>1. Into what general periods is the history of Egypt divided? What
+did Egypt contribute to Greek civilization?</p>
+
+<p>2. Name one of the great kings of Assyria. Mention two important
+facts concerning the city of Nineveh.</p>
+
+<p>3. Mention the principal events of the reign of Darius I., and the
+most noteworthy feature of his government. Of what nation was
+he ruler?</p>
+
+<p>4. Mention three important facts in connection with the Phœnicians
+as traders and colonizers in the West.</p>
+
+<p>5. Who were: Agamemnon? Achilles? Hercules? Homer?</p>
+
+<p>6. Mention two ways in which the physical geography of Greece influenced
+the national life and character.</p>
+
+<p>7. What was the nature of the government of Athens after the expulsion
+of the Tyrants?</p>
+
+<p>8. Name four great battles of the Græco-Persian War, and give the
+date of any two of them.</p>
+
+<p>9. What states were leaders in the great war between the states of
+Greece? What caused the war? What were its chief results?</p>
+
+<p>10. Outline the career of conquest of Alexander the Great. About
+when did he die? How would his undertaking have been
+more difficult if he had turned west instead of east?</p>
+
+<p>11. In Greek History what is the significance of the following names
+and phrases: Aristides? The Olympian Games? Solon? The Confederacy
+of Delos? Delphi? Sophocles? Praxiteles?</p>
+
+<p>12. Give the main points in the Greek colonial system. How did the
+Roman colonial system differ most conspicuously from the
+Greek?</p>
+
+<p>13. Give the titles of the principal officers of the Roman Republic
+and describe their functions.</p>
+
+<p>14. What were the Punic Wars? How many in number? Name two
+great generals on each side.</p>
+
+<p>15. Mention four causes that led to the fall of the Roman Republic.
+Discuss briefly the operation of two of them toward this result.</p>
+
+<p>16. Why did the Emperors persecute the Christians? State the attitude
+of Diocletian and Constantine respectively toward the
+Christians.</p>
+
+<p>17. For what is each of the following emperors most famous: Marcus
+Aurelius? Justinian? Nero?</p>
+
+<p>18. In Roman History what is the significance of: The Gracchi?
+Horace? The Comitia Curiata? Verres? The Battle of Chalons?
+A Pyrrhian Victory? Æneas? Alaric?</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_301"></a>[301]</span></p>
+
+<p>19. What do the following dates mean to you: 800? 1066? 1215? 1453?</p>
+
+<p>20. What do you know of Joan of Arc?</p>
+
+<p>21. How did the Feudal System originate? Define Suzerain, Vassal,
+Serf.</p>
+
+<p>22. What was The Renaissance? By what inventions and discoveries
+was it quickened? Through what channel was ancient science
+transmitted to modern times?</p>
+
+<p>23. Who was Simon de Montfort?</p>
+
+<p>24. What changes took place in the condition of the English peasantry
+in the fourteenth century? Due to what causes?</p>
+
+<p>25. Toward the close of the fifteenth century in England was the power
+of Parliament becoming greater or less than it had been previously?
+By what right was Henry IV. King of England?
+What was the earliest form of parliamentary assembly in
+English history?</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<h3>ACADEMIC DUTIES.</h3>
+
+<p>The academic duties of new cadets commence on the 11th day of
+March. The academic duties and exercises of the other cadets commence
+on the 1st day of September and continue until about the 5th
+of June. Examinations of the several classes are held in December
+and June. At the December examination cadets, who are found to
+be proficient in their studies, are arranged according to merit in each
+subject. At the June examination they are similarly arranged and
+they are also assigned general standing in the class as determined
+by their standings in the various subjects. When a subject of
+study is completed during a term an examination concluding the work
+in that subject is sometimes held. Cadets deficient in studies at any
+examination are discharged from the Academy unless for special
+reasons the Academic Board recommends otherwise. Cadets exceeding
+at any time the maximum number of demerits allowed for six
+months are immediately reported to the Academic Board as deficient
+in conduct and are discharged.</p>
+
+<h3>PHYSICAL EXAMINATION.</h3>
+
+<p>All cadets are examined physically in June of each year, and
+those found physically disqualified to continue with the course or, in
+case of the first class, for commission in the Army, are discharged.</p>
+
+<h3>VACATIONS AND LEAVES OF ABSENCE.</h3>
+
+<p>Academic duties are suspended from the completion of the June
+examinations until the end of August. During this period cadets live
+in camp and are engaged in military duties and exercises and in receiving
+practical instruction in military and other subjects. Academic
+duties are also suspended from the close of the semi-annual examinations,
+about December 23rd, until January 2nd, and on the Friday
+and Saturday preceding the last Sunday in March. All duties and
+exercises, as far as practicable, are suspended on New Year’s Day,
+February 22nd, May 30th, July 4th, Thanksgiving Day and Christmas
+Day.</p>
+
+<p>Cadets of the first, second and third classes are allowed short
+leaves of from four to six days at Christmas, if their conduct during
+the preceding six months has been satisfactory. Cadets of the first
+class, having satisfactory conduct records, are allowed leaves, not to
+exceed 75 hours, at the beginning of the summer encampment and
+leaves not to exceed 27 hours at Thanksgiving. Excepting these short
+leaves for good conduct, cadets are allowed but one leave of absence
+during the four years’ course. As a rule this leave is granted at the
+end of the first two years and extends from the middle of June to
+the 28th of August.</p>
+
+<h3>PAY OF CADETS.</h3>
+
+<p>The pay of a cadet is $600 per year and one ration per day, or commutation
+therefor, at thirty cents per day. The total is $709.50, to
+commence with his admission to the Academy. The actual and necessary
+traveling expenses of candidates from their homes to the Military
+Academy are credited to their accounts <i>after</i> their admission as cadets.</p>
+
+<p>No cadet is permitted to receive money, or any other supplies, from<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_302"></a>[302]</span>
+his parents, or from any person whomsoever, without the sanction of
+the Superintendent. A <i>most rigid</i> observance of this regulation is
+urged upon all parents and guardians, as its violations would make distinctions
+between cadets which it is the especial desire to avoid; the
+pay of a cadet is sufficient, with proper economy, for his support.</p>
+
+<p>Each cadet must keep himself supplied with the following mentioned
+articles, viz.:</p>
+
+<p>Eight white shirts; two gray shirts; *eight summer undershirts;
+*six winter undershirts; *four night shirts; twelve white linen collars;
+twelve pairs of white linen cuffs; *eight pairs of summer drawers;
+*six pairs of winter drawers; *eight pairs of socks; *twelve pocket
+handkerchiefs; one black tie; *twelve towels; two clothes bags, made
+of ticking; two pairs of uniform shoes; six pairs of uniform white
+gloves; two sets of white belts; *one clothes brush; *one hair-brush;
+*one tooth-brush; *one comb; one mattress; one pillow; four pillowcases;
+six sheets; two blankets; one quilted bed cover; one chair;
+one tumbler; *one trunk; one account book; one wash basin.</p>
+
+<p>Candidates are authorized to bring with them the articles marked *.</p>
+
+<p>Cadets are required to wear the prescribed uniform. All articles
+of their uniform are of a designated pattern, and are sold to
+cadets at West Point at regulated prices.</p>
+
+<h3>DEPOSIT PRIOR TO ADMISSION.</h3>
+
+<p>Immediately after admission candidates must be provided with an
+outfit of uniform, etc., the cost of which is about $160. This sum,
+or at least $100 thereof, <i>must be deposited with the treasurer of the
+Academy before the candidate is admitted</i>. It is best for the candidate
+to take with him no more money than he needs for traveling
+expenses and for his parents to send the required deposit by draft,
+payable to the Treasurer, U. S. Military Academy. The deposit is
+credited at once to the cadet’s account. Upon graduation a cadet who
+has exercised proper economy will have sufficient money to his credit
+with the Treasurer of the Academy to purchase his uniform and equipment
+as an officer.</p>
+
+<h3>PROMOTION AFTER GRADUATION.</h3>
+
+<p>The attention of applicants and candidates is called to the provisions
+of an Act of Congress approved May 17, 1886, given in the
+chapter entitled United States Military Academy.</p>
+
+<h3>RECITATION SCHEDULE.</h3>
+
+<p>On another page is shown the recitation schedule adopted by the
+Academic Board, June 23, 1907, and approved by the War Department,
+August 10, 1907.</p>
+
+<p>This schedule was put in effect with the class entering March 1,
+1908. The other classes in the academy on that date continue the old
+schedule, with some modifications adopted to facilitate administration
+of the departments during the period of transition from the old course
+of studies to the new.</p>
+
+<p>The preliminary term is March 11 to June 10. New cadets are
+advanced to the 4th class after passing the June examinations.</p>
+
+<p>The first term of the regular academic year is September 1 to December
+18, inclusive.</p>
+
+<p>The second term of the regular academic year is January 2 to June
+4, inclusive.</p>
+
+<h3>DEPARTMENT OF TACTICS.</h3>
+
+<h4>ALL CLASSES.</h4>
+
+<p>New cadets, upon reporting for duty, are given infantry recruit
+instruction, with gymnastic and calisthenic exercises, until they join
+the battalion.</p>
+
+<p>Practical instruction is given during the summer encampment, and
+from September 1st to November 1st, and from March 15th to June
+1st, in cavalry, artillery and infantry drill regulations, in target
+practice with the rifle, revolver, mountain gun and field gun, and in
+Military Engineering.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_303"></a>[303]</span></p>
+
+<p>During the summer encampment, cadets of the third and fourth
+classes are also taught swimming and dancing, and those of the first
+class, the service of sea-coast artillery and submarine defense at Fort
+Wright, N. Y.; all classes participate in exercises in minor tactics,
+practice marches, problems and practical field work, in which the
+employment of all arms is exemplified.</p>
+
+<p>Practical instruction in fencing and gymnastic exercises and in
+boxing and wrestling is given to the fourth class from October 1st
+to June 1st, and to the other classes from November 1st to March 15th.</p>
+
+<p>Instruction in riding is given to the first class during the encampment
+and from September 1st to June 1st, excepting the month of
+February; to the second class, from November 1st to March 31st, and
+to the third class from November 1st to March 15th and during the
+summer encampment. Instruction with English pad saddles is given
+to the first class, and in polo to the first and second classes.</p>
+
+<p>During the winter months map problems for the purpose of instruction
+in writing orders, selecting positions from the map, both offensive
+and defensive, making dispositions of small forces, selecting best route
+for advance and retreat, and for practice of map reading in general;
+also lectures upon the methods pursued in company, post and staff
+administration as required by Army Regulations, upon uniforms and
+equipments, and upon etiquette and customs of the service are given
+cadets of the first class.</p>
+
+<h4>TEXT BOOKS.</h4>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Light Artillery Drill Regulations. U. S.</li>
+<li>Cavalry Drill Regulations. U. S.</li>
+<li>Infantry Drill Regulations. U. S.</li>
+<li>Coast Artillery Drill Regulations. U. S.</li>
+<li>A Military Primer of the Service of Security and Information. Marshall and Simonds.</li>
+<li>Elements of Hippology. Marshall.</li>
+<li>Coast Artillery Drill Regulations: Position-finding service.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h4>BOOKS OF REFERENCE.</h4>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Army Regulations. U.S.</li>
+<li>Small Arms Firing Regulations. U. S.</li>
+<li>Manual of Instruction in Mountain Guns, etc. U. S. M. A.</li>
+<li>Manual of Guard Duty. U. S.</li>
+<li>Manual of Pack Transportation. U. S. M. A.</li>
+<li>Regulations. U. S. M. A.</li>
+<li>Blue Book. U. S.M. A.</li>
+<li>Manual of Gymnastic Exercises. Koehler.</li>
+<li>Field Service Regulations. U. S.</li>
+<li>Horses, Saddles and Bridles. Carter.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h4>ISSUED TO FIRST CLASS BEFORE GRADUATION.</h4>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Army Regulations. U. S.</li>
+<li>Manual of the Subsistence Department. U. S.</li>
+<li>Manual of Quartermaster’s Department. U. S.</li>
+<li>Paymaster’s Manual. U. S.</li>
+<li>Regulations for the Post Exchange.</li>
+<li>Manual of Medical Department. U. S.</li>
+<li>Drill Regulations of the Hospital Corps. U. S.</li>
+<li>Manual of Courts-Martial. U. S.</li>
+<li>Army Register. U. S.</li>
+<li>General Orders, No. 169, War Department, series of 1907.</li>
+<li>(Uniform Order) with all amendments.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3>DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND MILITARY ENGINEERING.</h3>
+
+<h4>FIRST CLASS.</h4>
+
+<p>The course in civil and military engineering and the art of war
+is confined to the first class year.</p>
+
+<p>The course in civil engineering begins September 1st and is completed
+during the first term, which closes with the Christmas holidays.
+It comprises brief treatises on the mechanics of civil engineering,
+framed and masonry structures, the materials of engineering, water
+supply and sewerage.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_304"></a>[304]</span></p>
+
+<h4>RECITATION SCHEDULE</h4>
+
+<table summary="RECITATION SCHEDULE" class="borders reduce">
+  <tr>
+    <th class="nobl">Class.</th>
+    <th>Term.</th>
+    <th colspan="4">Periods of Recitat’n</th>
+    <th>Department.</th>
+    <th>Subjects and Remarks.</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl" rowspan="4">New Cadets</td>
+    <td rowspan="4" class="center">Preliminary</td>
+    <td><span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span></td>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">*80</td>
+    <td class="center nw">†3 to 6</td>
+    <td class="tdr">‡39</td>
+    <td>Mathematics</td>
+    <td>Algebra.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span></td>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">80</td>
+    <td class="center">3 to 6</td>
+    <td class="tdr">37</td>
+    <td class="nw">English and History</td>
+    <td>Geometry.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="allsmcap">P.M.</span></td>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">60</td>
+    <td class="center">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">38</td>
+    <td><span class="ditto">”</span> ” <span class="ditto">”</span></td>
+    <td>English.—(Saturdays A. M.)</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="allsmcap">P.M.</span></td>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">60</td>
+    <td class="center">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">38</td>
+    <td><span class="ditto">”</span> ” <span class="ditto">”</span></td>
+    <td>History.—(Saturdays A. M.)</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl">Fourth</td>
+    <td class="center">First</td>
+    <td><span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span></td>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">80</td>
+    <td class="center">3 to 6</td>
+    <td class="tdr">45</td>
+    <td>Mathematics</td>
+    <td>Algebra.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl"></td>
+    <td class="center">”</td>
+    <td><span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span></td>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">80</td>
+    <td class="center">3 to 6</td>
+    <td class="tdr">31</td>
+    <td><span class="ditto">”</span></td>
+    <td>Trigonometry.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl"></td>
+    <td class="center">”</td>
+    <td><span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span></td>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">80</td>
+    <td class="center">3 to 6</td>
+    <td class="tdr">17</td>
+    <td><span class="ditto">”</span></td>
+    <td>Conic Sections.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl"></td>
+    <td class="center">”</td>
+    <td><span class="allsmcap">P.M.</span></td>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">60</td>
+    <td class="center">2 to 3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">38</td>
+    <td>English and History</td>
+    <td>English.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl"></td>
+    <td class="center">”</td>
+    <td><span class="allsmcap">P.M.</span></td>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">60</td>
+    <td class="center">2 to 3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">38</td>
+    <td><span class="ditto">”</span> ” <span class="ditto">”</span></td>
+    <td>History.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl"></td>
+    <td class="center">”</td>
+    <td><span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span></td>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">60</td>
+    <td class="center">1</td>
+    <td class="tdr">13</td>
+    <td>Tactics</td>
+    <td>Infantry and Artillery Drill regulations.—(Saturdays.)</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl"></td>
+    <td class="center">Second</td>
+    <td><span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span></td>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">80</td>
+    <td class="center">3 to 6</td>
+    <td class="tdr">39</td>
+    <td>Mathematics</td>
+    <td>Conic Sections.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl"></td>
+    <td class="center">”</td>
+    <td><span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span></td>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">80</td>
+    <td class="center">3 to 6</td>
+    <td class="tdr">22</td>
+    <td><span class="ditto">”</span></td>
+    <td>Solid Analytical Geometry.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl"></td>
+    <td class="center">”</td>
+    <td><span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span></td>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">80</td>
+    <td class="center">3 to 6</td>
+    <td class="tdr">62</td>
+    <td><span class="ditto">”</span></td>
+    <td>Descriptive Geometry.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl"></td>
+    <td class="center">”</td>
+    <td><span class="allsmcap">P.M.</span></td>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">60</td>
+    <td class="center">2 to 3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">11</td>
+    <td>English and History</td>
+    <td>English.—(January only.)</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl"></td>
+    <td class="center">”</td>
+    <td><span class="allsmcap">P.M.</span></td>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">60</td>
+    <td class="center">2 to 3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">11</td>
+    <td><span class="ditto">”</span> ” <span class="ditto">”</span></td>
+    <td>History.—(January only.)</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl"></td>
+    <td class="center">”</td>
+    <td><span class="allsmcap">P.M.</span></td>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">60</td>
+    <td class="center">5</td>
+    <td class="tdr">20</td>
+    <td class="nw">Practical Military Eng.</td>
+    <td>Surveying.—(February only.)</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl"></td>
+    <td class="center">”</td>
+    <td><span class="allsmcap">P.M.</span></td>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">60</td>
+    <td class="center">5</td>
+    <td class="tdr">76</td>
+    <td>Modern Languages</td>
+    <td>French.—(March 1-June 4, inclusive.)</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl"></td>
+    <td class="center">”</td>
+    <td><span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span></td>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">60</td>
+    <td class="center">1</td>
+    <td class="tdr">15</td>
+    <td>Tactics</td>
+    <td>Security and Information.—(February 1-May 15. Saturdays.)</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl">Third</td>
+    <td class="center">First</td>
+    <td><span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span></td>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">80</td>
+    <td class="center">3 to 6</td>
+    <td class="tdr">71</td>
+    <td>Mathematics</td>
+    <td>Calculus.—(Has 6 per week in Sept. and Oct., and 3 per week in Nov. and Dec.)</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl"></td>
+    <td class="center">”</td>
+    <td><span class="allsmcap">P.M.</span></td>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">120</td>
+    <td class="center">2 to 3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">21</td>
+    <td>Philosophy</td>
+    <td>Mechanics.—(The periods of 120 minutes in Mechanics are laboratory periods, September and October.)</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl"></td>
+    <td class="center">”</td>
+    <td><span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span></td>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">80</td>
+    <td class="center">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">20</td>
+    <td><span class="ditto">”</span></td>
+    <td>Mechanics.—(November and December.)</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl"></td>
+    <td class="center">”</td>
+    <td><span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span></td>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">60</td>
+    <td class="center">6</td>
+    <td class="tdr">91</td>
+    <td>Modern Languages</td>
+    <td>French.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl"></td>
+    <td class="center">”</td>
+    <td><span class="allsmcap">P.M.</span></td>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">120</td>
+    <td class="center">2 to 3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">38</td>
+    <td>Drawing</td>
+    <td>Freehand; Plane Geometrical.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl"></td>
+    <td class="center">Second</td>
+    <td><span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span></td>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">80</td>
+    <td class="center">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">24</td>
+    <td>Mathematics</td>
+    <td>Calculus.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl"></td>
+    <td class="center">”</td>
+    <td><span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span></td>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">80</td>
+    <td class="center">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">63</td>
+    <td>Philosophy</td>
+    <td>Mechanics.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl"></td>
+    <td class="center">”</td>
+    <td><span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span></td>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">60</td>
+    <td class="center">6</td>
+    <td class="tdr">49</td>
+    <td>Modern Languages</td>
+    <td>French.—(January 2-February 28, inclusive.)</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl"></td>
+    <td class="center">”</td>
+    <td><span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span></td>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">80</td>
+    <td class="center">1 to 2</td>
+    <td class="tdr">20</td>
+    <td><span class="ditto">”</span> <span class="ditto">”</span></td>
+    <td>French.—(March 1-June 4, inclusive.)</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl"></td>
+    <td class="center">”</td>
+    <td><span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span></td>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">70</td>
+    <td class="center">6</td>
+    <td class="tdr">76</td>
+    <td>Chemistry</td>
+    <td>Chemistry; Heat.—(March 1-June 4, inclusive.)</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl"></td>
+    <td class="center">”</td>
+    <td><span class="allsmcap">P.M.</span></td>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">120</td>
+    <td class="center">2, 3, 5</td>
+    <td class="tdr">81</td>
+    <td>Drawing</td>
+    <td>Descriptive Geometry; Topography; Field Work.—(5 per week after March 15.)</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_305"></a>[305]</span></td>
+    <td class="center">”</td>
+    <td><span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span></td>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">80</td>
+    <td class="center">1 to 2</td>
+    <td class="tdr">20</td>
+    <td><span class="ditto">”</span></td>
+    <td>Descriptive Geometry; Topography; Field Work.—(5 per week after March 15.)</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl">Second</td>
+    <td class="center">First</td>
+    <td><span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span></td>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">80</td>
+    <td class="center">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">45</td>
+    <td>Philosophy</td>
+    <td>Sound; Light.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl"></td>
+    <td class="center">”</td>
+    <td><span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span></td>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">70</td>
+    <td class="center">6</td>
+    <td class="tdr">91</td>
+    <td>Chemistry</td>
+    <td>Heat; Mineralogy; Geology; Electricity.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl"></td>
+    <td class="center">”</td>
+    <td><span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span></td>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">60</td>
+    <td class="center">2 to 3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">45</td>
+    <td class="nw">Ordnance and Gunnery</td>
+    <td>Ordnance and Gunnery.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl"></td>
+    <td class="center">”</td>
+    <td><span class="allsmcap">P.M.</span></td>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">120</td>
+    <td class="center">2 to 3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">38</td>
+    <td>Drawing</td>
+    <td>Field Sketching; Building Construction; Projective Geometry.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl"></td>
+    <td class="center">Second</td>
+    <td><span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span></td>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">80</td>
+    <td class="center">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">63</td>
+    <td>Philosophy</td>
+    <td>Light; Astronomy.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl"></td>
+    <td class="center">”</td>
+    <td><span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span></td>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">70</td>
+    <td class="center">6</td>
+    <td class="tdr">49</td>
+    <td>Chemistry</td>
+    <td>Electricity.—(January 2-February 28, inclusive.)</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl"></td>
+    <td class="center">”</td>
+    <td><span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span></td>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">60</td>
+    <td class="center">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">49</td>
+    <td>Ordnance and Gunnery</td>
+    <td>Ordnance and Gunnery.—(To May 4.)</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl"></td>
+    <td class="center">”</td>
+    <td><span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span></td>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">60</td>
+    <td class="center">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">38</td>
+    <td>Modern Languages</td>
+    <td>Spanish.—(March 1-June 4, inclusive.)</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl"></td>
+    <td class="center">”</td>
+    <td><span class="allsmcap">P.M.</span></td>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">60</td>
+    <td class="center">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">13</td>
+    <td>Hygiene</td>
+    <td>Principles of Hygiene.—(Also 6 lectures, P. M.)</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl"></td>
+    <td class="center">”</td>
+    <td><span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span></td>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">60</td>
+    <td class="center">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">38</td>
+    <td>Tactics</td>
+    <td>Cavalry, Artillery, and Infantry Drill Regulations.—(March 1-June 4, inclusive.)</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl"></td>
+    <td class="center">”</td>
+    <td><span class="allsmcap">P.M.</span></td>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">120</td>
+    <td class="center">2 to 3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">50</td>
+    <td>Drawing</td>
+    <td>Building Construction; Mechanical and Engineering Drawing.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl">First</td>
+    <td class="center">First</td>
+    <td><span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span></td>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">80</td>
+    <td class="center">6</td>
+    <td class="tdr">91</td>
+    <td>Engineering</td>
+    <td>Civil and Military.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl"></td>
+    <td class="center">”</td>
+    <td></td>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">60</td>
+    <td class="center">2 to 3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">45</td>
+    <td>Law</td>
+    <td>Elementary; Constitutional.—(39 in <span class="allsmcap">A. M.</span> &amp; 2 <span class="smcap">P. M.’s</span> per week for 6 weeks for half class.)</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl"></td>
+    <td class="center">”</td>
+    <td><span class="allsmcap">P.M.</span></td>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">60</td>
+    <td class="center">5</td>
+    <td class="tdr">70</td>
+    <td>Modern Languages</td>
+    <td>Spanish.—(5 per week, except half class 2 <span class="smcap">P. M.’s</span> per week for 6 weeks.)</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl"></td>
+    <td class="center">Second</td>
+    <td><span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span></td>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">80</td>
+    <td class="center">6</td>
+    <td class="tdr">126</td>
+    <td>Engineering</td>
+    <td>Military Engineering; Art of War.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl"></td>
+    <td class="center">”</td>
+    <td></td>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">60</td>
+    <td class="center">2 to 3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">73</td>
+    <td>Law</td>
+    <td>International; Military.—(58 in <span class="allsmcap">A. M.</span> &amp; <span class="smcap">2 P. M.’s</span> per week for 15 weeks for half class.)</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl"></td>
+    <td class="center">”</td>
+    <td><span class="allsmcap">P.M.</span></td>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">60</td>
+    <td class="center">3 to 4</td>
+    <td class="tdr">75</td>
+    <td>Modern Languages</td>
+    <td>Spanish.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl"></td>
+    <td class="center">”</td>
+    <td><span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span></td>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">60</td>
+    <td class="center">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">12</td>
+    <td>Tactics</td>
+    <td>Hippology.—(February.)</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nobl"></td>
+    <td class="center">”</td>
+    <td><span class="allsmcap">P.M.</span></td>
+    <td class="nobl tdr">120</td>
+    <td class="center">1</td>
+    <td class="tdr">15</td>
+    <td>Tactics</td>
+    <td>Lectures and Tactical Map Problems.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center reduce">* Length in minutes. † Number per week. ‡ Total number.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_306"></a>[306]</span></p>
+
+<p>The course in military engineering and the art of war begins on
+January 2nd and closes on the 3rd of June. Military engineering
+embraces the study of field and permanent fortifications and siege
+works. The art of war embraces the study of the organization of
+armies, employment of the different arms in combination, logistics
+and strategy. To familiarize the students with its principles, lectures
+are delivered on military subjects and the principal operations of
+about twenty selected campaigns are studied. During this course the
+students are taken to the battle-field of Gettysburg to familiarize
+them with the effects of topography on the employment of troops in
+the field.</p>
+
+<h4>TEXT BOOKS.</h4>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Civil Engineering. Fiebeger.</li>
+<li>Field Fortifications. Fiebeger.</li>
+<li>Permanent Fortifications. Fiebeger.</li>
+<li>Elements of Strategy. Fiebeger.</li>
+<li>Siege Works. Mercur.</li>
+<li>Organization and Tactics. Wagner.</li>
+<li>Field Service Regulations. U. S.</li>
+<li>Campaign of Gettysburg. Fiebeger.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h4>BOOKS OF REFERENCE.</h4>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Campaigns and Battles. Department.</li>
+<li>Story of Civil War. Ropes. Cambria Steel.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>The department has a well-selected reference library on civil
+engineering, military engineering and the art of war.</p>
+
+<h3>DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PHILOSOPHY.</h3>
+
+<h4>THIRD AND SECOND CLASSES.</h4>
+
+<p>The course in natural and experimental philosophy begins with
+the third academic year. Mechanics is studied during this year, the
+class alternating daily by halves. The text used is Gordon’s “Mechanics.”
+Many of the principles are illustrated by apparatus in the
+lecture and section rooms, and the students are required to repeat and
+explain these experiments. The course aims to be as complete as
+possible with the limitation that it can be properly covered in a
+term of about 100 days by students having a proficient knowledge
+of the calculus; the treatment is sufficiently mathematical to furnish
+a confident basis for advanced work in the technical staff corps
+after graduation.</p>
+
+<p>During the second class year about 100 lessons are allotted to
+this department. The first half of this time is devoted to the subjects
+of sound and light. The authorized text-book is Gordon’s
+“Sound and Light.”</p>
+
+<p>Astronomy is studied in the remainder of the second class year.
+The texts used are Young’s “General Astronomy” and Michie and
+Harlow’s “Practical Astronomy.” The principal aim of this course,
+in addition to its important value in educational development, is to
+furnish an ample basis for the establishment of stations in explorations
+and surveys.</p>
+
+<p>The class alternates daily by halves throughout the year.</p>
+
+<h4>TEXT-BOOKS.</h4>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Sound and Light. Gordon.</li>
+<li>Mechanics. Gordon.</li>
+<li>General Astronomy. Young.</li>
+<li>Practical Astronomy. Michie and Harlow.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Numerous standard works on the general subjects covered by the
+course are available for reference.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_307"></a>[307]</span></p>
+
+<h3>DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS.</h3>
+
+<h4>NEW CADETS, FOURTH AND THIRD CLASSES.</h4>
+
+<p>The course in mathematics begins with the new cadet class upon
+entrance in March, and extends through two years.</p>
+
+<p>In the new cadet class year algebra and geometry are taken on
+alternate days for three months. In both these subjects the matter
+covered by the entrance examination is reviewed rapidly and, in the
+case of plane geometry, very briefly before proceeding with the
+regular course. An examination is held in June upon which the
+class is graded according to mathematical capacity.</p>
+
+<p>In the fourth-class year algebra is completed in alternation with
+trigonometry. Plane and solid analytical geometry and descriptive
+geometry follow.</p>
+
+<p>In the third-class year a course in the differential and integral
+calculus is taken, alternating during the latter portion with the
+subject of mechanics in the department of philosophy. The most
+advanced students take also a brief course in the theory of errors
+and method of least squares.</p>
+
+<p>The course in algebra covers the entire subject as generally taught
+in colleges, but the student is expected to have already mastered
+elementary algebra to include the progressions and the solution of the
+quadratic equation. The course in elementary geometry includes the
+books that relate to the plane and those that relate to space, but the
+student is expected to have mastered the former. Plane and spherical
+trigonometry includes the complete solution of the plane and spherical
+triangles. The course in analytical geometry includes the discussion
+of the general equation of the second degree in the plane and in space.</p>
+
+<p>Descriptive geometry includes, in orthographic projections, the right
+line, the plane, ruled surfaces and surfaces of revolution, tangent
+planes and intersections of surfaces. It also covers shades and
+shadows, perspective, isometric projections and, for the upper part
+of the class, spherical projections.</p>
+
+<p>The course in differential and integral calculus covers the ground
+of the usual college text-book, including briefly the subject of ordinary
+differential equations.</p>
+
+<h4>TEXT BOOKS.</h4>
+
+<h5>NEW CADET CLASS.</h5>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Advanced Course in Algebra. Wells.</li>
+<li>Elements of Geometry. Phillips and Fisher.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h5>FOURTH CLASS.</h5>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Advanced Course in Algebra. Wells.</li>
+<li>Quadratics and Beyond. Fisher and Schwatt.</li>
+<li>Elements of Plane and Spherical Trigonometry. Crockett.</li>
+<li>Logarithmic Tables. Newcomb.</li>
+<li>Conic Sections. C. Smith.</li>
+<li>Elements of Analytical Geometry (Solid). Smith and Gale.</li>
+<li>Descriptive Geometry. Church.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h5>THIRD CLASS.</h5>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Differential and Integral Calculus. Granville.</li>
+<li>Integral Calculus. D. A. Murray.</li>
+<li>Method of Least Squares. Johnson.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3>DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, MINERALOGY AND GEOLOGY.</h3>
+
+<h4>THIRD AND SECOND CLASSES.</h4>
+
+<p>This department embraces two branches of physics not included in
+its title, namely, heat and electricity.</p>
+
+<p>The course begins March 1 of the second academic year and extends
+to March 1 of the third academic year; exercises, recitations,
+laboratory work or lectures take place on all week-days.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_308"></a>[308]</span></p>
+
+<p>Commencing March 1, the subjects of heat and general chemistry
+alternate daily until the completion of the first six chapters of heat,
+about March 20, after which the chemistry exercises are held daily
+until the close of the term, June 1.</p>
+
+<p>During this term all members of the class whose progress, as
+shown by their recitations, warrants it, are given laboratory practice
+in chemistry. This practice begins with chemical manipulations and
+proceeds in the usual general order of elementary laboratory work.
+The laboratory exercises are one hour and fifty minutes long. It is
+generally possible to give all parts of the class some laboratory
+experience: the amount of this work, however, varies with the aptitude
+of the student from a few hours to fifty-five or sixty hours.</p>
+
+<p>This term closes with an examination upon the essential parts of
+the entire course, which all cadets who have not shown a prescribed
+proficiency in daily work must take.</p>
+
+<p>In chemistry the course is a descriptive general one, based upon
+a concise statement of the more essential principles of chemistry, and
+includes that class of information deemed most important to nonspecialists,
+together with an accurate and logical treatment of many
+useful applications of chemistry.</p>
+
+<p>Beginning September 1, the daily exercises alternate between heat
+and mineralogy until these subjects are completed, then the daily
+exercises alternate between geology and electricity, the geology being
+completed by the close of the term, December 23. This term also
+closes with an examination, covering the essential parts of the subjects
+studied during the term, which all cadets who have not shown a
+prescribed proficiency in daily work are required to take.</p>
+
+<p>Beginning January 1, the remainder of the course in electricity
+is completed by the end of February. This mid-winter term involves
+an examination, if necessary, as prescribed for the terms ending June
+1 and December 23.</p>
+
+<p>The course in heat is short, but it is a comprehensive elementary
+course intended to embrace what is most applicable to subsequent work
+at the Academy and what is most useful in general education.</p>
+
+<p>The course in geology is a brief but scientific presentation of the
+essential elements of this branch of science.</p>
+
+<p>The mineralogy is an eminently practical course consisting of the
+descriptive study and the practical determination of the important
+minerals. The lithological and palæontological part of geology is
+accompanied in study by the continued practical examination of the
+objects described.</p>
+
+<p>The course in electricity is a brief exposition of the leading
+electrical phenomena and their relations to each other. It includes
+a study of the general principles of the subject and of the typical
+machines, generators, motors and transformers, together with the
+more important uses of electricity. The laboratory exercises give
+experience with a number of the machines and in the use of a great
+variety of apparatus employed in the numerous forms of electric
+measurements. In this term the laboratory work is a part of the
+electrical course and all cadets enter the laboratory. All laboratory
+work is performed under the immediate supervision of an instructor.</p>
+
+<h4>TEXT BOOKS.</h4>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Elementary Lessons in Heat. Tillman.</li>
+<li>Descriptive General Chemistry. Tillman.</li>
+<li>Practical Chemistry. (Laboratory Guide.) Clowes.</li>
+<li>Elements of Geology. Le Conte.</li>
+<li>Important Minerals and Rocks. Tillman.</li>
+<li>Elementary Lessons in Electricity and Magnetism. S. P. Thompson.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>During all terms standard works on the respective subjects are
+available for reference both to cadets and instructors.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_309"></a>[309]</span></p>
+
+<h3>DEPARTMENT OF DRAWING.</h3>
+
+<h4>THIRD AND SECOND CLASSES.</h4>
+
+<p>The course in drawing is carried on through the third class and
+second class years.</p>
+
+<p>It begins in the first year course with elementary freehand work
+from blocks and objects for the training of the eye and hand, and is
+followed by instruction in the nature and use of drawing instruments,
+papers and material, construction of practical problems in plane
+geometry used in constructive and mechanical drawing. This is followed
+by the construction of problems in descriptive geometry covering
+the theoretical course in mathematics; the lower part of the
+class being confined to the practical problems most useful in mechanical
+and building construction drawing. A short course of lettering
+and handling of flat washes precedes the general study of topography
+and map making in which theoretical instruction is coupled with the
+execution of conventional signs, platting, the construction and lettering
+of a finished map, and practice in the field in the various
+elements of military topographical field sketching. This completes
+the first year’s course.</p>
+
+<p>Text-book pamphlets:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Drawing Instruments and Papers.</li>
+<li>The Use of Drawing Instruments, and Geometrical Problems.</li>
+<li>Elementary Exercises in Water-color Washes.</li>
+<li>Military Topography—Map Reading and Map Making.</li>
+<li>Book of Letters and Lettering.</li>
+<li>Descriptive Geometry Problems.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>The work of the second year begins with freehand military landscape
+sketching in the field; and is followed by memory drawing for
+the training of the formal memory, and freehand mechanical and
+projective drawing. Practical projective geometry, including axonometric
+projection, is then resumed preparatory of the plan, section, and
+elevation drawing of a building construction project. In this the
+student learns the structural elements of a house and of building
+construction methods and design, and the ability to read working
+drawings. Following this a mechanical drawing of the plan, section,
+and elevation of a portion of a steam engine is constructed, in connection
+with instruction in the structure and function of the parts
+of a steam engine. Finally the class is separated into groups corresponding
+to the corps in the Army in which the standing of cadets
+indicates that they will graduate, and subjects of engineering, ordnance,
+and service building construction drawing are assigned in
+accordance therewith. The course concludes with a short series of
+lectures on the art and architecture of the world, and a trip to the
+Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, upon which a thesis
+is written by each member of the class.</p>
+
+<p>Text-book pamphlets:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Framing.</li>
+<li>The Steam Engine.</li>
+<li>Notes on Building Construction.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3>DEPARTMENT OF MODERN LANGUAGES.</h3>
+
+<h4>FOURTH, THIRD, SECOND, AND FIRST CLASSES.</h4>
+
+<p>The course in modern languages comprises instruction in the
+French and Spanish languages.</p>
+
+<h4>THE FRENCH LANGUAGE.</h4>
+
+<h5>FOURTH AND THIRD CLASSES.</h5>
+
+<p>The requirements of this course are as follows:</p>
+
+<p>Construction of the language; reading and writing French; dictation:
+military terms; translation (written and oral) of English into
+French and French into English; conversation; themes.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_310"></a>[310]</span></p>
+
+<p>Instruction in the French language begins March 1 of the fourth-class
+year and is completed June 4 of the third-class year. Examinations
+thereon will be held at the June examination, fourth-class
+year, and at the December and June examinations of the third-class
+year. The course comprises about two hundred and twenty-one lessons.</p>
+
+<h4>THE SPANISH LANGUAGE.</h4>
+
+<h5>SECOND AND FIRST CLASSES.</h5>
+
+<p>The requirements of this course are as follows:</p>
+
+<p>Construction of the language; reading and writing Spanish; dictation;
+translation (written and oral) of English into Spanish and
+Spanish into English; oral recitations and conversation; themes.</p>
+
+<p>Instruction in the Spanish language begins March 1 of the second-class
+year and is completed June 4 of the first-class year. Examinations
+thereon will be held at the June examination, second-class year,
+and at the December and June examinations of the first-class year.
+The course comprises about one hundred and eighty-three lessons.</p>
+
+<h4>The present text-books are:</h4>
+
+<h5>FOURTH CLASS.</h5>
+
+<p>French:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>French Pronunciation. De Peiffer.</li>
+<li>Treatise on the Conjugation of French Verbs. Castarède.</li>
+<li>Elementary French. Aldrich and Foster.</li>
+<li>La Langue Française. Première Partie. Bercy.</li>
+<li>Le Petit Parisien. Kron.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h5>THIRD CLASS.</h5>
+
+<p>French:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Martin’s French Verbs.</li>
+<li>Elementary French. Aldrich and Foster.</li>
+<li>Introductory French Composition, Francois. Guerlac’s Standard French Authors.</li>
+<li>Advanced French Prose Composition, Francois. Potter’s Dix Contes Modernes.</li>
+<li>French Verbs and Prepositions, Idioms, Letters. Cameron’s Tales of France.</li>
+<li>Marchand’s French Idioms. Revue Militaire des Armées Étrangères.</li>
+<li>Labiche and Martin’s Voyage de M. Perrichon. Courrier des Etats-Unis (Sunday edition).</li>
+<li>Le Petit Parisien. Kron.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h5>SECOND AND FIRST CLASSES.</h5>
+
+<p>Spanish:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Spanish Verb and Spanish Pronunciation. Traub.</li>
+<li>Spanish Grammar. Monsanto and Languellier.</li>
+<li>Spanish Grammar. Garner.</li>
+<li>El Castellano Actual. Román y Salamero.</li>
+<li>Las Novedades.</li>
+<li>First Spanish Book. Worman.</li>
+<li>Elementary Spanish Reader. Ramsey.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h4>BOOKS OF REFERENCE.</h4>
+
+<p>French:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>French Pronouncing Dictionary. Spiers and Surenne.</li>
+<li>Military Technical Dictionary. Willcox.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Spanish:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>New Spanish-English and English-Spanish Dictionary, by Cuyás. Appleton.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_311"></a>[311]</span></p>
+
+<h3>DEPARTMENT OF LAW.</h3>
+
+<h4>FIRST CLASS.</h4>
+
+<p>The course in law covers the following subjects:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1. The elements of law.</li>
+<li>2. Constitutional law.</li>
+<li>3. International law.</li>
+<li>4. Military law.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>To illustrate principles in the text-books cadets are required to
+recite on numerous cases from reports. Lectures are also given upon
+the subjects taught, so far as the limits of time allotted to this course
+permit.</p>
+
+<h4>TEXT BOOKS.</h4>
+
+<ul>
+<li>The Elements of Law. Davis, G. B.</li>
+<li>Constitutional Law. Davis, E. G.</li>
+<li>International Law. Davis, G. B.</li>
+<li>Military Law. Dudley.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h4>BOOKS OF REFERENCE.</h4>
+
+<p>There is a reference library in the department of about 2,500
+volumes, accessible to the cadets.</p>
+
+<h3>DEPARTMENT OF PRACTICAL MILITARY ENGINEERING.</h3>
+
+<h4>FOURTH, THIRD, SECOND AND FIRST CLASSES.</h4>
+
+<p>Cadets of the fourth class receive an elementary course in
+theoretical surveying during the month of February.</p>
+
+<p>During the summer encampment, cadets of the third class receive
+practical instruction in the use and adjustment of surveying instruments
+and in surveying methods. In this course they apply in the
+field what has been taught them in their theoretical course of the
+preceding spring. The course includes tie line surveys, made by
+use of the tape or chain alone, surveys made with the compass and
+with the transit, and running differential level circuits.</p>
+
+<p>Cadets of the second class receive, during the fall drill season,
+instruction in visual signaling, using the flag and the heliograph for
+sending and receiving messages. They are also taught to set up and
+adjust the heliograph and the acetylene lantern. During the spring
+period, this class is instructed in the field methods of electrical communication,
+and is given practice in establishing and using buzzer
+lines under, as nearly as possible, service conditions. The course
+also comprises setting up and operating field wireless telegraph outfits.</p>
+
+<p>During the summer encampment, cadets of the first class are instructed
+in building pile, trestle, and pontoon bridges, in improvising
+methods of crossing streams, in making road sketches, both mounted
+and dismounted, and in combined position sketching. During the
+fall course, this class is given instruction in the construction and
+operation of appliances used in field engineering, in the erection of
+spar and trestle bridges, and in the use of explosives in military
+demolitions. The spring course is devoted to field fortification work,
+including the construction of trenches, revetments, obstacles, bomb
+proofs, and gun pits; posting and distribution of working parties
+in the construction of saps, trenches, parallels, and approaches; and
+tracing and profiling siege works.</p>
+
+<h4>TEXT BOOK.</h4>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Theory and Practice of Surveying. Johnson.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h4>BOOKS OF REFERENCE.</h4>
+
+<ul>
+<li>The Engineer Field Manual.</li>
+<li>Survey Manual. Pence and Ketchum.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_312"></a>[312]</span></p>
+
+<h3>DEPARTMENT OF ORDNANCE AND GUNNERY.</h3>
+
+<h4>FIRST CLASS.</h4>
+
+<p>The subject of ordnance and gunnery is studied by the cadets of
+the first class throughout the academic year.</p>
+
+<p>The course of instruction covers the principles involved in the
+construction and use of war material. It is broadly divided into
+three parts: the theoretical, the descriptive, and the practical. The
+theoretical part includes the study of the action of explosives, the
+study of interior and exterior ballistics, the theories of gun and carriage
+construction, and the principles of gunnery. The theoretical
+part of the course is not the same for all cadets, those showing the
+necessary proficiency taking a special course of 21 lessons in the
+time devoted by the remainder of the class to review work.</p>
+
+<p>The descriptive part of the course covers the processes of manufacture
+of powders, guns, projectiles and armor; and describes the
+small arms, cannon, machine and rapid-fire guns in use in the United
+States service, with the carriages, ammunition and accessory appliances
+required for their service. The department is well supplied
+with models, which are used in conjunction with the text.</p>
+
+<p>The practical part of the course covers work with ballistic instruments,
+and the operation of machines and appliances used in the
+fabrication of modern ordnance, the latter work being in effect a
+short but valuable course in manual training.</p>
+
+<p>In connection with the course, visits are made to Watervliet Arsenal,
+where the processes of gun construction are observed, and to
+the Ordnance Proving Ground at Sandy Hook, where actual firings
+from the several classes of guns are observed, including usually one
+or more shots against armor, and where the latest developments in
+war material are seen.</p>
+
+<h4>TEXT BOOKS.</h4>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Ordnance and Gunnery. Lissak.</li>
+<li>Exterior Ballistics. O’Hern.</li>
+<li>Stresses in Wire-Wrapped Guns and in Gun Carriages. Ruggles.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h4>BOOKS OF REFERENCE.</h4>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Ballistic Tables. Ingalls.</li>
+<li>Mathematical Tables. Newcomb.</li>
+<li>Publications of Ordnance Department. U. S. Army.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3>DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY HYGIENE.</h3>
+
+<h4>SECOND CLASS.</h4>
+
+<p>The course in military hygiene for the second class begins on or
+about the 15th of April and continues into June. It consists of 6
+lectures and 13 recitations for each half of the class, given on alternate
+days and ending by a written examination on the subjects treated.</p>
+
+<p>The course covers the essential points in military hygiene, particular
+attention being paid to the following:</p>
+
+<p>Personal hygiene with special reference to the soldier and his
+environment: the hygiene and sanitation of military commands in
+garrison and in the field; and the causes and prevention of infectious
+diseases and control of epidemics. Also the nature of alcoholic
+drinks and narcotics, and special instruction as to their effects upon
+the human system.</p>
+
+<p>During the summer camp, 5 lectures with exercises are given to
+the first class on the use of the first aid packet and the treatment
+of medical and surgical emergencies. While on the practice march,
+at the end of each day, the medical officer on duty with the corps
+discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the camp site from the
+view point of the military sanitarian and also camp cooking, the
+water supply, and various other matters pertaining to camp hygiene
+and sanitation.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_313"></a>[313]</span></p>
+
+<h4>TEXT BOOKS.</h4>
+
+<ul>
+<li>The Elements of Military Hygiene. Ashburn.</li>
+<li>Anatomy, Physiology and Hygiene. Tracy.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h4>REFERENCE BOOKS.</h4>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Military Hygiene. Harvard.</li>
+<li>Theory and Practice of Military Hygiene. Munson.</li>
+<li>Notes on Military Hygiene. Woodhull.</li>
+<li>Practical Hygiene. Harrington.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3>DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH AND HISTORY.</h3>
+
+<h4>NEW CADETS AND FOURTH CLASS.</h4>
+
+<p>English: Essential principles of rhetoric; frequent practice in
+various forms of written and oral composition, including personal
+and official correspondence and official forms; study of selected literary
+masterpieces, and of essentials in the history of English literature and
+language.</p>
+
+<p>History: Political, social and economic history from the end of
+the Middle Ages to the present day; study of typical forms of modern
+national and municipal governments; fundamental principles of civil
+government, historically considered, with special reference to the
+United States.</p>
+
+<h4>TEXT BOOKS—ENGLISH.</h4>
+
+<ul>
+<li>English Composition. Henry S. Canby and others.</li>
+<li>Golden Treasury, Everyman’s Library Edition. Palgrave.</li>
+<li>Shakespeare’s Works.</li>
+<li>Tennyson’s Idylls of the King.</li>
+<li>Selections from Addison, selections from Macaulay, selections from Stevenson, and Carlyle’s Heroes and Hero-Worship.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h4>TEXT-BOOKS—HISTORY.</h4>
+
+<ul>
+<li>A Political History of Modern Europe. F. Schwill.</li>
+<li>The Development of Modern Europe. J. H. Robinson and C. A. Beard.</li>
+<li>Readings in Modern European History, Vol. II. Robinson and Beard.</li>
+<li>The Development of the State. Dealey.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3>THE LIBRARY.</h3>
+
+<p>Cadets and officers have free access to the library, which comprises
+some 80,000 books, maps and manuscripts. The collection contains
+substantially all standard books on the subjects taught in the
+Academy and is especially complete in military subjects. Its card
+catalogues (about 272,000 cards) are arranged with the special object
+of saving the time of the cadets. The library is open on week-days
+from 8 A. M. to 9:30 P. M.; on Sundays and holidays from 2 to
+6 P. M.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_314"></a>[314]</span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;" id="illus70">
+<img src="images/illus70.jpg" width="700" height="425" alt="" />
+<p class="caption">INTERIOR OF NEW RIDING HALL</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_315"></a>[315]</span></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h2 class="nobreak">FOOTNOTES</h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[1]</a> <a href="#CHAPTER_X">See Appendix.</a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2" class="label">[2]</a> This is to be presented to the Adjutant of the Military
+Academy on arrival of the appointee, i. e., the candidate, at West Point.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_3" href="#FNanchor_3" class="label">[3]</a> <a href="#CHAPTER_X">See Appendix</a> for the circular now used.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_4" href="#FNanchor_4" class="label">[4]</a> This is to be filled out and mailed to the Secretary of War
+soon after its receipt by the candidate.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_5" href="#FNanchor_5" class="label">[5]</a> <a href="#CHAPTER_X">See Appendix</a> for the kind used now.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_6" href="#FNanchor_6" class="label">[6]</a> Then the west end of the present Library Building. A
+fine stone Administration Building was later built just south of the
+old Chapel, but it is to be torn down and a very fine and large new
+Administration Building has been put up still further south.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_7" href="#FNanchor_7" class="label">[7]</a> <a href="#Page_62">See page 62</a>, Note 1.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_8" href="#FNanchor_8" class="label">[8]</a> Now there is water on the first floor of each division.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_9" href="#FNanchor_9" class="label">[9]</a> <a href="#Page_62">See page 62</a>, Note 2.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_10" href="#FNanchor_10" class="label">[10]</a> The sink was a low building east of the old guard house,
+now there are water closets and bath tubs in the basement of each
+division.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_11" href="#FNanchor_11" class="label">[11]</a> Now there is a trunk room in the basement of each division.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_12" href="#FNanchor_12" class="label">[12]</a> The plebe instructors, or drill masters, are now
+first-class men.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_13" href="#FNanchor_13" class="label">[13]</a> <a href="#Page_62">See page 62</a>, Note 3.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_14" href="#FNanchor_14" class="label">[14]</a> In full uniform.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_15" href="#FNanchor_15" class="label">[15]</a> Then some distance west of Siege Battery and north of the
+turn in Professors’ Row.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_16" href="#FNanchor_16" class="label">[16]</a> <a href="#CHAPTER_X">See Appendix.</a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_17" href="#FNanchor_17" class="label">[17]</a> Now the east end of the grassed plain. The new artillery
+and cavalry plain adjoins the village of Highland Falls.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_18" href="#FNanchor_18" class="label">[18]</a> <a href="#Page_62">See page 62</a>, Note 4.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_19" href="#FNanchor_19" class="label">[19]</a> Cadets are court-martialed for serious offenses only.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_20" href="#FNanchor_20" class="label">[20]</a> <a href="#CHAPTER_X">See Appendix.</a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_21" href="#FNanchor_21" class="label">[21]</a> Filled up long ago.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_22" href="#FNanchor_22" class="label">[22]</a> <a href="#Page_70">See page 70</a>, Note 1.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_23" href="#FNanchor_23" class="label">[23]</a> <a href="#Page_81">See page 81</a>, Note 1.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_24" href="#FNanchor_24" class="label">[24]</a> The cadets now have a fine rifle range.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_25" href="#FNanchor_25" class="label">[25]</a> Rushing into camp was prohibited long ago.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_26" href="#FNanchor_26" class="label">[26]</a> <a href="#Page_70">See page 70</a>, Note 1.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_27" href="#FNanchor_27" class="label">[27]</a> Now mounted after dress parade.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_28" href="#FNanchor_28" class="label">[28]</a> <a href="#CHAPTER_X">See Appendix.</a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_29" href="#FNanchor_29" class="label">[29]</a> <a href="#CHAPTER_X">See Appendix.</a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_30" href="#FNanchor_30" class="label">[30]</a> Then taught in the north ground floor room of the old
+Academic Building. This room was also used to practice dancing in and for
+band concerts on winter evenings.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_31" href="#FNanchor_31" class="label">[31]</a> <a href="#Page_122">See page 122</a>, Note 1.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_32" href="#FNanchor_32" class="label">[32]</a> <a href="#Page_122">See page 122</a>, Note 2.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_33" href="#FNanchor_33" class="label">[33]</a> <a href="#Page_122">See page 122</a>, Note 3.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_34" href="#FNanchor_34" class="label">[34]</a> <a href="#Page_122">See page 122</a>, Note 4.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_35" href="#FNanchor_35" class="label">[35]</a> They now say “Cadet” instead of “Mister.”</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_36" href="#FNanchor_36" class="label">[36]</a> <a href="#Page_122">See page 122</a>, Note 5.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_37" href="#FNanchor_37" class="label">[37]</a> Now in the new Administration Building.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_38" href="#FNanchor_38" class="label">[38]</a> Kinsley’s farm is now a part of the post.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_39" href="#FNanchor_39" class="label">[39]</a> <a href="#CHAPTER_X">See Appendix</a> and also <a href="#Page_122">page 122</a>, Note 1.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_40" href="#FNanchor_40" class="label">[40]</a> Curtains are now allowed.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_41" href="#FNanchor_41" class="label">[41]</a> They now come at any time of the year.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_42" href="#FNanchor_42" class="label">[42]</a> <a href="#Page_122">See page 122</a>, Note 1, and for candidates <a href="#CHAPTER_X">see Appendix.</a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_43" href="#FNanchor_43" class="label">[43]</a> Now part of the post—a gift from Mrs. Russell Sage and
+Mrs. Anna B. Warner.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_44" href="#FNanchor_44" class="label">[44]</a> Then just east of Seacoast Battery.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_45" href="#FNanchor_45" class="label">[45]</a> <a href="#CHAPTER_X">See Appendix.</a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_46" href="#FNanchor_46" class="label">[46]</a> Soon to be torn down to give way to a giant new one now
+partly built.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_47" href="#FNanchor_47" class="label">[47]</a> Then a part of the ground floor room of the old Academic
+Building.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_48" href="#FNanchor_48" class="label">[48]</a> Then in the south end of the Mess Hall. Mr. Bratt, then
+caterer of the Cadet Mess, lived in the north end.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_49" href="#FNanchor_49" class="label">[49]</a> From songs by the Class of 1897.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_50" href="#FNanchor_50" class="label">[50]</a> Now called Drill Regulations.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_51" href="#FNanchor_51" class="label">[51]</a> <a href="#CHAPTER_X">See Appendix.</a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_52" href="#FNanchor_52" class="label">[52]</a> Chevrons are made of gold lace ⅜ inch wide; sewed on dark
+blue cloth with ⅜ inch intervals between the bars.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_53" href="#FNanchor_53" class="label">[53]</a> Worn above the elbows, points up.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_54" href="#FNanchor_54" class="label">[54]</a> Worn above the elbow, points up.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_55" href="#FNanchor_55" class="label">[55]</a> Worn below the elbows, points up.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_56" href="#FNanchor_56" class="label">[56]</a> A life membership costs only ten dollars. Address Secretary
+of the Association of Graduates, West Point, N. Y.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_57" href="#FNanchor_57" class="label">[57]</a> The new Chapel and Chaplain’s quarters on the hill near old
+Fort Putnam are now in one large beautiful building that was dedicated in
+June, 1910. Graduates have contributed for a handsome memorial window and
+Professor Weir’s grand painting, now in the old Chapel, will be put over
+this window in the new Chapel.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_58" href="#FNanchor_58" class="label">[58]</a> Cullum Memorial Hall is now used for hops.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_59" href="#FNanchor_59" class="label">[59]</a> In the old Academic Building.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_60" href="#FNanchor_60" class="label">[60]</a> <a href="#Page_202">See page 202</a>, Note 1.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_61" href="#FNanchor_61" class="label">[61]</a> In conformity with the provisions of this section, the
+Chief of Staff is now, by direction of the Secretary, charged with the
+supervision of matters in the War Department pertaining to the Academy.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_62" href="#FNanchor_62" class="label">[62]</a> Four of the class of 1880 accepted this offer, and, as
+there were not then vacancies enough for the balance, some were first
+appointed brevet second lieutenants, and as vacancies occurred they were
+commissioned second lieutenants.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_63" href="#FNanchor_63" class="label">[63]</a> The army is supplied with second lieutenants from four
+sources, viz.: First, the Military Academy; second, graduates from other
+military schools; third, from meritorious enlisted men, and fourth, from
+civil life.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_64" href="#FNanchor_64" class="label">[64]</a> The Act of 1910 increased this number 25% for six years.
+The total number of graduates from 1802 to August 31, 1910, is 4,935.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_65" href="#FNanchor_65" class="label">[65]</a> Alternates have been appointed since 1877.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_66" href="#FNanchor_66" class="label">[66]</a> <a href="#CHAPTER_X">See Appendix.</a></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_67" href="#FNanchor_67" class="label">[67]</a> The Board before which a candidate is directed to appear
+will be, without exception, the one convened at the nearest or most
+convenient to his home, or to the school at which he is in regular
+attendance at the time of appointment.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_68" href="#FNanchor_68" class="label">[68]</a> On December 8, 1910, the Adjutant General of the Army wrote
+to the author saying “that while it has been decided to admit the next
+class of cadets into the Military Academy on the 14th day of June instead
+of on the 1st day of March, no change has been made in the date and
+places of examination of cadet candidates.”</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div style='margin-top:1.5em;margin-bottom:1em;'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG BOOK OF CADET LIFE AT WEST POINT ***</div>
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+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #64925 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/64925)