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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7b716bd --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #64928 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/64928) diff --git a/old/64928-0.txt b/old/64928-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index c9427ea..0000000 --- a/old/64928-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,11309 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Tournament--Its Periods and Phases, by -Robert Coltman Clephan - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: The Tournament--Its Periods and Phases - -Author: Robert Coltman Clephan - -Release Date: March 26, 2021 [eBook #64928] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: deaurider and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at - https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images - generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE TOURNAMENT--ITS PERIODS AND -PHASES *** - - - - -Transcriber’s Notes: - - Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ - in the original text. - Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals. - Illustrations have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs. - Old or antiquated spellings have been preserved. - Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected. - - - - -THE TOURNAMENT - - - UNIFORM WITH THIS VOLUME - THE ARMOURER AND HIS CRAFT. BY CHARLES FFOULKES - DECORATIVE IRONWORK. BY CHARLES FFOULKES - OLD PASTE. BY A. BERESFORD RYLEY - - [Illustration: A COURSE OF GERMAN _GESTECH_.] - - THE - TOURNAMENT - ITS PERIODS AND PHASES - - BY - R. COLTMAN CLEPHAN, F.S.A. - - WITH A PREFACE BY - CHARLES J. FFOULKES - CURATOR OF THE ARMOURIES AT THE TOWER - - WITH A FRONTISPIECE IN COLOUR - AND 23 OTHER ILLUSTRATIONS - - METHUEN & CO. LTD. - 36 ESSEX STREET W.C. - LONDON - - _First Published in 1919_ - - - - -PREFACE - - -Those students of arms and armour who have Mr. Clephan’s work on -_Defensive Armour, Weapons and Engines of War_ in their libraries will -expect to find valuable material for study when they find his name -as author of a work on the Tournament. And in this they will surely -not be disappointed. It is perhaps a novel experience for one who has -for some years seriously meditated such a work himself to be asked to -introduce the work of another; but in the study of arms and armour all -men are brothers, and I take leave to say that we of this brotherhood -know little of the jealousies and divisions of opinion which beset the -student in other historical details. The perusal of Mr. Clephan’s work -has shown me that it would have been impossible to undertake such a -project without unattainable leisure, tireless energy, deep research -and very real devotion to the subject. Mr. Clephan has dealt with the -subject from a wide European point of view, and has amassed a vast -amount of information from German sources which has, up till now, been -denied to those unskilled in that language; and, with his copious notes -and references, has made this material available for study, for which -alone we must ever be deeply indebted to him. - -The Tournament, as practised in Germany and towards the close of the -sixteenth century in England, France and Italy, must have been a -rather dull performance, as the minute regulations and the cumbersome -equipment precluded that dash and intrepid onslaught which make the -descriptions by Froissart and other writers of his time such excellent -reading. Even the gorgeous displays of Henry VIII leave us rather cold -when we find that the king invariably won, and that the queen could -stop the tilting at her pleasure, which was presumably when her lord -had had sufficient entertainment. We have only to note that the suit in -the Tower made for Henry VIII to fight on foot in the lists weighs 93 -lbs., to realize that no man could be strenuous or energetic in this -equipment; and when we find that the horse in the sixteenth century -joust had to carry a dead weight of 340 lbs., it will be manifest that -he could only amble gently along the tilt, and could not dash headlong -down the lists, as the artist would have us believe. The whole subject -of arms and armour teems with such disillusioning; but to the earnest -student these are taken with grace, because they are born of facts -quarried out of masses of written and printed records with years of -incessant perseverance and devotion. - -After the pioneer work of Meyrick and Hewitt, the interest in arms -and armour died down for over half a century, but in the last ten or -fifteen years it has revived, and its resurrection may be traced to -writers who, like Lord Dillon and Mr. Clephan, have striven to give -us a real insight into the military life of nations, rather than -highly-coloured fantasies which have no foundation in fact. If Mr. -Clephan’s researches cause us to modify our views on certain aspects -of the Tournament, I feel quite certain that all who have previously -written on these lines will admit the new light he has brought to bear. -The audience he directly appeals to is small, but they will yield to -students in no other branch of history or art in their keen devotion to -their subject; and I trust I may conclude, in their name, by wishing -Mr. Clephan every success in the work before us, and, if I may enter -into the spirit of his subject, “Good jousting.” - - CHARLES FFOULKES - - OFFICE OF THE ARMOURIES - H. M. TOWER OF LONDON - _29 August, 1917_ - - - - -INTRODUCTION - - -Most of us owe our early impressions of the tournament to the -delightful account of the “Gentle and Joyous Passage of Arms” of Ashby -de la Zouche, in the county of Leicester, given by Sir Walter Scott in -his fine romance _Ivanhoe_. But that eminent novelist, in presenting -to his readers the picture of a _pas d’armes_ of the times of the -lion-hearted Richard, took a poet’s licence by describing a jousting -and _mêlée_ such as belonged, in many details, to a time later than -Richard’s by some two and a half centuries. The knightly armour of the -reign of King Richard was of chain-mail, while that of the times of -Henry VI was, of course, a complete harness of plate. The first-named -equipment is thus described by Sainte-Palaye: “_Une lance forte et -dificile à rompre, un haubert ou haubergeon, c’est à dire, une double -cotte de mailles, tissues de fer, à l’epreuve de l’épée, étoient les -armes assignées aux Chevaliers._”[1] - -Sir Walter’s account is thus hopelessly misleading in regard to its -period, though admirably worked out in many other respects. There are -ancient romances of great historic value, in that they give nearly -contemporaneous details of the tournament of the fourteenth and -fifteenth centuries, and represent many features which may be regarded -as correct in the light of a close comparison with other records. That -of _Petit Jehan de Saintré_, written by Anthoine de la Sale, in 1459, -is one of these, and we owe much enlightenment to it. - -There is great confusion among the works of chroniclers in regard to -the dates of many tournaments, and often it is impossible to reconcile -their statements. The differences are, however, usually but slight. - -Mr. ffoulkes, in his Preface to this work, draws attention to the large -amount of fable and exaggeration so often interwoven in many accounts -given of the tournament, and to the necessity for presenting the -subject historically in its true light. In order to do this one must -discard much that has been written concerning it throughout the ages -and go back to original information, carefully sifted and compared, in -order to arrive at some degree of truth. - -As a rule, illuminations in MSS. must not be estimated at their -face value, for, besides being often fantastic, they are rarely -contemporaneous with the events they portray; and the narrations of -chroniclers were mostly written some time after the events in question, -and often introduce details which really belong to a later age. Thus -the illustrated _Froissart_ in the British Museum,[2] which dates from -about the end of the fifteenth century, pictures a joust at the tilt at -the _pas d’armes_ held at St. Inglevert in the year 1389, a tournament -described in our chapter IV; but a tilt or barrier placed between the -combatants, along which they rode in opposite directions, was first -employed about the end of the first quarter of the century following. -Such anachronisms are very common in records of the tournament, so that -care and discrimination are required in their interpretation. - -The works of Meyrick and Hewitt are of great historical value, and they -afford much information carefully gathered from original documents. -This information has been copiously made use of by more recent authors -with but a scant or even no acknowledgment. It should be remembered, -however, that these eminent and devoted historians were pioneers, so -to speak, and much has been learnt of the tournament since their day; -yet their labours form excellent foundations for the building up of a -scientific superstructure. - -The admirable version of _Freydal_, by Querin von Leitner, pictures -the jousts of the Emperor Maximilian I, especially those of the last -quarter of the fifteenth century. It presents a veritable mine of -information concerning the tournament of that period, placing the -technique of the subject on a sound basis. Even this account, however, -is hardly contemporaneous. - -The interest in the subject flagged for a season, and until some -quarter of a century ago but little more was heard of it. It was -Wendelin Boeheim, in his _Waffenkunde_, who set the ball rolling again; -and since his book was written a number of learned papers have appeared -in England and Germany dealing with the tournament, though in French -literature the subject has received but little attention. Among such -papers those by Viscount Dillon, published in _Archæologia_ and the -_Archæological Journal_, are very important. This writer has corrected -many mistakes made by the earlier authors and persistently handed down -from one generation to another. Most of the writers would appear to -have regarded as gospel truths all statements made by Meyrick. These -mistakes are most difficult to eradicate from our literature, for their -correction has been made in publications such as those mentioned above, -which are unfortunately only read by a select few. - -All these learned books and scattered papers treat the subject more or -less sectionally, and, so far as I know, there has been no work of any -importance published which attempts to deal with the subject as a whole -from start to finish. This manifest want I have endeavoured to supply -in the present volume. - -My position for many years, up to the date of the war, as an official -of the Verein für Historische Waffenkunde, gave me access to a mass of -original information concerning what may be fitly termed the German -period. Such information is not readily got at, and much of it has -been embodied in the present volume. It is to such sources that we -must turn for many details, more particularly for those of a technical -nature. These records, however, mainly relate to tournaments of the -last quarter of the fifteenth century (after the Burgundian Chronicles -cease), to the whole of the sixteenth, and so up to the time when the -institution fell into desuetude. - -My thanks are due to Mr. Basil Anderton, M.A., the Public Librarian of -Newcastle-upon-Tyne, for reading over parts of my MS. and for drawing -attention to many books bearing on the subject of the tournament; to -Mr. Charles J. ffoulkes, B.LITT., F.S.A., Curator of the Armouries of -the Tower of London; to Mr. Frederick Walter Dendy, D.C.L., and Mr. -Samuel T. Meynell, for some valuable suggestions; and to the University -of Cambridge for the loan of books. - - R. COLTMAN CLEPHAN - - TYNEMOUTH, - NORTHUMBERLAND - -FOOTNOTES: - -[1] _Mémoires sur L’Ancienne Chevalerie_, l. 289. - -[2] Harl. MS. 4379. - - - - -CONTENTS - - - PAGE - PREFACE v - INTRODUCTION vii - BIBLIOGRAPHY xix - - OUTLINE OF PRINCIPAL CONTENTS— - - CHAPTER I - Origin of the Tournament—Its definition—Rules made _anno_ - 1066—Derivation of the word—The Behourd—The Joust: Its - origin and definition—The Round Table game—Round Table - held in 1252—Edward III revives the traditional Table - glories of King Arthur—Actual Table at Winchester—Its - history—Round Table held in 1389—Definition of the - game—The Quintain—Its definition—Running at the - Ring—Judicial duels properly classed with the Tournament 1 - - - CHAPTER II - Jousts of peace—_Joutes à outrance_—The term - “_À outrance_”—Mediæval chronicles and - chroniclers—Body-armour of the twelfth and thirteenth - centuries—Brasses and effigies—Tournaments in the - reign of King Stephen—Their introduction into England - and France—Description of the Martial Sports of - London by William Fitzstephen—William Rufus—The - knight-errant—Tournaments of the twelfth and - thirteenth centuries—Royal Edicts and Papal Bulls - issued against them—Tournaments controlled by Royal - Ordinances—Fees payable to the Crown—Tournament - near Alençon—Philip Augustus sends a challenge to - Richard of England—Tournament held at Brackley in - 1250—Five authorized Lists in England—Form and - decoration of Lists—The duties of varlets—Officials - of Lists—The coronal of the lance—The routine of an - early Tournament—Prizes—Tournaments in 1236, 1247 and - 1248—Interdictions by the Church—Tournament at Rochester - in 1251—Another in 1253—Tournament at Chalòns in - 1247—Jousting at Blei in 1256—Round Tables at Warwick - and Kenilworth—Hardyng’s poem on the last-named—The - lance—Roll of purchases for the tournament held at - Windsor Park in 1278—_Statuta de armis_, dating towards - the end of the thirteenth century—Penalties for breaking - the rules—Effigies of Edmund Crouchback and William - de Valence—Effigy of Geoffrey de Mandeville—Knightly - panoply of the period—The age of mail—Chain-mail—The - hauberk and gambeson—Bards and trappers—Transition to - plate-armour gradual 9 - - CHAPTER III - The fourteenth century—The introduction of - firearms—Romances of Richard Cœur de Lion, Sir - Ferumbras, Roman du roy Miliades Meliadus, and others—The - Froissart plates—Hefner’s _Tratchten_—Carter’s - _Painting and Sculpture_—Froissart’s _Chronicle_—Royal - jousts—Proclamation of tournaments—The issue of - safe-conducts—“Tornies, justes,” etc., forbidden in - 1302—Tournament at Condé in 1327—Royal jousts at - Cheapside in 1330—“Great justes” at Dunstable in - 1341—Royal tournament at London in 1342—To cry a - tourney—Round Table at Windsor in 1344—Actual Table - at Winchester—Order of the Garter—Jousts to be held - annually at Lincoln—Round Table at Windsor in 1345, and - many jousts at other places—Great wardrobe account—Round - Table at Lichfield—White hoods—Verse from Chaucer’s - “Knight’s Tale”—Romance of Perce Forest—“Kerchief of - pleasance”—“Roiall justes” held in 1358, 1359, and in 1362 - —Jousts at Mons and Rennes—Sir Nicholas Dagworth—His - brass in Blickling Church—His armour—Armour of - the Black Prince—Feat of arms at Toury—Tournament - at Cambray in 1385—Duel at Montereau in 1387—Much - jousting with pointed lances between cavaliers of - France and England during the long wars between the two - countries—_Pas d’armes_ at Nantes—Combat _à outrance_ - near Vannes—Jousts at Paris in 1385—Realistic tournament - at Paris—Feat of arms at Entença—Deed of arms at - Bordeaux in 1389—Marshal de Boucicaut’s exploits in - the lists—_Pas d’armes_ at St. Ingelbert—The _rôles_ - of Tenans and Venants—Monkish chronicles—Royal - tournament at London in 1390—Caxton’s remarks on the - same—Another tournament proclaimed by King Richard - II—The espinette—Body-armour of the fourteenth - century—Crests—The Cap of Maintenance—The shield—Fatal - accident in the lists to the young Earl of Pembroke in - 1390—Jousting in Scotland in 1398 23 - - CHAPTER IV - The fifteenth century—The tourney milder—Body-armour - strengthened—Milan the chief seat of manufacture—Less - costly armour made in Germany—Maximilian imports Italian - smiths, and Germany gradually becomes the chief centre - of the industry—Ameliorations in the tourney—The - tilt—Jousting without the tilt—The vamplate—Special - harness for the lists—The lance-rest—The queue—Jousting - lances and lance-heads—Barriers—Reinforcing pieces—The - _kolbenturnier_—The _kolben_ or baston—Crests—Hours - of the tourney—Lists often artificially lighted—The - tournament in Germany—Training of the chargers—Their - chests protected by a mattress—Spurs and saddles—The - tournament at Aix and in Burgundy—The _Chronicles_ - of St. Remy, Monstrelet, Chastelain and De la - Marche—Bibliothèque de Bourgogne—Ashmolean MSS.—The - Order of the Golden Fleece—Cottonian MSS.—Life of - Richard Beauchamp—Roman de Saintré—_Tournois du Roi - René_—Statutes of Lord Typtofte, 1466—Confusion in - the terms employed by chroniclers in descriptions of - the tourney—_A Scharmützel_—Description of a _pas - d’armes_—_Chapitres d’armes_—Manner of adjudging - prizes—French ordinance against duels with the - English—“Solemne justs” attempted in 1400, but which - proved abortive—Challenge of an esquire of Arragon - in 1400—Deed of arms near Bordeaux in 1402—The Duc - d’Orleans sends a challenge to Henry IV of England—Deeds - of arms at Valentia—Exploits in the lists of Richard - Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick—Three Portuguese fight three - Frenchmen in 1415—Subterranean combats in 1420—_Statutes - d’armes, temp._ Henry V—Jousts in the reign of Henry - V—Duel at Arras in 1425—The _bec de faucon_—Tournament - at Brussels in 1428—_Pas d’armes_ at Arras in 1430—Early - mention of the tilt—Passage of arms at Arras in 1435—Sir - John Astley’s fight on foot in 1442 38 - - CHAPTER V - _Pas d’armes_ at _L’Arbre de Charlemagne_, Dijon, in 1443, - at which there was jousting at the tilt, and reinforcing - pieces were employed—The lists—The challenges—A few - of the encounters—The _chapitres d’armes_—Various - Harleian MSS.—Picture of a King of Arms proclaiming - a tournament—Combat, at Ghent, between Jehan de - Boniface and Jacques de Lalain in 1445—Definitions of - an esquire—The duties of a King of Arms—Additional - or reinforcing pieces—Small set of reinforcing pieces - in the Wallace Collection—Feat of arms at Edinburgh - in 1448—Distinction made in the dress of a knight - and that of an esquire—Armour of the fifteenth - century—Brass of Sir John Wylcotes and that in South - Kelsey Church—Hoveringham effigy—Collar of SS.—Gothic - armour—The Beauchamp effigy its finest type—Great - armour-smiths of the fifteenth century—Enrichment - of armour—Paper by Viscount Dillon, printed in - _Archæologia_, on a MS. collection of ordinances of - chivalry of the fifteenth century—“Abilment for Justes of - the Pees”—“To Crie a Justus of Pees”—“The comyng into - the felde”—“To arme a man”—Combats on foot—Jousting at - the tilt—Definition of terms—The _Pas de la Pélerine_ in - 1446—Feat of arms at Arras between Philippe de Ternant - and Galiot de Baltasin in the same year—The lists—The - first joust of the Comte de Charolais at Brussels in - 1452—Tournament at Brussels in the same year—Jousting - now frequently combined with masques, mummeries and - pageants—Example of this in 1453—Tournament in - celebration of the coronation of Edward IV—_Pas d’armes_ - held by Edward IV in 1467, at which the Bastard of - Burgundy took part—The lists—Ashmolean MS.—Costly - pageant, combined with jousting and the tourney, in - celebration of the marriage of Charles the Bold with - Margaret of York (L’Arbre d’Or)—Jousts held at Paris in - 1468—Royal jousts in honour of the marriage of Richard - Duke of York in 1477—Royal jousts and fêtes at Greenwich - in the reign of Henry VII—Caxton’s epilogue—Tapestry at - Valenciennes—Joust at Jena in 1487 between Johannes Duke - of Saxony and Cuntz Metzschen—A “Solemne Triumphe” at - Richmond—Collections of armour at Vienna and Dresden 57 - - CHAPTER VI - Much that is fanciful and unreal written about the - tournament—Scientific writers on the subject—Narrations - of chroniclers—German records—Ashmolean, Harleian and - Cottonian MSS.—Hall, Holinshed and other chroniclers—The - tournament reaches its highest development in the - first half of the fifteenth century—Decline of the - tournament—The introduction of barriers in combats - on foot—The bâton of illegitimacy—The tournament - restricted to cavaliers of noble birth—Prizes—New - forms of jousting—German tournament-books—Harnesses - for the tiltyard made in Germany—The tournament as - practised at the German Courts—The _Freydal_ of - Maximilian—Other works of the kind—Tournament-books - at Sigmaringen and Dresden—Paintings of jousts at - Dresden—Jousting on wooden horses equipped with - mechanical apparatus for charging—Trappers: their - paintings, devices and embroideries—Prices of - knightly armour—Tourney book of Duke William IV of - Bavaria—Other tourney-books—Forms of jousting and - equipment—Bards and saddles—The _Gestech_ in its several - forms—Maximilian I armed for _Hohenzeuggestech_—Two - armours for _Gestech_ at Paris—Harness for the - _Gestech_ in the Wallace Collection, London—Other - examples—The lance, vamplate and coronal—A _Gestech_ - at Leipsig in 1489—The frontispiece, which represents - a _Gestech_—_Gestech im Beinharnisch_—Jousting - with pointed lances (_Scharfrennen_)—The lance and - vamplate—Salient features of the forms—Examples of the - armour employed—Realistic representation of a joust - with sharp lances—Maximilian II mounted and armed for - _Scharfrennen_—_Geschiftrennen_—_Geschifttartscherennen_—A - _Rennen_ held at Minden—_Geschiftscheibenrennen_—_Bundrennen_ - —_Auzogenrennen_—_Krönlrennen_—_Pfannenrennen_—_Feldrennen_—The - _mêlée_—_Feldturnier_—All these forms defined—Joust at - the tilt—Its inception—The salient features—A joust - at the tilt at Augsburg in 1510—Armour employed—Two - harnesses for this type of joust at Paris—A German - suit dated 1580—_Realgestech_—Three armours in - London for jousting at the tilt—Fatal accident to - Henry II of France in a joust of this kind—Triumph - of Maximilian—Drawings by Hans Burgmaier—Combats - on foot—_Barriers and Foot Combats_: a paper by - Lord Dillon—Armour for foot-fighting—Weapons - employed—The _Fussturnier_—The _Freiturnier_—Armour - employed—_Realgestech_—The _Scharmützel_—The - Karoussel or Carrousel—Permanent lists—Harness for the - tiltyard—Best armours imported from Italy—Interest taken - by Henry VIII in armour-making—German smiths employed - at Greenwich—The iron imported from Innsbruck—Alleged - inferiority of English iron—“Hoasting” armour of - the sixteenth century—Its form slavishly follows - that of the civil dress—Fluted or “Maximilian” - armour—Tonlet armour—Bards—The expression “trapped - and barded”—Some armour for campaigning made much - lighter—“_Pfeifenharnis_”—Its unsuitability—The - enrichment of armour—Armour of the middle of the - century—The “Peasecod-bellied” doublet and breastplate 85 - - CHAPTER VII - The Chevalier Bayard—His career in the tourney—_Pas - d’armes_ at Westminster in 1501—Dates of chroniclers - unreliable—The term “tourney”—“Solemne Triumph” in - 1502—Joust at Naumburg in 1505—An _Auzogenrennen_ in - 1512—The kind of shield employed—Tilting at Paris and - Lille in 1513 and 1515—Letters of Safeguard—Curious - rule in foot contests—Charles V engaged in tournaments - in 1518—Tournaments of the reign of Henry VIII—Hall and - Holinshed’s narrations—Jousts at the coronation—The - King jousts incognito—Other combats—Jousts in honour of - Queen Katharine—The tenans and articles of combat—Hall’s - florid account of the meeting—Ashmole MS. No. - 1116—Proportion of attaints—Other _pas d’armes_—Jousts - in honour of the Queen of Scotland—Articles of - combat—Field of the Cloth of Gold—Jousting in - England—King Henry ran great risk of losing his life - when jousting in 1524—Henry a successful jouster—Jousts - in 1536 and 1540—The ceremony of the degradation of a - knight—Fights at barriers in 1554—jousting fell into - disuse in England during the reign of Edward VI and that - of Philip and Mary—Efforts made in Elizabeth’s reign - to revive the tournament—Sir Henry Lee the Queen’s - champion—Succeeded by the Earl of Cumberland—Jousts - and barriers in 1558—The _pas d’armes_ in 1559 at - which Henry II of France was fatally injured—Viscount - Dillon’s _Barriers and Foot Combats_—Tournaments at - London in 1570—“Checques” or score-tablets and their - illustration—Articles of combat and prizes—Proportion - of attaints made by the Earl of Oxford—Jousting - in the night in 1572—The duties at a tournament - of a King of Arms and of a Pursuivant—Scoring - “Checques”—Their definition—Rules and regulations - for conducting tournaments in Tudor times—_Romance - of three kings’ sons_—“Ordinaunce of keeping of the - Feelde”—Tournaments and jousts at Westminster in - 1581—King Henry IV challenges the Duc de Mayenne to - single combat—A _Scharmützel_—A water quintain in - 1585—Fights at barriers in 1606 and 1610—Tournament in - 1612—First coming into the tiltyard of Prince Charles - of Wales in 1619—Tournament of the knight of the royal - Amaranthus in 1620—The tournament lingered long in - Germany—The decline of armour—Causes of the gradual - disuse of armour—Armour of the seventeenth century—A - harness belonging to Louis XIV—Plate-armour gradually - disappears—Conclusion—Revivals of the nineteenth and - twentieth centuries—The Eglington tournament in 1839—The - tournament at Brussels in 1905—“Triumph” at Earl’s Court - in 1912—The Judicial Duel 111 - - CHAPTER VIII - Trial by combat curiously interlinked with common - law—References among Ashmolean, Harleian and Cottonian - MSS.—Introduced into England by the Normans—Unknown to - the Anglo-Saxons—Principle involved—Earlier forms of - ordeal—Found among the laws of nearly all the German - tribes, the Swedes and Lombards—Flourished greatly in - France—The Grand Assize—Enclosures or lists—The custom - never took deep root in England—Civil cases usually - connected with disputes concerning land—Actual number - of judicial duels small in England—Persons excused - from battle—Women not exempt—Early ordinances—Trial - by combat in civil cases—Trial by combat in criminal - cases—Picture of a legal duel, _temp._ Henry III—Rules - and ordinances for conducting judicial combats in - France, temp. Philip IV—The lists—Judicial duels - defined—Singular duel between two Jews—Reported duel - between a man and a dog—Knightly duel in 1380—Legal - duel _temp._ Richard II—Duel between Jean de Carouge and - Jacques le Gris in 1386, as described by Froissart and - others—Duel, in 1398, between the Dukes of Hereford and - Norfolk—Trial by combat in Germany—Rules of procedure - there—Duels in Germany between men and their wives—Duel - with spiked shields—Duel with spiked clubs—With - shields, swords and daggers—With _bec de faucons_—With - two-handed swords—Rules and regulations, _temp._ - Richard II, by Thomas Duke of Gloucester, Constable - of England—Rules for judicial combats in the reign - of Richard III—Judicial duel at Quesnoy in 1405—An - English duel in 1415—Knightly trial by combat at Arras - in 1431—Duel stayed in 1446—Fight at Smithfields - same year—Interesting duel fought at Valenciennes, - in 1455, with knotted clubs—Course of procedure, - _temp._ Henry VIII—Picture of a judicial duel—Duel in - France in 1547—The “coup de Jarnac”—Judicial duel in - 1548—Irregular duel in the lists at Sedan—Catalogue of - judicial duels in England—Trial by combat became rare - _temp._ Elizabeth—Strong influences brought to bear - against the practice—Treatises against duels—A duel - ordered in 1571, which proved abortive—Reports of duels - in 1602 and 1631—The king’s declaration against duels in - 1658—The law for judicial combats practically in abeyance - until early in the nineteenth century—Duel ordered in - 1817, which proved abortive—The law repealed in 1818 146 - - APPENDICES - A. THE ASHMOLEAN MSS. RELATING TO THE TOURNEY 169 - B. THE HARLEIAN MSS. ” ” ” 173 - C. THE COTTONIAN MSS. ” ” ” 177 - D. THE INSTRUCTIONS GIVEN BY THE EMPEROR MAXIMILIAN I - AS TO THE SELECTION OF PLATES FOR ”FREYDAL” 178 - E. THE ASHMOLEAN MSS. RELATING TO JUDICIAL COMBATS 179 - F. THE HARLEIAN MSS. ” ” ” 181 - G. THE COTTONIAN MSS. ” ” ” 182 - H. LETTER FROM THOMAS DUKE OF GLOUCESTER 184 - INDEX 189 - - - - -LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - - - A Course of German _Gestech_ _Frontispiece_ - PLATE FACING PAGE - I. Combat on Foot between Sir Richard Beauchamp } - and Sir Pandolf Malatesta (1) } 52 - The Tapestry at Valenciennes (2) } - II. The Beauchamp Effigy 66 - III. Maximilian I engaged in _Hohenzeuggestech_ 90 - IV. Two Harnesses for the German Joust or _Gestech_. - At Paris 94 - V. Harness for _Scharfrennen_. At Dresden 98 - VI. Maximilian II armed for _Scharfrennen_. At Paris 102 - VII. _Geschifttartscherennen_ 106 - VIII. A _Scharfrennen_ at Minden in 1545 (1) } - } 110 - A Joust at the Tilt at Augsburg in 1510 (2) } - IX. A Harness for the German Joust. Wallace Collection (1) } - Suit in the Wallace Collection for Jousting } 116 - at the Tilt (2) } - X. German Armour for Jousting at the Tilt. At Dresden (1) } - } 120 - An Armour for _Freiturnier_. At Dresden (2) } - XI. Harnesses for Jousting at the Tilt. At Paris (1) } - } 128 - Field Harness of Anne de Montmorency (2) } - XII. The Comte de Charolais, as represented } - at Brussels in 1905 (1) } 144 - Jean de Clѐves, as represented at Brussels in 1905 (2) } - - PAGE - Scoring “Cheques.” In text 127 - MS. Ashmole, No. 845, fol. 167 128 - ” ” ” 166 132 - - - - -BIBLIOGRAPHY - - - An Almain Armourer’s Album. Viscount Dillon, P.S.A. - Annales de Louis XII. - Antient Armour at Goodrich Court. Skelton. - Antiquarian Repertory. - Archæologia, Vol. - ” XI. Copy of a Survey made of what remained of the - Armoury of the Tower of London in 1660. - ” XXXVII. A list for the year 1631. - ” XVII. On the Peaceable Justs, or Tiltings, of the - Middle Ages. By Francis Douce, F.A.A. - ” XVII. Copy of a Roll of Purchases made for the - Tournament of Windsor Park in the sixth - year of King Edward the First. - Communicated by Samuel Lysons, F.R.S., V.P. - ” XXIX. Some Observations on Judicial Duels, as - practised in Germany. By R. L. Pearsall. - ” XXXI. Observations on the Institution of the Most - Noble Order of the Garter. By Sir Harris - Nicholas, G.C.M.G. - ” XXXI. Account of the Ceremonial of the Marriage of - the Princess Margaret, sister of King - Edward the Fourth, to Charles Duke of - Burgundy, in 1468. By Sir Thomas Phillipps, - Bart., F.S.A. - ” LI. A Letter of Sir Henry Lee, 1590, on the trial - of Iron for Armour. By the Hon. Harold - Arthur Dillon, F.S.A. - ” LI. Arms and Armour at Westminster, the Tower, and - Greenwich, 1547. By the same. - ” LVII. On a MS. Collection of Ordinances of Chivalry - of the Fifteenth Century belonging to Lord - Hastings. By Harold Arthur Viscount Dillon, - Hon. M.A. (Oxon), President. - ” LX. Armour Notes. By the same. - ” LXIII. Jousting Cheques of the Sixteenth Century. - By Charles ffoulkes, B.Litt. Oxon., F.S.A. - Arch. Journ. Vol. - ” ” IV. Illustrations of Mediæval Manners and Costumes - from original documents. Jousts of Peace, - Tournaments and Judicial Combats. By Albert - Way. Survey of the Tower Armory in the year - 1660. - ” ” XV. Notice of a German Tilting-saddle of the - Fifteenth Century, recently added to the - Tower Collection. By John Hewitt. - ” ” XXI. Tilting-helm of the Fifteenth Century in the - Royal Artillery Museum, Woolwich. - By John Hewitt. - ” ” XLVI. The Pasguard, Garde de Cou, Brech-Rand, - Stoss-Kragen or Randt, and the Volant-Piece. - By the Hon. Harold Dillon, F.S.A. - ” ” LV. Tilting in Tudor Times. By Viscount Dillon, - Hon. M.A. Oxon., F.S.A. - ” ” LV. Additional Notes Illustrative of Tilting in - Tudor Times. By the same. - ” ” LXI. Barriers and Foot Combats. By the same. - The Winchester Volume, 1845. - Armorial de la Toison d’Or. National Library, Paris. - Armories of the Tower of London. ffoulkes. - Ashmolean MSS. - - Bayeux Tapestry, The. - Boeheim’s Waffenkunde. - ” Meister der Waffenschmiede Kunst. - ” Album, Waffensammlung. Vienna. - Boutell’s Brasses. - Brantôme. Par J. A. C. Buchon. - - Carter’s Painting and Sculpture. - Catalogues. Catalogo Real Armeria de Madrid. - ” The Imperial Collection at Vienna. - ” Königliche Historische Museum, Dresden. - ” Musée d’Artillerie, Paris. - ” Königliche Zeughaus, Berlin. - ” Sammlungen des Germanischen Museum, Nuremburg. - ” Guida Officiale della Reale Armeria di Torino (Turin). - ” Porte de Hal Collection, Brussels. - ” National Museum, Munich. - ” The Wallace Collection, London. - ” The Armouries of the Tower of London. - Caxton’s Book of the Order of Chyvalry and Knyghthode. - Chastelain’s Chronique de Jacques de Lalain. - Chaucer’s Knight’s Tale. - Chronicle of Tours. - Chronicles of: William of Malmesbury. Wace. William of Newbury. - Roger of Hoveden. William Fitzstephen. Matthew Paris. Robert of - Gloucester. Matthew of Westminster. Père Daniel. Trivet. Thomas - of Walsingham. Jocelin of Brakelond. Hardyng. Monstrelet. Jean - le Févre de S. Remi. Hist. de Charles VI. de Flandres. de - Charlemagne (in the Burgundian Library at Brussels). - Clark’s History of Knighthood. - Clephan, R. Coltman. The Defensive Armour, Weapons and Engines of - War of Mediæval Times and of the - “Renaissance.” 1900. - The Wallace Collection of Arms and Armour. - Published by the Verein für Historische - Waffenkunde, Dresden. - Armour Notes: With some Account of the - Tournament. Proceedings of the Society - of Antiquaries of Newcastle, 1915. - Conquêtes de Charlemagne. A MS. in the National Library, Paris. - Cottonian MSS. - Coucy, Matthieu de. Histoire de Charles VII. - - Ducange. Glossarium. - Dugdale’s Origines Juridiciales. - Du Guesclin, Bertrand, La Vie de. - - Eglington Tournament. The Tournament at Eglington, by James Aikman, - 1839. - ” ” The Grand Tournament, by James Bulkeley. 1840. - Ehrenpforte. - Excerpta Historica. - - Favine. Honour and Knighthood. 1553. - ffoulkes, Charles. The Armourer and his Craft. - Freydal. Querin von Leitner. - Froissart’s Late Fifteenth Century Illustrated Edition. - In British Museum. Harl. MS. 4379. - ” Chronicles. - - Gay. Glossaire Archéologique. - Gurlitt. Deutsche Turniere, etc. Dresden. 1889. - - Hall’s Chronicles. - Harleian MSS. - ” Miscellany. - Hefner’s Tractenbuch. - Hewitt’s Ancient Armour and Weapons. - Histoire Des Ducs de Bourgogne. Barante. - ” de Bretagne. - Hohenzollern Jahrbücher. - Holinshed’s Chronicles. - - Jusserand. Les Sports. - Juvenal Des Ursin. Histoire de Charles VI. - - La Colombière. Théâtre d’Hon and de Chevalerie. - Lacroix. Military and Religious Life in the Middle Ages and - Renaissance. - Leber. Collection des Traités, etc. - Leland’s Collectanea. - Lingard’s History of England to the Accession of William and Mary. - Livre Des Faicts Jean Le Maingre, Maréschal de France, - Dit Boucicaut. - Lombarde. Perambulations of Kent. - - MSS. in Herald’s College, London. - Mémoires. Olivier De La Marche. - ” Philippe De Comines. - Mémoires. Le Bon Chevalier Seigneur De Bayart (Bayard). - ” Le Sire de Heynin. Société des Bibliophiles Belges. - Mons. 1842. - Ménestrier. Traité des Tournois, Justs, Carrousels, etc. - Lyons. 1669. - Meyrick. A Critical Enquiry into Antient Armor. 1824. - Montesquieu. Esprit de lois. 28th Book. - - Nouvelle Collection Des Mémoires pour servir A L’Histoire De France. - Nugae Antiquae. Park. 1769. - - Œuvres du Roi René. Angers. 1845. Edited by M. Paulin-Paris. - Origines Des Chevaliers, Armoiries et Heravx. Par Claude Favchet. - - Pisan, Christine de. Le Livre Des Fais et Bonnes Meurs Du Sage Roy - Charles. - Pluvinal, De. Maneige Royal. - Pollock and Maitland. History of English Law. - - Roll of Purchases for the Tournament at Windsor Park in 1278. - MS. in the Record Office. - Romances. Roman de Rou. - ” Richard Cœur de Lion. - ” Sir Ferumbras. - ” Du Roy Miliadus. - ” D’Alexandre. - ” Pétit Jehan de Saintré. Par Antoine de la Sale. 1459. - ” Of Three King’s Sons. _Circa_ 1500. Harl. MS. 326, - fol. 113. - Rous’ Life of the Earl of Warwick. Cott. MS., Julius, E. IV. - Rymer’s Foedera. - - Sächsischen Kurfürsten Turnierbücher. Erich Haenel. - Sainte Maria, Honoré de. Des Ordres de Chevalerie. - Schwenkh, Hans. Wappenmeisterbuch, picturing the Jousts of - Duke William of Bavaria. - Spelman’s Glossary. - St. Denys, La moine de. Histoire de Charles VI. - St. Palaye. Mémoires sur L’Ancienne Chevalerie. - Statuta de Armis or Statutum Armorum in Torniamentis. - Bodleian Library. - Stothard’s Effigies. - Strutt’s Sports and Pastimes of the English People. - ” Horda Angel-cynnan. - ” Regal Antiquities. - - Tapestry, The, at Valenciennes. - Testamenta Vetusta. - Theuerdank. - Tourney Book of the Pole Zuganoviez Stanislaus. At Dresden. - Tourney Books. Of the Electors of Saxony. At Dresden. - Tourney Books. Johanns des Beständigen. - ” ” Johan Frederiks des Groszmüthiges. - ” ” August. - ” ” That at Veste Coburg. - Traicte de la forme et Devis d’ung Tournoi - (The Tourney Book of King René d’Anjou). - Traité de Tournois. Par Louis de Bruges. - Triumph of Maximilian. - Turnierbuch in the possession of the Prince of - Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen. - Turnierbuch of Duke Henry of Braunschweig-Lüneburg. - - Vetusta Monumenta. Vol. I. Published by the Society of Antiquaries, - London. - Viollet-le-Duc. Dictionnaire Raisonné du Mobilier Français. - - Weisskönig. - - Zeitschrift für Historische Waffenkunde. Dresden. - - - - -THE TOURNAMENT - - - - -CHAPTER I - - -It is impossible to trace the beginnings of these martial exercises, -mention of which first appears in history in chronicles of the eleventh -century; but they doubtless grew out of earlier forms of the rough -games and sports engaged in by the noble youth of the period as -practice for actual warfare. - -Du Cange in his _Glossarium_, under the heading “Torneamentum,” cites -Roger de Hoveden, who defines tournaments as being military exercises -carried out in a spirit of comradeship, being practice for war and a -display of personal prowess.[3] Their chief distinction from other -exercises of a kindred nature lies in the fact that they were actual -contests on horseback, carried out within certain limitations, of many -cavaliers who divided themselves into contending troops or parties, -which fought against each other like opposing armies. - -Mention of rules for observance in the conducting of these martial -games is made by more than one chronicler of the period as having been -framed in the year 1066, by a French Seigneur, Geoffroi de Preuilli of -Anjou, and it is stated that he had invented them and even been killed -in one of them;[4] and the very names “_tourneamentum_” and “_tournoi_” -would imply a French origin. These designations would seem to have -been derived from “_tournier_,” to wheel round; though Claude Fauchet, -writing in the last quarter of the sixteenth century,[5] expresses the -opinion that the word “_tournoi_” came about from the cavaliers running -par tour, that is by turns at the quintain: “_fut premièrement appellé -Tournoy pource que les Cheualiers ŷ coururent par tour; rompans -premièrement leur bois et lances contre vne Quintaine...._” - -Military games of a similar nature are often stated to have been -practised in Germany earlier than this, and Favine in _Theatre of -Honour and Knighthood_[6] prints a list of rules and ordinances for -observance at a “tournament” to be held at Magdeburg, as having been -issued by the Emperor of Germany Henry I, surnamed the Fowler, 876-936, -a century and a half earlier than the date of the promulgation of -the rules of Pruilli. The German text, however, bears the impress -of a later period than early in the tenth century, and this view is -expressed by Claude Fauchet, who gives the rules, which are curious -enough for insertion here; and he mentions the authority from which -Favine drew his statement.[7] - - “_Sebastien Munster au troisiesme liure de sa - Geografie, certifie que Henry premier de ce nom viuant - enuiron l’an VCCCCXXXVI fit publier vn Tournoy, pour - tenir en la ville de Magdebourg qui est en Saxe, - lequel fut le premier, ＆ tenu l’an VCCCCXXXVIII. - Le mesme Munster recite douze articles de loix de Tournoy_:— - - 1. _Qui fera quelque chose contre la Foy._ - 2. _Qui aura fait quelque chose contre le sacré - Empire, et la Cesarce Majesté._ - 3. _Qui aura trahy son Seigneur, ou sans cause iceluy - delaisse fuyant en vne bataille: tué, ou meurdry ces - compagnons._ - 4. _Qui aura outragé fille, ou femme, de fait ou de - parolles._ - 5. _Qui aura falcifié vn seel, ou fait vn faux - serment. Qui aura esté declaré infame, ＆ tenu pour tel._ - 6. _Qui en repost (c’est secrettement ＆ en cachette) - aura meurdry sa femme. Qui d’aide ou de conseil, aura - cósenty la mort de son Seigneur._ - 7. _Qui aura pillé les Eglises, femmes vefues, ou - orphelins: ou retenu ce qui leur appartenoit._ - 8. _Qui avant esté offensé par aucun, ne le poursuit - par guerre, ou en Iustice; ains secrettement ＆ par - feu ou rapines. Qui gaste les bledz ＆ vignes dont le - public est substanté._ - 9. _Qui mettra nouuelles impositions sans le sceu - de l’Empereur: ou ie croy qu’il entéd parler d’vn - Seigneur qui surchargera sa terre._ - 10. _Qui aura cómis adultere, ou rauy vierges ＆ pucelles._ - 11. _Qui fait marchandise pour reuendre._ - 12. _Qui ne pourra prouuer sa race de quatre grands - peres, soit battu ＆ chassé du Tournoy._” - -Jousts and Tournaments were classed under the heading of _Hastiludia_ -or spear-play: as also was the behourd or buhurt, _Bohordicum_ in -Mediæval Latin,[8] a military exercise of a similar nature; though -in what respect it differed from the joust or tournament is nowhere -stated. That it was an exercise with lance and shield is clearly shown -in a passage in _Concilium Albiense_.[9] - -That the behourd was practised continuously for long after the -introduction of the joust and tournament is known by the fact of the -issue of royal edicts for the prohibition of these exercises, as late -as the reign of King Edward I.[10] - -The origin of the joust does not appear to be less ancient than that -of the tourney itself,[11] which it gradually almost supplanted; and -it may have been suggested by the quintain. William of Malmesbury -thus defines it:—Justa, jouste. _Monomachia ludicra, hastiludium -singulare._[12] The Bayeux tapestry shows a kind of combat with spears. - -The terms “tourney” and “joust” are often confounded with each other, -but they are sharply different, the former being a battle in miniature, -an armed contest of courtesy on horseback, troop against troop; while -the other is a single combat of mounted cavaliers, run with lances -in the lists; though jousting was by no means confined to these -enclosures; indeed, such contests were sometimes run in the open street -or square of a town. Jousts were often included with the tourney, -though frequently held independently; and as the lance was the weapon -of the former so was the sword greatly that of the latter. The lance -was to be directed at the body only, otherwise it was considered foul -play. The joust more especially was run in honour of ladies. These -martial games were much practised in all the countries of chivalry. - -The chroniclers are vague in their definitions of the Round Table -game, the _Tabula Rotunda_, or as Matthew Paris calls it “_Mensa -Rotunda_.”[13] He expressly distinguishes it from the tournament, -though in what respect it differs from it he does not enlighten us. He -describes a _tabula rotunda_, held at the Abbey of Wallenden in the -year 1252, which was attended by a great number of cavaliers, both -English and foreign, and states that on the fourth day of the meeting -a knight named Arnold de Montigney was pierced in the throat by a -lance “_which had not been blunted as it ought to have been_.” The -lance-head remained in the wound and death soon followed. We see from -this incident that already in the middle of the thirteenth century it -was customary to joust with blunted or rebated lances! In 1279 (8 Ed. -I) a Round Table was held by Roger Earl of Mortimer, at his castle -of Kenilworth, which is thus described in _Historia Prioratus de -Wigmore_[14]:—“He (Mortimer) invited a hundred knights and as many -ladies to an hastilude at Kenilworth, which he celebrated for three -days at a vast expense. Then he began the round table; and the golden -lion, the prize for the triumphant knight, was awarded to him.” Dugdale -states that the reason for the institution itself was to assert the -principle of equality and to avoid questions of precedence among the -knights. - -In some “Observations on the Institution of the Most Noble Order of -the Garter,” printed in _Archæologia_ of the year 1846,[15] it is -stated that in 1343, King Edward III in imitation of King Arthur, the -traditional founder of British Chivalry, bent on reviving the fabled -glories of a by-gone age, determined to hold a Round Table at Windsor -on the 19th of January, 1344. The intended meeting was proclaimed -by heralds of the king, in France, Scotland, Burgundy, Hainault, -Flanders, Brabant, and in the German Empire, offering safe-conducts to -all foreign knights and esquires wishful to take part in it.[16] King -Edward fixed the number of the tenans at forty, enrolling the bravest -in the land; and he appointed that a “Feast” should be kept from year -to year at Windsor on every following St. George’s Day. Walsingham, -writing about half a century after Froissart, states that in 1344 the -King began to build a house in Windsor Park, which should be called the -“Round Table”; that it was circular in form, and 200 feet in diameter. -It is also stated that a circular table, made of wood, was constructed -at Windsor sometime before 1356; and that the Prior of Merton was -paid L26-13-4 for 52 oaks, taken from his woods near Reading, for the -material.[17] Walsingham relates that Philip of France, jealous of the -fame of our king, had a table made on the Windsor model. - -Matthew of Westminster chronicles that a round table was held in 1352, -which had a fatal ending. - -There is an actual round table of ancient provenance hanging on the -eastern wall of the hall of the royal palace at Winchester, the reputed -“painted table of Arthur,” and there are some remarks concerning -it in the Winchester volume of the Archæological Institute, 1846, -telling all that is known concerning it. The hall itself may have been -standing in the reign of Henry III; and in the sixteenth century, and -probably long before, a round table was an appendage to it; but as to -the approximate date of its make there is no reliable evidence. The -earliest historic reference to the table is by Hardyng, late in the -reign of Henry VI or early in that of Edward IV, who alludes to it as -“hanging yet” at Winchester; and Paulus Jovius tells us that the table -was shown to the emperor Charles V in 1520, when it had been newly -painted for the “last” time, but that the marginal names had been -restored unskilfully. In the reign of Henry VIII a sum of _L66-16-11_ -was expended in repairing the “_aula regis infra castrum de Wynchestre, -et le Round tabyll ibidem_.” John Lesley, bishop of Ross, said that he -saw the table not long before 1578, and that the names of the knights -were inscribed on its circumference; and a Spanish writer, who was -present at the marriage of Philip and Mary, thus describes the painting -on the table:— - - “_Lors du mariage de Philip II. avec la reine Marie, - on montrait encore à Hunscrit la table ronde fabriquée - par Merlin: elle se composait de 25 compartemens - teintés en blank et en vert, lesquels se terminaient - en pointe au milieu, et allaient s’elargissant jusqu’à - la circonférence, et dans chaque division étaient - écrits le nom du cavalier et celui du roi. L’un de ces - compartemens appelé place de Judas, ou siége périlleux, - restait toujours vide._” - -The forms of the lettering and general decoration of the table point to -a date in the reign of Henry VII or early in that of Henry VIII, but -this, of course, only applies to the painted enrichment. Whatever may -be the date of this table and its painting, they are both undoubtedly -of considerable antiquity, probably from five to six centuries old. - -The _fête d’armes_ held by Boucicaut at St. Ingelbert in 1389 (which -is described in Chapter III), is called in the account of the meeting -a “table-ronde”; and the text would imply that the holding of a round -table meant a _hastilude_ at which the challengers or tenans kept open -house to all comers, as well as meeting them in combat in the lists; -and the institution is thus coupled with the banquet. The passage runs:— - - “_Ainsi feit là son appareil moult grandement - et très-honnorablement messire Boucicaut, et feit - faire provisions de très-bon vins, et de tous vivres - largement, et à plain, et de tout ce qu’il convient si - plantureusement comme ‘pour tenir table rond à tout - venans’ tout le dict temps durant, et tout aux propres - despens de Boucicaut._”[18] - -The same lavish hospitality was extended here as at Kenilworth in 1279, -Windsor in 1344. - -It is clear from various records that the tenans at a round table of -the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries sometimes fought under the -names of King Arthur’s knights, indeed, “Sir Galehos” appears among the -names of the knights inscribed on the actual round table at Winchester; -and they also sometimes adopted the names of other legendary heroes, -for at a round table held at Valenciennes in 1344, at which the prize -was a peacock, victory was achieved by a band of cavaliers which fought -under the names of King Alexander’s knights.[19] The accounts given of -King Edward’s tournament at Windsor, and that of the later Boucicaut’s -_pas d’armes_, both of which are called round tables, may be said to -define sufficiently what a “Round Table” of the fourteenth century -really was; and we fail to find any material difference from other -meetings of the kind and period. - -Favine in _Theatre of Honour and Knighthood_[20] refers to “_Hastiludia -Rotunda_” as being practice for cavaliers “to sit well their horses, -to keepe themselues fast in their saddles and stirups. For, if any man -fell, and his Horse upon him, at these encounterings with their lances, -lightly worse did befall him before he could any way get forth of the -Preasse. But others came to heauior fortune, their liues expyring in -the place, being trod and trampled on by others”—but all this would -apply to the ordinary _mêlée_. This form of tourney was much in favour -during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, but we hear no more of -round tables after that. - -The Quintain (_quintana_) and Running at the Ring (_Ringelrennen_, -_Corso all’ Annello_) were closely allied with the joust, and were -practised in preparation for it; the chief objects for attainment in -the former being a correct aim, to remain steady in the saddle after -impact with the figure, and deftly to get rid of the stump of the -broken lance. The quintain was a more ancient game than the joust, and -indeed, not improbably, it gave rise to it; and being free from the -risk of personal danger, was a sport and pastime of the people. The -game assumed many forms, though it was chiefly a means of practice -with the lance, sword, baston and battle-axe, indulged in by the young -aspirants for knighthood as well as by the citizens and yeomanry. The -original quintain was merely a post set up, against which the strokes -were directed or against a shield hanging from it, with the same -object in view. Later, the post developed into a human figure, usually -fashioned as a Turk or Saracen, who held a wooden sword in his hand. -The objective of the lance was the space between the eyes; and the -figure was placed on a pivot, and so constructed that a misdirected -stroke, that is a hit too much on one side or the other, would cause -it to spin round with great velocity, dealing the tyro a smart blow -with the sword. Another form was a bag of sand, from which the clumsy -operator was apt to receive a buffet as it swung round or to have the -contents expended over his horse and person; and there were other -similar varieties of the game. The water quintain was practised from -a boat, rapidly propelled by rowers; while the player stood at the -bow, his lance couched and directed towards a shield, hung from a post -standing in the water. The quintain continued to be a popular game -right through the seventeenth century, and could be played on foot as -well as on horseback. A picture of a quintain is given on a miniature -in the _Chroniques de Charlemagne_, in the Burgundian Library at -Brussels, and is reproduced by Lacroix in _Military and Religious Life -in the Middle Ages and Renaissance_. - -Running or Tilting at the Ring was merely a later form of the quintain. -An upright shaft or post was holed at intervals for the reception -of a rounded bar, socketed into it at right-angles, from which hung -the ring placed on a level with the player’s eye; and the horseman, -couching his lance, rode towards it at full gallop with the object -of transfixing it. When fairly hit the ring became detached by the -action of side springs and remained on the head of the lance. Pluvinal -gives particulars of the game as practised at the beginning of the -seventeenth century; it was much in vogue at the court of Louis XIV. -For running at the ring the lance was much shorter than that employed -in jousting, its length was 10 ft. 7 in. and weight 7 lbs. There is -a specimen at Dresden, tipped with a cone to hold the ring when hit, -and there is naturally no vamplate. It will be realised what excellent -practice these sports afforded for the joust and tourney. Both games -are described in Strutt’s _Sports and Pastimes_. MS., Ashmole 837, fol. -185, furnishes an instance of the game:— - - “These persons here vnderwrytten / beinge one the - kinges parte the playntyff / And the other wt therle - of Rutland defendant / dyd Run at ye Rynge iiij course - every man / at wch tyme none toke the Ryng but only Mr - hayward / and Mr Constable beinge wt the defendant / - whome are apoynted when yt shall please his grace / for - them to Rune agayne / he wch shall take the Ring furst - shall have the prysse / - - wt the kynges matie wt therle of Rutland - the lord marques of Northampton the lord Fyzewater - therle of Worcester the lord hastynges - therle of wormewood the lord chevers (?Chandos) - the lord admyrall Sr Ambrows Dudley - the lord lyle Sr jorge hayward - the lord Strange Mr norrys - Sr thomas Wroughton Sr William Stafford - Mr Barnaby Sr Anthony Sturley - Mr throughmorton Mr Pownynge - harry nevell Mr Clement paston - Sr harry gates Sr William Cobham - Sr harry Sydney Mr Constable - Mr Chetewood Mr payne (?prynne) - Mr phylpott Mr. warcope - - This beinge done came VI one ether partye to the tourney whose - names are hereafter named - - The Kynges syd Therle of Rutland - therle of Worcester lord Fyzewater - the lord lysseley Sr Ambrows Dudley - Mr harry nevell Sr George hayward - Mr Sydney Mr pownynges - Sr thomas wroughton Mr paston - Sr harry gates Mr payne (?prynne).” - -Probably written by Sir Gilbert Dethick, Garter King of Arms. - -Judicial Combats are also properly classed under the general heading -of the Tournament, and these duels, on foot and on horseback, were -fought greatly subject to its rules and regulations. An account of this -singular institution follows after the tournament proper. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[3] “_Militaria exercitia, quae nullo interveniente odio, sed pro solo -exercitio, atque ostentatione virium._” - -[4] “_Torneamentorum repertorum Gaufridum II, Dominum Pruliaci_ (de -Pruilli) _in Andibus agnoscit Chronicon Turonense; Anno 1066. Gaufridus -de Pruliaco, qui Torneamenta invenit, apud Andegavum occiditur._” -Quoted by Du Cange. - -[5] _Les Origines des Chevaliers, etc., p. 9._ - -[6] _Published at Paris in 1619: p. 460._ - -[7] _L’Origines_, Liv. I, p. 10. - -[8] _Bohordicum, nostris Bohourt vel Behourt, Hastiludii species, vel -certe quodvis hastiludii genus._ Lambertus Ardensis. Cited by Du Cange. - -[9] II, cap. 16. Cited by Du Cange. _Trepidare quoque quod vulgariter -Biordare dicitur, cum scuto et lancea aliquis Clericus publice non -attentet._ - -[10] _Ad turniandum et Burdiandum. Ne quis ... turneare, Burdeare, -justas facere, seu alia jacta armorum exercere praeusumat. Budeare apud -Rymer_ (tom 5, p. 223). - -[11] The _Mêlée_. - -[12] Cited by Du Cange. - -[13] _Tabula, seu Mensa Rotunda, Decurstonis, aut hastiludii species._ - -[14] Cited by Du Cange. - -[15] Vol. XXXI, 104. - -[16] Rot. Patent, 17 Edw. III, p. 2, m. 2. - -[17] Issue Roll of the Exchequer, Mich. 30, Edw. III. - -[18] _Le Livre Des Faicts Du Mareschal De Boucicaut_, Chap. XVII. - -[19] Menestrier, _Chavalrie ancienne_, Chap. 6. Cited by Hewitt. - -[20] Page 492. - - - - -CHAPTER II - - -Jousts of Peace, _Hastiludia pacifica_, were those of sport, military -exercises and courtesy; while Jousts of War, _Joûtes à Outrance_, or -as Froissart calls them “_Justes Mortelles et à Champ_,” were combats -to the death, though subjected to the intervention of the umpire at -any stage, by the casting of his bâton, by which a serious wounding or -death was often prevented. The term “_à outrance_,” however, was used -not infrequently in _Chapitres d’Armes_ or articles of combat where no -fatal ending was in contemplation; they were encounters of courtesy in -fact, though contests in which battle-axes, sharp swords and pointed -lances were employed. - -The chroniclers of the joust and tournament of the earlier centuries -exhibit a lack of technical knowledge, and the terms they employ are -often mixed and conflicting; and, indeed, this confusion continues -throughout later centuries also, to an extent making any exact -definition of terms extremely difficult. - -Whatever information we possess regarding tournaments of the twelfth -and thirteenth centuries is greatly derived from the Mediæval Latin -chronicles of the Anglo-Norman monks; but the material they furnish -requires to be used with discretion, owing to the frequent unhappy -blending of fact and legend, a lack of professional knowledge, and a -way of reporting things of half a century or more ago in harmony with -the environment of the time of writing. Among the chroniclers of the -tournament of the period we are immediately dealing with, are William -of Malmesbury, whose _History of the Kings of England_ finishes at -the year 1142; Wace, who wrote the _Roman de Rou_, on Rollo and the -succeeding Dukes of Normandy, in 1160; William of Newbury, 1197; Roger -of Hoveden, 1201.[21] William Fitzstephen was an eye-witness of the -events he relates; the prolific and illuminating Matthew Paris, 1259; -Robert of Gloucester, who died in 1290; and Matthew of Westminster, -1307. - -Much information concerning the body-armour of the twelfth and -thirteenth centuries has been derived from seals, and particularly from -those of the kings of England; also from illuminations in chronicles, -representations on tapestry and carvings in ivory. Military effigies -and brasses have also proved of immense value, for they enable us to -fill in many of the gaps left in the recitals of chroniclers, and -afford precise information as to the knightly equipment for battle, -as far as least as the presence of the surcoat will permit. We have, -indeed, been favoured among the nations in the preservation of so many -of these monuments. There are but few brasses of the thirteenth century -existing, though effigies are very numerous. Sad it is that so many of -these priceless memorials have been lost or thoughtlessly mutilated; -but their very important bearing upon history was but faintly -recognised much before the nineteenth century began. Many of them had -been thrown on the rubbish heap to make way for some trivial and often -mischievous alteration, or lost when some of our finest churches were -spoilt by what is so often miscalled restoration; and many even of the -effigies left to us have been exposed to a process of tinkering by -thoughtless hands. Not a detail is missing on many of those monuments -that remain, and even colours are indicated. - -William of Newbury states that tournaments first appear in England -in the troubled reign of King Stephen, 1135-1154; and that they -were introduced from France by the Norman nobles is clear from -the expressions employed by Matthew Paris concerning them, viz.: -“Conflictus Gallicus” and “batailles francaises.” Lombarde[22] states -that “the kings of this realm before King Stephen, would not suffer -it to be frequented within their land; so that, such as for exercise -in that feate in armes, were driven to passe over the seas, and to -performe in some different place in a foreigne countrie: but afterwards -King Stephen in his time allowed it.”[23] It was the Norman knights -who introduced the employment and couching of the lance in England. -Of that age we have the remarkable description of the martial sports -of London by William Fitzstephen. He tells us ‘that every Sunday in -Lent, immediately after dinner it was customary for great crowds of -Londoners, mounted on war-horses, well trained to perform the necessary -turnings and evolutions, to ride into the fields in distinct bands, -armed “_hastilibus ferro dempto_,” with shields and headless lances; -where they exhibited representations of battle, and went through a -variety of warlike exercises: at the same time many of the young -noblemen who had not received the honour of knighthood, came from -the King’s court, and from the houses of the great barons, to make -a trial of their skill in arms; the hope of victory animating their -minds. The youth being divided into opposite companies, encountered -one another; in one place they fled, and others pursued, without being -able to overtake them; in another place one of the bands overtook and -over-turned the other.’ - -Robert of Gloucester, in his _Chronicle_ in verse, which ends shortly -before the accession of King Edward I, writes concerning William Rufus:— - - “Stalwarde he was ＆ hardy ＆ god knyght, thorn al thyng - In batayle ＆ in ‘tornemnes’ er than he were Kyng.”[24] - -but this of course has not the value of contemporary history. - -The knight-errant of the twelfth century and even later often spent -the evening of his days as an anchorite, undergoing many self-imposed -penances, fastings and flagellations in expiation of many acts of -violence and even oppression of his active career. - -The tournaments of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries were -characterized by all the romantic fire of knight-errantry, though they -were often rough and disorderly, and not infrequently degenerated -into real battles or free fights, in which many of the combatants -were seriously injured or killed. At the meeting held at Neuss, near -Cologne, in 1240, sixty of the combatants are stated to have been -killed. In England an Earl of Salisbury died from his hurts; his -grandson, Sir William Montague, was killed when jousting with his own -father; and many prominent knights and nobles were so injured in the -tourney that they never regained their health. Tournaments generally -tended to become milder as rules, regulations and limitations were -enacted for their government; but it was not before the reign of King -Edward I that they were brought under any regular disciplined system of -control. - -After the reign of King Stephen these martial exercises often came -under the ban of both church and state, the former even going to the -length of excommunication and the refusal of Christian burial to the -fallen. Pope Gregory issued a bull against them in 1228, and there were -other bulls.[25] King Henry II discouraged them and issued edicts -against them; and we are told by William of Newbury that many young -cavaliers travelled from England to enjoy their favourite pastime in -other lands, especially France. Tournaments were revived in England, -says Jocelin of Brakelond,[26] after the return of the heroic Richard -from the Holy Land, who granted licences for holding them; and from -this time forward unlicensed tourneying was treated as an offence -against the crown. Roger de Hoveden writes in _Annals_, under the year -1194 (in translation):—“King Richard ordered tournaments to be held in -England, which he confirmed by charter; but that all wishing to tourney -should pay for the privilege according to rank—viz., an earl, 20 marks -of silver; a baron, 10 marks; a knight, holding land, 4 marks; and any -who were landless, 2 marks; and no knight was permitted to enter any -lists without first having paid his fee.” The charter of this grant was -delivered into the custody of William, Earl of Salisbury; and Hubert -Fitz-Walter, the king’s chief-justice, appointed his brother, Theobald -Fitz-Walter, to be collector. - -Hoc ett Breve, Dni Regis Ricardi I. missum Dno Cantuariensi, de -concessione Torneamentorum in Anglia. - -Heac est forma Pacis fervandae a Torneatoribus (Harl. MS. 237).[27] - -Tournaments became controlled by royal ordinances, and any infraction -of the rules laid down was punishable with the forfeiture of horse -and armour, imprisonment and other penalties; though at times the -regulations would seem to have been very loosely interpreted or -entirely disregarded. This assumption of control by the state had -been brought about by various causes quite apart from the frequently -disorderly nature of the meetings, and the large number of casualties -involved; though these were the ostensible reasons often given for the -interdiction of all unauthorized gatherings of the kind. Much, however, -depended on the character and temperament of the reigning monarch, -and the condition of order or otherwise prevailing in the country at -the time. At tournaments, whether held by royal licence or not, the -combatants were divided into two camps or parties; and they gathered -together large concourses of spectators, who were too apt to become -strong and eager partisans, as we see at the football games of to-day; -the unpopular side being sometimes assailed with volleys of stones, -some discharged from slings. These meetings were thus frequently looked -upon with disfavour by the powers that be, and were either entirely -prohibited, or licences were refused in troublous times; for the -assemblage of so many influential knights and powerful barons with -their feudatories, coming from all parts of the kingdom, constituted a -danger to the state in affording opportunities for cabals, sedition and -other disorders, and, indeed, tumults frequently occurred. Tournaments -were very popular in France during the reign of Philip Augustus; and -Père Daniel relates an incident of that reign affording a striking -example of the large gatherings that assembled. An unexpected attack -having been made on the town of Alençon, the king was enabled to enrol -a sufficient force at a tournament being held in the neighbourhood at -the time to repel it. Jousting was not much practised in France at that -time or during the thirteenth century, the cavaliers of that country -preferring the _mêlée_. - -In the year 1196 King Philip Augustus “sent vnto King Richard, -requiring him to appoint fiue champions, and he would appoint other -fiue for his part, which might fight in listes, for triall of all -matters in controusee betwixt them, so to avoid the shedding of more -guiltlesse bloud. King Richard accepted the offer, with the proviso -that either King might be of the number, that is the French King one of -the fiue vpon the French part; and King Richard one of the fiue vpon -the English part. But this condition would not be granted.”[28] - -In the year 1250 “was a great tornie and iusts holden at Brackley, -when the earle of Gloucester (contrarie to his accustomed manner) -fauoured the part of the strangers, whereby they prevailed. In so much -that William de Valance handled one Sir William de Odingesselles verie -roughlie, the same Sir William being a right worthy knight.”[29] - -In 1251 King Henry III forbad the holding of a round table[30] and -many examples of such prohibitions are given in _Foedera_. Yet, -meetings of the kind were often held in England in spite of them, for -the young cavaliers, imbued with the chivalrous spirit of the age, -declined being balked of their favourite pastime and were willing to -run some risks for its gratification. In the reign of Henry III the -king admonishes his subjects “to offend not by tourneying,” and, “by -the advice of parliament enacted, that all who (without leave) should -keep a tournament, should forfeit their estates, and their children to -be disinherited.”[31] As late as the reign of King Edward II an edict -was issued against the practice, the ordinance running “_Turneare_, -_burdeare_, _justas facere_, _aventuras quaerere_.”[32] Prohibitions -against tournaments were issued in the years 1220, 1234, 1255 and 1299. -In normal times, however, they were often encouraged by the crown, -and were presided over, and even taken part in, by kings and princes. -Matthew of Westminster states that it was customary for newly made -knights to pass over to the Continent to show their mettle by feats -of arms; and that King Henry III knighted eighty gentlemen on one -occasion, who all went abroad, accompanied by Prince Edward, to take -part in tournaments. - -In the early days of tournaments there were only five authorized -lists (_champs clos_) in England, and they were all south of the -Trent. At a later period these enclosures were usually placed in the -neighbourhood of a large town where there was a hall spacious enough -for the banquet and the dance; the size of the lists being regulated -by the number of cavaliers expected to take part. Those of the twelfth -century were open at the sides, a barrier standing at each end; later -they were made quadrangular in shape, longer than broad by one-fourth. -They were enclosed by a double row of palisading, high enough to make -it impossible for a horse to leap over; the space between the rows -affording a place of refuge for the varlets (ephebi) and attendants. -The _rôle_ of the varlets was to rush in and steady their masters in -the saddle, when swaying after their careers; and, when unhorsed, to -extricate and drag them, as opportunity offered, out of the press or -from among the horse’s hoofs in the _mêlée_; for they were unable to -help themselves in their heavy armour. This duty was both difficult -and dangerous, but they had to manage as best they could. Openings -were left at either end of the lists for entrance and exit, and -movable barriers were provided for closing them when required. A thick -covering of sand was strewn on the ground, or it was well mulched -with tanning refuse so as to provide a soft bed for breaking the -force of the fall of a cavalier when unseated. The lists were gaily -decorated with tapestry, bunting and heraldic devices; a tribune for -the umpire or judge, and benches for the spectators, were provided; -as well as special galleries for the ladies, which were often adorned -with gold and silver embroideries. Two pavilions were pitched for the -use of the leaders, which were removed before the commencement of the -tourney. The scene presented by a tournament must have been brilliant -in the extreme; and the element of danger involved would add greatly -to the interest and excitement of the spectators. Permanent lists -were often surrounded by a ditch or moat. The marshals of the lists, -kings of arms, heralds and pursuivants-at-arms were stationed within -the enclosure to note the various incidents taking place among the -combatants; and it was the duty of the first-named to see that the -rules of chivalry and general regulations were strictly observed. -Trumpets announced the entry of each competitor, who was followed -into the lists by his esquires; and flourishes of music were heard -at intervals to animate the combatants, and to mark special feats of -gallantry. Each knight usually bore on his person some token of his -lady-love, which was disposed on his helmet, lance or shield. The -armour and horses of the vanquished fell as spoil to the victors, -unless ransomed by payment in money; this, however, was the case only -in contests of courtesy. The jousting at a tournament usually ended -with “_le coup ou la lance des Dames_,” a homage to the fair sex -joyfully rendered. - -We have seen that blunted lances were in use in 1252, but we have not -found any record of the coronal, a lance-head formed like a flattened -crown (whence the name), before very early in the fourteenth century, -when it appears on a picture in a MS. in the British Museum.[33] -Cavaliers frequently successful in the tourney enriched themselves by -the forfeiture of the horses and armour of the vanquished. - -The routine of an early tournament is described in Codex 69 of the -Harleian MS.[34] It is first proclaimed over a wide area; and on -assemblage the cavaliers, mounted on horseback, are divided into two -parties or squadrons, the challengers and the challenged. Each troop -usually varied in number from twelve to twenty, and was headed by its -own leader; the weapons were pointless swords with rebated edges. The -two bodies then take up positions at opposite ends of the lists; the -onset is sounded, “_Lasseir les aler_,” and they engage in combat -until the signal is given to cease fighting. Various perquisites fall -to the superintending Norroy King at Arms, and he and the heralds -are paid their expenses and six crowns of “nail money” for affixing -the cote-armour of the two leaders in front of their pavilions. -An illustration on a MS. of the thirteenth century in the royal -library[35] is reproduced in _Sports and Pastimes_. It pictures the -entry on horseback of the two baron-leaders into the lists, wearing -chain-mail and pointed bascinets, and with their horses trapped; they -bear no weapons. The King of Arms, in civil dress, is standing between -them holding their banners, one in each hand. Trumpeters are seen in -the background. - -The presence of ladies graced the tournament, and they were treated -with great deference; the names and deeds of the successful champions -were submitted to them, and it was they who awarded and presented -the prizes. The days of combat usually closed with the banquet and -the dance. The tourney from the first was confined to men of noble -birth, though this rule was not so strictly enforced in England as in -Germany and France, where all not of the privileged class were strictly -excluded. - -The first mention we have found of prizes at tournaments is in 1279, -when, at the Round Table held at Kenilworth in that year, the prize (a -golden lion) was awarded to Sir Roger Mortimer; but they do not seem to -have become general until much later. - -Henry III, on his marriage with Eleanor of Provence, in 1236, held a -tournament for eight successive days; and according to Matthew Paris, -there was one at Northampton in 1247, another at Nebridge in 1248. - -The tournaments held during the reign of Richard I were frequently -interdicted by the Church owing to the brutal character of many of -them; and Jocelin of Brackelond tells the story of a number of knights -who held one between Thetford and Bury St. Edmunds, in spite of the -fiat of the abbot. Another took place soon after, which had also been -prohibited; and all who had taken part in it were excommunicated. -Matthew Paris describes a tournament held at Rochester in 1251, at -which foreigners contended with English knights. There was great -bitterness at the time between some of the nationalities owing to very -rough treatment that had been experienced by some English knights -abroad; and all rules and regulations were thrown to the winds at -Rochester, the proceedings degenerating there into a free fight. The -English set upon the foreigners with staves, beating them severely, -and chased them into the town, to which they fled for refuge. Another -instance of this kind may be cited in an account given by Matthew -of Westminster of a case in 1253, when the Earl of Gloucester and a -companion took part in a tournament abroad, at which they were so -roughly handled as to require fomentations and baths before they were -in a condition to return to England. Trivet relates a further striking -example in a case, lawless and brutal in its character, which received -the name in history “_La petite Bataille de Chalòns_.” Edward I, King -of England, was travelling through France in the year 1274 on his way -home from the Holy Land to take possession of the crown, when he was -invited by the Count de Chalôns to take part in a tournament to be -held in the open, near the town of Chalôns, with a certain number of -his followers. At an early stage of the contest the Count, a knight -of unusual strength, forcing his way through the _mêlée_ attacked the -King with great vigour and impetuosity; and casting away his weapons -threw his arms around King Edward’s neck, hoping to unhorse him. The -King, however, being a tall and powerful man kept his saddle, and at -the moment of the greatest pressure cut fiercely at his adversary, -dragged him from his horse and threw him heavily to the ground. The -exasperation of the French cavaliers on seeing their leader fall was -very great, and for a time a real battle ensued, in which the outside -followers of both sides took an active part, the English using their -terrible bows: but some degree of order having been at length restored -the count surrendered to the King and acknowledged him to be the -victor. After this tournament laying hands on an opponent was strictly -forbidden. Thomas of Walsingham also gives a spirited account of this -meeting, which runs on similar lines.[36] - -At Whitsuntide in the year 1256 great jousting was held at Blei, when -the Lord Edward, afterwards King Edward I, “first began to shew proofs -of his chiualrie.” In one of these encounters “William de Longspee was -so brused that he could never after recover his former strength.”[37] - -“In the ninth year of King Edward’s reign, the feast of the round table -was kept at Warwike with great and sumptuous triumph.”[38] - -The Round Table assembled at Kenilworth by Sir Roger Mortimer has been -already referred to in the section devoted to the Tabula Rotunda, and -Hardyng in his _Chronicle_[39] thus pictures it: - - “And in the yere a thousand was full then - Two hundred also sixty and nynetene,[40] - When Sir Roger Mortimer so began - At Kelyngworth, the round table as was sene, - Of a thousand Knygts for dicipline, - Of young menne, after he could devise - Of Turnementes, and justes to exercise. - - “A Thousand Ladies, excellyng in beautee - He had also there, in tentes high above - The justes, that thei might well and clerely see - Who justed beste, there for their Lady Love - For whole beautie, it should the Knightes move - In armes so eche other to revie - To get a fame in play of Chivalry.” - -Hardyng died about the year 1465, nearly two centuries after the events -he narrates. - -The lance, or glaive as it is often called, of the eleventh and twelfth -centuries[41] was quite straight and smooth; a vamplate was added in -the fourteenth, small at first but larger later, for the protection of -the right arm. The lance for jousting was made of soft wood, so as to -splinter easily. - -A manuscript in the Record Office, transferred from the Tower about -1855, entitled _Emptiones facte per manum Adinetti Cissoris et visu -Albini ＆ Roberti de Dorset contra Torniamentum de Parco de Windsore, -nono die Julii anno Sexto_ (a Roll of Purchases made for the tournament -held at Windsor Park in the year 1278), is copied in _Archæologia_ of -the year 1814.[42] This document is of rare value in giving particulars -of the equipment of the cavaliers engaged in tournaments of the last -quarter of the thirteenth century, besides mentioning other matters of -interest. Thirty-eight cavaliers took part in the tournament at Windsor -Park, twelve of the highest rank being styled _digniores_. Among these -were the Earls of Cornwall, Gloucester, Warren, Lincoln, Pembroke and -Richmond;[43] and there were several foreign knights present. Many -of the cavaliers whose names appear on the roll had been with King -Edward in the Holy Land. Both arms and armour[44] were provided for -the occasion for all the cavaliers taking part. Thirty-seven of the -outfits ranged in cost from 7_s._ to 25_s._ each; that for the Earl of -Lincoln, however, was much higher than any of the others, being 33_s._ -4_d._ The equipments must thus have differed widely in quality and -embellishment. The armours were of leather gilt, each suit consisting -of a coat-of-fence (being a “quiretta”[45] of leather), brassards of -buckram, a surcoat (the material for the majority of these garments -being carda,[46] but those for the four earls were of cindon silk), a -pair of ailettes, of leather and carda,[47] two crests (one for the -man, the other for the horse), a shield of wood heraldically ensigned, -a helm of leather, and a sword of whalebone and parchment, silvered -over. The shields of wood cost 5_d._ each, without emblazonment; the -swords 7_d._ each, and 25_s._ was paid for silvering the blades, and -3_s._ 6_d._ for gilding the hilts. The helmets for the “_digniores_” -were gilded at an expense of 12_s._, the others silvered. Each helmet -cost 2_s._, and the ailettes 8_d._ the pair. Eight hundred little bells -(_grelots_) were provided, to be used in necklets for the horses; -sixteen skins for making bridles; twelve dozen silken cords for tying -on the ailettes;[48] and seventy-six calf-skins for making crests. The -cuirasses and helmets were made by Milo, the currier; and the cost of -carriage for the whole of the sets from London was 3_s._ The sum total -for all these outfits provided in England was £80 11_s._ 8_d._; but -some other purchases were made in France, and in the list are items -for saddles and horse furniture. There is no mention of lances, and -many of the items scheduled are only open to conjecture. Sir Roger de -Trumpington, whose effigy lies in Trumpington Church, Cambridgeshire, -was among those taking part in the tournament. If one can imagine this -passage of arms, its participants armed with swords of whalebone and -parchment, with their arm-defences of buckram, it does not seem a very -dangerous affair, though a rough enough sport. - -There is another document of about the same period of the highest -importance, viz. the _Statuta de Armis_, or _Statutum Armorum in -Torniamentis_. This was drawn out at the request of the earls and -barons of England and by the king’s command, and affords much -information as to the equipment for the tourney late in the thirteenth -century, the usages to be observed, and the regulations as to the -heralds, esquires, and varlets. There are several copies extant, one of -which, and that perhaps the most reliable, may be seen in the Bodleian -Library. Part of the text is reproduced by Hewitt in his invaluable -work on ancient armour,[49] and the document is referred to in -_Archæologia_ of the year 1814.[50] These statutes provide that:— - - No “conte,” baron or other chevalier shall henceforth be - attended by more than three armed esquires, who shall all - bear the cognizance of their master. - - No knight or esquire taking part in any tournament shall - bear a pointed sword or dagger, a staff or baston, but - only a broadsword for tourneying. All should be armed - with “mustilers;”[51] “quisers;”[52] “espaulers;”[53] and - “bacyn,”[54] and no more. - - If any “conte,” baron or other chevalier break any of - the rules of the tourney, he shall, with the assent and - command of the Seigneurs, Sire Edward, fiz le Rey; Sire - Eumond, frère le Rey; Sire William de Valence; Sire Gilbt de - Clare; and Cunto Nichole,[55] lose horse and armour and be - imprisoned at the discretion of the said court of honour, - and all disputes shall be referred to it for settlement. - - Any esquire to a knight breaking the regulations in any - way should lose horse and armour and be imprisoned for three - years; and none was allowed to raise up a fallen knight but - his own appointed esquire, bearing his device. Spectators - were prohibited the wearing of armour or the carrying of - arms. Etc. - -May we see in the comparative mildness of these rules, and the control -exercised by the court of honour, some results of King Edward’s own -dangerous experiences at the Chalôns tournament. - -It is an interesting fact that the effigies of two of the members of -this distinguished committee have been preserved, viz.: those of Edmund -Crouchback, whose sword-belt is enriched with heraldic bearings; and -William de Valance. Both are in Westminster Abbey. The figure of the -former wears the coif or hood of mail; the body is covered by a surcoat -with long sleeves and reaching nearly to the ankles; but poleynes -or knee-kops can be discerned. In the case of the other effigy the -surcoat is sleeveless and shorter than the other, reaching down to -just over the knees. Poleynes are present, but there are no coudes. -A concave triangular shield hangs by the belt. Chain-mail; quilted -stuffs, often reinforced with rings or studs of iron, bone or horn; -ordinarily dressed leather and _cuir-bouilli_, which is leather boiled -or beaten—were all quite capable of resisting an ordinary sword-stroke -or lance-thrust. - -An effigy of the twelfth century in the Temple Church, London, that -of Geoffrey de Mandeville, Earl of Essex, dating in the year 1144, in -the reign of Stephen, exhibits the knight completely encased in mail, -wearing a coif of mail of the same fabric, and over it is the tall -cylindrical, flat-topped helm. It was found, however, that certain -vital and more exposed parts of the body required further protection, -for the mail, far from presenting a glancing surface towards the -strokes and thrusts from weapons of attack rather afforded them a -lodgment. The mail therefore became gradually reinforced over the -most vulnerable places with pieces of leather or plates of iron until -a full panoply of metal plating had been attained, a process which -had not been quite completed before the first decade of the fifteenth -century. The course of transition can best be followed by a study of -brasses and effigies. The Crouchback and de Valence effigies show us -that but little progress in the direction of plate-armour had been made -up to the end of the thirteenth century, though after that time the -transition became rapid. - -The usual knightly panoply was a coif of mail and beneath it a cap of -cloth, worn in battle with or sometimes without a surmounting helm; the -tunic; the gambeson or pourpoint, of quilted cloth; the hauberk, of -chain-mail; the chaussons, which covered the upper part of the leg; the -chausses, the lower; and the surcoat. - -Chain-mail is probably a fabric of Eastern origin, consisting of forged -iron rings, each ring interlinked with four others. This web must -have been somewhat of a rarity even as late as the eleventh century, -and, indeed, until the process of wire-drawing had been invented, -owing to the laborious and costly nature of its manufacture. Each ring -required to be cut from a long strip of wire, hammered-out from the -solid, then interlinked, riveted, forged or butted together. The Romans -employed chain-mail, as shown by the compressed masses which have been -found, but whether it was interlinked in the manner just described is -doubtful. Hauberks of quilted stuffs, reinforced with rings or studs of -iron, bone or horn, were much in use; and so were those of ordinarily -dressed leather; or of _cuir-bouilli_, which is leather prepared by -boiling and beating. All these defences were quite capable of resisting -an ordinary sword-stroke or lance-thrust. - -The arming of the horse with a bard of chain-mail or its substitutes -did not take place before the third quarter of the thirteenth century; -the trapper came into use somewhat earlier, though probably not painted -or embroidered with heraldic bearings before the reign of Edward I. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[21] He began to write the _Annals_ just after the death of Henry II. -in 1189. They begin with the year 732 and end in 1201; and form not -only a chronicle of England, but include also the history of many other -countries. - -[22] _Perambulation of Kent_, fol. 448. - -[23] Cited in _Horda_. - -[24] Cited by Strutt in _Horda Angel-cynnan_, p. 92. - -[25] _Rymer Foed._, 301. - -[26] _Chronica Jocelini de Brakelonda, de rebus gestis Samsonis Abbatis -Monasterii Sancti Edmundi._ - -[27] See Appendix B. - -[28] Trivet. Cited by Holinshed. II, 263. - -[29] Holinshed II, 418. - -[30] Ashmolean MS. 860, 88. See Appendix A for catalogue of the -Ashmolean MSS. relating to the tourney. - -[31] _Horda Angel-cynnan_ II, 91. - -[32] Foedera III, 982. - -[33] No. 14, E. III. - -[34] See Appendix B. - -[35] No. 14, E. III. - -[36] _Historia Anglicana_, 1272-1422. - -[37] Holinshed, II, 438. - -[38] _Ibid._ II, 484. - -[39] Chap. 155, fol. 161. - -[40] _Anno_ 1279. - -[41] The Bayeux tapestry shows one of the eleventh century. - -[42] XVII, 297. - -[43] John de Britannia. - -[44] _Hernesium de Armis._ - -[45] Cuirass. - -[46] A kind of cloth. - -[47] Ailettes first appear in the second half of the thirteenth century -and continued in fashion for about sixty years. They assume various -forms, and were worn upright at the outsides of the shoulders, attached -by laces. On brasses they appear at the backs of the shoulders, but -this is probably for the reason that the artists found some practical -difficulty in picturing them so as to appear as they were really worn. -It is not clear whether these singular pieces were intended for defence -or to be used as planes for the ensignment of heraldic devices; it is -certain, however, that they could afford but little protection against -a stroke from a sword or a battle-axe. - -[48] Aiguillettes, or laces, later termed arming points, played an -important part in the arming of a man, and were freely employed in -fastening certain parts of his armour together. These points were also -an important item in civil dress, and were usually of cord, silk, or -leather. - -[49] I, 366. - -[50] XVII, 298. - -[51] Probably a coat-of-fence. - -[52] Cuisses. - -[53] Shoulder-pieces. - -[54] Bascinet. - -[55] Edward, the King’s son; Edmund, the King’s brother; William de -Valance, Earl of Pembroke; Gilbert de Clare; and the Earl of Lincoln. -These five noblemen constituted a court of honour, a committee in fact -for the control of the tourney. William de Valence died in 1296, so the -document must date before that year. - - - - -CHAPTER III - - -The fourteenth century was eminently a period of transition and -development in arms, armour, jousts, tournaments, and, indeed, in -everything that related to warfare. During its course chain-mail -harness had been gradually replaced by iron plate, bit by bit; a -process hardly completed at the end. It was a century of almost -incessant fighting among the nations, in the East as well as in the -West; and the knightly armour of the period in its advancing stages -lies open as a book before us, in a study of our effigies and brasses. - -An epoch-making detonating force had come into operation, which -inaugurated a new era in the art of war. In its early days ordnance was -greatly inferior in destructive power to most of the mechanical engines -of the period, but by the end of the century it had developed to an -extent which produced a revolution in the relative resources at command -for attack and defence; and the old chivalry became at length second in -importance to the infantry arm. - -Contemporary information regarding the jousts and tournaments of the -earlier part of the fourteenth century is sparse; they are described -in the _Romances of Richard Cœur de Lion, Sir Ferumbras_, and others, -which teem with improbabilities though still of the greatest value; -and there is a pictorial representation in _Roman du roy Meliadus_ of -“_Une Mêlée de Tornois_”.[56] This romance, probably written about -the middle of the century, contains several pictorial examples of -jousts and tournaments, and a wealth of coloured and gilded drawings -on military subjects generally; while others are figured in the -Froissart plates[57], Hefner’s _Tratchten_ and Carter’s _Painting and -Sculpture_. It is to Froissart that we are immeasurably most indebted -for information regarding these martial games, more especially those -of the second half of the fourteenth century, and his recitals contain -much invaluable detail, which had been industriously collected from -heralds, pursuivants, kings-of-arms and other officials at the tourney. -Froissart was born about the year 1337, and he began to gather the -material for his history when about twenty years of age, viz. eleven -years after the battle of Crecy. _The Chronicles_ commence with the -coronation of Edward III, in 1337, and with the accession of Philip -of Valois to the crown of France, and they close about the end of the -century with the death of Richard II of England. At the beginning of -his career Froissart was closely associated with the English court as -a poet and historian, acting, indeed, as clerk to the closet to Queen -Philippa, after which he entered the Church, becoming later canon -of Chimay. His fine personal gifts soon placed him in excellent and -confidential relations with many prominent and influential personages, -both of France and England, able to give him reliable information for -his history. His industry was remarkable, his style of writing both -original and luminous, and his facts and narrations, though often -marshalled with some confusion, are most reliable, so far at least as -we can judge now. He was no extreme partisan, but tried, as he often -says, whenever possible to hear both sides to a question. The weak -place in his history is his dates and the lack of them. Sainte-Palaye -says of him: “_Froissart, qui a mieux réussi qu’acun de nos historiens -à peindre les mœurs de son siècle_, ...” - -Royal jousts were often held in celebration of the coronations and -weddings of princes; and such were usually proclaimed in advance in -other countries of chivalry, so as to afford opportunities for the -attendance of foreign cavaliers anxious to distinguish themselves; and -these were provided with safe-conducts by the crown. - -In 1302 “Tournies, iustes, barriers, and other warlike exercises, -which yovng lords and gentlemen had appointed to exercise for their -pastime in diuerse parts of the realme, were forbidden by the -kings proclamations sent downe to be published by the shirifs in -euerie countie abroad in the realme: the teste of the writ was from -Westminster the sixteenth of Julie.”[58] - -A tournament was proclaimed by the King of Bohemia and the Earl of -Hainault, to be held at Condé in 1327, just after the coronation of -Edward III; and Sir John de Hainault, who had been present at the -ceremony, left England to attend this tourney, accompanied by fifteen -English knights, who intended taking part.[59] - -Holinshed states that in September, 1330, the King (Ed. III) held -jousts in Cheapside, when he with twelve challengers answered all -comers. The meeting continued over three days, and no serious accidents -took place. - -A joust of the same year is figured in _Codex Balduini Trevirencis_. -The cavaliers are seen jousting with lances tipped with coronals -and with flat triangular shields, heraldically ensigned: they wear -ample surcoats and the horses are trapped in cloth. The heaumes bear -fan crests, the saddles are without supports; and the object in -contemplation is the splintering of lances and unhorsing. - -“Great iustes was kept by King Edward at the toune of Dunstable in -1341, with other counterfeited feats of warre, at the request of -diuerse yovng lords and gentlemen, whereat both the king and queene -were present, with the more part of the lords and ladies of the -land.”[60] - -King Edward held a tournament in London in the middle of August, 1342; -and had sent heralds into Flanders, Brabant and France to proclaim -it. Froissart states that the eldest son of Viscount Beaumont[61] was -killed at this tournament. Other chroniclers date this passage of arms -in 1343. - -To cry a tourney—“Cy sensuyt la façon des criz de Tournois et des -Joustes. _Cy peut on à prendre à crier et à publier pour ceulx qui -en seront dignes_,” etc. Ashmolean MS., No. 764, 31, 43.[62] On -the reverse of the last leaf is a picture of a Joust, wherein two -combatants on horseback, bearing their crests, are fighting with lances -within the lists. - -The Round Table held at Windsor on St. George’s Day in 1344 has been -referred to in the section devoted to the _Tabula Rotunda_. These -hastiludes and jousts are mentioned by Froissart, who tells us that -they were characterized by great splendour. The Queen was attended on -the occasion by three hundred ladies, richly attired; while the King -had a great array of earls and barons in his train. The “feast” was -noble, with all good cheer and jousting, and lasted over fifteen days. -Holinshed’s account, under the year 1344, is as follows:—“Moreouer, -about the beginning of the eighteenth yeare (?) of his reigne, King -Edward held a solemne feast at his castell of Windsore, where betwixt -Candlemasse and Lent, was atchiued manie martiall feasts, and iusts, -and tornaments, and diuerse other the like warlike pastimes, at which -were present manie strangers of other lands, and in the end thereof, -he deuised the order of the garter, and after established it, as it -is to this daie. There are six and twentie companions or confrers of -this felowship of that order, being called knights of the blew garter, -and as one dieth or is depriued, an other is admitted into his place. -The K. of England is euer chiefe of this order. They weare a blew robe -or mantell, and a garter about their left leg, richlie wrought with -gold and pretious stones, hauing this inscription in French vpon it, -Honi soit qui mal y pense, Shame come to him who euill thinketh. This -order is dedicated to S. George, as chéefe patrone of men of warre, and -therefor euerie yeare doo the knights of the order kéepe solmne his -feast, with manie noble ceremonies at the castell of Windsore, where -King Edward founded a colledge of canons.”[63] - -Shortly after this round table the King issued letters patent for -hastiludes and jousts to be held annually at Lincoln, over which the -Earl of Derby was nominated as Captain by the King, the office to be -retained by the earl during life-time, but after his death to become -elective. - -The “Feast of the Round Table” was again held at Windsor in 1345, and -within a few years of it jousts took place at Northampton, Dunstable, -Canterbury, Bury, Reading and Eltham, the exact years of which do not -appear in the wardrobe accounts which have been preserved. In July, -1346, King Edward invaded France, and did not return to London until -October, 1347, his home-coming being celebrated by jousts, tournaments, -masques and other festivities. - -A manuscript covering the expenses of the great wardrobe of Edward -III from December, 1345, to January, 1349, now in the Public Record -Office, is printed in _Archæologia_ for the year 1846.[64] Some of -the items scheduled cover robes for the person, which were delivered -to certain of the knights taking part in a “round-table” held by the -King at Lichfield in 1348 or 1349, more probably the former year; viz. -for the King’s person and eleven knights of his chamber, these being -Sir Walter Manny, John de L’Isle, Hugo Courtenay, John Gray, Robert de -Ferrers, Richard de la Vache, Philip de Spencer, Roger de Beauchamp, -Miles de Stapleton, Ralph de Ferrers and Robert de Mauley. To each of -these knights two yards of blue cloth for coats and “three quarters -and half a yard” of white cloth for hoods[65] was delivered. Similar -cloth was also issued to some of the other knights. The challengers, -or _tenans_, of the round table consisted of the king and seventeen of -his knights; their opponents, the _venans_, comprised fourteen knights, -with the Earl of Lancaster at their head. An entry in the wardrobe -accounts shows that King Edward wore a harness bearing the arms of Sir -Thomas Bradeston on the occasion. Any further particulars of this round -table, beyond the details of the robes for the banquet, are lacking. -This tournament was celebrated with great pomp and magnificence. - -A spirited verse from Chaucer’s “Knight’s Tale” follows:—[66] - - “The heraudes lefte hir prikyng up and doun; - Now ryngen trompès loude and clarioun; - Ther is namoore to seyn, but west and est - In goon the speres ful sadly in arrest; - In gooth the sharpè spore into the syde. - Ther seen men who kan juste and who kan ryde; - Ther shyveren shaftès upon sheeldès thikke; - He feeleth thurgh the hertè-spoon the prikke. - Up spryngen sperès twenty foot on highte; - Out gooth the swerdes as the silver brighte; - The helmès they to-hewen and to-shrede, - Out brest the blood with stiernè stremès rede; - With myghty maces the bonès they to-breste. - He, thurgh the thikkeste of the throng gan threste, - Ther, stomblen steedès stronge, and doun gooth al; - He, rolleth under foot as dooth a bal.” - -We see in the _Romance of Perceforest_ how the ladies at a tournament -tore off pieces of their apparel to be used as tokens or favours by -their devoted knights, to an extent leaving them in a condition of -dishabille. A knight often wore “a kerchief of pleasance” on his -helmet, a token from his lady-love. - -In 1358 “Roiall iustes were holden in Smithfield, at which were present -the Kings of England, France and Scotland ... of which the more part of -the strangers were as their prisoners.”[67] - -“Moreouer, this year (1359) in the Rogation wéeke was solemne iusts -enterprised at London, for the maior and his foure and twentie brethern -as challengers did appoint to ansuer all commers, in whose name and -stéed the King with his foure sonnes, Edward, Lionell, John and Edmund, -and ninetéene other great lords; in secret manner came and held the -field with honor, to the great pleasure of the citizens that beheld the -same.”[68] - -“Moreouer this yeare (1362) the fiue first daies of Maie, were kept -roiall iusts in Smithfield by London, the king and queene being -present, with a great multitude of ladies and gentlemen of both the -realms of England and France.”[69] - -Much detailed information concerning the jousting of the fourteenth -century has fortunately been preserved in the records of the wars in -France, some examples of which follow. - -At the time when the siege of Tournay was raised by means of a truce, a -tournament was held at Mons, at which Sir Gerard de Verchin, Seneschal -of Hainault, was mortally wounded.[70] - -Froissart states[71] that a combat took place before the walls of the -town of Rennes in 1357, then being besieged by the English forces, -between _a young knight-bachelor_,[72] Bertrand du Guesclin, and -an English cavalier, Sir Nicholas Dagworth. The articles of combat -provided for three courses with the lance, three strokes with the -battle-axe and three thrusts with the dagger. These were all duly -delivered, the knights bearing themselves right gallantly, without hurt -to either of them. The fight was viewed with extreme interest by both -armies. - -So far Froissart. But there is some doubt whether it was Sir Nicholas -Dagworth who was one of the principals in this duel; for in the -_Histoire de Bretagne_ it is stated that it was William de Blanchbourg, -brother of the Governor of Fougerai, who was Sir Bertrand’s opponent -on the occasion, and that he was wounded and unhorsed. It is more -probable, however, that both duels were fought, though the last-named -combat was not likely to have taken place under the walls of Rennes, -for both cavaliers were Frenchmen. - -There is a singularly beautiful brass in the pavement of the south -chapel of Blickling Church, Norfolk, in memory of Sir Nicholas -Dagworth, who was a man of importance in the reigns of kings Edward III -and Richard II. He lived until the year 1401,[73] and his will appears -in _Testamenta Vetusta_. The brass is given in the Boutell Collection. -It affords an excellent example of the armour prevailing at the end -of the fourteenth century, when the evolution from chain-mail to full -plate-armour had been almost completed. The helmet is the pointed -bascinet, with the camail, the latter with an ornamental bordering -coming over the top of the jupon. The cyclas, which has an enriched -fringing, hides the body-armour from view, and the knightly belt is -elaborately decorated; the pouldrons are articulated. The gauntlets, -with short cuffs, have gads over the fingers for use in the _mêlée_, -and they show an imitation of finger-nails, and the solerets are freely -articulated. The knight’s head rests on his great helm, which has a -mantling; and a wreath, surmounted by the crest, a griffin. The armour -is enriched with chasing. The Arms—Erm, on a fesse, gu., three bezants: -impaling Rosale, Cu., a fesse between six martlet’s or. - -The armour of the Black Prince in the Chapel of the Holy Trinity, at -Canterbury Cathedral, affords an excellent illustration of the degree -of progress reached in the last quarter of the fourteenth century. The -process of evolution from chain-mail to plate is here almost completed, -there being only small pieces of the former at the skirt, arms and -insteps of the solerets. The Prince died in 1376, and the date of his -effigy is somewhat later. - -During a skirmish at Toury, in France, shortly before the death of -King Charles V, in 1380, an esquire of Beauce, named Gauvain Micaille, -enquired through an herald if any English gentleman would be willing -to try a feat of arms with him—a joust of three courses, and the -exchange of three blows with the battle-axe and of three thrusts with -the dagger. The challenge was accepted by an English esquire, named -Joachim Cator. The Frenchman received a severe wound in the thigh in -the jousting, which was in contravention of the rules of the tourney; -but the Englishman pleaded that it was an accident solely due to the -restiveness of his horse; and this explanation was accepted by the -umpire.[74] - -An interesting tournament took place at Cambray in 1385 on the marriage -of the Count d’Ostrevant to the daughter of Duke Philip of Burgundy. -The ceremony was followed by a banquet at which the King of France -was present as well as the Duke. The tournament was held in the -market-place of the town, and forty knights took part, the King tilting -with a knight of Hainault. The prize was a clasp of precious stones, -taken from off the bosom of the Duchess of Burgundy; it was won by a -knight of Hainault, Sir John Destrenne, and was formally presented by -the Admiral of France and Sir Guy de la Trimouille.[75] - -The number of courses run in jousting and the blows and strokes -exchanged with battle-axes, swords and daggers at a meeting like that -just described was usually three each; but they tended to increase as -the century advanced, and five got to be a common number, and later as -many as ten or even twelve. In the duel between Sir Thomas Harpenden -and Messire Jean des Barres, at Montereau sur Yonne in 1387, they -numbered “_cinq lances à cheval, cinq coups d’épée, cinq coups de dague -et cinq coups de hache_.” The first four courses of the jousts were run -with equal fortune, but in the fifth Sir Thomas was unhorsed and lay -senseless on the ground; he revived, however, after a time, and all the -strokes and blows were duly exchanged without further hurt to either -knight. The King of France was present on the occasion.[76] - -About this time, when the war between France and England was in full -progress, there was much jousting with pointed lances between the -knights and esquires of the two nations; safe-conducts being issued by -the commanders on either side. - -A meeting was arranged to take place near Nantes, under the auspices of -the Constable of France and the Earl of Buckingham. The first encounter -was a combat on foot, with sharp spears, in which one of the cavaliers -was slightly wounded; the pair then ran three courses with the lance -without further mishap. Next Sir John Ambreticourt of Hainault and Sir -Tristram de la Jaille of Poitou advanced from the ranks and jousted -three courses, without hurt. A duel followed between Edward Beauchamp, -son of Sir Robert Beauchamp, and the bastard Clarius de Savoye. Clarius -was much the stronger man of the two, and Beauchamp was unhorsed. The -bastard then offered to fight another English champion, and an esquire -named Jannequin Finchly came forward in answer to the call; the combat -with swords and lances was very violent, but neither of the parties -was hurt. Another encounter took place between John de Châtelmorant -and Jannequin Clinton, in which the Englishman was unhorsed. Finally -Châtelmorant fought with Sir William Farrington, the former receiving -a dangerous wound in the thigh, for which the Englishman was greatly -blamed, as being an infraction of the rules of the tourney; but an -accident was pleaded as in the case of the duel between Gauvain -Micaille and Joachim Cator. At this meeting the honours lay with the -Frenchmen.[77] - -Somewhat later a combat _à outrance_[78] took place at Chateau -Josselin, near Vannes, between John Boucmel, a Frenchman, and Nicholas -Clifford, in which Boucmel was struck on the upper part of the -breastplate by his opponent’s lance, which, glancing off, entered -his neck through the camail and severed the jugular vein, killing -him instantly.[79] A plate of Froissart’s represents this duel as a -combat on foot with long lances, taking place in a small quadrangular -enclosure. - -Juvenal des Ursins states[80] that at the marriage of Charles VI, of -France, with Isabel (Isabeau) of Bavaria, 1385, jousts and grand fêtes -took place in its honour. Sir Peter Courtenay came to France at the -time with the object of accomplishing a feat of arms with the Seigneur -de la Tremouille. The King’s consent to the duel had been obtained, -and the day and place were fixed for its accomplishment. The knights -appeared in the lists on the day appointed in order to fulfil their -engagement in presence of the King, who, however, at the last moment, -owing to some remonstrances, forbade the combat: but a duel did take -place at the time between an English knight and the Seigneur de Clery, -in which the Englishman was wounded and unhorsed. This joust had been -brought to the notice of the Duke of Burgundy, who said that the -offence committed by a Frenchman in jousting with an enemy without the -consent of his sovereign was worthy of death; his Majesty, however, at -length pardoned the offender. - -Froissart describes a realistic tournament, held at Paris during the -wedding festivities, as between the Saracens under Saladin, and the -Crusaders, led by Richard Cœur de Lion. - -The feat of arms between Sir John Holland and Sir Reginald de Roye, a -French chevalier of distinction, held at the town of Entença, before -the King and Queen of Portugal and the Duke and Duchess of Lancaster, -presents features of its own. The French knight sent an invitation to -the Englishman entreating him to joust with him three courses with the -lance, and to exchange the same number of strokes with the battle-axe, -sword and dagger, for the love of his lady. The challenge was promptly -accepted, and an answer returned by the herald, together with a -safe-conduct for the Frenchman and his company. Sir Reginald arrived in -due time at Entença, handsomely accompanied by six score knights and -esquires. The meeting was held in a spacious close in the town, the -ground well strewn with sand; and galleries had been erected for the -accommodation of the royal and ducal parties, with other spectators. -The jousting was to be with sharp lances, to be followed by a contest -with sharp and well-tempered battle-axes, swords and daggers. The -champions were well mounted and rode into the lists in full armour, -taking up positions for their careers at either end of the lists, with -the distance of a bow-shot between them. The signal for the onset -having been sounded, the knights charged each other at the gallop, and -Sir Reginald struck the bars of his opponent’s visor so stoutly that -his lance splintered on impact. Sir John Holland also struck the visor -of his adversary well and fairly, but the helmet of the Frenchman, -instead of having been securely laced to his body-armour as was usual, -was only held by a single thong, and of course slipped off, leaving the -knight bare-headed and Sir John’s lance unbroken. The jousters then -returned to their stations, and charged each other as before, and again -the same thing happened, owing to the same cause. The English who were -present regarded the unusual loose fastening of the helmet as a trick, -but the umpire, the Duke of Lancaster, ruled that it was admissible -for Sir John Holland to have employed the same artifice had he chosen -to do so, and that therefore he could not decide against the French -knight.[81] After the stipulated three courses with the lance had been -run, the knights fought three rounds each with battle-axes swords and -daggers, without either receiving a scratch. The French chevalier was -adjudged to have had the advantage, though both had done well.[82] - -In 1389 a deed of arms was performed at Bordeaux before the Duke of -Lancaster, between five Englishmen and five Frenchmen: three courses -with the lance, three courses with swords, and the same number with -battle-axes. None was wounded, but one of the English knights killed -the horse of a Frenchman with his lance, which greatly angered the -Duke, who replaced the loss with one of his own chargers.[83] - -The most prominent and accomplished jouster of his day was the -Chevalier Jean Le Maingre, called De Boucicaut, Mareschal of France -1368-1421, and his _Mémoires_,[84] by an unknown author, contain -descriptions of some of his exploits in the tiltyard. One of these -recitals[85] follows:—During the three years’ truce between France -and England, when King Charles VI was at Montpellier,[86] the French -Seigneurs De Boucicaut, de Sampi and de Roye challenged all comers, -being foreign knights and esquires, to joust five courses with -lances, pointed or blunted, at their pleasure, at St. Ingelbert,[87] -a place near Calais; the _pas d’armes_ (or the “_table-ronde_,” as -it is called in the _Chapitres d’Armes_, or articles of combat) to -continue for thirty days. A great elm stood before the pavilions -of the challengers, and hanging from its branches were two shields -of wood, one of them plated with iron, “_l’un de paix, l’autre de -guerre_,” so that each venant on arriving at the rendezvous could -signify his pleasure as to whether he elected to fight with pointed -or rebated lances by striking with a wand the shield for peace or -that for war. The arms and devices of the three tenans were painted -above the two shields, so that each venant might be able to select -his adversary among them, and a note blown on a horn proclaimed his -choice. Each venant was to furnish the king of arms with his name and -titles, and to bring another cavalier with him as his sponsor. The -lists were richly decorated, the challengers handsomely apparelled; -and lavish hospitality was dispensed in a pavilion specially pitched -for the purpose. Any arms, armour, or other requisites of which the -venans might stand in need, were freely provided, the motto everywhere -displayed being “Ce que vouldrez.” The chronicle goes on to state that -on the first day of the jousting, Jean de Holland, Earl of Huntingdon, -half-brother to King Richard, signified his intention of jousting with -Boucicaut. Both lances were fairly splintered in the first encounter, -the second and third being fought with equal fortune; but in the fourth -the horse of the English knight fell with its rider, who was severely -injured, his antagonist only retaining his seat by the prompt support -of his varlets. Boucicaut then retired to his pavilion, but was not -allowed to remain resting for long, for other English cavaliers desired -to joust with him, and he disposed of two other knights the same day. -While he was engaged in combat day after day, his fellow tenans were -not idle, and the thirty days stipulated in the _Chapitres d’Armes_ ran -their course. Among other cavaliers from England taking part were Earl -Marschal, the knights de Beaumont, Thomas de Perci, de Clifford and -Courtenay, besides Sir John d’Ambreticourt and many Spanish and German -cavaliers. Boucicaut is said to have gone through the whole thirty days -of jousting without a scratch. - -The rôle of the tenans at a _pas d’armes_ was no sinecure, and for -three knights to have held the _pas_ for thirty days against all -comers, as in this case, must have been an arduous undertaking; and -very dangerous also, more especially as much of the jousting was with -pointed lances. No. XI of Froissart’s plates professes to depict one -of the jousts of this _pas d’armes_; but it pictures one at the tilt, -so that the drawing is obviously of a later date than that of the -Inglevert meeting, and was, in fact, executed in the reign of Edward -IV, when the tilt was in common use. Froissart[88] gives a long and -circumstantial account of this meeting, and states that it was very -richly appointed. King Charles of France was present incognito, and had -subscribed very handsomely towards the heavy expenses incurred. - -Monkish chronicles, written in times not contemporaneous with the -events they describe, are usually unreliable in being coloured with -the circumstances of a later age; and any illuminations or wood-cuts -accompanying them are apt to reflect the times in which they were -executed, rather than those they are represented to portray, for the -artist fills in his picture with the details of the scenes before him. -However, with the accumulated knowledge we now possess, we are enabled -to correct some of the mistakes, from a chronological point of view. - -A royal tournament was held in London by King Richard II, immediately -after the Michaelmas of the year 1390, in honour of Queen Isabella; -and heralds were sent to proclaim it throughout England, Scotland, -Hainault, Germany, Flanders and France. Sixty knights were to joust -with rebated lances, as tenans, for two successive days, the Sunday and -Monday, against all comers; and the Tuesday following was set apart for -the esquires. The jousting was to be followed by banquets, dances and -sumptuous fêtes and entertainments of various kinds. The prizes for -the Sunday were as follows:—A rich crown of gold for the best lance -among the venans; and, for the most successful among the tenans, a -very rich golden clasp. Those for the Monday are not stated; but for -the Tuesday, the esquires’ day, they were a handsome charger, fully -accoutred, and a falcon, for the best lances of the venans and tenans, -respectively. The ladies were to act as judges and to present them. The -Sunday’s jousting was called the feast of the challengers. At three -p.m. the procession started from the Tower of London. Sixty barded -chargers, an esquire mounted on each, advanced at a foot’s pace; then -sixty ladies of rank richly apparelled and mounted on palfreys, rode in -single file, each leading a knight, in full armour, by a silver chain. -The procession thus formed proceeded along the streets of London, down -Cheapside to Smithfield, attended by minstrels and trumpeters. The King -and Queen, with their suites, accompanied by some of the great barons, -had gone earlier to Smithfield, and there awaited the arrival of the -procession and the knights from abroad. Their Majesties were lodged in -the Bishop’s palace, and there the banquets and dances were to be held. -Many foreign knights and esquires attended, and among them Sir William -of Hainault (Count d’Ostrevant)[89] and the Count de St. Pol. - -On the arrival of the procession at Smithfield the knights mounted -their horses and prepared for jousting, which began soon after. The -prize for the best lance of the venans on the Sunday, the first day -of jousting, was awarded by the ladies to the Count de St. Pol; and -that for the most skilful knight among the tenans, to the Earl of -Huntingdon.[90] The King led the tenans on the Monday; and the prize -for the best lance of the venans was awarded to the Count d’Ostrevant; -that for the most successful of their opponents to Sir Hugh Spencer. -The esquires jousted on the Tuesday, after which there was a banquet, -and dancing was continued until daybreak. There was jousting on the -Wednesday for knights and esquires indiscriminately; and on Thursday -and Friday fêtes, masques and banquets, after which the royal party -left for Windsor.[91] - -Caxton refers to these royal jousts in the following terms:— - -“All of the King’s hous were of one sute, theyr cotys, theyr armys, -theyr sheldes and theyr trappours were embrowdred all with whyte -hertis, with crownes of gold about their necks, and cheynes of gold -hangyng thereon; whiche hertys were the King’s leverey, that he gaf to -lordes, ladyes, knyghtes, ＆ squyers, to know his houshold peple from -other; then four and twenty ladyes comynge to the justys, ladde[92] -four and twenty lordes with chynes of gold, and alle in the same sute -of hertes as is afore sayd, from the Tour on horsback thrurgh the -cyte of London into Smythfeld.” The narrative of this tournament by -Holinshed[93] is far from being so picturesque as that of Froissart, -and it differs in some particulars from it. He says there were -twenty-four ladies, not sixty, mounted on palfreys; and that the prizes -for the first day were awarded to the Comte de St. Pol and the Earl of -Huntingdon; and on the Monday to the Earl of Ostravant and Sir Hugh -Spencer. - -King Richard proclaimed another grand tournament to be held at Windsor -in one of the closing years of his reign; the tenans or challengers -to be forty knights and forty esquires, clothed in green. The Queen -was present, but very few of the barons attended, owing to the great -unpopularity and arbitrary actions of the King,[94] whose reign had -begun under the happiest auspices, but the manifest defects in his -character brought his career to a sorrowful ending. - -There was a kind of tourney called the _Espinette_ held at Lille, in -honour of a relic preserved there, which, though obscure, would seem to -have been but an ordinary joust with which certain annual ceremonies -were connected. Hewitt[95] quotes the _Chronicle of Flanders_ -concerning a celebration in the year 1339:—“Jehan Bernier went to joust -at the _Espinette_, taking with him four damsels, namely, the wife -of Seigneur Jehan Biensemé, the wife of Symon du Gardin, the wife of -Monseigneur Amoury de la Vingne, and mademoiselle his own wife. And -the said Jehan Bernier was led into the lists by two of the aforesaid -damsels by two golden cords, the other two carrying each a lance. And -the King of the _Espinette_ this year was Pierre de Courtray, who bore -Sable, three golden Eagles with two heads and red beaks and feet.” M. -Leber gives some account of the _fête de l’épinette_ in the _Collection -des traités_. - -The vamplate, _avant-plate_, placed on the shaft of the lance, for the -protection of the right hand and arm, first appears in the fourteenth -century; and so does the lance-rest on the breastplate. An ordinance -of the thirteenth century orders the lance to be blunted for the -tourney; but in the fourteenth it was ordered to be tipped with a -coronal, the short points of which were just sufficient to catch on -to the armour without being capable of piercing it. The helmet of the -fourteenth century was the pointed bascinet, with the camail or hood -of mail worn over the top of the cyclas. The great heaume used early -in the fourteenth century differs little from that of the end of the -thirteenth; later it assumed the form of a cylinder, surmounted by a -truncated cone. It was usually of iron, though sometimes of leather, -either ordinary or of _cuir-bouilli_. The fan crest, doubtless adopted -from a classic prototype, came into vogue in the last quarter of the -thirteenth century, though it is represented on the seal of King -Richard I. - -Crests were made of various materials. Those for the cavaliers taking -part in the tournament at Windsor Park, in 1278, were of calf-skin, -one for the man and another for the horse, as shown in the Roll of -Purchases; that of the Black Prince, at Canterbury,[96] was of cloth. -They were attached to the helm by means of a thin iron bar. Crests -were usually affixed to the great helm, which was worn over the -bascinet; though there are instances of their being used alone on the -smaller head-piece. - -The heraldic crest does not appear before towards the close of the -thirteenth century; a notable instance may be cited in the case of -the remarkable effigy of Sir John de Botiler, in St. Bride’s Church, -Glamorganshire, which dates about the year 1300. The helmet of this -monument is the cervellière, which is a visor-less, saucer or shallow -basin-shaped head-piece, going over the hood of mail; and the crest -is embossed on its front. Crests were not generally worn before about -the end of the first quarter of the fourteenth century, after which -period they develop from comparative simplicity into fantastic and even -ridiculous conceptions. - -A strange fancy was the cap-of-maintenance, the placing of a cap of -velvet or other material on the helm, surmounted by the family crest; -and in the second half of the century or a little later the orle or -wreath and mantling or lambrequin are added. - -The shield of the century was of the triangular kite or heater-shaped -form. - -In 1390 “John de Hastings earle of Pembroke, as he was practising to -learne to ioust, thrugh mishap was striken about the priuie parts, by a -knight called Sir John S. John, that ran against him, so as his inner -parts being perished, death presentlie followed.”[97] - -In 1398 the Earl of Crawford, of Scotland, jousted _à outrance_, i.e. -with sharp lances, with Lord Wells of England at London Bridge, the -23rd April, being the feast day of St. George. An attaint was made in -the first course, and both champions kept their seats. The Earl sat -so steadfast in his saddle under the shock that the by-standers cried -out that he was locked to his seat, on hearing which he jumped off his -horse and then vaulted back into his saddle again with such agility as -greatly to astonish the people. In the second course they met again -as before without either being hurt; but in the third Lord Wells “was -borne out of the saddle and sore hurt with a grieuous fall.” - -Not long after a duel on horseback took place in Scotland between -Sir Robert Morley, an Englishman, and Sir Archibald Edmounston, and -afterwards with another Scot Hugh Wallace, and the first-named was the -victor in both cases; but he was at length overcome by one Hugh Traill, -at Berwick, and died shortly after from chagrin.[98] - -FOOTNOTES: - -[56] British Museum. MS. Addl. 12, 2228, fol. 181. - -[57] The illustrated Froissart in the British Museum, Harl. MS. 4379, -was produced late in the fifteenth century. - -[58] Holinshed, II, 536. - -[59] Froissart (Johnes’), I, Chap. XLV. - -[60] Holinshed, II, 623. - -[61] There were no viscounts in England then. - -[62] Appendix A. - -[63] Holinshed, II, 628. - -[64] Vol. XXXI, 26, in connection with “Observations on the Institution -of the Order of the Garter,” a paper by Sir Nicholas Harris Nicolas, -G.C.M.G. - -[65] The use of white hoods had its origin in an ancient custom of the -town of Ghent (Froissart, V, XX). - -[66] A text by Alfred W. Pollard. 1898. - -[67] Holinshed, II, 669. - -[68] _Ibid._ II, 671. - -[69] Holinshed, II, 677. - -[70] Froissart, I, 249. - -[71] II, 374. - -[72] The italics are ours. - -[73] A Sir Thomas Dagworth was slain in France in 1350 (Holinshed, II, -651). - -[74] Froissart, V, Chap. XXXVIII. - -[75] Froissart (Johnes’) VI, 378. - -[76] Froissart, II, 756. - -[77] _Ibid._ (Johnes’) V, Chap. XLVII. - -[78] Meaning here with pointed lances. - -[79] Froissart, V, XLVIII. - -[80] _Histoire de Charles VI_, p. 368. - -[81] This loose fastening of the helmet was a custom prevailing in -Spain and Portugal. - -[82] Froissart, VIII, Chap. XXXI. - -[83] _Ibid._ IX, 336. - -[84] _Le Livre des Faicts du Mareschal De Boucicaut._ - -[85] Chap. XVII. - -[86] About 1389. - -[87] St. Inglevert. - -[88] X, Chap. XI. - -[89] He was great-nephew of Queen Philippa of Hainault. - -[90] Sir John Holland, afterwards Duke of Exeter. - -[91] Froissart, X, XXI. - -[92] Led. - -[93] Chronicles, II, 810. - -[94] Froissart, XII, 104. - -[95] _Ancient Armour and Weapons_, II, 340. - -[96] Died 1376. - -[97] Holinshed, II, 800. - -[98] _Ibid._ V, 443. - - - - -CHAPTER IV - - -The fifteenth century marks a very distinct epoch in the history of the -tourney, which became milder and less dangerous to life and limb; and -during its course a stricter observance than hitherto of the rules, -regulations and limitations prescribed were progressively more strictly -enforced, and their infringement subjected the offenders to severe and -sometimes degrading penalties. An oath to observe the rules of chivalry -was administered to all cavaliers taking part in the tournament. - -Body-armour had proved inadequate to resist the then weapons of attack, -and at the commencement of the century, or perhaps a couple of decades -earlier, the armour-smith was especially directing his attention -towards the strengthening of the knightly harness. The chief seat of -the industry for the greater part of the century was at Milan, at which -city armour was forged of such strength as to be capable of resisting -thrusts with the lance and strokes from the terrible battle-axe, sword -and mace practically without fracture; and one meets with references in -English and other records to orders being sent to Milan for harnesses -of proof, a civil garment being forwarded to indicate the stature and -build of the person, since ill-fitting suits would be apt to chafe the -wearers. But, while the best and most costly harnesses came from Italy, -less expensive equipments were imported into England from Germany; -for “_ostling_” (Easterling) armour is sometimes mentioned in English -articles of combat, and it was probably obtained through the agency of -the Hanseatic Confederation from their London depôt, the Steelyard, -then situated in what is now Lower Thames Street, London. The cost of -carriage also would be much less from Germany. - -The great armour-smiths of Milan at the period immediately under review -were members of the Missaglia Negroli family, which, like many others, -carried on their craft for several generations. The Germans have always -been wont to borrow the inventions and processes of other nations, -and then often to cheapen them; and so it was with body-armour. They -gradually succeeded, under the personal inspiration and direction of -the Emperor Maximilian, in transferring the bulk of that industry, even -in the best harnesses, to German soil, until at length cities like -Nuremberg and Augsburg became the chief seats of the manufacture; and -indeed the bulk of the armours preserved to us of the later “Gothic” -and “Maximilian” styles are of German make. That Maximilian engaged -armour-smiths from Italy is seen by a contract made in 1494[99] with -the Milan armourers Gabrielle and Francesco de Merate, to erect and -equip for him a smithy in the town of Arbois, in Burgundy, to forge -there a certain number of harnesses at fixed prices. The armour worn -by Maximilian I at Worms, in 1495, in a combat on foot with the -Burgundian, Claude de Vaudrey, bears the stamp “m,e,r,” surmounted by -a crown, the Milan mark of these smiths, who came next in celebrity to -the Missaglias. - -Many ameliorations were conceived in the fifteenth century with a view -to further minimizing the risk of serious accidents, and one of the -most far-reaching and important was the application of the tilt in -jousting. Many injuries had befallen the riders in the tourney by the -collision of their horses, sometimes by accident, at others by design, -and the idea of the tilt was conceived greatly with a view towards -obviating this danger. The tilt, or _toile_, was at first a rope hung -with cloth, stretched along the middle of the lists, but later it -became a barrier of planks, along which the tilters charged in opposite -directions, their bridle-arms towards it, their lances held in rest in -their right hands on the tilt side of the horse’s neck, striking the -polished, glancing surface of their adversary’s armour at an angle. The -tilt had the advantage of lending a fixed direction to the jousters in -their careers, though they often failed to touch each other. With the -danger of these collisions removed, the knight ran his course with but -little risk. - -Jousting in the open with pointed lances was, however, continued -by a hardier type of jousters until long after the introduction of -the tilt; and here the saddle was without cantle, so as to offer no -impediment to unhorsing; and a cushion or mattress, stuffed with straw, -was placed over the chests of the horses, to act as a buffer in case -of collision. A rough game it was for a cavalier to be unseated and -thrown to the ground in his heavy armour, sometimes carrying a weight -of two hundred pounds; though his fall was broken by the ground of the -lists being covered with thickly strewn sand or mulched with refuse -from the tan-yard. This form was much practised in Germany, though -strange to say but little harm would seem to have been experienced by -the champions in their falls, greatly owing to the extensive padding -of their harnesses. Other important departures in the direction of -comparative safety were the designing of special forms of armour for -the tiltyard, and the introduction of additional or reinforcing pieces, -for doubly protecting those parts of the body on which the brunt of the -attack fell, viz. mainly on the left side. They first appear in England -in the reign of Edward IV. “William Lord Bergavenny bequeathed to his -son the best sword and harness for justs of peace and that which belong -to war.” - -The vamplate of this century was much enlarged, for the protection of -the lance-arm; and the steels of the saddles lent great protection to -the bodies of the jousters below the breast. The effect of all this was -to encase those taking part in the tourney in an almost impenetrable -shell, from which they could barely see or do more than couch and aim -their lances. - -Armour for the lists became sharply divided from that employed for -“hoasting” purposes, as harnesses for the field were called, though in -what country the change had its origin, whether in Burgundy, Italy or -Germany, is uncertain. It was in use in Burgundy in the year 1443, for -we read in the account given in _Mémoires D’Olivier De La Marche_,[100] -that during the time the necessary preparations were being made for -the tournament held at L’Arbre de Charlemagne, Dijon, in that year, -the young cavaliers practised jousting before the duke “_et là furent -faictes une jouste à selles plattes et en harnois de joûte_.” - -Harnesses for the lists assume different forms in Germany from those -in Italy. In the first-named country in the case of the armour for -jousting in the open, so to speak, the breastplate was flattened on -the right side for better couching and aiming the lance, which was -supported by a _Rasthaken_ or queue behind, as well as by a lance-rest -in front, while in Italy the cuirass continued rounded in form. The -lance-rest (_Rüsthaken_) assumed various forms, though usually that of -a curved bracket. Reinforcing pieces were employed in all courses. - -There is another variety of armour which was used in -_Scharfrennen_,[101] but it, with the others, will be particularly -described and illustrated later on. Jousting at the tilt prevailed -greatly in England, though abroad many other varieties were practised -as well. Jousting lances were often painted or ornamented with -party-coloured puffs of cloth along their length. Lance-heads assumed -various forms, examples of which may be seen in several of the German -museums and in the Tower of London. Illustrations are given by -Boeheim.[102] The shafts varied in form, weight and thickness for the -different courses. - -The armour for combats on foot was made very strong and heavy, and so -padded with under-clothing as to cause faintings and even deaths in -hot weather. Foot-fighting was rendered much safer by the introduction -of “barriers,” over which the champions fought, but they do not appear -much before the sixteenth century. - -The physical strain on those taking part in a tournament must have been -great, and the combatants weary at the end of a long day; nevertheless -they joined the ladies in the evening, when the successful competitors -received the prizes from their hands; and after the banquet came the -dance. - -The century saw the mingling of the tourney with the pageant; the -_mêlée_ had been much supplanted by the joust, which demanded more -individual skill, for in the throng and confusion of the _mêlée_ the -element of chance helped certain of the combatants to a distinction -beyond their real deserts; while in the joust, which was a contest -between two champions only, each had to stand or fall solely on his own -merits. - -A favourite form of the tourney of the fifteenth century was the -_Kolbenturnier_ or baston course, which differed essentially from all -the others in that no personal injury was intended in the contest, -the object being to batter off the crest which decorated the helm of -an adversary; and it was thus purely a game or trial of skill. The -weapon employed was a _Kolben_, a heavy polygonally-cut baston or mace -of hard wood, about 80 cm. in length. The _Kolben_ swells out along -its shaft to an obtuse point, has a round pommel, short grip, and a -rondel-guard of iron. There is an illustration of this weapon in the -_Tourney-book of René d’Anjou_. The helm, a huge, globose form of -bascinet, was latticed over the face with strong iron bars, and screwed -to the cuirass back and front; it was thickly lined inside and roomy -enough to prevent any injury which might be caused by the heavy blows -exchanged. It was covered outside with leather and painted with various -devices. A fine example of this type of helm is at Dresden, and Boeheim -in _Waffenkunde_,[103] figures one of them in the Collection Mayerfisch -at Sigmaringen. The saddle was the high one, known as the _Sattel im -hohen Zeug_; an example, of the second half of the fifteenth century, -is in the Germanische National Museum at Nuremburg. The _Kolbenturnier_ -ceased being run about the end of the first quarter of the sixteenth -century. It was at first practised on foot, and doubtless grew out of -the Judicial combats with the baston of the lower classes. Boeheim -in _Waffenkunde_[104] illustrates Duke Georg of Bayern-Zandshut, at -Heidelberg, armed for a _Kolbenturnier_ in 1482: from Hans Burgmaior’s -_Turnierbuch_, in possession of the Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen. - -The crests of the fifteenth century are most fanciful and fantastic, -such as a crowned unicorn or the tail of a fox; many examples may be -seen in the tourney-book of King René, the Beauchamp pageants, the -German tourney books, and other works of the kind; and René describes -their construction very fully. They are fragile and made greatly of -the same materials as those of the century preceding, though oftener -of _cuir-bouilli_, which substance was more substantial and enduring. -The tapestry at Valenciennes, which pictures a _mêlée_ of the fifteenth -century, shows numerous fragments of crests lying on the ground under -the hoofs of the horses. The knights prized their crests greatly; and -they were often buried with them. They were fixed in position by an -iron bar or brooch; an example of the latter may be seen at the Musée -d’Artillerie, Paris. Sometimes the horse was also provided with a -crest, as in the tournament at Windsor Park in 1278. - -The hours during which _fêtes d’armes_ took place show that the -lists were frequently artificially lighted, and, indeed, torches and -flambeaux are sometimes mentioned. - -Tournaments held at the royal and princely courts of the countries -of chivalry were strictly games, the hosts often challenging their -guests to trials of skill; and some correspondence preserved of the -fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, between German princes, shows what -a great part these martial sports played in the routine of their daily -lives; second only, if even that, to the chase. Kurfürst Albrecht von -Brandenburg, writing to a friend in the last quarter of the century, -says:—“_Wir sind yor mit gots hilff die fordersten im Turnier gewesen -und gedenkens aber zu bleiben_.”[105] Maximilian, writing, at the age -of nineteen, to Sigmund Pruschenk, remarks:—“_Ich hab das pest gethan, -wann ich hab VIII stechholz zerstossen_.”[106] - -Much depended on the docility and training of the chargers, which -were often ridden blindfolded, and they were sometimes influenced by -a spirit of combat like their riders. The bodies of the horses were -padded and covered by the trapper, which fell down almost to the -ground, considerably hampering their motions; a mattress of straw, -crescent-formed, protected their chests;[107] their ears were sometimes -stopped with wool or oakum; the head and tail frequently decorated with -feathers; and the animals advanced towards each other at a hand-gallop. -The rowel-spurs had long necks. Each variety of joust had its own -special type of saddle, devised with the object of making unhorsing -either difficult or easy as the case might be. These saddles will -be described in their order. Each prince or man of rank and fortune -kept a considerable number of horses continually in practice; and the -correspondence of the times reveals many requests for their loan. - -It was at the courts of Aix and Burgundy where for long the tourney -was much fostered; and at both it may be said to have been reduced -almost to a science. At the first-named court it was much a matter of -amusement, emulation and relaxation; while in the latter, then the most -brilliant in Europe, it was greatly the policy of the sovereign to -encourage tournaments and fêtes of all kinds. They kept the leaders of -the armies and the chevaliers generally in close touch with the head of -the state and the country, besides providing gladiatorial spectacles -for the duke’s somewhat restless and discontented subjects, who were -often smarting under heavy imposts to provide him with the means for -constant schemes of aggression and a profuse display, and who were -frequently in a state of revolt. After the tragic death of Charles the -Bold, the jousting traditions of the court of Burgundy passed over to -that of Maximilian of Austria, who would seem to have made successful -jousting one of the great objects of his life. - -There is perhaps necessarily a certain degree of monotony and -repetition in the narrations of the chroniclers of the joust and -tourney, but they convey collectively a much clearer idea of these -encounters than a mere bald statement of the leading facts could do, -and they reflect the chivalrous spirit of the times in the incessant -craving of the young cavaliers for notoriety and distinction in the -tiltyard. Many examples of jousts and _pas d’armes_ of the fifteenth -century are given in the _Chronique de Monstrelet_, the _Mémoires de la -Marche_, and _Chastelain’s Cronique Jacques de Lalain_. The _Chronicle -of Euguerrand de Monstrelet_, with its somewhat irregular continuations -by de Couci and others, commences where that of Froissart leaves off, -viz. in the year 1400; and it has the advantage of being for the most -part contemporaneous in regard to the events it narrates. Monstrelet’s -style of writing is less sprightly and more monotonous than that of -Froissart; but he gives dates to his recitals, which, however, leave -much to be desired on the score of accuracy. The names of personages -and even towns given in the _Chronicles_ are most perplexing, being -frequently so distorted as to make identification an impossibility. -Like Froissart, Monstrelet does not confine himself to the events of -the period under review in France and Burgundy, but deals also with -those of other countries in relation to them. The _Chronicles_, which -really amount to a history, afford a good insight into the subject of -the jousts and tourneys of the times; and Monstrelet states that his -information was carefully collected from heralds, kings-of-arms and -other officials of the lists. Monstrelet was born about 1390 and died -in 1453. - -The Bibliothèque de Bourgogne in the National Library at Brussels -possesses many illuminations of the reign of Philip the Good and -Charles the Bold; and there are also several in the Paris Collection -and particularly in the _Armorial de la Toison d’Or_. - -An Ashmolean MS., No. 1116, ff. 137b-86, gives the names and arms of -the sovereigns and knights of the Order of the Golden Fleece (Toison -d’Or) from its institution in 1429 to the twenty-third festival of the -Order, which was held by Philip II, King of Spain, 12 Aug. 1559; it -gives historical accounts of the celebration of the feasts. The MS., -which is in French, is beautifully written, with the arms tricked. -Other MSS. in the same Collection, 139-66, 167-75b, of the year 1431, -give the statutes and ordinances of the Order. - -Appendix A furnishes an abstract of all the Ashmolean MSS. relating to -the tourney, for reference by our readers. - -_The Mémoires D’Olivier De La Marche_ teem with spirited descriptions -of numerous _fêtes d’'armes_ held at the Burgundian court during -the reign of Duke Philippe le Bon, which are full of detail; and -several of them bear the impress of having been written by an actual -eye-witness, with ample opportunities for getting information, and -with a sufficiency of technical knowledge for placing the scope and -minutiæ of the encounters accurately and vividly before us. They -also afford invaluable details of the costumes of the period, giving -minute particulars of the dresses, and all matters connected with the -lists. The Seigneur de la Marche was a Burgundian, born about 1425; he -was appointed a page to his master the Duke in 1447, and was dubbed -chevalier after the battle of Montlehéry. He distinguished himself -before Ghent in 1452, was appointed a commissionary to the forces in -1456, was made a prisoner at Nancy in 1476, and died in 1502. The -Mémoires cover a period of about fifty-three years, and form a very -valuable contribution to the history of the tourney. They were first -published in 1562.[108] Jean de Féore, Seigneur de St. Remy, describes -some of the _pas d’armes_ of the century; and the _Traité de Tournois_, -by Louis de Bruges, written in the reign of Charles VIII, of France, -deals with others of a later period. The Beauchamp Peageants[109] -afford some excellent illustrations of jousts and combats on foot and -on horseback. They are reproduced in the _History of the Life and Acts -of Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick_, by John Rouse, the Warwickshire -antiquary and historian, who died on the 14th of February, 1491, the -seventh year of Henry VII. Earl Richard was born in 1381 and died -in 1439. Hefner’s plates, Nos. 109 and 138, also picture jousts and -tourneys of this period. - -_The Romance of Petit Jehan de Saintré_,[110] written in 1459, by -Antoine de la Sale, contains fifteen large and fine illustrations -of jousts, combats on foot, etc., which, as far as we can judge, -fairly represent such knightly encounters of the period. Hewitt[111] -mentions the equipments and colours, as shown on fol. 39: “_Near -Knight._—Armour, iron-colour; feet, black; crest, red flower with -gold leaves; saddle, bridle, and stirrup-leather, red; trapper, blue, -marked with darker blue and lined with white fur. _Far Knight._—Armour -and feet as before; crest, gold with red feathers; saddle, buff; -trapper, dark with black markings; bells, gold. Chanfreins both ridged -and spiked, gold; the rest iron. The barrier is red and marked with -a deeper red. It will be observed that, except the helm, the whole -armour differs in nothing from the usual war suit.” The _Mémoires of -the Sire de Haynin_[112] afford some interesting details in connection -with _pas d’armes_. - -The rules of the tourney promulgated by René d’Anjou, King of Naples, -Sicily and Jerusalem, and Duke of Lorraine, in _Tournois du Roi René_, -are most important. They contain many restrictions in the use of -weapons, and all tend towards restraining the violence and disorder -which had hitherto prevailed, and towards rendering these warlike games -less dangerous; and they inculcate a spirit of chivalry, thus doing -away greatly with much of the brutality of the former age. René thought -lances too cumbersome for the tourney, and considered the proper -weapons to be rebated swords and maces. The famous duel between the -dukes of Brittany and Bourbon is described. But little jousting took -place at Aix, the _mêlée_ being preferred. There are several splendid -manuscripts of the King’s writings extant, four of them at Paris, -illuminated by the King himself, and they go into the minutest details -of all which concern the tourney as practised at Aix. - -“The Ordinaunce, statutes and rules made by John Lord Typtofte, Erle -of Worcester, Counstable of England by the Kinges commaundment, at -Windsor the 29 of May ao sixto Edwardi quarti (1466), to be observed -and kepte in all manner of Justes of pees royall with in this realme of -England.”[113] - -There are several copies of the rules extant. The version here given, -in an abridged form, is taken from the _Antiquarian Repertory_. It was -copied from a MS. M. 61 in the Herald’s College.[114] - -Another copy may be seen in _Nugae Antiquae_, by Park, which is -referred to in _Archæologia_, or the year 1813.[115] They are also -printed in Dr. Meyrick’s _Critical Essay on Antient Armor_, III, -179-86, with valuable notes from the MS. M. 6, in the Herald’s College. - -These rules run:— - - “Firste, whoso breaketh most speares, as they ought to - be broken, shall have the price. - - Item, whoso hitteth thre tymes in the heaulme, shall - have the price. - - Item, whoso meteth two tymes coronoll to coronoll, - shall have the price. - - Item, whoso beareth a man downe with stroke of speare, - shall have the price. - - _For the price._ - Firste, whoso beareth a man downe owte of the saddell, or - putteth him to earthe, horse and man, shall have the price, - before him that striketh coronoll to coronoll two times. - - Item, he that striketh coronoll to coronoll two tymes, shall - have the price before him that strike the sight thre tymes. - - Item, he that striketh the sight thre tymes, shall have the - price before him that breake the moste speares. - - Item, yf there be any man that fortunetly in this wise - shalbe deemed he bode longest in the feeld heaulmed, and - ranne the fairest course, and gave the greatest strokes, - helpinge himself best with his speare.” - - _How prices shalbe loste._ - First. Whosoe striketh a horse, shall not have the price. - - Second. Whosoe striketh a mannes backe, turned or disarmed - of his speare, shall have no price. - - Third. Who hitteth the toyle, or tilte 3 times, shall have - no price. - - Fourth. Whosoe unhelmes himselfe 2 times, shall have no - price, without his horse faile him. - - _How speares shall be allowed._ - First. Whoso breaketh a speare betweene the saddle, and the - charnell of the helme, shall be allowed one. - - Whoso breaketh a speare from the charnell vpwards, shall be - allowed one. - - Whoso breaketh and putteth his aduersary downe, and out of - the saddle, or disarmeth him in such wise, as he may not - runne the next course after, shall be allowed three speares - broken. - - _How Speares broken be disallowed._ - First. Who breaketh a speare on the sadle, shall be - disallowed for a speare broken. - - Second. Who hitts the tilt or toile once, shall be - disallowed for 2 speares broken. - - Third. Whosoe hitts the tilt twice shal be for the two times - abated, for 3 speares broken. - - Fourth. Whosoe breaketh a speare within a foot of the - crownall (coronal), shall be judged as no speare broken, but - a good attaynte. - -A few short rules follow for the _mêlée_ and barriers. - -There is much confusion in the nomenclature employed by chroniclers -in their descriptions of these chivalric war-games, and the terms -“_tournois_,” “tourney,” “joustes” or “_joûtes_” and “_pas d’armes_,” -are often confounded with each other, all or any being sometimes used -in a general sense to cover various forms of jousting and the tourney: -and such meetings often received the general appellation of _fêtes -d’armes_. In a contemporary recital of the meeting in 1559, which -Henry II of France received his fatal wound, the terms “_joûtes_,” -“_tournois_,” and _pas d’armes_ are all employed to express the -proceedings as a whole. The term “tourney” is very frequently used to -denote the _mêlée_. - -A _pas d’armes_ or passage of arms usually covered a variety of martial -exercises. It was open to all comers, being knights and esquires -qualified to take part, who were invited by proclamation to attend. -The field was held by a certain number of challengers, called “_les -tenans_” or holders of the _pas_; while the attacking cavaliers were -known as “_les venans_,” or comers, who came to try and wrest the _pas_ -from them. A _pas d’armes_ was also an imitation of an operation of -war, a _Scharmützel_, in the attack and defence of a supposed position -of strength, such as a pasteboard bridge-head, a castle of wood or -the assumed gate to a town; the contest being waged with all the -ardour of real warfare, though tempered by certain rules, pretences -and limitations. The term _pas d’armes_ is comprehensive, for besides -jousting and strokes with the sword, etc., such meetings often included -combats on foot; and, after the middle of the fifteenth century, -contests on horseback with the baston or mace; and they often concluded -with the tourney proper or _mêlée_, troop against troop. - -In the _Antiquarian Repertory_[116] is the following account of a _pas -d’armes_ held about the end of the fifteenth century:— - - “The king assigns to four maidens of his court the - umpireship of the castle called ‘Loyall’; for the - attack and defence of which they are to arrange as they - may collectively decide upon. The castle is a mock - fortress, representing one which had been subjected to - a remarkable siege in history. The ladies confide its - guard and custody to a captain and fifteen cavaliers - to defend the ‘pas’ against all comers. A unicorn is - placed within the lists, the four legs of which support - as many shields, coloured white, red, yellow and blue - respectively. The first shield signifies the opening - jousts at the tilt, to be run in ‘hoasting’ armour, - with double or reinforcing pieces; the second shield - denotes that in the tourney which follows the jousting - twelve strokes with the sword are to be exchanged; the - third a combat on foot at barriers, the same number of - strokes with one-handed swords; the fourth, the defence - and assault of the castle, with swords, shields and - morris-pikes. The points and edges of all the weapons - employed in the four sections to be rebated, only the - foyne[117] excepted. Any cavalier, except the leader of - either side, if taken prisoner, may be ransomed with - three yards of satin, but captains must pay the cost of - thirteen yards for their freedom. The _pas d’armes_ to - continue from the 27th November to New Year’s Day. The - hours, after the first day, from one in the afternoon - to seven in the evening.”[118] - -Other clauses in the _Chapitres d’Armes_ are:— - - “Item. Yt shalbe lawfull for the assaulters to devise - all manner of engynes for the wynenge of the said - castell; engyn or tole to breake the ground or howse - with all only excepted. - - Item. None do meddell with fier neyther within or - without but to fire their gunnes. - - Item. If any man be disarmed, he maye withdrawne - himselfe if he will; but once past the barres, he may - not com agayne into the torney for that daye. Also - there shall no man have his servant within the barres - with any peace of harnois, for no man shalbe within the - said barres but such as shalbe assigned by the king’s - grace. - - Item. Who shall beste demeane himselfe at thee same - arte of armes, shall have a sword, garnished, to the - valew of three hundred crownes or under. - - Item. If any man strike a horse with his speare, he - shalbe put out of the torny withowt any favour; and if - any slaye an horse, he shall paye to the owner of the - said horse an hundred crownes in recompence; also yt - is not to be thought that any man will slaye an horse - willingly; for if he do it, it shall be to his great dishonor. - - Item. He that uses a close gauntlet (a locking or - forbiden gauntlet) shall win no prize.[119] - - Item. He that his sword falleth owt of his hand, shal - win no prize.” - -The gaining of prizes in jousting was settled as a rule by a counting -of points, for and against, and they were usually:— - -Breaking a lance fairly on the body of an adversary, below the helmet, -1 point; above the breast, 2 points; unhorsing, 3 points. Points -would be lost by striking the saddle or the tilt. A lance should be -splintered more than a foot above the head. - -The long wars between France and England had engendered much hatred -and bitterness between the nations, and frequent combats in the -lists, _à outrance_, continued to take place between the respective -cavaliers, many of which fights were characterized by great violence -and ruthlessness. Matters at length got to such a pass that in the -year 1409 the French King issued an ordinance against all such combats -between cavaliers of the two nations.[120] Certain combats, however, -continued to take place under royal licence. - -In the year 1400 by advice of the Earl of Huntingdon, “solemne iusts -were to be enterprised between him and 20 on his part, and the earle of -Salisburie and 20 with him, at Oxford.” This was a conspiracy for the -assassination of King Henry IV, but the plot miscarried.[121] - -In the year 1400 Michel d’Oris, an esquire of Arragon, sent to Calais, -by a pursuivant-at-arms, a challenge to a deed of arms, addressed to -the Cavaliers of England, in the following terms:— - - “Au nom de Dieu, et de la benoite vierge Marie, de - saint Michel et de saint George, je, Michel d’Oris, - pour mon nom exhausser, sachant certainement la - renommée des prouesses de chevalerie d’Angleterre, ai, - au jour de la date de ces présentes, pris un tronçon de - gréve à porter à ma jambe jusqu’à tant qu’on chevalier - du dit royaume d’Angleterre m’aura délivré à faire - les armes qui s’ensuivent. Premièrement, d’entrer en - place à pied, et d’être armé chacun ainsi que bon lui - semblera, et d’avoir chacun sa dague et son épée sur - son corps, en quelque lieu qu’il lui plaira, ayant - chacun une hache, dont je baillerai la longueur. Et - sera le nombre des coups de tous les bâtons et armes - ensuivant: c’est à savoir: de la hache, dix coups sans - reprendre. Et quand ces dix coups seront parfaits et - que le juge dira: Ho! nous férirons dix coups d’épée - sans reprendre ni partier l’un de l’autre, et sans - changer harnois. Et quand le juge aura dit: Ho! nous - viendrons aux dagues et férirons dix coups sur main. - Et si aucun de nous perdoit ou laissoit cheoir un de - ses bâtons, l’autre pourra faire son plaisir du bâton, - qu’il tiendra jusqu’à ce que le juge ai dit: Ho! Et les - armes à pied accomplies, nous monterons à cheval; et - sera armé du corps chacun ainsi qu’il lui plaira, et - aura deux chapeaux de fer paraux, lesquels je liverai; - et choisra mon dit compagnon lequel qu’il lui plaira - des deux chapeaux: et aura chacun tel gorgerin qu’il - lui plaira, et avec ce, je baillerai deux selles, dont - mon dit compagnon aura le choix. Et outre plus, aurons - deux lances d’une longueur; desquelles lances nous - férirons vingt coups sans reprendre, à cheval, sur - main; et pourrons férir par devant et par derrière, - depuis le faux du corps en amont. Et icelles armes - de lances faites et accomplies, ferons les armes qui - s’ensuivent: C’est a savoir, s’il advenoit que l’un - ou l’autre ne fût blessé, nous serons tenus après, en - icelle journée même et au second jour après, férir de - coups de lance à course de chevaux à trois rangs, tant - que l’un ou l’autre cherra par terre ou soit blessé, - si qu’il n’en puisse plus faire. Et que chacun s’arme - à sa volonté le corps et la téte. Et les targes soient - de nerfs ou de cornes, sans ce qu’elles soient de fer - ni d’acier, ni qu’il y ait aucune maîtrise. Et courrons - les dites lances atout les selles que les dits chevaux - auront, faisant les dites armes à cheval: et chacun - liera et mettra ses étriers à sa volonté, sans faire - nulle maîtrise. Et pour y ajouter plus grande foi et - fermeté, je Michel d’Oris, ai scellé cette lettre du - sceau de mes armes: laquelle lettre fut faite et écrite - à Paris le vendredi vingtième jour d’Août l’an 1400.”[122] - -This letter is given in full, for it affords much first-hand -information in a concrete form of the procedure of a combat of the -period as well as the manner of such cartels. - -The letter states that the Spaniard had attached to his leg “_un -tronçon de gréve_,” being a piece of a greave (armour for the shin), -presumably of iron, causing him pain and inconvenience, which he had -vowed to continue wearing until delivered from it by a combat with a -gentleman of England. To this end he had sent his cartel to Calais, -proclaiming his wish for such an encounter, laying down very precise -conditions for a fight at which ten strokes with the axe, ten with -the sword, and the same number of thrusts with the dagger were to be -exchanged; to be followed by twenty courses with lances, on horseback. -The pursuivant duly delivered the letter at Calais, where it was seen -by Sir John Prendergast, who accepted the challenge in his own person, -on behalf of the chivalry of England, subject, of course, to the -permission of his sovereign to the duel being obtained. No reply being -forthcoming from the Spaniard within a reasonable time. Sir John sent -him a letter, stating that the time and place for the combat had been -arranged, and an umpire appointed. There being still no reply, another -letter followed demanding an answer, and at length one arrived, with -excuses for the delay and complaining that Sir John had broken the -treaty in an umpire having been chosen without the name having been -first submitted to him; though showing no burning desire to have the -matter arranged to his own satisfaction. The correspondence continued -over four years and came to nothing after all; but for how long the -Spaniard continued wearing the piece of greave pricking his leg history -does not tell. - -In the year 1402 the Sire de Harpedenne, Seneschal de Saintonge, having -heard that certain English knights desired to perform a deed of arms -for the love of their ladies, suggested to the Duke of Orleans that six -gentlemen of his household should challenge a like number of English -cavaliers to a combat _à outrance_. The duke agreeing, the invitation -was duly sent and promptly accepted, the fight to take place near -Bordeaux on the 19th May, 1402. Much pressure was brought to bear on -the duke to induce him to withdraw his sanction, on the ground that -such a combat would tend to increase the bitterness between the nations -which already prevailed; but he continued to encourage the scheme, and -even went to Saint Denis to pray for the success of his countrymen. -Arnault Guilhem, Sire de Barbazan, a chevalier of repute, undertook the -leadership of the French contingent. - -The Sire de Harpedenne and the Earl of Rutland were appointed umpires -of the fight; and on the arrival of the French chevaliers at the place -of combat they heard Mass, and the Sire de Barbazan addressed them on -the justice of their cause, animating them to deeds of valour for their -country’s sake; while the Englishmen thought more of a good meal before -fighting. According to the French account of the fight, the Englishmen -had conceived a stratagem for two of their number, by preconcerted -action, suddenly to assail one of the French cavaliers, with the object -of reducing their number to five, as against the English six; but the -plan failed, and it was one of the Englishmen that was killed, thus -turning the tables.[123] This gave a preponderance to the Frenchmen, -but the fight continued long, obstinate and bloody, resulting in the -victory of the French.[124] - -In the same year Louis, Duke of Orleans, sent a challenge to Henry -IV, King of England, proposing a combat between them with lances, -battle-axes, swords and daggers, the fight to continue until one of -them surrendered, which the king declined, on the ground that he could -only fight with his equal. - -In 1403 a deed of arms, _à outrance_, was performed at Valentia, four -Spanish cavaliers against four Frenchmen, the King of Arragon acting as -umpire; and the articles of combat provided for a fight on foot with -axes, swords and daggers. The Seneschal of Hainault led the French, and -the Seigneur de Sainte Coulombe, a member of the king’s household, the -Spaniards. Highly decorated lists had been erected for the occasion, -and the king took his seat on the tribune, expressing the hope that the -fight might not take place; but the parties urged that great expense -had been incurred, and that the French cavaliers had come from a -distance at heavy charges in answer to the challenge. The king yielded -to these arguments, and gave the signal for the onset. A gallant fight -with axes ensued, during which one of the Spaniards seized a Frenchman -by the leg and was preparing to stab him with his dagger when the king -cast his bâton, putting an end to the conflict, to the great chagrin of -both sides.[125] - -Plate XI in _Horda Angel-Cynnan_ “shewes how atte coronacion of quene -Jane[126] erle Richarde kepte juste for the quene’s part ageynst -all commers, when he so notably and so knyghtly behaved himself, as -redounded to his noble fame and perpetuall worship.” Sir Richard was -then twenty-two years old. The illustration shows a joust at the tilt, -run with lances tipped with coronals, the earl’s crest being the bear -and ragged staff. The armour and general aspect of the picture point -to the period when the Memoir was written rather than to the actual -date of the joust. The tilt is of four planks, and appears to be nearly -six feet in height. The royal party is seated in a balcony overlooking -the lists, and there are raised galleries for the officials and -better-class spectators, and seats on the level of the lists for the -general public. - -Plate XX. Sir Pandolf Malatesta sent a challenge to Earl Richard, -first to joust, and “then go togedres with axes; after which armyng -swerdes;[127] and last with sharp daggers.” The jousting finished, -“they went to gedres with axes, and if the lord Calcot hadde not the -sonner cried peas, Sir Pandolf sore wounded on the left shoulder hadde -been utterly slayn on the felde.”[128] The illustration pictures the -combat on foot with _becs de faucon_, weapons more picks than axes. The -helmets are armets, the earl’s crest his well-known cognizance, and he -wears a tabard-shaped surcoat. The equipment is not contemporaneous -with the time of the duel, but rather that of the date of the Memoir. -The plate in _Horda_ is reproduced on our Plate I. The copy from the -MS. is not quite correct in the delineation of the weapon wielded by -the earl, owing to a blur on the original. - -Plate XXVIII pictures a combat on horseback, with rebated swords. - -Plate XXXV shows Earl Richard jousting at the tilt incognito. He wears -a “volant-piece.” - -[Illustration: _PLATE I_ - -COMBAT ON FOOT BETWEEN SIR RICHARD BEAUCHAMP AND SIR PANDOLF MALATESTA] - -[Illustration: THE TAPESTRY AT VALENCIENNES] - -Plate XXXVI. The earl is jousting at the tilt. “The erle smote up the -visar (of his adversary) thries, and brake his besauges and other -harneys.” - -Plate XXXVII pictures the earl jousting with his face exposed. - -Plate XL “shewes howe a mighty duke chalenged erle Richard for his lady -sake, and he justyng slewe the duke,” the lance going through his body. -This joust is with sharp lances in the open. The duke wears a jousting -shield, and the earl a “volant-piece.” - -In 1415 three Portuguese cavaliers fought the same number of Frenchmen, -at St. Ouen, near Paris, in presence of the King of France. The -combat was a severe one, resulting at length in the discomfiture of -the Portuguese, who succumbed to the Frenchmen. The manner of this -surrender so disgusted the authorities and spectators that the defeated -party was forcibly expelled the lists.[129] - -In 1420 there were several curious subterranean combats, between French -and English cavaliers, at Montereau, that town being then besieged by -the troops of the Dauphin. The English had laid mines extensively under -the walls; and it was in these excavations that the fights took place, -by the light of the flambeaux and torches. The first who fought on the -French side was Louis Juvenal des Ursins, a valiant esquire, son of the -advocate-general, who was dubbed a chevalier on the occasion. The King -of England and Duke of Burgundy were present, and wished to break a -lance together, from which, however, they were dissuaded. The Sire de -Barbazan jousted with the king, at first without knowing who he was, -but as soon as he became aware that it was his Majesty, he respectfully -retired from the contest. Everything passed with great courtesy between -the members of the two nations, and the king gave great praise to the -cavaliers engaged.[130] - -In the seventh year of Henry V “triumphant iusts and turneis, in the -whiche, Erle of Arundell, and the Bastard of Sent Polle by the iudgment -of the Ladies, won the price and got the honor.”[131] - -A combat on horseback and on foot took place at Arras in 1425,[132] -between the Sires de Sainte-Treille and Lionel de Vendôme, the Duke -of Burgundy acting as umpire. On the first day the chevaliers ran six -courses with the lance, and de Vendôme was slightly wounded in the -head. The day following they fought on foot with axes of the _bec -de faucon_ type, and de Vendôme attacked his adversary with great -impetuosity, but all his strokes were parried. Sainte-Treille then -delivered several blows on the visor of his opponent, forcing it open, -leaving the face exposed; then hooking his axe in the opening wounded -de Vendôme slightly in the face with his gauntlet, perceiving which the -duke cast his bâton. A joust followed between the Sire de Champremi -and the Bastard of Rosbeque, the latter piercing the armour of his -adversary with his lance, on which the duke’s bâton fell.[133] - -The _bec de faucon_ or _bec de corbin_ was a weapon with a curved -beak-like spike or pick, as its name implies, sometimes with a blade at -the opposite side, at others with a narrow _mail_ or mallet, with four -short points, somewhat like those on the coronal to a lance, though -sharper: in both varieties there is usually a long spike at the head -and a point at the foot; strictly speaking, however, a weapon with a -blade can hardly be termed a _bec de faucon_. An illustration is given -in “Barriers and Foot Combats,” a paper by Viscount Dillon,[134] of -a weapon of this kind belonging to Captain Hutton, which has a beak -or pick on one side, and opposite to it a _mail_ or mallet of four -points and a spike at the head. There is another example at the Musée -d’Artillerie, Paris, with a very pronounced beak, but neither _mail_ -nor spear. It is stated in Lord Dillon’s paper that in the duel between -Merlo and de Charny, at Arras in 1435, before the fighting began, an -objection was lodged by Charny’s friends against the Spaniard using a -_bec de faucon_, axes being stipulated for in the _Chapitres d’Armes_. -It was contended that the weapon was not an axe at all; but after -some discussion the objection was not pressed. The weapon, which is a -terrible one, does not seem to have been much used in Germany. - -In 1428 a grand tournament was held at Brussels. The Duke of Burgundy -attended and was magnificently entertained and feasted by his cousin, -Duke Philip of Brabant, and the City of Brussels. The Lady of Gezebêque -awarded the prizes. The dukes announced their intention of jousting -together, but were dissuaded from doing so by the kings-of-arms, for -fear of accidents. Many cavaliers took part, before a great concourse -of nobles, ladies, and the general public. The prize for the most -successful combatant in the first day’s fighting was awarded to a -gentleman of Brabant named Linquart. On the morrow and following days -there was great jousting, and the Duke of Brabant and the Seigneur -de Mamines were adjudged to be the best lances, and the prizes were -awarded to them. This _fête d’armes_ was distinguished by great -splendour, and banquets, dances, masquerades and other mummeries -continued for several days.[135] - -In 1430 a combat took place in the great market-place at Arras, -between five French and a like number of Burgundian cavaliers, under -the umpireship of the Duke of Burgundy, for the breaking of a certain -number of lances. The French contingent consisted of the Seigneurs -Théode de Valeperghe, Pothon de Sainte-Treille, Philibert d’Abrecy, -Guillaume de Bes and L’Estendard de Nully; that of the Burgundians -of Simon de Lalain, the Seigneurs de Charny, Jean de Vaulde, Nicolle -and Philibert de Menton. The combat was to continue over five days. -Lists were prepared, “_garnie d’aisselles, afin que les chevaux ne ce -puissent recontrer l’un l’autre_,” and here we have an example of a -joust at the tilt. - -On the first day de Lalain jousted with de Valeperghe, when the latter, -with his horse, was thrown violently to the ground. Jousts followed -over the second, third, fourth and fifth days, in which many lances -were broken. In the third course run between de Charny and d’Abrecy, -the visor of the latter’s “armet” was pierced by his opponent’s -lance, causing a very serious wound in the face; and on the last day -the same thing happened to de Nully, in jousting with Philibert de -Menton. The injured knights were removed to their lodgings, and left -behind in charge of the surgeons; both subsequently recovered from -their wounds. On the conclusion of the _fête d’armes_, the honours lay -with the Burgundians, and the duke loaded the Frenchmen with handsome -presents.[136] - -In 1435 there was a passage at arms at Arras, held under the umpireship -of Duke Philip of Burgundy; and seated on the bench near him were the -dukes of Bourbon and Cueldres, with other noblemen of distinction. The -parties to the duel were Messire Juan de Merlo, a chevalier banneret -of Spain, and Pierre de Beauffrement, Sire de Charny, a banneret of -Burgundy, knight of the Toison d’Or, and one of the most noted jousters -of his day. The articles of combat provided for a joust of three -courses, and then a combat on foot, with axes, swords and daggers, -to be continued until one of the twain was placed _hors de combat_, -though, as always, subject to the fiat of the judge. The Spaniard -first entered the lists attended by four noble cavaliers, who had -been specially attached to his person by the orders of the duke. De -Charny followed, attended by the Comtes d’Étampes, de Saint Pol and de -Ligny; and with them was the Earl of Suffolk, who carried the lances -to be used on the occasion. The champions ran the three courses with -the lance, without mishap to either beyond a slight fracture to the -armet of the Spaniard. This ended the contest for the first day; and -on the morrow the combat on foot took place. It began with the knights -hurling lances at each other, the weapon of the Spaniard striking the -Burgundian on the arm, causing a slight wound, notwithstanding which -the fight continued with axes. The combatants displayed much skill and -gallantry with their weapons, without much advantage to either knight, -when quite unexpectedly the duke cast his bâton, putting an end to -the fight. The Spaniard protested most energetically to the duke at -the combat being brought to so premature an end, urging that he had -travelled a long way in order to achieve this feat of arms, and had -been put to a vast expense. The duke appeased him, however, by praising -his gallantry, and ordered a handsome present in money to be paid to -him to cover his outlay. This duel is remarkable as furnishing an early -instance of fighting with the visor up. To set against the danger of -having part of the face exposed, it gave great advantage in the way -of vision, in clearness as well as in radius. The visor was a mark so -often aimed at, and was in its nature very vulnerable.[137] - -In the twentieth year of King Henry VI a French Chevalier named Louis -de Bueille challenged Rafe Chalons, an esquire of England, to a feat of -arms; and the King of France was present at the meeting. The Englishman -ran the Frenchman through the body and killed him.[138] - -Sir John Astley fought on foot with the Chevalier Philip Boyle of -Arragon at Smithfield in the year 1442, King Henry VI acting as umpire. -An illustration in the MS. in the possession of Lord Hastings pictures -quadrangular lists of open railings showing the openings and the bars -for closing them. They are of a kind usually erected for combats of -this nature. King Henry sits in the tribune; and within the lists, -besides the principals, is a herald-at-arms and a guard of four, armed -with battle-axes, for keeping the ring. The combatants wear bascinets; -bases; solerets, _à la Poulaine_; and tabard-shaped surcoats, on which -the respective arms of the parties are embroidered. Boyle’s axe has a -flook or _bec de faucon_ and an axe-blade; that of Astley’s a blade and -a three-pronged mail or mell. The MS. does not state the issue of the -fight. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[99] Referred to by Wendelin Boeheim in _Meister der -Waffenschmeidekunst_, Chap. LVII. - -[100] Chap. VIII, p. 380. - -[101] Running with sharp lances. - -[102] _Waffenkunde_, p. 551. - -[103] Fig. 612. - -[104] Fig. 615. - -[105] With God’s help we are foremost in the tourney, and intend to -continue so. (_Zeitschrift für historische Waffenkunde_, II, 66.) - -[106] I have done my best when I have broken eight lances. (Boeheim’s -_Waffenkunde_, p. 554.) - -[107] One is figured by King René; another by Boeheim. - -[108] The edition used here is that among _Collection Des Mémoires pour -servir A L’Histoire De France_. - -[109] Cotton. MS., Julius, E. IV. - -[110] Cotton. MS., Nero, D. IX. - -[111] _Ancient Armour_, III, 509. - -[112] Société de Bibliophiles Belges. Mons. 1842. - -[113] Ashmolean MS. 148-9. See Appendices A and B. - -[114] Marked I, 26. - -[115] Vol. XVII, p. 290. - -[116] Vol. I, 146. - -[117] The estoc. - -[118] The lists must thus have been artificially lighted. - -[119] The locking gauntlet is in the form of a closed hand, the fingers -being made to fasten on the weapon held, the object being to prevent it -being struck out of the hand by an adversary. Examples may be seen in -the Tower of London, and there is one which belonged to Sir Henry Lee -in the Armourer’s Hall, London. - -[120] _Histoire Des Ducs De Bourgogne_, II, 262. - -[121] Holinshed, III, 10; and Hall, 16. - -[122] _Chroniques De Monstrelet_, Liv. I, Chap. II. - -[123] Such plans made beforehand would seem to have been quite common, -but they usually miscarried. - -[124] _Histoire Des Ducs De Bourgogne_, I, p. 185. - -[125] _Chronique de Monstrelet_, I, Chap. XIV. - -[126] Queen of Henry IV, married in 1403. - -[127] Kuriss-swords. - -[128] Cott. MS., Julius E. IV. - -[129] _Chronique de Monstrelet_, I, Chap. XIV. - -[130] _Histoire Des Ducs De Bourgogne_, I, 412. - -[131] Hall, 162. A MS. in the Harleian Collection gives “La Statute -d’Armes de Turnoys par le Parlement d’Angleterre,” _Temp._ Henry V. See -Appendix A. - -[132] Monstrelet says 1423. - -[133] _Histoire Des Ducs De Bourgogne_, I, p. 435. Monstrelet, in Liv. -II, Chap. VIII, gives a somewhat different account. - -[134] _Arch. Journ._, LXI, Plate I, Fig. 2. - -[135] _Chronique de Monstrelet_, Liv. II, Chap. LIV. - -[136] _Ibid._ Liv. II, Chap. LXXXI. - -[137] _Histoire Des Ducs De Bourgogne_, I, p. 339. - -[138] Holinshed, III, 214. - - - - -CHAPTER V - - -A notable _pas d’armes_ was held at L’Arbre de Charlemagne, near Dijon, -in the year 1443,[139] presided over by Duke Philippe le Bon, which -was proclaimed in most of the European countries of Christendom. The -account of this meeting has a great historical value, owing not only -to its reference to the tilt, additional pieces, and special forms of -armour, but also to the amount of detail it presents. It is given here -in a much abridged form. - -Thirteen noble Burgundians of distinction, headed by Pierre de -Bauffremont, Chevalier, Seigneur de Charny, held the _pas_ for six -weeks against all comers. De la Marche remarks that during the time -necessary for erecting the lists and making the general arrangements -for the meeting the young cavaliers practised various forms of jousting -before the duke “_et là furent faictes une jouste à selles plattes, et -en harnois de ioûte_.” He graphically pictures the general arrangements -for this _pas d’armes_, the profuse hospitality extended to all -comers, the construction and decoration of the lists, the dresses and -equipments of the officials, pages, combatants, etc. He describes the -lists for jousting as follows, making clear mention of the tilt:—“_et -au milieu d’icelle lice fut la toille mise, pour la conduitte des -chevaux, et pour servir à la course des hommes d’armes, comme il est de -coustume en tel cas._” “_Celle lice fut de bonne hauteur et grandeur: -et, aux deux bouts de ladicte lice, furent faictes deux marches: qui se -montoyent à degrés, faits de ce bonne grandeur, que l’on pouvoit aider -à l’hommes d’armes, tout à cheval, pour l’armer aiser, ou desarmer, -selon le cas: et hors de ladicte lice, du costé de Digeon, aux jours -qu’il besoing faisoit, avoit une grande tente, haute et spacieuse, -tendue, pour aider et soulager le venant de dehors, si mestier en -avoit._” There was another enclosure for combats on foot. - -During the duration of the _pas_ two shields were hung suspended in -the lists: one, painted black, besprinkled with gilded tear-drops; the -other, violet, _semé_, with tear-drops in black. Each venant who, -through a pursuivant, placed a gage, such as a sword or spur, below the -first-named shield, signified his election to engage on horseback one -of the tenans or defenders of the _pas_, and to run twelve courses, -“_à la toille_,” that is along the tilt, with sharp or rebated lances -at his pleasure; and should either of the jousters be unhorsed he was -to present his adversary with a diamond of whatever value he pleased. -The venant who placed his gage below the violet shield, with tear-drops -in black, elected a combat on foot, consisting of fifteen strokes with -the axe or estoc;[140] but should he place gages below both shields, -his challenge applied to a joust at the tilt and a foot encounter as -well. The duke took his seat on the 11th July, 1443, holding a white -wand or bâton in his hand as judge, which when cast down put an end to -a fight at any stage, the officials at once separating the combatants. -We describe briefly a few of the encounters. The first contest lay -between the leader of the tenans, the Seigneur de Charny, and a -Spanish cavalier of mark, Pietre-Vasque de Suavedra. The chevalier -venant having placed gages below both shields, the combat was to be -on foot, to be followed by another on horseback; and on the opening -day the champions entered the enclosure for foot contests at 9 o’clock -in the morning. The choice of weapons, as between axes and _épées -d’armes_,[141] lay with the chevalier venant, who chose axes. Eight -men-at-arms in complete armour, bearing white wands, ranged themselves -in the enclosure, to keep the ring and to separate the combatants when -necessary. The duke gave the signal and the combat began. Suavedra -had taken off his visor, while Charny fought with his visor down. The -stipulated fifteen strokes having been exchanged, without bodily injury -to either party, the combatants were separated and left the lists. - -On the 13th day of the same month the jousting between the same -cavaliers took place. The Spaniard first entered the lists with his -following, his horse trapped in blue and white silk, and presented -himself before the judge. De Charny followed in like manner, the -trapper of his charger being of cloth of gold; he was attended both by -his esquires and by five pages on horseback, sumptuously attired in -blue and violet satin. The onset having been sounded, the champions -charged, each splintering his lance on the body of his antagonist in -the centre of the lists; in their second career both lances glanced -off, and so on until the number of courses had been run. Challengers -continued to come forward, and each combat is recorded by the -chronicler in its turn. - -On the 8th of August a joust took place between an Italian, Jacques de -Visque, Comte de St. Martin, and the Chevalier Guillame de Vaudrey, -“_qui couroit de droit et du long de la toile_.” In the first course -St. Martin was struck on the visor of his helmet by the lance of his -opponent, the fastening being broken; in the fourth he was wounded -severely in the lance-arm, the lance-head remaining in the wound, and -the expressions of regret at the occurrence were so general as to show -that serious injuries in such encounters had become comparatively rare. -This mounted contest was followed by a combat on foot between Anthoine -de Vaudrey and Jehan de Compays, Seigneur de Torain. The venant chose -_estocs_, and a smart fight ensued, without personal injury to either -chevalier, though their armour was much battered and torn. - -The chronicler continues his narrations of the various combats which -followed during the remaining days provided for in the _Chapitres -d’Armes_, throughout the course of which the defenders of the _pas_ -held it against all comers with conspicuous honour and distinction. The -tenans of the _pas d’armes_ made an offering to the Virgin of the two -shields of L’Arbre de Charlemagne, which were hung suspended in the -Church of Nôtre Dame at Dijon. - -While de la Marche devotes his narration more to the fighting and -spectacular aspects of the meeting, Monstrelet deals with the -challenges and _chapitres d’armes_. - - THE CHALLENGES - - “In honour of our Lord, and his most glorious mother, - of my Lady Sainte Anne, and of my lord St George, I, - Pierre de Bauffremont, lord of Chargny, of Monliet and - of Montfort, knight, councellor and chamberlain, to the - most high, most puissant and excellent prince the Duke - of Burgundy, make known to all princes, barons, knights - and esquires, without reproach, with the exception of - those of the kingdom of France and of the countries in - alliance, or subjects to my said sovereign lord, that - for the augmentation and extension of the most noble - profession and exercise of arms, my will and intention - is, in conjunction with twelve knights, esquires - and gentlemen, of four quarterings, whose names - follow:—Thibault, lord of Rougemont and Mussy; Messire - William Breremont, lord of Sees and of Sauvegon; - William de Brenne, lord of Mombis and of Gilly; John, - lord of Valengen; John, lord of Rap and of Tirecourt; - William de Champdivers, lord of Chivigny; John de - Chiron, lord of Rancheinères; Antony de Vaudray, lord - of Aille; William de Vaudray, lord of Collaon; James - de Challant, lord of Ainvilie; Messire Amé, lord of - Espirey; and John de Chavigny,—to guard and defend a - _pas d’armes_, situated on the great road leading from - Dijon towards Auxonne, at the end of the causeway from - the said town of Dijon, at a great tree called the - Hermit’s Tree in the form and manner following. - - “In the first place, two shields, (one black - besprinkled with tears of gold,—the other violet, - having tears of sable), shall be suspended on the tree - of the Hermit, and all those who shall, by a king at - arms or pursuivant, touch the first shield, shall be - bounden to perform twelve courses on horseback with - me, or with one of my aforesaid knights or esquires, - with blunted lances.—Item, if either of the champions, - during their twelve courses, be unhorsed by a direct - blow with the lance on his armour, such person, thus - unhorsed, shall present to his adversary a diamond of - whatever value he please.—Item, the champions may arm - themselves according to their pleasure, _double or - single_,[142] but without any wicked intentions, having - their rest similar to the usual custom in war.—Item, - each person shall make provision of lances—but the - rondelle, which lies on the hands, shall be only - four fingers broad, and no more.[143] Item, the lances - shall be all of similar length, from the point to - the rest.—Item, for the accomplishment of these - feats of arms on horseback, I will supply all who may - come without lances, precisely like to my own and to - those of my companions.—Item, these deeds of arms on - horseback shall be performed _à la toille_, which shall - be six feet high.” - - _Chapitres d’Armes._ - “Those princes, barons, knights and esquires, of the - rank before mentioned, who shall rather take their - pleasure in performing feats of arms on foot, shall - touch the violet shield, and shall perform fifteen - strokes with battle-axes or swords, as may be most - agreeable to them. - - “Item, if, during these courses, any champion shall - touch the ground with his hand or knees, he shall - be bounden to present his adversary with a ruby of - whatever value he please.—Item, each champion _shall - be armed with the accustomed armour for combating in - lists_.[144]—Item, should any person be unprovided with - battle-axe or sword, I will furnish him with the same, - similar to my own or to those of my companions. These - axes and swords are not to have anything extraordinary - in their make, but such as are usual in these kinds of - combats. - - “Item, he that shall have engaged himself to fight - with me, or either of us, and shall throw the other - to the ground, the person so thrown shall be obliged - to surrender himself a prisoner whithersoever the - conqueror shall order him.—Item, the person thus - made prisoner shall pay for his immediate ransom, to - whomsoever the conqueror shall direct, any sum above - five hundred crowns. - - “Item, foreigners need not seek for particulars - from me, or from my companions, for they will find - persons ready to deliver such at the usual hours and - places.—Item, no stranger will be permitted to enter - the lists with me or with any one of my companions, for - more than one course at arms, namely, once on horseback - and once on foot—and no one can require more of any of - us during the present undertaking. - - “Item, the aforesaid feats of arms, on horseback and - on foot, shall be performed on the following days: - those on horseback on Mondays, Tuesdays and Wednesdays; - those on foot, Thursdays, Fridays and Saturdays. - - “Item, this pas d’armes shall commence on the first - day of July in the year 1443, and shall last forty - days, exclusive of feast-days and Sundays, and the - feasts commanded to be kept by the court of Rome. - - “Item, no prince, baron, knight or esquire, shall - pass within a quarter of a league of the spot assigned - for these combats without entering the lists and taking - part, or otherwise leaving as pledges his sword or - spurs, according to his pleasure. - - “Item, for the accomplishment of these feats of - arms, as well on horseback as on foot, according to - the articles above specified, I have most humbly - supplicated and entreated my aforesaid sovereign lord, - that he would grant me his licence and permission to - perform them, which he has most benignantly assented - to. He has likewise most graciously appointed, as judge - of the lists, that puissant prince and my most redoubted - lord, the count of Nevers and of Rethel—and in his absence, - the lord marshal, count of Fribourg and of Neufchâtel. - - “Item, in order that this my intention of performing - these deeds of arms in the manner before specified may - be more fully declared, I have fixed my seal to these - presents, and signed them with my own hand, this 8th - day of March, in the year 1442. - - “Item, all noble foreigners shall have sure and loyal - pass-ports from my aforesaid sovereign lord, or in his - absence from his marshal.” - -On such occasions a proclamation was made against outsiders giving -signals to any combatant. - -The following documents occur among the Harleian MSS.:— - - Le Declaracon du Pas a l’Arbre D’Or. - - i.e. How the Lady L’Isle sent her Knight with a Rich - Tree of Gold, for him to Sett near Brughes, and there - to Challenge the Nobles of the Duke of Burgundies Court - both to the Justs, ＆ to the Tourney: the Articles - whereof do follow. Dated July ... A.D. 68, i.e. 1468. - - Petition ＆ Articles of the Justs-Royall to be held - at Westminster, by 4 Gentlemen Challenging all comers - (upon the Creation of Henry second Sonne to King Henry VII). - - To Run 6 Courses with Speares. - To Tourney 18 Strokes with Swords. - - Petition of 4 Gentlemen to K. Henry VII to be - received into His Royal Army purposed for Fraunce; but - first that he would Authorise their Challenge of all - Comers to the Tilt, in any Realme or Place where the - King shall be, for one year ＆ a day longer. - - Challenge of 6 Noble Persons to hold a Justs-Royall - ＆ Tourney at Westminster, for the Pleasure of the - King, The Queene, and the Princess the Kings Eldest - Daughter, where the 6 Challengers and Six Answerers - shall together Run against each other with Spears on - Horseback; and after the Course Passed, to fight with - Swords till the King Commaund them to Cease. - -Relation (in French) of the Battel of Justs held in the city of Tours, -between Jelcan (or Jehan?) Chalons, a Native of the Kingdom of England, -＆ Loys de Beul who took the part of King Charles of France. A.D. 1446, -wherein Loys de Beul was Killed. - -Le Challenge Philip de Bouton, Natif de Pais Burgoigne, premier Esquire -a Monsser le Conte de Charollois: qui ait Charge ＆ Esleve Emprise de un -Fleurer Penser a tacher a son Bras dextre, lequelle il portra ouverte -jusque autant que il defendra au Royaulme d’Angleterre, en la Campagnie -de son Seigneur Monsieur le Bastard le Burgoigne, comme a la Roche. -Dat. 1. may. 1467. - -The Relation made by Garter King of Arms to K. Edward IV. concerning -the Arrival of 3 Knights of the K. of Hungaries Court, named Uladislaus -of Bodna, Fredericus of Waredma, ＆ Lancelagus of Trefulwane, who -desired to performe some Feats of Arms with the English Gentlemen. -With their Instructions given to the said Garter touching his -Declaration of their Desires, and the Articles of the Jousts and -Tourney.[145] - -Lacroix in _Military and Religious Life in the Middle Ages and -Renaissance_, gives a picture of a king of arms proclaiming a -tournament; copied from a miniature in King René’s tourney-book. - -During the meeting of the Chapter of the Toison d’Or, at Ghent in 1445, -duels were fought between the Chevalier Jehan de Boniface (Jean de -Bonifazio), an Italian, and a Burgundian cavalier, Jacques de Lalain, -the latter then a young man of twenty-four years, who later achieved -great celebrity as a combatant in the lists. Duke Philip of Burgundy -acted as umpire, and was supported on the tribune by the Duke of -Orleans; and immediately before the fight began Lalain was dubbed a -chevalier. - -Lists had been prepared, and after the usual preliminaries were over a -combat on foot between the parties took place, followed by many courses -at the tilt. - -The combatants entered the lists for the fight on foot, each bearing -a heavy sword in the right hand and in the left a _hache d’armes_; a -smaller sword was attached to the belt, and small rectangular shields -were carried on the left arms. Lalain fought with part of his face -exposed, half of his visor having been removed. The parties took up -their positions some distance from each other, and the fight began by -Boniface hurling his spear at Lalain, who parried it. The latter cast -his sword at his opponent, but without effect; then each threw his -shield at the other’s legs with a view of causing him to stumble, and -the fight at close quarters with axes began. After some hard blows -had been exchanged Boniface dropped his axe, and Lalain struck at his -visor, in which his axe struck until the point broke. Boniface then -seized the Burgundian’s weapon and drew his dagger, hoping to stab -his opponent in the face, but Lalain with admirable _sang-froid_ beat -down that weapon, and striking the visor of his opponent, slightly -penetrated one of the apertures with his axe, Boniface then drew his -sword and struck savagely at Lalain; at which stage of the combat the -duke’s bâton fell. - -The jousting was accomplished later on, with varying fortune, though -without special features. It was at the tilt, “_et au milieu de la -lice avoit une toille, pour conduire les chevauz, pour les courses de -lances, qu’ils devoyent accomplir_.” - -The armour of de Lalain was provided with reinforcing pieces: “_Messire -Jacques de Lalain estoit armé de plusieures rondelles, l’une sur la -main, l’autre sur le coude du bras de la bride, et l’autre tenant -au gardebras, a maniére d’escu_,” but they were detached before the -jousting, Boniface being without them.[146] The different chroniclers -of such combats differ more or less in many details. - -The position and dignity of an esquire is defined in Ashmolean MS. -162a:[147] “The definition of an Esquire and the severall sortes of -them according to the customs and usage of England. _An esquire called -in Latine armiger...._”[148] - -Another of these MSS., 158ab, defines the duties and emoluments of a -king-at-arms.—The office of a Kinge at Armes. “Fyrst as nyghe as he -canne he shall take knowledge and kepe recorde of creastes cognissances -and auntient used wordes,” etc.[149] - -The principal additional or reinforcing pieces, _pièces d’avantage_, -are:—the grand-guard or main-guard, which is in two plates, the -volante-piece and the body portion, and these, though sometimes -separate, are usually riveted together. The former is adapted to the -contour of the helmet, to which it is firmly attached; while the -latter, fixed to the breastplate, conforms to the curves of the neck, -fits round the left side of the chest and left shoulder, and is flanged -over the right shoulder to protect the weak place at the armpit on -that side. The whole thus forms a double defence for that portion -of the body against which an attack was mainly directed. The term -“volante-piece,” as applied to the face piece of the grand-guard, is, -however, of doubtful authority. It is sometimes referred to in English -chronicles, though without stating what it really is. Meyrick employs -it in the sense above referred to, but Lord Dillon[150] inclines to the -opinion that the term properly belongs to the two extra plates over the -forehead attachable to some helmets, and I am sure he is right. These -plates are present on jousting salades, and are called _Stirnplätten_ -or _Stirndoppolstuck_ (forehead-plates) by the Germans. However this -may be it is convenient to apply the term generally in use unless -quite assured of its incorrectness. The elbow-guard or pas-guard is a -reinforcement for the left elbow-joint, fastened by a pin. The manifer, -or mainfere, _main de fer_, _steife henze_, or miton-gauntlet is the -stiff, heavy jousting gauntlet for the bridle hand and forearm; the -name “manifer” is given by Meyrick to the crinet, absurdly connecting -the word with the mane of the horse. The poldermiton or _épaule de -mouton_, is a piece for the defence of the right forearm and bend, -which is further protected by the vamplate of the lance. In the course -with sharp lances, called _Scharfrennen_ by the Germans, a dilge or -jousting-cuisse is employed, strapped to the saddle; and there was an -armlet for the right lower arm, used in that and some other courses. -The jousting-shields differ in form in the various courses: they will -be described in their order. - -Catalogue No. 383 of the Wallace Collection, London, comprises a -small set of additional pieces, which from the subject and character -of enrichment (chevrons with minute pomegranates and scrolls, etched -and gilt) would appear to have belonged to a suit of armour in the -possession of the Duke of Northumberland, at Alnwick Castle, which was -acquired in Italy by Duke Algernon, about the year 1840; and it has -been freely and excellently restored. - -When arming, the additional pieces were screwed on one after the other, -the jousting-shield being adjusted last. This process completed, the -jouster was almost immune from injury and was left almost an automaton, -with little power of initiative beyond aiming his lance, and that with -difficulty. - -Jacques de Lalain sent a challenge to a feat of arms in the year 1448 -to James, brother to Earl Douglas; the fight to take place in Edinburgh -in the same year. He stated the conditions of combat proposed, for a -foot encounter, _à outrance_, with spear, battle-axe, sword and dagger, -which conditions were accepted by Douglas, with the reservation, at -the instance of the King of Scotland, that no lance-casting should -be allowed. The Burgundian party consisted of Jacques and his uncle -Simon de Lalain, and a Messire de Mériadacq; while a Scottish trio, -the brothers Douglas and a Lord de Haguet, arranged to fight them: the -King to act as umpire. After some initial misunderstanding the knights -fought paired against one another as follows:—Haguet against Simon de -Lalain, Jacques against James Douglas, and Mériadacq against the other -Douglas. The chronicler describes the course of the encounter, going -into much detail, from which one would imagine that there was deadly -peril to life and limb, but no serious hurt was sustained by any of -the combatants; that fact being that the armour of proof enclosed each -of the fighters in an almost impregnable fortress. La Marche was not -present at this fight, but got his information from hearsay. Two out -of the Burgundian trio were Chevaliers (Knights), the third combatant -an Escuyer (Esquire), and it is interesting to note the difference -in costume between the two grades. Matthieu de Couci gives it in the -following terms[151]:—Chevaliers “furent revêtus de longues robes de -velours noir, fourrées de martes zibelines fort riches”; quant au -troisième qui étoit seulement Escuyer, “il en avoit une seulement de -satin noir fourrée comme les autres.” King René says the stuff of an -esquire’s costume at his court should be “drap de damas,” and it would -appear generally that an esquire could wear either satin or damask, but -the chevalier must be clad in velvet. Further regulations were made in -1486, when cloth of gold and cloth of silver came in. - -The armour of the fifteenth century up to almost its close is usually -termed “Gothic,” an incongruous appellation, though one convenient to -employ owing to its having been so generally adopted and understood. -Beyond a few fragments there is no armour of the first half of the -century left to us; and for our knowledge of the knightly body-harness -of that period we are mainly indebted to an ample series of monumental -effigies and brasses. Though one cannot draw any decided line, it -may be said that the process of transition from chain-mail to plate -armour had been practically completed at the commencement of the -fifteenth century; and the progress made in the directions of elegance, -comprehensiveness and strength had been steady and continuous until -towards the middle of the century, when we have glorious complete suits -of armour spread out before us. - -The brass of Sir John Wylcotes, in Great Tew Church, Oxfordshire, -dating about 1410, affords an example of the standard of mail, which -was a collar worn under a gorget of plate. The figure is without jupon, -so that the breastplate and taces are exposed to view, and they are of -plate; small motons, oval in form, cover the weak places at the armpits. - -The brass in South Kelsey Church, Lincolnshire, dated about a decade -later, shows the armour to be much more ornate, having crescent-shaped -motons, fan-formed wings to the coudes; taces of six lames and short -tuilles; the figure wears a pointed bascinet. The armour on the effigy -in Hoveringham Church, Nottinghamshire, believed to have been ascribed -by Stothart to Sir Robert Grushill, is certainly not of the reign of -Richard II, 1377-1399, but should rather be dated in that of Henry VI. -There are fluted motons over the armpits, of a curved tooth-like form; -coudes with elaborate heart-shaped wings; taces of eight narrow lames, -with short rectangular tuilles, attached to the bottom rims by straps -and buckles. The helmet is still the bascinet. This effigy exhibits an -instance of the presence of the collar SS. There is an example of this -collar in the Tower of London.[152] It was found in one of the turrets -of the White Tower in 1913.[153] It is beyond the province of this work -to discuss the probable meaning of these ciphers, which is obscure. - -The Gothic armour of the connoisseur is reached in the beautiful effigy -of Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, in St. Mary’s Church, Warwick. -It is cast in laton, a golden looking blend something between bronze -and brass. The earl died in 1439, but the contract for his monument was -not given out until fifteen years after, so that the type of armour -is later than that of any actual harness worn by the earl. The effigy -exhibits body-armour at its very best, as well in dignity of form as in -beauty of outline; and if it was not directly copied from a suit made -by Tomaso Missaglai of Milan, the design for it certainly came from -Italy. The breastplate exhibits a deep curved groove on either side; it -is shorter than was usual somewhat later, with a large number of taces; -and there are low neck-guards. Mr. Stothart also gives a back view of -the figure, showing the armour as completely delineated behind as in -front. The effigy is depicted on Plate II, giving both a front view and -one in profile. - -The great armour-smiths of the fifteenth century were fine artists in -steel, and many of their creations preserved are models for all time -in elegance of form and excellence of workmanship. One can trace their -individuality and idiosyncrasies to an extent making it often possible -to attribute their work even when unstamped with their monograms and -devices. The Missaglias Negrolis and Piccininos of Milan, the Kolmans -of Augsburg, the Seusenhofers of Innsbruck, the Grünewalts and Von -Worms of Nuremberg, and many others, carried on their craft from -generation to generation. - -[Illustration: _PLATE II_ THE BEAUCHAMP EFFIGY] - -During the fifteenth century and somewhat later, new modes in armour, -as well as in dress, had their birth in Italy; but they took some time -to travel to other countries less advanced in fashion and refinement. -Much artistic skill of the highest order was lavished on the enrichment -of armour. Suits were delicately chased, engraved and decorated with -repoussé work; and artists of the highest celerity were engaged in such -work. The trapper of mixed mail and plate appears frequently in this -century. - -A very important paper, printed in _Archæologia_, LVII, by Viscount -Dillon, P.S.A., read in 1899, deals with a MS. Collection of Ordinances -of Chivalry of the fifteenth century belonging to Lord Hastings, which -contains among other matters:— - - The “Abilment for the Justes of the Pees.” - “To crie a Justus of Pees.” - “The comyng into the felde.” - “To arme a man.” - -The same manuscript is also commented on by the late Mr. Albert Way in -the _Archæological Journal_ of 1847. - -Two of the illuminations depict jousting at the tilt, and another a -combat on foot with axes before King Henry VI. The fight on foot, -which took place in 1442, is between John Astley and Philip Boyle -of Arragon. The lists, enclosed by an open railing, have at one end -a stand for the king, who acted as judge, and four steps lead up to -the tribune. On either side of the steps two men-at-arms are posted, -holding long-shafted axes, and within the lists a herald is standing -watching the fight. The combatants are wearing globose bascinets, which -were the usual helmets for foot-fighting. They were roomy enough for -plenty of padding against heavy blows from the axe. Boyle is armed with -an axe having a blade on one side and a _bec de faucon_, or flook, on -the other; while Astley’s weapon has a _mail_, or mallet, with three -prongs, in place of the flook. - -The terms of Sir Philip Boyle’s acceptance of the challenge are given -in Lord Dillon’s paper. - -The first illumination of a joust at the tilt pictures the moment when -the tilters have shivered their lances, tipped with coronals of three -prongs, on each other’s bodies. The tilt is composed of six planks, and -appears to be between five and six feet in height. Sir John Astley’s -crest is seen to be a crowned harpy, with torse and mantling; his -armour, the sort termed “tonlet”; the legs and feet are unarmed, being -sufficiently protected by the saddle-steels. The horse is trapped and -has a chamfron. But little of the person of his adversary can be seen; -what there is show his crest, three maidens in a corb, and he also is -wearing bases. Both riders have tilting helms and shields, and bear -poldermitons on their lance-arms. The vamplates are somewhat conical in -form. - -The other joust pictured is that between Astley and Pierre de Masse, -which took place in a street in Paris in the year 1438. It is also -at the tilt. The date is an early one for that form of joust, if the -drawing be contemporary, which is unlikely. The tilt is composed of -four planks, and is rather lower than the other example. The jousters -wear no crests on their helms, and they are running with sharp -lances. There are no poldermitons worn in this case. This important -illumination has suffered much from damp, the central figures more -especially. - -The articles of combat are given in Lord Dillon’s paper. - -The “Abilment for the Justus of the Pees,” as reproduced from the -manuscript belonging to Lord Hastings, is as follows:— - - “A helme well stuffyd wt a Crest of hys de viis. - A peyre of platus and xxx Gyders. - A hanscement for the Bode wt slevis. - A botton wt a tresse in the platis. - A schelde coverid wt his deviis. - A Rerebrace wt a rolle of ledyr well stuffid. - A Maynfere with a ring. - A rerebrasce a moton. - A vambrase and a gaynpayne ＆ ij bricketts. - And ij dosyn tresses. and vj vamplates. - And xij Grapers. and xij Cornallis ＆ xl Speris. - And a Armerer wt a hamor and pynsons. - And naylys wt a byckorne. - A Goode Cowrscer and row schode wt a softe bytte. - And a gret halter for the rayne of the brydyll. - A Sadyll well stuffud. - and a peyre of jambus. - and iij dowbill Gyrthis wt dowbill bokollus. - and a dowbill sengull wt dowbill bokullus. - and a rayne of ledir hungre teyyd from the - horse hede un to the gyrthys be twen the forther - bowse of the horsce for revassyng. A Rennyng paytrell. - A croper of leder hongre. - A Trappar for the Courser. - And ij servantis on horseback well be sayne. - And vj servantis on fote all in a sute.” - -This equipment is for a mounted contest, and differs of course -materially from that worn in fighting on foot. - -The writer of the paper (Lord Dillon) explains such of the terms -employed as are not fairly obvious. Viscount Dillon’s researches are -mainly embodied in a series of valuable contributions to the pages of -_Archæologia_ and the _Archæological Journal_. Many old records, which -had not been seen by such excellent authorities as Meyrick and Hewitt, -have been examined and compared since their day, and they throw much -light on points and terms which were obscure until recently, and which -had been misunderstood by the earlier writers to whom we owe so much. - -The “peyre of platus” is the cuirass, consisting of the breast and back -plates: the “Gyders,” attachments of some kind. The “hanscement” is a -close-fitting garment, worn beneath the armour. A “botton wt a tresse -in the platis,” probably also refers to fastenings or attachments of -some kind. The “Rerebrace wt a rolle of ledyr well stuffid” is probably -a padding protection for the left upper-arm. The “Maynfere with a -ring” is the manifer or mainfaire (main de fer), described in this -work under the heading of reinforcing pieces. The “rerebrase a moton” -is the rerebrace of the right arm, with its small movable plate, the -moton or besaguè over the armpit. The “vambrase and gaynpayn and ij -brickettss,” are the further defences for the right arm and hand. The -“ij dosyn tresses” are arming points, laces for attaching various parts -of the armour together. The “vamplates,” “Grapers,” and “Cornallis” are -the furniture of the lances, in their order, the conical or circular -steel hand-guards, metal rings with points which stick into the wooden -blocks in the lance-rests; the coronals, heads of the lance with blunt -points, calculated to catch on to the armour but not to pierce it. -The “bycorne” was the anvil. Illustrations of Grapers, later termed -_burres_, are rare. They are present on the illumination of the joust -at the tilt between John Astley and Pierre de Masse, being shown on a -lance standing ready for use when required. They are for distributing -the force of the shock on impact over the whole body and especially -to lessen the pressure on the wrist; and are placed towards the lower -end of the lance, the space between the graper and the vamplate -constituting the grip. - -The rest of the “Abilment” applies to horse furniture. - - “_To crie a Justus of Pees._” - - We Herrowdys of Armis beryng scheldis of deviis - here we yeve in knowlache un to all Gentill men of - name and of armus. That ther ben vj Gentilmen of name - ＆ of armus. That for the gret desire and worschippe - that the sayde.vj.Gentilmen hath taken up pon them - to be the.iij.day of May nex comyng be fore the hy - ＆ myghtty redowttyd ladys ＆ Gentyll wymmen. in thys - hey ＆ most honorabull Court. And in thayre ᵽsens - the sayde.vj.Gentilmen there to a pere.at.IX.of the - belle.be fore noone.and to Juste a yens all comers wt - oute.on the sayd day.un to.vj.of the belle at after noon. - - And then be the a vise of the sayde ladys ＆ Gentill - wymmen to yeve un to the best Juster wt oute A Diamunde - of.xl.li. - - And un to the nexte the best Just a rube of.xx.li. - And un to the thyrde well Just a sauffer of.x.li. And - on the sayde day there beyng offecers of armis schuyng - thayre mesure of thayre speris garnyst. That ys Cornall - wamplate ＆ grapers all of asyse that they schall.Juste - wt. and that the sayde Comers may take the lengthe of - the sayde speris wt the a vise of the sayde offecers of - armys that schall be in defferant un to all parteys on - the sayde day.” - - _The comyng in to the felde._ - - The. vj. Gentilmen most com in to the felde un - helmyd. and theyre helmes borne be fore tham. ＆ thayre - servants on horsbake beryng eyther of tham a spere - garniste. yt is the sayde.vj. speris. the wheche the - sayde servantis schall ride be fore them in to the - felde. ＆ as the sayde. vj.Gentilmen ben come be fore - the ladyys ＆ Gentilwīmē. Then schall be sent an harawde - of armes up un to the ladys ＆ Gentillwimmen sayyng in - this wise. Hey ＆ myghtti redowtyd ＆ ryght worschypfull - ladys ＆ Gentylwymmen these.vj.Gentill men ben come in - to yowre presens. and recōmaundit ham all un to yowr - goode grace in as lowli wyse as they can.besechyng - you for to gyffe.un to iij.best Justers wt owte.a - Diamownd.＆ a Rube.＆ a Sauffer.un to them that ye thenk - best can deserve hit. - - Thenne this message is doon.then the.vj.Gentill men - goyth un to the tellws and do on theyr helmes. And - when the harrawdis cri a lostell a lostell.then schall - all the.vj.Gentill men wt in un helme them.be fore the - sayde ladyys.and make theyre abeisans and go hom un to - ther loggynges ＆ chaunge them. - - _Now be com the Gentyll men with oute - in to the presens of the ladyys._ - - Then comyth forth a lady.be the a vise of all the - ladiis ＆ Gentill wymmen.＆ yevis the Dyamond unto the - beste Juster wt oute.sayyng in this. wise sere these - ladiis ＆ Gentill wymmen thank yow.for yowr dysport - and yowr gret labur that ye have this day in thayre - presens.and the sayde ladiis and Gentill wymmen sayyn - the ye have beste Just this day.there fore the sayde - ladys ＆ Gentyllwymmen gyff you this Diamunde ＆ sende - yow mych worschyp ＆ ioye of yowr lady. Thus schall be - doon wt the Rube ＆ the Sauffer.un to the other ij nex - the best Justers this don. - - Then schall ye harraude of arms stonde up all on hey - ＆ schall say with a hey voyce.John hath well Justyd. - Rycharde hath Justyd better.＆ Thomas hath Justyd best - of all. - - Then schall he to whom the Diamonde ys gyf un to - he schall take a lady by the honde ＆ be gynnyth the - daunce. and when the ladiis hath dauncyd as longe as - hem lykyth then spisys ＆ wyne ＆ drynke And then a voyde. - -Another illumination depicts a man in the course of being armed for a -combat on foot, his “hanscement” is on his body; the sabatons, greaves -and cuisses, adjusted over his lower limbs; the attendant is fitting -on the breech of mail; and all the remaining pieces of his equipment -are lying on a table ready to be put on in their turn. These consist -of the huge, globose bascinet, the cuirass of breast and back pieces, -the tonletis, vambrace and rerebrace, a moton for the armpit, and a -gauntlet. The “griffus” mentioned are the greaves; the “tonletis,” the -skirt of bases; and the “pensill” is a small banner. - -The accompanying text is as follows:— - - “_How a man schall be armyd at his ese when he schal - fighte on foote._” - - He schal have noo schirte up on him but a dowbelet - of ffustean lynyd with satene cutte full of hoolis.the - dowbelet muste be strongeli boūdē there the poyntis - muste be sette aboute the greet of the arme.and the b - ste (sic) before and behynde and the gussetis of mayle - muste be sowid un to the dowbelet in the bought of - the arme.and undir the arme the armynge poyntis muste - be made of fyne twyne suche as men make stryngis for - crossebowes and they muste be trussid small and poyntid - as poyntis. Also they muste be wexid with cordeweneris - coode.and than they woll neythir recche nor breke Also - a payre hosyñ of stamyn sengill and a peyre of shorte - bulwerkis of thynne blanket to put aboute his kneys - for chawfynge of his lighernes Also a payre of shone - of thikke cordewene and they muste be frette with smal - whipcorde thre knottis up on a corde and thre coordis - muste be faste sowid un to the hele of the shoo and - fyne cordis in the mydill of the soole of the same shoo - and that ther be betwene the frettis of the heele and - the frettis of the myddill of the shoo the space of - thre fyngris. - - _To arme a man._ - - ffirst ye muste sette on Sabatones and tye hem up on - to the shoo with smale poyntis that wol breke And then - griffus ＆ then quisses ＆ thē the breche of mayle And - thē tonletis. And thē brest And the vambras And the - rerebras And then glovys And then hange his daggere - upon his right side And then his shorte swerde upon - the lyfte side in a round rynge all nakid to pulle it - oute lightli And then putte his cote upon his bak And - then his basinet pỹnid up on two greet staplis before - the breste with a dowbill bokill behynde up on the bak - for to make the basinet sitte juste. And then his long - swerde in his hande. And then his pensill in his hande - peyntid of seynt George or of oure lady to blesse him - with as he gooth towarde the felde and in the felde. - -A list of various accessaries and necessaries for a fight on foot is -given; such as a tent, the refreshments, “Also a longe swerde shorte -swerde and dagger Also a pensell to here in his hande of his avowrye,” -also the tools for repairing damaged armour. - -The _Pas de la Pélerine_, held by the Seigneur de Haubourdin Bastard de -St. Pol, and the feat of arms performed between Jacques de Lalain and -an Englishman named Thomas, both took place near St. Omer, before the -Duke of Burgundy and the Comte de Charolais, in the year 1446. Jehan, -Seigneur de Haubourdin, and six others, calling themselves _pélerins_ -(pilgrims), were to hold the _pas_ for six weeks against all comers. -The meeting had been proclaimed in the neighbouring countries; but, -owing to national animosities and other causes prevailing at the time, -only a single cavalier, and he a German fifty years old, attended -from abroad to contest the _pas_. Great preparations had been made: -lists prepared and a tribune, built of stone, erected for the judge. -Two shields were hung in the lists, one representing Sir Lancelot of -the Lake, the other Tristan de Leonnois. The German cavalier touched -the shield of Sir Lancelot, and was given leave to do his devoir in -accordance with the _chapitres d’armes_ drawn up for the occasion. The -duke took his seat on the tribune on the day of combat at 9 a.m., and -soon afterwards the fight with axes began between the German and the -Sire de Haubourdin, who appeared as Sir Lancelot. The German, a tall -man-at-arms, though well up in years, was still vigorous, but not very -expert at the use of the axe. The number of strokes stipulated in the -articles having been exchanged, without injury to either party, the -duke cast his bâton. No other foreign venant presented himself, to the -great disappointment of all concerned. A knight, Bernard de Bearne, -Bastard de Foix, had been on his way to contest the _pas_, but had been -struck down with fever and could not be present in time. - -In the combat on foot between Jacques de Lalain and the Englishman -named Thomas, Lalain fought in light armour, wearing a salade (_sallade -de guerre toute ronde_), leaving his face exposed; while the Englishman -wore heavy armour, his helmet being a visored bascinet. Lalain was -armed with a long-shafted axe, with spikes at the top and bottom, -having on one side a _bec de faucon_, or flook, and on the other a -mallet (_mail rond_) with three prongs. The Englishman’s weapon had -an axe-blade on one side, a hammer-head (_long mail_) on the other, -and spikes top and bottom; it had also a roundel guard. After several -strokes had been exchanged Lalain was wounded on the wrist, in spite of -which the fight continued unabated. Thomas then struck some heavy blows -at his adversary, who stepped suddenly back, so that the Englishman -lost his balance and fell heavily to the ground. This ended the fight. - -Bernard de Bearne, Bastard de Foix, on recovering from his attack of -fever, presented himself at Bruges, ready to fulfil his engagement -at the _Pas de la Pélerine_; but as the time arranged for the course -of that meeting had expired, the _chapitres d’armes_ prepared for it -had ceased to operate. Nevertheless, a combat took place at Bruges -with de Haubourdin, and new articles provided that lances were to be -cast, and then a fight with axes, until one or the other had lost his -weapon. On the day appointed for the duel the Bastard de Foix entered -the lists, in full armour, the back of his jupon embroidered with the -family arms, with the addition of the bâton of illegitimacy. Having -paid his respects to the duke, who acted as umpire, he retired to his -pavilion. De Haubourdin came and went in like manner, his jupon bearing -the cognizance of Sir Lancelot. The champions then re-entered the lists -for battle, both armed with _becs de faucon_, when it was observed that -the weapon of de Bearne was garnished with a long, slender spike, -calculated for easy penetration between the bars of the visor. De -Haubourdin on seeing this had his visor removed, saying that he would -save his adversary the trouble of piercing it. The combatants each -carried a lance in the right hand, an axe and shield in the left. The -fight commenced by the parties hurling their lances at each other; that -of de Haubourdin missed his opponent, but de Bearne’s weapon struck -the shield of his adversary, and glancing off wounded him in the arm. -Hurling their shields at each other, the champions then closed, and -after some heavy strokes had been delivered the duke’s bâton fell.[154] - -De La Marche thus describes a feat of arms which took place on foot and -on horseback between the Seigneur Philippe de Ternant, a Chevalier de -la Toison d’Or, against Galiot de Baltasin, an esquire and chamberlain -to the Duke of Milan, in April, 1446. - -Lists of strong planks, with a double enceinte, had been erected in -a large square in the town of Arras, near the Hostelerie de la Clef. -They were spacious in extent, and within them handsome pavilions had -been pitched for the use of the combatants, and there were gaily -decorated stands for the use of the officials and spectators. On the -day appointed Duke Philip of Burgundy took his seat on the tribune on -the stand overlooking the lists, and with him were his son, the Comte -de Charolais, and his nephew, Adolph de Cléves. On the first day of -the fighting the Seigneur de Ternant entered the lists on horseback, -armed at all points, accompanied by the Seigneur de Beaujeu and the -Comte de Sainct Pol, who acted as his esquires. Dismounting, he paid -his respects to his master the duke, after which he retired to his -pavilion. His adversary entered the lists soon after in like manner, -supported by the Comte d’Étampes, who presented him to the duke. Eight -men-at-arms, holding bâtons in their hands, were posted in the lists -in order to be ready to separate the combatants when necessary and to -carry out the orders of the duke. - -The usual preliminaries having been gone through, each knight made the -sign of the cross and the first encounter commenced, which was a combat -on foot with lances. Baltasin attacked his adversary with such force as -to break the point of his lance; while de Ternant holed the bascinet -of his opponent. The rule as to following up would seem to have been -infringed by Baltasin, for the king of arms now measured the ground -with cords and marked the limits of advance and retirement, seven paces -each way. New lances were issued, and in the next round both weapons -were broken; after which the seven thrusts provided for in the articles -were duly and gallantly accomplished. The next fight was with estocs -and, after some heavy thrusting, the limits of advance and retreat -were again marked, this time five paces each way. On the resumption of -the fight, which is described as terrible, Baltasin’s helmet was again -holed, pieces of armour was shed on both sides and gauntlets broken. -Baltasin then struck de Ternant on the lower end of the right pauldron, -forcing off the coude, and the combatants assailed each other with such -violence that the points of their estocs were broken off and others had -to be supplied. At length the eleven thrusts were duly and gallantly -performed and the combatants retired to their pavilions. - -Then came the fight with hammer-headed axes, the heads having three -prongs, _la mail à maniére de trois coings à fendre bois, point -de poincte de dessous_; and the fifteen strokes provided for were -duly accomplished. The champions were then led before the duke, who -complimented them on their prowess. - -After an interval of a few days the combat on horseback took place. -On the chamfron of the Italian’s horse was a long spike, which was -disallowed by the umpire, and the piece was replaced by another. -De Ternant laid his lance in rest, and his sword was at his belt; -while the Italian held his lance with the right hand, his sword and -the bridle with his left. In the first course De Baltasin evaded -impact with the lance, but spurred his charger at de Ternant’s horse, -apparently with the object of unseating its rider. The Burgundian, -however, kept the saddle, and after some further fighting the combat -ended without hurt to either party. The action by the Italian was a -contravention of one of the laws of the tourney, but it was passed over -by the umpire without remark.[155] - -The first joust of the Comte de Charolais, afterwards Charles the Bold, -then in his eighteenth year, was run in the park at Brussels in 1452. -His father, Duke Philip, selected the redoubted champion Jacques de -Lalain as the first adversary; and a grand tournament was proclaimed -to take place in Brussels soon after. In the trial course the Comte -and Lalain charged each other, the former breaking his lance on the -shield of his opponent, but Lalain passed without touching him with -his lance. The duke was much displeased at this, and ordered that in -the course next following there should be absolute equality between -the parties; and on the signal being given they charged, each knight -breaking his lance fairly and well on the other’s body. This time it -was the duchess who was angry with Lalain, for his dangerous assault -on her son. On the day of the tournament at Brussels in the same year -the Comte de Charolais played his part manfully and well, and in the -evening he was awarded the first prize by the ladies. In the _conte des -finances_ of 1452 there is an item for 360 livres for his outfit.[156] -The tournament had been proclaimed throughout the countries of -chivalry, and was held in honour of the eighteenth birthday of the -Comte de Charolais, in the Rathhausplatz of the city. Five challengers -held the field against all comers. Charles ran in eighteen courses, his -adversaries being, Adolph de Cléves, Seigneur de Ravastain; Wolfart de -Borssele; the Earl of Buchan; Messire de Vere; Jean de la Tremoille; -Charles de Ternant; Jacques de Lalain; and the Seigneur de Bugnicourt. - -The jousting was followed by the quintain, and by a combat on foot. -The meeting concluded with the _mêlée_, after which the prizes were -presented. It was this _pas d’armes_ that was selected for reproduction -at Brussels in 1905. - -Jousting was now frequently combined with masques, mummeries and -pageants. The Duke of Cléves was on a visit to his uncle Philip, Duke -of Burgundy, in 1453; and a series of fêtes was held at Lille in his -honour. During the inaugural banquet a beautiful girl entered the -hall bearing a chaplet of flowers, with which she gracefully crowned -the duke; and it seems that this was the sign that the entertainment -immediately following would be given by him. This duly began on the -morrow, an hour after noon, when a knight of the distinguished order -of the swan issued from the palace, fully armed. It was the Duke of -Cléves who was to hold a joust in the market-place at Lille that day; -he, the tenant, against all comers, being ready to break a lance with -all venans who presented themselves for combat. He was preceded by the -figure of a gigantic swan, of the size of a horse; the bird, on each -side of which marched a savage in his war-paint, led the knight along -by a chain of gold. The knight was encircled by little angels, and was -followed by the duke, who was magnificently dressed. The procession -thus formed marched to the lists, where the knight of the swan tilted -with the Comte de Charolais, the Comte de St. Pol, Sir Anthony, -Bastard of Burgundy, and many others. After the jousting was done the -duke escorted the ladies to the palace, where a banquet was served. -The hall was gorgeously decorated. Facing the upper table a fountain -played, and there was a live lion in the hall. After the company had -taken their seats a holy friar advanced and addressed the duke, urging -him to lead his armies against the infidel; and his grace swore that if -the King of France would engage to leave his dominions in peace he was -ready to march with his entire forces in defence of Christendom.[157] - -A tournament was held on the coronation of King Edward IV, at which the -ring and ruby were won by Lord Stanley. - -The following account is given in _Mémoires de la Marche_[158] of the -_pas d’armes_ held by King Edward IV of England in the year 1467, at -West Smithfield, in which the Bastard of Burgundy took a leading part. -The narration is here much condensed. King Edward had caused lists -of unusual magnificence to be prepared for the occasion, and costly -galleries were erected at the sides. The stand for the accommodation of -the king and his court, his knights and others, was in three stories, -a flight of steps leading up to the umpire’s tribune. The knights -occupied the first story; the esquires, the second; and in the third -were posted the royal archers of the guard. The second erection, lower -than the other, was occupied by the mayor and aldermen of London, -the judges, and other persons in authority: and pavilions, richly -decorated, were pitched for the use of the combatants. In due time the -king ascended the steps of the tribune, preceded by his sword-bearer, -an earl; his majesty was clad in a purple robe and wore the insignia -of the order of the garter; and in attendance was a score or more of -his counsellors. Chairs were provided for the constable and marshal, -and the king took his seat on the tribune as judge. The constable’s -guard of eight men-at-arms then entered the lists and took up their -positions, when a knocking was heard at the gate. It was a knight who -knocked, and the constable asked to know his purpose. “My name,” said -the knight, “is Escallis,[159] and I am come to accomplish a deed of -arms with the Bastard of Burgundy, and demand entrance into the lists -to do my _devoir_.” Permission having been accorded, the knight entered -the lists in full armour, and was followed by ten or a dozen horses, -richly caparisoned, led by pages; and after making his obeisance to -the sovereign he retired to his pavilion. The Bastard of Burgundy then -entered the lists in a like manner, accompanied by the Duke of Suffolk, -who had been deputed by the king to attend him; and in his train were -twelve horses, trapped in cloth of gold and velvet, with the arms of -Burgundy and the bâton of illegitimacy embroidered upon them. After -paying his compliments to the king he also retired to his pavilion. -Both knights re-entered the lists for battle, their lances were handed -to them, and they took up positions for their careers. The onset being -sounded they placed their lances in rest and charged towards each -other, meeting in the centre of the lists, without injury to either -party; then drawing their swords they attacked each other with great -fury. Lord Scales, spurring up his horse, dashed violently against that -of his adversary, the shock of the collision bearing the Burgundian and -his charger to the ground, where the Bastard lay with his horse upon -him. The officials of the lists raised up the fallen champion, when it -was found that he had not sustained any serious injury. The king was -annoyed at this incident; Lord Scales, however, pleaded that it was the -freshness of his horse which had caused the accident. This put an end -to the fighting for the day, and the Bastard retired to his lodgings, -where he was afterwards visited by the constable with a message of -sympathy and enquiry from the king, and an expression of regret at the -accident. “Thank the king,” replied the bastard, “and tell him that -to-day I have fought with a beast, but to-morrow I will engage a man.” - -The champions joined in a combat on foot the next day, with spears, -axes and daggers, the fight to continue until one or other should be -disarmed or borne to the ground. It had been arranged that spears -should be cast, but on the king objecting that part of the proceedings -was omitted. The fight then began. Lord Scales dealt the Bastard some -heavy strokes with his axe, and the Bastard, attacking with great -violence, seriously fractured the armour of his adversary, at which -stage of the combat the king cast his bâton. - -De la Marche was present at the fight. - -Other contests took place on the following day; but on intelligence -arriving of the death of Duke Philippe le Bon, of Burgundy, the meeting -broke up. - -Monstrelet states that the lists were 370 feet long by 250 feet broad, -and gives a somewhat different account of the mounted combat. He -says that the jousting was with pointed lances, and further that the -chamfron of the horse of Lord Scales was garnished with a long steel -spike, which, being thrust into the mouth of the Bastard’s charger, -caused the animal such pain that it reared and at length fell, with its -rider, the Burgundian, underneath. - -Holinshed’s version[160] is as follows:— - - “The first daie they ran togither diurse courses with - sharpe speares, and departed with equall honer. The - next day they turneied on horsseback. The lord Scales - horsse had on his chafron a long sharpe pike of steele, - and as the two champions coped togither, the same - horsse (whether through custome or by chance), thrust - his pike into the nosethrils of the bastard’s horsse; - so that for verie paine he mounted so high, that he - fell on the one side with his maister, and the lord - Scales rode round about him with his sword in his hand, - vntill the King commanded the marshall to helpe vp the - bastard, which openlie said ‘I cannot hold me by the - clouds, for though my horse faileth me, surelie I will - not fail my counter-companion.’” - -The king would not suffer them to do any more that day. On the morrow -the champions fought with pole-axes, when at length the point of the -axe wielded by Lord Scales was thrust into the sight of the Bastard’s -helm with such force that it brought him to his knees, on which the -king cast his bâton. The Bastard wished to fight again, but the umpire -ruled that should the encounter be continued it could only recommence -at the stage reached at the termination of the last combat, with the -Bastard on his knees. On hearing this judgment the Bastard relinquished -his challenge. - -An Ashmolean MS. (111-3b) furnishes the following[161]:—“A demonstracōn -by John Writh alias Garter, to King Edward the Fourth, touching three -Knyghtes of high Almayn wch came to do arms in England, with the -instruccōns by them geven unto the saide Gartr and the articles of -their feates and enterprise.” The year must have been 1473. - -The blending of the tourney with the pageant, mummeries and buffoonery -continued to gain ground, and the sumptuous and costly fêtes held at -Bruges in 1468, on the occasion of the marriage of Charles of Burgundy -with Margaret of York, sister to King Edward IV of England, afford an -excellent example of these combinations. All is minutely described at -great length by de la Marche.[162] He gives details of the dresses, -ceremonial and armour, and full particulars of each joust; he also -names the historic personages taking part. The plot of the leading -pageant, if it can be called a plot, is inconsequent, though staged -with great splendour and elaboration. There were tableaux of the Twelve -Labours of Hercules, and many allegorical representations. - -Lists were erected in the Grande Place, and just within them stood -_l’arbre d’or_, a great fir-tree, the trunk of which was gilded over, -and it was this tree which lent its name to the fête. The Bastard of -Burgundy and Adolf de Cléves, Seigneur de Ravastain, cousin-german to -the duke, assumed the rôle of Chevaliers de L’Arbre d’Or, and they were -to hold the _pas_ in its defence. The fêtes were arranged to extend -over ten days. On the first day the duke took his seat on the tribune, -and a “poursuivant-at-armes,” clad in the livery of _l’arbre d’or_, -handed him a letter from the princess of an unknown isle, in which she -proffers her favour to any knight who would deliver a certain giant -from captivity, whom she had placed under the guardianship of her -dwarf. The dwarf, gaily dressed in crimson and white satin, now entered -the arena, leading in the giant by a chain, and, binding him to the -golden tree, took up a position on a flight of steps, with a trumpet -and sand-glass in his hands. The dwarf then sounded a note on his -trumpet, and turned the sand-glass, which was timed for half an hour, -at the expiration of which Adolf de Cléves, as Chevalier de L’Arbre -d’Or, who was to open the _pas_, knocked at the gate of the lists, -and the pursuivant demanded his name and errand. “I am come,” said -he, “to accomplish the adventure of the giant, and demand admission.” -The blazon of his arms having been submitted to the judge it was hung -suspended on the tree, and the dwarf admitted him. De Ravastain was -borne into the lists in a litter, carried on the backs of two black -horses, and made a brilliant entrance with his team of drummers and -trumpeters on the march; his robe was of velvet, the colour of leather, -trimmed with ermine, and on his head was a cardinal’s hat. His handsome -charger, richly caparisoned, bore a pair of panniers on his back, -between which a court fool was seated, and it followed the litter, led -by a varlet. The duchess was seated on her tribune, and the chevalier, -throwing away his hat, knelt down before her and set forth the details -of the rôle he had assumed, praying for her permission to carry out -his plan. This being graciously accorded, he retired to his pavilion -to arm him, re-entering the lists on horseback. The dwarf then gave -the signal for the jousting, and the venans, sumptuously arrayed and -brilliantly attended, were successively disposed of. After they had -been dealt with, the dwarf again blew his trumpet and the prize was -presented to de Cléves. The cavaliers then jousted each with a _gros -planchon blanc_, but without touching each other; and the first day’s -proceedings finished with a banquet. Jousts of different kinds, dinners -and entertainments continued over each succeeding day of the fêtes. -On the sixth day the Bastard of Burgundy had his leg nearly broken; -on the eighth the Sire Philippe de Poictiers was wounded; and on the -ninth day Duke Charles jousted with his kinsman, de Ravastain, breaking -eight spears to eleven by his opponent. The prize was a _destrier_, -richly accoutred, provided with panniers, and in them was an entire -jousting equipment of the Bastard of Burgundy. The prize was won by the -Sire de Arguel, who had broken thirteen lances on the third day of the -fêtes. In keeping account of the splintered lances, the _articles du -pas_ determine how they shall be broken:—“_car nulles lances ne furent -tenues pour rompues, s’il n’y avoit quatre doigts de franc au-dessous -du roquet, ou devant la grape_.” The lances for every contest were -always carefully measured before being used, so that they were of equal -length. - -The lists were cleared of the tilt and stands, and the _mêlée_ began, -there being twenty-five cavaliers on each side. They fought with -rebated swords, and with such ardour that all signals to stop were -disregarded, and it was only when the duke rode in among them unhelmed, -sword in hand, that they could be induced to cease fighting and go and -prepare for the banquet which was to follow. - -Philip de Commenes was present and tilted with Jerom of Cambrai. The -banquet was served on a splendid scale, and the side tables were -curiously embellished. On one of the dishes was the figure of a unicorn -the size of a horse, with a leopard on his back waving the banner of -England in one hand, and holding in the other a _fleur de marguerite_. -The unicorn was trapped in silk, on which were embroidered the arms of -England. A _fleur de marguerite_ was presented to the duke by the hand -of a little female dwarf belonging to Marie of Burgundy. The dwarf was -dressed as a shepherdess, in cloth of gold, and was mounted on a huge -lion, bearing the arms of Burgundy, which opened its mouth by means of -springs, and chanted a poem in honour of the beautiful shepherdess. -There were many more mechanical contrivances; and on the last day -of the fêtes a whale sixty feet long entered the hall, escorted by -two giants. The whale wagged its tail and fins; its eyes were great -mirrors, and when it opened its mouth sirens issued from it, chanting -most melodiously. After further conceits the two giants were swallowed -by the whale. - -A copy of a very quaint manuscript, portions of it written at -different times in the reign of Edward IV and up to that of Henry -VIII, is given in _Archæologia_ of the year 1846. It describes the -marriage ceremony and the pageants, remarking as to the latter:—“the -pageantes wear so obscure, that I fere me to writ or speke of them, -because all was cuntenaunce and no wordes.” - -As to the excitement of the _mêlée_ and the disregard of the signals -and commands to cease fighting, the MS. says:—“the Duke unhelmed hyme, -and with a great staffe his person charged pece in paine of deth, and -soe wt great labore he droffe the parties asounder.” - -There was not much tourneying at the court of Burgundy after this, -for Duke Charles was too busily and constantly engaged in military -enterprises against his neighbours; and, indeed, his ambitious, -predatory and headstrong career was fast drawing to a close, ending, -in fact, in 1477 on the fatal field of Nancy. The jousting traditions -of his house passed over through his daughter, his only child, to -the Austrian and German courts, under Maximilian: and it is to these -countries, more especially, to which we must now turn for the history -of the tournament in its decline. - -In the same year as the fêtes at Bruges, 1468, a joust was held in -front of the king’s hotel at the Tournelles, Paris; the challengers -against all comers being four gentlemen of the company of the Seneschal -of Normandy. John Raquier hastened from Rouen to take part, and he -broke five lances with distinction; then came Marc Senamy and two sons -of Sir John Sanguin, who all acquitted themselves well, after whom -Charles de Louviers, cup-bearer to the king, jousted successfully, and -the prize of the day was adjuged to him. After all these encounters the -tenans were much bruised, two of them carried their arms in slings and -a third was severely wounded in the hand; so that the honours of the -meeting lay with the venans.[163] - - “At the marriage of Richard, duke of York, son of - Edward IV, with Ann Mowbray, daughter to the duke of - Norfolk in 1477, six gentlemen challenged all comers at - the _Just Roial_, with _helme_ and _shield_, - in manner accustomed. - - “Secondly, To runne in _Ostling[164] harneis_ alonge - a tilte. - - “And thirdly, to strike certaine strokes with swoards - and guise of _torney_.”[165] - -A narrative by an eye-witness of this marriage and “of the grand -justing then celebrated” is given in the Ashmolean MS. No. 856, -94-104,[166] which is at least as curious as the account of the -jousting of Anthony Lord Scales with the Bastard of Burgundy. It was -published by W. H. B. in the _Excerpta Historica_, in June, 1830. - - “In the reign of Henry VII certaine gentlemen who - stiled themselves servants of Ladie Maie, in honour - of that month, gave a challenge to be performed at - Greenwiche; the articles run thus:— - - “_Imprimis_, The fourteenth daie of Maie, shall be - redye in the field certaine gentlemen, perteyning to - the Ladye Maie, armed for the tilt, in harneis therunto - accustomed; and there to kepe the fielde (in such place - as it shall please the kynge to appoint) from 2 of the - clocke, til 5 at the afternoone, to run with every - commer 8 courses; and thus the answerers all answered - and served, that than if there be any that desireth for - their Ladyes sake other 4 courses, it shall be granted, - so the hower be not past, if it be then at the queenes - pleasure. - - “The second day, to shoot Standart Arrowe and fighte, - with all commers; he that shootes the standart furthest - to have a prise, and so in like case of the arrows of - the flight. - - “The third day with swordes rebated (without points - or edges) to strike with any commer 8 strokes in way of - pleasure; and four strokes more for any of the commers - mistress sake, under the above restrictions, (and the - queen’s pleasure). - - “The fourth day to wrestle all manner of ways. - - “The fifth day, armed to fighte on foote, with - speares in their hands rebated, and then swordes by - their sides for the battle; and then with speare and - sworde to defend their barriers; that is to say, with - spears 8 strokes, whereof two with foyne (thrusts) and - 6 strokes; and that done, to drawe their swordes and - strike 8 strokes every man, to his best advantage, with - gripe or otherwise; and four strokes for a lady, under - the above restrictions. - - “The sixth day to cast the barre on foote, and with - the arme both heavie and light. - - “At these _tournois_ the challenger doth engage - to come in _harneis_ for the tilt, without targe or - brockett, _woalant piece over the head_,[167] rondall - over the garde, rest of advantage, fraude, deceit, or - other malengine. - - “And some time after four gentlemen challenged all - commers at Greenwich: To the feate called barriers, - with the casting speare, and the targatt and the - bastarde sworde.[168] And one cast with the speare - hedded with the morn (coronal), and 17 strokes with - the sworde, point and edge rebated; without close or - griping one another with handes, upon paine of such - punishment, as the judges for the tyme being should - thinke requisite.” - -“The tilts, we find, were performed with long tilting spears, on -horseback; and when their lances were broken, they often took to -their swords as well as axes”: see the method of challenge in the -description of the plates in the life of Earl Warwick, and the manner -of performing, Plates 35, 36, ＆ 37, etc.[169] - -Caxton, writing in the reign of Edward IV, in his epilogue to _The book -of the Order of Chyvalry and Knyghthode_, says:— - - “I wold it pleasyd our soverayne Lord that twyes or - thryes in a yere, or at least ones, he wold do crye - _Justes of pees_, to thende that every knyght shold - have hors and haryneys, and also the use and craft of - a knyght, and also to torneye one ageynste one, or ij - ageynst ij; and the best to have a prys, a dyamond, - or jewel, such as shold please the prynce. Thys shold - cause gentylmen to resorte to thauncyent customes of - chyvalry, to grate fame and renōmee, and also to be - alway redy to serve theyr prynce when he shalbe calle - them or have nede.” - -A superb representation on tapestry of a _mêlée_ which took place late -in the fifteenth century, worked at Malines, is now at Valenciennes; -and it is remarkable for its technical accuracy. The jousting is over; -and a combat with sharp swords in progress. Broken lances, a helmet, a -broken helm, fragments of crests, _grelots_ and other debris shed in -the contest lie on the ground among the horse’s hoofs. The helmets are -armets of the older form, of which there are existing examples spread -over the collections of Europe. This type has hinged side-pieces and -opens out from the middle for inserting and withdrawing the head of -the wearer; and it is fastened together with a leathern strap. There -is a small circular disk projecting from the back of the helmet, -as well as a collar in front and over the neck behind, to which a -necklet of chain-mail is fixed by a line of rivets. The comb of the -helmet is holed for the attachment of a crest and the visor projects -in a sort of beak. The disk is fixed to one side of the back of the -head-piece by a thin iron connecting pin or bar. Its use or purpose -is difficult to imagine and has given rise to much controversy, but -none of the explanations advanced are at all convincing, for the bar -or connecting pin is too slender to protect the neck from a sword -stroke or even to shield from injury the strap at the back which holds -the helmet together. This type fell into disuse at the commencement -of the sixteenth century. The armour shown on the figures is fairly -uniform. A long mail shirt with sleeves is worn, and it is much less -covered with plate than might be expected at the end of the fifteenth -century. The forms of the pauldrons, neck-guards, globose breastplate, -“bear-paw,” or “cow-mouth” sollerets (as they were called), tuilles, -tassets, and bases all mark the period, which other historic features -on the tapestry confirm. Motons appear on only one of the figures, and -they are pear-shaped; in the case of the other front figures there is -no defence for the armpits beyond the chain-mail shirt. The lances are -both grooved and plain, the vamplates, circular. An unusual feature -is the presence of three long, narrow, label-shaped plates or bars, -ridged down the middle, with small circular eyes at the tops, through -which screws or rivets are passed, attaching them to the back rim of -the armet. The back-plates are low, reaching but half-way up, and these -three plates or bars form the only defence for the upper back outside -the mail shirts. They appear to be adjustable to a certain extent. The -middle plate is the longest of the three, extending down the spine of -the wearer to over the top of the low back-plate; while the side-bars, -equal in length, reach well over the pauldron wings. The horses are all -barded in leather, with chamfrons and crinets apparently of iron; and -none of the animals are trapped. The bridles are of chain-mail, framed -in iron. The tapestry measures 4·70 m. to 5·60 m. in size, and part of -it is shown on Plate I (2). - -In the year 1487 Johannes, Duke of Saxony, ran in _Gestech_ with Cuntz -Metzschen at Jena, and both riders kept their seats. They wore armour -such as described in Plate IX (1): the motons were very ornate. On the -duke’s helm were two small black flags, on which the letter “M” was -embroidered, in honour of his wife, Sophie of Mecklenburg. His trapper -and shield were black, with violet, yellow, and white stripes. - -A “Solemne Triumphe” was held at Richmond, which lasted a whole month, -at which Sir James Parker was killed, in 1494.[170] - -The two most important armouries are those at Vienna and Madrid; but -for the study of the tourney that at Dresden is the best. Indeed, much -of the armour there has remained, practically _in situ_, since it was -in use, and many of the harnesses can be attributed with certainty, -both as regards wearers and makers. In the _Tournierwaffensaal_ -several of the mounted models have sat their horses since the year -1591. At Dresden may be seen examples of the saddles, horse muzzles, -weapons, bards and trappers; and even the textile costumes worn over -and under the armour, as well as the small accessories and tools, may -be studied. Besides these armouries, those at Paris, Berlin, Turin, -Nuremberg, the Tower of London, and the Wallace Collection, are large -and comprehensive. - -The German _Turnierbücher_ and jousting in Germany will be dealt with -in the next chapter. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[139] _Mémoirs de la Marche_, Liv. I, Chaps. VIII and IX. - -[140] A short thrusting sword. - -[141] A stout foining sword. - -[142] “Double ou single.” _Chroniques de Monstrelet_, Liv. II, 835. -This would imply an option to use reinforcing pieces or not; for some -of the foreign cavaliers might not be provided with them at this time. - -[143] The Vamplate. - -[144] The italics are ours. - -[145] See Appendix B. - -[146] _Mémoires de la Marche_, I, Chap. XVI; and _Histoire Des Ducs De -Bourgogne_, II, 63. - -[147] See Appendix A. - -[148] Sainte-Palaye in _Mémoires sur L’Ancienne Chevalerie_, Vol. 1, -15, defines and describes the different grades and sorts of esquires. - -[149] MS. 506. Rights due att the Tournay. “Firste the Kinge of -Armes....” See Appendix A. - -[150] _Arch. Journ._, XLVI, 135. - -[151] Hist. de, Ch. VII, p. 568. - -[152] Class XVI, No. 5. - -[153] The Armouries of the Tower of London, p. 440. - -[154] _Mémoires D’Olivier De La Marche_, I, chap. XVIII. - -[155] _Mémoires de la Marche_, I, Chap. XIV. - -[156] Histoire des Ducs De Bourgogne, II, 90. - -[157] Monstrelet’s _Chronicle_, (Continuation) Johnes’ II. Chap. LXIII. - -[158] Liv. I, Chap. XXXVII. - -[159] Anthony Woodville, Lord Scales, brother to the Queen of England. - -[160] _Chronicles_, III, 286. - -[161] See Appendix A. - -[162] Liv. II, Chap. IV. - -[163] Monstrelet, _Continuation_, Chap. CLXIX. - -[164] Easterling. - -[165] “Certaine Triumphes,” a MS. in Bib. Harl. insig., No. 69. See -Appendix B. - -[166] See Appendix A. - -[167] The Italics are ours. - -[168] Hand and a half sword. - -[169] MS. in Bib. Harl. insig., Cod. 69. See Appendix B. - -[170] _Archæological Journal_, LV, 299. - - - - -CHAPTER VI - - -Much that is fanciful and unreal has been written about the tournament, -and it is only in recent times that the knowledge of the subject -has been placed on a more scientific basis, through the labours and -researches of Querin von Leitner, Cornelius Curlitt, Boeheim, Dillon, -Haenel and others, who have built on the valuable foundations laid by -earlier writers on the subject. In France the subject has received but -scant attention in recent times. - -The contemporary literature in France and England concerning the -tournament of the sixteenth century is much less voluminous than that -written in the fifteenth, and the narrations of chroniclers greatly -lack that technical knowledge which characterizes the work of their -predecessors, who belonged to a higher class of society. The contrast, -indeed, in their treatment of these meetings is very marked, in that -comparatively little attention is devoted by the later writers to the -martial sports themselves, while the pageantry and dresses closely -connected with them absorb most of the matter of their narrations. -This is perhaps an indication of a diminished public interest in -the tournament in these countries; and but for the fuller and more -circumstantial German records it would be difficult to present any -comprehensive account of its ramifications during the sixteenth -century and to the time when it fell into disuse. There are many -records relating to the tournament in the College of Arms, London, -and among the Ashmolean, Harleian and Cottonian MSS.[171]; whilst the -_Chronicles_ of Hall and Holinshed also afford much information. De -Pluvinal, in _Maneige Royal_, published in 1625, gives some interesting -particulars of jousting in its later stages, and Ménestrier, in _Traité -des Tournois, Jousts, Carrousels, &c._, when it had almost ceased being -practised. - -The institution had attained its highest development in most of the -countries of chivalry in the first half of the fifteenth century, and -the sixteenth saw its rapid decline. It had become more and more a -mere sport and pastime, and had lost much of its former dignity in -being so closely associated with mummeries and the pageant. All the -safeguards instituted in the fifteenth century had become accentuated -in the sixteenth to a degree making serious accidents very rare; and -the introduction of barriers in combats on foot, and the employment -of lances in these contests, apart from the preliminary casting, so -often described in the narrations of such encounters of the fifteenth -century, had greatly changed their character, and made them much less -dangerous. - -In admitting cavaliers to the tournament kings of arms were particular -to exclude all who were not of noble birth, with the requisite number -of descents. The bâton of illegitimacy, however, was no bar to the -admission of the bastards of princely houses, who were generally -accepted in society on an apparently equal footing with nobles of the -highest rank. - -The prizes awarded were often a wreath, a ring, a sword, helmet, jewel -or a charger; at a joust held at Weimar in 1534 they consisted of a -spur, a sword and a lady’s slipper, all of gold. - -Many new forms of jousting were introduced in Germany late in the -fifteenth and during the sixteenth centuries, though most of them -were derived from three main courses with but trivial differences -from them. Some of the variants were conceived with a view to the -introduction of some striking or humorous novelty; and, in fact, the -passion for theatrical effect then prevailing in Germany, brought about -some extraordinary mechanical absurdities as applied to jousting. The -intricacies of the various courses would seem to have been somewhat -perplexing even to the generations by whom they were practised, and -they are, of course, much more difficult to disentangle now. - -It was in Germany that the bulk of the jousting harnesses of the -sixteenth century were made, and in that country the contemporary -literature over the period in question concerning the tournament is -most considerable. - -The tournament records of the emperor Maximilian I and those of the -ruling princes of the German Empire are of the first importance in -the history of the tournament of the period, for it was at the courts -of these sovereigns that such sports were most practised in their -various phases, and when they reached their greatest development. -The tournament, with its attendant pageants and mummeries, played a -leading part in the weekly routine of the relaxation and amusements -of these princes and their chivalry, a part perhaps second only to -the chase; and these records bring the actual details of the various -courses vividly before us in the many carefully executed drawings -representing them which have been preserved. Most of them deal with the -tournament of the sixteenth century, though some of the combats of the -last quarter of the fifteenth are recorded and illustrated; and while, -perhaps, none of the drawings are strictly speaking contemporaneous -with the events they depict many of them were copied from older -pictures, so that taken as a whole the details given are more reliable -than most of the other sources of information. - -The most precious among these tourney-books is the _Freydal_ of -Maximilian I, a work of the year 1515, in which the emperor’s combats -in the lists, with the accompanying mummeries, are pictured. - -The allegorical name “Freydal” is one of those assumed by the emperor -in his knightly character. Maximilian was born in 1459, elected emperor -in 1494, and died in 1520. He began his jousting career when quite -a youth, and took a leading and personal part in the compilation -of _Freydal_, dictating some of the text to his secretary Max -Trytssaurwein in 1511; and, indeed, he corrected some of the proofs -with his own hand. He selected for the book the examples of the various -courses in which he was engaged, in almost all of which he appears as -the victor. These instructions as to the choice of the subjects of the -plates are of great value to the student, and are given in Appendix -D. The personal character of the work adds much to its interest and -importance in the history of the tournament. - -The admirable reproduction of _Freydal_ by Querin von Leitner, issued -under the directions of Franz, Grafen Folliot De Grenneville,[172] -leaves little to be desired. There are 255 plates arranged in series of -_Rennen_, _Stechen_, foot combats and a _mêlée_, all depicting courses -in which Maximilian had “_gerennt_, _gestochen_ und _gekämpft_.”[173] -The work is valuable from many points of view, for it includes a -register of the prominent personages of the time, and full particulars -of the colours, trappers, arms and crests of the cavaliers taking part, -together with the costumes of the mummers and others, besides some -genealogical notes. - -_Freydal_ is one of a series of chronicles somewhat similar in -character, comprising _Theuerdank_, _Weisskünig_, _Triumph of -Maximilian_ and _Ehrenpforte_; all were written with a view to the -glorification of the emperor and his reign. _Freydal_ is the emperor’s -testament to posterity of his career in the tiltyard, and, with the -accompanying mummeries he initiated, forms a knightly tribute to the -memory of his much lamented consort Mary of Burgundy. A poem in the -work follows, which illustrates the spirit of vanity and the somewhat -frivolous character of the monarch:— - -RITTER FREYDALB[174] - - Nun ver von kurtzweil lesen wil - Vnd lustbarlichen dingen, - der nem fur sich die ritterspil, - da ainr nach eer thut ringen, - als ritter Freydalb hat gethon - Aus ritterlichem gmute - Auf mengen adelichen plon. - Sein tugent vnd auch gute - ist allermenigelich offenbar, - wie er konndt tryumphiern - mit rennen, stechen kempfen zwar - Auch tantzen vnd thurniern - damit er in sein jungen tagen, - Als ir hie horen werden - grose freyd ynd ruem do hat erjagen, - (Seins gleich lebt nit auf erden). - -_Theuerdank_ is a narration of Maximilian’s journey to Ghent to wed the -heiress of Charles the Bold, with an account of his adventures by the -way, and the story of his courtship. It was written by the emperor for -the instruction of Charles V when a youth. There are 117 wood-cuts by -Hans Schaufflein. - -_Weisskünig_ is the story of his life and government. - -_The Triumph_ describes the progress and achievements of his reign, as -typified by the picture of the triumphal car running through it. It -was written in 1512, greatly at the emperor’s own dictation; and the -illustrations depict jousters fully equipped for some of the various -courses of the tournament. - -_The Ehrenpforte_ is a monument to the glory of the Emperor’s name and -house. - -In the tourney-book of Maximilian belonging to the Prince of -Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen the spirited illustrations are by the hand -of Hans Burgmaier, of Augsburg, an able coadjutor of the great -armour-smith Koloman Colman of the same city, surnamed Helmschmidt. - -Of great interest and importance are the three original tourney books -of the Saxon Electors—Johanns _des Beständigen_, Johann Friedrichs _des -Grozmüthigen_, and August, scoffingly called by Carlyle, if we remember -rightly, the _physically_ strong. They are in three volumes, which are -preserved in the public library at the Japanese Palace, Dresden. The -illustrations, which number over 300, are water-colour drawings on -parchment, and they depict the courses of _Rennen_, _Stechen_,[175] and -a _mêlée_, as run by those princes during their reigns; they afford -characteristic records of these knightly sports from the year 1487 to -1566. The earlier jousts of the _Kurfürst_ Johann begin towards the end -of the fifteenth century, the others following in the sixteenth; while -the third volume, executed in 1584, includes fifty-five drawings of the -courses of _Scharfrennen_ and _Gestech_ run by the _Kurfürst_ August, -the last taking place in February, 1566, at Dresden. The drawings are -by Heinrich Göding, of Brunswick, the court painter, and many of them -would seem to have been copied from an earlier work. - -There is also an old copy of one of the books in the royal library at -Veste Coburg. Professor Haenel, the Curator of the Johanneum Collection -of Arms and Armour at Dresden, has reproduced a selection of the plates -in the three volumes of the joustings of the Saxon _Kurfürsts_, two of -them coloured as in the originals, the others plain (published under -the auspices of _Die Verein für historische Waffenkunde_, Dresden, -1910). The book supplies a long-felt want, for the original volumes are -not easy of access. - -In the _Gewehrgalerie_ at the Johanneum, Dresden,[176] are twenty-nine -paintings in oils by the same artist as those in the tourney-books, -and they depict courses run in _Scharfrennen_ by the _Kurfürsts_. -These pictures are of even greater value than the drawings in the -tourney-books in being painted on a larger scale, and giving more -details both of the courses themselves and the general surroundings of -the lists. One of them, like the last picture in the tournament-book, -Vol. III, depicts the last joust of the _Kurfürst_ August, run against -his ennobled master-armourer Hans Dehn, in the year 1566; and it bears -the title, “_Ein Rennen mit Hannss Dehnen gethan, der ist alleine -gefallen. Ao 66 im Februar zu Dressten an der Festnacht_.” This -oil-painting is hung in a bad light, and is darkened by age, but a -close examination reveals the fact that the riders and horses are only -models, stuffed with straw, their hoofs attached to low four-wheeled -bogies. The figures are impelled to charge by a mechanical apparatus; -ropes, running along the bogies and beyond, are visible, but the -machinery itself for setting the models in motion is hidden from view. -These models, as stated on the picture, formed part of a Carnival -mummery, held at court. The painting exhibits the moment when Hans -Dehn is in the act of being hurled from his horse by the _Kurfürst_, -his lance falling to the ground; while the prince is holding up his -left hand in the manner customary after impact. The _Kurfürst_ wears a -jousting-salade, with a crest of plumes; the usual shield; bases and -jousting-cuisses. The legs and feet are unarmoured. The lance is stout, -rounded, adorned with puffs, and headed with a small conically formed -sharp tip; the vamplate is very large. The horse bears an enriched -collar and a spiked chamfron, while plumes adorn the head and tail. The -saddle is without cantle, the object of the course being unhorsing; the -trapper, reaching down to the horse’s houges, is painted with stars, -foliations and the arms (viz. a lion _rampant_). - -[Illustration: _PLATE III_ - -MAXIMILIAN I ENGAGED IN _HOHENZEUGGESTECH_] - -About the end of the seventeenth century the models of horses used for -the display of armour in the Tower of London were mounted on casters, -and guide books of the period and later state that they had been -employed in practising tilting and running at the ring. This could -hardly have been the case as regards these particular models, their -purpose having been doubtless merely for convenience in moving and -cleaning. These statements were, however, founded on the fact that -there had been horses fitted with mechanical contrivances for impelling -them forward towards one another for the purpose of practising the -joust and its kindred military sports. In the years 1672 and 1673 -patents were taken out in England for models of horses fitted with -mechanical appliances for the purpose in question,[177] and the joust -at Dresden on Twelfth-night, 1566, shows that they were not confined to -this country. - -The subjects of the paintings and embroideries on trappers in the -sixteenth century were often humorous, religious, and sometimes even -political in character. An example shows a barrel of gunpowder in the -act of explosion and a pair of sweethearts standing before it kissing. -Another exhibits a man standing in the street, clad only in his shirt, -being well soused with water thrown from an open window. A religious -example deals with the struggle in progress between the propaganda of -reform as against the Church of Rome, wherein a monk and a Lutheran -divine are seen fighting for the globe amid lightning and hail; the -waves of the sea, peopled by monsters of the deep, advancing menacingly -towards them. - -The mottoes are often curious and suggestive, for instance:— - - “_Was achte ich des Monden Schein, - wenn mir die Sonne gnedig sein._”[178] - -Another:— - - “_Niemand weisz mein Sinn - Ob ich ein Fuchs od Hase bin._”[179] - -The humorous devices painted were sometimes groups of owls, hares, mice -or foxes. Trappers were usually armoried. - -The contract price for a complete harness for the tiltyard in the -second half of the sixteenth century was usually from 100 to 200 -_thalers_ (£20 to £40), rather a wide margin; though anything extra -special in the way of enrichment would often cost much more. August -_Kurfürst_ of Saxony ordered from Peffenhaüser of Augsburg in 1582 a -“_Stechkürass fur die Pallier[180] mit allen Doppelstücken, und alle -Stücke zum Freirennen und Fussturnier 200 Thalers_,” i.e. a harness for -jousting at the tilt with the reinforcing pieces thereto appertaining, -together with the additional pieces for _Freirennen_ and _Fussturnier_. -A more ordinary suit “_ein anderer, schlichter, gemeiner Kürass_” is -offered at 100 _thalers_. Four _thalers_ “_Tringeld_” for each suit -was usually added. A _Feldkürass_ (a hoasting harness) was cheaper, -say 60 to 80 _thalers_ according to quality. Prices had advanced -since the beginning of the century. In 1511, September 16, “Conrad -Seusenhofer receives for two suits of armour for his Imperial Majesty -and one for the English Embassy 211 _florins_.”[181] - -1512. Sept 13. “Payments made by Thomas Wuley on the King’s behalf to a -certain merchant of Florence for 2000 complete harnesses called Almayne -rivets according to pattern in the hands of John Douncy, accounting -alway a salet, a gorget, a breastplate, a back-plate and a pair of -splints for every complete harness at 16s a set.”[182] Such last-named -suits were for the soldiery and without armour for the arms and legs. - -Hans Schwenkh’s _Wappenmeisterbuch_, the tourney-book of Duke William -IV of Bavaria, in the Royal Library at Munich, commences in 1510. It -was compiled by Frederich von Schlichtegroll in 1807, it exhibits -eight separate forms of the tourney, and covers the jousting of the -duke in the first quarter of the sixteenth century together with later -examples. The illustrations are faithfully reproduced on stone by the -brothers Theobald and Clemens Senefeder, with an explanatory text by -Schlichtegroll. - -The tourney-book of Duke Henry of Braunschweig-Lüneburg is at Berlin; -that of the Pole Zuganoviez Stanislaus of the year 1574 in the Dresden -Historical Museum. - -Several forms of jousting, combats on foot and the tourney prevailing -in the fifteenth century have been lightly touched upon, and a more -detailed statement of the leading courses now follows, together with an -account of their more important variants. - -The main courses of the jousts are:— - - 1. Courses run in the lists with lances rebated or - tipped with coronals, without a tilt or barrier - between the jousters; the chief object in view - being the splintering of lances and unhorsing. - - 2. Courses of courtesy run in the lists with sharp - lances, also without a tilt; the main desideratum - being unhorsing. - - 3. Courses run with lances tipped with coronals, in - which the jousters charged along a tilt which was - between them. In this course the chief object in - view was the splintering of lances. - -There are many variants in the first two groups. - -These three classes were practised more or less in all the countries of -chivalry in the sixteenth century, though outside Germany it was the -joust at the tilt which was commonly run. In the Fatherland and Austria -these courses were known respectively as the _Gestech_ or _Stechen_, -_Scharfrennen_ or _Rennen_, and the _Welsch Gestech_ or Italian joust. - -The type of joust run in the lists without a barrier or tilt, the -lances tipped with coronals, is a very old one, though it had been -subjected to a gradual modification and the application of safeguards -as the centuries had advanced. The horses were blindfolded, so that -they should not flinch or jib at the moment of impact, and so deflect -the aim of the rider; and the animals were also sometimes rendered deaf -by the stopping of their ears with wool, and they were often muzzled. -Except in the case of one German variant of this class, the legs of the -riders were without armour, these limbs being sufficiently protected by -the saddle-steels. A chamfron, sometimes spiked, covered the face of -the horse, and a crinet its neck. A cushion or mattress (_Stechkissen_ -or _Bourrelet_), filled with straw, hung from the saddle-bow, covering -the chest of the animal, to act as a buffer when there were collisions, -which frequently happened in the absence of a tilt; and, indeed, in -such cases one or both chargers, with their riders, often fell. An -illustration of this cushion is given in the _Tourney Book of René -d’Anjou_, and another by Boeheim in his _Waffenkunde_, drawn after an -actual example, which is believed to have belonged to Maximilian I, and -now forms part of the superb collection of arms and armour at Vienna. -The horse was usually barded in leather, which did not extend to the -front, and a trapper, painted with various devices, covered its body. -The saddle employed in Class 1, which weighs about 10·2 _kilos._, has a -high squared plate in front reaching to the jouster’s breast, and there -are short steels, though no cantle; so that unhorsing was of frequent -occurrence. The head-piece of this class was the great jousting-helm. -This course involved much more skill and initiative in the jouster and -a more careful training of the horse than did the joust at the tilt. -This class of joust was much practised in Germany under the general -name “_Gestech_” or its abbreviation “_Stechen_,” and was in three -forms: - - (a) _Das Gestech im hohen Zeug_ or _Hohenzeuggestech_, - known in France as _Joûte à la haute barde_. - - (b) _Das gemeine deutsche Gestech._ _La Joûte Allemand._ - - (c) _Das Gestech im Beinharnisch._ _Joûte au harnois de - jambe._ - -The joust in Germany was a ruder sport than that practised in other -countries, and unhorsing very frequently took place. - -_Hohenzeuggestech_ is an older form of the group, its main object -being the splintering of lances. In this course the jouster sat high -up on his horse in a saddle formed like a well, and his body being -well supported on all sides unhorsing was impossible as long as the -animal kept its legs and the girths held. This form of saddle had -been employed in the _Kolbenturnier_ or baston course (i.e. a duel on -horseback with heavy bastons or maces), which prevailed during the -fifteenth century and which has been described. The protection on the -saddle front in _Hohenzeuggestech_ rises over the rider’s breast, a -broad band of iron encircles his body, and the steels are long and -broad. The saddle weighs about 12 _kilos._ The horse ran blindfolded -in a leather bard and trapper of cloth; the rider’s legs and feet were -encased in hose and well-padded shoes, no armour being necessary, as -the saddle-steels afforded ample protection. The mobility of both man -and horse must have been much restricted by the heavy armament and -by the blindfolding and the thick cushion over the breast. The heavy -Flemish horses “did not vanish from their posts like lightning and -close in the centre of the lists like a thunderbolt,” but charged at an -amble. - -Plate III pictures Maximilian armed for _Hohenzeuggestech_, as shown in -_Freydal_, Plate 98. - -_Das gemeinedeutsche Gestech._ In this course the object was unhorsing, -or at least the splintering of a lance on an opponent’s shield. In -_Freydal_ there are eighteen illustrations of this form of joust. The -armour for the course underwent a complete change about the beginning -of the fifteenth century, a special form of harness having been -designed for it. The legs and feet were without armour. - -Plate IV illustrates two harnesses for the German joust (_Gestech_ or -_Stechen_). Both date in the last quarter of the fifteenth century, -that with tassets being the later of the two. They are now at Paris. - -[Illustration: _PLATE IV_ - -TWO HARNESSES FOR THE GERMAN JOUST OR _GESTECH_. AT PARIS.] - -Plate IX (1) pictures a suit in the Wallace Collection, London,[183] -for the _Gestech_ (_Stechen_). It is very heavy, weighing about a -hundredweight, leaving the wearer with little other mobility than was -needed to couch and aim his lance; it had evidently seen some service, -and bears the dents of many jousts. It is the only complete armour of -this kind that we know of in this country. The great jousting-helm -weighs about twenty pounds: it is bucket-formed, and extends down in -one piece over the top of the cuirass, to which it is fastened by -three strong screws, two in front and one behind—the latter, placed -vertically, is adjustable for getting the correct line of vision. The -crown-piece curves gently over the wearer’s head, and has a comb along -the top pierced with twin holes for attaching the crest and torse or -wreath which encircles its base. The eyelets for fastening the lining -are bordered with laton, and the rivets are capped with the same -metal, a golden looking blend, something between bronze and brass. -The _oculārium_ affords but a very limited range of vision, and the -front of the head-piece juts out in a sort of beak. The helm is very -roomy, so that the wearer could move his head about freely under the -cap of felt and leather lining, and small cushions stuffed with hair -or feathers were over the temples. The breastplate is globose, and, as -usual with armour for _Stechen_ and also for _Rennen_, is flattened -on the right side for better couching and aiming the lance. It is -reinforced with a heavy plate over the abdomen, to which the taces, of -five heavy lames, are riveted. The back-plate is in three overlapping -plates. A garde-rein (_Schwänzel_) of five lames protects the loins, -and the tuilles, garnished with a figure like a horn, are tile-formed. -The motons over the armpits, fastened in their places by straps of -leather, are plain and very large—9½ inches across; that on the right -side is pierced with a _bouche_, to leave space for the lance-shaft. -On the right side is a lance-rest (_Rüsthaken_), and, as is usual -in armour for both _Gestech_ and _Scharfrennen_, there is a heavy -queue, termed in German a _Rasthaken_, which acted as a counterpoise -for holding the heavy lance used in the course in position, and for -avoiding much strain on the lance-arm. The lance-shaft lies in the -bed of the lance-rest, and is held under the queue behind it on the -flattened part of the cuirass, the direction towards impact being -guided by the hand. The cuirass is held together by hinged straps or -strips of iron, which are pierced for fitting over staples and are -secured by nuts. The pauldrons are each in five plates, with wings -behind, and the coudes are pointed. On the top of each shoulder is -a thin iron peg, which stands up diagonally, fixed to the armour by -laton-headed rivets. These projections are roughly about two inches -long, and are squared and topped like a nail. They were perhaps -intended as winding pegs for the tassels or jagged ends of the mantling -which usually streamed out from the jousting-helm. Such pegs are -present on two similar harnesses at Paris. The right hand is without a -gauntlet; the arm bears the poldermiton or _épaule de mouton_, stamped -with the Augsburg guild badge; and on the bridle forearm and hand is -the stiff and heavy mainfere, the jousting gauntlet. The jousting -shield is of hard wood, covered with leather and gesso, about 15½ -inches broad by 14 inches high: it is formed rectangularly at the top, -somewhat rounded at the bottom, and is slightly concave and emblazoned. -Pieces of horn are let into it to lend it elasticity and stability. It -is fastened by cords to a pierced wooden block fixed on the breastplate -and is held in position by a strap which buckles on to the helm. The -harness itself bears the Augsburg guild stamp, a fir-cone and the -letter “S” with an indistinct bar or bâton running through it. It is -dated in the last quarter of the fifteenth century. No leg-armour was -worn, so as to give the rider a better grip of his horse; hose covered -the shanks, and well-wadded shoes, of cloth or leather, the feet. - -There is almost an exact counterpart of this suit in a harness in the -fine collection at Nuremberg, also forged at Augsburg, with the year -of make, 1498, inscribed on the armour, the only difference between -the two suits being that there are here tassets of laminated plates -instead of the solid tuilles present on the Wallace suit, the tuilles -being an indication of a somewhat earlier date. There are three similar -harnesses at Vienna. The weight of the armour with shield is usually -about 45·6 _kilos._ When arming, the different pieces are screwed on -one after the other, the jousting-shield being adjusted last. - -The lance is of fir or pine and is stouter than that used in _Rennen_; -its greatest diameter is 9 _centimetres_, length 373 _cm._, and weight, -with vamplate and coronal, about 14·3 _kilos._ An example may be seen -in the writer’s collection of arms and armour at Tynemouth. - -Plate 9 in the tourney-book appertaining to the _Kurfürst_ Johann (_des -Beständigen_) pictures a _Gestech_ at Leipsig in 1489, between Duke -Hans of Saxony and Von Wunsdorf, in which the latter was unhorsed. The -duke wears the jousting-helm, a spiked moton is over the armpit, and -his lance is heavy and furnished with the circular form of vamplate, -viz. that used in _Gestech_. The horse wears a collar of bells -(_grelots_ or _Schellenkette_), and a cushion over the breast; the body -is covered with a trapper, painted with the royal arms. The equipment -corresponds with the date of the armour shown on Plate IX (1). - -The frontispiece of this work is taken from the tourney-book of the -_Kurfürst_ Johann Friedrich (_des Groszüthigen_), Plate 81. It depicts -the _Kurfürst_ running in _Gestech_ at the moment when his adversary -is being hurled from his saddle. The victor’s body-armour, vamplate, -the chamfron of his horse and the coronal of his mighty lance are -all painted the colour of steel. His crest, enriched by a crown at -its base, is the Saxon emblem or badge (_Kleinod_), it is painted in -a tawny colour with black stripes. The hose are striped in colours, -green, pink, white and black; the shoes are of black felt. The trapper, -reaching down to the horse’s houges, is banded in white, blue and two -shades of red, and is sprinkled with the ciphers “XS” in gold and -silver. It bears, twice repeated, the arms of Meiszen, Thuringen, -Pfalz-Sachsen and Landsberg with the crested helm and shield of Saxony. -The horses wear necklets of bells (_Shellenkette_). The trapper of the -opposing champion is banded in shades of yellow and red sprinkled with -foliations; his crest a pair of silver horns with a coronet encircling -the base and silver laterals of linden twigs and leaves. The details of -the armour are very clear and the picture a good representative of its -class. - -_Das Gestech im Beinharnisch_ is a course run with leg-armour, as its -name implies. The object is unhorsing and the splintering of lances. -The _Kuriss_ saddle was employed. The presence of leg-armour rendered -unhorsing much easier of accomplishment than without it, for the belly -of the horse could not be so well gripped. - -The joust of courtesy with pointed lances, as differentiated from -Froissart’s _justes mortelles_, was, as we have seen, much practised -throughout the fifteenth century; and it continued being run in -Germany until soon after the middle of the sixteenth, when it became -practically displaced by the joust at the tilt. This course was known -in Germany as _Scharfrennen_ or _Schweifrennen_, in France as _La -Course à la queue_; it is illustrated six times in _Freydal_ and many -times in the Saxon tourney-books. - -The main desideratum of the course was unhorsing, and the form of the -saddle had been designed with that object specially in view, though -the splintering of lances also counted in the score, in fact, the -jouster who sat his horse the longest against the greatest number of -splintered lances, or without being unhelmed, was declared the victor. -The objective of the lance in this course was either the beaver of an -opponent or his jousting-shield on the left side. The first-named mark -was more difficult to hit than the other and the lance more liable to -glance off, but when fairly struck it proved irresistible. As a rule -the effect of impact was that the rider reeled in his saddle as he -tried to maintain his seat, though usually one or other of the jousters -was unhorsed, and, indeed, sometimes both fell, unless supported -at the critical moment by the varlets. The lance was held with the -point inclining slightly upwards, and, as in the other courses, the -jouster promptly withdrew his hand and arm from the shaft immediately -after impact, holding his arm upright, and the broken lance fell to -the ground. It was the omission to do this which caused the accident -resulting in the death of Henri II of France. The lance was a long, -thin, rounded straight pole of soft wood, lighter than was used in -_Stechen_, and was about 373 _centimetres_ long with a largest diameter -of about 7 _cm._, as against 9 _cm._ in the one for _Gestech_. The -vamplate is in the form of a truncated cone. _Rennen_ (_Scharfrennen_) -was an even hardier course than _Stechen_, and demanded a still more -careful training in man and horse and a surer seat. - -The salient features of this form of joust are as follows:—The saddle -employed in all its varieties was smaller and lighter than that used in -the other courses, the weight being only a little over four _kilos._; -it had a low pommel and no cantle, and was shaped, in fact, much like -the British saddle of to-day. Jousting-cuisses (_Dülgen_ or _Dilgen_, -weighing 12 _kilos._) hung from it and protected the lower limbs of -the jouster, which were unarmoured. The armour was lighter than that -used in _Stechen_, though somewhat similar in form, and the back-plate -was shorter. The helmet was a jousting-salade (_Rennhut_) forged in -one piece, without any movable visor, but with a separate beaver -reaching well over the top of the cuirass, to which it was screwed, -back and front. It was well lined, and a cap of leather or silk was -worn. The parts of the salade extending over the temples of the wearer -were strengthened by extra plates (_Stirnplätter_); and there was a -thick reinforcing plate (_Magenblech_) over the abdomen, and to it -the heavy taces and tassets were riveted. The horse was barded as in -_Stechen_, a cushion or mattress protected the breast, and the animal -was covered with the trapper. As in _Stechen_ the cuirass was flattened -on the right side, and to it the lance-rest (_Rüsthaken_) and queue -(_Rasthaken_) were screwed. The queue was smaller than that on the -harness for _Stechen_, the lance used in _Rennen_ being lighter. There -were no motons over the armpits, these weak places being well protected -by the vamplate, which was larger and differently formed from that -employed in _Stechen_. The shape was that of a truncated cone. The -large concave shield of wood, covered with leather and plated with -iron, was 6 to 8 _cm._ in breadth, it was screwed on to the beaver, and -an armlet encircled the right lower arm. - -[Illustration: _PLATE V_ - -HARNESS FOR _SCHARFRENNEN_. AT DRESDEN.] - -Suits for both _Rennen_ and _Stechen_ were made so that they could -be worn by a man of anything like a medium size; they were costly, -and were frequently lent out by princes and the great nobles to their -poorer brethren who lacked this equipment. A beautiful harness for -_Scharfrennen_, made for the _Kurfürst_ August of Saxony (1553-1586), -by Sigmund Rockenburger, of Wittenberg, in 1554, is in the Dresden -Museum. The form of the harness is graceful, and it is richly -and tastefully etched with human figures, a double-headed eagle -and foliations; in the centre of the breastplate is a spear-like -projection—a fashion which did not last very long. The back-plate is -unusually short and so is the garde-rein (_Schwänzel_). This harness is -illustrated on Plate V. The weight is about forty _kilos._ The spurs -have long shanks and are of both the rowel and prick kinds. - -The store of armours for the tournament kept by the Saxon _Kurfürsts_ -at Dresden greatly accounts for the number of historic suits preserved -there. - -In the _Turnierwaffensaal_ at the Johanneum, Dresden, is a fine -realistic representation of a _Scharfrennen_, the jousters mounted and -in complete armour down to the smallest detail. They are facing each -other, with lances in rest. The armour is etched and gilt, and every -detail is original except the under-garment, the hose and well-wadded -shoes. The period is about the middle of the sixteenth century. - -Plate VI illustrates Maximilian II, mounted and armed for -_Scharfrennen_ in 1564. The armour is in the Collection at the Musée -d’Artillerie, Paris. - -Plate VIII (1) pictures a _Rennen_, held at Minden, between the -_Kurfürst_ August of Saxony and Johann von Ratzenberg. This particular -joust was termed a “_Gedritts_,” signifying that the victor in the -first encounter had still to dispose of a second antagonist in -order to gain the prize; three were thus engaged, and hence the -name. The _Kurfürst’s_ second adversary was Hans von Sehönfeld. The -jousting-salade, large vamplate, jousting-cuisses and other details are -clearly shown. Numerous illustrations of _Scharfrennen_ are present -in _Freydal_ and in the Saxon tourney-books. There are many variants -from the main course, the most important being _Geschiftrennen, la -course à la targe futée_. It is of two kinds, _Geschifttartscherennen_ -(_tartsche_, a shield) and _Geschiftscheibenrennen_ (_scheibe_, a plate -or disk); the wearing of a shield or a large plate or disk of iron -over the breastplate being the main distinction between them. In both -cases, when the centres of the shields were fairly struck by a lance -a mechanism was set in motion by the freeing of a spring, which in -_Geschifttartscherennen_ dissolved the shield itself into fragments, -the pieces flying over the jouster’s head in wedged-formed particles. -In _Geschiftscheibenrennen_, on the right impact having been attained -the iron plate remained in its place and only the wedge in the centre -flew out. The mechanism of the first-named was much more complicated -than that of the latter. - -Unhorsing was another of the objects in view in both cases. Both -courses would seem to have had their origin in the game of Running at -the Ring. There is an illustration of the mechanism at the back of -the shield given in a picture-codex in the Armeria at Madrid, dating -about 1544.[184] The general equipment in both cases was the same as in -_Scharfrennen_. - -Illustrations of _Geschifttartscherennen_ are given in _Freydal_, both -with leg-armour and without. In plates of that work. Nos. 29 and 45, -the shields are seen flying in pieces in the air and both riders are -unhorsed; while in Plate 5, here reproduced in our Plate VII, both -riders keep their seats, but the shields are seen dissolving into -fragments over the heads of the jousters. There is but one illustration -of _Geschiftscheibenrennen_ in _Freydal_, viz. in Plate 41. There are -also illustrations in the _Triumph of Maximilian_. - -In _Bundrennen_, often called _Pundtrennen, Course appelée Bund_, the -jouster here also endeavoured to strike the centre of his opponent’s -shield, but the main object was unhorsing. This was the most dangerous -of all the courses, in the fact that a disrupting shield was employed, -like that used in _Geschifttartscherennen_, but without any protecting -beaver beneath it, so that the sharp lance was apt to glance off -into the jouster’s face or a fragment of the disrupted shield fly -into it, sometimes injuring the nose or eyes. This course, says the -_Weisskünig_, “was certainly amusing to look upon, though with often -sorrowful results to one or other of the combatants.”[185] In one of -the plates of _Freydal_ (No. 25), illustrating this course, the emperor -and his opponent are both seen as being unhorsed; while in other -plates (Nos. 21, 62, 73, 93 and 204) the shields spring disrupted into -the air, but the jousters retain their seats. - -_Anzogenrennen, Course au pavois_,[186] is a kind in which a very -long shield was employed, which was firmly fixed to the beaver by a -large screw with a considerably projecting head. The immediate object -was unhorsing, or at least the splintering of lances. A picture in -the tourney-book of Duke William IV of Bavaria furnishes a good -illustration of the course as run in the year 1512, and there are -later examples in the tourney-books of the Saxon _Kurfürsts_. The arms -and lower limbs are unarmoured, the harness the same as that employed -in _Scharfrennen_. The shield is very long, extending from the slit -for vision in the salade down to below the abdomen. The part over the -breastplate conforms to the contour of that piece, while below it the -shield becomes concave in form. There is usually a spike in the centre. -There are twenty-five illustrations in _Freydal_ (Plates Nos. 9, 17, -50, 58, 89, 97, 141, 180 and 240), all of which exhibit the opponents -of Maximilian as being unhorsed; while in Plate 169 both riders retain -their seats. In other plates both jousters are unseated. - -_Krönlrennen_ was a freak, probably of Maximilian’s, first run in 1492. -It is called “_Halbierung_” in the tourney-book of _Kurfürst_ August -of Saxony, and is a blending together of the courses _Scharfrennen_ -and _Gestech_, in that one jouster wore the armour usually employed in -_Scharfrennen_, but used the lance headed with a coronal appertaining -to the _Gestech_; the other, the harness for the _Gestech_ with -the sharp lance. The objects of the course were unhorsing and the -splintering of lances. Plate 6 in _Freydal_ illustrates _Krönlrennen_, -and there is an excellent example given in the tourney-book of August -of Saxony, Plate I. - -In _Pfannenrennen_ the combatants ran without body-armour, except for a -square metal shield on the breast, and the horses wore hoods. - -_Feldrennen_ closes the list under _Scharfrennen_. “Hoasting” armour -was employed; the saddle was that used in jousting at the tilt. The -horses were not always blindfolded, and the immediate object in view -was the splintering of lances. - -In the _tourney proper_, or _mêlée_, field-harness with _Kuriss_ -saddles were usually employed. Lances are splintered, and the combat -continued with swords. - -One of the fifteenth century forms was the _Feldturnier_, or field -course, a combat of groups on horseback. Ordinary field-harness, with -or without reinforcing pieces, was usually worn. This form of contest -is illustrated in the tourney-book of Duke William IV of Bavaria, -showing that each cavalier was always provided with two swords. In what -respects it differed from the ordinary _mêlée_ is not apparent. Both -swords and lances were employed. - -The joust at the tilt has been already referred to more than once, -and some account given of its leading features. There is reason to -believe that it was practised as early as the first quarter of the -fifteenth century, and we have mentioned cases of a _toile_ having been -employed at Arras in Burgundy in the year 1430, with some rather later -instances. Viscount Dillon, in his paper “Tilting in Tudor Times,” -published in the _Archæological Journal_ of the year 1898,[187] gives -an extract from the _Chronicles of St. Remy_ to the effect that the -_toile_ or tilt probably originated in Portugal. As already stated, the -salient feature of this form is that it was run with a barrier between -the jousters, along which they rode in opposite directions, their left -sides towards it, until impact was effected. The first barrier was -a _toile_, a rope hung with cloth extending along the length of the -lists; but as this did not prevent the horses from bumping against one -another a tilt of planks, usually about six feet high, was devised, -which effectually kept them apart, and collisions were avoided, thus -rendering the sport much less dangerous. The use of the tilt made -impact more uncertain than when running “at the large,” and there was -usually a considerable proportion of non-attaints. The main object of -this course was the splintering of lances, though unhorsing was also in -contemplation and not unfrequently took place. Unseating was, however, -rendered difficult by the form of the saddle employed, the so-called -_Kuriss_ saddle, which had a cantle behind and a high pommel in front, -thus making it much easier for a rider to keep his seat. The usual -weight of this form of saddle was a little over 9 _kilos._ Jousting at -the tilt soon greatly supplanted the earlier form in France, Italy and -England; but it took no root in Germany before the sixteenth century, -at the commencement of which it is stated to have been introduced -into that country and Austria from Italy. The name “_Welsch Gestech_” -(Italian Joust), given it in the Fatherland, tends greatly to confirm -this; and, indeed, it was just at this time that Maximilian was -introducing a new style of armour from Italy into his dominions. Though -frequently practised in Germany during the first half of the sixteenth -century, the joust at the tilt by no means displaced running “at the -large” there. Several plates in _Freydal_ furnish illustrations. - -[Illustration: _PLATE VI_ - -MAXIMILIAN II ARMED FOR _SCHARFRENNEN_. AT PARIS.] - -Plate VIII (2) depicts a joust at the tilt, run at Augsburg in 1510, -between Duke William IV of Bavaria and the Pfalzgraf Friedrich of -the Rhine. The illustration is reproduced from a picture in Hans -Schwenkh’s _Wappenmeisterbuch_, the tourney-book of the duke, who is -seen jousting; it is a work which has already been referred to in -these pages. The tilt itself, of three broad planks, is of massive -construction. The harness worn in the earlier form was the _Stechzeug_, -the kind that was used in the German _Gestech_, with no leg-armour, -a style which has been already described and illustrated on Plate IX -(1). The cuirass employed is flattened on the lance side, and there is -a _Rasthaken_ or queue as well as a lance-rest. Bases are worn by the -riders, and a crest of plumes. The trapper of the duke’s horse, dark in -colour, is shot with painted rays over the body, and a picture of the -Sun in Splendour encircles the horse’s tail, which is further decorated -with plumes. A collar of _grelots_ is around the neck of the animal; -the head is adorned with plumes, and the chamfron embellished with a -picture of the sun. The lances with coronals are well shown; the former -are long poles narrowing gently towards the heads, and the latter are -in three short prongs. - -Plate XI (1) pictures two fine suits at Paris for jousting at the -tilt, one of them with the manifer or mainfere, the passe-guard and -poldermiton in their places. - -Plate X (1) illustrates a German harness, at Dresden, for this form -of joust. It dates about 1580. There are three armours for jousting -at the tilt in the Wallace Collection of Arms and Armour at London, -Catalogue Numbers 484, 495 and 505. The first of these is a harness -for _Realgestech_, as shown by the cross-ribbed shield, a device for -affording a grip for the coronal of the lance on impact in order to -prevent it from glancing off—another departure in the direction of -greater safety for the jouster. This course was a late variety of the -joust at the tilt. - -No. 505, illustrated on Plate IX (2) is perhaps somewhat earlier -in date than the other two suits, for in the right side of the -“volante-piece” is a little square door or window, for enabling the -wearer to converse freely when open. This aperture is about three -inches square in size and freely perforated so as to admit air to the -wearer when closed. It is shut, of course, when the jouster is ready -for his career. In other respects the three suits are very much alike; -and the “peaescod-bellied” breastplates of all of them tend to fix -their date within narrow limits. The shields of Nos. 495 and 505 are -practically the same in form and size. They fit round the front of the -left side of the neck and cover the left shoulder and breast, running -nearly straight down to the middle of the breastplate. The grand-guards -are screwed to the upper parts of the breastplate and the shields are -attached to them in like manner. The other reinforcing pieces are -either present with the suits, or the armour is holed for them. - -The sad accident which resulted in the death of Henri II, of France, at -a _fête d’armes_ held at Paris in 1559, was in a joust at the tilt with -the Comte de Montgomeri. It was caused by the Comte failing to drop his -splintered lance in good time. - -The drawings of Hans Burgmaier in the _Triumph of Maximilian_ afford -illustrations of some of the varieties of the German jousting of the -period. - -Plate 45 illustrates the _Welsch Gestech_ (Italian Joust) or Joust -at the Tilt. The head-piece is the jousting-helm and the reinforcing -pieces are in their places. The lance, tipped with a coronal, -is lighter than that employed in the German _Gestech_ and in -_Scharfrennen_ and the vamplate is circular in form. Feather plumes are -worn. - -Plate 46 pictures the Gestech or German joust (_Das gemeine deutsche -Gestech_). The head-piece is the same as that on Plate 45. A cushion -is worn over the horse’s chest, and a _Rasthaken_, or queue, and a -_Rüsthaken_, or lance-rest, are on the flattened right side of the -cuirass. The lance is heavy and tipped with a coronal. The crests shown -are very fanciful. - -Plate 47 illustrates _Hohenzeuggestech_. The jousters are seated -on the high saddles (_im hohen Zeug_) peculiar to the course. The -jousting-helm is worn. Lances are tipped with coronals, as is the case -with all varieties of the _Gestech_. - -Plate 48. _Das Gestech im Beinharnisch._ This is a variety of _Gestech_ -in which leg-armour is worn, as the name implies. - -Plates 50 and 55 picture _Bundrennen_, the peculiarity of the course -being that no beaver is worn beneath the disrupting shield. This makes -it the most dangerous of all the courses, and injuries to the face were -frequent. The vamplate is large and formed like a truncated cone. - -Plate 51 depicts _Geschifttartscherennen_, in which course the shield, -when struck by the lance on a certain spot, dissolves in fragments over -the jouster’s head. - -Plate 52. It pictures _Geschiftscheibenrennen_, a course similar in -principle to the last-named, the difference being that the shield is -a disk which, when properly struck, flies into the air, or the shield -remains in its place but the plug in the centre flies out. - -Plate 53. The cavaliers are here accoutred for the pan joust -(_Pfannenrennen_). There are one or two other varieties of the joust -depicted. - -Several combats on foot of the fifteenth century, perhaps the most -dangerous items of the articles of a _pas d’armes_ of that period, -have been fully described in Chapters III, IV and V, in the narrations -by contemporary chroniclers of actual encounters. The character of -these contests underwent a great change in the sixteenth century, -through the introduction of barriers over which the combatants fought. -These bars or barriers reached up to the breasts of the fighters, -and prevented their grappling with each other or getting out of -bounds. They made their appearance probably in the last decade of -the fifteenth century. As the tilt had been conceived with a view -towards mitigating the danger of the joust, so barriers were adopted -towards minimizing the risk of serious injuries in fighting on foot, -and, indeed, the new style was hardly more dangerous than the game -of football as played to-day. This latest phase is well described by -Viscount Dillon in “Barriers and Foot Combats,” a paper published in -the _Archæological Journal_ of 1904.[188] The special features of the -armour for combats of this kind are its massive character, the presence -of an apron (_Kampfschurtz_, a sort of continuation of the taces), and -the large, thick, globose bascinet. A fine armour for foot-fighting -in the lists may be seen in the Tower of London. It is a grand piece -of work, weighing about 93 lbs., sent by Maximilian of Austria to our -Henry VIII. The Vienna Collection possesses seven complete armours for -fighting on foot, which vary considerably, both in form and weight. -The weapons employed in these contests in Germany and Austria, as -given in _Freydal_, are the sword in different forms, including the -“bastard” (a hand and a half sword), the dussack, the _Kurisschwert_ -or armying-sword, and even the two-handed sword (_Zweihänder_ or -_Schlachtschwert_), the dagger, battle-axe (including the _bec -de faucon_), mace, halbard, _ranseur_, guisarme, _Aalspiesse_ (a -short-shafted spear with rondel-guard), _Langspiess_ (a short lance), -_Würfspiess_ (a javelin), _Stange_ (a quarter-staff), and _Drischel_ -(the military flail). - -The _Fussturnier_, which originated in the sixteenth century, was a -fighting in groups on foot over a barrier, and in it and some other -courses the challengers were termed “Maintenators” and their opponents -“Aventuriers.” Each combatant had to deliver three thrusts with the -lance and four strokes with the sword. Dr. Cornelius Curlitt gives the -following extract from _Acten des Dresdener Oberhofmarshallamtes_ of -the year 1614:—“The one who shivers the greatest number of lances in -the most adroit manner shall have the lance prize; and he who in five -strokes strikes the bravest and strongest with the sword shall have the -second prize.” The locking gauntlet was forbidden, and the lower limbs -were without armour. A harness for this kind of fighting, by Anton -Peffenhaüser, worn by the _Kurfürst_ Johan George of Saxony in 1613, is -now in the Dresden Museum. The head-piece is a burgonet. - -An important later form of joust is the _Freiturnier_, or Free Course, -which grew out of the old German _Gestech_, and, like it, was run “at -the large,” that is without a tilt. There is a harness for this course -at Dresden, reproduced on Plate X (2). The passguard is much larger -than that worn in jousting at the tilt, reaching nearly to the left -shoulder. Leg-armour was worn. The harness illustrated in Boeheim’s -_Waffenkunde_ (Fig. 655) as being for the _Welsch Gestech_, or joust at -the tilt, is really for _Freiturnier_, a form of joust which does not -appear before the second half of the sixteenth century. - -As already stated, the suit in the Wallace Collection, numbered -484 in the catalogue of that institution, is for _Realgestech_ or -_Plankengestech_, a variety of joust at the tilt. It first appeared -about 1540, and did not differ materially from the main course; nor did -the armour employed differ except for the cross-ribbing on the shield. -This course, like the others, fell into disuse in the seventeenth -century, though it was the last to survive except the one called -_Scharmützel_, often a sort of general siege or skirmish, with a view -to practice for actual warfare. A _Scharmützel_ was held at Dresden in -1553, when four bands of horsemen attacked a mock fortress, defended -by a garrison armed with _Aalspiesse_ and military forks, and supplied -with four hundred earthenware pots for missiles, to be thrown empty. -Cannon were employed on both sides, presumably fired in blank, though -this is not stated. - -[Illustration: _PLATE VII_ - -_GESCHIFTTARTSCHERENNEN_] - -The foregoing comprise the most distinctive forms of the tourney. - -There were permanent lists in Germany, as also at Calais; and in -England, at Westminster, Hampton Court, and Greenwich. - -The quintain and running at the ring have been described in Chapter -I, and there only remains the _Karoussel_, or _Carrousel_, to be -mentioned. The name is derived from _carosello_, a ball of clay, which -was hollow. The game was a favourite one at the court of Louis XIV, -where it gave rise to handsome dresses and costly display. The players, -arranged in opposing bands or sides, were mounted and threw these -missiles at one another, catching them on their shields. There were -several varieties of the game. - -Harness for the tiltyard was usually made thicker than that for field -purposes and was thus somewhat heavier. Much taste and labour were -expended on its ornamentation. - -Though the best armour was imported from Italy and Germany, a large -proportion of that in use in England was made at home, and, indeed, -there is plenty of evidence that this is so. Henry VIII, like -Maximilian, took a strong personal interest in all that related to -arms and armour, and was very desirous that the form and quality of -harness made in England should be improved. With this object in view, -he arranged with the emperor for German smiths to be sent to Greenwich, -and some really fine armours were made there during his reign and -later, many of which have been preserved, though the iron billets -used in forging them were imported from Innsbruck, English iron not -having been found to be of a sufficient tensile strength for the best -purposes. Whether this inferiority lay in the process of puddling the -iron or to the presence of any considerable proportion of deleterious -elements, such as sulphur and phosphorous, is another matter. Henry -VIII established his “Almain Armouries” at Greenwich about the year -1514.[189] - -The form of “Hoasting” armour underwent several important changes -during the course of the sixteenth century and to the time when -body-armour fell into general disuse. The changes had their origin, -mainly, in new departures in the fashion of the civil dress; indeed, -the shape of the doublet of each period is faithfully reflected in that -of the cuirass of steel. This following of the modes of the day by the -smith sometimes resulted in the production of harness which, however -effective from a spectacular point of view, proved most unsuitable for -service in the field. This was greatly owing to the abandonment of the -principle of a glancing surface on the armour, thus tending to effect -lodgment for strokes from weapons of attack, instead of deflecting them. - -The elegant form of “Gothic” armour of the connoisseur had been -modelled, as we have seen, after the shapely Florentine dress of the -fifteenth century: but a radical and far-reaching change took place -at the commencement of the sixteenth, following on a new departure in -civil costume. This style, _armatura spigolata_, is usually known as -“Maximilian,” named after the emperor, and would seem to have been -introduced by him in his extensive dominions from Italy, after his -Italian campaign in 1496. That “Maximilian” armour was of Italian -origin is clear by the very name it bore in Germany at the time, viz. -“_Mailander Harnisch_.” The leading features of this type are:—the -globose form of the breastplate; the abnormally wide-toed solerets, -following the new fashion in shoes, “bear-paw” or “cow-mouthed” as -they were commonly called; the heightening of the shoulder or neck -guards (pieces often, though erroneously, termed pass-guards, a mistake -pointed out by Viscount Dillon in one of his valuable and suggestive -papers on armour); and the substitution of laminated tassets in place -of the solid, tile-formed tuilles. The head-piece is the armet, the -most perfect as well as the most familiar form of helmet—of which, -however, there are several varieties. This armour was usually made -fluted, though sometimes plain. When fluted, the whole surface down to -the jambs, which are always smooth, is covered with narrow, regular -radiating flutings, differing in that respect from “Gothic” armour, -with its broad, sweeping flutings and ridgings. - -Tonlet armour (_à tonne_) has a deep skirt of hoops called “jambers,” -standing out all round like a more modern crinoline, and moving up -and down like the laths of a Venetian blind. It also had its origin -in Italy, and was copied from the civil skirts of the doublet of the -period, called “bases”; which when reproduced in steel were clumsy -and unwieldy. We have here an apt illustration of the lengths people -will sometimes go in slavishly following a particular fashion, however -clumsy or unsuitable it might be. This style of armour was greatly -employed in fighting on foot, though a variety was adapted for use on -horseback. A fine and historic armour for fighting on foot, made by -Conrad Seusenhofer of Innsbruck, may be seen in the Tower of London. - -Bards probably had their origin in the twelfth century, though there -is little mention of them in English records before the close of the -thirteenth, but in the fourteenth they would appear to have become -fairly common. The chamfron, crinet and peytral are observable in -engravings of the fourteenth century, when they were probably of -_cuir-bouille_. In the _Histoire de Charles VII_ it is stated that -a combat, _à outrance_, took place in the year 1446, between the -Seigneurs de Ternant and Galiot de Balthasin,[190] in which the latter -was mounted “_sur un puissant cheval, liquil selon la costume de -Lombardie estoit tout convert de fer_.” A complete equipment of steel -plate for the horse was attained in the second half of the fifteenth -century, when, according to a picture in the arsenal at Vienna, painted -in 1480, “_Der Ritter sitz auf seinem bis auf die Hufe verdecten -Hengst_.” A fine bard which had belonged to Henry VIII, weighing 92½ -lbs., may be seen in the Tower of London. Bards for the tourney were -usually of leather. - -The expression “trapped and barded,” so frequently met with in records, -is often misunderstood. The bard is a defence for the horse, while the -trapper is its outside textile covering. - -The importance of lightly-armed troops in warfare became steadily -greater, and even as early as the beginning of the sixteenth century -a large proportion of the armour for the field was made lighter, and -demi-harnesses were employed for light cavalry. - -The imitation in steel of the civil costume was carried to absurd -lengths, as is glaringly shown in the so-called “_Pfeifenharnis_” -(pipe-harness), forged after the picturesque dress of the period, with -its pipings, puffs or rolls, points and slashes. Illustrations of it -may be seen in the _Triumph of Maximilian_. In a suit in the Wallace -Collection (catalogue No. 555) the details of the dress have been -faithfully and minutely reproduced in metal. The very fabric of the -civil costume has been imitated and the slashes are gilded. Harness was -freely and delicately etched, engraved, damascened, and decorated with -repoussé work; and some of the ornamentation did away altogether with -the glancing surface of the armour, thus greatly militating against its -efficiency for military purposes. - -A fine armour in the Zeughaus, at Berlin, affords an excellent example -of the best work of about the middle of the sixteenth century. It is -by Peter von Speyer, of Annaberg, made for the _Kurfürst_ Joachim II, -of Brandenburg, whose arms decorate the breastplate. The helm is -of the type of armet without collar. The peak in the cuirass tends -to be placed lower down as the century advances, until at length -the “peascod” form is reached, as shown on Plate IX (2). Here the -breastplate is of the true Elizabethan “peascod” form, converging -to a retreating point at the bottom. You have this shape exactly in -portraits of the Earl of Leicester, and, indeed, of the queen herself. -The tassets swell out over the hips, another feature observable in the -portraits. This form continued, with some modifications, up to nearly -the end of the century. - -[Illustration: _PLATE VIII_ - -A _SCHARFRENNEN_ AT MINDEN IN 1545] - -[Illustration: A JOUST AT THE TILT IN AUGSBERG IN 1540] - -FOOTNOTES: - -[171] See Appendices A, B and C. - -[172] Vienna. 1880-1882. - -[173] Courses run with pointed lances, those with coronals, combats on -foot and a _mêlée_, as well as the mummeries in which he was engaged. - -[174] In translation:— - -THE KNIGHT FREYDAL - - Now who would read of pastimes - And joyous deeds of pleasure? - Let him take up the tournament - In all its fullest measure. - This did the gallant Freydal - In knightly deeds of fame, - Thus rendering illustrious - The glories of his name. - His virtues and his goodness - Are manifest to all; - His many glorious triumphs - At tilt, at masks and ball. - Thus were his young days brightened - And the sunniest memories shed, - The cares of old age lightened - By brave records of the dead. - (His like will ne’er be seen again.) - - -[175] _Scharfrennen_ and the _Gestech_. - -[176] The hall where the ancient firearms are on view. - -[177] _The Armouries of the Tower of London_, I, 26. - -[178] “What care I for the moon if the sun be gracious.” - -[179] “No one knows my heart, whether I am a fox or a hare.” - -[180] Joust at the tilt. - -[181] _The Armouries of the Tower of London_, I, 37. - -[182] Ibid., I, 49. - -[183] Catalogue No. 21. - -[184] _Waffenkunde_, p. 557. - -[185] “_Er_ [the Emperor] _hat auch under den pundten vilmal gerennt -da im treffens baid shilt in de höch sprungen, das dann lustig ist zu -sehen, aber sorgklich zu thun_.” - -[186] The word _Anzogenrennen_ means merely jousting with the shield -screwed on (_Angeschraubte Tartsche_). - -[187] Vol. LV, page 297. - -[188] LVI, page 276. - -[189] _The Armouries at the Tower of London_, I, 18. - -[190] This duel is described in Chapter V. - - - - -CHAPTER VII - - -_L’Histoire Du Bon Chevalier, Sans Paour et Sans Reproche, Gentil -Seigneur De Bayart_, gives some account of Bayard’s combats in the -lists. The Chevalier was born in 1476 and died in 1524, and his first -fights on foot and on horseback took place when he was a raw, growing -stripling of eighteen. This was on the occasion when the Burgundian -Chevalier, Claude de Vauldray, came to Lyons in 1494 to accomplish a -deed of arms—“_à course de lance et coups de hache_”; and the young -Bayard, though without possessing an equipment for the joust or means -of procuring one, conceived the idea of engaging this redoubted -champion in combat. The difficulty as to horse and armour was solved -by the coming forward of a kinsman, L’Abbe d’Esnay, with the necessary -cash. After several chevaliers of the French court had encountered De -Vauldray, Bayard entered the lists to do battle. No particulars of the -combat itself are given by the chronicler, but the account states that -the youngster bore himself right gallantly; and the verdict of the -ladies on the stand erected for their accommodation, expressed in the -Lyonese dialect, “_Vey-vo cestou malotru, il a mieulx fay que tous los -autres_.” - -Soon the young Bayard, advancing towards fame and fortune, caused a -proclamation to be made for a _pas d’armes_ to be held at the town of -Ayre, in Picardy, on the 20th July, 1494, _Pour l’amour des dames_. -The articles of combat provided that “hoasting” armour be worn, and on -the first day three courses be run with rebated lances and afterwards -twelve strokes exchanged with the sword, all on horseback; on the -morrow the combats to be on foot at barriers, high as the _nombril_, -with lances and later with axes. Prizes were offered to the successful -competitors as follows:—For the first day a bracelet of gold, enamelled -with Bayard’s device, of the value of thirty _ecus_; and for the second -day a diamond worth forty _ecus_. The proclamation runs:— - - “_Pierre de Bayart, jeune gentil-homme et apprentif des - armes, natif de Daulphiné, des ordonnances du roy - de France, soubz la charge et_ _conduicte de hault - et puissant Seigneur monseigneur de Ligny, faisoit - crier et publier ung tourney au dehors de la ville - d’Ayre, et joignant les murailles à tous venans, au - vingtiesme jour de juillet, de trois coups de lance - sans lice, à fer esmolu, et en harnoys de guerre; et - douze coups d’espée, le tout à cheval. Et au mieulx - faisant donnoit ung brasselet d’or esmaillé de sa - livrée, et du prix de trente escuz. Le lendemain - seriot combatu à pied, a poux de lance, à une - barrière de la halteur du nombril; et après la lance - rompue à coups de hache, jusques à la discrétion - des juges et de ceulx qui garderoient le camp. Et - au mieulx faisoit donnoit ung dyamant du pris de - quarante escus._” - -On the first day, on the trumpet sounding, _le bon Chevalier_ presented -himself for the first course, his adversary being a neighbour from -Dauphiny named Tartarin, in which the latter broke his lance within -six inches of the head, thus forfeiting a point; and jousting between -other cavaliers lasted until evening. On the second day Bayard fought -at barriers against a Messire Honotin de Sucre, first with lances and -afterwards with axes. Bayard struck his adversary two heavy blows over -the region of the ear, the second of which bore him to the ground. -Other foot encounters followed, after which the prizes for the two -days were awarded by the judges to _le bon Chevalier_, as having done -the best on both days, but he refused to accept them, and they were -adjudged to other champions who came next in order of merit.[191] The -Chevalier’s next tourney was at Carignan, in Italy, at which he gained -the prize.[192] - -Chapter XXII tells how _le bon Chevalier_ fought at barriers at Andre -with Don Alonce de Soto-Majori. Bayard had wished the combat to be on -horseback, owing to some trouble in his legs which hindered locomotion; -but the Spaniard insisted all the more on fighting on foot, and this -was finally arranged to take place. The weapons selected were estocs -and daggers, and the fight commenced with an exchange of thrusts with -the former, in which Soto-Majori was slightly wounded in the face; then -Bayard, making a feint, thrust his sword right through the neck of his -adversary, inflicting a fatal wound. The Spaniard, in his death agony, -clutched the body of the Frenchman with his arms and both combatants -fell to the ground. Bayard then drew his dagger, crying, “_Rendez -vous, Seigneur Alonce, ou vous estes mort_”; but he had hardly uttered -the words when the Spaniard expired. The Chevalier then knelt down and -thanked God for his victory. - -The Chevalier’s next combat was at Monervyne, in the Kingdom of -Naples, thirteen Spaniards against the same number of Frenchmen, -which took place during a truce between the two armies, the leaders -of this encounter being the Seigneur d’Oroze and _le bon Chevalier_ -respectively. A condition of the articles of combat was that any -cavalier on being unhorsed should render himself a prisoner to the side -opposing him. The fight began, and the Spaniards unchivalrously aimed -their lances at the horses of their adversaries instead of at their -riders; but, in spite of this dishonourable ruse, the honours of the -battle are stated to have lain with the Frenchmen. - -Other examples of Bayard’s prowess and chivalry in the tournament are -given in the chronicle. The dates given by chroniclers of jousts and -_pas d’armes_ are apt to vary somewhat, partly owing to the different -methods of computing the regnant years of a king. - -A manuscript in the College of Arms, London, gives an account of -the _pas d’armes_ held at Westminster in honour of the marriage of -Katharine of Arragon with Prince Arthur, the heir to the throne, in the -seventeenth year of King Henry VII (1501). This narration is apparently -the work of an official present at the meeting, and an abridged account -of it follows here. Besides jousts and _mêlées_, there were fights at -barriers, pageants, and mummeries most splendid, costly, fanciful and -elaborate. A tilt was erected in the open space before Westminster -Hall, and adjoining the lists were gaily decorated stands and galleries -for the king, court and other spectators. For the knights, nobles and -esquires taking part there were within the lists pavilions, which -were removed before the jousting began. The first jousting is thus -described:— - - “And at furst curse ran the Duke of Bokyngham and - the Lord Marquyes; and the duke brake his staff right - well, and wt great sleight and stringht, upon the Lord - Marquyes; and at the secunde curse the Lord Marquyes - brake his staff oppon the Duke in like wise; and then - the residue of the Lords and Knights ranne orderly - togiders, and, for the most parte at every curse, other - the on staf, other the other, or moost comonly bothe, - were goodly and wt great art and strength, brokyn of - meny pecys; that such a feld, and justs ryall, so - noble and valiantly doon, have not been sene ne hard; - the which goodly feats, and those of the descripcion - apperyth weil pleynn, and more opyn, in the bokys of - the Harolds of Armys.” - -There is nothing said of the lances employed in the first day’s -jousting, as to whether they were rebated or not, but the courses -which follow on the succeeding days are expressly stated to have been -run with pointed lances “at the large.”[193] We may thus assume that -the running of the first day was at the tilt (else why its erection at -all?), and that lances with coronals were employed. Afterwards there -was a _mêlée_, the weapons being “armyng swords” (i.e. _estocs_). On -the fourth day jousting was again followed by a tourney (_mêlée_).[194] -The lances were tipped with coronals, and the weapons in the tourney -were estocs, as before. Many of the cavaliers were unhorsed in the -jousting and in the _mêlée_: “Sume of their swords were brokyn in two -peces, and sume other their harneis was heuen off from their body, and -felle into the feld.” Then the prizes, consisting of diamonds, rubies -and rings of gold, were awarded. - -In 1502 a “Solemne Triumphe” was held in the Tower of London. - -Plate 118 in _Das Turnierbuch Johan des Beständigen, Kurfürst_ of -Saxony, depicts a course with sharp lances, run at Naumburg in 1505, -between Duke Hans of Saxony and Georg von Brandestein. The duke keeps -his seat, but his opponent is unhorsed. The armour is of the kind -usually employed in this course (_Scharfrennen_). - -In the _Turnierhuch_ of Duke William of Bavaria is a picture of an -_Anzogenrennen_, held in the year 1512. The body-armour employed is -that used in all the varieties of _Rennen_, though the shield in -this course is much larger than in the others, extending up to the -_ocularium_ of the jousting-salade, thus covering the face. This shield -has been described under the heading _Anzogenrennen_. The armour with -the shield is illustrated by Boeheim.[195] - -There was jousting at Paris in 1513, at which the Duc de Valois was the -chief tenant, and many courses were run.[196] - -Jousts were held at Lille, in the same year, in a large hall paved -with black marble, and the horses were shod with felt to prevent their -slipping.[197] - -In 1515, in honour of the marriage of the king, jousts took place at -Paris, which had been proclaimed by the Dauphin, as follows:— - - “Nemelie, that he with nine aides should answer - all commers, being gentlemen of name and armes. - First, to run fiue courses at the tilt with péeces - of advantage[198]; after fiue courses at random[199] - with sharpe speares, and twelue strokes with sharpe - swords; and that doone, he and his aids to fight at the - barriers with all gentlemen of name and armes. First, - six foins with hand speares, and after that eight - strokes to the most aduantage if the speares so long - held, and after that twelue strokes with the sword; and - if any man be vnhorsed or felled with fighting on foot, - then his horse and armour to be rendered to the officer - of armes; and eueri man of this challenge must set - vp his armes and name vpon an arch triumphant, which - shalbe made at the place where the iusts shalbe, and - further shall write to what point he will answer, to - one or all.” - -When this _fête d’armes_ was proclaimed in England, “the duke of -Suffolke, the marquis of Dorset and his four brethrern, the lord -Clinton, sir Edward Neuille, sir Giles Capell, Thomas Cheneie -and others sued the king to be at the chalenge, which request he -gratiouslie granted.” “The Dolphin desired the duke of Suffolke and the -marquess Dorset to be two of his immediate aids, which they thereto -assented.” Four shields were set up—viz. silver, gold, black and -tawny—under which the venans were to write their names, electing, in -their order, whether to run at the tilt, in the open with sharp lances, -to fight on foot with one-handed swords, or lastly, with two-handers. -This _pas d’armes_ continued over three days, during which 305 -cavaliers each ran five courses, some with sharp lances, and several -were killed. In the joust in the open the Duke of Suffolk wounded an -antagonist almost to the death. The Dauphin was wounded in the hand, -so that he was unable to take further part. Many other particulars and -details of this passage of arms are given by Holinshed.[200] - -Among the Ashmolean MSS. is one relating to the proclamation of -jousts to be held at a later date and to letters of safeguard issued -to intending venans. The document is of the year 1520, and runs as -follows:— - - “The lettres of savegarde given by the said King of - England [Henry VIII] unto Thomas Walle al’s Norrey - King of Armes, for the proclamacōn of the same Ioustes - in the parties of Almayn and the contrye of Germania, - wch Norrey proclaimed thē welle in French for the lowe - contreys, as in High Dutch as hereafter followeth - ＆c.”[201] - -In foot contests there was a rule that no one who had seen a challenger -fight on foot on any previous occasion was allowed to engage him. It is -difficult to understand the reason for this condition, and it was often -waived on permission being given by an intended opponent. - -Charles V, in January, 1518, two years before he became emperor, took -part in a tournament at which twelve horses were killed; and in another -in the March following, when seven cavaliers lost their lives.[202] - -Henry VIII, like his friend Maximilian of Austria, took great delight -in the tourney and in the pageantry so frequently combined with it, and -much money and labour was expended in staging the many functions of -the kind held during his reign. Henry greatly encouraged these martial -games and frequently took part in them; indeed, Hall remarks “that the -king was not minded to see young gentlemen inexpert in martial feats.” -This chronicler positively revels in picturing these brilliant scenes, -devoting himself more especially to their spectacular aspect, and -giving full details of the dresses and equipment of those taking part, -together with particulars of the general surroundings, though little -is said of the martial games themselves. The pageantry and mummeries -associated with the tournament were often of almost incredible -puerility, and they detracted greatly from the dignity of these warlike -sports. There were many childish conceits at these gatherings, all -showing that the tourney had reached an advanced stage of its decline. -Such costly shows went greatly out of fashion after the death of Henry -VIII. - -Jousts, combined with pageants, were held in honour of the coronation -of the king, and Holinshed thus describes them:—“For the more honour -and innobling of the triumphant coronation, there were prepared both -iusts and turneis to be doone in the palace of Westminster, where, for -the king’s grace and the queen’s, was framed a faire house, couered -with tapestrie, and hanged with rich clothe of Arras, and in the said -palace was made a curious founteine and ouer it a castell, on the top -thereof a great crowne imperiall, all the imbatelling with roses and -pomgranats gilded,” and many other conceits. - -The tenans in the jousting on this occasion were Thomas, Lord Howard; -his brother, Sir Edward Howard; Lord Richard, the Admiral; Lord -Richard, brother to the Marquis of Dorset; Sir Edmund Howard; Sir -Thomas Knevit and Charles Brandon, Esquire. Their bases and trappers -were of green velvet, charged with roses and pomegranates of gold -fringed with damask gilded. - -The venans were Sir John Pechie, Sir Edward Neville, Sir Edward -Guildford, Sir John Carr, Sir William Parr, Sir Giles Capell, Sir -Griffith Dun and Sir Roulande. Their bases and trappers were of tissue, -cloth of gold, silver and velvet. - -The second day was devoted to the _mêlée_. No details of the jousting -itself or of the tourney are given. Both Hall and Holinshed describe -this meeting. - -[Illustration: _PLATE IX_ - -A HARNESS FOR THE GERMAN JOUST. WALLACE COLLECTION] - -[Illustration: SUIT IN THE WALLACE COLLECTION FOR JOUSTING AT THE -TILT] - -On the twelfth of January following jousts were held in the park at -Richmond “vnknown to the kynges grace, whereof, he beyng secretly -informed, caused hymself and one of his priue chambre, called Willyā -Compton to be secretly armed, and so came into the Iustes vnknowen -to all persones and vnloked for. The kyng ranne neuer openly before, -and there were broken many staues, and greate praise geuen to the two -straungers, but specially to one, whiche was the kyng.” “Master Compton -was sore hurte and likely to dye.”[203] - -Holinshed tells us that in May, 1510, the king with his aides -challenged all comers to fight at barriers at Greenwich, viz. casting -the spear and twelve strokes with two-handed swords. Henry much -distinguished himself by his great strength and judgment. - -On the 13th November in the same year Henry, with Charles Brandon and -“Mayster” Compton, answered all comers for two days, the first at the -tilt, the second at the tourney. “At these iusts the king brake more -staves than any other, and therefore had the pryse: at the Turney in -likewyse the honor was his.”[204] - -The original Roll of the “Iusts” held at Westminster on the 13th -February, 1511, in honour of Queen “Katherin” on the birth of Prince -Henry, is now in the College of Arms, London. It is of parchment, 14½ -inches broad, the figures of the combatants and others being from seven -to eight inches in height; and the whole is in an excellent state of -preservation. The roll is headed with the words “Viue le noble Roy H. -VIII,” followed by a large device of a rose and pomegranates surmounted -by a crown, impaled with the letters H and K. Some of the figures are -armed at all points, while others are in civil dress, thus constituting -an invaluable record of the costumes of the day. - -The picture of the procession to the lists is headed by “Le Maistre -de Armurerye du Roy,” in civil dress, with his guard, and immediately -after him follow the sergeant-at-arms, holding his crowned bâton of -office; then five trumpeters, one of them a negro. In their order march -after them a band of courtiers, and “Les Officiers d’Armes,” being -heralds and pursuivants, in tabard-shaped surcoats. Then come the four -tenans, each riding under a “Pauilion,” with their varlets. Two led -horses immediately follow the king, and they afford a good opportunity -for observing the saddles employed in jousting at the tilt. After them -ride “Les pages du Roy,” the marshal of the lists, “Le grant Escuyer,” -and “Le maistre des Pages.” The tenans are seen approaching the -gaily-decorated stand, in which the queen and her court are seated, and -the venans are reaching it on the other side. The picture closes with -the king on horseback in civil dress—“Le Roy desarmey”—holding a broken -lance in his hand. He is preceded by his helm-bearer, on horseback, -carrying the head-piece of his majesty on a truncheon. The helm is -surmounted by a royal crown, enriched with gold, pearls, diamonds and -rubies. - -The roll concludes with a poem, in which the name of the king figures -among a band of heroes, the others being Hector, Cæsar, Judas -Maccabæus, Joshua, Charlemagne, King Arthur, Alexander, David and -Codefroi de Bouillon. - -The “tenantz” were— - - His Grace the King (Cœur Loyal), - Lord William of Devon (Bon Vouloir), - Sir Thomas Knevit (Valliant Desyr), - Sir Edward Nevyle (Joyeulx Penser). - -They all subscribed to the articles of combat, which follow here— - - “And for as moche as after the order ＆ Honnor of Arms - hyt is not lefull for any man to enterpryse Arms in so - high a presens without hys Stocke and name be of Nobles - dyscended. In consyderation theis four Knights be of so - fer ＆ straunge partes. they shall present themselff wt - their names and Arms portend [pictured] in their shylde. - - Item these four Knights shall present themselves in - the feyld at the paleys of Rychmond or elles where hyt - shall please the Kynges Grace. at the tyme of Candelmas - next or nigh theirupon in harneys for the tylt wt out - tache or breket, _wolant pece on the hedde_[205] Rondell - on the garde rest. aduntag (sic). fraude. deceyt or any - malengyne. - - Item to every comer shall be Runne six courses pvyed - [provided] allway yf the comers be of sush greate - number that they cannot reasonably be for on [one] day - Hyt shallbe lefull for the four challengers to enter - the felde the Second day and so to answere all the - comers to the full nomber be served of soche as be - noble of name or of Armes and wt out report. - - Item all speres to be garnished and brought to the - ffeyld at the pvision and chardge of the Chalengers, of - the wch speres the answerers to have the Choice. - - Item yf yt happe any Man as God defend to kyll his - fellows Horse by way of fowle Runnyng. He shallbe - bound yf so doth to give the horse yt he rydeth on to - his felow or the pryse of the Horse so kyld at the - dyscresion of the Iudges. - - Item who stryketh his felow beneth the wast or in the - sadell with full course be [by] way of fowle Runnynge - he shallbe dysalowed for two speres before broken. - - Item who stryketh his felow uncharged ＆ disgarnyshed - of his speare he shallbe disalowed at the descression - of the Iudges. - - Item who breaketh his spere above the Charnell - [coronal] to be allowed[206] two speres well broken after - the old custom of Arms. - - Item who breaketh his spere morme to morme [coronal - to coronal] to be allow’d three Speres after the - Custome of Arms. - - Item who breaketh most speres ys [is] bette worthey - the pryse. - - Item who stryketh Down Horse and Man is better worthe - the pryse. - - Item who stryketh his felow clene out of the Sadell - is best worthe the pryse. Item if any Gentleman - chalenger or defender breake a staff on the Tylt to be - disalowed a staff. - - Item yf yt is the pleasurs of the Kynge our most - Dred Souaigne Lorde, the Queens Grace and the Ladies - with the advice of the Noble and dyscret Iuges to give - pryses after their deservings unto both the Parties. - - Item that every Gentleman answerer do Subscrybe his - name to the Artycalles.” - -Hall’s florid account of this meeting, in a much abridged form, is as -follows:—The jousting was combined with a pageant picturing a forest in -which stood a castle of gold, and before it sat a gentleman weaving a -garland of roses for the prize. Jousting began on the twelfth, and on -the morrow there was a grand procession to the lists. The king was on -horseback, armed at all points, riding under a “Pauilion” of cloth of -gold and purple velvet, embroidered and powdered over with the letters -“H” and “K” of fine gold, surmounted by an imperial golden crown and -valanced with hanging wire of the same precious metal. The king’s bases -and the trapper of his charger were of cloth of gold, fretted with -damask gold; his crinet and chamfron were of steel, and on the latter -was a plume garnished with golden spangles. Then followed his three -aides, each riding under a “Pauilion” of crimson damask and purple, -powdered over with the letters “H” and “K” in fine gold, valanced and -fringed with damask gold, and on the top of each canopy a great “K” -of goldsmith’s work. After them marched a number of gentlemen and -yeomen on foot, clad in russet and yellow cloth; then twelve children -of honour, mounted on great coursers richly caparisoned. Then in the -counterpart rode the “venantz,” headed by Sir Charles Brandon,[207] -who appears first on horseback in a long robe of russet satin, like -a recluse, and he petitions the queen for permission to joust in her -presence. His request having been granted, he doffed his cloak and -appeared in full armour, with rich bases, and his horse nobly trapped -for running at the tilt. In attendance on him were divers men clad in -russet satin. Next came young Henry Guilford, Esquire, himself and -horse in russet cloth of gold and cloth of silver, embroidered with a -device like a castle or turret, and all his men in russet satin and -white, with hose of the same and bonnets of a like colour; and he -also petitioned the queen for permission to run. After him rode the -Marquis of Dorset and Sir Thomas Bulleyn,[208] dressed as pilgrims -in tabards of black velvet, with palmer’s hats over their helmets and -long Jacob’s staffs in their hands. Their horses were trapped in black -velvet, which, like their hats and tabards, was garnished with scallop -shells of fine gold; their servants were in black satin, with the -same kind of shells pinned to their breasts. Then came Lord Henry of -Buckingham, Earl of Wiltshire, himself and his horse draped in cloth -of silver, embroidered with a “posye” of golden arrows and roses, and -above the flowers the figure of a greyhound in silver holding a tree of -pomegranates in gold. Then entered Sir Giles Capell, Sir Roulande and -many other knights, richly armed and apparelled. - -The jousting began and was gallantly achieved, the prize being awarded -to the king. The proceedings were followed by music and the dance, -closing with a pageant.[209] What a contrast between this passage of -arms and the tournament held in 1278, _temp._ Edward I, as described in -Chapter II. - -Ashmole, No. 1116, fol. 109-10b, runs as follows:—“Iustes holden at -Westminster the XIIth daie of February by the Kinges grace called Cueur -Loyal, the Lord William of Devon Bon Voloir, Sir Thomas Knevit Valiant -Desire, and Edward Nevell Joyous Penser, with the articles and courses -of the said Iustes,” etc. The articles begin thus—“The noble lady -Renowne considering the good and gracious fortune....” The “courses” -(checques) were tilting tablets for recording the scores for two days -(Wednesday and Thursday, February 12th, 13th, 1511), marked with -strokes, and accounts of the “best Ioustres.” - -In the tournament illustrated on the Herald’s College Roll it is stated -that 264 courses were run at the tilt and but 129 attaints made. -The tenans scored seventy-seven of these, the king himself making -thirty-eight hits out of fifty-two courses. Of the venans, one made no -hits at all and six only struck once in six courses.[210] - -Another meeting took place on the 1st May following, at which the -tenans were the king, Sir Edward Howard, Charles Brandon and Sir Edward -Nevil; the venans being the Earl of Essex, the Earl of Devon, the -Marquis of Dorset and Lord Howard.[211] - -[Illustration: _PLATE X_ - -GERMAN ARMOUR FOR JOUSTING AT THE TILT. AT DRESDEN.] - -[Illustration: AN ARMOUR FOR _FREITURNIER_. AT DRESDEN.] - -In the fourth year of King Henry’s reign— - - “the King had a solempne iust at Grenewiche in Iune: - first came in ladies all in White and Red silke, set - vpon Coursers trapped in the same suite, freated ouer - with gold, after which folowed a Fountain curiously - made of Russet sattin, with eight Gargilles spoutyng - water, within the fountain sat a knight armed at all - peces. After the Fountain folowed a lady all in black - silke dropped with fine siluer, on a courser trapped - in the same. After folowed a knight in a horse litter, - the Coursers and litter apparareled in blacke velvet - with siluer droppes. When the Fountain came to the - tilt, the Ladies rode rounde aboute, and so did the - Fountain and the knight within the litter. And after - them wer brought twoo goodly Coursers appareled for - the iusts: and when they came to the tiltes ende, the - twoo knightes mounted on the two Coursers, abidyng all - commers. The king was in the fountain and Sir Charles - Brandon was in the litter. Then suddenly with great - noyse of the Trompets, entered Sir Thomas Kneuit in - a castle of cole blacke, and ouer the castell was - written, ‘The dolorous Castle,’ and so he and the erle - of Essex, the lorde Haward and other ran their courses, - with the King and Sir Charles Brandon and euer the king - brake moste speres.”[212] - -There were royal jousts held in October, 1513, the king and Lord Lisle -answering all comers. His Majesty was attended by twenty-four knights -clad in robes of purple velvet and cloth of gold, and many lances were -broken.[213] - -In 1515 Henry, with the Marquis of Dorset, challenged all comers to a -joust, and the king “brake three and twentie speres beside attaints and -bare downe to ground a man of armes and his horse.”[214] - -In the same year on twelfth-night the king held a _Scharmützel_, being -the attack and defence of a mock fortress, at Eltham.[215] - -Royal jousts were held again in June, 1519, at which 506 lances were -splintered.[216] - -Royal jousts in March, 1520.[217] - -In the eighth year of his reign the king proclaimed solemn jousts in -honour of his sister, the Queen of Scotland,[218] to extend over two -days. The tenans on the first day were the king himself, the Duke of -Suffolk, the Earl of Essex and Nicholas Carew, Esquire. The venans -numbered twelve. On the second day the king ran against Sir William -Kingston, a tall and strong knight, and unhorsed him. The apparel of -the tenans and their horses “was blacke velvet, covered all over with -braunches of honey suckels of fine flat gold of damaske, of lose worke, -every lefe of the braunch moving, the embroudery was very conning and -sumptuous.”[219][220] - -There was another passage of arms in the year following, at which 506 -lances were splintered.[221] - -The following documents occur among the Harleian MSS.:—“Justs at -Greenwich, the 20th daie of Maye, the 8th yeare of the Raigne of our -Soveraigne Ld. K. Henry VIII.” The score of each jouster is given. - -“_Coppye de Chapitres (ou Articles) des certaine Faits d’Armes, tant a -Pied, comme a Cheval, qui par deux Gentilmomes d’Almaigne touchant une -certaine Emprise._”[222] - -The jousts and tourneys of the Field of the Cloth of Gold were held -on a truly magnificent scale, and, indeed, everything was done to -make them a triumphant spectacular success. The cavaliers of the -two nations, like the ladies present, vied with each other in the -richness of their dresses and appointments, and the two monarchs -greatly distinguished themselves in the tiltyard. The lists themselves -are stated to have been 150 paces long, and were placed in a plain -surrounded by a ditch. Stands were erected for the officials and -spectators, and pavilions were pitched for the use of the cavaliers -taking part. The jousting was with blunted lances, each challenger to -run eight courses. The two kings entered the enclosure on June 11th, -1520, armed at all points, at the time appointed. The horse of his -Majesty of France was trapped with purple satin broached with gold and -embroidered with raven’s plumes hatched with gold, and on his helm he -wore a lady’s sleeve. The trapper of the King of England was of cloth -of gold tissue, fringed with damask and knitted together with golden -points. In attendance on King Henry were Sir Henry Guilford, Master of -the Horse; Sir John Pechie, Governor of Calais; Sir Edmund Guilford, -General of the Forces; and Monsieur Morel, attached to his suite by -King Francis. They all wore the royal livery. - -The jousting began, the onset was sounded, and King Henry ran against -Monsieur Grandevile, and the helm of the Frenchman was fractured. The -Duc de Vendôme ran five courses against the Duke of Suffolk, each -breaking his lance on the other’s body. After many more jousts had been -accomplished the signal to cease for the day was given, the heralds -crying “_Desarmée_” and the trumpets sounded _à l’hostel_ (to lodgings). - -On Tuesday, the 12th, ten gentlemen of the French king’s Swiss Guard -tilted against eleven of the band of Monsieur de Tremouille. - -On Wednesday, the 13th, the King of France, with his aides, and King -Henry, with his following, rode at the tilt, after which there was much -jousting between the knights of France and England; and towards evening -King Francis left for Ard and the English monarch departed for his -castle of Guisnes. - -On the Thursday the French king tilted with the Earl of Devonshire -and others, and King Henry ran against Monsieur Montmorencie and Rafe -Brooke. On the Friday there was fighting at barriers, and on the -Saturday a banquet was given by the French king and his suite at the -Castle of Guisnes. A Frenchman was killed when fighting on foot. - -On the Monday the fêtes were in abeyance, owing to a great storm, -but on the Tuesday the two kings came to the lists, armed at all -points, and jousting was resumed. Wednesday and Thursday were devoted -to the _mêlée_, and on Friday, June 22nd, “the two kings with their -retinues did battle on foot at barriers.”[223] The French cavaliers -wore doublets of cloth of silver and purple velvet, while those of -the English were of cloth of gold and russet velvet. The weapons were -spears and swords. - -On Saturday, after a banquet, there was again fighting at barriers, -first with spears and afterwards with two-handed swords. - -The _pas d’armes_ was followed by masks, more banqueting and the dance. -Both Hall and Holinshed describe this historic meeting. - -Among the Ashmolean MSS. are the following concerning the Field of -the Cloth of Gold:—“_Ce sont les noms des princes, prellatz, et -grans seigneurs de France, qui estoient en la compaignie de Roy de -France quant le Roy_ [_Henry VIII_] _Dengleterre et led’ sr le Roy_ -[_François_] _sentrevyrent et ordonnerent les Iousts et Tournoys qui -sensuyvent_.” Prefixed to the title is a stanza of five lines inviting -to the jousts. - -“The proclamacōn in Frenche of the Articles of the Iustes and other -feates of armes at the meeting of the aforesaid Kinges [Henry and -François] at Guisnes, proclaimed throughout the realme of France -by Thomas Benolt al’s Clarencieux King of Armes. _Comme ainsi soit -louange._”[224] - -Imperial royal jousts were run in the month of March of the thirteenth -year of the reign, of which Hall gives an account; and there were -others in the year following. - -On March 10th, 1524, King Henry ran a great risk of losing his life -in the tiltyard, for when jousting with Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, he -forgot to shut and clasp down the visor of his helmet. Brandon, who was -short-sighted, did not perceive this, and in his career aimed his lance -at that part of the king’s head-piece, striking it at the side of the -face, unhelming his Majesty, though without causing him any injury. As -already mentioned, in a joust held on Shrove Tuesday in the year 1525 -Sir Charles Bryan nearly lost an eye from a somewhat similar cause. - -King Henry, like his friend Maximilian of Austria, is always -represented as the successful jouster, and, although his strength, -skill and good fortune are generally admitted, some explanation is -required to account for his invariable success. It has been suggested -that it may have been due in some measure to the prerogative of the -queen, by which a joust could be stopped if there should be any -probability of the king’s defeat.[225] - - “On May-day _anno_ 1536 was a great jousting held - at Greenwich, at which the chief challenger was the - Lord Rochford, the queen’s brother; and the defendant - was one Henry Norris, of the king’s bed-chamber, with - others. They managed their arms with great dexterity, - and every course which they ran came off with the loud - applause of the people.”[226] - - “Another solemne Challenge was proclaimed and - perfourmed by certaine English Knights, viz. Sir John - Dudley,[227] Sir Thomas Seimer, Sir Francis Poynings, Sir - George Carew, Anthony Kingston and Richard Cromwel. - _Anno_ 1540.” - -Royal jousts were run on the thirty-first year of the reign, in -celebration of the king’s marriage with Anne of Clѐves. - -Lacroix, in _Military and Religious Life in the Middle Ages_, pictures -the degradation of a knight convicted of dishonourable conduct, copied -from a wood-cut bearing the initials “J. A.” (Jost Amman). The culprit -is exposed on a scaffold, clad only in his shirt, his armour is broken -in pieces before him and thrown at his feet, and his spurs are cast -upon a dunghill. His shield is dragged by a cart-horse through the -mire, and the tail of his _destrier_ cut off. A herald-at-arms cries -three times, “Who is there?” and each time the name of the knight is -given. The herald then cries, “No, it is not so; I see no knight, but -only a false coward.” The culprit is borne on a litter into a church, -where the burial service is read over him, and the world of chivalry -knows him no more. - -There is no record of any royal jousts on the accession of Edward VI -to the throne, and such pastimes would seem to have been greatly in -abeyance during that short reign. - -The same would seem to have been the case during the reign of Queen -Mary; but there were fights at barriers in 1554, when Philip II -arrived in England. The challengers, against all comers, were Don -Fredericke de Toledo, the Lord Strange, Don Ferdinando de Toledo, Don -Francisco de Mendoça, and Garsulace de la Vega. - -The prizes were as follows, viz.:— - - “1. He who cometh forth most gallantly, though without - superfluities, shall have a rich brooch. - 2. The best stroke with the pike shall have a ring with - a ruby. - 3. The best stroke with the sword shall have a ring - with a diamond. - 4. He that fighteth most valiantly shall have a ring - with a diamond. - 5. The prize of all together in rank at the foyle was a - ring of gold with a rich diamond. - He that giveth a stroke with a pike from the girdle - downwards shall win no prize. - He that shall have a close gauntlet or anything to - fasten his sword to his hand shall win no prize. - He whose sword falls out of his hand shall win no prize. - He that striketh his hand in fight on the barriers - shall win no prize. - Whosoever shall fight and not show his sword to the - judges shall win no prize.” - - The prizes were thus awarded by the judges, in the - above order, to:— - Don Fredericke de Toledo. - Don Diego Ortado di Mendoça. - Sir John Parrat. - Ruygomez.[228] And - King Philip, in highest honour.[229] - -During the reign of Queen Elizabeth vigorous efforts were made to -revive the ancient glories of the tournament, which were for a time not -without a certain measure of success, under the auspices of the maiden -queen. Sir Henry Lee rode as the queen’s champion until advancing years -caused him to relinquish the self-imposed office in favour of the Earl -of Cumberland, who wore a glove of her Majesty’s on his helmet. - -A drawing, from a MS., of tilting, tourney and barriers is reproduced -in Lord Dillon’s paper in the _Archæological Journal_, Vol. LV, which -affords a good deal of information regarding the detail of such combats -during the reign. - -There were jousts and barriers on the accession of Queen Elizabeth -to the throne in 1558, in which the Duke of Norfolk and the earls of -Surrey, Warwick and Leicester took part.[230] - -The _fête d’armes_ at which Henri II of France was fatally injured was -held at Paris in 1559. The tenans on the occasion were the king, the -Prince of Ferrera, the Duke of Guise and others. The course in which -the accident befel was an extra one, run in the face of remonstrances -on the part of the other challengers. The cause of the injury would -seem to have been that the Comte de Montgomeri, Captain of the Scottish -Guard, failed to drop his shivered lance immediately after impact, as -he ought to have done, and the jagged end striking the king’s visor, -a splinter passed through the slit for vision and pierced his brain. -The king’s case was hopeless from the first, though he lingered in -agony for nearly a week. The king’s accidental death was not avenged -on Montgomeri at the time, but Catherine de Medici had him executed -fifteen years later. Lacroix, in _Military and Religious Life in the -Middle Ages_, gives a picture of this fatal encounter, copied from an -engraving of the sixteenth century. - -Viscount Dillon, in his paper “Barriers and Foot Combats,” reproduces -a picture of Spanish officers “At Barriers” in Brussels, 1569 (after -Hogenberg). The details are interesting as showing the manner of -fighting on foot at the time. - -As stated in the Ashmolean MS., No. 837, fol. 245, a tournament -was proclaimed at Hampton Court by Clarencieulx, King of Arms, -on Twelfth-night, _anno_ 1570, to take place in the month of May -following. The MS. begins with a preamble, being a general exhortation -to revive the tournament, which “had of late fallen a sleepe.” Next -come the _chapitres d’armes_ (the articles) for the tilt, tourney and -barriers. A copy of the document follows here:— - - “For as much most noble Queene, as ther ar within - this yoʳ maᵗⁱᵉˢ Courte a greate nombre of noble menne - and gentlemenne excellent men of Armes, and yet (as it - wer) of late fallen a sleepe from eny kinde of such - exercyse: Therfore by your maᵗⁱᵉˢ lycense, to revyve - theim withall, ther ar fower Knightes Errant which haue - thought goode to challenge all commers at Shrovetyde - next as followeth. Videlicet. - - _Tilt_ - Vpon Shrouesonday at the Tylt, six courses a pece. - And who so doth best of the Defendanntes in those six - courses, shall have for his prize a cheyne of gold. - - _Tourney_ - Vpon Shrovemonday at the Tourney, two blowes at - the passage, and tenne at the ioyninge. All grypes, - shockes, and fowle playes forbidden. And who so doth - best of the Defendantes at that feate, shall haue a - Diamonde. - - _Barriours_ - Vpon Shrouetuesday at the Barriours, three pusshes - with the short pyke, and tenne blowes with the sworde - with open gauntlet: no Barriours to be layde hande - vpon, nor eny weopen to be taken holde of. And he of the - Defendantes that doth best ther at, shall haue a Rubie. - - [The entire page is scored out. On the back of the - page, which is written by Glover, a second hand has - written, the other way up:—] - - The proclemacion that was procleamed at hampton - court by Clarencieulx Kyng of armes on twelffe daye at - nyght in Aᵒ/1570/ the chalengers names was the erle of - Oxfford Charles howard Sʳ henry Lee and christoffer - hatton a pencioner. - - Theys excercyses was not Fulffylled tyle maye deye - next after on which daye was the tylte at westmynster - and the second daye of maye the torney and on Sonday - byeing the vj of maye the barrioures.” - -Another MS. in the same collection (No. 845, fol. 164) gives a list -of the participants, with their “checques” (which are tablets for -recording the scores made). Examples of these registers are given here, -under the heading of the document in question:— - - [Endorsed:—Tournay. - - Two blowes at the passage: and tenne at the ioyninge: - All gryppes shockes and foule playe forbidden.] - - [A list of names is also on folio 164 b.] - - [fol. 164.] - -[Illustration: SCORING “CHEQUES.”] - - [54 more, as above, 25 without arms.] - -The tenans on the occasion were the Earl of Oxford, Lord Charles -Howard, Sir Henry Lee, and Christopher Hatton, a “pencioner,” and -a list of their opponents, with their “Checques,” is given in the -Ashmolean MS. No. 845, fol. 167. (See page 128.) - -The prize for the best lance among the tilters was “a cheyne of gold,” -which fell to the Earl of Oxford, who ran forty-two courses and -splintered thirty-two lances, a very good performance. The prize for -the tourney was a “Diamonde”; that for “barriours” a “Rubie,” which was -won by Thomas Cecil, one of the venans. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration: _PLATE XI_ - -HARNESSES FOR JOUSTING AT THE TILT. AT PARIS.] - -[Illustration: FIELD HARNESS OF ANNE DE MONTMORENCY.] - -In 1590, after the siege of Paris had been raised, King Henri IV -challenged the Duc de Mayenne to single combat, in order that by a -decisive result the calamities of France might be stayed, but nothing -came of it. - -A tournament was held at Westminster under the leadership of Walter, -Earl of Essex, which is chiefly remarkable from the fact of its -having taken place during the night. It was on the occasion when Anne -de Montmorency, Constable of France, came to London to receive the -Order of the Garter, in June, 1572. Queen Elizabeth gave a supper in -celebration of the event, at which she presided, and in due time she -retired to her apartments. The weather being warm, however, it pleased -her Majesty to walk from her chamber on to the open terrace of the -palace, where the French duke and his suite were assembled, with many -of the English courtiers. The Earl of Essex entered the terrace quite -suddenly, accompanied by twelve gentlemen armed at all points and well -mounted. - - “The Earl and his horse were furnished with white - cloth of siluer, and the rest in white sattin, who - after reuerence done to her Maiesty, marched to the - east side of the Court, and there in troope, stood - firme. Forthwith entered Edward Earle of Rutland, with - a like number, in like sort armed and apparelled all - in blew; and hauing presented his reuerence, stayed on - the west end. Before either of these bands, one Chariot - was drawen, and therein a faire Damsell, conducted by - an armed Knight, who pronounced certain speeches in - the French tongue, vnto her Maiestie. These Ceremonies - passed, the Queene commanded the armed men to fall vnto - fight, which they performed with great courage, and - commendation, chiefly in the Earl of Essex, a noble - personage, valorous in armes, and all other wayes of - great vertue. - - Of the Actors names in this Triumph (it seemeth) no - note is kept: yet are many of them still liuing.” - -The ordinances and regulations which controlled the routine of a -tournament, some of them compiled for general use and others framed -for particular contests, have been repeatedly referred to in these -pages; but the method of the keeping of scores is nowhere clearly -indicated, and, indeed, is but rarely mentioned. The score was marked -in strokes by a king of arms, sometimes by a pursuivant,[231] on a -scoring tablet, termed a “checque,” which was tricked with a shield of -the arms of the owner, as shown on page 127. The scoring-board itself -was in the form of a parallelogram, with three horizontal lines, the -middle line projecting some distance beyond the others, and on the -projection of this middle line the number of courses run (usually from -two to eight) were registered. The attaints were noted on the top -line; and they were often differentiated as hits on the body or head, -which had a different value in the tale.[232] The middle line inside -the parallelogram was for the staves well broken, and the bottom line -for those “ill-broken”—that is, broken within a foot of the head of -the lance or on the tilt, on the adversary’s saddle, etc.—these being -deducted from the score or disallowed. The proportion in the number of -attaints varied greatly, though on the average it would appear that -the misses made in jousting at the tilt (i.e. when the jousters failed -to touch each other in their careers) were greater in number than the -hits made; while in jousting “at the wide” the proportion of attaints -was much greater. The registration was done by vertical strokes on the -horizontal lines. - -As many as ten jousting cheques have been found, which help to a -knowledge as to how the scoring was managed, though more light is -needed on the subject. - -The rules and regulations concerning the conducting of tournaments in -Tudor times were based on those framed in 1466 by John Tiptoft, Earl of -Worcester, Constable of England, which are given in our Chapter IV; but -there is no rule among them directly mentioned concerning the method -of scoring the points. There are, however, pictures of the scoring -cheques, reproduced by Mr. ffoulkes in his paper in _Archæologia_, -Vol. LXIII, Plate IV, Nos. 2, 3, which appear at the ends of two of -the versions of the Tiptoft rules; viz. those in Harl. MS. 2413, fol. -16, and Ashmole MS. 763, fol. 149. Two cheques out of the fifty-six in -Ashmole MS. 845, fol. 164, are reproduced on our Fig. 1. They are those -of the Earl of Oxford and Charles Howard, being registers of their -scores at the passage of arms which was proclaimed by Clarencieulx in -1570. - -This somewhat intricate subject can only be lightly touched upon in -these pages; but we may refer any of our readers who may wish to pursue -the subject further to Lord Dillon’s paper, “Tilting in Tudor Times,” -published in the _Archæological Journal_, Vol. LV, and to that written -by Mr. Charles ffoulkes in _Archæologia_, LXIII, entitled “Jousting -Cheques of the Sixteenth Century.” - -Three writers on certain features in the routine of a tournament are -mentioned in the last-named monograph, _The Romance of Three King’s -Sons_, written about the end of the fifteenth century,[233] from which -the following extract is given:— - - “All these thinges donne thei were embatailed eche - ageynste the othir and the corde drawen ageynste eche - partie, and whan the tyme was, the cordes were cutte - and the Trumpettis blew up for euery man to do his - deuoir. And for to assertayne you more of the Tournay - there was on eche side a stake, and at eache stake two - Kynges of Armes, with penne, and Inke, and paper, to - write the names of all of them that were yolden, for - they shold no more Tournay.” - -This refers to the _mêlée_, not the joust. - -King René d’Anjou, in _Traicte de la forme et Devis d’ung Tournoi_, -gives an illustration of a _mêlée_ in which the attendants are seen -cutting the cords with axes, but there are no kings of arms present -noting the score. - -Another reference occurs in the account given in the Landsdowne MS. -285 of the combat between the Bastard of Burgundy and Lord Scales in -1466, a contest which has been already described on these pages. It is -entitled _The Ordinaunce of kepyng of the Feelde_, and runs— - - “... At ev’y corner a Kyng of Armes crownyd and an - Harauld or Pursevaunte within the seide feelde, for - reporte makyng of actes doon within the same: Garter - and othir Kynges of Armes and Hauraldes to be sett in - the scaffolde before the Kyng on the right hande of the - staire of the Kynges place judiciall’ to make report - generall’ and to marke all that should be doon in the - seide feelde.” - -And we may infer that a score of the points, for and against, was kept -on the occasion.[234] Hall, in his narrative of the Field of the Cloth -of Gold, states definitely that the scores of the combatants were -marked down by the proper officials, English and French. - -The Duc d’Alençon and three French gentlemen, with the earls of Sussex -and Leicester, challenged all comers, in 1551, to fight at barriers, -and they had forty-five opponents.[235] - -Jousts were run at Westminster, in conjunction with a great pageant, -on January 22nd, 1581, in the presence of Queen Elizabeth. The fêtes -extended over several days, and many lances were broken at the tilting. -The crowd was so great at the pageant that many citizens were maimed -and some killed. Those taking part in the tilting were Henry Gray, -Sir Thomas Perot, Anthony Cooke, Thomas Radcliffe, Robert and Francis -Knolles, Rafe Bowes, Thomas Kelwaie, George Goring, William Tresham, -Robert Alexander, Edward Dennie, Hercules Meantus, Edward Moore, -Richard Skipwith, Richard Ward, Edward Digbie, Henry Nowell and Henry -Brunkerd. During the running Sir Henry Lee entered the tiltyard as The -Unknown and, after breaking six lances, retired again. The challengers -each ran six courses against all comers. A _Scharmützel_, being the -attack and defence of a mock fortress on which cannon were mounted, -took place later, and this was followed by the tourney and barriers. -Taking part in these were the Earl of Arundel, Lord Windsor, Sir Philip -Sidney and Fulke Greville, Esquire.[236] - -A tournament was held on the 15th May following, as mentioned in -Ashmole MS. No. 845, fol. 166, a copy of which follows:— - - “The Tournay holden at Westminster on monday the 15. of May. 1581. - when as the prince dolphine of Auuergne and other the frenche - commissioners were here. - -[Illustration: This mark at the end signifyeth that that party hath -perfourmed his blowes at the passage and at the joyninge.” - -(46 more figures like this, with a line at the right end. They are -arranged in two columns.)] - - -The challengers were Monsieur the brother of the French King, the -Prince Delphine,[237] the earls of Sussex and Leicester, the Count S. -Aignon, Messires Chamuallan and Bacqueuile. The venans were led by Lord -Thomas Howard. - -Another tournament took place at Westminster on November 17th in the -same year, and a list of names of those taking part is given in Ashmole -MS. No. 845, fol. 165:— - - “1581. 24. R. R. Elizabeth - Therle of Arundell )____ The Lord Windesore - Henry Greye )____ Henry Windesore - Sʳ Henry Lee )____ Phellip Sidney - Sʳ Thomas Perot )____ Thomas Ratclyff - Foulke Grevill )____ Rawffe Bowes - Edward Norrys )____ Thomas Knevet - Anthony Cooke )____ John Pagingeton - George Gyfford )____ Thomas Kailloway - Robart Alexander )____ George Goringe - Edward More )____ Henry Bronkard - William Tresham )____ Rychard Warde - Everard Digby )____ Tyrrell - Storry )____ - William Knolles )____ Robart Knolles. - - These be the names of the noblemen and gentlemen, - that for the honour of the Queenes Majestie did - their endevour at the Tylt at Westminster on the - xvijᵗʰ day of Nouember, beinge the first day of the - xxiiijᵗʰ yere of the reigne of queene Elizabeth, - whome God of his greate mercy longe contynue to reigne - over this sinnefull realme of England. Amen.” - -In 1585 there is what is described as “the last joust on the Thames,” -but which was really a form of water quintain:— - - “From ech end of the riuer came a bote running with - six ores, in the stern of which on the top stood a man - armed in a red wastcote, with a staffe in his reste, - hauing a but end of corke; now ech meeting other with - their staues, both fell into the water, where spare - botes were redi to succour them, for ouer went their - horsses.”[238] - -Ashmole MS. No. 1109, fol. 154b, gives a list of names of persons -taking part in a tournament held at Windsor on November 17th, 1593. - - - “[In Officio Armorum Lib.] M. 4: Justes. fo: 42 - - Course at Feild at Windsor the 17ᵗʰ of Nov: 1593. Aᵒ regni Reginæ 36. - - The Earle of Cumberland The Earle of Southampton. - The Earle of Essex Robert Knowles. - The Lord Fitzwalter Cary Reynolds. - The Lord Compton Henry Nowell. - Sʳ Charles Blount Sʳ Tho. Gerrard. - Sʳ Vnknowen Robert Dudley. - The E. of Essex [sic] Sʳ William Knowles. - - { The Earle of Worcester - Judges { The Lord Sandes - { Lord North - { The Lord Norrys” - -In 1606, in the reign of James I, there was a fight at barriers in -celebration of the ill-fated marriage of the Earl of Essex. Sixteen -combatants fought on each side, first singly and then in threes. -One party was led by the Duke of Lennox, the other by the Earl of -Sussex.[239] - -Another fight at barriers took place on Twelfth-night, 1610, when -Henry Prince of Wales, with six aides, met sixty-five defendants at -Whitehall. The weapons were pikes and single swords, and the prince, -then in his sixteenth year, is stated to have greatly distinguished -himself.[240] - -Harleian MS., III, 215, 4888, 20, is a general challenge at tilt, -tourney, and barriers, “signed Lenox, Southampton, Pembroke, -Montgumbray,” dated 1612. It was in defence of these propositions—“1. -That in Service of Ladyes, Knights have no free-will. 2. That it is -Beautie maintains the World in valour. 3. That noe fare Ladie was ever -false. 4. That none can be perfectlye wife but Lover.” The challenge -was addressed, “To all honourable men, Men at Armes, and Knight -Adventurers of hereditarie note, ＆ examplarie noblesse, that for most -memorable actions doe wield either Sword or Launce in quest of glorie.” - -Ashmole MS. No. 837, fol. 129-32, gives a long account of “The manner -of first cominge into the Tiltyard” of Charles Prince of Wales in the -year 1619. It is interesting from many points of view, and we reproduce -it here nearly _in extenso_. Like all accounts of the tournament of -the period but little information is given of the martial sports -themselves, though a great deal is written concerning the dresses, -etc. This MS. affords abundant evidence that the last stage of the -tournament had been reached. - - “The manner of the first cominge into the - Tiltyard of the Most high and mighty Prince Charles - Prince of Wales sonne and heir apparent of our - Souereign Lo: Kinge James on Friday the xxiiijᵗʰ - of March 1619 wͨͪ was in the most princely and - Royall manner that had been sene many yeares before. - -[Sidenote: [fol. 129 b]] - - The day and tyme drawing neare the Tiltyard at - Whitehall was prepared wᵗʰ many scaffoldes on both - sides ＆ the vpper end where stood his Majestie himself - wᵗʰ many other great estates and on the one side sate - in a place prepared of purpose at the vpper end the - Embassadors on the other side next to Sᵗ James parke - gate was erected a most rich ＆ stately Pauillion of - green yellow ＆ white damaske laid on wᵗʰ broad lace - of siluer ＆ gold wᵗʰ a very deep valence of cloth of - silver frendged about wᵗʰ a deep freng of gold ＆ siluer - garnished about wᵗʰ The princes Armes ＆ badges. on the - top of it was set an Eglet in her nest loking vp at - the sonne wᵗʰ this motto at it Nec Degener heres. All - wᵗʰ being ready ＆ exceedingly well cleared ＆ ordered - by Sʳ Edw; Zouch Kᵗ Marshall. The E: of Arrundell - being appointed to be Erle Marshall of England for - that day about 12 of the clok came into the Tiltyard - on horseback attended by diuers of his owne gent on - foot wᵗʰ truncheons in their handes on whome likewise - attended the Kᵗ Marshall ＆ all the officers of Armes - in their Coates of Armes on horseback vntill his - Majestie was ready to come thither. All things beinge - / in a readines ＆ the tiltyard in a very good order - his Lordship attended wᵗʰ the Kt Marshall Clarenceux - ＆ Norry ＆ all the heralds ＆ pursuiantes of armes rode - to Denmarke house to fetch the Prince his highnes and - let him vnderstand that his Majestie were [sic] redy ＆ - expected his coming wherevpon he proceeded in manner - followinge. - - First marched on foote all the Princes band of his - Artillery yard led by their captaine, Mʳ Conisby. next - to them went many of the Kᵗ Marshalls men well suited - wᵗʰ truncheons in their handes before their Master who - for the most part coasted vp ＆ downe to keep the street - ＆ passage clene from people. / - -[Sidenote: The reason why the Princes trumpets did intercede betw: the -officers of Armes and the Prince and had place of them ＆ the Kinges -trompetts was because they were part of the Princes Show, and therefore -not thought fitt to be diuided.] - - Then six of the Kings Trumpetters sounding the sergᵗ - Trumpeter wᵗʰ his mace before them riding. - - Next to them the pursuiantes ＆ heraldes of Armes - wᵗʰ the two provinciall kings of Armes Clarenceux ＆ - Norry vnto all whome the Prince his highnes had very - bountefully distributed to euery of them 9 yardes of - rich taffata of his coullors vist 3 yardes of white 3 - yardes of yellow ＆ three yardes of green all fringed - very richly wᵗʰ a deep frenge of silver ＆ gold spangled - and likewise to each of them a white Bever hatt wᵗʰ - a fair gold ＆ siluer band and larg plumes of his - coullors. / - - Then followed 6 of the Princes Trumpettes very richly - clad in grene veluet coats laid wᵗʰ gold ＆ silure lace - ＆ white Beruers ＆ fethers - -[Sidenote: [fol. 130 a]] - - Next them rode his 3 pages one after another brauely - mounted very richly clad aleso in grene sattin suits - laid exceding thich [sic] wᵗʰ gold ＆ siluer lace white - beuers ＆ plumes, ＆ their horses in rich caparasans of - greene velvet embrodered wᵗʰ gold ＆ siluer each of them - / of [sic] attended by querries in rich suites of the - Princes coullors on foot. - - Next rode the Erie Marshall wᵗʰ his marshalls rod - - Then the Prince his highnes alone all armed in white - armour ＆ bravely mounted on horseback wᵗʰ wonderfull - rich caparisans ＆ plumes attended by diuers of his - cheife gent on foot most richly araied in greine suites - of sattin laid very thick wᵗʰ siluer ＆ gold lace white - bevers ＆ fethers each of them carying in their handes - one of the Princes staues / After the Prince rode Sʳ - Tho: Howard Master of the Princes horse. - - And after him followed 3 spare horses wᵗʰ plumes ＆ - rich embrodered caparisans of his coullors: / led by - Querryes or officers of the stable. /: - - In this manner they proceeded from Denmark howse to - the Tiltyard gate where the artillery men first made a - stand ＆ deui(d)ed themselues in a lane for the Prince - to passe When his highnes came at the vpper end of the - tiltyard he alighted ＆ went into his pavillion to sitt - ＆ repose himself whilst the other Tilters were brought - in who tarried at the mewes vntil the Kᵗ Marshall ＆ the - officers of Armes came for them who proceded in manner - following every one in his rank the officers of Armes - going before the new runners. - -[Sidenote: [fol. 130 b]] - - euery one in his rank - - Thus appointed to Runn. - new The Prince ＆ The E: of Dorset - new Marquess Bucks ＆ Sʳ Sigismond Alexander - new Marquess Hamilton ＆ E: of Warwick - new E: of Oxford ＆ The lo: walden - E of Rutland ＆ E of Salsbury new / - E of Montgomery ＆ Sʳ Thomas Somerset - E of Desmond ＆ Sʳ Hen Riche - The lo: Gerard ＆ Mʳ Hen: Alexander - - it is to be noted that because the: E of Montgomery - was hurt in the arme in practisinge about 3 dayes - before Mr Cary 2 sonn to Sʳ Robt Cary the Princes - chamberlein was appointed to Runn for him at wͨͪ tyme - it was concluded that hereafter if at any tyme any man - shold be hurt that he could not run himself but that he - appointed another to run for him (if he were inferior - to him hurt and desyred to run in his place) he should - come into the tilt wᵗʰ his beuer close or if he would - haue his beuer open he should then come in the due of - his place. / - -[Sidenote: [fol. 131 a]] - - Judges./. - [fol. 131 a] The Prince brake —-—-—- staues - The E: of Dorset —-—-—- - The Marques of Buck —-—- - The marquess Hamilton —— - - After all was done the Prince and all the Tilters - once passing round the tilt passt round on alonge - before the Prince and so attended him to Somerset - howse again. - - Fees giuen to the officers of Armes - Of the Prince in scarfes of his coullors each scarfe - coat 9 yards of rich taffata fringed wᵗʰ deep frenge - of gold ＆ siluer, and 12 white beuer hats wᵗʰ gold ＆ - siluer bandes and faire fethers of his coullors yellow - white ＆ grene. And 20ˡⁱ money for his fee - - of the marquess Buck 13ˡⁱ 6ˢ 8 for his fee - of the E: o(f) Oxford 10ˡⁱ for his fee - of the E: of Salsbury 10 for his fee ＆ scarfes of his coullors - -[Sidenote: [fol-131 b]] - - xxiiij⁹ Martij Aᵒ dni 1620./ - Aᵒ Regni Regis Jacobi i9 - - The Prince The E: of Dorsett - Marquess of Buckingham The marquess Hamilton - new The E: of Lincolne Sʳ Sigismond Alexander - The E of Desmond Lo: Walden - new The lo: Compton Lo: Gerard - new The lo: Scroope Sʳ Tho: Somerset - Sʳ Hen: Riche Mʳ Hen: Alexander - Sʳ Hen. Mildmay Sʳ Sigismond Alexander - - Judges: - The E: of Bridgwater - The viscount Doncaster - The viscount Falkland - Sʳ Fulk Greville - T: Arrundell - - At this tyme the Prince his highnes came from Denmark - howse to the Tiltyard through the Strand as followeth / - - First went the band of Artillerymen marching along - vntill they came to the gate of the Tiltyard and there - made a stand ＆ deuided themselves in a lane for the - Princes highnes to pass through - - The seriant Trompetour and the K. Trompettes. - - Next followed on horsback the officers of Armes in - their coates. - - Then the Princes Trumpetes richly clad in coates of - grene velvet laid wᵗʰ gold lace / - - Then the Princes 3 pages one after another bravely - mounted ＆ most richly clothed. / - - Then the Prince his highnes alone armed wᵗʰ [Blank] - of his gent on foot carrying his staves most richely - arayed going on both sides./ - - Then followed Sʳ Tho: Howard master of the Princes - horse on horsback - - After whom followed seuerall spare horses led by - the Querryes or officers of the stable and in this - manner they preceeded into the Tiltyard and at the - vpper end of the tiltyard by the parke gate was set vp - a pauillion of yellow ＆ grene damask laced wᵗʰ gold ＆ - siluer lace where the Prince reposed himself vntill the - rest of the runners were brought in who stand at the - mewes in a redines vntill they were sent for by the Kt - marshall ＆ the officers of Armes. and then they cam in - according to their degrees two ＆ two together before - the E: of Lincolne being a new runner went 4 officers - of Armes ＆ 4 before the lo: Compton ＆ two before Sʳ - Henry Mildmay being allso new runners. - - The E: of Lincolne gaue to the officers of Armes 10¹ - and fouer scarfes of his coullors of 3¹ prise ＆ fethers - each of them - - The lo: Compton gaue them 6 13ˢ 9ᵈ ＆ 4 scarfes of - like valew ＆ fethers - - [‘This is an original paper, with notes and - corrections by one of the Heralds. This art. is - recorded in the Heralds’ MS. M. 3, f. 1-3ᵇ. Ashm. - Catal.]” - -One more illustration of a tournament of the seventeenth century -is afforded by Ashmole MS. No. 1127, fol. 196-99b, and it aptly -illustrates the advanced stage of degeneration now reached by these -once brilliant and chivalrous martial games:— - - “Extracted out of P. Boitells Generall history of all - that hapned most remarkeable as well in France as in - other forrain Country’s in the yeares 1618: 1619: 1620. - Printed at Paris in the year. 1620. - -[Sidenote: p. 87, 88] - - The Colours of the Madame are Blew Incarnate, White - ＆ Amaranthus, the Blew represents heavenly ＆ exalted - thoughts, the Incarnate chast and honest Inclinations, - the White purity ＆ sincerity of faith, the Amaranthus - Constancy. - -[Sidenote: p. 90] - - The Knight of the Royall Amaranthus sends his - Challenge abroad for the Celebrating of a solemn - Turneament, the Princesses ＆ Lady’s of the court had - scaffolds erected for them, ＆ for judges of the Combatt - were chosen the Count Guy St George, the Count de la - Bassie, ＆ the Count de la Valdisere. - -[Sidenote: p. 92] - -[Sidenote: [fol. 198b p. 92] - - The trompetts beginning to sound from the new palace, - there appeared presently after 12. trompeters clad - in Blew, Incarnate White ＆ Amaranthus representing - yᵉ winds after whom a Camell was led by fowr African - Moores, habited in the same livery ＆ bearing lances - cover’d with blew damask, twelv Lackey’s follow’d - clad after the same manner ＆ after them 12 Pages upon - spanish Genetts richly harness’t ＆ representing the - 12 houres of the day, their cloakes were of the same - colours, their heads cover’d with perrukes compos’d of - golden threads with crowns composed of flowrs de Lyses - / roses, heyacynthusses ＆ Amaranthusses beneath each of - which there seem’d to shine a Great Sun made of plates - of Gold ＆ at their shovlders they had two wings of - silver. In their left hands they carry’d sheilds which - had devises painted on them, ＆ the name of yᵉ Knight - written, ＆ in their hands silver lances with bannerolls - of the same colour. - -[Sidenote: p. 93] - - After which came six winged coursers drawing slowly - a tryumphall Charriott wͨͪ signify’d the Charriott of - the morning, it was of a great heigth ＆ vast biggness - adorn’d all about with paintings, ＆ built with rare - workmanship. On the top of this Charriott was plac’t - Aurora or the Morning quaintly attir’d ＆ accompany’d - with joy ＆ Laughter who playing upon the Lute ＆ the - Theorbo, after they had taken a round about the place, - address’d themselves at length to the Infanta’s, ＆ both - of them together joining in Consort with Aurora sung - certain Italian verses. - -[Sidenote: p. 94] - - After the tryumphall Charriott follow’d six peers - magnificently attir’d, with a great number of Heron’s - plumes ＆ Jewells about their hose, ＆ scarfs of the - same colour, ＆ these were the Marquese of Lullin, the - Marquese of Vogueres, the Baron of St George, the - Marques of Caraglio, the Marquese of Pallavicini, ＆ - Mounsieur de Lodes. - -[Sidenote: [fol. 199]] - - At Length the Prince enter’d the lists as Challenger - as being of the most active address ＆ most skillfull of - his weapon of all the rest, ＆ the Combatants were these - following knights. - -[Sidenote: p. 95] - -[Sidenote: [fol. 199b]] - - Mounsieur de St Reran, under the name of Almidour - the Constant, the Count de Montué, Sirnamed Fulginart - without fear, Mounsieur de Cavorrett stlled the Fierce - Dragon, Mounsieur de Maserez call’d Palmiades the - faithfull, Mounsieur de Roussillon tearmed Learques - the Couragious, Don Astanio Bobba named Primislas the - Strong, Mounsieur de Druent entitled Cloridant the - brave, Fulvio Delle Lanze, stiled Altomar the bloody, - the Knight d’Aglie with the title of Prodicles the - warriour, the Count de Ferrusasque titled Termodont the - angry, the Marquese Formo call’d Erolind the Cruell, - this noble troop made their Entry three ＆ three in a - rank, their livery consisting of all yᵉ fowr colours, - but the Prince made choice cheifly of the Amaranthus, - ＆ therefore his plume of that colour shew’d it self - eminently above the rest, his mantle was of cloth of - silver, ＆ under it he had a rich suit of armour made - after the manner of the ancients with breeches of silk - made after yᵉ same fashion, sprinkled all about with - pearles ＆ Jewells, he was mounted upon a stout prancing - horse, cover’d with stately capparisons of the same - livrie, with / the laces fringes ＆ tassells of silver, - ＆ all inrich’t with floures ＆ roses of the same mettall - he enter’d in between two knights whereof the one was - clad in blew, the other in Incarnate. - - After the severall Combats were ended the prise was - adjudg’d to the Knight of the royall Amaranthus, which - donne the trompettes sounded a retreat, ＆ then the - Knights each of them retir’d in their Order to the new - palace. - -[Sidenote: p. 85] - - This Ceremony was celebrated by the Prince of Savoy, - upon occasion of the marriage between him ＆ Christina - the sister of Lewis the just King of France at his - return to Turin from Rivolles where Inviting the Lady’s - to a Ball he Instituted a Turneament under the title of - the Knight of the Royall Amaranthus fighting under the - Colours of Madame, the Princess.” - -The tournament lingered long in Germany. - -The decline of armour had become acute by the close of the sixteenth -century, and to this there were many contributory causes. Far too much -stress has been laid on the extended use of firearms as being the main -reason for this, though the ever-increasing penetrative force of the -musket-ball had tended greatly to diminish the value of steel harness -as a sure means of defence. As a matter of fact, full armour could not -be constantly worn during a long campaign without injury to health, -besides being a great clog to mobility on the march and in the field. -Another potent factor towards the disuse of armour lay in the fact that -harness for the soldiery was made in certain standard or arbitrary -sizes, each piece being numbered, so that the suits rarely fitted -individual cases. They were thus apt to chafe the bodies of the wearers -and to cause sores beyond endurance, so that pieces of armour were -frequently cast away on the march, all penalties notwithstanding. The -man-at-arms of an earlier age became the pistolier, _Landsknecht_ and -cuirassier of later times. - -Early in the seventeenth century another decided change took place in -the form of the breastplate, which followed the cut of the doublet of -civil life, in the gradual shortening of the waist, and body-armour -became stumpy and inelegant. - -The latest phase of cap-à-pie armour is well illustrated by a harness -in the Musée d’Artillerie, Paris, which was presented by the Republic -of Venice to Louis XIV, in 1688. It is very uncouth in form. During the -last half of the century plate-armour gradually disappears, the pikemen -being the last infantry arm to employ it. A “pair of plates” were the -last pieces worn, and, except in the case of the cuirassiers, they also -were abandoned in favour of the buff coat pure and simple. - -After a career of six centuries, the tourney had practically run its -course, and had now become almost a thing of the past. Its influence on -the ages had been in the main for good, in restraining the licence of -troublous times and in inculcating a respect for women. It had fostered -a spirit of courtesy, honour and chivalry, sentiments which extended -themselves far beyond its borders, Sainte-Palaye remarks, “_Chevalerie -est la fontaine de courtoisie, ce qui arrose le reste du monde_”; -but as the means for luxury increased, and as time rolled on, the -old simplicity fell away and corruption set in, and though the forms -remained the spirit had fled. All _raisons d’être_ for the tourney -beyond those of exercise and pastime had long since passed away, -through the continuous decline in the importance of the man-at-arms in -warfare, the ever-increasing efficiency of firearms, and the necessity -for greater mobility of armies in the field. - - * * * * * - -The history of the tournament would not be complete without some -account of the revivals attempted in the nineteenth and twentieth -centuries. They lack, however, a sense of reality, being, in fact, -merely more or less well-staged plays. - -The Eglington Tournament, held in Ayrshire in 1839, though a good deal -based on Sir Walter Scott’s legend, the “Gentle and Joyous Passage -of Arms of Ashby de la Zouche,”[241] was, in many respects, also a -revival of a _pas d’armes_ of Tudor times. It was carried through in -the face of some ridicule, much discouragement and many difficulties; -but all obstacles were gallantly surmounted by the enthusiasm, tenacity -and liberality of the Earl of Eglingtoun and his coadjutors. The very -elements were against it, for torrents of rain fell frequently during -its course, converting the lists into a pond, spoiling the decorations -of the stands, and wrecking the temporary banqueting-hall erected at -the castle. The training of the horses in so short a time presented -the greatest practical difficulty, for here the promoters were at a -great disadvantage as against the early and persistent drilling of the -chargers for employment in the _fêtes d’armes_ of the olden times. The -lists at Eglington Park measured 600 yards by 250, the tilt or barrier -being 300 yards long, running down the centre. A handsome pavilion was -pitched for the use and comfort of the Queen of Beauty (Lady Seymour) -and her train of ladies. There were other tents for the accommodation -of the knights taking part, and a grand stand was erected for the -presiding queen, her maidens, and the guests of the promoters. Seats -were placed at the eastern end of the arena for about two thousand -spectators. Thirty-five knights took part in this passage of arms, and -among them were Prince Louis Napoleon, the Marquis of Waterford, Earls -Eglingtoun, Craven and Cassilis, Lords Alford, Glenyon, Cranstoun, A. -Seymour, W. Beresford, Drumlanrig and Maidstone. Lord Gage and Sir -Charles Lamb acted as Marshals of the List, the rôle of King of Arms -being sustained by the Marquis of Londonderry. There were several -rehearsals, the last of which took place on July 13th. The first to -joust at the tilt on that occasion were the Earl of Eglingtoun and the -Lord Cranstoun. Several courses were run by these champions and two -lances were broken. Other encounters followed with varying fortune. The -“Lord of the Tournament” was the Earl of Eglingtoun; the Judge of the -Lists, Lord Saltoun; and the inevitable Jester, a Mr. M’Ian from London. - -The procession was arranged by Sir Charles Lamb and Lord Saltoun. The -tournament began on August 28th, 1839. The morning was fine, and by one -o’clock some ten thousand persons had assembled, and crowds continued -to arrive. A pitiless rain much delayed the starting of the procession -from the castle, and it was sadly shorn of its fair proportions; -for the Queen of Beauty and her maidens had to betake themselves to -carriages instead of riding on horseback as intended. The procession -reached the lists in the afternoon, about three, in a much bedraggled -condition, and the presiding queen, her attendants and the castle -house-party, took their seats on the grand stand prepared for them. -After flourishes of trumpets, the rules, regulations and limitations -for the guidance of the proceedings were proclaimed by a herald. The -number of courses to be run by each pair of jousters was settled at -three, or at most four. The harnesses employed, some of them collected -in England, the rest abroad, varied greatly in regard to period: the -armour of the Earl of Craven is amusingly stated to have been worn -by an ancestor of the Earl’s (Baron Hilton) at the field of Cressy. -Reinforcing pieces were employed. - -On the weather clearing a little, the scene presented was a brilliant -one. There were the knights armed at all points, and their horses -gaily trapped in cloth painted in rich colours with their arms and -devices. Merging with the rich dresses of the ladies, they offered -a fine and moving spectacle. The _pas d’armes_ commenced with the -quintain, after which jousting at the tilt began. The tilting was far -from satisfactory, for the attaints achieved were very few in number. -This was owing to the lack of skill on the part of the riders, the -insufficient training of the horses, and the mistaken notion that -the careers were to be run at the gallop instead of at an amble. -The first joust was run between the “Knight of the Swan” (the Hon. -Mr. Jerningham) and the “Knight of the Golden Lion” (Captain J. O. -Fairlie). They took up positions for their careers, and the trumpets -sounded the onset. There were no attaints in the first three courses, -but in the fourth the Knight of the Golden Lion broke his lance on -the shield of his adversary. The second challenge was by the Earl of -Eglingtoun to the Marquis of Waterford, and in the first course both -lances were splintered. There was no attaint in the second, but in the -third the Earl again splintered his lance. The third joust was between -Sir Francis Hopkins and R. J. Lechmere, Esq. In the first encounter Sir -Francis shivered his lance, and in the second both lances were broken, -but that of Sir Francis was disallowed as being “ill-broken.” In the -fourth career Sir Francis again shivered his lance. The fourth tilt -was between the Lords Glenlyon and Alford. There were no attaints in -the first two courses, but in the third Lord Alford broke his spear. -Next came combats on foot at barriers with two-handed swords, after -which jousting was resumed. The last joust of the day was between the -Marquis of Waterford and Lord Alford. The first course was without -attaint, and in the second a hit was disallowed, the lance breaking -just above the head; but in the third the Marquis shivered his lance -“as it ought to be broken.” During all this the rain fell at intervals -and with increasing violence, which sadly marred the brilliancy of the -scene, and the banquet had to be abandoned owing to the wrecking of -the temporary banqueting-hall by the storm. In the evening there were -combats with broadswords in the drawing-room of the castle, and a duel -between Prince Louis Napoleon and Mr. Lamb is stated to have afforded -some excellent sword-play. The tournament was to have been continued -on the following Thursday, but the weather was so boisterous that the -completion of the _pas d’armes_ was postponed to Friday, August 30th. -The weather was fine and sunny, and the procession to the lists was -this time complete in all its parts, the queen and her ladies being on -horseback. The first tilt of the day was between the Lords Glenlyon -and Alford, and there was but one attaint in the three courses. The -Earl of Craven and Captain Fairlie then took up positions for their -careers. Both lances were shivered in the first course, in the second -there was no attaint, but in the third the Earl again shivered his -lance. This was the best joust of the tournament. To be brief, there -were six more jousts, making altogether nineteen courses, and but -two attaints. Running at the Ring followed, and a _mêlée_ brought the -tournament to a close. The combatants in the latter were—The Lord of -the Tournament (Earl of Eglingtoun), the Knight of the Dragon (Marquis -of Waterford), the Black Knight (W. L. Gilmour, Esq.), and the Knight -of the Gael (Lord Glenlyon): _against_ the Knight of the Black Lion -(Viscount Alford), the Knight of the Red Rose (R. J. Lechmere, Esq.), -the Knight of the White Rose (Charles Lamb, Esq.), and the Knight of -the Swan (Hon. H. Jerningham). Mr. Jerningham was hurt in the wrist by -a sword-stroke in the _mêlée_, but this was the only casualty worth -recording during the tournament. Several of the knights were unseated, -and in one case both horse and rider fell, a few bruises resulting. -The prize was awarded to the Earl of Eglingtoun. It was a coronet, -with which the Queen of Beauty gracefully crowned him, in the manner -of the Lady Rowena in the lists at Ashby de la Zouche. There was a -banquet in the evening, at which Lord Eglingtoun expressed the hope -that this attempt at a revival of the tournament might result in its -being continued among the nobility and gentry of these islands. This -pious wish, however, failed to be realised, the very ethics of the -institution being so totally at variance with the sentiment prevailing -in modern times. The banquet was followed by a dance. - - -THE TOURNAMENT AT BRUSSELS IN 1905 - -In marked contrast to the Eglingtoun Tournament, in the way of -accuracy of detail and historic truth, was the _pas d’armes_ in the -Rathausplatz, at Brussels, in 1905, held nearly three-quarters of a -century later. This revival in what was once Burgundian territory was -most appropriate, the more so as it took place in Brussels itself. -It was in the Rathausplatz there, one of the most striking sites in -Europe, that the Comte de Charolais, afterwards Charles the Bold, -ran in his first tournament in 1452. The Comte was then but eighteen -years of age, and tilted in as many courses on that occasion, breaking -sixteen lances “as they ought to be broken”—a very good performance, -viz. sixteen attaints out of eighteen runs. It was this tournament, -held in the city of Brussels some four and a half centuries before, in -the reign of Philippe le Bon, that was selected for reconstruction in -the months of July and August, 1905.[242] Charles was born in November, -1433, and the tournament in question was held in commemoration of the -anniversary of his birthday. He was killed in battle on the fatal field -of Nancy in 1477. In the month of August of the same year his daughter -and heiress, the Princess Maria, was wedded to Maximilian of Austria, -and the brilliant traditions of the tournament passed over to his court. - -The collection of illuminated MSS. in the Burgundian Library, now -transferred to the National Library at Brussels, with the _Armorial -de la Toison d’Or_ and other Burgundian records, now in the National -Library at Paris,[243] furnish reliable and inexhaustible material -for the correct staging of a modern revival of a tournament on the -lines of one of the fifteenth century. It is thus no wonder that the -reconstruction, in the summer of 1905, of the _pas d’armes_ of 1452 -was attended by such success as to prove of great educational value. -The middle of the fifteenth century was, perhaps, the most picturesque -period of the tourney: its rich weapons and armour, the caparisons -of the horses, the arms of the champions and others, the lists, the -music, and even the very musical instruments of the period, together -with the sumptuous accessories of the brilliant Burgundian Court, were -reproduced in 1905 to a marvel. - -The reconstruction, as presented at Brussels, began with the entry of -Duke Philip of Burgundy into the lists in the Rathausplatz, with a -splendid train of the ladies of his court, the Marshal of the Lists, -the King of Arms (Jean Lefébre de Saint-Remy, the reputed writer of the -_Armorial de la Toison d’Or_), the Comte de Charolais, with his five -jousting associates and many historic figures of the camp and tourney -throughout Christendom, the four judges of the tournament, heralds, -pursuivants, etc. The Duke having taken his seat as supreme umpire on -the gaily decked tribune prepared for him, the trumpets sounded and the -jousting began. Many courses were run in character. This was followed -by the quintain, and afterwards by combats on foot and a _mêlée_; -then the prizes were presented. Figures of the knights of 1452, such -as those of the Comte de Charolais, Jacques de Lalain and Fredrich -de Renesse, were faithfully reproduced in all their details. Some -excellent post-cards were published in Belgium, picturing some of the -principal scenes of the tournament. Plate XII (1) depicts the Comte de -Charolais armed at all points for the _mêlée_, and Plate XII (2) Jean -de Clèves. The _fêtes d’armes_ and its rehearsals extended over several -weeks. - - -“TRIUMPH” HELD AT EARL’S COURT, LONDON, ON JULY 11TH, 1912 - -The object of the promoters of this revival was to reproduce an -Elizabethan tournament of about the year 1580, such an one as is -described in this chapter. This idea was very creditably carried out, -though falling short of the Brussels reproduction of 1905 in the -matters of technique and minuteness and correctness of detail. It -must be remembered, however, that in 1580 the tournament, then itself -a revival in England, had reached an advanced stage of decadence, -and that the materials available for reconstruction are scanty and -uncertain, as contrasted with the ample records of the century -preceding. The Earl’s Court reproduction is stated to have been devised -by Mrs. George Cornwallis-West and Mr. Seymour Lucas, R.A., with the -technical assistance of Mr. (now Sir) Guy Laking. The stage management -of the play was in the competent hands of Mr. (now Sir) Frank R. -Benson. It is interesting to see so many historic names and titles, -corresponding with those of Tudor times, borne by the jousters at -Earl’s Court. The rôle of Marshal of the Lists was sustained by Lord -Lonsdale, and the judges were Lords Shrewsbury and Talbot, Essex, and -Dudley, with Major-General Brocklehurst. The Queen of Beauty was the -Viscountess Curzon. - -The procession to the arena was headed by trumpeters and four -pursuivants, marching on foot; then rode the marshal, armed at all -points, with the herald (Sir F. R. Benson). The four judges, clad in -black robes, followed, their esquire (Sir Guy Laking) bearing the -umpire’s bâton. After their entry into the lists the trumpets again -sounded and the Queen of Beauty, with her train of maidens, all mounted -on palfreys, gaily decorated with roses, each led by a henchman, rode -into the arena. The Queen was attended by an esquire, and her palfrey -was caparisoned in silk. She was clad in a ruff, a robe sparkling with -diamonds, and a long mantle. - -[Illustration: _PLATE XII_ - -THE COMTE DE CHAROLAIS, AS REPRESENTED AT BRUSSELS IN 1905] - -[Illustration: JEAN DE CLÈVES, AS REPRESENTED AT BRUSSELS IN 1905] - -The knights were arranged in trios, each cavalier preceded by an -esquire, bearing his lance, and followed by other esquires. The -first champion was the Duke of Marlborough; his motto was _Fiel pero -desdichado_, his colours a dark blue, and his proof armour was etched -with gold. The second was Lord Craven; his motto was _Virtus in actione -consistet_, his colours green, and he wore the famous armour made for -Philip II of Spain. Lord Compton completed the first trio, and his -motto was _Je ne cherche qu’un_. The second trio followed, and all did -homage to the Queen of Beauty, now seated on her throne. The herald -then proclaimed that the six knights would joust at the tilt, for a -rich and noble prize. The Lord Chrichton and the Duke of Marlborough -were the first to joust, and five courses were run by each pair. On -completion the verdict of the Queen of Beauty was that the Duke had -well jousted, but that Lord Ashby St. Ledgers, whose motto was _Ferro -non gladio_, had jousted best, and he received the prize, viz. a gold -cup of the value of £600, from her hands. The tilt was then removed and -a _mêlée_ followed, in which twelve knights were engaged. There was, of -course, a banquet in the evening followed by a dance. - -There was also a revival at Rome. - -There now only remains the judicial duel to be described, an -institution which had much affinity with the tournament, and which, -indeed, formed an integral part of it, both in sentiment and fact. This -important branch of the subject is dealt with at some length in the -next chapter. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[191] Chapter X, 1. - -[192] Chapter XIII. - -[193] Without a tilt. - -[194] The term “tourney” is very frequently employed by chroniclers to -express the mêlée, though also often applied in a general sense. - -[195] _Waffenkunde_, Fig. 631. - -[196] Monstrelet, _Continuation_, Chap. CCXXXIX. - -[197] _Arch. Journ._, LV, 306. - -[198] Reinforcing pieces. - -[199] Without a tilt. - -[200] _Chronicles_, III, 605. - -[201] See Appendix A. - -[202] _Archæological Journal_, LV, 302. - -[203] Hall’s _Chronicle_, p. 513. - -[204] Hall, 516. - -[205] The italics are ours. - -[206] Disallowed? - -[207] Created Duke of Suffolk in 1514. - -[208] Father of Anne. - -[209] Hall’s _Chronicle_, p. 516. - -[210] _Arch. Journ._, LV, 338. - -[211] Hall’s _Chronicle_, 520. - -[212] Hall’s _Chronicle_, 533. - -[213] _Ibid._ 564. - -[214] Holinshed, III, 609. - -[215] _Ibid._ III, 613. - -[216] _Ibid._ III, 625. - -[217] _Ibid._ III, 636. - -[218] Margaret Tudor, afterwards married to the sixth Earl of Douglas. - -[219] Hall, 584. - -[220] Probably the same meeting mentioned by Holinshed under 1519. - -[221] _Ibid._ 591. - -[222] See Appendix B. - -[223] Another account says that on that day the two kings preferred to -look on. - -[224] See Appendix A. - -[225] _Archæologia_, LXIII, 32. - -[226] _Harleian Miscellany_, X, 306. - -[227] Afterwards Duke of Northumberland. - -[228] The famous minister of Philip II. - -[229] See Ashmolean, MS. 845, 171a; and Harl. MS., Codex 69, Art. 20. - -[230] _Archæological Journal_, LXI, 304. - -[231] The duties of “pursuivants d’armes” are given by Sainte-Palaye -in his _Mémoires sur L’Ancienne Chevalerie_ (I, 32), and among them -is that of registering the scores, “_＆ afin de n’en point perdre la -mémoire, on y portoit des tablettes pour enregistrer les faits ＆ les -circonstances les plus remarquables_.” - -[232] “He that on horsebacke directeth his Launce at the head, is more -to be praised, than he that toucheth lower. For the higher the Launce -hitteth, the greater is the Runners commendation.” - -[233] Harl. MS. 326, fol. 113 vᵒ. - -[234] _Archæologia_, Vol. LXIII. - -[235] _Archæological Journal_, LXI, 305. - -[236] The Continuation of the _Chronicles of England_, by John Stow and -others. - -[237] The Prince Dauphin, not the Dauphin of France. - -[238] Continuation Holinshed, IV, 645. - -[239] _Archæological Journal_, LXI, 305. - -[240] _Ibid._ - -[241] _Ivanhoe_ was published in 1820. - -[242] A short account of the _pas d’armes_ of 1452 is given in our -Chapter V. - -[243] The _Armorial_ was written a little before 1467, and, through the -Princess Maria, the Order of the Golden Fleece was transferred to the -Courts of Austria and Spain. - - - - -CHAPTER VIII - - -TRIAL BY COMBAT, ITS SCOPE AND HISTORY - -Curiously interlinked with the procedure of the law courts, forming, -indeed, an integral part of the law of the land, was the judicial duel; -an institution applying to both civil and criminal jurisdiction. - -It was allowed in certain cases, such as on a civil writ of right for -the recovery of land, and in criminal charges of treason or felony -on an appellant making a sworn declaration before a judge. This law, -though falling greatly into disuse after the reign of Queen Elizabeth, -remained on the statute book until early in the nineteenth century. - -Among the Ashmolean, Harleian and Cottonian MSS. are many tracts, -treatises and other documents relating to the laws and manner of -conducting judicial duels, with other matter concerning these combats; -and abstracts from the MSS. are given in Appendices E, F, and G, -respectively. - -The custom of trial by combat or legal duel, the ordeal of battle, -was introduced into England by the Normans.[244] As far as can be -ascertained it was unknown to the Anglo-Saxons, though the ordeal of -hot water appears in one of Ine’s laws;[245] and, indeed, trial by -ordeal appears repeatedly among the laws of the Anglo-Saxon kings. The -principle involved was the same in both cases, viz. that the Almighty -would not remain indifferent when solemnly invoked, but would intervene -miraculously so that the ends of justice might be furthered. The -simple faith of the times would act as a deterrent to appeals to the -judgment of God and would thus tend to limit the number of cases. The -consciousness of innocence or guilt would also contribute towards the -vindication of the cause of justice in actual combat. - -The proofs by fire and water (_vulgaris purgatio_), holding, carrying -or walking over hot iron or heated plough-shares (_ferri candentis -judicium_), being thrown into deep water, bound hand and foot, may be -said roughly to have preceded that by judicial combat; but they form -quite another and earlier branch of the subject. The number of cases -given in history of these earlier forms of ordeal which defendants are -stated to have passed through triumphantly is considerable, but most of -them must surely be either apocryphal, or the intensity of the ordeals -themselves was much exaggerated. - -Ordeal by combat is found among the laws of nearly all the German -tribes; and it flourished greatly in France until cases of more than -suspected miscarriage of justice brought it into disrepute. An edict -passed at Lyons in the year 501 established the institution as a -regular form of trial. It appears among the ancient laws of the Swedes -and Lombards. - -In civil cases a claimant would declare that some ancestor of his had -been in seisin of certain property but had been unlawfully deprived of -it by another, and he would offer battle to the “tenant,” as the owner -was then called, for its restitution, by the body of a champion. The -tenant, or defendant, could then choose between an appeal to the Grand -Assize, an inquest where the question of right is determined by the -verdict of neighbours,[246] in which institution may be traced the germ -of the more modern jury; or to the ordeal of battle, in his own body -or by champion. No one was compelled to defend his seisin of a free -tenement by battle, though a claimant could offer combat in the lists, -which, however, might be refused by a defendant. When a civil court -ordered a combat it was fought on foot in a small circular or oblong -enclosure, similar to that used in the foot-fighting, with shields -and staves (bastons) at a _pas d’armes_ of the fifteenth century. -The course of procedure in criminal cases for the most part differed -widely from that followed in civil cases and was under quite another -jurisdiction; and it largely consisted of accusations made against the -honour of certain persons, or of alleged treason. It was customary -for an accuser to justify his charge by an offer of single combat in -the lists, “God showing the right”; and such a mode of settlement was -greatly in unison with the chivalric spirit of the age. To bring such -a matter to an issue an accuser offered battle by throwing down his -glove, which when lifted by a defendant signified that the challenge -was accepted. The king was appealed to, and, in the event of the case -being remitted to the ordeal of battle, he assigned the place and day -for the combat. He further, in consultation with the constable and -marshal, decided on the preliminaries, the conditions of battle to be -observed being regulated in accordance with fixed ordinances, which in -England were drawn up by the constable for the time being. The combat -would be on horseback, fighting _à outrance_, with lance and sword, in -lists similar to those erected for the tourney. Charges of homicide -or murder might in this country be remitted to the ordeal of battle, -with shields and bastons and in civil garments. Should an accused or -claimant fail to appear in the lists on the day appointed he could be -outlawed. - -The judicial duel may be regarded as the prototype or parent of the -chivalrous duel on foot at a _pas d’armes_. - -The custom never took deep root in England, though during the reign -of King Henry II, when the monarchy had become more settled, and in -the times of his immediate successors Richard and John, disputes -relating to the possession of land were very rife, greatly owing to -the fact that so many manors and smaller holdings had been forcibly -and illegally riven from their rightful owners in the preceding reigns -since the Conquest, by the barons and their adherents. The ordinary -law courts experienced great difficulty in dealing with them on the -principles set forth in the written statutes, which then as always -inclined to favour the man in possession; and the rough and ready -settlement by combat was ordered, more especially in cases where there -was a hopeless conflict of testimony between litigants and no means of -getting at the truth by the evidence of any living witnesses. - -The actual number of judicial duels would seem to have been small in -England, for in the great majority of cases before the courts the -judges managed to declare that there should be no combat. - -Certain persons were excused from battle. They comprised the citizens -of London, who were exempted by charter; the clergy; “_sexagenarii_”; -and “those blind by accident after issue joined.”[247] Women were not -exempted by law and, indeed, sometimes fought. - -The early ordinances, forms and manner of carrying out this -singular institution in practice in England are given in _Origines -Juridiciales_.[248] - -A short and imperfect summary follows on these pages: - - -TRIAL BY COMBAT IN CIVIL CASES - -In cases where this mode of trial for the possession of certain lands -or other property was allowed by the court, and a combat followed, the -further tenure of a holding in question would depend solely on the -principle of battle, without any later appeal to the Grand Assize being -permissible. - -Before a trial by combat could be sanctioned the claimant in the suit -was summoned before the court with his champion, who, once fixed upon, -could not be changed, unless in the case of his “natural death” taking -place in the interval before battle; but should he die “by his own -fault, the lord shall lose his Sute.” - -The defendant might either defend his cause in person or fight by -deputy; but should he elect to be represented by champion and the one -chosen should die in the interim it would become a question to be -argued before the court as to whether or not the defendant should be -allowed to appoint another in his place. The challenger or demandant -was not allowed to fight in person. - -Should the defendant, the “tenant,” be vanquished in the fight, then -“the lord shall lose the land and the claimant shall have it”; but it -often happened that a champion had been hired for some fee or reward, -and if this should be proved the principal would lose his suit. Some -particulars are given of a case of this kind[249] “betwixt Thomas -fitz Hugh de Staunton and the prior of Lenton for the advousen of -the church of Harlaston, in Northamptonshire.” Both parties to the -suit were represented by champion, the appellant being a churchman, -and they fought on foot in the lists, armed with bastons (i.e. -polygonally-shaped maces or cudgels of heavy wood, tipped with horn: -“basculi cornuti, bastons cornuz”).[250] - - -TRIAL BY COMBAT IN CASES CRIMINAL - -This was conducted much on the lines of knightly usage in combats -on horseback _à outrance_, except, as already stated, in charges of -homicide or murder. - -The cartel setting forth the charge, subscribed to on oath, was laid -before the judges of chivalry by the appellant, the accuser, stating -that “he was ready to maintain the same with his body.” This document -was then considered by the judges, and should combat be allowed it was -served on the accused, the defendant; and if within an interval of six -weeks he had not responded, judgment was registered against him by -default, his coat-armour being reversed or ignominiously fastened under -his horse’s tail, in disgrace. - -Should the accused stand on his defence both parties were cited to -appear in the field outside the lists, which were quadrangular in form -with a gate at each end. Judgment seats were provided for the constable -and marshal, and at their feet were stationed a competent number of -experienced knights and “a doctor or two of civil laws,” all for the -advice and assistance of the court. - -The appellant first came to the gate at the right end of the lists, -clad in complete armour, attended by his esquires, and the constable -and marshal demanded of him through their herald his name and purpose. -On his answering, he was conducted into the lists by a knight and -herald and placed before the judgment seat on the right hand. A similar -course of procedure was adopted towards the defendant, who was placed -facing the accuser on the left hand. - -The choice of the weapons stipulated in the cartel lay with the -defendant, and the advisory knights inspected and measured them for -both sides, so that there might be no inequality in that respect -between the parties; and the knights must answer for it that there be -no enchantment or magic practised on either side. - -It was then demanded of the principals if their purpose held, and they -affirmed the same, laying their hands on the Evangelists. The appellant -then briefly rehearsed the terms of the cartel of defiance, making oath -as to its truth, after which the defendant affirmed also on oath his -denial of the charge. - -These preliminaries over the parties prepared for battle, which was -to continue from sunrise to sunset; the herald crys, “Let them goe -together,” and the onset is sounded by trumpet call. - -Should the appellant not overcome the defendant during the day the -latter was deemed guiltless, and the procurator of the constable and -marshal publicly proclaimed the fact: but to secure what was termed -“a perfect victory,” a confession of guilt by one of the parties was -necessary. The cartel was then sealed with the common seal in testimony -that the combat had duly taken place, and all the legal formalities -been observed. - -A picture of a legal duel on a murder charge, of the reign of Henry -III, has been preserved, and the names of the combatants are written -upon it. It has been reproduced by Hewitt in _Ancient Armour and -Weapons of War_,[251] and the parties are represented fighting. A -gallows is depicted in the group with the vanquished combatant hanging -from it. This was no knightly battle—the champions fought on foot in -their civil dresses of leather or cloth, bare-headed, with quadrangular -bowed shields, and bastons garnished at their heads with spurs, like -those of a pick. - -Rules and ordinances for the regulation of judicial combats in France -were promulgated by Phillip IV, surnamed le Bel. An abridged account of -them follows:—[252] - -Four things to be established before the Gage of Battle may be adjudged. - - 1. The institution applies to grave suspicion in cases - of murder, manslaughter, treason or the like offences. - 2. Every true man if he knows himself to be accused to - present himself before the court without waiting to - be cited or summoned. - 3. That no gage be granted for accusations of theft or robbery. - 4. On a gage of battle being granted the appellant - to furnish particulars as to where the alleged - wicked deed was done, the name of the party dead; or full - details of the treason alleged to have been committed. - -Should the judge allow the combat the advocate of the appellant is to -lay the case before the court in sober terms; but should the defendant -deny the charge the appellant must say that, although he cannot prove -it by witnesses or other evidence, yet he can avouch it in his own body -or by another for him, in an enclosed field in presence of the king. - -The appellant is to throw down his glove and retain counsel for arms, -horse, etc., necessary for the gage of battle. The defendant may reply -to the accusation that the appellant has falsely and maliciously lied; -and that in his defence, by the help of God and our Lady, he will -avouch his innocence with his body or by some other for him; and that -he will be ready on the day and at the place fixed upon for the combat. -Then he is to take up the gage thrown down by the appellant, and a -decision will be given by the count as to whether trial by battle will -be allowed or not. - -If recourse to a duel be permitted the parties will swear to be on the -ground on the day appointed; the combat to be overlooked by wise and -honest men, clerks, knights, and esquires, without favour to either -party; but should either appellant or defendant fail to keep his tryst -he shall be proclaimed recreant, and afterwards arrested. - -Regulations as to the procedure for the combat follows:—the parties to -bring sustenance for themselves and their horses for the day; the lists -to be 40 paces in width by 80 in length, and within them two pavilions -are to be pitched for the use and comfort of the combatants. The herald -is to come on horseback to the gate and to cry three times; firstly, -before the arrival of the appellant; secondly, when the combatants have -entered the lists; and thirdly, when they have taken their oaths. The -appellant should be first in the field on the day of battle, before the -hour of noon; the defendant not later than four in the afternoon. The -parties make their affirmations and the sign of the cross, and appear -before the stand on which the judge is seated, and he commands them to -raise the visors of their helmets, after which they return to their -pavilions. The herald, after having called them for the third time, -motions them to kneel before a table on which a crucifix and missal -are placed, when a priest admonishes them; and the marshal takes off -their right-hand gauntlets and hangs them on the arms of the cross. The -combatants then mount their horses, the pavilions are removed from the -lists, and the marshal cries, “Gentlemen doe your Deuoire,” throwing -down his glove, and the combat begins. - -The body of the vanquished, dead or alive, shall be delivered by the -judge to the marshal, his points cut and armour cast piecemeal in the -lists, and his horse and armour shall appertain to the constable and -marshal of the field. The victor shall depart honourably from the -lists, on horseback. - -Ashmole MS., No. 764, p. 7, furnishes the following:—“_De la droite -ordonnance du Gaige de Bataille par tout le royaume de France Philipe -par la grace de Dieu Roy de France a touz ceulx qui ces presentes -lettres verront salut._” This letter of King Philip IV, written in -1306, limits the practice of wager of battle, and is prefixed to -regulations for the whole course of the combat (44-54 b). - -In Favine’s _Theatre of Honour and Knighthood_,[253] rendered into -English in 1622, judicial duels are thus defined:—“It was the custome -of our auncient French to vndertake the hazard of armes and combat, to -justifie themselues in an Accusation, fordged against their honour and -good fame; and to sustaine the truth of some iust cause, whereof the -proofes were doubtfull, yea, wholly hid and concealed.” In France the -oaths were administered over the bones and relics of saints and martyrs. - -In _La Vie de Bertrand Du Guesclin_[254] is an account of a singular -legal duel between Jews, named Daniot and Turquant, which took place in -Spain; and the narration aptly illustrates the superstitious character -of the times and country. These Jews were accused of assassinating -Blanche de Bourbon at night in her bed; and on being charged with -the crime Daniot averred that he had not entered the bed-chamber of -the princess at all, and had done his best to prevent Turquant from -committing the murder. This Turquant denied on oath, stating that his -accomplice had taken an equal part with himself in causing the death -of the princess. On hearing of this direct conflict of testimony -Bertrand Du Guesclin is stated to have suggested a judicial duel in -the lists (_champ-clos_) between the parties, and this having been -assented to the fight duly took place. The combatants, who were well -mounted and in complete armour, fought with swords, and after some -severe passages Turquant wounded Daniot in the arm so severely that he -was incapacitated from further combat, owing mainly to the loss of so -much blood. The _coup de mort_ was about to be given to the vanquished -champion and a confession of his guilt demanded when just at that -moment a thick cloud appeared above the heads of the combatants, and -issuing from it a flash of lightning struck them both dead. - -Among the Monstrelet illustrations is a picture of a highly improbable -judicial duel between a man and a dog, the man being accused of -murdering the dog’s master. The picture was copied from an ancient -painting which hung in the great hall of the Castle of Montargis, and -is supposed to picture an event recorded by Colombière in _Theatre -d’Honneur et de Chevalerie_. The fight is stated to have taken place -in the reign of Charles V of France (1364-1380).[255] The scene -represents the duel in progress within a large circular enclosure or -lists, around which are galleries and promenades like a theatre, the -numerous spectators being richly dressed nobles and ladies. Companies -of soldiers are on guard and there is a large band of trumpeters. The -defendant is clad in a leather jerkin, torn in places, and slashed -drawers; he is armed with a baston or club and a large circular shield. -The dog, a large staghound, is seen gripping the murderer by the -throat, and justice is vindicated. - -“On the seuenth of June 1380 a combat was fought afore the kings -palace at Westminster, on the pauement there, betwixt one sir John -Anneslie knight, and one Thomas Katrington esquire; the occasion of -which strange and notable triall rose hereof. The knight accused the -esquire of treason, for that which the fortresse of saint Sauior within -the Ile of Constantine in Normandie, belonging sometime to sir John -Chandois, had béene committed to the said Katrington, as capteine -thereof, to keepe it against the enemies, he had for monie sold and -deliuered it ouer to the Frenchmen, when he was suffientlie prouided -with men, munition and vittels, to have defended it against them: and -sith the inheritance of that fortresse and landes belonging thereto, -had apperteined to the said Annerslie in right of his wife, as néerest -cousine by affiniti vnto sir John Chandois, if by the false conueiance -of the said Katrington, it had not beene made awaie, and alienated -into the enemies hands: he offered therefore to trie the quarrell by -combat, against the said Katrington, wherevpon was the same Katrington -apprehended, and put in prison, but shortlie after set at libertie -againe.” It was decided to try the case by combat, and the constable -and marshal were duly notified. Lists were erected and crowds assembled -on the day appointed to witness the fight. On being called three times -by the herald-at-arms the parties entered the lists for fighting, and -the articles of combat were publicly read, and after each had been duly -sworn the fight commenced “first with speares, after with swords, and -lastlie with daggers. They fought long till finallie the knight had -bereft the esquire of all his weapons, and at length the esquire was -manfull overthrowned by the knight,” who was declared the conqueror. -The esquire died soon after from his hurts. The king was present at the -fight.[256] - -Mr. Hewitt[257] describes a legal duel of the reign of King Richard -II, between a chevalier of Navarre and an English esquire, which is -figured in Cotton MS., Nero, D VI. The engraving has been reproduced -in Strutt’s _Regal Antiquities_.[258] Holinshed gives an account of -the duel, as taking place in 1384, between John Walsh or Wallis and an -esquire of Navarre named Martilet; the charge being that the former -had forced the wife of the latter. Martilet was slain, his body drawn, -hanged and beheaded. - -Froissart describes a judicial duel which took place at Paris in the -year 1386, in the reign of Charles VI of France, between the Chevaliers -Jean de Carouge and Jacques le Gris, both knights of the household -of the Comte d’Alençon. Owing to the singular nature of the charge -the event caused a great stir at the time and drew a multitude of -spectators from far and near. De Carouge leaving France to take part -in the crusade in Palestine, his young and handsome wife, a modest and -virtuous dame, awaited his return in their strong castle of Argenteil. -Jacques le Gris having conceived an unlawful passion for the lady -determined to gratify it during the absence of her lord. He paid a -visit to the castle one morning and was received by the lady with all -honour as being a companion at arms of her husband; and was being shown -over it when he asked to see the dungeon. She suspecting no evil, took -him down to it alone, when he suddenly locked the door, took advantage -of her and forced her. On the return of de Carouge from the Holy Land -his wife complained to him of the outrage, which was solemnly denied by -the defendant; and the husband called together his friends and kindred -to advise with them as to his proper course of action. Parliament was -applied to, and a combat to the death between the parties was arranged -to take place, de Carouge to act as champion for his wife, le Gris -to defend his honour in his own person. Lists were erected at Paris -behind the Temple, together with accommodation for the vast number of -spectators expected to be present. King Charles was at Sluys at the -time superintending the arrangements for a contemplated invasion of -England, but he hurried back to Paris to sit as umpire on the occasion. -On the day of battle the two knights entered the lists, with their -sponsors, armed at all points; and the onset was sounded for a joust -_à outrance_, which was run without hurt to either party. They then -dismounted and attacked each other with swords. De Carouge was first -wounded in the thigh, but continued fighting and at length passed his -sword through the body of his adversary, killing him instantly. The -body of le Gris was delivered over to the common hangman by the marshal -and dragged to Montfauçon, where it was gibbeted. - -Juvenal des Ursins, in _Histoire de Charles VI_,[259] also gives an -account of this duel, which differs materially from that of Froissart, -and is more likely to be correct. It states that when the vanquished -knight lay wounded on the ground and when de Carouge was about to -administer the _coup de grâce_ he demanded a confession of guilt, but -le Gris with his last breath solemnly asseverated his denial of the -crime; and innocent he was later proved to be, for some time afterwards -another person on his death-bed confessed to having committed the -outrage. The motive of the lady in charging the wrong person is not -apparent. The duel is also described in _Les Annales de France_. - -In 1398 the Dukes of Hereford and Norfolk accused each other of -treason, and a duel took place between them, though King Richard had in -vain tried to reconcile them. Holinshed gives the following account of -this combat:—“The duke of Aumarle was that daie high constable and the -duke of Surrie marshal, and they entered vnto the lists with a great -companie of men apparelled in silke sendall, imbrodered with siluer -both richlie and curouslie, euerie man hauing a tipped staffe to keepe -the feeld in order. About the houre of prime came to the barriers of -the listes, the duke of Hereford, mounted on a white courser, barded -with gréene and blew veluet imbrodered sumptuouslie with swans and -antelops of goldsmiths worke, armed at all points. The constable and -marshall came to the barrier, demanding of him what he was, he answered -‘I am Henrie of Lancaster, duke of Hereford which am come hither to -doo endeuer against Thomas Mowbraie duke of Norfolke, as a traitor -vnto God, the king, his realme, and me.’ Then he entered the listes, -and descended from his horse, and set him down in a chaire of greene -veluet, at the one end of the lists, and there reposed himself, abiding -the comming of his aduesarie.” King Richard then entered the lists with -great pomp “accompanied with all the péeres of the realm,” and took -his seat upon the tribune. “After him entered the Duke of Norfolk, -his horse barded in crimcon velvet, embroidered with lions in silver -and mulberry trees,” and he took his seat in a chair, “which was of -crimosen veluet, courtined about with white and red damaske.” The -herald then gave the signal for the combat to begin, but the course -proved abortive, and the king cast his bâton, the heralds crying “Ho, -Ho.” A council was then held by the king resulting in both dukes being -banished the realm.[260] - - -TRIAL BY COMBAT IN GERMANY[261] - -Application had to be made by an appellant to the civic authority of a -town before a judicial duel could take place, and this having been done -the following answer would be given:— - -“We have received your letter and are very sorry to see that your -hearts are so moved with rancour and hatred as you seem to bear to -one another. In which regard we pray you that you would desist from -combat if it may be; and that you would end your quarrels by the way of -mildness and gentleness without the adventuring of handy strokes and -without shedding human blood. Consent to our request, and so much the -rather because we entreat you most instantly.” - -Should the demand for a trial by combat be still persisted in the -following answer was returned:— - -“Seeing that you still persist in your hatred and challenge, and that -the way of gentleness can take no course of kindness between you, we -do order and appoint that you shall appear on such a day before us to -hear the ground and subject of your quarrel, wherein we mean to do you -justice.” - -A day may then be assigned for the combat if it be allowed. - -The preliminaries and regulations are similar to those which prevailed -in France and England, with, however, the difference that in each -of the pavilions pitched in the lists for the accommodation of the -combatants, a bier, a coffin, four candles and a shroud for the dead -were placed; and both the appellant and defendant were confessed by a -priest. If not slain the party vanquished remained infamous for the -rest of his life; he was never allowed participation in aught knightly, -and his beard was to be kept close-shaven.[262] - -Trials by combat in Germany were more complex and far-reaching than was -the case in France and England, and the weapons employed in conducting -them more varied and specialized in character. - -A paper was read on February 20th, 1840, before the Society of -Antiquaries, London, by Mr. R. L. Pearsall,[263] entitled, “Some -Observations on Judicial Duels, as practised in Germany”; a short -résumé of which follows here. The paper is largely based upon a -curious manuscript of the year 1400, in the Royal Library at Munich, -containing some text and a number of wood-cuts on vellum, representing -various forms of duel in Germany. The work is by Paulus Kall “Master of -Defence”[264] to the then Duke of Bavaria; and the illustrations refer -to judicial and perhaps other duels as practised in the Fatherland -about the end of the fourteenth century, as well as to some others of -a still earlier period. This MS., together with others at Munich and -Gotha, references to which Mr. Pearsall has omitted to give, form the -ground-work of his paper. - -Strange though it may seem, the legal duel was resorted to as a court -of appeal in extreme cases of quarrels and accusations between man -and wife; and Fig. 2 in Paulus Kall’s book affords an illustration of -the manner in which such combats were conducted. It depicts a man, -bare-headed, buried in a pit up to his loins, holding a short staff -in his right hand, the left arm bound to his side. The woman is clad -in her chemise only, which is bound together below the middle by a -lace passing between the legs; the right sleeve of the garment extends -beyond the hand “_ein dunne Elle_” in a bag which contains a stone, -and this constitutes her weapon of attack. At first sight the combat -would appear to be an unequal one. It might be thought for a moment -that the wood-cut had been conceived in a humorous sense, but there is -no doubt whatever that such duels did really take place in Germany, -though cases of the kind were probably comparatively rare after the -twelfth century; and, indeed, Mr. Pearsall had not been able to find -any record of an actual combat of the kind later than the year 1200, -when a man and his wife are stated to have fought under the sanction -of the civic authorities at Bâle. We may take it, however, from other -evidence that the practice continued up to the close of the fourteenth -century and perhaps even later. Reference is made in the paper to a -book of drawings, also at Munich, executed as late as the end of the -fifteenth century, among which is a representation of such a duel, -though possibly traditional in character. The man here is depicted as -buried up to the waist in a tub; he wears a skull-cap, and is armed in -the same manner as shown in the other drawing, with a short staff, the -left arm tied to his side. The woman is fully dressed and in the act -of swinging a weapon which looks like a sling, in which is a stone. -Mr. Pearsall further refers to “an ancient codex of defence” in the -library at Gotha, one of the drawings depicting a duel between a man -and his wife, the former fighting from a tub; and the man is shown -to have vanquished the woman and drawn her into the tub headforemost, -in which she appears with her legs kicking in the air. This incident -explains why the chemise, as shown on Fig. 2 of Kall’s work, was tied -with a lace between the legs; and that wood-cut also illustrates the -mode of action on the part of the duelists in attack and defence. The -woman’s weapon is thus seen not to be a sling at all, but one similar -in principle to the extended sleeve with a bag at the end in which is a -stone; the object being to inflict a swinging blow on her opponent, who -parries with his staff. Another cut, the source of which Mr. Pearsall -does not mention, represents a more deadly form of duel between a man -and a woman, who fight bare-headed and naked to the girdle, with small -falchions, like knives; and wounds are shown on both their persons. - -A singular form of duel, pictured in Paulus Kall’s book, is that with -“_shilts_,” used as weapons both of attack and defence, sometimes -alone, and at others in conjunction with daggers held in the disengaged -hand. To judge from the wood-cuts this great oblong shield is about 4½ -feet long by about 18 inches broad; and though the examples depicted -differ somewhat, they are all garnished at the head, foot, and sides -with a greater or less number of projecting spears or spurs, for -the purposes of attack. The combatants are wearing greyish-brown -tight-fitting dresses and hoods; the faces, hands and legs are left -bare. The preliminaries completed, the duelists are conducted into the -lists by an official; each combatant brings a bier and is accompanied -by his relations and a confessor. The principals are then sworn, their -weapons handed to them, and the onset sounded. It would appear from the -surrounding details and the character of the officials concerned, that -this form of duel appertained to members of the privileged class. - -A fourth kind of duel was fought with spiked clubs (or more usually -with swords) and “_der Hutt_,” a shield formed like a hat; and Kall’s -wood-cut pictures the duelists as being clad in garments of cloth. -The shields vary in size from very small to very large, the latter -kind being employed in conjunction with spiked clubs, the former with -swords. Another form of duel is with the “_streit-axt_” (_bec de -faucon_), the variety of battle-axe with a hammer on one side of the -head and a spike, like that of a pick, on the other. Here the champions -fight in complete armour; and besides axes they carry swords and -daggers. In the Gotha codex is a drawing entitled, “_Dass ist wie sich -ainer versorgen sol der zu gewapenter Hand fechten sol_,” meaning that -this is the equipment for a duel with gauntlets. The duelist is shown -as being anointed with oil by his armourer preparatory to combat; and -the items of his body-armour stand ready to be put on in their turn. -Some of the wood-cuts in Paulus Kall’s work afford representations of -such duels; and the text furnishes directions as to how they were to be -conducted. It was from this kind of legal duel, more especially, that -combats on foot in the lists at a _pas d’armes_ had their origin. - -The last form of duel referred to in Mr. Pearsall’s paper is one with -two-handed swords; and a wood-cut of Paulus Kall’s illustrates a combat -of the kind, in which the duelists are clad in jerkins and long hose. -The swords appear to measure about five feet in length. These clumsy -and unwieldy weapons were for striking and parrying, but could not be -employed effectively at close quarters. - -An original manuscript in the possession of Mr. Richard Bull, F.S.A., -at the commencement of the nineteenth century, contains the orders, -rules and regulations issued by Thomas Duke of Gloucester, the -Constable of England, in the reign of King Richard II, 1377-99, for -observance in cases of trial by combat.[265] They differ little from -those of an earlier period, but the particulars given of the lists may -be noted with advantage. They run:— - -“The Kinge shall finde the feeld to fight in and the listes shalbe -made and deuised by the Constable and it is to be considered that the -listes must be 60 pace longe and equally made without greate stones the -grounde flat and 40 paces brode in good order and that the grounde be -harde stable and firme and that the lists be strongly barred abowt with -one dore in the este an other in the weste with good and stronge barres -seven foote highe or more than a horse can leape over them.” - -The weapons were to be “glayues,”[266] long sword, short sword and -dagger. - -There are other copies of these rules extant besides the one given in -the _Antiquarian Repertory_, viz., Ashmole MS. 856, 83-89, and that -among a MS. Collection of Ordinances of Chivalry of the fifteenth -century, belonging to Lord Hastings. The last-named document is copied -in Lord Dillon’s paper on these Hastings MS.,[267] published in -_Archæologia_, Vol. LVII, and is reproduced in our Appendix H, but -with the long preamble left out. These three copies of the rules for -conducting judicial duels in the reign of Richard II vary somewhat; for -instance, glaives[268] are mentioned in the two first copies as being -among the weapons employed in these combats, but not in the last. - - -RULES FOR JUDICIAL COMBATS IN THE REIGN OF RICHARD III[269] - -A case lodged by an appellant should be pleaded in the court before the -constable and marshal, and if the accusation cannot be substantiated by -witnesses, a recourse to trial by combat may be granted by the Crown. -Should a judicial duel be decided on, the time and place of combat are -fixed by the constable; the weapons to be “glayves,” long-swords, short -swords and daggers. Sureties to be found by both parties to keep their -day, and no attempt shall be made to injure the plaintiff or defendant -before the day of battle. - -The general rules and arrangements do not differ materially from -those of earlier reigns, though here it is mentioned that spears of -equal length were issued to the combatants, thus explaining the term -“glayves.” - -If the charge be one of treason the vanquished shall be stripped of his -armour, and a piece of the railings of the lists broken down, and he -shall be drawn through the lists by horses to the place of execution. - -A judicial combat took place at Quesnoy in 1405, Duke William, Count of -Hainult, sitting as judge. The parties were two gentlemen, Bournecte -the appellant and Bounaige the defendant. The accusation was that of -murder. Lists were erected at the expense of the Duke, and the fight -commenced by each combatant hurling his lance at the other, but without -effect; they then drew their swords, and Bournecte soon overcame his -adversary, who confessed his crime, and was ordered by the judge to be -beheaded. This was a duel between members of the privileged class. - -A challenge for a duel between Henry Inglose, Esq., and Sir John -Tiptoft, Knt., to be fought before the Duke of Bedford, high constable, -in 1415. (Cotton MS. Titus. C. 28.) - -A trial by combat took place at Arras in the year 1431, the Duke of -Burgundy sitting as judge. The charge was one of treason, and about -the time of the duel many allegiances were being transferred from -Burgundy to France. The appellant, Maillotin de Bours, had charged -the defendant, Hector de Flavy, with having expressed the intention -of deserting the Burgundian interest in favour of that of France and -with other contemplated acts of treason. On this information the Duke -had de Flavy arrested and lodged in prison. The defendant, however, -had many influential friends at Court, and through their good offices -and representations he was at length received in audience by his -sovereign, when he solemnly denied the charge, alleging that it was -de Bours himself who had suggested the treason. The Duke then sent -for the appellant, and the discussion between the parties waxed very -violent until at length de Bours flung down his glove and demanded a -trial by combat, God showing the right. The defendant, with the Duke’s -permission, took up the glove and a day was fixed for the combat to -take place, both parties giving security to keep their tryst. Lists -were prepared and erected. Within them was the model of a sepulchre, -for de Flavy had been dubbed a knight before the Holy Sepulchre at -Jerusalem. On the day of combat the Duke took his seat on the tribune -prepared for him. De Maillotin first entered the lists armed at all -points, attended by the Seigneur de Charny and other sponsors. He -held a lance in one hand and one of his two swords in the other, and -after making his obeisance to the Duke he retired to his pavilion. Sir -Hector de Flavy entered the lists in like manner; he was influentially -attended, and his charger was led in by the two sons of the Comte de -St. Pol. After saluting the Duke he also retired to his pavilion. Both -knights on re-entering the lists were led before the judge and swore -on the Evangelists that their cause was just and true. They then took -up their positions for combat and the onset was sounded, the fight -beginning by each hurling his lance at the other, but without hurt -to either. They then attacked with swords, each champion displaying -the utmost courage and dexterity. The Duke at this juncture quite -unexpectedly cast his bâton, thus putting an end to the fight. He -commanded the attendance of the combatants to dine at his table on the -morrow, when he reconciled them to each other.[270] - -“In the foure and twentith yeare” of the reign of King Henry VI (1446) -“the prior of Kilmaine appeached the earle of Ormond of treason. For -triall whereof the place of combat was assigned in Smithfelde, and the -barriers for the same there readie pitcht. Howbeit, in the meane time a -doctor of diuinitie, named maister Gilbert Worthington, parson of saint -Andrews in Holborne, and other honest men, made such sute with diligent -labor and paines taking to the kings councell, that when the daie of -combat approched, the quarell was taken into the kings hands and there -ended”.[271] - -“In the same year also, a certeine armourer was appeached of treason by -a seruant of his owne. For proofe whereof a day was giun them to fight -in Smithfield, insomuch that in conflict the said armourer was ouercome -and slaine; but yet by misgouerning of himselfe. For in the morning, -when he should come to the field fresh and fasting, his neighbours -came to him, and gaue him wine and strong drinke in such excessiue -sort, that he was therewith distempered, and reeled as he went, and so -was slaine without guilt. As for the false seruant, he liued not long -vnpunished; for being conuict of felonie in court of assise, he was -judged to be hanged, and so he was, at Tilburne.”[272] - -A good example of a judicial duel, fought in the year 1455, is given in -_Histoire des Ducs De Bourgogne_.[273] It took place at Valenciennes, -a town then belonging to the county of Hainault, which, with so many -other rich manufacturing territories had fallen under the dominion -of the dukes of Burgundy, by marriage or conquest. The privilege of -sanctuary had been conferred on the town by its ancient counts, and -the old rights and charters had been confirmed by the dukes their -successors. A person named Mahiot Coquel, a tailor of Tournay, had -murdered a man in that town, and he took refuge from justice in -Valenciennes, claiming the right of sanctuary. Soon after his arrival a -near relative of the murdered man named Jacotin Plouvier, met him in a -street of the town and threatened vengeance against him for the murder -of his kinsman; upon which Coquel applied to the magistracy, demanding -their aid and counsel. The syndic then sent for Plouvier and reproached -him with having the intention of violating the franchise of his town; -but he denied this and claimed the right of lawful combat as against -Coquel, at the same time throwing down a gage of battle. This, after -some hesitation, Coquel lifted up; and a combat was allowed as being -the law of the land, without being any infringement of the principle -of sanctuary, which only applied to protection from the officers of -justice. The parties were lodged in prison in separate cells, and -seconds were appointed to arrange the preliminaries for the fight; -when the Comte de Charolais, afterwards Charles the Bold, on being -informed of the case, acting in the capacity of lieutenant-general for -his father Duke Philippe le Bon, of Burgundy, ordered the matter to be -referred to his council for judgment. The town authorities then applied -to the Duke their sovereign lord for the maintenance of their ancient -rights, when all opposition to the combat was withdrawn; the Duke -announcing his intention of being present, with his son the Comte de -Charolais, to view the fight. Lists were erected, not in the form usual -for the tourney, but round and with only a single entrance. The judges -of the fight were the provosts of the town of Valenciennes and of the -county of Hainault, the Duke and his son being merely spectators. Two -seats draped with black cloth were placed facing each other in the -middle of the lists, and the combatants were conducted to them and -sworn on the Evangelists. The two champions were clad in leathern -garments, close-fitting and laced down the middles, the arms and legs -bare. These corselets were well greased so that neither of the parties -could easily grip the other. Their hands were rubbed with ashes for the -better grasping of their weapons, and each held a piece of sugar in his -mouth as a preventive against their throats becoming parched with the -heat. Their weapons were knotted clubs, equal in weight and length and -obtusely pointed at the narrower ends, and triangular shields, painted -red. When the signal for combat had been given Mahiot Coquel, who -was the shorter and weaker man of the two, grasped a handful of sand -with which the lists were strewn, and threw it into the eyes of his -opponent. This nearly blinded Jacotin for the moment, and he received -a heavy blow in the face from the club of his adversary, but on -recovering somewhat he set upon Mahiot and seizing him by the arm threw -him violently to the ground, then placing his knees on his stomach, to -the horror of the spectators, he kept steadily prodding Mahiot between -the eyes with the pointed end of his club until he was dead. The body -was then dragged by the hangman from the lists to the gallows. - -Lacroix in _Military an Religious Life in the Middle Ages, ＆c._, gives -a picture of a judicial duel of the knightly kind, fought on foot. It -is copied from a miniature in the _Conquêtes de Charlemagne_, a MS., -in the National Library at Paris. The combatants are armed at all -points; their weapons are swords; and the lists, of open railings, are -octagonal in form. - -The general course of procedure in these matters continued much the -same up to and including the reign of Henry VIII. A manuscript of -that reign, sometime belonging to Sir Edward Wyndham, Kt., Marshal to -the Camp, gives particulars,[274] The form and size of the lists and -counter-lists are as before; also the kind of weapons to be employed. -The defendant, if he appear not, is called by proclamation, made by the -marshal of the king of “Heraults of that province wherein the Battail -is to be deraigned.” The bill of challenge of the appellant and the -answer of the defendant is read to them and they take their oaths:— - - 1. That their appeal and defence is true. - 2. That neither hath advantage of the other in weapons. - 3. That each will do his best to vanquish his enemy. - -The combatants being ready, the constable and marshal, sitting at the -king’s feet, order the onset to be sounded, pronouncing the words in -high voice, “Lesses les aller et fair leur devoir.” - -“In the fight if either of the parties do give sign of yielding or if -the king, being present, do cry ‘Hoe,’ the constable and marshall do -part them and observe precisely who hathe advantage or disadvantage -either of the other at that instant, for if they should be awarded -to fight again, they are to be put in the same position as they were -before.” - -“If the king take up the matter they are brought honourably out of the -lists, neither having precedency over the other.” - -If the “Battail” be performed and one party be vanquished then “in -case of Treason the rayles of the lists are broken down, and the party -vanquished is drawn at a Horse-tayl and carried presently to execution.” - -The last instance of a duly authorised legal duel in France was -that between François de Vivonne de la Chataignerie and Guy Chabot -de Jarnac, which took place at St. Germain-en-Laye in 1547, in the -presence of the king (Henry II.) It is doubly remarkable in that it -contributed a new and subtil stroke of the sword, the “coup de Jarnac,” -and that it led to an edict being issued against duelling. This ordeal -by combat resulted in the death of de la Chataignerie. - -Judicial Duel in 1548, 2nd Edward VI, between one Newton, a Scot, and -a gentleman named Hamilton; the former being charged with uttering -opprobrious epithets against His Majesty of England. Lists were -erected in the market-place of Haddington, and at the time appointed -the parties entered them for combat, clad in their doublets and hose, -and armed with sword, buckler and dagger. The fight began with great -spirit, Hamilton following his adversary up to the very railing of the -lists, whereupon Newton struck him on the leg with his sword inflicting -a great gash, upon which he fell to the ground and was slain. This -ending of the fight was looked upon as a miscarriage of justice.[275] - -The Abbé de Brantôme reports a trial by combat which took place about -the middle of the sixteenth century, without the sanction of either -king or parliament. The appellant was a Seigneur de Fandilles who -charged the defendant, the Baron de Guerres of Lorraine, with an odious -crime; and it was mutually agreed that the matter be referred to the -judgment of God, in battle in the lists. The fight took place on foot -with “bastardes” (hand and a half swords) in the lists at Sedan, a -M. de Bouillon acting as judge. De Fandilles severely wounded his -adversary in the thigh with a stroke of his powerful weapon, and the -loss of blood was so great that the defendant could hardly keep his -feet, at length falling to the ground. The lists were as usual freely -strewn with sand, and the baron clutched handfuls of it which he threw -into the eyes of his opponent, who was blinded for the time being and -incapacitated from continuing the combat. This ending of the duel by -means of an action strictly forbidden by the laws of the duello caused -great disputes between the seconds and friends of both parties; and the -matter was further complicated by a fall of the stand which afforded -accommodation to the judge and spectators. This was certainly an -irregular judicial duel, without any sanction at law, though the legal -forms were observed. - -Brantôme narrates several other duels. - -In Harleian M.S., Vol. III, 505, 7021-22, is a catalogue of judicial -combats anciently granted by the kings of England. - -In the reign of Queen Elizabeth judicial duels had become rare, and the -crown employed all its influence in their restraint. Fierce polemics -had arisen in regard to the lawfulness or otherwise of the practice, -and the conscience of the nation had been thoroughly aroused against -them by reason of cases of more than suspected miscarriage of justice -coming to light. Strong influence was brought to bear on the law courts -to place all possible obstacles in the way of granting licences for -such combats, and judges, at that time more especially, usually managed -that disputes concerning the possession of land should be settled -in the law courts without any resort to the ordeal of battle. Many -treatises were written against the practice, examples of which follow: -Ashmole MSS., No. 856, p. 10. “Duello foild. The whole proceedings -in the orderly dissolveing of a designe for single fight betweene -two valient gentlemen; by occasion whereof the unlawfulnesse of a -duello is preparatorily disputed, according to the rules of honour and -right reason; written by the Lord Henry Howard Earle of Northampton.” -126-145, p. 11. “A Discourse touching the unlawfulnesse of private -combates, written by Sir Edward Cooke Lord Chiefe Justice of England, -at the request of the Lord Henry Howard Earle of Northampton.” (3 Oct., -1609.) 146-148. “Ex MS. in Bibl’ Hatton.” - -Cotton MS. Titus. Fol. 33. A treatise on duels, in two books. (239.) -Fol. 38. Two papers on measures taken against duels. (402.) Fol. 44. A -paper concerning laws against duels. (416.) - -On the 18th June, 1571, a judicial duel was ordered to take place, the -principals being Simon Low and John Kime, who were to fight by proxy in -the persons of George Thome and Henry Nailer, respectively. The dispute -between the parties related to the possession of some land; and the -weapons for the intended fight were to be bastons and leathern shields. -A plot of ground, 21 yards square, in Tothill Fields, was doubly railed -in for the fight, and a stand connected with it was erected for the -chief justice, as representing the court of common pleas. Behind it two -tents were pitched for the use of the combatants. The Queen was much -against the fighting, and the combat did not come off after all, for -the champion of the appellant failed at the last moment to put in an -appearance, so the plaintiff was non-suited. - -Duels of the privileged order naturally survived those of the -proletariat. Ashmole MS., No. 856, p. 7, gives “The manner of the -challendge made by the Earle of Northumberland against Sir Francis -Veare,” both by letter dated 24 Apr. 1602, and by inter-messages, until -forbidden by the Queen’s commandment. (107-111.) Ex. MS. in Bibl’ -Hatton, and, under the same number, P. 16. “The manner of Donald Ld -Rey, and David Ramsey esq. their comeing and carriage at their tryall, -upon monday, the 28 of November, 1631, before the Ld of Lynsey, Lord -High Constable of England, and others.” This is a very full report of -the trial. (175-227.) Under No. 856, p. 15. “His MAᵗˢ: declaration -against duells, published at his chappell at Bruxells upon sonday the -24th of November 1658.” (172.) - -Though practically in abeyance for a long period the law for an appeal -to combat had remained on the statute book; and a trial by battle -was demanded as late as the year 1817, in the case of Thornton _v._ -Ashford. The judge, Lord Ellenborough, pronounced “that the general law -of the land is that there shall be a trial by battle in case of appeal -unless the parties bring themselves within the scope of one of the -exemptions.” The suit was allowed, but the challenge being refused no -combat ensued. The law was repealed in the following year (1818).[276] - -FOOTNOTES: - -[244] _Origines Juridiciales_, p. 65. - -[245] Pollock and Maitland, _History of English Law_, I, 39. - -[246] Pollock and Maitland, _History of English Law_, I, 147. - -[247] _Origines Juridiciales_, p. 79. - -[248] Published in 1671, by William Dugdale Esquire, Norroy King of -Arms, later Sir William and Garter King of Arms; the ordinances, etc., -being those in operation in the reign of Henry II, set forth by Ranulph -de Glanville, Justice of England, page 65. - -[249] _Origines_, p. 68. - -[250] Bastons were sometimes headed with a double beak, like a pick. -Their usual length was three feet, though shorter ones could be used in -the event of combatants mutually wishing it. - -[251] Vol. I, p. 375. - -[252] _Theatre of Honour and Knighthood_, Chap. II, p. 423, written at -Paris _anno_ 1619. - -[253] Chap. 2, p. 423. - -[254] _Anciens Mémoires Du XIV Siècle_, I, 505. - -[255] See Montfaucon, Tom III, Pl. 18. - -[256] Holinshed’s _Chronicles_, II, 727. - -[257] _Ancient Armour and Weapons of War_, II, 342. - -[258] Plate 58. - -[259] Page 371. - -[260] Holinshed, II, 844. Harleian MS., III, 6079, Art. 36, gives an -account of this duel. - -[261] _Theatre of Honour, etc._, p. 459. - -[262] _Theatre of Honour, etc._, p. 459. - -[263] _Archæologia_, XXIX, 348. - -[264] Probably a fencing master. - -[265] _Antiquarian Repertory_, II, 210. - -[266] The glaive here mentioned is not the weapon usually known by that -name, but the lance: for it will be observed in some later rules given -on these pages that “spears of equal length” were to be issued to the -combatants. Lances were often termed glaives at this period, and in -such combats were shortened to five feet. - -[267] Appendix B. - -[268] Clayues. - -[269] _Antiquarian Repertory_, 1, 152. - -[270] _Chronique de Monstrelet_, Liv. II, Chap. CII. - -[271] Holinshed, III, 210. - -[272] _Ibid._ - -[273] II, 182. - -[274] _Origines Juridiciales_, p. 78. - -[275] Holinshed III, 890. - -[276] 59 Geo. III, c. 46. - - - - -APPENDIX A - -TOURNEY - - -ABSTRACTS of the Ashmolean Manuscripts, regarding the Tourney.[277] - - No. 764. - p. 6. “Cy sensuyt la façon des criz de Tournois et des - Joustes. _Cy peut on à prendre à crier et à - publier pour ceulx qui en seront dignes._” 31-43. - - On the reverse of the last leaf is a picture - of the Joust, whereon two combatants on horseback, - bearing their crests, are fighting with lances - within the lists. - - - No. 1105. - p. 9. Extracts from various records about Tournaments and - Knighthood. 200 _et seq._, 210. - - No. 840. - p. 73. A Justing-cheque, showing how the spears were broken. - 298. - - No. 763. - II. p. 5. Rules, etc. 148-149. - - “The Ordinaunce, statutes and rules made by John - Lord Typtofte, Erle of Worcester, Countstable of - England by the Kinges commaundment, at Windsour the - 29 of May ao sexto Edwardi quarti, to be observed and - kepte in all manner of Justes of pees royall with in - this realme of England.” - - MS. copies of these ordinances are not uncommon, - and much differing from each other. They are printed - in _Harrington’s Nugae Antiquae_ by Park; and in - Dr. Meyrick’s _Critical Essay on antient armor_, II, - 179-186, with valuable notes from the MS. M. 6, in the - Heralds’ College. - - No. 763. - p. 5. - 6. The same Ordinaunce and statutes. 181. - Rules for combatants “At Tornay.” 149b. - - No. 857. - p. 213. “Rights due att the tournay. _Firste the Kinge - of Armes._...” 506. - - No. 1115. - p. 43. Preamble to articles of tilting, addressed unto - the King. 92. - - No. 860. The “Round Table” prohibited, 36 Hen. III, 88.[278] - - No. 1109. - p. 191. Tournament at Windsor, Names of the combatants and - judges in a “Course at feild at Windsor the 17th of - Nov: 1593, ao regni reginae.” 36. 154b. - - No. 856. - p. 5. Justing at the marriage of Richard Duke of York - (1477). A narrative, by an eye-witness, of the - marriage of Richard Duke of York, and Ann daughter of - the Duke of Norfolk, and of the grand justing then - celebrated in 1477, _and the 17th yeare of King Edward - IV_. 94-104. Transcribed “Ex MS. in praefat’ Bibl’ - Hatton.” - - This article is fully as curious as the narrative - of the justing of Anthony Lord Scales, which was - published by W. H. B. in the _Excerpta Historica_, - in June, 1830. - - No. 1116. - p. 10. Justs at Westminster. (1511.) - - “Justes houlden at Westminster the xijth daie of - Februar by the Kinges grace (Henry VIII) called _Cueur - Loyal_, the Lord William of Devon _Bon Voloir_, - Sʳ Thomas Knivet _Valiant Desire_, and Edward Nevell - _Joyous Penser_, with the articles and courses of the - said Justes etc.” 109-110b. - - The articles begin thus—“The noble lady Renowne - considering the good and gracious fortune....” - The “courses” are tilting lists for the two days - (Wednesday and Thursday, 12-13 Feb., 1511,) marked - with strokes, and accounts of the “best joustres.” - - p. 56. “The appoynctement of the standinge schaffoldes in - the Kinges pallace of Westminster, at his justes. - _First next unto the King on his right hande the - Earles_,” _etc._ 47 b. - - No. 837. - p. 17. The Field of the Cloth of Gold at Guisnes (1520). - - “Ce sont les noms des princes, prellatz, et grans - seigneurs de France, qui estoient en la compaignie de - Roy de France quant le Roy (Henry VIII) Dengleterre et - led’ sr le Roy (Francois) sentrevyrent et ordonnerent - les Joustes et Tournoys qui sensuyvent.” 179ba. - - Prefixed to the title is a stanza of 5 lines, - inviting to the justs. - - No. 1116. - p. 7*. The Field of the Cloth of Gold at Guisnes (1520). - - “The proclamacōn in Frenche of the articles of the - Justes and other feates of armes at the meeting of - the aforesaid Kinges (Henry and Francois) at Guisnes, - proclaimed through the realme of France by Thomas - Benolt al’s Clarencieux King of Armes. _Comme ainsi - soit louange_ ...” 105-7b. - - p. 8. “The lettres of savegarde given by the said King of - England unto Thomas Walle al’s Norrey King of Armes, - for the proclamacōn of the same Joustes in the - parties of Almayn and the contrye of Germania, wch - Norrey proclamed thē as welle in French for the lowe - contreys, as in high Dutch as hereafter followeth etc.” - 107b-108b. Dated 1520. - - p. 5*. Narrative of “The meating of the King of England - (and) the Emperor at Canterburie, and the meating of - the said King and the French King at Guysnes, Anno - D’ni 1520.” 100-3b. - - No. 837. - p. 21. Running at the Ring (t. Edw. VI?). - - “These persones[279] here underwrytten beinge one of - the Kinges part the playntyff, and the other wt th - erle of Rutland defendant, dyd run at ye rynge iiij - course every man, at wch tyme mone toke the ryng but - only Mr. Hayward and Mr. Constable beinge wt the - defendant,” etc. 185a. - - Tourneys t. Eliz. - - p. 43. The Challenge of four Knights errant, the Earl of - Oxford, Charles Howard, Sir Henry Lee, and Sir Chr. - Hatton; against all comers, at the tilt, tourney and - barriours; addressed unto the Queen for permission - to perform the same. 245. - - Note that the said challenge was proclaimed by - Clarencieux, on twelfth-night, 1570; and that the - exercises were performed on 1, 2, and 6 May. 245b. - - Written invertedly by another hand. Other papers - relating to the same affair are in No. 845, artt. - 37, 39. No. 845. II, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, and - at p. 599. - - No. 845. - p. 36. Tilting-list and cheque, at a tourney between the - Earl of Oxford, Charles Howard, Sir Hen. Lea, and - Chr. Hatton, challengers, and seven sets of comers; - with their arms tricked. 164. - See No. 837, Art. XLIIII. - - p. 38. A Tilting-list, showing the antagonists of the Earl - of Oxford and others. 167a. - - p. 37. “These be the names of the noblemen and gentlemen, - that for the honor of the Queenes Maᵗⁱᵉ did their - endevor at the Tylt at Westminster on the xvijth day - of November, being the first day of the xxiiijth - yere of the reigne of queene Elizabeth,” etc. - (1581). 165. - - p. 39. “Hastiludium apud Westm’ die Solis 6. Decembris 1584, - coram Regina, inter nuptos decem et tot coelibes.” 168. - - p. 37. “The Tourney holden at Westminster, on monday the - 15 of May, 1581, when the prince Delphine of Auvergne - and other the Frenshe commissioners were here.” 166a-5b. - - p. 40. Proclamation (in French) of the adjudged conduct of - combatants, and award of the prize, at a jousting before - Queen Elizabeth. 171b. - - p. 41. Proclamation (in English) of the adjudgement of prizes - to Don Fredericque de Teledo, and other foreign nobles, - on an other occasion. 171a. - - Draught of another proclamation (in English) concerning - the conduct of gentlemen at the tilt and tourney, not - named. 170a. - - No. 837. - p. 5. “The manner of the first cominge into the tiltyard, of - the most high and mighty prince Charles Prince of Wales, - sonne and heir apparent of our sovereign lo. Kinge James, - on friday the xxiiijth of March 1619; which was in the - most princely and royall manner that had bene sene many - yeares before.” 129-132. - - An original paper, with notes and corrections by one - of the Heralds. This art. is recorded in the Heralds’ MS., - M. 3. f. 1-3b. - - No. 1127. - p. XIV. 2. Tournament of the Knight of the Royal Amaranthus. - In the first quarter of the 17th century. 198-9b. - - No. 1116. - p. 9*. “The manner how the price[280] shall be given at - Joustes of peace royall, and for what considercōns it - should be forfeited and lost. - - First who so breaketh most speeres,” etc. 108b. - - p. 11*. “A demonstracōn by John Writh alias Garter, to - King Edward the Fourth, touching three Knyghtes of - high Almayn wch came to do arms in England, with the - instruccōns by them geven unto the saide Gartr and - the articles of their feates and enterprise.” 111-3b. - The year must have been 1473. - - No. 763. - p. 16. “The office of a Kinge at Armes. Fyrst as nyghe as - he canne he shall take knowledge and kepe recorde of - creastes cognissances and auntient used wordes,” etc. - 158ab. - - No. 837. - p. 8. “The definition of an Esquire, and the severall - sortes of them according to the custome and usage - of England. _An esquire called in Latine armiger_ ...” - 162a. - - No. 1116. - p. 111. The Names and Arms of the Sovereigns and Knights or - the Order of the Golden Fleece (Toison d’or), from its - institution in 1429 to the twenty-third festival of - the Order, which was holden by King Philip of Spain, - 12 Aug. 1559; historical accounts of the celebration - of the feasts, in French. ff. 137b-186. - - The MS. is beautifully written, with the arms - tricked (four on each page), by Robert Glover, - Somerset Herald. - - p. 88. Lists of the Knights, and notes of the celebration - of S. George’s feast, in 1589 and 1593, at Westminster. - 67a. - - p. 89. Lists of Knights, and notes of the celebration of S. - George’s feast, in 1584, at Westminster, and 15 Apr. - 1585, at Windsor. 67b. - - No. 837. - p. XXVI. “The Office of ye Marshall.” 198ab. - - No. 1127. - p. XIII. “The Statutes of the Order of the Golden Fleece” (27 - Nov. 1431); and “The Ordinances for the Officers of - the Order.” 139-166-167-175b. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[277] Catalogue by William Henry Black. Oxford. 1845. - -[278] Though indexed this item is not in the catalogue. - -[279] The Marquis of Northampton and others, 14 on each side. - -[280] Prize. - - - - -APPENDIX B - -HARLEIAN MS. RELATING TO THE TOURNAMENT - - - CATALOGUE - - Vol. Page Cod. Art. - I. 17 69 1-3. Tournament held on the marriage of - Richard Duke of York, son of Edward IV. - I. 17 69 4-5. On the birth of Princess Mary? Daughter - of Henry VIII. - I. 17 69 6-7. Creation of Henry VIII. - I. 17 69 8. Challenge to hold a Justs-Royall and - Tourney at Westminster. - I. 18 69 13. At Greenwich, _temp._ Henry VIII. - I. 18 69 16. Westminster, _temp._ Henry VIII. - I. 18 69 24. On the marriage of Prince Arthur. - I. 18 69 11. Challenges to tournaments of Philip de - Bouton and others. - I. 18 69 12. Uladislaus of Bodna and others. - I. 18 69 20. Frederick de Toledo and others. - I. 18 69 14. Regulations concerning tournaments by - Parliament of England. - I. 165 293 123-4. By Richard I. - I. 18 69 10. Relation (in French) of Battel of Justs - held in the city of Tours. - I. 18 69 15. Copy of Chapitres of certain Feats of - Arms. - I. 18 69 18. Declarations and Conditions of - Performing Feats of Arms. - I. 18 69 19. Chalenge of 6 Noble Persons to the - Justs. - I. 18 69 21. Form of Proclamation to be made by the - King of Arms. - I. 18 69 22. Fees appertyning to the Officers - of Armes. - I. 18 69 23. The Maner ＆ Order of Combating within - Lystes. - I. 18 69 17. } - II. 12 1354 11. _et seq._ } Regulations Concerning - } Tournaments. By John - } Tiptoft, Earl of Worcester. - II. 226 1776 43. } - III. 316 6064 80. } - III. 215 4888 20. General Challenge of Earls of Lenox, etc. - - EXTRACTS - - I. 17 69 1-3. 1. The Proclamation, whereby Six - Gentlemen challenged all Comers - at the Just-Roiall: To Runne in - Ostling-Harneis alonge a Tilt: And - to strike 13 strokes with Swords; - upon the Marriage of Richard Duke - of York (son to K. Edward IV.) with - Anne Mowbray Daughter to the Duke of - Norfolk. After which Proclamation, - follow the Articles, ＆ Draughts of - the Shields. 1 - - 2. The Challenge of the LadieMaie’s - Servants, to all comers, to be - performed at Greenwich. - To Runne 8 Courses. - To shoot Standart Arrowe, or Flight. - To strike 8 Strokes with Swords Rebated. - To wrestle all manner of Wayes. - To Fight on Foot with Speares Rebated, - and afterwards to strike 8 Strokes - with Swords, with Gripe, or - otherwise. - To Call the Barre on Foote, and with - the Arme; both Heavie and Light. 2b - - Vol. Page Cod. Art. - I. 17 69 1-3. 3. Here followe the Articles which - fower Gentlemen have Enterprised - to doe by the Kings Commaundment - ＆ for the Pleasure of the Ladyes, - which alsoe the Kings Highnes hath - Lycenced them to Aunswear to all - other, ＆ all other to aunswear - to them, according to the same - Articles. 3b viz. to Answer all - Comers, at the Kings Mannour of - Sheene, to run fower Courses. - - 4-5. 4. Proclamation And Articles of a - Tilting to be held at the Palace - of Richmond, upon the birth of a - young Princess (Mary?). Tempore - Henrici VIII. where the 4 Knights - Challengers are to Runne 6 Courses. 4b - - 5. Petition ＆ Articles of 4 Gentlemen - Challenging all Comers (to the - Lawnde of Greenwich). To the Feate - called the Barriers, with the - Casting Speare, ＆ the Targett, ＆ - with the Bastard-Sword, Point ＆ Edge - Rebated. 5b - - 6-7. 6. Petition ＆ Articles of the - Justs-Royall to be held at - Westminster, by 4 Gentlemen - Challenging all comers, (upon the - Creation of Henry second Sonne to - King Henry VII). To Run 6 Courses - with Speares. To Tourney 18 Strokes - with Swords. - - 7. Petition of 4 Gentlemen to K. Henry - VII. to be received into his Royal - Army purposed for Fraunce; but - first that he would Authorize their - Challenge of all Comers to the Tilt, - To run 6 Courses; for two days - together: which being performed, - they will be ready (upon 8 days - warning) to answer all comers, in - any Realme or Place where the King - shall be, for one year and a day - longer. 7 - - 8. 8. Challenge of 6 Noble Persons to - hold a Justs-Royall ＆ Tourney at - Westminster, for the Pleasure of the - King, the Queene, and the Princess - the Kings Eldest Daughter, where the - 6 Challengers ＆ Six Answerers shall - together Run against each other with - Spears on Horseback; and after the - Course Passed, to Fight with Swords - till the King commaund them to Cease. - 7b - - 10. 10. Relation (in French) of the Battel - of Justs held in the city of Tours, - between Jelcan (or Jehan?) Chalons, - a Native of the Kingdom of England, - ＆ Loys de Beul who took the part - of King Charles of France. A.D. 1446. - wherein Loys de Beul was killed. 9 - - I. 18 69 11. 11. Le Chalenge Philip de Bouton, Natif - de Pais Burgoigne, premier Esquier - a Monsser le Conte de Charollois: - qui ait Charge ＆ Esleve Emprise de - un Fleuer Penser a tacher a son Bras - dextre, lequelle il portra ouverte - jusque autant que il defendra - Royaulme d’Angelterre, en la - Campagnie de son Seigneur Monsieur - le Bastard le Burgoigne, comme a la - Roche. Dat. 1. may. 1467. 11 - - 12. 12. La Declaracon du Pas a l’Arbe D’Or, - i.e. How the Lady L’Isle sent her - Knight with a Rich Tree of Gold, for - him to sett near Brughes, ＆ there to - Challenge the Nobles of the Duke of - Burgundies Court both to the Justs, - ＆ to the Tourney: the Articles - whereof do follow. Dated July ... - A.D. 68. i.e. 1468. - - Vol. Page Cod. Art. - I. 18 69 12. *12. The Relation made by Garter King - of Arms to K. Edward IV. concerning - the Arrival of 3 Knights of the K. - of Hungaries Court, named Uladislaus - of Bodna, Fredericus of Waredma, - ＆ Lancelagus of Trefulwane, who - desired to performe some Feats of - Armes with the English Gentlemen. - With their Instructions given to the - said Garter touching his Declaration - of their Desires, ＆ the Articles of - the Jousts ＆ Tourney. 14 - - 13. 13. Justs at Greenwich, the 20th daie - of Maye, the 8th yeare of the Raigne - of our Soveraigne Ld. K. Henry VIII. - (with the then usual Notes or Marks - of each Persons Performance). 16b. - - 14. 14. Le Statute d’Armes de Turnoys par - le Parlement d’Angleterre (f. temp. - H. V.). 17 - - 15. 15. Coppye de Chapitres (ou Articles) - des certaine Faits d’Armes, tanta - Pied, comme a Cheval, qui par deux - Gentilhomes d’Almaigne touchant une - certaine Emprise. ibid. - - 16. 16. The Justinge, Tournay, ＆ Fighting - at Barriers, holden at the Palace of - Westminster, the 32nd yeare of our - Soveraigne Lord K. Henry the VIII. - there beguune the firste deye of - Maye being Saturdaye, ＆c. 18 - - 17. 17. The Ordinances, Statutes, ＆ Rules, - made and Enacted by John (Tiptoft) - Earle of Worcester Constable of - England, by the Kings Commandment - (i.e. Ed. IV.) at Windsor, the 29th - daye of Maie, in the 6th yeare of - his Noble Raigne. To be Observed and - Kept in all manner of Justs of Peace - Royal within the Realme of England - before his Highness or Liefftenant, - by his Commandment or Licence had - from this Tyme forth. Reserving - always to the Queenes Highnes - and the Laydes there present, - the Attribution and Gifte of the - Prize after the Manner and Forme - accustomed. (These Ordinances are - illustrated by Pictures.) 20 - - 18. 18. Declaration ＆ Conditions of - Performing Feats of Arms before - ＆ at a Castle called Loyall, at - the Gate whereof a White Unicorne - sustained four Shields, The First - White, signifying to the Justs; - whoso toucheth that, to be answered - V Courses at the Tilt. The Second - Red, signifying to the Tournaye; - who toucheth that, to be answered - 12 Strokes with the Sword, Edge ＆ - Point Rebated. The Third Yellow, - signifying to the Barriers, who - toucheth that, to be answered at the - Barriers 12 Strokes with one-Hand - Sword, the Point and Edge Rebated. - The Fourth Blue, signifying to th’ - assault, ＆ who toucheth that, to - Assault the said Castle with Sword - ＆ Targett ＆ Morrice Pike, withe the - Edge and Point Rebated. 21b - - 19. 19. Chalenge of 6 Noble Persons to the - Justs, the same as before 8. 22b - - 20. 20. Challenge of Don Fredericke de - Toledo, the Lord Straunge, Don - Fernando de Toledo, Don Francifco de - Mendoza, ＆ Garfilafe de la Vega, to - fight on Foot, at the Barriers, with - all Comers. 23b - - 21. 21. Form of the Proclamation to be - made by the King of Arms in the - Presence-Chamber, upon the Queen’s - distribution of the Prizes, to them - who had best Exercised the Feates - of Armes at the Tilt Tourney ＆ - Barriers. 24b - - 22. 22. Fees apperteyning to the Officers - of Armes, at all thos Triumphs - aforesaid. 25 - - 23. 23. The Maner ＆ Order of Combating - within Lystes, set downe by Thomas - Duke of Gloucester Uncle to King - Richard the Second (with Pictures). 26 - - 24. 24. The first Booke of the Justs ＆ - Banketts ＆ Disguisings, used at the - Intertaynemente of Katherine Wife - to Prince Arthur Eldest Sone to - K. Henry VII. 29b - - The Seconde Book, or Parte of this - Discourse, is concerning the death - of Prince Arthur, and the order - taken for his Exequies. - - Vol. Page Cod. Art. - I. 165 293 123-4. 123. Hoc ett Breve, Dni Regis Ricardi - I. missum Dno Cantuariensi, de - concessione Torneamentorum in - Anglia. 237 - - 124. Haec est forma Pacis fervandae a - Torneatoribus. 237 - - II. 12 1354 11. 11. The Ordinances, Statutes, ＆ Rules - made by Johne Lorde Typtofte, - Erle of Worcester, Constable of - Englande, by the Kinges Commandment, - at Wyndsore the 29th daie of - Maye, ann. 6. Edw. IV. to be - observed and kepte in all manner - Justys Royall;—reserving to the - Queene ＆ to the Ladyes present - the attribution and gyfte of the - Prise, after the manner and forme - accustomed to be attributed, for - their Demerites. 13 - - II. 226 1776 43. 43. Ordinances, Statutes, ＆ Rules made - ＆ enacted by John (Tiptoft) Earl of - Woster ＆ Constable of England, by - the Kings commandment, at Windsor, - the 6th Yeare of Edward the Fourth; - for Justes ＆ Triumphs. 45b - - III. 215 4888 20. 20. A general Challenge, at Tilt, - Tourney, and Barriers, signed Lenox, - Southampton, Pembroke, Mountgumbray, - dated 1612. In defence of these - Propositions. 1. “That in Service of - Ladyes, Knights have no free-will. - 2. That it is Beautie maintains the - World in valour. 3. That noe fare - Ladie was ever false. 4. That none - can be perfectlye wife but Lovers.” - Addressed, “To all honourable Men - at Armes, and Knight Adventurers - of hereditarie note, ＆ examplarie - noblesse, that for most memorable - actions doe wield either Sword or - Launce in quest of glorie.” - - III. 316 6064 80. 80. The Ordinances, Statutes ＆ Rules - made by the E. of Worcester ＆ - Constable of England, 6th of Edw. - 4. to be observed in all manner of - Justes. 86 - - - - -APPENDIX C - -COTTONIAN MSS. IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM RELATING TO THE TOURNEY - - - Claudius, C IV. - 10. Breve R. Richard I ad archiep. Cantuar. missum, - de concessione torneamentorum in Anglia. 233. - 11. Forma pacis servandae à torneatoribus, et in juramentis. 233. - - Nero, D II. - 15. De la creacion et foundacion des heraulz (d’armes). 249b. - 16. Les droiz et largesses appartenant et d’aunciennete - accoustumez aux rois d’armes, selon l’usance du - Angleterre. 251b. - 18. L’ordonnance de faire joustes et tournois. 253. - 19. Les droiz appartenans aux rois d’armes, et heraulx, - en leur absence, en fait de joustes à plaisaunce. 245b. - - Galba. B VI. - 77. A list of great personages, who probably appeared - at a tilt. 109. - - Vesp. C XIV. - 229. Notes relating to tournaments. 553. - - Titus. B I. - 35. Judges deputed for the field in the joustes between - Guisnes and Andres. 127. - - Caligula. D VI. - 54. Twenty-three original letters from Charles D. of Suffolk, - to Henry VIII, all probably between Oct., 1514, - and March, 1515. 147. - - - - -APPENDIX D - - - The instructions given by the Emperor Maximilian as to the - selection of the subjects for the Plates for _Freydal_. - They are set down on Folio 38 of that work. - “Hernach volgt in was zäl die Rennen vnd stechen in den - Freytal gemacht sollen werden.” - - Geschift Rennen. - Item der geschift Rennen sollen XI sein, - Darunnder III fäl, mit ain ander, - Vnnd zwen fäl, das Kaiser besiczt vnnd widerparthey felt, - Die vberigen VI Rennen sollen Sy baide besiczen. - - Swayf Rennen.[281] - Item Swayf Rennen sollen VI sein, - Dar vnnder IIII fäl mit ain annder, - Vnd II fäl das Kaiser besiczt vnnd widerparthey felt. - - Pündt Rennen.[282] - Item das pünndt Rennen sollen XII sein, dar vnnder sollen zween - fäl sein das der Kaiser besiczt vnnd die Wider-parthey felt, - Vnnd die vbrigen X Rennen solln baid besiczen. - - Autzogen Rennen. - Item Anczogen Rennen sollen XXV sein, - Vnnd der Kaiser ist albeg den driten tail besessen, vnd sein - wider parthey den II tail gefallen. - - Teutsch gestech.[283] - Item Es sollen sechs vnnd zwainzig teutscher gestech sein, - Die fäl sol Kayserlich Mt noch stymben. - - Welsch gestech.[284] - Item Es sollen Acht vnd Dreissig Welscher gestech sein, - Die fäl solle Kyserlich Mt noch stymben. - - Tornier (The Tourney). - Item Es sollen sein III Tornier. - - Krönl (Krönlrennen). - Item Es sollen sein III Rennen, in der gestalt das ainer ain - Krönl der annder ainen scharfen Rennspiess hab, - Die fäl solle Kay Mt noch stymben. - - Velt Rennen.[285] - Item Es sollen sein V veldt Rennen - Summa der Rennen stechen vnd Tornier CXXVIII.[286] - -FOOTNOTES: - -[281] Another name for _Scharfrennen_. - -[282] _Bundrennen._ - -[283] German Joust. - -[284] Joust at the Tilt. - -[285] _Feldrennen._ - -[286] 129? - - - - -APPENDIX E - -ASHMOLEAN MSS. RELATING TO JUDICIAL DUELS - - - DISCOURSES ON LAWFUL COMBATS IN ENGLAND - - No. 856. - Par. 9. A Discourse “Of the antiquity, use, and ceremony - of lawfull combates in England.” 115-125. - 12. A Discourse “Of the antiquitie, use, and ceremony - of lawfull combates in England, written by - Mr. James Whitelock of the Middle Temple.” 149-153. - 13. “The antiquity, use, and ceremonyes of lawfull - combates in England.” 154-156. - 14. “The antiquity, use, and ceremony of lawfull - combates in England.” 157-172. - “Ex collect’ Guil: Dugdale.” - - No. 865. - 10*. A treatise of “The wageing of Bataill between two - partyes. First. The quarrell and bills of the - appellant and defendant must be pleaded in the - court.” 58-276. - “_The fee of the Constable is the lystes, the - barris, and stagis belonginge to the same._ - Thus endeth the wageing of battaill before the King.” - - 1115. - 97. Erotulis publicis quaedam annotationes; primo de - Militbus Ordinis, et de Windesora; postea de, - constabulariis castri Windesorae, de duello, - et de insigniis armorum. 225-6b. - Extracts by Ashmole, chiefly from the Patent - Rolls and Close Rolls, Hen. III-Ric. II. - - No. 840. - 47. A short extract by Sir W. Dugdale “Out of a - discourse in French concerning the antient - manner of Combates.” 211. - - 764. - 7. “De la droite ordonnance du Gaige de Bataille par - tout le royaume de France. Phelipe _par la - grace de Dieu Roy de France a touz ceulx qui - ces presentes lettres verront salut_.” - This letter of King Philip IV, written in 1306, - limits the practice of wager of battle, and - is prefixed toregulations for the whole course - of combat. 44-54ᵇ. - - 856. Order in England, temp. Ric. II. - 4*. A book “Of the manner and order of combating within - the listes, delivered by Thomas Duke of - Gloucester unto King Richard the second.” 83-89. - Transcribed “Ex MS. in Bibl’ Hatton,” _with the - listes_, scaffold, and tymber used at the 83-89. - said battaile. Compare Art. 23. - 16. “The manner of Donnald Ld Rey, and David Ramsey esq. - their comeing and carriage at their tryall, upon - monday, the 28 of November 1631, before the Ld of - Lynsey, Lord High Constable of England, and - others.” This is a very full report of the - trial. 175-227. - - 824. - V. Another account of the same. 34-46ᵇ. - - 856. Treatise, temp. Hen. VI. - - 22. “Loo my leve lordes, here now next folowing is - a Traytese, compyled by Johan Hill, armorier - and sergeant in the office of Armorye wt kynges - Henry ye 4th and Henry ye 5th, of ye poyntes of - Worship in Armes that longeth to a Gentilman - in Armes, and how he shall be diversly armed - and gouverned, under supportacion and favour - of alle ye reders to correcte adde and amenuse - where nede is, by the high commaundment of the - princes that have powair soo for to ordeyne - and establisshe. _The first honneur in armes - is a gentilman to fight in his souverian lords - quarell in a bataille of treason._” 376-383. - A.D. 1434. - - 23. “And here next foloweth the maner and fourme - of makyng of the thre Oothes that every - appellant and defendant owe to make openly in - the feelde before the Kyng and the Conestable - and Mareschal, the same day that they shal do - thair armes, both in Frensshe and in Englisshe; - compyled and abstracte oute of a notable - Traityes made of the rieule and gouvernance of - the feelde in armes, by Thomas of Wodestoke - sumtyme Conestable of Englande and uncle to - Kyng Richard (the second), to whom he presented - the saide traities, submitting it to his - noblesse to correct, adde, and amenuse as his - highnes best liked.” 383-391. - - “_La fee du Mareshal est les listes, les - barrers, et les estages dycelles etc._” - - 6*. “The Earle Marshall’s order in the quarrell - betwixt Anthony Felton and Edmond Withepole - esquires, xxiij May 1598.” 105-107. - - 7. “The manner of the challendge made by the Earle - of Northumberland against Sir Francis Yeare,” - both by letter dated 24 Apr., 1602, and by - inter-messages, until forbidden by the Queen’s - commandment. 107-111. - “Ex MS. in Bibl’ Hatton.” - - 8*. A statement of “The French King’s edict - constitutinge duellos to be punished in the - nature of treason, within his dominions.” 112-14. - - 9. A Discourse “Of the antiquity, use, and ceremony - of lawfull combates in England.” 115-125. - “Ex. MS. in Bibl’ Hatton.” - - 10. “Duello foild. The whole proceedings in the - orderly disolveing of a designe for single - fight betweene two valient gentlemen; by - occasion whereof the unlawfulnesse of a duello - is preparatorily disputed, according to the - rules of honour and right reason; written by - Lord Henry Howard Earle of Northampton.” 126-145. - - 11. “A Discourse touching the unlawfulness of - private combates, written by Sr Edward Cooke - Lord Chiefe Justice of England, at the request - of the Lord Henry Howard Earle of Northampton.” - (3 Oct., 1609). 146-8. - “Ex. MS. in Bibl’ Hatton.” - - 15. His Maᵗˢ: declaration against duells, published - at his Maᵗˢ: chappell at Bruxells upon sonday - the 24th of November 1658. 172. - - - - -APPENDIX F - -HARLEIAN MSS. CATALOGUE OF DOCUMENTS RELATING TO JUDICIAL DUELS - - - Vol. Page Cod. Art. - I. 249 424 13. } - I. 492 980 134. } - III. 122 4176 2 _et_ 4 } Treatises on Duels. - _et seq._ } - III. 332 6149 19. } - I. 490 980 36. Instances of Trial by Duel. - III. 319 6069 60-67. } - III. 505 7021 22. } Tracts on Single Combats. - I. 490 980 46. Instances of Trial. - III. 322 6079 36. Between Dukes of Hereford and Norfolk. - III. 370 6495 1. Mr. Dan, Archdeacon and Francis Mowbray. - III. 122 4176 2. James Whitlock. Discourses on Combats - in England. - - EXTRACTS - I. 249 424 13. The Way of Duells before the King; with - the Office of the Constable and - Earl-Marshal, ＆c. upon such - occasions. 42 - I. 490 980 36. Instances of Trials in England by - Ordeal ＆ Duel. ibid. - I. 491 980 46. What happened to Sir Nicholas de - Segrave, anno. 32 Edw. I. who - being accused of Treason, offered - to justifie himself by Duel; - and afterward went over the Sea - (without License) to fight with - his enemy. ibid. - I. 492 980 134. Of legal duels, or Combats. 128 - III. 122 4176 2. Of the antiquity, use and ceremony - of Combats in England: by - James Whitlock, ＆c. 12 - III. 122 4176 4. Concerning Duells in Spaine. 37 - III. 319 6069 66. Du Combat appelle Buhort. 113 - III. 319 6069 67. Du Combat appelle Bas ou Barriers. ib. - III. 322 6079 36. A Combat between D. of Hereford ＆ - Tho. Mowbray first D. of - Norfolk, ＆ Marshal of England. 29 - III. 332 6149 19. De Duellis. 164b - III. 370 6495 1. A Tract with this title, “A tru report - of sundry memorable Accidents - befalling Mr. Daniel Archdeacon, - before and after the Combat appointed - betweene him ＆ Francis Moubray. - Written first in French, by a - faythfull frynd of Mr. Daniel - Archdeacon, and sent to another - frynd of theirs, and since translated - in English by a faythfull frynd to him - ＆ to that honest cause.” - 26 leaves. At the end are some Anagrams - ＆ Acrostics in French, on the name of - Daniel Archdeacon and a table of the - contents of the tract. - - III. 505 7021 22. A Catalogue of such Combats as have been - anciently granted by the Kings of England. - - - - -APPENDIX G - -COTTONIAN MSS. RELATING TO JUDICIAL DUELS - - - Nero. D II. - 17. La form et maniére comment l’appellant et defendant - doivent plaider devant le conestable et mareschal. 252 - - Vesp. C XIV. - 234. The manner how the defendants do answer the Prince’s - highness challenge; being a list of names. 568 - 235. Of Combats in Mr. Garter’s house. May 23, 1601. - (a draught) 569 - 236. The Ordinances that belong in gayging of battayle, - made by quarrell, after the constitutions made - by King Philip of France. 570 - - Faust. E V. - 2. Of single Combats. 4 - - Tiberius. E VIII. - 14. Modus faciendi duellum coram rege (Gallice). 50b - The same under Nero. D VI. 82 - - Vitel. C IV. - 10. De certamine singulari coram constabulario - et marescallo Angliae (Gallice). 129 - 11. De officio Marescalli (Lat. et Gal.). 132b - - Titus. C I. - 25. B. A collection of papers on duels, - i.e. lawful combats. - 26. A brief historical dissertation on duels; - by R. Cotton. 1609. 201 - 27. Seven tracts on the antiquity, use and ceremony - of lawful combats in England; by Davies, - Whitlock, Holland, Agard and others. 205 - 28. A challenge for a duel between Henry Inglose, - Esq.; and Sir John Tiptoft, Knt, to be fought - before the Duke of Bedford, high constable. - (Fr.) 1415. 229 - 29. Five writs relating to combats before the - constable and marshal. 230 - 30. A list of patents relating to the office of - marshal; from 27 Edw. III. to Henry VI. 232 - 31. Ten original instruments, being chiefly royal - mandates of Henry VI. several of them signed - by him; concerning lists and combats. 234 - 32. Notes of certain turns to be put in form, and - then to be concluded by the whole council, - touching the regulation of duels: in the - hand-writing of K. James I. 238b - 33. A treatise on duels, in two books. 239 - 34. A collection of notes, papers, ＆c., - on duels (chiefly French). 346 - 35. What manner of duels they use in Italy, - and why they hold it not fit to answer - a challenge. (Ital.) 370b - 36. Forme di pace fatte da diversi; being - compromises of quarrels. 374 - 37. “Duello foiled,” being a treatise in which - the lawfulness of duels is disputed according - to the rules of honour and right reason. 393 - 38. Two papers on measures taken against duels. 402 - 39. Of a lye; how it ought to be dealt in by - an E. marshal. 404 - 40. Notes on the laws in Spain for preventing - single combats. 407 - 41. Note out of the D. of Bullion’s discourse - touching the lye and the blow. 408 - 42. Three questions proposed to the count - d’Angoseiola (banished from Palma and living - in Savoy) in matters of duel. (Italian.) 409 - 43. Placcart des Archiducs contre les defies et - duels (printed). Bruxelles. 1610. 413 - 44. A paper concerning laws against duels. 416 - 48. De la droit ordannance du gaige de battaille, - partout le Royaume de France. 434 - - - - -APPENDIX H - - - Letter from Thomas Duke of Gloucester and Constable of - England to King Richard II concerning the Manner of - conducting Judicial Duels. - -In firste the quarelis and the billis of the appellaunt and of the -defendaunt schal be pletid in the courte.before the constable and -marchall. And when they may not prove ther cause by witnesse.nor bi -non other manner but detrmine ther quarell bi strengthe.the ton for to -prove his entent up on the tother. And the tother in the same manner -for to defende him. The constable hath power for to ioyne that batayle -as vecarie genrall undir god ＆ the kynge and the bataile conioynt by -the Constable.he schal assigne them day and place.so that the day be -not within xl.dayes after the saide batell soo conioynt.but yf it be bi -the consentinge of the seyde appellaunt and defendaunt. Than he schall -awarde them.poyntes of armes.other wise callid wepenes.ayther of them -schal have.that is to say.longe swerde schorte swerde and dagger.so -that the appellant and defendaunt.fynde sufficianunt surete ＆ plegges -that echou of them schal come at his seyde day.the appellaunt for to -doo his power up on the defendaunt.and the defendaunt in his defence -up on the appellaunt. And this to be done.schall be gevyn un to the -appellaunt hour terme and soon.for to make his preve and der (sic) -and for to bethe firste within the listes. for to quite his plegges. -And of the same wise of the defendaunt. And noon of hem schall do -hevinesse.ille harme awaite assaute.nor non other grevaunce.nor ennye -bi them nor bi non of ther frendes welwillinge.nor bi non other who soo -ever it be. The kynge schal fynde the felde.for to feght in. And the -(f. 125b) listes schal be made and devisid by the constable. And it -is to be considerid that the listes schal be.lx.pases of lengthe and -xl.paces of brede in good manner.and that the erthe be ferme stable -and harde.and even made, without grete stones and that the erthe be -plat.and that the listes be strongli barred rounde aboute and a gate -in the este and a nother in the weste with good and stronge barrers -of vij.foote of heyght or more. And it is to wite that ther schulde -be faux listes withouten the principal listes betwene the whiche the -men of the constable and the marchall and s’gauntes of armes of the -kynges schulde be for to kepe and defend yf any wolde make any offence -or fray azens the cries made in the courte in any thinge that myght -be agayns the kynges Roiall mageste or lawe of armes and these men -schulde be armed at all poyntes. The Constable schal have there as -many men of armes as he will and the marchall also bi the assignacion -of the Constable and ellis not the whiche men schal have the kepynge -as is seyde. The s’gauntes of armes of the kynge schal have the keping -of gates of the listes and the arestinges yf any schal be made bi the -comaudemt of the seyde Constable and Marchall. The day of bataile the -kynge schal be in a sege or in a shaffold on heght and a place schal -be made for the Constable and marchall at the stayre foot of the seyde -shaffold there where thei schal be. And than schal be axed the plegges -of the appellaunt and defendaunt for to come in to the listes afore the -kynge and present in the courte as prisioners un to the appellaunt and -defendaunt be come in the listes and have made ther othes. When the ap -(f. 126) pellaunt cometh to his iorney he schale come to the gate of -the listes in the Este in such manner as he will feght with his armes -and wepenis assignid to him bi the courte and ther he schal abide til -he be led in bi the Constable so that when he is comen to the seyde -gate the Constable and marchall schal goo thedir. And the Constable -schal axe him what man he is whiche is comen armed to the gate of the -listes. And what name he hathe and for what cause he is comen. And the -appellaunt schal answere I am suche aman. A. de. K. the appellaunt the -whiche is come to this iorney ＆c for to doo ＆c. And than the Constable -schal open the viser of his basinet soo that he may playnli see his -visage and if it be the same man that is the appellaunt than schal he -make open the gates of the listes and schal make him entre with his -seyde armes poyntes vitailes and other leuefull necessaries up on him -and also his counsell with him and than he schal lede him afore the -kynge and than to his tente where he schal abide til the defendaunt be -comen. In the same manner schal be done of the defendaunt but that he -schal entre in at the weste gate of the listes. The Constable clerk -schal write and sette in the regestre the comyge and the houre of the -entringe of the appellaunt and how that he entreth the listes on fote -and also the harnyes of the appellaunt how that he is armed and with -how many wepenis he entreth the listes and what vitailes and other -leueful necessaries he bringeth in with him. In the same manner schal -be don to the defendaunt. Also the Constable schal mak take hede that -non other before ne behinde the appellaunt (f. 126b) nor the defendaunt -brynge more wepin nor vitailes other then were assignid bi the courte. -And yf it be soo that the defendaunt come not be time to his iorney and -at the oure and terme limit bi the courte the Constable schal comaunde -the marchall for to make calle him at the four corners of the listes -the whiche schal be done in manner as it foloweth. Oyes. Oyez. Oyez. -C. de. B. defendaunt come to yowre Jorney whiche ye have undirtake at -this day for to aquite yowre plegges before the kinge the constable -and marchall in yowre defence agayns. A. de K. appellaunt of that -that he hathe put up on yow. And yf he come not be time he schal be -callid the secunde time in the same manner and at the ende he schal say -come the day passeth faste and yf he come not at that time he schal -be callid the thridde time. But that this be betwixe hye tierce and -none. In the same manner as before and at the ende he schal say the -day passeth faste and the oure of none is nye soo that ye come bi the -seyde oure of none at farrest in pitt that may come. But how soo ever -the Constable hathe yevy oure and terme un to the defendaunt for to -come to his Jorney never the lesse yf that he tarie un to the oure of -none the Jugement schulde not bi right goo agayns him whethir it be in -cas of treson or not. But soo is it not of the appellaunt for he muste -holde the houre and time limitid bi the courte withoute any plonginge -or excusacon what soo ever be it in cause of treson. The appellaunt -and the defendaunt entrede in the (f. 127) listes with ther armoure -wepenes vitailes and leuefull necessaries and counsell as is seyde -and as thei are assigned bi the courte. The Constable schal wete the -kinges wille yf he wil assigne any of his noble lordes or knyghtes of -worschipe un to the sayde pties and yf he wil that the othes be made -afore him or afore the Constable and marchal. And the appellaunt and -defendaunt schal be serchid bi the Constable and marchall of there -poyntes of armes otherwise callid wepenis that they be vowable without -any man disseyte on them and yf thei be other than reson axeth they -schal be taken away ffor reson good feythe and lawe of arms wil not -suffre no gile nor dissayte in soo gret a dede. And it is to wite -that the appellaunt and defendaunt may be armed as sewrely upon ther -bodies as they will. And than the Constable schal sende firste after -the marchall and than for the appellaunt with his counsell for to make -his othe. The Constable schal axe him yf he wil any more protest and -that he putte forthe all his ptestacions bi writinge for fro that time -forthe he schal make no ptestacion. The constable schal have his clerke -redy in his presence that schal ley forthe a masse book open. And -than the Constable schal make his seyde clerke rede the bille of the -appellaunt enterly on heyght and the bille redde the constable schal -say to the appellaunt A. de K. thou knowest wel this bille and this -warant and wedd’ that thou gave in oure courte thou schal lay thi right -honde here up on these seyntes and schal swere in maner as foloweth -(f. 127b). Thou. A.de.K. this thi bille is sothe in all poyntes and -articles fro the beginyge contenynge theirn to the ende and that is -thine entente to preve this day on the forsayde. C.de.B. so god the -helpe and theise halowes and this othe made he schal be led agayne to -his place. The constable schal make the marchal calle the defendaunt -and soo schal be done to the defendaunt in the same manner as to the -appellaunt. And than the Constable schal make calle bi the marchall the -appellaunt agayne and schal make him leye his honde as he did afore -up on the masse book and schal say. A.de.K. thou swerest that thou ne -haste ne schalt have mo poyntes ne poyntes on the ne on thi bodi within -these listes but thei that ben assignid bi the courte that is to say. -a longe swerde schorte swerde and dagger nor non other knyf litill -nor mekill ne non other instrument ne engyn of poynte ne other wise -ne stone of vrtu ne herbe of vrtu ne charme ne expirmet ne karecte no -non other inchauntemt bi the ne for the bi the whiche thou tristest -the better to overcome the forseyde. C.de.B. thin advsarie that schal -come ayens the with in these listes this day in his defence. Ne that -thou ne trustest in non other thinge but onli in god and thi body and -on thi rightful quarell so helpe the god and these halowes and the -othe made he schal be led agayne to his place. In the same wise schal -be done to the defendaunt. The whiche othes made and ther chambirleyns -and srvauntes put a way. the Constable schal make calle bi the marchall -the appellaunt and the defendaunt also the whiche schal be ledde (f. -128) and kepte bi the men of the Constable and marchall before them -and the Constable schal say to bothe the pties. Thou A.de.K. appellour -schal take. C.de.B. defendoure bi the rigt honde and he the. And we -defende yow and echone of yow in the kinges name and up on the pill -that longeth therto and up on pill of lesinge yowre quarell the whiche -that is founden in defaute that non of yow be so hardy to doo to other -ille ne grevauce thirstinge nor other harme bi the honde up on the pill -afore sayde and this charge gevy. the Constable schal make yeve ther -right hondis to gedir and ther lifte hondes up on the missale sayinge -to the appeloure. A.de.K. appelloure thou swerest bi the feythe that -thou yevest in the honde of thine advsarie. C.de.B. defondoure and -bi all the halowe that thou toucheste with thi lifte honde that thou -to-day this day schal doo all thi trewe power and entente bi all the -weyes that thou beste may or kanste to preve thine entente on. C.de.B. -thine advsarie and defendoure to make him yelden him up to thine honde -and creant to crie or speke or ellis make him die bi thine honde to -fore that thou wende oute of these listes bi the tyme and the sunne -that the is assignid bi this courte bi thi feythe and soo helpe the -god and these halowes. C. de. B. defendoure thou swerest bi thi feythe -that thou yevest in the honde of thine advsarie A.de.K. appelloure and -bi all the halowes that thou touchest with thi lifte honde that to day -this day thou schall doo all thi trewe power and entente bi all the -weyes that thou beste may or kanste to defende thine entente of all -that (f. 128b) that is put on the bi. A.de.K. thin advsarie appelloure -bi the feythe and soo helpe the god and all these halowes. And than the -Constable schall comaunde the marchall for to crie at the foure corners -of the listes in manner as foloweth. Oyez. Oyez. Oyez. We charge and -comaunde bi the kynges Constable and marschall that non of gret valew -＆ of litill estate of what condicion or nacion that he be. be so hardy -hens forewarde for to come negh the listes bi foure foote nor to speke -nor to crie nor to make contenance nor token nor semblaunce nor noyse -where bi nouther of these two prties. A.de.K. appellor ＆. C.de.B. -defendour may take avauntage the ton up on the tother up on pill of -lesinge lyf and membre and ther goodes at the kinges wille. And after -the Constable and marchall schal avoyde all manner of pepill oute of -the listes except their luftenauntz and two knyghtes for the Constable -and marchall whiche schal be armed up on there bodies but they schal -have nother knyf nor swerde up on them nor non other wepenes wherbi -the appellaunt other the defendaunt may have therof any avauntage bi -negligence of kepinge of them. But the two luftenauntz of the Constable -and marchall schal have in there handes outher a spere wtoute yren -for to depte them yf the kinge will make them abide in ther feghtinge -whether it be to reste them or other thinge what som ever him liketh. -And it is to be knowen that if yf any adminstracion schulde be made to -the appellaunt or to the defendaunt of mete or of drinke or any other -necessarie thinge leeful after (f. 129) that the counsell of frendes -and s’vauntz ben put away of the appellaunt and of the defendaunt as -is seyde the seyde adminstracion apteneth to the herawdes and also -all the cries made in the seyde courte the whiche kingsz heraudes and -pursevauntes schal have a place for the assignid bi the Constable and -marchall as nye the listes as may goodli be soo that they may see all -the dede ＆ to be redy yf thei be callid for to doo any thinge. The -appellaunt in his place kepte bi som men assignid by the Constable or -marchall ＆ the defendaunt in his place in the same wise. Bothe two -made redy and arayed ＆ with feleschipe bi ther kepers above sayde the -marchall with the ton ptie ＆ the levetenant of the Constable with the -tother. The Constable sittinge in his place above sayde afore the kinge -as his viker genrall and pties made redy for the feghte as is sayde -bi the comaundement of the kinge. The constable schal say with hye -voyce as foloweth. lessiez lez aler. that is to say lat them goo and -reste a while. lessiez lez aler and reste a nother while. lessiez lez -aler ＆ fair leur devoir depdieu. that is to say lat them goo and doo -ther devour in goddes name. And this seyde eche man schal depte fro -bothe pties soo that they may incountre ＆ doo that them semeth beste. -The appellaunt ne the defendaunt may nouther ete nor drinke fro that -time forthe withoute leve ＆ licence of the kinge for thinge that myght -falle but yf thei wol do it bi the consentinge betwixe them. Fro this -time forthe it is to be considered diligentli bi the constable that -yf the kinge will make the pties feghtinge depte reste or abide (f. -129b) for wham som ever cause it be that he take good kepe how thei -are deptid so that thei be in the same estate and degre in all thinges -yf the kinge wil sure or make them goo to gedir agayne and also that -he have good harkeninge and syghte un to them yf outher speke to other -be it of yeldinge or other wise for un to him longeth the witnesse and -the recorde of the wordes fro that time forthe ＆ to non other. And -yf the seyde batell of treson he that is convicte ＆ discomfit schal -be disarmed in the listes bi the comaundement of the Constable and a -corner of the listes broken in the reprove of him bi the whiche schal -be drawen oute with hors fro the same place there he is soo disarmed -thorow the listis un to the place of iustice where he schal be hedid -or hongid after the usage of the cuntre the whiche thinge apenteth to -the marchall and to ovrsee and to pforme his seyde office and to put -him in execucion and to goo or ride and to be alwey bi him til it be -done and all pformed and aswel of the appellaunt as of the defendaunt -for good feythe and right and lawe of armes will that the appellaunt -renne in the same peyne that the defendaunt schulde doo if he were -covicte and discomfit. And yf it happen soo that the kinge wolde take -the quarell in his hande and make them acordid withoute more feghtinge. -Than the Constable takinge the ton ptie and the marchall the tother and -lede them afore the kinge and he schewinge them his wille the seedy -Constable and marchall schal lede them to the on ptie of the listes -with all there pointz and armor as thei are founden and havyge when the -(f. 130) kynge took the quarell in his honde as is seyde. And soo they -schal be led oute of the gate of the listes evenly so that the ton goo -not afore the tother bi no wey in noo thinge for senne the hath taken -the quarell in his hande it schulde be dishonest that outher of the -pties schulde have mor disworschipe than the tother. Wherfore it hath -ben seyde bi many aunciaunt men that hee that gooth first oute of the -listes hath the disworschipe and this is aswel in cause of treson as -in other cause what soo ever it be. The fee of the herawdes is all the -poyntes ＆ armor brokin theis pt he taketh away or leveth after that he -is entrid the listes aswel of the appellaunt as of the defendaunt and -all the poyntes and armor of him that is discomfit be it the appellaunt -other the defendaunt. The fee of the marchall is the listes the Barrers -and the postes of them. - - - - -INDEX - - - A - “Abilment for Justus of the Pees,” 67, 68 - Accidents in the lists, 11 - Additional or reinforcing pieces, 40 - Ameliorations in the tourney, 39 - _Antiquarian Repertory_, 44, 48 - _Anzogenrennen_, 100, 114 - _A Outrance_, The term, 9 - _Archæologia_, 69 - _Archæological Journal_, 69, 102 - _Armatura Spigolata_, 108 - Armet with disk behind, 83 - _Armorial de la Toison d’Or_, 44, 143 - _Armouries of the Tower of London_, by Charles J. ffoulkes, 91 - Armour of the Black Prince, 29 - — imported from Germany, 38 - — for the lists, 38, 40 - — German and Italian forms, 38, 40 - — worn by Maximilian I. at Worms in 1495, 39 - — for running with pointed lances (_Scharfrennen_), 40, 98, 99 - — for combats on foot, 41, 105 - — bards and trappers of the fifteenth century, 45, 65 - — imported from Italy and Germany, 107 - — made in England, 107 - Armyng points, 69 - “Armyng” swords, 114 - Articles of combat for the tournament at Westminster in 1511, 118 - Ashmolean MSS., 44; - “Certain Triumphs,” 81 - Attaints made at the tournament at Westminster in 1511, 120 - - B - Bards, 22, 108, 109 - “Barriers” and foot combats, 41, 54, 86, 105, 117, 122, - 124, 131, 133 - “Barriers and Foot Combats,” a paper by Viscount Dillon, 126 - Bases, 108, 116 - Bâton of illegitimacy, 86 - Bayard, 111 - Bayard’s fight at “barriers,” 111 - Beauchamp pageants, 45 - Bec de faucon, 54 - Behourd, The, 2 - Bertrand du Guesclin, 28 - Bibliothèque de Bourgogne, 44 - Bisague, 69 - Blending of the tournament with the pageant, 41, 78 - Boeheim Wendelin, 85; - _His Waffenkunde_, 42 - Boucicaut, 32 - Brantôme, 166 - Brasses, 10, 65 - Breastplates for _rennen_ and _stechen_, 95 - Bulk of the armour of the sixteenth century made in Germany, 86 - Bulls against tournaments, 11 - _Bundrennen_, 100, 104 - Burgmaier Hans, 89, 104 - Burgonet, 106 - Burres, 69 - - C - Cap of Maintenance, The, 37 - Carrousels or Karoussels, 85, 107 - Carter’s _Painting and Sculpture_, 23 - Casualties at tournaments, 115 - Caxton’s Epilogue, 82 - — reference to the Royal Joust at London in 1390, 35 - Cervillière, 37 - Chain-mail, 21 - Challenges for the _pas d’armes_ L’Arbre de Charlemagne in 1443, 59 - Challenge by an esquire of Arragon in 1400, 49 - Chamfron, The, 74, 109 - _Chapitres d’Armes_, 9, 48, 57, 58, 114, 122 - Chargers for the tourney and their equipment, 43 - — often ridden blindfolded, 43 - Charles the Bold, 43, 81, 88 - Charles V, the Emperor, 88 - Chastelain’s _Chroniques, Jacques de Lalain_, 44 - Chaucer’s _Knight’s Tale_, 27 - “Checques” or scoring tablets, 120 - Chroniclers of the Tournament, 9 - — Mediæval Latin, 9 - Chronicle of Robert of Gloucester, 11 - _Chronique de Monstrelet_, 44 - _Chroniques de St. Remy_, 102 - Collar of SS, 55, 66 - Collections of Armour, 84 - Colombière’s _Theater d’Honneur et de Chevalrie_, 153 - Combat _à outrance_ near Vannes, 30 - — on horseback at Arras in 1425, 53 - — between three Portuguese and three Frenchmen in 1415, 53 - Combat at Arras between five Frenchmen and five Burgundians, 55 - — _à outrance_ between de Ternant and Galiot de Baltasin - in 1446, 109 - Combats on foot, 105 - Commines, P. de, 80 - “Comyng in to the felde,” 67, 70 - _Consilium Albiense_, 2 - Coronal of the lance, 15, 69 - Cost of jousting harnesses in the sixteenth century, 91 - _Coup ou la lance des Dames_, 15 - _Coup de Jarnac_, 165 - _Course au pavois_, 100 - Course of _Gestech_, run at Jena in 1487, 84 - — _à la targe futée_, 99 - — _à la queue_, 27 - — _appelée Bund_, 100 - Crests, 36, 37, 42 - Crinet, 109 - Crowds attending tournaments apt to become partisans, 12 - Cuirass employed in _Rennen_, 98 - Cushion or mattress placed on horse’s chest in jousting, 93 - Cuisses, 70 - Cyclas, 21 - - D - Dagworth, Sir Nicholas, 28 - — brass in Blickling Church, 28 - Death of Duke Philippe le Bon in 1467, 77 - Decline of the tournament, 85 - Decline of armour and its causes, 138 - Decoration of lists _temp._ Henry VIII, 116 - Deeds of Arms at Bordeaux in 1389, 32 - — — — in 1402, 51 - — — — at Valentia in 1403, 51 - Definition of Esquires and Kings of Arms, 63 - Definition of _Scharfrennen_, 97 - Degradation of a Knight, 124 - De La Marche, 73 - Demi-harnesses, 109 - De Pluvinal, 85 - Differences in costume between knights and esquires, 65 - Dillon, Viscount, 63, 68, 85, 105, 108 - Disorderly tournament at Rochester in 1251, 16 - Duel at Montereau in 1387, 30 - — between the Dukes of Brittany and Bourbon, 46 - — between the Bastard of Burgundy and Lord Scales in 1467, 76 - Dugdale, Sir William, 148 - _Dülgen_ or _Dilgen_ (Dichlinge) jousting-cuisses, 64, 98 - Duke of Orleans challenges Henry IV of England, 51 - Duties of “pursuivants d’armes,” 129 - - E - Edicts issued against tournaments, 11, 13 - Effigies, 10, 20, 21 - Effigy in St. Bride’s Church, Glamorganshire, 37 - — Hoveringham Church, 65 - — of Sir Richard Beauchamp, 66 - Eglington Tournament in 1839, 139-142 - _Ehrenpforte_, 89 - English iron found unsuitable for armour making, 107 - Enriched armour, 67, 109 - Espinette, The, 36 - _Excerpta Historica_, 82 - Expression, The, “trapped and barded” defined, 109 - - F - Fatal accident in jousting to the Earl of Pembroke in 1390, 37 - — — — — Henri II of France, 104, 126 - Favine’s _Theatre of Honour and Knighthood_, 2, 6, 152 - Feats of Arms at Entença, 31 - — — Edinburgh in 1448, 64 - — — near St. Omer in 1446, 71 - — — at Bruges in 1446, 72 - — — at Arras in 1446, 73 - Fees to officers of arms, 135 - _Feldrennen_, 101 - _Feldturnier_, 101 - Fêtes d’armes at St. Ingelbert in 1389, 5 - — at Paris in 1559, 104, 125 - — at Bruges in 1468, 78 - Fêtes de l’Arbre d’Or in 1468, 79 - ffoulkes, Chas. J., 91 - Field of the Cloth of Gold, 122 - Fifteenth Century, The, 38 - Fight on foot between John Astley and Philip Boyle of Arragon, 67 - Fine “hoasting” harness of the middle of the sixteenth century - at Berlin, 109 - First joust of the Comte de Charolais at Brussels in 1452, 74 - First coming into the tiltyard of Prince Charles of Wales - in 1619, 134 - Fitzstephen, William, 9, 10 - Fourteenth century a period of transition, 23 - _Freiturnier_, 106 - French King’s ordinance in 1409, 49 - Friedrich of Saxony running in _Gestech_, 97 - _Freydal_, 87, 88, 94, 97, 100, 101, 103, 105 - Froissart, 23, 44, 155 - _Fussturnier_, 106 - - G - Garde-rein, 95 - Garter, Institution of the Order of the, 4 - _Gedritts_, A, 99 - _Gemeine deutsche Gestech_, 93, 94, 104 - Germany captures the trade in armour from Milan, 38 - _Geschiftrennen_, 99 - _Geschifttartscherennen_, 100, 104 - _Geschiftscheibenrennen_, 100, 105 - _Gestech_ or _Stechen_, 93 - _Gestech im Beinharnisch_, 93, 97, 104 - _Gestech im hohen zeug_, 93 - _Gestech_ ran at Leipzig in 1489, 96 - Glossarium, Du Cange, 1 - Göding, Heinrich, 89 - Gothic armour, 65 - Gothic armour of the connoisseur, 66, 108 - Grand Assize, The, 147 - Grand-guard, 63 - Grand tournament at Brussels in 1428, 54 - Grapers, 69 - Great armour-smiths of the fifteenth century, 66 - Great armour-smiths’ families, 38 - Great wardrobe of Edward III, 26 - Great jousting-helm, 94 - Greaves, 70 - Grelots, 103 - Gunpowder and early ordnance, 23 - Gurlitt, 85, 106 - - H - _Hach d’armes_, 62 - Haenel, Professor, 85, 89 - _Halbierung_, 101 - Hall’s _Chronicle_, 85, 116 - — florid account of the tournament at Westminster in 1511, 119 - Hammer-headed axes, 74 - Hardyng’s _Chronicle_, 18 - Harness for the tourney became sharply divided from - “hoasting” armour, 40 - Harnesses in Paris and London, for _Gestech_, 94 - — at Nuremburg, for _Gestech_, 96 - — for _Freiturnier_, 106 - — for _Fussturnier_, 106 - — for _Realgestech_, 106 - Hastiludia, or spear-play, 2 - Hastilude at Lincoln, 26 - Hefner’s _Trachten_, 23 - Helm for _Kolbenturnier_, 41 - Helmet for foot-fighting, 67 - Henry VIII imports German armour-smiths, 107 - Henry VIII and Maximilian I take great delight in the tourney, 115 - Henry VIII a successful jouster, 124 - Heraldic bearings, 22 - Hewitt’s _Ancient Armour_, etc., 36, 45, 69, 154 - _History of the Life and Acts of Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick_, - by John Rouse, 45 - _Histoire Des Ducs De Bourgogne_, 53 - “Hoasting” armour, 107 - _Hohenzeuggestech_, 93, 94, 104 - Holinshed’s _Chronicles_, 25, 85, 116 - _Horda Angel-Cynnan_, 52 - Horses charged at an amble in jousting, 94 - Horse’s collar of bells, 96 - “How a man schall be armyd at his ese when he schal fighte - on foote,” 71 - “How lances shall be broken,” 80 - - I - Illuminations in Chronicles, 10 - — of jousting at the tilt, 67 - — depicting the arming of a man for a combat on foot, 70 - Illustrations of _Geschifttartscherennen_ and - _Geschiftscheibenrennen_, 100 - — —_Anzogenrennen_, 100 - — — _Krönlrennen_, 100 - — — tournaments of the sixteenth century, 67 - Influence of the tournament, 138 - - J - Jambers, 108 - Jean de Féore de St. Remy, 45 - Jocelin of Brakelond, 12, 16 - John Astley’s fight on foot with Phillippe Boyle of - Arragon in 1442, 56 - Joust, The: William of Malmesbury’s definition, 3 - Joust at the tilt: its origin and salient features, 102 - — Cuirass employed, 103 - Jousting armour at Dresden, 84 - — exploits of Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, 52 - — helm, 93 - — shield, 64, 96 - — salade, 98 - — cuisse, 98 - — lances, 41 - — in the open, 39 - — traditions of Burgundy transferred to Germany and Austria, 81 - — played a great part in the daily routine of the German Courts, 42 - Jousts of courtesy with pointed lances, 97 - — — Peace, 9 - — — War, 9 - — at Blei in 1256, 17 - — of the early part of the fourteenth century, 23 - Jousts pictured in _Codex Balduini Treverencis_, 25 - Joust at Cheapside in 1330, 25; - at Dunstable in 1341, 25; - those held in 1347, 26; - at Northampton, Dunstable, Canterbury, Bury, Reading, - and Eltham, 26; - at Rennes in 1357, 28; - jousts held in honour of the marriage of Charles VI of France, 31; - jousting in Scotland in 1398, 37; - at the coronation of Queen Jane, 52; - jousting at the tilt at Dijon in 1443, 59; - at Tours in 1446, 61; - at Ghent in 1445, 62; - between John Astley and Philip Boyle, 67; - between John Astley and Pierre de Masse, 1438, 68; - jousts and pageants at Lille in 1453, 75; - jousting at Paris in 1468, 81; - “iust roial” at the marriage of Richard Duke of York, 81; - joust at the tilt between William IV of Bavaria and the - Pfalzgraf Friedrich of the Rhine in 1510, 103; - joust at Paris in 1513, 114; - at Naumburg in 1505, 114; - at Lille in 1513, 114; - jousts at the tilt in honour of the coronation of Henry VIII, 116; - at Richmond in 1510, 117; - at Greenwich in 1513, 120; - at Greenwich in 1517, 121; - jousting at the Field of the Cloth of Gold, 122; - jousting at Greenwich in 1536, 124; - jousts and barriers held in 1558, 125; - jousts at Westminster in 1581, 131. - _Joûte Allemand_, 93 - _Joûte au harnois de jambe_, 93 - _Joûte à la haute barde_, 93 - _Joûtes à outrance_, 9 - Judicial combats properly classed with the tournament, 8 - — Duel, The, 145 - — — _temp._ Richard II, 154; - at Paris 1386, 155; - between Dukes of Hereford and Norfolk, 156; - between men and their wives, 158; - with spiked clubs, 159; - duel at Arras in 1431, 161; - at Quesnoy in 1405, 161; - at Smithfield in 1446, 163; - duel compounded in 1446, 162; - duel at Valenciennes in 1455, 163; - in France in 1547, 165; - at Haddington in 1548, 165. - — duels became rare _temp._ Queen Elizabeth, 166 - — duel of the knightly order in 1603, 167 - — — ordered in 1571, 167; and in 1817 - Jupon, 28 - _Justes mortelles_, 97 - Juvenal des Ursins, 31, 155 - - K - _Kampfschurz_, 105 - “Kerchief of Plasaunce,” 27 - King Philippe Augustus sends a challenge to King Richard I, 13 - King Edward III invades France, 26 - King Henri IV challenges Mayenne to single combat, 127 - King René’s writings illustrated by himself, 46 - “Kinges of Armes and Hauraldes,” 131 - Kings of Arms, 16 - Knight-errantry, 11 - Knightly panoply of the thirteenth century, 21 - Knightly armour of late in the thirteenth century, 28 - _Kolbenturnier_, 41, 94 - _Kolben_ or baston, 41 - _Krönlrennen_, 101 - - L - Lance, The, 18, 69, 90, 96, 98, 108 - Lances rebated in 1252, 3, 15 - Lance-heads, 41 - Lance-rest, 40, 95 - La Statuta d’Armes de Turneys _temp._ Henry V, 53 - Latest phrase of _cap-à-pie_ armour, 138 - Laton, 66 - Law for judicial combats in abeyance for a long period, 167 - Law for trial by combat repealed _anno_ 1818, 168 - Leitner, Querin von, 85 - Letters of safeguard, 115 - Lists, 77, 122, 147 - Lists described, 14; - their officials, 15; - only five authorized in England, 14; - frequently artificially lighted, 42; - strewn with sand or tanning refuse, 40 - Lists for foot combats, 67 - Lists at Dijon in 1443, 57; - at West Smithfield in 1467, 76 - Literature concerning tournaments, 85 - Locking gauntlet, 49, 106 - Lombarde, 10 - - M - _Magenblech_, 98 - Main courses of the joust, 92 - _Maneige Royal_, 85 - Manifer or mainfare, 64 - Mantling or Lambrequin, 37, 95 - Manuscripts in Burgundian Library, 143 - Marche, De La, 77, 78 - Marie of Burgundy, 88 - Matthieu de Courci, 65 - Matthew Paris, 9 - Matthew of Westminster, 9 - Mattress, A, protects the horse’s breast, 39 - “Maximilian” armour, 108 - Maximilian I, 43, 87 - — — engages armour-smiths at Milan, 39 - — of Austria a successful jouster, 124 - Maximilian II mounted for _Scharfrennen_, 99 - Mechanism in shields for _Genschifttartscherennen_ - and _Geschiftscheibenrennen_, 100 - _Mêlée_, The, 46, 100; - much supplanted by the joust, 41 - _Mémoires de la Marche_, 44, 76 - _Mémoires de Sire de Haynin_, 46 - Menestrier, 85 - Method of tilting described, 39 - Meyrick, 63, 69 - Meyrick’s _Critical Essay on Antient Armour_, 46 - Milan the chief seat for the manufacture of body-armour, 38 - _Military and Religious Life in the Middle Ages_, 62 - Modern revivals of the tournament, 139 - Monkish chronicles, 34 - Monstrelet, 44 - Montfaucon, 153 - Moton or Bisague, 69 - Motons, 83, 95 - Mounted models at Dresden, 84 - Much that is fanciful and unreal written about tournaments, 85 - - N - Narrow escape from death of Henry VIII in tilting, 123 - New forms of jousting with variants, 86 - New forms of civil dress always reflected in armour, 107 - New modes of armour of fifteenth century had their birth - in Italy, 66 - _Nugæ Antiquæ_, 46 - Number of courses usually run at a joust tended to increase, 29 - - O - Ordeal, Early form of, 147 - Order of the Garter, 26 - — Golden Fleece, 44 - “Ordinance of kepyng of the Felde,” 131 - Ordinances, statutes, and rules promulgated - by John Tiptoft in 1466, 46 - Origin of the joust, 3 - _Origines Juridiciales_, 148 - Orle or wreath, 37 - - P - Pageantry combined with tournaments often of - incredible puerility, 116 - Paper on “A MS. Collection of Ordinances of Chivalry - of the fifteenth century,” 67 - Paris, Matthew, on the Round Table, 3 - _Pas d’armes_ at Arras in 1435, 55; - at L’Arbre de Charlemagne near Dijon in 1443, 57; - at West Smithfield in 1467, 76; - at Greenwich _temp._ Henry VII, 82; - at Ayre in Picardy in 1494, 111; - Pas de la Pélerine in 1446, 71; - L’Arbre d’Or in 1468, 61; - at end of fifteenth century, 48; - at Westminster in 1501, 113 - — — frequently combined with masques and mummeries, 75 - Pas-gard, The, 63, 106, 108 - Patents taken out in England for models of horses for jousting - fitted with mechanical appliances for impulsion, 91 - “Peasecod-bellied” breastplates, 104 - Peffenhauser, Anton, 91, 106 - Penalties inflicted for the infraction of tournament rules, 12 - Pensill, The, 70 - Père, Daniel, 13 - Permanent lists, 107 - Perquisites of officials of lists, 15 - Persons exempted from judicial duels, 148 - Peytral, The, 109 - _Pfannenrennen_, 101, 105 - _Pfeifenharnis_, 109 - Philippe le Bon, 45 - Pictorial representations of jousts and tournaments, 23 - Pictures of jousts in the _Gewehrgallerie_, Dresden, 89; - picture at Dresden of models of horses impelled for charging - by a mechanical apparatus, 90; - of the procession to the lists at the tournament at - Westminster in 1511, 117; - of a legal duel, 151; - of an informal legal duel, 153; - of a knightly judicial duel, 164 - _Pièces d’avantage_, 63 - Poldermiton, The, 64, 96 - Position of peaks or tapuls on the breastplate, 110 - Preuilli, Geoffroi de, 1 - Prince Dolphin of Auvergne, 132 - Prizes, 16, 76, 86, 111, 114, 125, 127 - Proofs by fire and water, 146 - - Q - Queue, The, 40, 95 - Quintain, The, 6, 75 - - R - Ranulph de Glanville, 148 - _Rasthaken_ or queue, 104 - _Realgestech_, 103, 106 - Realistic tournament at Paris, 31 - Records of tournaments in the College of Arms, London, 85; - among the Ashmolean, Harleian, and Cottonian MSS, 85 - Reinforcing pieces, 63, 64; - first appear in England in the reign of Edward IV, 40; - worn at Ghent in 1445, 63 - René d’Anjou, 55, 131 - _Rennen_, 89; - at Minden between August of Saxony and Johann von Ratzenberg, 99 - Representations of the tourney on tapestry and carvings on ivory, 10 - Revival of the tournament in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, 125, 126 - Robert of Gloucester, 9 - Rockenburger, Sigmund, 99 - Roger de Hoveden, 9; - his _Annals_, 12 - “Roiall iustes” at Smithfield in 1358; - at London in 1359, 27; - and 1362, 28 - Roll of purchases for the tournament at Windsor Park in 1278, 18 - Roll in the Heralds’ College of the “iusts” at Westminster - in honour of Queen Katherine, 117 - Romance of Richard Cœur de Lion, Sir Ferumbras, and others, 23; - Roman de Rou, 9; - du roy Miliadus, 23; - Perceforest, 27; - Petit Jehan de Saintré, 45; - Three King’s Sons, 130 - Round Table (_Tabula Rotunda_) Definition, 6; - Reason for the institution given by Dugdale, 4; - Round Table held by the Earl of Mortimer at Kenilworth - in 1279, 3, 17; - Actual Round Table at Winchester, 4; - Henry III forbad the holding of a round table in 1251, 13; - Round Table at Windsor in 1344, at Valenciennes in same year, 6; - at Windsor in 1343, 1345, 1352, 4, 26; - at Lichfield in 1348 or 1349, 26 - Routine of an early tournament, 15 - Royal Jousts, 24; - in 1513, 1515, 1519, 1520, 121; - 1539, 124 - Rules for the tournament promulgated by King René, 46 - — — — the _Mêlée_ and for “Barriers,” 47 - — in France for judicial combats, 151; - for conducting them in England _temp._ Richard II, 160; - _temp._ Richard III, 161; - _temp._ Henry VIII, 165 - Running at the Ring, 6, 7 - _Rüsthaken_, or lance-rest, 95, 104 - - S - Sabatons, 70 - Saddles: each form of joust had its special type, 39, 42, 43, 93, - 94, 98, 102 - Safeguards granted for tournaments, 85 - Sainte-Palaye on the tournament, 139 - _Scharfrennen_, or _Rennen_, 89, 93, 97; - realistic representation at Dresden, 99 - _Scharmützel_ at Dresden in 1553, 106; - at Eltham in 1515, 121; - at Westminster in 1581, 132 - Schaufflein, Hans, 88 - _Schwänzel_, 95, 99 - Scoring of points in jousting, 49, 131 - Scoring “Checques,” 127, 129, 130 - Seals, 10 - Seigneur de la Marche, 45 - Serious accidents in jousting, 55, 56 - Seusenhofer, Conrad, 92, 108 - Shields, 37, 99, 100, 101, 104 - Singular judicial duel between Jews, 153 - — form of judicial duel, 159 - Skirmish at Toury in 1380, 29 - Societé de Bibliophiles Belges, 46 - “Solemne iusts enterprised in 1400,” 49 - “Solemn Triumphes” at Richmond in 1494, 84; - at London in 1502, 114 - Some fashions of armour in the sixteenth century - very ineffective, 107 - Speyer, Peter von, 109 - Spurs, 99 - Standard of mail, 65 - Statuta de Armis, 19 - _Stechen_, 89 - Stephen, King, 10 - _Stirnplätter_, 63, 98 - Strengthening jousting harness, 38 - Subterranean jousting at Montereau in 1420, 53 - Suits at Paris and Dresden for jousting at the tilt, 103 - _Schweifrennen_: see _Scharfrennen_, 97 - - T - _Tabula Rotunda_ held at Wallenden in 1252, 3 - Tapestry at Valenciennes, 42, 83 - Taxes levied on tournaments, 12 - Tenans, Rôle of the, 33 - “Tenants” at the tournament at Westminster in 1511, 118 - Terms: “tourney” and “joust” often confounded with one another, 3 - _Testamenta Vetusta_, 28 - _Theuerdank_, 88 - Thomas of Walsingham, 17 - Tilt, The, 39, 67 - Tilting in Tudor times, 102 - “Tilting in Tudor Times,” a paper by Viscount Dillon, 130 - Tilt, tourney and barriers, 133 - “To arme a man,” 67, 71 - “To cry a Justus of Pees,” 67, 69 - “To cry a tourney,” 25 - Tomaso da Missaglia, 66 - Tonlet armour, 67, 108 - Tournaments, Origin of, 1; - Definition by Roger de Hoveden, 1; - by Claude Favchet, 1; - Introduction claimed for Germany, 2; - Rules of 1066, 1; - Introduced into England from France, 10; - Revived in England by Richard I, 12; - tournaments of twelfth and thirteenth centuries, 11; - rough and brutal up to reign of Edward I, 11; - Banned by Church and State, 11; - controlled by Royal Ordinances, 12; - very popular in France, 13; - Edicts issued against them, 14, 16; - Forbidden in 1302, 24 - Tournaments held in 1247 and 1248, 16; - at Brackley in 1250, 12; - at Neuss, 11; - at Chalòns in 1274, 16; - at Condé in 1327, 24; - at London in 1342, 25; - at Mons, 28; - at Nantes, 30; - at Cambray in 1385, 29; - at St. Ingelbert about 1389, 32; - at London in 1390, 34; - at Windsor about 1395, 35; - at Brussels in 1452, 74, 75; - on the coronation of Edward IV, 76; - at Paris in 1515, 114; - at Hampton Court in 1570, 126; - at Westminster in 1572, 129; - at Westminster in 1581, 132; - at Windsor in 1593, 133 - Tournaments attained their highest development about the middle - of the fifteenth century, 85; - were much fostered at the Courts of Aix and Burgundy, 43; - closely associated with pageants and mummeries in the - sixteenth century, 86; - neglected in the reigns of Edward VI and Queen Mary, 124; - greatly prevailed at the German Courts, 86 - Tournament of the Royal Amaranthus in 1620, 137; - the revival at Brussels in 1905, 142-144 - Tourney. The term and its application, 114; - as practised by the Londoners in the reign of King Stephen, 10 - Tourney books. René d’Anjou’s, 41, 93; - Electors of Saxony, 89; - Duke Henry of Braunschweig-Luneberg, 92; - Duke William IV of Bavaria, 92; - Maximilian I at Sigmaringen, 42, 89; - Zuganovitz Stanislaus, 92 - _Traité de Tournois_, par Louis de Bruges, 45 - _Traicte de la forme et Devis d’ung Tournois_, 131 - Transition from chain-mail to plate-armour, 21, 65 - Trappers, 91, 103, 116 - Treatises against judicial duels, 167 - Trial by combat: civil cases, 149; - criminal cases, 149; - the custom never took deep root in England, 148; - its scope and history, 146; - working of the institution in Germany, 157; - judicial duel at Westminster in 1380, 154; - at Sedan, 166; - combat allowed as late as 1817, 168 - Triumph at Earl’s Court in 1912, 144-45 - _Triumph of Maximilian_, 89, 109 - “Triumphant iusts and turnies” in the second year of Henry V, 53 - Trivet, 16 - Typtofte Rules _anno_ 1446, 46 - - V - Vamplate, The, 36, 40, 98 - Varlets, 14 - Vauldray, Claude de, 111 - _Verein für historische Waffenkunde_, 89 - “Volante-Piece,” The, 63 - - W - Wace, 9 - _Waffenkunde_, 93, 106 - Wallace Collection of Armour, 94 - _Wappenmeisterbuch of Hans Schwenkh_, 92, 103 - Water Quintain in 1585, 133 - Way, Albert, 67 - Weapons for foot-fighting, 105 - _Weisskünig_, 89, 100 - _Welsch Gestech_ or Italian Joust, 93, 102, 104 - White Hoods, 26 - William of Malmesbury, 9 - William of Newbury, 9, 10, 11 - “Woalant piece over the head,” 82 - - PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN - BY WILLIAM BRENDON AND SON, LTD. - PLYMOUTH, ENGLAND - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE TOURNAMENT--ITS PERIODS AND -PHASES *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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margin-left: 2em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} - -.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA; - color: black; - font-size:smaller; - padding:0.5em; - margin-bottom:5em; - font-family:sans-serif, serif; } - - @media handheld { - .pagenum {display:none;} - .poem { display: block; margin-left: 1.5em; } - p.drop-cap:first-letter {float: none; margin: 0; font-size: 100%; } -} - -.ws2 {display: inline; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 2em;} -.ws3 {display: inline; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 3em;} -.ws4 {display: inline; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 4em;} - - </style> - </head> -<body> - -<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Tournament--Its Periods and Phases, by Robert Coltman Clephan</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: The Tournament--Its Periods and Phases</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Robert Coltman Clephan</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: March 26, 2021 [eBook #64928]</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: deaurider and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</div> - -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE TOURNAMENT--ITS PERIODS AND PHASES ***</div> -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h1>THE TOURNAMENT</h1> - -<p class="center space-below3">UNIFORM WITH THIS VOLUME<br /> -THE ARMOURER AND HIS CRAFT. <span class="smcap">By Charles Ffoulkes</span><br /> -DECORATIVE IRONWORK. <span class="smcap">By Charles Ffoulkes</span><br /> -OLD PASTE. <span class="smcap">By A. Beresford Ryley</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FRONTIS" src="images/frontispiece.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="223" /> - <p class="f120 space-below3">A COURSE OF GERMAN <i>GESTECH</i>.</p> -</div> -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p class="f200"><b>THE TOURNAMENT</b></p> -<p class="f150 space-below1"><b>ITS PERIODS AND PHASES</b></p> - -<p class="f90">BY</p> -<p class="f120 space-below2">R. COLTMAN CLEPHAN, F.S.A.</p> - -<p class="f90">WITH A PREFACE BY</p> -<p class="f120"><b>CHARLES J. FFOULKES</b></p> -<p class="f90 space-below3"><span class="smcap">Curator of the Armouries at the Tower</span></p> - -<p class="center space-below3">WITH A FRONTISPIECE IN COLOUR<br />AND 23 OTHER ILLUSTRATIONS</p> -<p class="center">METHUEN & CO. LTD.<br />36 ESSEX STREET W.C.<br />LONDON</p> -<p class="center"><i>First Published in 1919</i></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</a></span></p> -<div class="chapter"> - <h2 class="nobreak">PREFACE</h2> -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap"><span class="smcap">Those</span> -students of arms and armour who have Mr. Clephan’s work on -<i>Defensive Armour, Weapons and Engines of War</i> in their libraries -will expect to find valuable material for study when they find his name -as author of a work on the Tournament. And in this they will surely -not be disappointed. It is perhaps a novel experience for one who has -for some years seriously meditated such a work himself to be asked to -introduce the work of another; but in the study of arms and armour all -men are brothers, and I take leave to say that we of this brotherhood -know little of the jealousies and divisions of opinion which beset the -student in other historical details. The perusal of Mr. Clephan’s work -has shown me that it would have been impossible to undertake such a -project without unattainable leisure, tireless energy, deep research -and very real devotion to the subject. Mr. Clephan has dealt with the -subject from a wide European point of view, and has amassed a vast -amount of information from German sources which has, up till now, been -denied to those unskilled in that language; and, with his copious notes -and references, has made this material available for study, for which -alone we must ever be deeply indebted to him.</p> - -<p>The Tournament, as practised in Germany and towards the close of -the sixteenth century in England, France and Italy, must have been a -rather dull performance, as the minute regulations and the cumbersome -equipment precluded that dash and intrepid onslaught which make the -descriptions by Froissart and other writers of his time such excellent -reading. Even the gorgeous displays of Henry VIII leave us rather cold -when we find that the king invariably won, and that the queen could -stop the tilting at her pleasure, which was presumably when her lord -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</a></span> -had had sufficient entertainment. We have only to note that the suit in -the Tower made for Henry VIII to fight on foot in the lists weighs 93 -lbs., to realize that no man could be strenuous or energetic in this -equipment; and when we find that the horse in the sixteenth century -joust had to carry a dead weight of 340 lbs., it will be manifest that -he could only amble gently along the tilt, and could not dash headlong -down the lists, as the artist would have us believe. The whole subject -of arms and armour teems with such disillusioning; but to the earnest -student these are taken with grace, because they are born of facts -quarried out of masses of written and printed records with years of -incessant perseverance and devotion.</p> - -<p>After the pioneer work of Meyrick and Hewitt, the interest in arms -and armour died down for over half a century, but in the last ten or -fifteen years it has revived, and its resurrection may be traced to -writers who, like Lord Dillon and Mr. Clephan, have striven to give -us a real insight into the military life of nations, rather than -highly-coloured fantasies which have no foundation in fact. If Mr. -Clephan’s researches cause us to modify our views on certain aspects -of the Tournament, I feel quite certain that all who have previously -written on these lines will admit the new light he has brought to bear. -The audience he directly appeals to is small, but they will yield to -students in no other branch of history or art in their keen devotion to -their subject; and I trust I may conclude, in their name, by wishing -Mr. Clephan every success in the work before us, and, if I may enter -into the spirit of his subject, “Good jousting.”</p> - -<p class="author">CHARLES FFOULKES</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Office of the Armouries</span><br /> -<span class="ws3"><span class="smcap">H. M. Tower of London</span></span><br /> -<span class="ws4"><i>29 August, 1917</i></span></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span></p> -<div class="chapter"> - <h2 class="nobreak">INTRODUCTION</h2> -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap"><span class="smcap">Most</span> -of us owe our early impressions of the tournament to the -delightful account of the “Gentle and Joyous Passage of Arms” of Ashby -de la Zouche, in the county of Leicester, given by Sir Walter Scott in -his fine romance <i>Ivanhoe</i>. But that eminent novelist, in presenting -to his readers the picture of a <i>pas d’armes</i> of the times of the -lion-hearted Richard, took a poet’s licence by describing a jousting -and <i>mêlée</i> such as belonged, in many details, to a time later than -Richard’s by some two and a half centuries. The knightly armour of the -reign of King Richard was of chain-mail, while that of the times of -Henry VI was, of course, a complete harness of plate. The first-named -equipment is thus described by Sainte-Palaye: “<i>Une lance forte et -dificile à rompre, un haubert ou haubergeon, c’est à dire, une double -cotte de mailles, tissues de fer, à l’epreuve de l’épée, étoient les -armes assignées aux Chevaliers.</i>”<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p> - -<p>Sir Walter’s account is thus hopelessly misleading in regard to its -period, though admirably worked out in many other respects. There are -ancient romances of great historic value, in that they give nearly -contemporaneous details of the tournament of the fourteenth and -fifteenth centuries, and represent many features which may be regarded -as correct in the light of a close comparison with other records. That -of <i>Petit Jehan de Saintré</i>, written by Anthoine de la Sale, in 1459, -is one of these, and we owe much enlightenment to it.</p> - -<p>There is great confusion among the works of chroniclers in regard to -the dates of many tournaments, and often it is impossible to reconcile -their statements. The differences are, however, usually but slight.</p> - -<p>Mr. ffoulkes, in his Preface to this work, draws attention to the large -amount of fable and exaggeration so often interwoven in many accounts -given of the tournament, and to the necessity for presenting the -subject historically in its true light. In order to do this one must -discard much that has been written concerning it throughout the ages and -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</a></span> -go back to original information, carefully sifted and compared, in -order to arrive at some degree of truth.</p> - -<p>As a rule, illuminations in MSS. must not be estimated at their -face value, for, besides being often fantastic, they are rarely -contemporaneous with the events they portray; and the narrations of -chroniclers were mostly written some time after the events in question, -and often introduce details which really belong to a later age. Thus -the illustrated <i>Froissart</i> in the British Museum,<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> -which dates from about the end of the fifteenth century, pictures -a joust at the tilt at the <i>pas d’armes</i> held at St. Inglevert in -the year 1389, a tournament described in our <a href="#CHAPTER_IV">chapter IV</a>; -but a tilt or barrier placed between the combatants, along which they rode in -opposite directions, was first employed about the end of the first -quarter of the century following. Such anachronisms are very common in -records of the tournament, so that care and discrimination are required -in their interpretation.</p> - -<p>The works of Meyrick and Hewitt are of great historical value, and they -afford much information carefully gathered from original documents. -This information has been copiously made use of by more recent authors -with but a scant or even no acknowledgment. It should be remembered, -however, that these eminent and devoted historians were pioneers, so -to speak, and much has been learnt of the tournament since their day; -yet their labours form excellent foundations for the building up of a -scientific superstructure.</p> - -<p>The admirable version of <i>Freydal</i>, by Querin von Leitner, pictures -the jousts of the Emperor Maximilian I, especially those of the last -quarter of the fifteenth century. It presents a veritable mine of -information concerning the tournament of that period, placing the -technique of the subject on a sound basis. Even this account, however, -is hardly contemporaneous.</p> - -<p>The interest in the subject flagged for a season, and until some -quarter of a century ago but little more was heard of it. It was -Wendelin Boeheim, in his <i>Waffenkunde</i>, who set the ball rolling again; -and since his book was written a number of learned papers have appeared -in England and Germany dealing with the tournament, though in French -literature the subject has received but little attention. Among such -papers those by Viscount Dillon, published in <i>Archæologia</i> and -the <i>Archæological Journal</i>, are very important. This writer has -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</a></span> -corrected many mistakes made by the earlier authors and persistently -handed down from one generation to another. Most of the writers -would appear to have regarded as gospel truths all statements made -by Meyrick. These mistakes are most difficult to eradicate from our -literature, for their correction has been made in publications such as -those mentioned above, which are unfortunately only read by a select few.</p> - -<p>All these learned books and scattered papers treat the subject more or -less sectionally, and, so far as I know, there has been no work of any -importance published which attempts to deal with the subject as a whole -from start to finish. This manifest want I have endeavoured to supply -in the present volume.</p> - -<p>My position for many years, up to the date of the war, as an official -of the Verein für Historische Waffenkunde, gave me access to a mass of -original information concerning what may be fitly termed the German -period. Such information is not readily got at, and much of it has -been embodied in the present volume. It is to such sources that we -must turn for many details, more particularly for those of a technical -nature. These records, however, mainly relate to tournaments of the -last quarter of the fifteenth century (after the Burgundian Chronicles -cease), to the whole of the sixteenth, and so up to the time when the -institution fell into desuetude.</p> - -<p>My thanks are due to Mr. Basil Anderton, <span class="smcap">m.a.</span>, -the Public Librarian of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, for reading over parts of my MS. -and for drawing attention to many books bearing on the subject -of the tournament; to Mr. Charles J. ffoulkes, <span class="smcap">B.Litt.</span>, -<span class="smcap">f.s.a.</span>, Curator of the Armouries of the Tower of London; to -Mr. Frederick Walter Dendy, <span class="smcap">d.c.l.</span>, and Mr. Samuel T. Meynell, -for some valuable suggestions; and to the University of Cambridge for -the loan of books.</p> - -<p class="author">R. COLTMAN CLEPHAN</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Tynemouth</span>,<br /> -<span class="ws3"><span class="smcap">Northumberland</span></span></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[Pg x]</a></span></p> -<hr class="chap" /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[Pg xi]</a></span></p> -<div class="chapter"> - <h2 class="nobreak">CONTENTS</h2> -</div> - -<table border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="TOC" cellpadding="0" > - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdr" colspan="2"><small>PAGE</small></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Preface</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_v"> v</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Introduction</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_vii">vii</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Bibliography</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_xix">xix</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Outline of Principal Contents</span>—</td> - <td class="tdr"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc_space-above1" colspan="2"><b>CHAPTER I</b></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"><p class="neg-indent"> - Origin of the Tournament—Its definition—Rules made <i>anno</i> - 1066—Derivation of the word—The Behourd—The Joust: Its origin and - definition—The Round Table game—Round Table held in 1252—Edward III - revives the traditional Table glories of King Arthur—Actual Table at - Winchester—Its history—Round Table held in 1389—Definition of the - game—The Quintain—Its definition—Running at the Ring—Judicial duels - properly classed with the Tournament</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott"><a href="#CHAPTER_I"> 1</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc_space-above1" colspan="2"><b>CHAPTER II</b></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"><p class="neg-indent"> -Jousts of peace—<i>Joutes à outrance</i>—The term “<i>À outrance</i>”—Mediæval - chronicles and chroniclers—Body-armour of the twelfth and thirteenth - centuries—Brasses and effigies—Tournaments in the reign of King - Stephen—Their introduction into England and France—Description - of the Martial Sports of London by William Fitzstephen—William - Rufus—The knight-errant—Tournaments of the twelfth and thirteenth - centuries—Royal Edicts and Papal Bulls issued against them—Tournaments - controlled by Royal Ordinances—Fees payable to the Crown—Tournament - near Alençon—Philip Augustus sends a challenge to Richard of - England—Tournament held at Brackley in 1250—Five authorized Lists in - England—Form and decoration of Lists—The duties of varlets—Officials - of Lists—The coronal of the lance—The routine of an early - Tournament—Prizes—Tournaments in 1236, 1247 and 1248—Interdictions by - the Church—Tournament at Rochester in 1251—Another in 1253—Tournament - at Chalòns in 1247—Jousting at Blei in 1256—Round Tables at Warwick and - Kenilworth—Hardyng’s poem on the last-named—The lance—Roll of purchases - for the tournament held at Windsor Park in 1278—<i>Statuta de armis</i>, - dating towards the end of the thirteenth century—Penalties for breaking - the rules—Effigies of Edmund Crouchback and William de Valence—Effigy - of Geoffrey de Mandeville—Knightly panoply of the period—The age of - mail—Chain-mail—The hauberk and gambeson—Bards and trappers—Transition - to plate-armour gradual</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott"><a href="#CHAPTER_II"> 9</a> - <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[Pg xii]</a></span></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc_space-above1" colspan="2"><b>CHAPTER III</b></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"><p class="neg-indent"> - The fourteenth century—The introduction of firearms—Romances of Richard - Cœur de Lion, Sir Ferumbras, Roman du roy Miliades Meliadus, and - others—The Froissart plates—Hefner’s <i>Tratchten</i>—Carter’s <i>Painting - and Sculpture</i>—Froissart’s <i>Chronicle</i>—Royal jousts—Proclamation - of tournaments—The issue of safe-conducts—“Tornies, justes,” - etc., forbidden in 1302—Tournament at Condé in 1327—Royal jousts - at Cheapside in 1330—“Great justes” at Dunstable in 1341—Royal - tournament at London in 1342—To cry a tourney—Round Table at Windsor - in 1344—Actual Table at Winchester—Order of the Garter—Jousts to - be held annually at Lincoln—Round Table at Windsor in 1345, and - many jousts at other places—Great wardrobe account—Round Table at - Lichfield—White hoods—Verse from Chaucer’s “Knight’s Tale”—Romance of - Perce Forest—“Kerchief of pleasance”—“Roiall justes” held in 1358, - 1359, and in 1362 —Jousts at Mons and Rennes—Sir Nicholas Dagworth—His - brass in Blickling Church—His armour—Armour of the Black Prince—Feat - of arms at Toury—Tournament at Cambray in 1385—Duel at Montereau in - 1387—Much jousting with pointed lances between cavaliers of France - and England during the long wars between the two countries—<i>Pas - d’armes</i> at Nantes—Combat <i>à outrance</i> near Vannes—Jousts at Paris - in 1385—Realistic tournament at Paris—Feat of arms at Entença—Deed of arms - at Bordeaux in 1389—Marshal de Boucicaut’s exploits in the lists—<i>Pas - d’armes</i> at St. Ingelbert—The <i>rôles</i> of Tenans and Venants—Monkish - chronicles—Royal tournament at London in 1390—Caxton’s remarks - on the same—Another tournament proclaimed by King Richard II—The - espinette—Body-armour of the fourteenth century—Crests—The Cap of - Maintenance—The shield—Fatal accident in the lists to the young Earl - of Pembroke in 1390—Jousting in Scotland in 1398</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott"><a href="#CHAPTER_III">23</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc_space-above1" colspan="2"><b>CHAPTER IV</b></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"><p class="neg-indent"> - The fifteenth century—The tourney milder—Body-armour - strengthened—Milan the chief seat of manufacture—Less costly armour - made in Germany—Maximilian imports Italian smiths, and Germany - gradually becomes the chief centre of the industry—Ameliorations in - the tourney—The tilt—Jousting without the tilt—The vamplate—Special - harness for the lists—The lance-rest—The queue—Jousting lances and - lance-heads—Barriers—Reinforcing pieces—The <i>kolbenturnier</i>—The - <i>kolben</i> or baston—Crests—Hours of the tourney—Lists often artificially - lighted—The tournament in Germany—Training of the chargers—Their - chests protected by a mattress—Spurs and saddles—The tournament at Aix - and in Burgundy—The <i>Chronicles</i> of St. Remy, Monstrelet, Chastelain - and De la Marche—Bibliothèque de Bourgogne—Ashmolean MSS.—The Order - of the Golden Fleece—Cottonian MSS.—Life of Richard Beauchamp—Roman - de Saintré—<i>Tournois du Roi René</i>—Statutes of Lord Typtofte, - 1466—Confusion in the terms employed by chroniclers in descriptions of - the tourney—<i>A Scharmützel</i>—Description of a <i>pas d’armes</i>—<i>Chapitres - d’armes</i>—Manner of adjudging prizes—French ordinance against duels - with the English—“Solemne justs” attempted in 1400, but which proved - abortive—Challenge of an esquire of Arragon in 1400—Deed of arms near - Bordeaux in 1402—The Duc d’Orleans sends a challenge to Henry IV of - England—Deeds of arms at Valentia—Exploits in the lists of Richard - Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick—Three Portuguese fight three Frenchmen in - 1415—Subterranean combats in 1420—<i>Statutes d’armes, temp.</i> Henry - V—Jousts in the reign of Henry V—Duel at Arras in 1425—The <i>bec de - faucon</i>—Tournament at Brussels in 1428—<i>Pas d’armes</i> at Arras in - 1430—Early mention of the tilt—Passage of arms at Arras in 1435—Sir - John Astley’s fight on foot in 1442</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV">38</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc_space-above1" colspan="2"><b>CHAPTER V</b></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"><p class="neg-indent"> - <i>Pas d’armes</i> at <i>L’Arbre de Charlemagne</i>, Dijon, in 1443, at - which there was jousting at the tilt, and reinforcing pieces were - employed—The lists—The challenges—A few of the encounters—The - <i>chapitres d’armes</i>—Various Harleian MSS.—Picture of a King of Arms - proclaiming a tournament—Combat, at Ghent, between Jehan de Boniface - and Jacques de Lalain in 1445—Definitions of an esquire—The duties - of a King of Arms—Additional or reinforcing pieces—Small set of - reinforcing pieces in the Wallace Collection—Feat of arms at Edinburgh - in 1448—Distinction made in the dress of a knight and that of an - esquire—Armour of the fifteenth century—Brass of Sir John Wylcotes and - that in South Kelsey Church—Hoveringham effigy—Collar of SS.—Gothic - armour—The Beauchamp effigy its finest type—Great armour-smiths of - the fifteenth century—Enrichment of armour—Paper by Viscount Dillon, - printed in <i>Archæologia</i>, on a MS. collection of ordinances of chivalry - of the fifteenth century—“Abilment for Justes of the Pees”—“To Crie a - Justus of Pees”—“The comyng into the felde”—“To arme a man”—Combats on - foot—Jousting at the tilt—Definition of terms—The <i>Pas de la Pélerine</i> - in 1446—Feat of arms at Arras between Philippe de Ternant and Galiot - de Baltasin in the same year—The lists—The first joust of the Comte - de Charolais at Brussels in 1452—Tournament at Brussels in the same - year—Jousting now frequently combined with masques, mummeries and - pageants—Example of this in 1453—Tournament in celebration of the - coronation of Edward IV—<i>Pas d’armes</i> held by Edward IV in 1467, at - which the Bastard of Burgundy took part—The lists—Ashmolean MS.—Costly - pageant, combined with jousting and the tourney, in celebration of - the marriage of Charles the Bold with Margaret of York (L’Arbre - d’Or)—Jousts held at Paris in 1468—Royal jousts in honour of the - marriage of Richard Duke of York in 1477—Royal jousts and fêtes at - Greenwich in the reign of Henry VII—Caxton’s epilogue—Tapestry at - Valenciennes—Joust at Jena in 1487 between Johannes Duke of Saxony and - Cuntz Metzschen—A “Solemne Triumphe” at Richmond—Collections of armour - at Vienna and Dresden</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott"><a href="#CHAPTER_V">57</a> - <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">[Pg xiii]</a></span></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc_space-above1" colspan="2"><b>CHAPTER VI</b></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"><p class="neg-indent"> - Much that is fanciful and unreal written about the - tournament—Scientific writers on the subject—Narrations of - chroniclers—German records—Ashmolean, Harleian and Cottonian MSS.—Hall, - Holinshed and other chroniclers—The tournament reaches its highest - development in the first half of the fifteenth century—Decline of - the tournament—The introduction of barriers in combats on foot—The - bâton of illegitimacy—The tournament restricted to cavaliers of noble - birth—Prizes—New forms of jousting—German tournament-books—Harnesses - for the tiltyard made in Germany—The tournament as practised at - the German Courts—The <i>Freydal</i> of Maximilian—Other works of the - kind—Tournament-books at Sigmaringen and Dresden—Paintings of jousts - at Dresden—Jousting on wooden horses equipped with mechanical - apparatus for charging—Trappers: their paintings, devices and - embroideries—Prices of knightly armour—Tourney book of Duke William IV - of Bavaria—Other tourney-books—Forms of jousting and equipment—Bards - and saddles—The <i>Gestech</i> in its several forms—Maximilian I armed for - <i>Hohenzeuggestech</i>—Two armours for <i>Gestech</i> at Paris—Harness for the - <i>Gestech</i> in the Wallace Collection, London—Other examples—The lance, - vamplate and coronal—A <i>Gestech</i> at Leipsig in 1489—The frontispiece, - which represents a <i>Gestech</i>—<i>Gestech im Beinharnisch</i>—Jousting - with pointed lances (<i>Scharfrennen</i>)—The lance and vamplate—Salient - features of the forms—Examples of the armour employed—Realistic - representation of a joust with sharp lances—Maximilian II mounted and - armed for <i>Scharfrennen</i>—<i>Geschiftrennen</i>—<i>Geschifttartscherennen</i>—A - <i>Rennen</i> held at Minden—<i>Geschiftscheibenrennen</i>—<i>Bundrennen</i>— - <i>Auzogenrennen</i>—<i>Krönlrennen</i>—<i>Pfannenrennen</i>—<i>Feldrennen</i>—The - <i>mêlée</i>—<i>Feldturnier</i>—All these forms defined—Joust at the tilt—Its - inception—The salient features—A joust at the tilt at Augsburg - in 1510—Armour employed—Two harnesses for this type of joust at - Paris—A German suit dated 1580—<i>Realgestech</i>—Three armours in - London for jousting at the tilt—Fatal accident to Henry II of - France in a joust of this kind—Triumph of Maximilian—Drawings by - Hans Burgmaier—Combats on foot—<i>Barriers and Foot Combats</i>: a - paper by Lord Dillon—Armour for foot-fighting—Weapons employed—The - <i>Fussturnier</i>—The <i>Freiturnier</i>—Armour employed—<i>Realgestech</i>—The - <i>Scharmützel</i>—The Karoussel or Carrousel—Permanent lists—Harness for - the tiltyard—Best armours imported from Italy—Interest taken by Henry - VIII in armour-making—German smiths employed at Greenwich—The iron - imported from Innsbruck—Alleged inferiority of English iron—“Hoasting” - armour of the sixteenth century—Its form slavishly follows that of - the civil dress—Fluted or “Maximilian” armour—Tonlet armour—Bards—The - expression “trapped and barded”—Some armour for campaigning made - much lighter—“<i>Pfeifenharnis</i>”—Its unsuitability—The enrichment of - armour—Armour of the middle of the century—The “Peasecod-bellied” - doublet and breastplate</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott"><a href="#CHAPTER_VI">85</a> - <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv">[Pg xiv]</a></span></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc_space-above1" colspan="2"><b>CHAPTER VII</b></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"><p class="neg-indent"> - The Chevalier Bayard—His career in the tourney—<i>Pas d’armes</i> - at Westminster in 1501—Dates of chroniclers unreliable—The term - “tourney”—“Solemne Triumph” in 1502—Joust at Naumburg in 1505—An - <i>Auzogenrennen</i> in 1512—The kind of shield employed—Tilting at Paris - and Lille in 1513 and 1515—Letters of Safeguard—Curious rule in foot - contests—Charles V engaged in tournaments in 1518—Tournaments of the - reign of Henry VIII—Hall and Holinshed’s narrations—Jousts at the - coronation—The King jousts incognito—Other combats—Jousts in honour of - Queen Katharine—The tenans and articles of combat—Hall’s florid account - of the meeting—Ashmole MS. No. 1116—Proportion of attaints—Other - <i>pas d’armes</i>—Jousts in honour of the Queen of Scotland—Articles of - combat—Field of the Cloth of Gold—Jousting in England—King Henry ran - great risk of losing his life when jousting in 1524—Henry a successful - jouster—Jousts in 1536 and 1540—The ceremony of the degradation of a - knight—Fights at barriers in 1554—jousting fell into disuse in England - during the reign of Edward VI and that of Philip and Mary—Efforts - made in Elizabeth’s reign to revive the tournament—Sir Henry Lee - the Queen’s champion—Succeeded by the Earl of Cumberland—Jousts - and barriers in 1558—The <i>pas d’armes</i> in 1559 at which Henry II - of France was fatally injured—Viscount Dillon’s <i>Barriers and Foot - Combats</i>—Tournaments at London in 1570—“Checques” or score-tablets - and their illustration—Articles of combat and prizes—Proportion of - attaints made by the Earl of Oxford—Jousting in the night in 1572—The - duties at a tournament of a King of Arms and of a Pursuivant—Scoring - “Checques”—Their definition—Rules and regulations for conducting - tournaments in Tudor times—<i>Romance of three kings’ sons</i>—“Ordinaunce - of keeping of the Feelde”—Tournaments and jousts at Westminster in - 1581—King Henry IV challenges the Duc de Mayenne to single combat—A - <i>Scharmützel</i>—A water quintain in 1585—Fights at barriers in 1606 - and 1610—Tournament in 1612—First coming into the tiltyard of Prince - Charles of Wales in 1619—Tournament of the knight of the royal - Amaranthus in 1620—The tournament lingered long in Germany—The - decline of armour—Causes of the gradual disuse of armour—Armour of - the seventeenth century—A harness belonging to Louis XIV—Plate-armour - gradually disappears—Conclusion—Revivals of the nineteenth and - twentieth centuries—The Eglington tournament in 1839—The tournament at - Brussels in 1905—“Triumph” at Earl’s Court in 1912—The Judicial Duel</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott"><a href="#CHAPTER_VII">111</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc_space-above1" colspan="2"><b>CHAPTER VIII</b></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"><p class="neg-indent"> - Trial by combat curiously interlinked with common law—References - among Ashmolean, Harleian and Cottonian MSS.—Introduced into England - by the Normans—Unknown to the Anglo-Saxons—Principle involved—Earlier - forms of ordeal—Found among the laws of nearly all the German - tribes, the Swedes and Lombards—Flourished greatly in France—The - Grand Assize—Enclosures or lists—The custom never took deep root - in England—Civil cases usually connected with disputes concerning - land—Actual number of judicial duels small in England—Persons excused - from battle—Women not exempt—Early ordinances—Trial by combat in civil - cases—Trial by combat in criminal cases—Picture of a legal duel, - <i>temp.</i> Henry III—Rules and ordinances for conducting judicial combats - in France, temp. Philip IV—The lists—Judicial duels defined—Singular - duel between two Jews—Reported duel between a man and a dog—Knightly - duel in 1380—Legal duel <i>temp.</i> Richard II—Duel between Jean de Carouge - and Jacques le Gris in 1386, as described by Froissart and others—Duel, - in 1398, between the Dukes of Hereford and Norfolk—Trial by combat in - Germany—Rules of procedure there—Duels in Germany between men and their - wives—Duel with spiked shields—Duel with spiked clubs—With shields, - swords and daggers—With <i>bec de faucons</i>—With two-handed swords—Rules - and regulations, <i>temp.</i> Richard II, by Thomas Duke of Gloucester, - Constable of England—Rules for judicial combats in the reign of Richard - III—Judicial duel at Quesnoy in 1405—An English duel in 1415—Knightly - trial by combat at Arras in 1431—Duel stayed in 1446—Fight at - Smithfields same year—Interesting duel fought at Valenciennes, in 1455, - with knotted clubs—Course of procedure, <i>temp.</i> Henry VIII—Picture of - a judicial duel—Duel in France in 1547—The “coup de Jarnac”—Judicial - duel in 1548—Irregular duel in the lists at Sedan—Catalogue of judicial - duels in England—Trial by combat became rare <i>temp.</i> Elizabeth—Strong - influences brought to bear against the practice—Treatises against - duels—A duel ordered in 1571, which proved abortive—Reports of duels in - 1602 and 1631—The king’s declaration against duels in 1658—The law for - judicial combats practically in abeyance until early in the nineteenth - century—Duel ordered in 1817, which proved abortive—The law repealed in 1818</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott"><a href="#CHAPTER_VIII">146</a> - <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xv" id="Page_xv">[Pg xv]</a></span></td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<table border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="APPENDICES" cellpadding="0" > - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdc_space-above1" colspan="3"><b><big>APPENDICES</big></b></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc">A.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">The Ashmolean MSS. relating to the Tourney</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#APPENDIX_A">169</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc">B.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">The Harleian MSS. </span> - <span class="ws3">”</span><span class="ws3">”</span><span class="ws3">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#APPENDIX_B">173</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc">C.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">The Cottonian MSS.</span> - <span class="ws3">”</span><span class="ws3">”</span><span class="ws3">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#APPENDIX_C">177</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc">D.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">The Instructions given by the Emperor Maximilian I  </span></td> - <td class="tdr"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="ws2"><span class="smcap">as to the Selection of Plates for ”Freydal”</span></span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#APPENDIX_D">178</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc">E.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">The Ashmolean MSS. relating to Judicial Combats</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#APPENDIX_E">179</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc">F.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">The Harleian MSS.</span> - <span class="ws4">”</span><span class="ws3">”</span><span class="ws3">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#APPENDIX_F">181</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc">G.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">The Cottonian MSS. </span> - <span class="ws3">”</span><span class="ws3">”</span><span class="ws3">”</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#APPENDIX_G">182</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc">H.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Letter from Thomas Duke of Gloucester</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#APPENDIX_H">184</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Index</span></td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#INDEX">189</a></td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xvi" id="Page_xvi">[Pg xvi]</a></span></p> -<hr class="chap" /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xvii" id="Page_xvii">[Pg xvii]</a></span></p> -<div class="chapter"> - <h2 class="nobreak">LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</h2> -</div> - -<table border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="LOI" cellpadding="0" > - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdl"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">A Course of German <i>Gestech</i></td> - <td class="tdr" colspan="2"><a href="#FRONTIS"><i>Frontispiece</i></a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"><small>PLATE</small></td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdr" colspan="2"><small>FACING PAGE</small></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">I.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Combat on Foot between Sir Richard Beauchamp and Sir Pandolf Malatesta (1)</td> - <td class="tdc" rowspan="2"><img src="images/cbr-2.jpg" alt="" width="9" height="32" /></td> - <td class="tdl_ws1_c" rowspan="2"> <a href="#PLATE_I">52</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">The Tapestry at Valenciennes (2)</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">II.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">The Beauchamp Effigy</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1_c"> <a href="#PLATE_II">66</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">III.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Maximilian I engaged in <i>Hohenzeuggestech</i></td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1_c"> <a href="#PLATE_III">90</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">IV.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Two Harnesses for the German Joust or <i>Gestech</i>. At Paris</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1_c"> <a href="#PLATE_IV">94</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">V.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Harness for <i>Scharfrennen</i>. At Dresden</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1_c"> <a href="#PLATE_V">98</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">VI.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Maximilian II armed for <i>Scharfrennen</i>. At Paris</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1_c"><a href="#PLATE_VI">102</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">VII.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><i>Geschifttartscherennen</i></td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1_c"><a href="#PLATE_VII">106</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">VIII.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">A <i>Scharfrennen</i> at Minden in 1545 (1)</td> - <td class="tdc" rowspan="2"><img src="images/cbr-2.jpg" alt="" width="9" height="32" /></td> - <td class="tdl_ws1_c" rowspan="2"><a href="#PLATE_VIII">110</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">A Joust at the Tilt at Augsburg in 1510 (2)</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">IX.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">A Harness for the German Joust. Wallace Collection (1)</td> - <td class="tdc" rowspan="2"><img src="images/cbr-2.jpg" alt="" width="9" height="32" /></td> - <td class="tdl_ws1_c" rowspan="2"><a href="#PLATE_IX">116</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Suit in the Wallace Collection for Jousting at the Tilt (2)</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">X.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">German Armour for Jousting at the Tilt. At Dresden (1)</td> - <td class="tdc" rowspan="2"><img src="images/cbr-2.jpg" alt="" width="9" height="32" /></td> - <td class="tdl_ws1_c" rowspan="2"><a href="#PLATE_X">120</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">An Armour for <i>Freiturnier</i>. At Dresden (2)</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">XI.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Harnesses for Jousting at the Tilt. At Paris (1)</td> - <td class="tdc" rowspan="2"><img src="images/cbr-2.jpg" alt="" width="9" height="32" /></td> - <td class="tdl_ws1_c" rowspan="2"><a href="#PLATE_XI">128</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Field Harness of Anne de Montmorency (2)</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">XII.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">The Comte de Charolais, as represented at Brussels in 1905 (1</td> - <td class="tdc" rowspan="2"><img src="images/cbr-2.jpg" alt="" width="9" height="32" /></td> - <td class="tdl_ws1_c" rowspan="2"><a href="#PLATE_XII">144</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Jean de Clѐves, as represented at Brussels in 1905 (2)</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><small>PAGE</small></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1" colspan="2">Scoring “Cheques.” In text</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#I_127">127</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1" colspan="2">MS. Ashmole, No. 845, fol. 167</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#Page_128">128</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1" colspan="2"> ”<span class="ws3">”</span><span class="ws4">”</span><span class="ws2"> 166</span></td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><a href="#I_132">132</a></td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xviii" id="Page_xviii">[Pg xviii]</a></span></p> -<hr class="chap" /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xix" id="Page_xix">[Pg xix]</a></span></p> -<div class="chapter"> - <h2 class="nobreak">BIBLIOGRAPHY</h2> -</div> - -<table border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="BIBLIOGRAPHY" cellpadding="0" > - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">An Almain Armourer’s Album. Viscount Dillon, <span class="smcap">p.s.a.</span></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Annales de Louis XII.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Antient Armour at Goodrich Court. Skelton.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Antiquarian Repertory.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Archæologia,</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"> Vol.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc_top">”</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">XI.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Copy of a Survey made of what remained - of the Armoury of the Tower of London in 1660.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc_top">”</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">XXXVII.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">A list for the year 1631.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc_top">”</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">XVII.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">On the Peaceable Justs, or Tiltings, of the - Middle Ages. By Francis Douce, <span class="smcap">f.a.a.</span></p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc_top">”</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">XVII.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Copy of a Roll of Purchases made for the - Tournament of Windsor Park in the sixth year of King Edward the First. - Communicated by Samuel Lysons, <span class="smcap">f.r.s.</span>, <span class="smcap">v.p.</span></p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc_top">”</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">XXIX.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Some Observations on Judicial Duels, as - practised in Germany. By R. L. Pearsall.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc_top">”</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">XXXI.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Observations on the Institution of the Most Noble Order of the Garter. - By Sir Harris Nicholas, <span class="smcap">g.c.m.g.</span></p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc_top">”</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">XXXI.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Account of the Ceremonial of the Marriage of the Princess Margaret, - sister of King Edward the Fourth, to Charles Duke of Burgundy, in 1468. - By Sir Thomas Phillipps, Bart., <span class="smcap">f.s.a.</span></p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc_top">”</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">LI.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">A Letter of Sir Henry Lee, 1590, on the trial of Iron for Armour. - By the Hon. Harold Arthur Dillon, <span class="smcap">f.s.a.</span></p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc_top">”</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">LI.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Arms and Armour at Westminster, the Tower, and Greenwich, 1547. By the same.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc_top">”</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">LVII.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">On a MS. Collection of Ordinances of Chivalry of the Fifteenth Century - belonging to Lord Hastings. By Harold Arthur Viscount Dillon, Hon. M.A. - (Oxon), President.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc_top">”</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">LX.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Armour Notes. By the same.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc_top">”</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">LXIII.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Jousting Cheques of the Sixteenth Century. - By Charles ffoulkes, B.Litt. Oxon., <span class="smcap">f.s.a.</span></p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Arch. Journ.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Vol.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc_top">”</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">IV.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Illustrations of Mediæval Manners and Costumes from original - documents. Jousts of Peace, Tournaments and Judicial Combats. By Albert Way. - Survey of the Tower Armory in the year 1660.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc_top">”</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">XV.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Notice of a German Tilting-saddle of the Fifteenth Century, - recently added to the Tower Collection. By John Hewitt.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc_top">”</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">XXI.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Tilting-helm of the Fifteenth Century in the - Royal Artillery Museum, Woolwich. By John Hewitt.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc_top">”</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">XLVI.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">The Pasguard, Garde de Cou, Brech-Rand, - Stoss-Kragen or Randt, and the Volant-Piece. - By the Hon. Harold Dillon, <span class="smcap">f.s.a.</span> - <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xx" id="Page_xx">[Pg xx]</a></span></p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc_top">”</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">LV.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Tilting in Tudor Times. By Viscount Dillon, - Hon. M.A. Oxon., <span class="smcap">f.s.a.</span></p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc_top">”</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">LV.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Additional Notes Illustrative of Tilting - in Tudor Times. By the same.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc_top">”</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">LXI.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Barriers and Foot Combats. By the same. - The Winchester Volume, 1845.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Armorial de la Toison d’Or. National Library, Paris.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Armories of the Tower of London. ffoulkes.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Ashmolean MSS.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_space-above1" colspan="3">Bayeux Tapestry, The.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Boeheim’s Waffenkunde.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws2"> </span>Meister der Waffenschmiede Kunst.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws2"> </span>Album, Waffensammlung. Vienna.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Boutell’s Brasses.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Brantôme. Par J. A. C. Buchon.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_space-above1" colspan="3">Carter’s Painting and Sculpture.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Catalogues. Catalogo Real Armeria de Madrid.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws2"> </span> - The Imperial Collection at Vienna.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws2"> </span> - Königliche Historische Museum, Dresden.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws2"> </span> - Musée d’Artillerie, Paris.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws2"> </span> - Königliche Zeughaus, Berlin.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws2"> </span> - Sammlungen des Germanischen Museum, Nuremburg.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws2"> </span> - Guida Officiale della Reale Armeria di Torino (Turin).</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws2"> </span> - Porte de Hal Collection, Brussels.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws2"> </span> - National Museum, Munich.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws2"> </span> - The Wallace Collection, London.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws2"> </span> - The Armouries of the Tower of London.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Caxton’s Book of the Order of Chyvalry and Knyghthode.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Chastelain’s Chronique de Jacques de Lalain.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Chaucer’s Knight’s Tale.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Chronicle of Tours.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3"><p class="neg-indent2">Chronicles of: William of Malmesbury. Wace. William of Newbury. Roger - of Hoveden. William Fitzstephen. Matthew Paris. Robert of Gloucester. - Matthew of Westminster. Père Daniel. Trivet. Thomas of Walsingham. - Jocelin of Brakelond. Hardyng. Monstrelet. Jean le Févre de S. Remi. - Hist. de Charles VI. de Flandres. de Charlemagne (in the Burgundian - Library at Brussels).</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Clark’s History of Knighthood.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_top">Clephan,</td> - <td class="tdl_top">R. Coltman.</td> - <td class="tdl"><p class="neg-indent">The Defensive Armour, Weapons and Engines of War - of Mediæval Times and of the “Renaissance.” 1900.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2"> </td> - <td class="tdl"><p class="neg-indent">The Wallace Collection of Arms and Armour. - Published by the Verein für Historische Waffenkunde, Dresden.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2"> </td> - <td class="tdl"><p class="neg-indent">Armour Notes: With some Account of the Tournament. - Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle, 1915. - <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxi" id="Page_xxi">[Pg xxi]</a></span></p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Conquêtes de Charlemagne. A MS. in the National Library, Paris.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Cottonian MSS.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Coucy, Matthieu de. Histoire de Charles VII.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_space-above1" colspan="3">Ducange. Glossarium.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Dugdale’s Origines Juridiciales.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Du Guesclin, Bertrand, La Vie de.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_space-above1" colspan="3">Eglington Tournament. The Tournament at Eglington, - by James Aikman, 1839.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws4">”</span> - <span class="ws2"> </span>The Grand Tournament, by James Bulkeley. 1840.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Ehrenpforte.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Excerpta Historica.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_space-above1" colspan="3">Favine. Honour and Knighthood. 1553.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">ffoulkes, Charles. The Armourer and his Craft.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Freydal. Querin von Leitner.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Froissart’s</td> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Late Fifteenth Century Illustrated Edition. In British Museum. Harl. MS. 4379.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc">”  </td> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Chronicles.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_space-above1" colspan="3">Gay. Glossaire Archéologique.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Gurlitt. Deutsche Turniere, etc. Dresden. 1889.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_space-above1" colspan="3">Hall’s Chronicles.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Harleian MSS.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws2">Miscellany.</span></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Hefner’s Tractenbuch.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Hewitt’s Ancient Armour and Weapons.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Histoire Des Ducs de Bourgogne. Barante.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws2">de Bretagne.</span></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Hohenzollern Jahrbücher.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Holinshed’s Chronicles.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_space-above1" colspan="3">Jusserand. Les Sports.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Juvenal Des Ursin. Histoire de Charles VI.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_space-above1" colspan="3">La Colombière. Théâtre d’Hon and de Chevalerie.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Lacroix. Military and Religious Life in the Middle Ages and Renaissance.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Leber. Collection des Traités, etc.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Leland’s Collectanea.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Lingard’s History of England to the Accession of William and Mary.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Livre Des Faicts Jean Le Maingre, Maréschal de France, Dit Boucicaut.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Lombarde. Perambulations of Kent.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_space-above1" colspan="3">MSS. in Herald’s College, London.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Mémoires. Olivier De La Marche.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws2">Philippe De Comines.</span> - <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxii" id="Page_xxii">[Pg xxii]</a></span></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Mémoires. Le Bon Chevalier Seigneur De Bayart (Bayard).</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws2">Le Sire de Heynin. - Société des Bibliophiles Belges. Mons. 1842.</span></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Ménestrier. Traité des Tournois, Justs, Carrousels, etc. Lyons. 1669.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Meyrick. A Critical Enquiry into Antient Armor. 1824.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Montesquieu. Esprit de lois. 28th Book.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_space-above1" colspan="3">Nouvelle Collection Des Mémoires pour servir A L’Histoire De France.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Nugae Antiquae. Park. 1769.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_space-above1" colspan="3">Œuvres du Roi René. Angers. 1845. Edited by M. Paulin-Paris.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Origines Des Chevaliers, Armoiries et Heravx. Par Claude Favchet.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_space-above1" colspan="3">Pisan, Christine de. Le Livre Des Fais et Bonnes Meurs Du Sage Roy Charles.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Pluvinal, De. Maneige Royal.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Pollock and Maitland. History of English Law.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_space-above1" colspan="3">Roll of Purchases for the Tournament at Windsor Park in 1278. - MS. in the Record Office.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Romances.</td> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Romances. Roman de Rou.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc">”  </td> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Richard Cœur de Lion.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc">”  </td> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Sir Ferumbras.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc">”  </td> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Du Roy Miliadus.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc">”  </td> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">D’Alexandre.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc">”  </td> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Pétit Jehan de Saintré. Par Antoine de la Sale. 1459.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc">”  </td> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Of Three King’s Sons. <i>Circa</i> 1500. Harl. MS. 326, fol. 113.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Rous’ Life of the Earl of Warwick. Cott. MS., Julius, E. IV.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Rymer’s Foedera.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_space-above1" colspan="3"></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Sächsischen Kurfürsten Turnierbücher. Erich Haenel.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Sainte Maria, Honoré de. Des Ordres de Chevalerie.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Schwenkh, Hans. Wappenmeisterbuch, picturing the Jousts - of Duke William of Bavaria.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Spelman’s Glossary.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">St. Denys, La moine de. Histoire de Charles VI.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">St. Palaye. Mémoires sur L’Ancienne Chevalerie.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Statuta de Armis or Statutum Armorum in Torniamentis. - Bodleian Library.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Stothard’s Effigies.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Strutt’s</td> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Sports and Pastimes of the English People.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1">”</td> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Horda Angel-cynnan.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1">”</td> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Regal Antiquities.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_space-above1" colspan="3">Tapestry, The, at Valenciennes.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Testamenta Vetusta.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Theuerdank.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Tourney Book of the Pole Zuganoviez Stanislaus. At Dresden. - <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxiii" id="Page_xxiii">[Pg xxiii]</a></span></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Tourney Books. Of the Electors of Saxony. At Dresden.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Tourney Books. Johanns des Beständigen.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws2">”</span> - <span class="ws2">Johan Frederiks des Groszmüthiges.</span></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws2">”</span> - <span class="ws2">August.</span></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws2">”</span> - <span class="ws2">That at Veste Coburg.</span></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Traicte de la forme et Devis d’ung Tournoi</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> </td> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">(The Tourney Book of King René d’Anjou).</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Traité de Tournois. Par Louis de Bruges.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Triumph of Maximilian.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Turnierbuch in the possession of the Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Turnierbuch of Duke Henry of Braunschweig-Lüneburg.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_space-above1" colspan="3">Vetusta Monumenta. Vol. I. Published by the - Society of Antiquaries, London.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Viollet-le-Duc. Dictionnaire Raisonné du Mobilier Français.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_space-above1" colspan="3">Weisskönig.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_space-above1" colspan="3">Zeitschrift für Historische Waffenkunde. Dresden.</td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p> - -<p class="f200"><b>THE TOURNAMENT</b></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"> - <h2 class="nobreak"><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I">CHAPTER I</a></h2> -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap"><span class="smcap">It</span> is impossible -to trace the beginnings of these martial exercises, mention of which -first appears in history in chronicles of the eleventh century; but -they doubtless grew out of earlier forms of the rough games and sports -engaged in by the noble youth of the period as practice for actual warfare.</p> - -<p>Du Cange in his <i>Glossarium</i>, under the heading “Torneamentum,” cites -Roger de Hoveden, who defines tournaments as being military exercises -carried out in a spirit of comradeship, being practice for war and a -display of personal prowess.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> -Their chief distinction from other exercises of a kindred nature lies -in the fact that they were actual contests on horseback, carried out -within certain limitations, of many cavaliers who divided themselves -into contending troops or parties, which fought against each other like -opposing armies.</p> - -<p>Mention of rules for observance in the conducting of these martial -games is made by more than one chronicler of the period as having been -framed in the year 1066, by a French Seigneur, Geoffroi de Preuilli of -Anjou, and it is stated that he had invented them and even been killed -in one of them;<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> -and the very names “<i>tourneamentum</i>” and “<i>tournoi</i>” would imply a -French origin. These designations would seem to have been derived from -“<i>tournier</i>,” to wheel round; though Claude Fauchet, writing in the -last quarter of the sixteenth century,<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> -expresses the opinion that the word “<i>tournoi</i>” came about from the -cavaliers running par tour, that is by turns at the quintain: “<i>fut -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span> -premièrement appellé Tournoy pource que les Cheualiers ŷ coururent -par tour; rompans premièrement leur bois et lances contre vne Quintaine....</i>”</p> - -<p>Military games of a similar nature are often stated to have been -practised in Germany earlier than this, and Favine in <i>Theatre of -Honour and Knighthood</i><a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> -prints a list of rules and ordinances for observance at a “tournament” -to be held at Magdeburg, as having been issued by the Emperor of -Germany Henry I, surnamed the Fowler, 876-936, a century and a half -earlier than the date of the promulgation of the rules of Pruilli. The -German text, however, bears the impress of a later period than early in -the tenth century, and this view is expressed by Claude Fauchet, who -gives the rules, which are curious enough for insertion here; and he -mentions the authority from which Favine drew his statement.<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p lang="fr">“<i>Sebastien Munster au troisiesme liure de sa -Geografie, certifie que Henry premier de ce nom viuant enuiron l’an -VCCCCXXXVI fit publier vn Tournoy, pour tenir en la ville de Magdebourg -qui est en Saxe, lequel fut le premier, ＆ tenu l’an VCCCCXXXVIII. Le -mesme Munster recite douze articles de loix de Tournoy</i>:—</p> -</div> - -<div lang="fr" class="blockquot"> -<p class="neg-indent">1. <i>Qui fera quelque chose contre la Foy.</i></p> - -<p class="neg-indent">2. <i>Qui aura fait quelque chose contre le sacré -Empire, et la Cesarce Majesté.</i></p> - -<p class="neg-indent">3. <i>Qui aura trahy son Seigneur, ou sans -cause iceluy delaisse fuyant en vne bataille: tué, ou meurdry ces -compagnons.</i></p> - -<p class="neg-indent">4. <i>Qui aura outragé fille, ou femme, de fait ou -de parolles.</i></p> - -<p class="neg-indent">5. <i>Qui aura falcifié vn seel, ou fait vn faux -serment. Qui aura esté declaré infame, ＆ tenu pour tel.</i></p> - -<p class="neg-indent">6. <i>Qui en repost (c’est secrettement ＆ en -cachette) aura meurdry sa femme. Qui d’aide ou de conseil, aura cósenty -la mort de son Seigneur.</i></p> - -<p class="neg-indent">7. <i>Qui aura pillé les Eglises, femmes vefues, ou -orphelins: ou retenu ce qui leur appartenoit.</i></p> - -<p class="neg-indent">8. <i>Qui avant esté offensé par aucun, ne le -poursuit par guerre, ou en Iustice; ains secrettement ＆ par feu ou -rapines. Qui gaste les bledz ＆ vignes dont le public est substanté.</i></p> - -<p class="neg-indent">9. <i>Qui mettra nouuelles impositions sans le -sceu de l’Empereur: ou ie croy qu’il entéd parler d’vn Seigneur qui -surchargera sa terre.</i></p> - -<p class="neg-indent">10. <i>Qui aura cómis adultere, ou rauy vierges ＆ -pucelles.</i></p> - -<p class="neg-indent">11. <i>Qui fait marchandise pour reuendre.</i></p> - -<p class="neg-indent">12. <i>Qui ne pourra prouuer sa race de quatre -grands peres, soit battu ＆ chassé du Tournoy.</i>”</p> -</div> - -<p>Jousts and Tournaments were classed under the heading of <i>Hastiludia</i> -or spear-play: as also was the behourd or buhurt, <i>Bohordicum</i> in -Mediæval Latin,<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> -a military exercise of a similar nature; though in what respect -it differed from the joust or tournament is nowhere stated. That -it was an exercise with lance and shield is clearly shown in a passage -in <i>Concilium Albiense</i>.<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> -That the behourd was practised continuously for long after the -introduction of the joust and tournament is known by the fact of the -issue of royal edicts for the prohibition of these exercises, as late -as the reign of King Edward I.<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a></p> - -<p>The origin of the joust does not appear to be less ancient than that of -the tourney itself,<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> -which it gradually almost supplanted; and it may have been suggested -by the quintain. William of Malmesbury thus defines it:—Justa, jouste. -<i>Monomachia ludicra, hastiludium singulare.</i><a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> -The Bayeux tapestry shows a kind of combat with spears.</p> - -<p>The terms “tourney” and “joust” are often confounded with each other, -but they are sharply different, the former being a battle in miniature, -an armed contest of courtesy on horseback, troop against troop; while -the other is a single combat of mounted cavaliers, run with lances -in the lists; though jousting was by no means confined to these -enclosures; indeed, such contests were sometimes run in the open street -or square of a town. Jousts were often included with the tourney, -though frequently held independently; and as the lance was the weapon -of the former so was the sword greatly that of the latter. The lance -was to be directed at the body only, otherwise it was considered foul -play. The joust more especially was run in honour of ladies. These -martial games were much practised in all the countries of chivalry.</p> - -<p>The chroniclers are vague in their definitions of the Round Table -game, the <i>Tabula Rotunda</i>, or as Matthew Paris calls it “<i>Mensa -Rotunda</i>.”<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> -He expressly distinguishes it from the tournament, though in what -respect it differs from it he does not enlighten us. He describes a -<i>tabula rotunda</i>, held at the Abbey of Wallenden in the year 1252, -which was attended by a great number of cavaliers, both English and -foreign, and states that on the fourth day of the meeting a knight -named Arnold de Montigney was pierced in the throat by a lance “<i>which -had not been blunted as it ought to have been</i>.” The lance-head -remained in the wound and death soon followed. We see from this -incident that already in the middle of the thirteenth century it was -customary to joust with blunted or rebated lances! In 1279 (8 Ed. I) a -Round Table was held by Roger Earl of Mortimer, at his castle of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> -Kenilworth, which is thus described in <i>Historia Prioratus de -Wigmore</i><a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a>:—“He -(Mortimer) invited a hundred knights and as many ladies to an hastilude -at Kenilworth, which he celebrated for three days at a vast expense. -Then he began the round table; and the golden lion, the prize for the -triumphant knight, was awarded to him.” Dugdale states that the reason -for the institution itself was to assert the principle of equality and -to avoid questions of precedence among the knights.</p> - -<p>In some “Observations on the Institution of the Most Noble Order of -the Garter,” printed in <i>Archæologia</i> of the year 1846,<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> -it is stated that in 1343, King Edward III in imitation of King Arthur, -the traditional founder of British Chivalry, bent on reviving the fabled -glories of a by-gone age, determined to hold a Round Table at Windsor -on the 19th of January, 1344. The intended meeting was proclaimed -by heralds of the king, in France, Scotland, Burgundy, Hainault, -Flanders, Brabant, and in the German Empire, offering safe-conducts to -all foreign knights and esquires wishful to take part in it.<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> -King Edward fixed the number of the tenans at forty, enrolling the bravest -in the land; and he appointed that a “Feast” should be kept from year -to year at Windsor on every following St. George’s Day. Walsingham, -writing about half a century after Froissart, states that in 1344 the -King began to build a house in Windsor Park, which should be called the -“Round Table”; that it was circular in form, and 200 feet in diameter. -It is also stated that a circular table, made of wood, was constructed -at Windsor sometime before 1356; and that the Prior of Merton was -paid L26-13-4 for 52 oaks, taken from his woods near Reading, for the -material.<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> -Walsingham relates that Philip of France, jealous of the fame of our -king, had a table made on the Windsor model.</p> - -<p>Matthew of Westminster chronicles that a round table was held in 1352, -which had a fatal ending.</p> - -<p>There is an actual round table of ancient provenance hanging on the -eastern wall of the hall of the royal palace at Winchester, the reputed -“painted table of Arthur,” and there are some remarks concerning it in -the Winchester volume of the Archæological Institute, 1846, telling all -that is known concerning it. The hall itself may have been standing in -the reign of Henry III; and in the sixteenth century, and probably long -before, a round table was an appendage to it; but as to the approximate -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> -date of its make there is no reliable evidence. The earliest historic -reference to the table is by Hardyng, late in the reign of Henry VI -or early in that of Edward IV, who alludes to it as “hanging yet” at -Winchester; and Paulus Jovius tells us that the table was shown to -the emperor Charles V in 1520, when it had been newly painted for the -“last” time, but that the marginal names had been restored unskilfully. -In the reign of Henry VIII a sum of <i>L66-16-11</i> was expended in -repairing the “<i>aula regis infra castrum de Wynchestre, et le Round -tabyll ibidem</i>.” John Lesley, bishop of Ross, said that he saw the -table not long before 1578, and that the names of the knights were -inscribed on its circumference; and a Spanish writer, who was present -at the marriage of Philip and Mary, thus describes the painting on the -table:—</p> - -<p lang="fr" class="blockquot">“<i>Lors du mariage de Philip II. avec la -reine Marie, on montrait encore à Hunscrit la table ronde fabriquée -par Merlin: elle se composait de 25 compartemens teintés en blank et -en vert, lesquels se terminaient en pointe au milieu, et allaient -s’elargissant jusqu’à la circonférence, et dans chaque division étaient -écrits le nom du cavalier et celui du roi. L’un de ces compartemens -appelé place de Judas, ou siége périlleux, restait toujours vide.</i>”</p> - -<p>The forms of the lettering and general decoration of the table point to -a date in the reign of Henry VII or early in that of Henry VIII, but -this, of course, only applies to the painted enrichment. Whatever may -be the date of this table and its painting, they are both undoubtedly -of considerable antiquity, probably from five to six centuries old.</p> - -<p>The <i>fête d’armes</i> held by Boucicaut at St. Ingelbert in 1389 (which -is described in <a href="#CHAPTER_III">Chapter III</a>), is called in the account -of the meeting a “table-ronde”; and the text would imply that the holding of a round -table meant a <i>hastilude</i> at which the challengers or tenans kept open -house to all comers, as well as meeting them in combat in the lists; -and the institution is thus coupled with the banquet. The passage -runs:—</p> - -<p lang="fr" class="blockquot">“<i>Ainsi feit là son appareil moult -grandement et très-honnorablement messire Boucicaut, et feit -faire provisions de très-bon vins, et de tous vivres largement, -et à plain, et de tout ce qu’il convient si plantureusement -comme ‘pour tenir table rond à tout venans’ tout le dict -temps durant, et tout aux propres despens de Boucicaut.</i>”<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> -The same lavish hospitality was extended here as at Kenilworth in 1279, -Windsor in 1344.</p> - -<p>It is clear from various records that the tenans at a round table of -the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries sometimes fought under the -names of King Arthur’s knights, indeed, “Sir Galehos” appears among the -names of the knights inscribed on the actual round table at Winchester; -and they also sometimes adopted the names of other legendary heroes, -for at a round table held at Valenciennes in 1344, at which the prize -was a peacock, victory was achieved by a band of cavaliers which fought -under the names of King Alexander’s knights.<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> -The accounts given of King Edward’s tournament at Windsor, and that of -the later Boucicaut’s <i>pas d’armes</i>, both of which are called round -tables, may be said to define sufficiently what a “Round Table” of -the fourteenth century really was; and we fail to find any material -difference from other meetings of the kind and period.</p> - -<p>Favine in <i>Theatre of Honour and Knighthood</i><a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> -refers to “<i>Hastiludia Rotunda</i>” as being practice for cavaliers “to -sit well their horses, to keepe themselues fast in their saddles -and stirups. For, if any man fell, and his Horse upon him, at these -encounterings with their lances, lightly worse did befall him before -he could any way get forth of the Preasse. But others came to heauior -fortune, their liues expyring in the place, being trod and trampled -on by others”—but all this would apply to the ordinary <i>mêlée</i>. This -form of tourney was much in favour during the thirteenth and fourteenth -centuries, but we hear no more of round tables after that.</p> - -<p>The Quintain (<i>quintana</i>) and Running at the Ring (<i>Ringelrennen</i>, -<i>Corso all’ Annello</i>) were closely allied with the joust, and were -practised in preparation for it; the chief objects for attainment in -the former being a correct aim, to remain steady in the saddle after -impact with the figure, and deftly to get rid of the stump of the -broken lance. The quintain was a more ancient game than the joust, and -indeed, not improbably, it gave rise to it; and being free from the -risk of personal danger, was a sport and pastime of the people. The -game assumed many forms, though it was chiefly a means of practice -with the lance, sword, baston and battle-axe, indulged in by the young -aspirants for knighthood as well as by the citizens and yeomanry. The -original quintain was merely a post set up, against which the strokes -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> -were directed or against a shield hanging from it, with the same -object in view. Later, the post developed into a human figure, usually -fashioned as a Turk or Saracen, who held a wooden sword in his hand. -The objective of the lance was the space between the eyes; and the -figure was placed on a pivot, and so constructed that a misdirected -stroke, that is a hit too much on one side or the other, would cause -it to spin round with great velocity, dealing the tyro a smart blow -with the sword. Another form was a bag of sand, from which the clumsy -operator was apt to receive a buffet as it swung round or to have the -contents expended over his horse and person; and there were other -similar varieties of the game. The water quintain was practised from -a boat, rapidly propelled by rowers; while the player stood at the -bow, his lance couched and directed towards a shield, hung from a post -standing in the water. The quintain continued to be a popular game -right through the seventeenth century, and could be played on foot as -well as on horseback. A picture of a quintain is given on a miniature -in the <i>Chroniques de Charlemagne</i>, in the Burgundian Library at -Brussels, and is reproduced by Lacroix in <i>Military and Religious Life -in the Middle Ages and Renaissance</i>.</p> - -<p>Running or Tilting at the Ring was merely a later form of the quintain. -An upright shaft or post was holed at intervals for the reception -of a rounded bar, socketed into it at right-angles, from which hung -the ring placed on a level with the player’s eye; and the horseman, -couching his lance, rode towards it at full gallop with the object -of transfixing it. When fairly hit the ring became detached by the -action of side springs and remained on the head of the lance. Pluvinal -gives particulars of the game as practised at the beginning of the -seventeenth century; it was much in vogue at the court of Louis XIV. -For running at the ring the lance was much shorter than that employed -in jousting, its length was 10 ft. 7 in. and weight 7 lbs. There is -a specimen at Dresden, tipped with a cone to hold the ring when hit, -and there is naturally no vamplate. It will be realised what excellent -practice these sports afforded for the joust and tourney. Both games -are described in Strutt’s <i>Sports and Pastimes</i>. MS., Ashmole 837, fol. -185, furnishes an instance of the game:—</p> - -<p class="blockquot">“These persons here vnderwrytten / beinge one -the kinges parte the playntyff / And the other wt therle of Rutland -defendant / dyd Run at ye Rynge iiij course every man / at wch tyme -none toke the Ryng but only Mr hayward / and Mr Constable beinge wt the -defendant / whome are apoynted when yt shall please his grace / for them -to Rune agayne / he wch shall take the Ring furst shall have the prysse /</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span></p> - -<table border="0" cellspacing="0" summary=" " cellpadding="0" > - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdl">wt the kynges matie</td> - <td class="tdl">wt therle of Rutland</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1">the lord marques of Northampton </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">the lord Fyzewater</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1">therle of Worcester</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">the lord hastynges</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1">therle of wormewood</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">the lord chevers (?Chandos)</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1">the lord admyrall</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Sr Ambrows Dudley</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1">the lord lyle</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Sr jorge hayward</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1">the lord Strange</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Mr norrys</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Sr thomas Wroughton</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Sr William Stafford</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Mr Barnaby</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Sr Anthony Sturley</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Mr throughmorton</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Mr Pownynge</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1">harry nevell</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Mr Clement paston</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Sr harry gates</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Sr William Cobham</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Sr harry Sydney</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Mr Constable</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Mr Chetewood</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Mr payne (?prynne)</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Mr phylpott</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Mr. warcope</td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<p class="blockquot">This beinge done came VI one ether partye to the -tourney whose names are hereafter named</p> - -<table border="0" cellspacing="0" summary=" " cellpadding="0" > - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdl">The Kynges syd</td> - <td class="tdl">Therle of Rutland</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1">therle of Worcester</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">lord Fyzewater</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1">the lord lysseley</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Sr Ambrows Dudley</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Mr harry nevell</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Sr George hayward</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Mr Sydney</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Mr pownynges</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Sr thomas wroughton    </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Mr paston</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Sr harry gates</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Mr payne (?prynne).”</td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<p>Probably written by Sir Gilbert Dethick, Garter King of Arms.</p> - -<p>Judicial Combats are also properly classed under the general heading -of the Tournament, and these duels, on foot and on horseback, were -fought greatly subject to its rules and regulations. An account of this -singular institution follows after the tournament proper.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p> -<div class="chapter"> - <h2 class="nobreak"><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER II</a></h2> -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap"><span class="smcap">Jousts</span> -of Peace, <i>Hastiludia pacifica</i>, were those of sport, military -exercises and courtesy; while Jousts of War, <i>Joûtes à Outrance</i>, or -as Froissart calls them “<i>Justes Mortelles et à Champ</i>,” were combats -to the death, though subjected to the intervention of the umpire at -any stage, by the casting of his bâton, by which a serious wounding or -death was often prevented. The term “<i>à outrance</i>,” however, was used -not infrequently in <i>Chapitres d’Armes</i> or articles of combat where no -fatal ending was in contemplation; they were encounters of courtesy in -fact, though contests in which battle-axes, sharp swords and pointed -lances were employed.</p> - -<p>The chroniclers of the joust and tournament of the earlier centuries -exhibit a lack of technical knowledge, and the terms they employ are -often mixed and conflicting; and, indeed, this confusion continues -throughout later centuries also, to an extent making any exact -definition of terms extremely difficult.</p> - -<p>Whatever information we possess regarding tournaments of the twelfth -and thirteenth centuries is greatly derived from the Mediæval Latin -chronicles of the Anglo-Norman monks; but the material they furnish -requires to be used with discretion, owing to the frequent unhappy -blending of fact and legend, a lack of professional knowledge, and a -way of reporting things of half a century or more ago in harmony with -the environment of the time of writing. Among the chroniclers of the -tournament of the period we are immediately dealing with, are William -of Malmesbury, whose <i>History of the Kings of England</i> finishes at -the year 1142; Wace, who wrote the <i>Roman de Rou</i>, on Rollo and the -succeeding Dukes of Normandy, in 1160; William of Newbury, 1197; Roger -of Hoveden, 1201.<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> -William Fitzstephen was an eye-witness of the events he relates; the -prolific and illuminating Matthew Paris, 1259; Robert of Gloucester, -who died in 1290; and Matthew of Westminster, 1307. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></p> - -<p>Much information concerning the body-armour of the twelfth and -thirteenth centuries has been derived from seals, and particularly from -those of the kings of England; also from illuminations in chronicles, -representations on tapestry and carvings in ivory. Military effigies -and brasses have also proved of immense value, for they enable us to -fill in many of the gaps left in the recitals of chroniclers, and -afford precise information as to the knightly equipment for battle, -as far as least as the presence of the surcoat will permit. We have, -indeed, been favoured among the nations in the preservation of so many -of these monuments. There are but few brasses of the thirteenth century -existing, though effigies are very numerous. Sad it is that so many of -these priceless memorials have been lost or thoughtlessly mutilated; -but their very important bearing upon history was but faintly -recognised much before the nineteenth century began. Many of them had -been thrown on the rubbish heap to make way for some trivial and often -mischievous alteration, or lost when some of our finest churches were -spoilt by what is so often miscalled restoration; and many even of the -effigies left to us have been exposed to a process of tinkering by -thoughtless hands. Not a detail is missing on many of those monuments -that remain, and even colours are indicated.</p> - -<p>William of Newbury states that tournaments first appear in England -in the troubled reign of King Stephen, 1135-1154; and that they -were introduced from France by the Norman nobles is clear from -the expressions employed by Matthew Paris concerning them, viz.: -“Conflictus Gallicus” and “batailles francaises.” Lombarde<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> -states that “the kings of this realm before King Stephen, would not suffer -it to be frequented within their land; so that, such as for exercise -in that feate in armes, were driven to passe over the seas, and to -performe in some different place in a foreigne countrie: but afterwards -King Stephen in his time allowed it.”<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> -It was the Norman knights who introduced the employment and couching of -the lance in England. Of that age we have the remarkable description -of the martial sports of London by William Fitzstephen. He tells us -‘that every Sunday in Lent, immediately after dinner it was customary -for great crowds of Londoners, mounted on war-horses, well trained to -perform the necessary turnings and evolutions, to ride into the fields -in distinct bands, armed “<i>hastilibus ferro dempto</i>,” with shields and -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> -headless lances; where they exhibited representations of battle, and -went through a variety of warlike exercises: at the same time many of -the young noblemen who had not received the honour of knighthood, came -from the King’s court, and from the houses of the great barons, to make -a trial of their skill in arms; the hope of victory animating their -minds. The youth being divided into opposite companies, encountered -one another; in one place they fled, and others pursued, without being -able to overtake them; in another place one of the bands overtook and -over-turned the other.’</p> - -<p>Robert of Gloucester, in his <i>Chronicle</i> in verse, which ends shortly -before the accession of King Edward I, writes concerning William Rufus:—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“Stalwarde he was ＆ hardy ＆ god knyght, thorn al thyng</span> -<span class="i0">In batayle ＆ in ‘tornemnes’ er than he were Kyng.”<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a></span> -</div></div></div> - -<p class="no-indent">but this of course has not the value of contemporary history.</p> - -<p>The knight-errant of the twelfth century and even later often spent -the evening of his days as an anchorite, undergoing many self-imposed -penances, fastings and flagellations in expiation of many acts of -violence and even oppression of his active career.</p> - -<p>The tournaments of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries were -characterized by all the romantic fire of knight-errantry, though they -were often rough and disorderly, and not infrequently degenerated -into real battles or free fights, in which many of the combatants -were seriously injured or killed. At the meeting held at Neuss, near -Cologne, in 1240, sixty of the combatants are stated to have been -killed. In England an Earl of Salisbury died from his hurts; his -grandson, Sir William Montague, was killed when jousting with his own -father; and many prominent knights and nobles were so injured in the -tourney that they never regained their health. Tournaments generally -tended to become milder as rules, regulations and limitations were -enacted for their government; but it was not before the reign of King -Edward I that they were brought under any regular disciplined system -of control.</p> - -<p>After the reign of King Stephen these martial exercises often came -under the ban of both church and state, the former even going to the -length of excommunication and the refusal of Christian burial to the -fallen. Pope Gregory issued a bull against them in 1228, and there -were other bulls.<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> -King Henry II discouraged them and issued edicts -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> -against them; and we are told by William of Newbury that many young -cavaliers travelled from England to enjoy their favourite pastime in -other lands, especially France. Tournaments were revived in England, -says Jocelin of Brakelond,<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> -after the return of the heroic Richard from the Holy Land, who granted -licences for holding them; and from this time forward unlicensed -tourneying was treated as an offence against the crown. Roger de -Hoveden writes in <i>Annals</i>, under the year 1194 (in translation):—“King -Richard ordered tournaments to be held in England, which he confirmed -by charter; but that all wishing to tourney should pay for the -privilege according to rank—viz., an earl, 20 marks of silver; a baron, -10 marks; a knight, holding land, 4 marks; and any who were landless, -2 marks; and no knight was permitted to enter any lists without first -having paid his fee.” The charter of this grant was delivered into the -custody of William, Earl of Salisbury; and Hubert Fitz-Walter, the -king’s chief-justice, appointed his brother, Theobald Fitz-Walter, to -be collector.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p>Hoc ett Breve, Dni Regis Ricardi I. missum Dno Cantuariensi, de -concessione Torneamentorum in Anglia.</p> - -<p>Heac est forma Pacis fervandae a Torneatoribus (Harl. MS. 237).<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a></p> -</div> - -<p>Tournaments became controlled by royal ordinances, and any infraction -of the rules laid down was punishable with the forfeiture of horse -and armour, imprisonment and other penalties; though at times the -regulations would seem to have been very loosely interpreted or -entirely disregarded. This assumption of control by the state had -been brought about by various causes quite apart from the frequently -disorderly nature of the meetings, and the large number of casualties -involved; though these were the ostensible reasons often given for the -interdiction of all unauthorized gatherings of the kind. Much, however, -depended on the character and temperament of the reigning monarch, -and the condition of order or otherwise prevailing in the country at -the time. At tournaments, whether held by royal licence or not, the -combatants were divided into two camps or parties; and they gathered -together large concourses of spectators, who were too apt to become -strong and eager partisans, as we see at the football games of to-day; -the unpopular side being sometimes assailed with volleys of stones, -some discharged from slings. These meetings were thus frequently looked -upon with disfavour by the powers that be, and were either entirely -prohibited, or licences were refused in troublous times; for the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> -assemblage of so many influential knights and powerful barons with -their feudatories, coming from all parts of the kingdom, constituted a -danger to the state in affording opportunities for cabals, sedition and -other disorders, and, indeed, tumults frequently occurred. Tournaments -were very popular in France during the reign of Philip Augustus; and -Père Daniel relates an incident of that reign affording a striking -example of the large gatherings that assembled. An unexpected attack -having been made on the town of Alençon, the king was enabled to enrol -a sufficient force at a tournament being held in the neighbourhood at -the time to repel it. Jousting was not much practised in France at that -time or during the thirteenth century, the cavaliers of that country -preferring the <i>mêlée</i>.</p> - -<p>In the year 1196 King Philip Augustus “sent vnto King Richard, -requiring him to appoint fiue champions, and he would appoint other -fiue for his part, which might fight in listes, for triall of all -matters in controusee betwixt them, so to avoid the shedding of more -guiltlesse bloud. King Richard accepted the offer, with the proviso -that either King might be of the number, that is the French King one of -the fiue vpon the French part; and King Richard one of the fiue vpon -the English part. But this condition would not be granted.”<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a></p> - -<p>In the year 1250 “was a great tornie and iusts holden at Brackley, -when the earle of Gloucester (contrarie to his accustomed manner) -fauoured the part of the strangers, whereby they prevailed. In so much -that William de Valance handled one Sir William de Odingesselles verie -roughlie, the same Sir William being a right worthy knight.”<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a></p> - -<p>In 1251 King Henry III forbad the holding of a round table<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> -and many examples of such prohibitions are given in <i>Foedera</i>. Yet, -meetings of the kind were often held in England in spite of them, for the -young cavaliers, imbued with the chivalrous spirit of the age, declined -being balked of their favourite pastime and were willing to run some -risks for its gratification. In the reign of Henry III the king -admonishes his subjects “to offend not by tourneying,” and, “by the -advice of parliament enacted, that all who (without leave) should keep -a tournament, should forfeit their estates, and their children to be -disinherited.”<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> -As late as the reign of King Edward II an edict was -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> -issued against the practice, the ordinance running “<i>Turneare</i>, -<i>burdeare</i>, <i>justas facere</i>, <i>aventuras quaerere</i>.”<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> -Prohibitions against tournaments were issued in the years 1220, 1234, 1255 -and 1299. In normal times, however, they were often encouraged by the crown, -and were presided over, and even taken part in, by kings and princes. -Matthew of Westminster states that it was customary for newly made -knights to pass over to the Continent to show their mettle by feats -of arms; and that King Henry III knighted eighty gentlemen on one -occasion, who all went abroad, accompanied by Prince Edward, to take -part in tournaments.</p> - -<p>In the early days of tournaments there were only five authorized -lists (<i>champs clos</i>) in England, and they were all south of the -Trent. At a later period these enclosures were usually placed in the -neighbourhood of a large town where there was a hall spacious enough -for the banquet and the dance; the size of the lists being regulated -by the number of cavaliers expected to take part. Those of the twelfth -century were open at the sides, a barrier standing at each end; later -they were made quadrangular in shape, longer than broad by one-fourth. -They were enclosed by a double row of palisading, high enough to make -it impossible for a horse to leap over; the space between the rows -affording a place of refuge for the varlets (ephebi) and attendants. -The <i>rôle</i> of the varlets was to rush in and steady their masters in -the saddle, when swaying after their careers; and, when unhorsed, to -extricate and drag them, as opportunity offered, out of the press or -from among the horse’s hoofs in the <i>mêlée</i>; for they were unable to -help themselves in their heavy armour. This duty was both difficult -and dangerous, but they had to manage as best they could. Openings -were left at either end of the lists for entrance and exit, and -movable barriers were provided for closing them when required. A thick -covering of sand was strewn on the ground, or it was well mulched with -tanning refuse so as to provide a soft bed for breaking the force of -the fall of a cavalier when unseated. The lists were gaily decorated -with tapestry, bunting and heraldic devices; a tribune for the umpire -or judge, and benches for the spectators, were provided; as well as -special galleries for the ladies, which were often adorned with gold -and silver embroideries. Two pavilions were pitched for the use of the -leaders, which were removed before the commencement of the tourney. -The scene presented by a tournament must have been brilliant in the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> -extreme; and the element of danger involved would add greatly to -the interest and excitement of the spectators. Permanent lists were -often surrounded by a ditch or moat. The marshals of the lists, -kings of arms, heralds and pursuivants-at-arms were stationed within -the enclosure to note the various incidents taking place among the -combatants; and it was the duty of the first-named to see that the -rules of chivalry and general regulations were strictly observed. -Trumpets announced the entry of each competitor, who was followed -into the lists by his esquires; and flourishes of music were heard -at intervals to animate the combatants, and to mark special feats of -gallantry. Each knight usually bore on his person some token of his -lady-love, which was disposed on his helmet, lance or shield. The -armour and horses of the vanquished fell as spoil to the victors, -unless ransomed by payment in money; this, however, was the case only -in contests of courtesy. The jousting at a tournament usually ended -with “<i>le coup ou la lance des Dames</i>,” a homage to the fair sex -joyfully rendered.</p> - -<p>We have seen that blunted lances were in use in 1252, but we have not -found any record of the coronal, a lance-head formed like a flattened -crown (whence the name), before very early in the fourteenth century, -when it appears on a picture in a MS. in the British Museum.<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> -Cavaliers frequently successful in the tourney enriched themselves by -the forfeiture of the horses and armour of the vanquished.</p> - -<p>The routine of an early tournament is described in Codex 69 of the -Harleian MS.<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> -It is first proclaimed over a wide area; and on assemblage the -cavaliers, mounted on horseback, are divided into two parties or -squadrons, the challengers and the challenged. Each troop usually -varied in number from twelve to twenty, and was headed by its own -leader; the weapons were pointless swords with rebated edges. The -two bodies then take up positions at opposite ends of the lists; the -onset is sounded, “<i>Lasseir les aler</i>,” and they engage in combat -until the signal is given to cease fighting. Various perquisites fall -to the superintending Norroy King at Arms, and he and the heralds -are paid their expenses and six crowns of “nail money” for affixing -the cote-armour of the two leaders in front of their pavilions. An -illustration on a MS. of the thirteenth century in the royal -library<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> -is reproduced in <i>Sports and Pastimes</i>. It pictures the entry on -horseback of the two baron-leaders into the lists, wearing chain-mail -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> -and pointed bascinets, and with their horses trapped; they bear no -weapons. The King of Arms, in civil dress, is standing between them -holding their banners, one in each hand. Trumpeters are seen in the -background.</p> - -<p>The presence of ladies graced the tournament, and they were treated -with great deference; the names and deeds of the successful champions -were submitted to them, and it was they who awarded and presented -the prizes. The days of combat usually closed with the banquet and -the dance. The tourney from the first was confined to men of noble -birth, though this rule was not so strictly enforced in England as in -Germany and France, where all not of the privileged class were strictly -excluded.</p> - -<p>The first mention we have found of prizes at tournaments is in 1279, -when, at the Round Table held at Kenilworth in that year, the prize (a -golden lion) was awarded to Sir Roger Mortimer; but they do not seem to -have become general until much later.</p> - -<p>Henry III, on his marriage with Eleanor of Provence, in 1236, held a -tournament for eight successive days; and according to Matthew Paris, -there was one at Northampton in 1247, another at Nebridge in 1248.</p> - -<p>The tournaments held during the reign of Richard I were frequently -interdicted by the Church owing to the brutal character of many of -them; and Jocelin of Brackelond tells the story of a number of knights -who held one between Thetford and Bury St. Edmunds, in spite of the -fiat of the abbot. Another took place soon after, which had also been -prohibited; and all who had taken part in it were excommunicated. -Matthew Paris describes a tournament held at Rochester in 1251, at -which foreigners contended with English knights. There was great -bitterness at the time between some of the nationalities owing to very -rough treatment that had been experienced by some English knights -abroad; and all rules and regulations were thrown to the winds at -Rochester, the proceedings degenerating there into a free fight. The -English set upon the foreigners with staves, beating them severely, -and chased them into the town, to which they fled for refuge. Another -instance of this kind may be cited in an account given by Matthew -of Westminster of a case in 1253, when the Earl of Gloucester and a -companion took part in a tournament abroad, at which they were so -roughly handled as to require fomentations and baths before they were -in a condition to return to England. Trivet relates a further striking -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> -example in a case, lawless and brutal in its character, which received -the name in history “<i>La petite Bataille de Chalòns</i>.” Edward I, King -of England, was travelling through France in the year 1274 on his way -home from the Holy Land to take possession of the crown, when he was -invited by the Count de Chalôns to take part in a tournament to be -held in the open, near the town of Chalôns, with a certain number of -his followers. At an early stage of the contest the Count, a knight -of unusual strength, forcing his way through the <i>mêlée</i> attacked the -King with great vigour and impetuosity; and casting away his weapons -threw his arms around King Edward’s neck, hoping to unhorse him. The -King, however, being a tall and powerful man kept his saddle, and at -the moment of the greatest pressure cut fiercely at his adversary, -dragged him from his horse and threw him heavily to the ground. The -exasperation of the French cavaliers on seeing their leader fall was -very great, and for a time a real battle ensued, in which the outside -followers of both sides took an active part, the English using their -terrible bows: but some degree of order having been at length restored -the count surrendered to the King and acknowledged him to be the -victor. After this tournament laying hands on an opponent was strictly -forbidden. Thomas of Walsingham also gives a spirited account of this -meeting, which runs on similar lines.<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a></p> - -<p>At Whitsuntide in the year 1256 great jousting was held at Blei, when -the Lord Edward, afterwards King Edward I, “first began to shew proofs -of his chiualrie.” In one of these encounters “William de Longspee was -so brused that he could never after recover his former strength.”<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a></p> - -<p>“In the ninth year of King Edward’s reign, the feast of the round table -was kept at Warwike with great and sumptuous triumph.”<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a></p> - -<p>The Round Table assembled at Kenilworth by Sir Roger Mortimer has been -already referred to in the section devoted to the Tabula Rotunda, and -Hardyng in his <i>Chronicle</i><a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> -thus pictures it:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“And in the yere a thousand was full then</span> -<span class="i1">Two hundred also sixty and nynetene,<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a></span> -<span class="i1">When Sir Roger Mortimer so began</span> -<span class="i1">At Kelyngworth, the round table as was sene,</span> -<span class="i1">Of a thousand Knygts for dicipline,</span> -<span class="i1">Of young menne, after he could devise</span> -<span class="i1">Of Turnementes, and justes to exercise.</span> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“A Thousand Ladies, excellyng in beautee</span> -<span class="i1">He had also there, in tentes high above</span> -<span class="i1">The justes, that thei might well and clerely see</span> -<span class="i1">Who justed beste, there for their Lady Love</span> -<span class="i1">For whole beautie, it should the Knightes move</span> -<span class="i1">In armes so eche other to revie</span> -<span class="i1">To get a fame in play of Chivalry.”</span> -</div></div></div> - -<p>Hardyng died about the year 1465, nearly two centuries after the events -he narrates.</p> - -<p>The lance, or glaive as it is often called, of the eleventh and twelfth -centuries<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> -was quite straight and smooth; a vamplate was added in the fourteenth, -small at first but larger later, for the protection of the right -arm. The lance for jousting was made of soft wood, so as to splinter -easily.</p> - -<p>A manuscript in the Record Office, transferred from the Tower about -1855, entitled <i>Emptiones facte per manum Adinetti Cissoris et visu -Albini ＆ Roberti de Dorset contra Torniamentum de Parco de Windsore, -nono die Julii anno Sexto</i> (a Roll of Purchases made for the tournament -held at Windsor Park in the year 1278), is copied in <i>Archæologia</i> of -the year 1814.<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> -This document is of rare value in giving particulars -of the equipment of the cavaliers engaged in tournaments of the last -quarter of the thirteenth century, besides mentioning other matters of -interest. Thirty-eight cavaliers took part in the tournament at Windsor -Park, twelve of the highest rank being styled <i>digniores</i>. Among these -were the Earls of Cornwall, Gloucester, Warren, Lincoln, Pembroke and -Richmond;<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> -and there were several foreign knights present. Many of the cavaliers whose -names appear on the roll had been with King Edward in the Holy Land. Both arms -and armour<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> -were provided for the occasion for all the cavaliers taking part. -Thirty-seven of the outfits ranged in cost from 7<i>s.</i> to 25<i>s.</i> each; -that for the Earl of Lincoln, however, was much higher than any of -the others, being 33<i>s.</i> 4<i>d.</i> The equipments must thus have differed -widely in quality and embellishment. The armours were of leather gilt, -each suit consisting of a coat-of-fence (being a “quiretta”<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> -of leather), brassards of buckram, a surcoat (the material for the majority of these garments -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> -being carda,<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> -but those for the four earls were of cindon silk), a pair of ailettes, of leather -and carda,<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> -two crests (one for the man, the other for the horse), a shield of wood -heraldically ensigned, a helm of leather, and a sword of whalebone and -parchment, silvered over. The shields of wood cost 5<i>d.</i> each, without -emblazonment; the swords 7<i>d.</i> each, and 25<i>s.</i> was paid for silvering -the blades, and 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> for gilding the hilts. The helmets for the -“<i>digniores</i>” were gilded at an expense of 12<i>s.</i>, the others silvered. -Each helmet cost 2<i>s.</i>, and the ailettes 8<i>d.</i> the pair. Eight hundred -little bells (<i>grelots</i>) were provided, to be used in necklets for the -horses; sixteen skins for making bridles; twelve dozen silken cords for -tying on the ailettes;<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> -and seventy-six calf-skins for making crests. The cuirasses and -helmets were made by Milo, the currier; and the cost of carriage for -the whole of the sets from London was 3<i>s.</i> The sum total for all -these outfits provided in England was £80 11<i>s.</i> 8<i>d.</i>; but some other -purchases were made in France, and in the list are items for saddles -and horse furniture. There is no mention of lances, and many of the -items scheduled are only open to conjecture. Sir Roger de Trumpington, -whose effigy lies in Trumpington Church, Cambridgeshire, was among -those taking part in the tournament. If one can imagine this passage of -arms, its participants armed with swords of whalebone and parchment, -with their arm-defences of buckram, it does not seem a very dangerous -affair, though a rough enough sport.</p> - -<p>There is another document of about the same period of the highest -importance, viz. the <i>Statuta de Armis</i>, or <i>Statutum Armorum -in Torniamentis</i>. This was drawn out at the request of the earls -and barons of England and by the king’s command, and affords much -information as to the equipment for the tourney late in the thirteenth -century, the usages to be observed, and the regulations as to the -heralds, esquires, and varlets. There are several copies extant, one of -which, and that perhaps the most reliable, may be seen in the Bodleian -Library. Part of the text is reproduced by Hewitt in his invaluable -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> -work on ancient armour,<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> -and the document is referred to in <i>Archæologia</i> of the year -1814.<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> -These statutes provide that:—</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p>No “conte,” baron or other chevalier shall henceforth be attended by -more than three armed esquires, who shall all bear the cognizance of -their master.</p> - -<p>No knight or esquire taking part in any tournament shall bear a -pointed sword or dagger, a staff or baston, but only a broadsword for -tourneying. All should be armed with “mustilers;”<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a> -“quisers;”<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> -“espaulers;”<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> -and “bacyn,”<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> -and no more.</p> - -<p>If any “conte,” baron or other chevalier break any of the rules of -the tourney, he shall, with the assent and command of the Seigneurs, -Sire Edward, fiz le Rey; Sire Eumond, frère le Rey; Sire William de -Valence; Sire Gilbt de Clare; and Cunto Nichole,<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> -lose horse and armour and be imprisoned at the discretion of the -said court of honour, and all disputes shall be referred to it for -settlement.</p> - -<p>Any esquire to a knight breaking the regulations in any way should -lose horse and armour and be imprisoned for three years; and none was -allowed to raise up a fallen knight but his own appointed esquire, -bearing his device. Spectators were prohibited the wearing of armour or -the carrying of arms. Etc.</p> -</div> - -<p>May we see in the comparative mildness of these rules, and the control -exercised by the court of honour, some results of King Edward’s own -dangerous experiences at the Chalôns tournament.</p> - -<p>It is an interesting fact that the effigies of two of the members of -this distinguished committee have been preserved, viz.: those of Edmund -Crouchback, whose sword-belt is enriched with heraldic bearings; and -William de Valance. Both are in Westminster Abbey. The figure of the -former wears the coif or hood of mail; the body is covered by a surcoat -with long sleeves and reaching nearly to the ankles; but poleynes or -knee-kops can be discerned. In the case of the other effigy the surcoat -is sleeveless and shorter than the other, reaching down to just over -the knees. Poleynes are present, but there are no coudes. A concave -triangular shield hangs by the belt. Chain-mail; quilted stuffs, often -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> -reinforced with rings or studs of iron, bone or horn; ordinarily -dressed leather and <i>cuir-bouilli</i>, which is leather boiled or -beaten—were all quite capable of resisting an ordinary sword-stroke or -lance-thrust.</p> - -<p>An effigy of the twelfth century in the Temple Church, London, that -of Geoffrey de Mandeville, Earl of Essex, dating in the year 1144, in -the reign of Stephen, exhibits the knight completely encased in mail, -wearing a coif of mail of the same fabric, and over it is the tall -cylindrical, flat-topped helm. It was found, however, that certain -vital and more exposed parts of the body required further protection, -for the mail, far from presenting a glancing surface towards the -strokes and thrusts from weapons of attack rather afforded them a -lodgment. The mail therefore became gradually reinforced over the -most vulnerable places with pieces of leather or plates of iron until -a full panoply of metal plating had been attained, a process which -had not been quite completed before the first decade of the fifteenth -century. The course of transition can best be followed by a study of -brasses and effigies. The Crouchback and de Valence effigies show us -that but little progress in the direction of plate-armour had been made -up to the end of the thirteenth century, though after that time the -transition became rapid.</p> - -<p>The usual knightly panoply was a coif of mail and beneath it a cap of -cloth, worn in battle with or sometimes without a surmounting helm; the -tunic; the gambeson or pourpoint, of quilted cloth; the hauberk, of -chain-mail; the chaussons, which covered the upper part of the leg; the -chausses, the lower; and the surcoat.</p> - -<p>Chain-mail is probably a fabric of Eastern origin, consisting of forged -iron rings, each ring interlinked with four others. This web must -have been somewhat of a rarity even as late as the eleventh century, -and, indeed, until the process of wire-drawing had been invented, -owing to the laborious and costly nature of its manufacture. Each ring -required to be cut from a long strip of wire, hammered-out from the -solid, then interlinked, riveted, forged or butted together. The Romans -employed chain-mail, as shown by the compressed masses which have been -found, but whether it was interlinked in the manner just described is -doubtful. Hauberks of quilted stuffs, reinforced with rings or studs of -iron, bone or horn, were much in use; and so were those of ordinarily -dressed leather; or of <i>cuir-bouilli</i>, which is leather prepared by -boiling and beating. All these defences were quite capable of resisting -an ordinary sword-stroke or lance-thrust. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p> - -<p>The arming of the horse with a bard of chain-mail or its substitutes -did not take place before the third quarter of the thirteenth century; -the trapper came into use somewhat earlier, though probably not painted -or embroidered with heraldic bearings before the reign of Edward I.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span></p> -<div class="chapter"> - <h2 class="nobreak"><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III</a></h2> -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap"><span class="smcap">The</span> -fourteenth century was eminently a period of transition and -development in arms, armour, jousts, tournaments, and, indeed, in -everything that related to warfare. During its course chain-mail -harness had been gradually replaced by iron plate, bit by bit; a -process hardly completed at the end. It was a century of almost -incessant fighting among the nations, in the East as well as in the -West; and the knightly armour of the period in its advancing stages -lies open as a book before us, in a study of our effigies and brasses.</p> - -<p>An epoch-making detonating force had come into operation, which -inaugurated a new era in the art of war. In its early days ordnance was -greatly inferior in destructive power to most of the mechanical engines -of the period, but by the end of the century it had developed to an -extent which produced a revolution in the relative resources at command -for attack and defence; and the old chivalry became at length second in -importance to the infantry arm.</p> - -<p>Contemporary information regarding the jousts and tournaments of the -earlier part of the fourteenth century is sparse; they are described -in the <i>Romances of Richard Cœur de Lion, Sir Ferumbras</i>, and others, -which teem with improbabilities though still of the greatest value; -and there is a pictorial representation in <i>Roman du roy Meliadus</i> -of “<i>Une Mêlée de Tornois</i>”.<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> -This romance, probably written about the middle of the century, -contains several pictorial examples of jousts and tournaments, and a -wealth of coloured and gilded drawings on military subjects generally; -while others are figured in the Froissart plates<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a>, -Hefner’s <i>Tratchten</i> and Carter’s <i>Painting and -Sculpture</i>. It is to Froissart that we are immeasurably most indebted -for information regarding these martial games, more especially those of -the second half of the fourteenth century, and his recitals contain much -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> -invaluable detail, which had been industriously collected from heralds, -pursuivants, kings-of-arms and other officials at the tourney. -Froissart was born about the year 1337, and he began to gather the -material for his history when about twenty years of age, viz. eleven -years after the battle of Crecy. <i>The Chronicles</i> commence with the -coronation of Edward III, in 1337, and with the accession of Philip -of Valois to the crown of France, and they close about the end of the -century with the death of Richard II of England. At the beginning of -his career Froissart was closely associated with the English court as -a poet and historian, acting, indeed, as clerk to the closet to Queen -Philippa, after which he entered the Church, becoming later canon -of Chimay. His fine personal gifts soon placed him in excellent and -confidential relations with many prominent and influential personages, -both of France and England, able to give him reliable information for -his history. His industry was remarkable, his style of writing both -original and luminous, and his facts and narrations, though often -marshalled with some confusion, are most reliable, so far at least as -we can judge now. He was no extreme partisan, but tried, as he often -says, whenever possible to hear both sides to a question. The weak -place in his history is his dates and the lack of them. Sainte-Palaye -says of him: “<i>Froissart, qui a mieux réussi qu’acun de nos historiens -à peindre les mœurs de son siècle</i>, ...”</p> - -<p>Royal jousts were often held in celebration of the coronations and -weddings of princes; and such were usually proclaimed in advance in -other countries of chivalry, so as to afford opportunities for the -attendance of foreign cavaliers anxious to distinguish themselves; and -these were provided with safe-conducts by the crown.</p> - -<p>In 1302 “Tournies, iustes, barriers, and other warlike exercises, -which yovng lords and gentlemen had appointed to exercise for their -pastime in diuerse parts of the realme, were forbidden by the -kings proclamations sent downe to be published by the shirifs in -euerie countie abroad in the realme: the teste of the writ was from -Westminster the sixteenth of Julie.”<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a></p> - -<p>A tournament was proclaimed by the King of Bohemia and the Earl of -Hainault, to be held at Condé in 1327, just after the coronation of -Edward III; and Sir John de Hainault, who had been present at the -ceremony, left England to attend this tourney, accompanied by fifteen -English knights, who intended taking part.<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> -Holinshed states that in September, 1330, the King (Ed. III) held -jousts in Cheapside, when he with twelve challengers answered all -comers. The meeting continued over three days, and no serious accidents -took place.</p> - -<p>A joust of the same year is figured in <i>Codex Balduini Trevirencis</i>. -The cavaliers are seen jousting with lances tipped with coronals -and with flat triangular shields, heraldically ensigned: they wear -ample surcoats and the horses are trapped in cloth. The heaumes bear -fan crests, the saddles are without supports; and the object in -contemplation is the splintering of lances and unhorsing.</p> - -<p>“Great iustes was kept by King Edward at the toune of Dunstable in -1341, with other counterfeited feats of warre, at the request of -diuerse yovng lords and gentlemen, whereat both the king and queene -were present, with the more part of the lords and ladies of the -land.”<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a></p> - -<p>King Edward held a tournament in London in the middle of August, 1342; -and had sent heralds into Flanders, Brabant and France to proclaim it. -Froissart states that the eldest son of Viscount Beaumont<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> -was killed at this tournament. Other chroniclers date this passage -of arms in 1343.</p> - -<p>To cry a tourney—“Cy sensuyt la façon des criz de Tournois et des -Joustes. <i>Cy peut on à prendre à crier et à publier pour ceulx qui en -seront dignes</i>,” etc. Ashmolean MS., No. 764, 31, 43.<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> -On the reverse of the last leaf is a picture of a Joust, wherein two -combatants on horseback, bearing their crests, are fighting with lances -within the lists.</p> - -<p>The Round Table held at Windsor on St. George’s Day in 1344 has been -referred to in the section devoted to the <i>Tabula Rotunda</i>. These -hastiludes and jousts are mentioned by Froissart, who tells us that -they were characterized by great splendour. The Queen was attended on -the occasion by three hundred ladies, richly attired; while the King -had a great array of earls and barons in his train. The “feast” was -noble, with all good cheer and jousting, and lasted over fifteen days. -Holinshed’s account, under the year 1344, is as follows:—“Moreouer, -about the beginning of the eighteenth yeare (?) of his reigne, King -Edward held a solemne feast at his castell of Windsore, where betwixt -Candlemasse and Lent, was atchiued manie martiall feasts, and iusts, -and tornaments, and diuerse other the like warlike pastimes, at which -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> -were present manie strangers of other lands, and in the end thereof, -he deuised the order of the garter, and after established it, as it -is to this daie. There are six and twentie companions or confrers of -this felowship of that order, being called knights of the blew garter, -and as one dieth or is depriued, an other is admitted into his place. -The K. of England is euer chiefe of this order. They weare a blew robe -or mantell, and a garter about their left leg, richlie wrought with -gold and pretious stones, hauing this inscription in French vpon it, -Honi soit qui mal y pense, Shame come to him who euill thinketh. This -order is dedicated to S. George, as chéefe patrone of men of warre, and -therefor euerie yeare doo the knights of the order kéepe solmne his -feast, with manie noble ceremonies at the castell of Windsore, where -King Edward founded a colledge of canons.”<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a></p> - -<p>Shortly after this round table the King issued letters patent for -hastiludes and jousts to be held annually at Lincoln, over which the -Earl of Derby was nominated as Captain by the King, the office to be -retained by the earl during life-time, but after his death to become -elective.</p> - -<p>The “Feast of the Round Table” was again held at Windsor in 1345, and -within a few years of it jousts took place at Northampton, Dunstable, -Canterbury, Bury, Reading and Eltham, the exact years of which do not -appear in the wardrobe accounts which have been preserved. In July, -1346, King Edward invaded France, and did not return to London until -October, 1347, his home-coming being celebrated by jousts, tournaments, -masques and other festivities.</p> - -<p>A manuscript covering the expenses of the great wardrobe of Edward III -from December, 1345, to January, 1349, now in the Public Record Office, -is printed in <i>Archæologia</i> for the year 1846.<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a> -Some of the items scheduled cover robes for the person, which were -delivered to certain of the knights taking part in a “round-table” held -by the King at Lichfield in 1348 or 1349, more probably the former -year; viz. for the King’s person and eleven knights of his chamber, -these being Sir Walter Manny, John de L’Isle, Hugo Courtenay, John -Gray, Robert de Ferrers, Richard de la Vache, Philip de Spencer, Roger -de Beauchamp, Miles de Stapleton, Ralph de Ferrers and Robert de -Mauley. To each of these knights two yards of blue cloth for coats and -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> -“three quarters and half a yard” of white cloth for hoods<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> -was delivered. Similar cloth was also issued to some of the other -knights. The challengers, or <i>tenans</i>, of the round table consisted of -the king and seventeen of his knights; their opponents, the <i>venans</i>, -comprised fourteen knights, with the Earl of Lancaster at their head. -An entry in the wardrobe accounts shows that King Edward wore a harness -bearing the arms of Sir Thomas Bradeston on the occasion. Any further -particulars of this round table, beyond the details of the robes for -the banquet, are lacking. This tournament was celebrated with great -pomp and magnificence.</p> - -<p>A spirited verse from Chaucer’s “Knight’s Tale” follows:—<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a></p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“The heraudes lefte hir prikyng up and doun;</span> -<span class="i1">Now ryngen trompès loude and clarioun;</span> -<span class="i1">Ther is namoore to seyn, but west and est</span> -<span class="i1">In goon the speres ful sadly in arrest;</span> -<span class="i1">In gooth the sharpè spore into the syde.</span> -<span class="i1">Ther seen men who kan juste and who kan ryde;</span> -<span class="i1">Ther shyveren shaftès upon sheeldès thikke;</span> -<span class="i1">He feeleth thurgh the hertè-spoon the prikke.</span> -<span class="i1">Up spryngen sperès twenty foot on highte;</span> -<span class="i1">Out gooth the swerdes as the silver brighte;</span> -<span class="i1">The helmès they to-hewen and to-shrede,</span> -<span class="i1">Out brest the blood with stiernè stremès rede;</span> -<span class="i1">With myghty maces the bonès they to-breste.</span> -<span class="i1">He, thurgh the thikkeste of the throng gan threste,</span> -<span class="i1">Ther, stomblen steedès stronge, and doun gooth al;</span> -<span class="i1">He, rolleth under foot as dooth a bal.”</span> -</div></div></div> - -<p>We see in the <i>Romance of Perceforest</i> how the ladies at a tournament -tore off pieces of their apparel to be used as tokens or favours by -their devoted knights, to an extent leaving them in a condition of -dishabille. A knight often wore “a kerchief of pleasance” on his -helmet, a token from his lady-love.</p> - -<p>In 1358 “Roiall iustes were holden in Smithfield, at which were present -the Kings of England, France and Scotland ... of which the more part of -the strangers were as their prisoners.”<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a></p> - -<p>“Moreouer, this year (1359) in the Rogation wéeke was solemne iusts -enterprised at London, for the maior and his foure and twentie brethern -as challengers did appoint to ansuer all commers, in whose name and -stéed the King with his foure sonnes, Edward, Lionell, John and Edmund, -and ninetéene other great lords; in secret manner came and held the -field with honor, to the great pleasure of the citizens that beheld the -same.”<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> -“Moreouer this yeare (1362) the fiue first daies of Maie, were kept -roiall iusts in Smithfield by London, the king and queene being -present, with a great multitude of ladies and gentlemen of both the -realms of England and France.”<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a></p> - -<p>Much detailed information concerning the jousting of the fourteenth -century has fortunately been preserved in the records of the wars in -France, some examples of which follow.</p> - -<p>At the time when the siege of Tournay was raised by means of a truce, a -tournament was held at Mons, at which Sir Gerard de Verchin, Seneschal -of Hainault, was mortally wounded.<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a></p> - -<p>Froissart states<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a> -that a combat took place before the walls of the town of Rennes in -1357, then being besieged by the English forces, between <i>a young -knight-bachelor</i>,<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a> -Bertrand du Guesclin, and an English cavalier, Sir Nicholas Dagworth. -The articles of combat provided for three courses with the lance, -three strokes with the battle-axe and three thrusts with the dagger. -These were all duly delivered, the knights bearing themselves right -gallantly, without hurt to either of them. The fight was viewed with -extreme interest by both armies.</p> - -<p>So far Froissart. But there is some doubt whether it was Sir Nicholas -Dagworth who was one of the principals in this duel; for in the -<i>Histoire de Bretagne</i> it is stated that it was William de Blanchbourg, -brother of the Governor of Fougerai, who was Sir Bertrand’s opponent -on the occasion, and that he was wounded and unhorsed. It is more -probable, however, that both duels were fought, though the last-named -combat was not likely to have taken place under the walls of Rennes, -for both cavaliers were Frenchmen.</p> - -<p>There is a singularly beautiful brass in the pavement of the south -chapel of Blickling Church, Norfolk, in memory of Sir Nicholas -Dagworth, who was a man of importance in the reigns of kings Edward III -and Richard II. He lived until the year 1401,<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a> -and his will appears in <i>Testamenta Vetusta</i>. The brass is given in -the Boutell Collection. It affords an excellent example of the armour -prevailing at the end of the fourteenth century, when the evolution -from chain-mail to full plate-armour had been almost completed. The -helmet is the pointed bascinet, with the camail, the latter with an -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> -ornamental bordering coming over the top of the jupon. The cyclas, -which has an enriched fringing, hides the body-armour from view, -and the knightly belt is elaborately decorated; the pouldrons are -articulated. The gauntlets, with short cuffs, have gads over the -fingers for use in the <i>mêlée</i>, and they show an imitation of -finger-nails, and the solerets are freely articulated. The knight’s -head rests on his great helm, which has a mantling; and a wreath, -surmounted by the crest, a griffin. The armour is enriched with -chasing. The Arms—Erm, on a fesse, gu., three bezants: impaling Rosale, -Cu., a fesse between six martlet’s or.</p> - -<p>The armour of the Black Prince in the Chapel of the Holy Trinity, at -Canterbury Cathedral, affords an excellent illustration of the degree -of progress reached in the last quarter of the fourteenth century. The -process of evolution from chain-mail to plate is here almost completed, -there being only small pieces of the former at the skirt, arms and -insteps of the solerets. The Prince died in 1376, and the date of his -effigy is somewhat later.</p> - -<p>During a skirmish at Toury, in France, shortly before the death of -King Charles V, in 1380, an esquire of Beauce, named Gauvain Micaille, -enquired through an herald if any English gentleman would be willing -to try a feat of arms with him—a joust of three courses, and the -exchange of three blows with the battle-axe and of three thrusts with -the dagger. The challenge was accepted by an English esquire, named -Joachim Cator. The Frenchman received a severe wound in the thigh in -the jousting, which was in contravention of the rules of the tourney; -but the Englishman pleaded that it was an accident solely due to the -restiveness of his horse; and this explanation was accepted by the -umpire.<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a></p> - -<p>An interesting tournament took place at Cambray in 1385 on the marriage -of the Count d’Ostrevant to the daughter of Duke Philip of Burgundy. -The ceremony was followed by a banquet at which the King of France -was present as well as the Duke. The tournament was held in the -market-place of the town, and forty knights took part, the King tilting -with a knight of Hainault. The prize was a clasp of precious stones, -taken from off the bosom of the Duchess of Burgundy; it was won by a -knight of Hainault, Sir John Destrenne, and was formally presented by -the Admiral of France and Sir Guy de la Trimouille.<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a></p> - -<p>The number of courses run in jousting and the blows and strokes -exchanged with battle-axes, swords and daggers at a meeting like that -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> -just described was usually three each; but they tended to increase as -the century advanced, and five got to be a common number, and later as -many as ten or even twelve. In the duel between Sir Thomas Harpenden -and Messire Jean des Barres, at Montereau sur Yonne in 1387, they -numbered “<i>cinq lances à cheval, cinq coups d’épée, cinq coups de dague -et cinq coups de hache</i>.” The first four courses of the jousts were run -with equal fortune, but in the fifth Sir Thomas was unhorsed and lay -senseless on the ground; he revived, however, after a time, and all the -strokes and blows were duly exchanged without further hurt to either -knight. The King of France was present on the occasion.<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a></p> - -<p>About this time, when the war between France and England was in full -progress, there was much jousting with pointed lances between the -knights and esquires of the two nations; safe-conducts being issued by -the commanders on either side.</p> - -<p>A meeting was arranged to take place near Nantes, under the auspices of -the Constable of France and the Earl of Buckingham. The first encounter -was a combat on foot, with sharp spears, in which one of the cavaliers -was slightly wounded; the pair then ran three courses with the lance -without further mishap. Next Sir John Ambreticourt of Hainault and Sir -Tristram de la Jaille of Poitou advanced from the ranks and jousted -three courses, without hurt. A duel followed between Edward Beauchamp, -son of Sir Robert Beauchamp, and the bastard Clarius de Savoye. Clarius -was much the stronger man of the two, and Beauchamp was unhorsed. The -bastard then offered to fight another English champion, and an esquire -named Jannequin Finchly came forward in answer to the call; the combat -with swords and lances was very violent, but neither of the parties -was hurt. Another encounter took place between John de Châtelmorant -and Jannequin Clinton, in which the Englishman was unhorsed. Finally -Châtelmorant fought with Sir William Farrington, the former receiving -a dangerous wound in the thigh, for which the Englishman was greatly -blamed, as being an infraction of the rules of the tourney; but an -accident was pleaded as in the case of the duel between Gauvain -Micaille and Joachim Cator. At this meeting the honours lay with the -Frenchmen.<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a></p> - -<p>Somewhat later a combat <i>à outrance</i><a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a> -took place at Chateau Josselin, near Vannes, between John Boucmel, a -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> -Frenchman, and Nicholas Clifford, in which Boucmel was struck on the -upper part of the breastplate by his opponent’s lance, which, glancing -off, entered his neck through the camail and severed the jugular vein, -killing him instantly.<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a> -A plate of Froissart’s represents this duel as a combat on foot with long -lances, taking place in a small quadrangular enclosure.</p> - -<p>Juvenal des Ursins states<a name="FNanchor_80_80" id="FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a> -that at the marriage of Charles VI, of France, with Isabel (Isabeau) -of Bavaria, 1385, jousts and grand fêtes took place in its honour. -Sir Peter Courtenay came to France at the time with the object of -accomplishing a feat of arms with the Seigneur de la Tremouille. -The King’s consent to the duel had been obtained, and the day and -place were fixed for its accomplishment. The knights appeared in the -lists on the day appointed in order to fulfil their engagement in -presence of the King, who, however, at the last moment, owing to some -remonstrances, forbade the combat: but a duel did take place at the -time between an English knight and the Seigneur de Clery, in which the -Englishman was wounded and unhorsed. This joust had been brought to the -notice of the Duke of Burgundy, who said that the offence committed -by a Frenchman in jousting with an enemy without the consent of his -sovereign was worthy of death; his Majesty, however, at length pardoned -the offender.</p> - -<p>Froissart describes a realistic tournament, held at Paris during the -wedding festivities, as between the Saracens under Saladin, and the -Crusaders, led by Richard Cœur de Lion.</p> - -<p>The feat of arms between Sir John Holland and Sir Reginald de Roye, a -French chevalier of distinction, held at the town of Entença, before -the King and Queen of Portugal and the Duke and Duchess of Lancaster, -presents features of its own. The French knight sent an invitation to -the Englishman entreating him to joust with him three courses with the -lance, and to exchange the same number of strokes with the battle-axe, -sword and dagger, for the love of his lady. The challenge was promptly -accepted, and an answer returned by the herald, together with a -safe-conduct for the Frenchman and his company. Sir Reginald arrived in -due time at Entença, handsomely accompanied by six score knights and -esquires. The meeting was held in a spacious close in the town, the -ground well strewn with sand; and galleries had been erected for the -accommodation of the royal and ducal parties, with other spectators. -The jousting was to be with sharp lances, to be followed by a contest -with sharp and well-tempered battle-axes, swords and daggers. The -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> -champions were well mounted and rode into the lists in full armour, -taking up positions for their careers at either end of the lists, with -the distance of a bow-shot between them. The signal for the onset -having been sounded, the knights charged each other at the gallop, and -Sir Reginald struck the bars of his opponent’s visor so stoutly that -his lance splintered on impact. Sir John Holland also struck the visor -of his adversary well and fairly, but the helmet of the Frenchman, -instead of having been securely laced to his body-armour as was usual, -was only held by a single thong, and of course slipped off, leaving the -knight bare-headed and Sir John’s lance unbroken. The jousters then -returned to their stations, and charged each other as before, and again -the same thing happened, owing to the same cause. The English who were -present regarded the unusual loose fastening of the helmet as a trick, -but the umpire, the Duke of Lancaster, ruled that it was admissible -for Sir John Holland to have employed the same artifice had he chosen -to do so, and that therefore he could not decide against the French -knight.<a name="FNanchor_81_81" id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a> -After the stipulated three courses with the lance had been run, the -knights fought three rounds each with battle-axes swords and daggers, -without either receiving a scratch. The French chevalier was adjudged -to have had the advantage, though both had done well.<a name="FNanchor_82_82" id="FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a></p> - -<p>In 1389 a deed of arms was performed at Bordeaux before the Duke of -Lancaster, between five Englishmen and five Frenchmen: three courses -with the lance, three courses with swords, and the same number with -battle-axes. None was wounded, but one of the English knights killed -the horse of a Frenchman with his lance, which greatly angered the -Duke, who replaced the loss with one of his own chargers.<a name="FNanchor_83_83" id="FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a></p> - -<p>The most prominent and accomplished jouster of his day was the -Chevalier Jean Le Maingre, called De Boucicaut, Mareschal of France -1368-1421, and his <i>Mémoires</i>,<a name="FNanchor_84_84" id="FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a> -by an unknown author, contain descriptions of some of his exploits in the tiltyard. One of these -recitals<a name="FNanchor_85_85" id="FNanchor_85_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a> -follows:—During the three years’ truce between France -and England, when King Charles VI was at Montpellier,<a name="FNanchor_86_86" id="FNanchor_86_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a> -the French Seigneurs De Boucicaut, de Sampi and de Roye challenged all comers, -being foreign knights and esquires, to joust five courses with lances, -pointed or blunted, at their pleasure, at St. Ingelbert,<a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> -a place near Calais; the <i>pas d’armes</i> (or the “<i>table-ronde</i>,” as it -is called in the <i>Chapitres d’Armes</i>, or articles of combat) to continue for -thirty days. A great elm stood before the pavilions of the challengers, -and hanging from its branches were two shields of wood, one of them -plated with iron, “<i>l’un de paix, l’autre de guerre</i>,” so that each -venant on arriving at the rendezvous could signify his pleasure as -to whether he elected to fight with pointed or rebated lances by -striking with a wand the shield for peace or that for war. The arms -and devices of the three tenans were painted above the two shields, -so that each venant might be able to select his adversary among them, -and a note blown on a horn proclaimed his choice. Each venant was to -furnish the king of arms with his name and titles, and to bring another -cavalier with him as his sponsor. The lists were richly decorated, the -challengers handsomely apparelled; and lavish hospitality was dispensed -in a pavilion specially pitched for the purpose. Any arms, armour, or -other requisites of which the venans might stand in need, were freely -provided, the motto everywhere displayed being “Ce que vouldrez.” The -chronicle goes on to state that on the first day of the jousting, -Jean de Holland, Earl of Huntingdon, half-brother to King Richard, -signified his intention of jousting with Boucicaut. Both lances were -fairly splintered in the first encounter, the second and third being -fought with equal fortune; but in the fourth the horse of the English -knight fell with its rider, who was severely injured, his antagonist -only retaining his seat by the prompt support of his varlets. Boucicaut -then retired to his pavilion, but was not allowed to remain resting -for long, for other English cavaliers desired to joust with him, and -he disposed of two other knights the same day. While he was engaged -in combat day after day, his fellow tenans were not idle, and the -thirty days stipulated in the <i>Chapitres d’Armes</i> ran their course. -Among other cavaliers from England taking part were Earl Marschal, -the knights de Beaumont, Thomas de Perci, de Clifford and Courtenay, -besides Sir John d’Ambreticourt and many Spanish and German cavaliers. -Boucicaut is said to have gone through the whole thirty days of -jousting without a scratch.</p> - -<p>The rôle of the tenans at a <i>pas d’armes</i> was no sinecure, and for -three knights to have held the <i>pas</i> for thirty days against all -comers, as in this case, must have been an arduous undertaking; and -very dangerous also, more especially as much of the jousting was with -pointed lances. No. XI of Froissart’s plates professes to depict one of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> -the jousts of this <i>pas d’armes</i>; but it pictures one at the tilt, -so that the drawing is obviously of a later date than that of the -Inglevert meeting, and was, in fact, executed in the reign of Edward -IV, when the tilt was in common use. Froissart<a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a> -gives a long and circumstantial account of this meeting, and states -that it was very richly appointed. King Charles of France was present -incognito, and had subscribed very handsomely towards the heavy -expenses incurred.</p> - -<p>Monkish chronicles, written in times not contemporaneous with the -events they describe, are usually unreliable in being coloured with -the circumstances of a later age; and any illuminations or wood-cuts -accompanying them are apt to reflect the times in which they were -executed, rather than those they are represented to portray, for the -artist fills in his picture with the details of the scenes before him. -However, with the accumulated knowledge we now possess, we are enabled -to correct some of the mistakes, from a chronological point of view.</p> - -<p>A royal tournament was held in London by King Richard II, immediately -after the Michaelmas of the year 1390, in honour of Queen Isabella; -and heralds were sent to proclaim it throughout England, Scotland, -Hainault, Germany, Flanders and France. Sixty knights were to joust -with rebated lances, as tenans, for two successive days, the Sunday and -Monday, against all comers; and the Tuesday following was set apart for -the esquires. The jousting was to be followed by banquets, dances and -sumptuous fêtes and entertainments of various kinds. The prizes for the -Sunday were as follows:—A rich crown of gold for the best lance among -the venans; and, for the most successful among the tenans, a very rich -golden clasp. Those for the Monday are not stated; but for the Tuesday, -the esquires’ day, they were a handsome charger, fully accoutred, and a -falcon, for the best lances of the venans and tenans, respectively. The -ladies were to act as judges and to present them. The Sunday’s jousting -was called the feast of the challengers. At three p.m. the procession -started from the Tower of London. Sixty barded chargers, an esquire -mounted on each, advanced at a foot’s pace; then sixty ladies of rank -richly apparelled and mounted on palfreys, rode in single file, each -leading a knight, in full armour, by a silver chain. The procession -thus formed proceeded along the streets of London, down Cheapside to -Smithfield, attended by minstrels and trumpeters. The King and Queen, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> -with their suites, accompanied by some of the great barons, had gone -earlier to Smithfield, and there awaited the arrival of the procession -and the knights from abroad. Their Majesties were lodged in the -Bishop’s palace, and there the banquets and dances were to be held. -Many foreign knights and esquires attended, and among them Sir William -of Hainault (Count d’Ostrevant)<a name="FNanchor_89_89" id="FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a> and the Count de St. Pol.</p> - -<p>On the arrival of the procession at Smithfield the knights mounted -their horses and prepared for jousting, which began soon after. The -prize for the best lance of the venans on the Sunday, the first day -of jousting, was awarded by the ladies to the Count de St. Pol; and -that for the most skilful knight among the tenans, to the Earl of -Huntingdon.<a name="FNanchor_90_90" id="FNanchor_90_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a> -The King led the tenans on the Monday; and the prize for the best -lance of the venans was awarded to the Count d’Ostrevant; that for the -most successful of their opponents to Sir Hugh Spencer. The esquires -jousted on the Tuesday, after which there was a banquet, and dancing -was continued until daybreak. There was jousting on the Wednesday for -knights and esquires indiscriminately; and on Thursday and Friday -fêtes, masques and banquets, after which the royal party left for -Windsor.<a name="FNanchor_91_91" id="FNanchor_91_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a></p> - -<p>Caxton refers to these royal jousts in the following terms:—</p> - -<p class="blockquot">“All of the King’s hous were of one sute, theyr cotys, -theyr armys, theyr sheldes and theyr trappours were embrowdred all with whyte -hertis, with crownes of gold about their necks, and cheynes of gold -hangyng thereon; whiche hertys were the King’s leverey, that he gaf to -lordes, ladyes, knyghtes, ＆ squyers, to know his houshold peple from -other; then four and twenty ladyes comynge to the justys, ladde<a name="FNanchor_92_92" id="FNanchor_92_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a> -four and twenty lordes with chynes of gold, and alle in the same sute -of hertes as is afore sayd, from the Tour on horsback thrurgh the -cyte of London into Smythfeld.” The narrative of this tournament by -Holinshed<a name="FNanchor_93_93" id="FNanchor_93_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a> -is far from being so picturesque as that of Froissart, and it differs -in some particulars from it. He says there were twenty-four ladies, not -sixty, mounted on palfreys; and that the prizes for the first day were -awarded to the Comte de St. Pol and the Earl of Huntingdon; and on the -Monday to the Earl of Ostravant and Sir Hugh Spencer.</p> - -<p>King Richard proclaimed another grand tournament to be held at Windsor -in one of the closing years of his reign; the tenans or challengers to -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> -be forty knights and forty esquires, clothed in green. The Queen was -present, but very few of the barons attended, owing to the great -unpopularity and arbitrary actions of the King,<a name="FNanchor_94_94" id="FNanchor_94_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a> -whose reign had begun under the happiest auspices, but the manifest -defects in his character brought his career to a sorrowful ending.</p> - -<p>There was a kind of tourney called the <i>Espinette</i> held at Lille, in -honour of a relic preserved there, which, though obscure, would seem to -have been but an ordinary joust with which certain annual ceremonies -were connected. Hewitt<a name="FNanchor_95_95" id="FNanchor_95_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a> -quotes the <i>Chronicle of Flanders</i> concerning a celebration in the year -1339:—“Jehan Bernier went to joust at the <i>Espinette</i>, taking with him -four damsels, namely, the wife of Seigneur Jehan Biensemé, the wife -of Symon du Gardin, the wife of Monseigneur Amoury de la Vingne, and -mademoiselle his own wife. And the said Jehan Bernier was led into the -lists by two of the aforesaid damsels by two golden cords, the other -two carrying each a lance. And the King of the <i>Espinette</i> this year -was Pierre de Courtray, who bore Sable, three golden Eagles with two -heads and red beaks and feet.” M. Leber gives some account of the <i>fête -de l’épinette</i> in the <i>Collection des traités</i>.</p> - -<p>The vamplate, <i>avant-plate</i>, placed on the shaft of the lance, for the -protection of the right hand and arm, first appears in the fourteenth -century; and so does the lance-rest on the breastplate. An ordinance -of the thirteenth century orders the lance to be blunted for the -tourney; but in the fourteenth it was ordered to be tipped with a -coronal, the short points of which were just sufficient to catch on -to the armour without being capable of piercing it. The helmet of the -fourteenth century was the pointed bascinet, with the camail or hood -of mail worn over the top of the cyclas. The great heaume used early -in the fourteenth century differs little from that of the end of the -thirteenth; later it assumed the form of a cylinder, surmounted by a -truncated cone. It was usually of iron, though sometimes of leather, -either ordinary or of <i>cuir-bouilli</i>. The fan crest, doubtless adopted -from a classic prototype, came into vogue in the last quarter of the -thirteenth century, though it is represented on the seal of King Richard I.</p> - -<p>Crests were made of various materials. Those for the cavaliers taking -part in the tournament at Windsor Park, in 1278, were of calf-skin, -one for the man and another for the horse, as shown in the Roll of -Purchases; that of the Black Prince, at Canterbury,<a name="FNanchor_96_96" id="FNanchor_96_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a> -was of cloth. They were attached to the helm by means of a thin iron bar. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> -Crests were usually affixed to the great helm, which was worn over the -bascinet; though there are instances of their being used alone on the -smaller head-piece.</p> - -<p>The heraldic crest does not appear before towards the close of the -thirteenth century; a notable instance may be cited in the case of -the remarkable effigy of Sir John de Botiler, in St. Bride’s Church, -Glamorganshire, which dates about the year 1300. The helmet of this -monument is the cervellière, which is a visor-less, saucer or shallow -basin-shaped head-piece, going over the hood of mail; and the crest -is embossed on its front. Crests were not generally worn before about -the end of the first quarter of the fourteenth century, after which -period they develop from comparative simplicity into fantastic and even -ridiculous conceptions.</p> - -<p>A strange fancy was the cap-of-maintenance, the placing of a cap of -velvet or other material on the helm, surmounted by the family crest; -and in the second half of the century or a little later the orle or -wreath and mantling or lambrequin are added.</p> - -<p>The shield of the century was of the triangular kite or heater-shaped -form.</p> - -<p>In 1390 “John de Hastings earle of Pembroke, as he was practising to -learne to ioust, thrugh mishap was striken about the priuie parts, by a -knight called Sir John S. John, that ran against him, so as his inner -parts being perished, death presentlie followed.”<a name="FNanchor_97_97" id="FNanchor_97_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a></p> - -<p>In 1398 the Earl of Crawford, of Scotland, jousted <i>à outrance</i>, i.e. -with sharp lances, with Lord Wells of England at London Bridge, the -23rd April, being the feast day of St. George. An attaint was made in -the first course, and both champions kept their seats. The Earl sat -so steadfast in his saddle under the shock that the by-standers cried -out that he was locked to his seat, on hearing which he jumped off his -horse and then vaulted back into his saddle again with such agility as -greatly to astonish the people. In the second course they met again -as before without either being hurt; but in the third Lord Wells “was -borne out of the saddle and sore hurt with a grieuous fall.”</p> - -<p>Not long after a duel on horseback took place in Scotland between -Sir Robert Morley, an Englishman, and Sir Archibald Edmounston, and -afterwards with another Scot Hugh Wallace, and the first-named was the -victor in both cases; but he was at length overcome by one Hugh Traill, -at Berwick, and died shortly after from chagrin.<a name="FNanchor_98_98" id="FNanchor_98_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span></p> -<div class="chapter"> - <h2 class="nobreak"><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV">CHAPTER IV</a></h2> -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap"><span class="smcap">The</span> fifteenth century -marks a very distinct epoch in the history of the tourney, which -became milder and less dangerous to life and limb; and during its -course a stricter observance than hitherto of the rules, regulations -and limitations prescribed were progressively more strictly enforced, -and their infringement subjected the offenders to severe and sometimes -degrading penalties. An oath to observe the rules of chivalry was -administered to all cavaliers taking part in the tournament.</p> - -<p>Body-armour had proved inadequate to resist the then weapons of attack, -and at the commencement of the century, or perhaps a couple of decades -earlier, the armour-smith was especially directing his attention -towards the strengthening of the knightly harness. The chief seat of -the industry for the greater part of the century was at Milan, at which -city armour was forged of such strength as to be capable of resisting -thrusts with the lance and strokes from the terrible battle-axe, sword -and mace practically without fracture; and one meets with references in -English and other records to orders being sent to Milan for harnesses -of proof, a civil garment being forwarded to indicate the stature and -build of the person, since ill-fitting suits would be apt to chafe the -wearers. But, while the best and most costly harnesses came from Italy, -less expensive equipments were imported into England from Germany; -for “<i>ostling</i>” (Easterling) armour is sometimes mentioned in English -articles of combat, and it was probably obtained through the agency of -the Hanseatic Confederation from their London depôt, the Steelyard, -then situated in what is now Lower Thames Street, London. The cost of -carriage also would be much less from Germany.</p> - -<p>The great armour-smiths of Milan at the period immediately under review -were members of the Missaglia Negroli family, which, like many others, -carried on their craft for several generations. The Germans have always -been wont to borrow the inventions and processes of other nations, and -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> -then often to cheapen them; and so it was with body-armour. They -gradually succeeded, under the personal inspiration and direction of -the Emperor Maximilian, in transferring the bulk of that industry, even -in the best harnesses, to German soil, until at length cities like -Nuremberg and Augsburg became the chief seats of the manufacture; and -indeed the bulk of the armours preserved to us of the later “Gothic” -and “Maximilian” styles are of German make. That Maximilian engaged -armour-smiths from Italy is seen by a contract made in 1494<a name="FNanchor_99_99" id="FNanchor_99_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_99_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a> -with the Milan armourers Gabrielle and Francesco de Merate, to erect and -equip for him a smithy in the town of Arbois, in Burgundy, to forge -there a certain number of harnesses at fixed prices. The armour worn -by Maximilian I at Worms, in 1495, in a combat on foot with the -Burgundian, Claude de Vaudrey, bears the stamp “m,e,r,” surmounted by -a crown, the Milan mark of these smiths, who came next in celebrity to -the Missaglias.</p> - -<p>Many ameliorations were conceived in the fifteenth century with a view -to further minimizing the risk of serious accidents, and one of the -most far-reaching and important was the application of the tilt in -jousting. Many injuries had befallen the riders in the tourney by the -collision of their horses, sometimes by accident, at others by design, -and the idea of the tilt was conceived greatly with a view towards -obviating this danger. The tilt, or <i>toile</i>, was at first a rope -hung with cloth, stretched along the middle of the lists, but later it -became a barrier of planks, along which the tilters charged in opposite -directions, their bridle-arms towards it, their lances held in rest in -their right hands on the tilt side of the horse’s neck, striking the -polished, glancing surface of their adversary’s armour at an angle. The -tilt had the advantage of lending a fixed direction to the jousters in -their careers, though they often failed to touch each other. With the -danger of these collisions removed, the knight ran his course with but -little risk.</p> - -<p>Jousting in the open with pointed lances was, however, continued by a -hardier type of jousters until long after the introduction of the tilt; -and here the saddle was without cantle, so as to offer no impediment to -unhorsing; and a cushion or mattress, stuffed with straw, was placed -over the chests of the horses, to act as a buffer in case of collision. -A rough game it was for a cavalier to be unseated and thrown to the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> -ground in his heavy armour, sometimes carrying a weight of two hundred -pounds; though his fall was broken by the ground of the lists being -covered with thickly strewn sand or mulched with refuse from the -tan-yard. This form was much practised in Germany, though strange -to say but little harm would seem to have been experienced by the -champions in their falls, greatly owing to the extensive padding -of their harnesses. Other important departures in the direction of -comparative safety were the designing of special forms of armour for -the tiltyard, and the introduction of additional or reinforcing -pieces, for doubly protecting those parts of the body on which the -brunt of the attack fell, viz. mainly on the left side. They first -appear in England in the reign of Edward IV. “William Lord Bergavenny -bequeathed to his son the best sword and harness for justs of peace and -that which belong to war.”</p> - -<p>The vamplate of this century was much enlarged, for the protection of -the lance-arm; and the steels of the saddles lent great protection to -the bodies of the jousters below the breast. The effect of all this was -to encase those taking part in the tourney in an almost impenetrable -shell, from which they could barely see or do more than couch and aim -their lances.</p> - -<p>Armour for the lists became sharply divided from that employed for -“hoasting” purposes, as harnesses for the field were called, though in -what country the change had its origin, whether in Burgundy, Italy or -Germany, is uncertain. It was in use in Burgundy in the year 1443, for -we read in the account given in <i>Mémoires D’Olivier De La Marche</i>,<a name="FNanchor_100_100" id="FNanchor_100_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_100_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a> -that during the time the necessary preparations were being made for -the tournament held at L’Arbre de Charlemagne, Dijon, in that year, -the young cavaliers practised jousting before the duke “<i>et là furent -faictes une jouste à selles plattes et en harnois de joûte</i>.”</p> - -<p>Harnesses for the lists assume different forms in Germany from those -in Italy. In the first-named country in the case of the armour for -jousting in the open, so to speak, the breastplate was flattened on -the right side for better couching and aiming the lance, which was -supported by a <i>Rasthaken</i> or queue behind, as well as by a lance-rest -in front, while in Italy the cuirass continued rounded in form. The -lance-rest (<i>Rüsthaken</i>) assumed various forms, though usually that of -a curved bracket. Reinforcing pieces were employed in all courses.</p> - -<p>There is another variety of armour which was used in <i>Scharfrennen</i>, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span><a name="FNanchor_101_101" id="FNanchor_101_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a> -but it, with the others, will be particularly described and illustrated -later on. Jousting at the tilt prevailed greatly in England, though -abroad many other varieties were practised as well. Jousting lances -were often painted or ornamented with party-coloured puffs of cloth -along their length. Lance-heads assumed various forms, examples of -which may be seen in several of the German museums and in the Tower of -London. Illustrations are given by Boeheim.<a name="FNanchor_102_102" id="FNanchor_102_102"></a><a href="#Footnote_102_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a> -The shafts varied in form, weight and thickness for the different courses.</p> - -<p>The armour for combats on foot was made very strong and heavy, and so -padded with under-clothing as to cause faintings and even deaths in -hot weather. Foot-fighting was rendered much safer by the introduction -of “barriers,” over which the champions fought, but they do not appear -much before the sixteenth century.</p> - -<p>The physical strain on those taking part in a tournament must have been -great, and the combatants weary at the end of a long day; nevertheless -they joined the ladies in the evening, when the successful competitors -received the prizes from their hands; and after the banquet came the dance.</p> - -<p>The century saw the mingling of the tourney with the pageant; the -<i>mêlée</i> had been much supplanted by the joust, which demanded more -individual skill, for in the throng and confusion of the <i>mêlée</i> the -element of chance helped certain of the combatants to a distinction -beyond their real deserts; while in the joust, which was a contest between -two champions only, each had to stand or fall solely on his own merits.</p> - -<p>A favourite form of the tourney of the fifteenth century was the -<i>Kolbenturnier</i> or baston course, which differed essentially from all -the others in that no personal injury was intended in the contest, the -object being to batter off the crest which decorated the helm of an -adversary; and it was thus purely a game or trial of skill. The weapon -employed was a <i>Kolben</i>, a heavy polygonally-cut baston or mace of hard -wood, about 80 cm. in length. The <i>Kolben</i> swells out along its shaft -to an obtuse point, has a round pommel, short grip, and a rondel-guard -of iron. There is an illustration of this weapon in the <i>Tourney-book -of René d’Anjou</i>. The helm, a huge, globose form of bascinet, was -latticed over the face with strong iron bars, and screwed to the -cuirass back and front; it was thickly lined inside and roomy enough to -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> -prevent any injury which might be caused by the heavy blows exchanged. -It was covered outside with leather and painted with various devices. -A fine example of this type of helm is at Dresden, and Boeheim in -<i>Waffenkunde</i>,<a name="FNanchor_103_103" id="FNanchor_103_103"></a><a href="#Footnote_103_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a> -figures one of them in the Collection Mayerfisch at Sigmaringen. -The saddle was the high one, known as the <i>Sattel im hohen Zeug</i>; -an example, of the second half of the fifteenth century, is in the -Germanische National Museum at Nuremburg. The <i>Kolbenturnier</i> ceased -being run about the end of the first quarter of the sixteenth century. -It was at first practised on foot, and doubtless grew out of the -Judicial combats with the baston of the lower classes. Boeheim in -<i>Waffenkunde</i><a name="FNanchor_104_104" id="FNanchor_104_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_104_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a> illustrates Duke Georg of Bayern-Zandshut, at -Heidelberg, armed for a <i>Kolbenturnier</i> in 1482: from Hans Burgmaior’s -<i>Turnierbuch</i>, in possession of the Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen.</p> - -<p>The crests of the fifteenth century are most fanciful and fantastic, -such as a crowned unicorn or the tail of a fox; many examples may be -seen in the tourney-book of King René, the Beauchamp pageants, the -German tourney books, and other works of the kind; and René describes -their construction very fully. They are fragile and made greatly of -the same materials as those of the century preceding, though oftener -of <i>cuir-bouilli</i>, which substance was more substantial and enduring. -The tapestry at Valenciennes, which pictures a <i>mêlée</i> of the fifteenth -century, shows numerous fragments of crests lying on the ground under -the hoofs of the horses. The knights prized their crests greatly; and -they were often buried with them. They were fixed in position by an -iron bar or brooch; an example of the latter may be seen at the Musée -d’Artillerie, Paris. Sometimes the horse was also provided with a -crest, as in the tournament at Windsor Park in 1278.</p> - -<p>The hours during which <i>fêtes d’armes</i> took place show that the -lists were frequently artificially lighted, and, indeed, torches and -flambeaux are sometimes mentioned.</p> - -<p>Tournaments held at the royal and princely courts of the countries -of chivalry were strictly games, the hosts often challenging their -guests to trials of skill; and some correspondence preserved of the -fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, between German princes, shows what -a great part these martial sports played in the routine of their daily -lives; second only, if even that, to the chase. Kurfürst Albrecht von -Brandenburg, writing to a friend in the last quarter of the century, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> -says:—“<i>Wir sind yor mit gots hilff die fordersten im Turnier gewesen -und gedenkens aber zu bleiben</i>.”<a name="FNanchor_105_105" id="FNanchor_105_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_105_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a> -Maximilian, writing, at the age of nineteen, to Sigmund Pruschenk, -remarks:—“<i>Ich hab das pest gethan, wann ich hab VIII stechholz -zerstossen</i>.”<a name="FNanchor_106_106" id="FNanchor_106_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a></p> - -<p>Much depended on the docility and training of the chargers, which -were often ridden blindfolded, and they were sometimes influenced by -a spirit of combat like their riders. The bodies of the horses were -padded and covered by the trapper, which fell down almost to the -ground, considerably hampering their motions; a mattress of straw, -crescent-formed, protected their chests;<a name="FNanchor_107_107" id="FNanchor_107_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_107_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a> -their ears were sometimes stopped with wool or oakum; the head and tail -frequently decorated with feathers; and the animals advanced towards -each other at a hand-gallop. The rowel-spurs had long necks. Each -variety of joust had its own special type of saddle, devised with the -object of making unhorsing either difficult or easy as the case might -be. These saddles will be described in their order. Each prince or man -of rank and fortune kept a considerable number of horses continually in -practice; and the correspondence of the times reveals many requests for -their loan.</p> - -<p>It was at the courts of Aix and Burgundy where for long the tourney -was much fostered; and at both it may be said to have been reduced -almost to a science. At the first-named court it was much a matter of -amusement, emulation and relaxation; while in the latter, then the most -brilliant in Europe, it was greatly the policy of the sovereign to -encourage tournaments and fêtes of all kinds. They kept the leaders of -the armies and the chevaliers generally in close touch with the head of -the state and the country, besides providing gladiatorial spectacles -for the duke’s somewhat restless and discontented subjects, who were -often smarting under heavy imposts to provide him with the means for -constant schemes of aggression and a profuse display, and who were -frequently in a state of revolt. After the tragic death of Charles the -Bold, the jousting traditions of the court of Burgundy passed over to -that of Maximilian of Austria, who would seem to have made successful -jousting one of the great objects of his life.</p> - -<p>There is perhaps necessarily a certain degree of monotony and -repetition in the narrations of the chroniclers of the joust and -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> -tourney, but they convey collectively a much clearer idea of these -encounters than a mere bald statement of the leading facts could do, -and they reflect the chivalrous spirit of the times in the incessant -craving of the young cavaliers for notoriety and distinction in the -tiltyard. Many examples of jousts and <i>pas d’armes</i> of the fifteenth -century are given in the <i>Chronique de Monstrelet</i>, the <i>Mémoires de la -Marche</i>, and <i>Chastelain’s Cronique Jacques de Lalain</i>. The <i>Chronicle -of Euguerrand de Monstrelet</i>, with its somewhat irregular continuations -by de Couci and others, commences where that of Froissart leaves off, -viz. in the year 1400; and it has the advantage of being for the most -part contemporaneous in regard to the events it narrates. Monstrelet’s -style of writing is less sprightly and more monotonous than that of -Froissart; but he gives dates to his recitals, which, however, leave -much to be desired on the score of accuracy. The names of personages -and even towns given in the <i>Chronicles</i> are most perplexing, being -frequently so distorted as to make identification an impossibility. -Like Froissart, Monstrelet does not confine himself to the events of -the period under review in France and Burgundy, but deals also with -those of other countries in relation to them. The <i>Chronicles</i>, which -really amount to a history, afford a good insight into the subject of -the jousts and tourneys of the times; and Monstrelet states that his -information was carefully collected from heralds, kings-of-arms and -other officials of the lists. Monstrelet was born about 1390 and died -in 1453.</p> - -<p>The Bibliothèque de Bourgogne in the National Library at Brussels -possesses many illuminations of the reign of Philip the Good and -Charles the Bold; and there are also several in the Paris Collection -and particularly in the <i>Armorial de la Toison d’Or</i>.</p> - -<p>An Ashmolean MS., No. 1116, ff. 137b-86, gives the names and arms of -the sovereigns and knights of the Order of the Golden Fleece (Toison -d’Or) from its institution in 1429 to the twenty-third festival of the -Order, which was held by Philip II, King of Spain, 12 Aug. 1559; it -gives historical accounts of the celebration of the feasts. The MS., -which is in French, is beautifully written, with the arms tricked. -Other MSS. in the same Collection, 139-66, 167-75b, of the year 1431, -give the statutes and ordinances of the Order.</p> - -<p><a href="#APPENDIX_A">Appendix A</a> furnishes an abstract of all -the Ashmolean MSS. relating to the tourney, for reference by our readers. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span></p> - -<p><i>The Mémoires D’Olivier De La Marche</i> teem with spirited descriptions -of numerous <i>fêtes d’'armes</i> held at the Burgundian court during -the reign of Duke Philippe le Bon, which are full of detail; and -several of them bear the impress of having been written by an actual -eye-witness, with ample opportunities for getting information, and -with a sufficiency of technical knowledge for placing the scope and -minutiæ of the encounters accurately and vividly before us. They -also afford invaluable details of the costumes of the period, giving -minute particulars of the dresses, and all matters connected with the -lists. The Seigneur de la Marche was a Burgundian, born about 1425; he -was appointed a page to his master the Duke in 1447, and was dubbed -chevalier after the battle of Montlehéry. He distinguished himself -before Ghent in 1452, was appointed a commissionary to the forces in -1456, was made a prisoner at Nancy in 1476, and died in 1502. The -Mémoires cover a period of about fifty-three years, and form a very -valuable contribution to the history of the tourney. They were first -published in 1562.<a name="FNanchor_108_108" id="FNanchor_108_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_108_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a> -Jean de Féore, Seigneur de St. Remy, describes some of the <i>pas -d’armes</i> of the century; and the <i>Traité de Tournois</i>, by Louis de -Bruges, written in the reign of Charles VIII, of France, deals with -others of a later period. The Beauchamp Peageants<a name="FNanchor_109_109" id="FNanchor_109_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_109_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a> -afford some excellent illustrations of jousts and combats on foot and on -horseback. They are reproduced in the <i>History of the Life and Acts of -Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick</i>, by John Rouse, the Warwickshire -antiquary and historian, who died on the 14th of February, 1491, the -seventh year of Henry VII. Earl Richard was born in 1381 and died -in 1439. Hefner’s plates, Nos. 109 and 138, also picture jousts and -tourneys of this period.</p> - -<p><i>The Romance of Petit Jehan de Saintré</i>,<a name="FNanchor_110_110" id="FNanchor_110_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_110_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a> -written in 1459, by Antoine de la Sale, contains fifteen large and fine -illustrations of jousts, combats on foot, etc., which, as far as we can -judge, fairly represent such knightly encounters of the period. -Hewitt<a name="FNanchor_111_111" id="FNanchor_111_111"></a><a href="#Footnote_111_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a> -mentions the equipments and colours, as shown on fol. 39: “<i>Near Knight.</i>—Armour, -iron-colour; feet, black; crest, red flower with gold leaves; saddle, -bridle, and stirrup-leather, red; trapper, blue, marked with darker -blue and lined with white fur. <i>Far Knight.</i>—Armour and feet as -before; crest, gold with red feathers; saddle, buff; trapper, dark with -black markings; bells, gold. Chanfreins both ridged and spiked, gold; -the rest iron. The barrier is red and marked with a deeper red. It will -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> -be observed that, except the helm, the whole armour differs in nothing -from the usual war suit.” The <i>Mémoires of the Sire de Haynin</i><a name="FNanchor_112_112" id="FNanchor_112_112"></a><a href="#Footnote_112_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a> -afford some interesting details in connection with <i>pas d’armes</i>.</p> - -<p>The rules of the tourney promulgated by René d’Anjou, King of Naples, -Sicily and Jerusalem, and Duke of Lorraine, in <i>Tournois du Roi René</i>, -are most important. They contain many restrictions in the use of -weapons, and all tend towards restraining the violence and disorder -which had hitherto prevailed, and towards rendering these warlike games -less dangerous; and they inculcate a spirit of chivalry, thus doing -away greatly with much of the brutality of the former age. René thought -lances too cumbersome for the tourney, and considered the proper -weapons to be rebated swords and maces. The famous duel between the -dukes of Brittany and Bourbon is described. But little jousting took -place at Aix, the <i>mêlée</i> being preferred. There are several splendid -manuscripts of the King’s writings extant, four of them at Paris, -illuminated by the King himself, and they go into the minutest details -of all which concern the tourney as practised at Aix.</p> - -<p>“The Ordinaunce, statutes and rules made by John Lord Typtofte, Erle -of Worcester, Counstable of England by the Kinges commaundment, at -Windsor the 29 of May ao sixto Edwardi quarti (1466), to be observed -and kepte in all manner of Justes of pees royall with in this realme of -England.”<a name="FNanchor_113_113" id="FNanchor_113_113"></a><a href="#Footnote_113_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a></p> - -<p>There are several copies of the rules extant. The version here given, -in an abridged form, is taken from the <i>Antiquarian Repertory</i>. It was -copied from a MS. M. 61 in the Herald’s College.<a name="FNanchor_114_114" id="FNanchor_114_114"></a><a href="#Footnote_114_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a></p> - -<p>Another copy may be seen in <i>Nugae Antiquae</i>, by Park, which is -referred to in <i>Archæologia</i>, or the year 1813.<a name="FNanchor_115_115" id="FNanchor_115_115"></a><a href="#Footnote_115_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a> -They are also printed in Dr. Meyrick’s <i>Critical Essay on Antient Armor</i>, -III, 179-86, with valuable notes from the MS. M. 6, in the Herald’s College.</p> - -<p>These rules run:—</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p class="neg-indent">“Firste, whoso breaketh most speares, as they -ought to be broken, shall have the price.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">Item, whoso hitteth thre tymes in the heaulme, -shall have the price.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">Item, whoso meteth two tymes coronoll to -coronoll, shall have the price.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">Item, whoso beareth a man downe with stroke of -speare, shall have the price.</p> - -<p class="center space-above1"><i>For the price.</i></p> - -<p class="neg-indent">Firste, whoso beareth a man downe owte of the -saddell, or putteth him to earthe, horse and man, shall have the -price, before him that striketh coronoll to coronoll two times. <span -class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span></p> - -<p class="neg-indent"> Item, he that striketh coronoll to coronoll -two tymes, shall have the price before him that strike the sight thre -tymes.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">Item, he that striketh the sight thre tymes, -shall have the price before him that breake the moste speares.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">Item, yf there be any man that fortunetly in this -wise shalbe deemed he bode longest in the feeld heaulmed, and ranne the -fairest course, and gave the greatest strokes, helpinge himself best -with his speare.”</p> - -<p class="center space-above1"><i>How prices shalbe loste.</i></p> - -<p class="neg-indent">First. Whosoe striketh a horse, shall not have -the price.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">Second. Whosoe striketh a mannes backe, turned or -disarmed of his speare, shall have no price.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">Third. Who hitteth the toyle, or tilte 3 times, -shall have no price.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">Fourth. Whosoe unhelmes himselfe 2 times, shall -have no price, without his horse faile him.</p> - -<p class="center space-above1"><i>How speares shall be allowed.</i></p> - -<p class="neg-indent">First. Whoso breaketh a speare betweene the -saddle, and the charnell of the helme, shall be allowed one.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">Whoso breaketh a speare from the charnell -vpwards, shall be allowed one.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">Whoso breaketh and putteth his aduersary downe, -and out of the saddle, or disarmeth him in such wise, as he may not -runne the next course after, shall be allowed three speares broken.</p> - -<p class="center space-above1"><i>How Speares broken be disallowed.</i></p> - -<p class="neg-indent">First. Who breaketh a speare on the sadle, shall -be disallowed for a speare broken.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">Second. Who hitts the tilt or toile once, shall -be disallowed for 2 speares broken.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">Third. Whosoe hitts the tilt twice shal be for -the two times abated, for 3 speares broken.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">Fourth. Whosoe breaketh a speare within a foot of -the crownall (coronal), shall be judged as no speare broken, but a good -attaynte.</p> -</div> - -<p>A few short rules follow for the <i>mêlée</i> and barriers.</p> - -<p>There is much confusion in the nomenclature employed by chroniclers -in their descriptions of these chivalric war-games, and the terms -“<i>tournois</i>,” “tourney,” “joustes” or “<i>joûtes</i>” and “<i>pas d’armes</i>,” -are often confounded with each other, all or any being sometimes used -in a general sense to cover various forms of jousting and the tourney: -and such meetings often received the general appellation of <i>fêtes -d’armes</i>. In a contemporary recital of the meeting in 1559, which -Henry II of France received his fatal wound, the terms “<i>joûtes</i>,” -“<i>tournois</i>,” and <i>pas d’armes</i> are all employed to express the -proceedings as a whole. The term “tourney” is very frequently used to -denote the <i>mêlée</i>.</p> - -<p>A <i>pas d’armes</i> or passage of arms usually covered a variety of martial -exercises. It was open to all comers, being knights and esquires -qualified to take part, who were invited by proclamation to attend. -The field was held by a certain number of challengers, called “<i>les -tenans</i>” or holders of the <i>pas</i>; while the attacking cavaliers were -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> -known as “<i>les venans</i>,” or comers, who came to try and wrest the <i>pas</i> -from them. A <i>pas d’armes</i> was also an imitation of an operation of -war, a <i>Scharmützel</i>, in the attack and defence of a supposed position -of strength, such as a pasteboard bridge-head, a castle of wood or -the assumed gate to a town; the contest being waged with all the -ardour of real warfare, though tempered by certain rules, pretences -and limitations. The term <i>pas d’armes</i> is comprehensive, for besides -jousting and strokes with the sword, etc., such meetings often included -combats on foot; and, after the middle of the fifteenth century, -contests on horseback with the baston or mace; and they often concluded -with the tourney proper or <i>mêlée</i>, troop against troop.</p> - -<p>In the <i>Antiquarian Repertory</i><a name="FNanchor_116_116" id="FNanchor_116_116"></a><a href="#Footnote_116_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a> -is the following account of a <i>pas d’armes</i> held about the end -of the fifteenth century:—</p> - -<p class="blockquot">“The king assigns to four maidens of his court -the umpireship of the castle called ‘Loyall’; for the attack and -defence of which they are to arrange as they may collectively decide -upon. The castle is a mock fortress, representing one which had been -subjected to a remarkable siege in history. The ladies confide its -guard and custody to a captain and fifteen cavaliers to defend the -‘pas’ against all comers. A unicorn is placed within the lists, the -four legs of which support as many shields, coloured white, red, yellow -and blue respectively. The first shield signifies the opening jousts at -the tilt, to be run in ‘hoasting’ armour, with double or reinforcing -pieces; the second shield denotes that in the tourney which follows the -jousting twelve strokes with the sword are to be exchanged; the third a -combat on foot at barriers, the same number of strokes with one-handed -swords; the fourth, the defence and assault of the castle, with swords, -shields and morris-pikes. The points and edges of all the weapons -employed in the four sections to be rebated, only the foyne<a name="FNanchor_117_117" id="FNanchor_117_117"></a><a href="#Footnote_117_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a> -excepted. Any cavalier, except the leader of either side, if taken -prisoner, may be ransomed with three yards of satin, but captains must -pay the cost of thirteen yards for their freedom. The <i>pas d’armes</i> to -continue from the 27th November to New Year’s Day. The hours, after the -first day, from one in the afternoon to seven in the evening.”<a name="FNanchor_118_118" id="FNanchor_118_118"></a><a href="#Footnote_118_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a></p> - -<p>Other clauses in the <i>Chapitres d’Armes</i> are:—</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p class="neg-indent">“Item. Yt shalbe lawfull for the assaulters to -devise all manner of engynes for the wynenge of the said castell; engyn -or tole to breake the ground or howse with all only excepted.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">Item. None do meddell with fier neyther within or -without but to fire their gunnes.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">Item. If any man be disarmed, he maye withdrawne -himselfe if he will; but once past the barres, he may not com agayne -into the torney for that daye. Also there shall no man have his servant -within the barres with any peace of harnois, for no man shalbe within -the said barres but such as shalbe assigned by the king’s grace.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">Item. Who shall beste demeane himselfe at thee -same arte of armes, shall have a sword, garnished, to the valew of -three hundred crownes or under.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">Item. If any man strike a horse with his speare, -he shalbe put out of the torny withowt any favour; and if any slaye -an horse, he shall paye to the owner of the said horse an hundred -crownes in recompence; also yt is not to be thought that any man will -slaye an horse willingly; for if he do it, it shall be to his great dishonor.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">Item. He that uses a close gauntlet (a locking or -forbiden gauntlet) shall win no prize.<a name="FNanchor_119_119" id="FNanchor_119_119"></a><a href="#Footnote_119_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a></p> - -<p class="neg-indent">Item. He that his sword falleth owt of his hand, -shal win no prize.”</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> -The gaining of prizes in jousting was settled as a rule by a counting -of points, for and against, and they were usually:—</p> - -<p>Breaking a lance fairly on the body of an adversary, below the helmet, -1 point; above the breast, 2 points; unhorsing, 3 points. Points -would be lost by striking the saddle or the tilt. A lance should be -splintered more than a foot above the head.</p> - -<p>The long wars between France and England had engendered much hatred -and bitterness between the nations, and frequent combats in the -lists, <i>à outrance</i>, continued to take place between the respective -cavaliers, many of which fights were characterized by great violence -and ruthlessness. Matters at length got to such a pass that in the -year 1409 the French King issued an ordinance against all such combats -between cavaliers of the two nations.<a name="FNanchor_120_120" id="FNanchor_120_120"></a><a href="#Footnote_120_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a> -Certain combats, however, continued to take place under royal licence.</p> - -<p>In the year 1400 by advice of the Earl of Huntingdon, “solemne iusts -were to be enterprised between him and 20 on his part, and the earle of -Salisburie and 20 with him, at Oxford.” This was a conspiracy for the -assassination of King Henry IV, but the plot miscarried.<a name="FNanchor_121_121" id="FNanchor_121_121"></a><a href="#Footnote_121_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a></p> - -<p>In the year 1400 Michel d’Oris, an esquire of Arragon, sent to Calais, -by a pursuivant-at-arms, a challenge to a deed of arms, addressed to -the Cavaliers of England, in the following terms:—</p> - -<p lang="fr" class="blockquot">“Au nom de Dieu, et de la benoite vierge -Marie, de saint Michel et de saint George, je, Michel d’Oris, pour -mon nom exhausser, sachant certainement la renommée des prouesses de -chevalerie d’Angleterre, ai, au jour de la date de ces présentes, pris -un tronçon de gréve à porter à ma jambe jusqu’à tant qu’on chevalier -du dit royaume d’Angleterre m’aura délivré à faire les armes qui -s’ensuivent. Premièrement, d’entrer en place à pied, et d’être armé -chacun ainsi que bon lui semblera, et d’avoir chacun sa dague et son -épée sur son corps, en quelque lieu qu’il lui plaira, ayant chacun une -hache, dont je baillerai la longueur. Et sera le nombre des coups de -tous les bâtons et armes ensuivant: c’est à savoir: de la hache, dix -coups sans reprendre. Et quand ces dix coups seront parfaits et que -le juge dira: Ho! nous férirons dix coups d’épée sans reprendre ni -partier l’un de l’autre, et sans changer harnois. Et quand le juge aura -dit: Ho! nous viendrons aux dagues et férirons dix coups sur main. Et -si aucun de nous perdoit ou laissoit cheoir un de ses bâtons, l’autre -pourra faire son plaisir du bâton, qu’il tiendra jusqu’à ce que le juge -ai dit: Ho! Et les armes à pied accomplies, nous monterons à cheval; et -sera armé du corps chacun ainsi qu’il lui plaira, et aura deux chapeaux -de fer paraux, lesquels je liverai; et choisra mon dit compagnon lequel -qu’il lui plaira des deux chapeaux: et aura chacun tel gorgerin qu’il -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> -lui plaira, et avec ce, je baillerai deux selles, dont mon dit -compagnon aura le choix. Et outre plus, aurons deux lances d’une -longueur; desquelles lances nous férirons vingt coups sans reprendre, -à cheval, sur main; et pourrons férir par devant et par derrière, -depuis le faux du corps en amont. Et icelles armes de lances faites -et accomplies, ferons les armes qui s’ensuivent: C’est a savoir, s’il -advenoit que l’un ou l’autre ne fût blessé, nous serons tenus après, en -icelle journée même et au second jour après, férir de coups de lance à -course de chevaux à trois rangs, tant que l’un ou l’autre cherra par -terre ou soit blessé, si qu’il n’en puisse plus faire. Et que chacun -s’arme à sa volonté le corps et la téte. Et les targes soient de nerfs -ou de cornes, sans ce qu’elles soient de fer ni d’acier, ni qu’il y ait -aucune maîtrise. Et courrons les dites lances atout les selles que les -dits chevaux auront, faisant les dites armes à cheval: et chacun liera -et mettra ses étriers à sa volonté, sans faire nulle maîtrise. Et pour -y ajouter plus grande foi et fermeté, je Michel d’Oris, ai scellé cette -lettre du sceau de mes armes: laquelle lettre fut faite et écrite à -Paris le vendredi vingtième jour d’Août l’an 1400.”<a name="FNanchor_122_122" id="FNanchor_122_122"></a><a href="#Footnote_122_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a></p> - -<p>This letter is given in full, for it affords much first-hand -information in a concrete form of the procedure of a combat of the -period as well as the manner of such cartels.</p> - -<p>The letter states that the Spaniard had attached to his leg “<i>un -tronçon de gréve</i>,” being a piece of a greave (armour for the shin), -presumably of iron, causing him pain and inconvenience, which he had -vowed to continue wearing until delivered from it by a combat with a -gentleman of England. To this end he had sent his cartel to Calais, -proclaiming his wish for such an encounter, laying down very precise -conditions for a fight at which ten strokes with the axe, ten with -the sword, and the same number of thrusts with the dagger were to be -exchanged; to be followed by twenty courses with lances, on horseback. -The pursuivant duly delivered the letter at Calais, where it was seen -by Sir John Prendergast, who accepted the challenge in his own person, -on behalf of the chivalry of England, subject, of course, to the -permission of his sovereign to the duel being obtained. No reply being -forthcoming from the Spaniard within a reasonable time. Sir John sent -him a letter, stating that the time and place for the combat had been -arranged, and an umpire appointed. There being still no reply, another -letter followed demanding an answer, and at length one arrived, with -excuses for the delay and complaining that Sir John had broken the -treaty in an umpire having been chosen without the name having been -first submitted to him; though showing no burning desire to have the -matter arranged to his own satisfaction. The correspondence continued -over four years and came to nothing after all; but for how long the -Spaniard continued wearing the piece of greave pricking his leg history -does not tell. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span></p> - -<p>In the year 1402 the Sire de Harpedenne, Seneschal de Saintonge, having -heard that certain English knights desired to perform a deed of arms -for the love of their ladies, suggested to the Duke of Orleans that six -gentlemen of his household should challenge a like number of English -cavaliers to a combat <i>à outrance</i>. The duke agreeing, the invitation -was duly sent and promptly accepted, the fight to take place near -Bordeaux on the 19th May, 1402. Much pressure was brought to bear on -the duke to induce him to withdraw his sanction, on the ground that -such a combat would tend to increase the bitterness between the nations -which already prevailed; but he continued to encourage the scheme, and -even went to Saint Denis to pray for the success of his countrymen. -Arnault Guilhem, Sire de Barbazan, a chevalier of repute, undertook the -leadership of the French contingent.</p> - -<p>The Sire de Harpedenne and the Earl of Rutland were appointed umpires -of the fight; and on the arrival of the French chevaliers at the place -of combat they heard Mass, and the Sire de Barbazan addressed them on -the justice of their cause, animating them to deeds of valour for their -country’s sake; while the Englishmen thought more of a good meal before -fighting. According to the French account of the fight, the Englishmen -had conceived a stratagem for two of their number, by preconcerted -action, suddenly to assail one of the French cavaliers, with the object -of reducing their number to five, as against the English six; but the -plan failed, and it was one of the Englishmen that was killed, thus -turning the tables.<a name="FNanchor_123_123" id="FNanchor_123_123"></a><a href="#Footnote_123_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a> -This gave a preponderance to the Frenchmen, but the fight continued -long, obstinate and bloody, resulting in the victory of the -French.<a name="FNanchor_124_124" id="FNanchor_124_124"></a><a href="#Footnote_124_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a></p> - -<p>In the same year Louis, Duke of Orleans, sent a challenge to Henry -IV, King of England, proposing a combat between them with lances, -battle-axes, swords and daggers, the fight to continue until one of -them surrendered, which the king declined, on the ground that he could -only fight with his equal.</p> - -<p>In 1403 a deed of arms, <i>à outrance</i>, was performed at Valentia, four -Spanish cavaliers against four Frenchmen, the King of Arragon acting as -umpire; and the articles of combat provided for a fight on foot with -axes, swords and daggers. The Seneschal of Hainault led the French, and -the Seigneur de Sainte Coulombe, a member of the king’s household, the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> -Spaniards. Highly decorated lists had been erected for the occasion, -and the king took his seat on the tribune, expressing the hope that the -fight might not take place; but the parties urged that great expense -had been incurred, and that the French cavaliers had come from a -distance at heavy charges in answer to the challenge. The king yielded -to these arguments, and gave the signal for the onset. A gallant fight -with axes ensued, during which one of the Spaniards seized a Frenchman -by the leg and was preparing to stab him with his dagger when the king -cast his bâton, putting an end to the conflict, to the great chagrin of -both sides.<a name="FNanchor_125_125" id="FNanchor_125_125"></a><a href="#Footnote_125_125" class="fnanchor">[125]</a></p> - -<p>Plate XI in <i>Horda Angel-Cynnan</i> “shewes how atte coronacion of -quene Jane<a name="FNanchor_126_126" id="FNanchor_126_126"></a><a href="#Footnote_126_126" class="fnanchor">[126]</a> -erle Richarde kepte juste for the quene’s part ageynst -all commers, when he so notably and so knyghtly behaved himself, as -redounded to his noble fame and perpetuall worship.” Sir Richard was -then twenty-two years old. The illustration shows a joust at the tilt, -run with lances tipped with coronals, the earl’s crest being the bear -and ragged staff. The armour and general aspect of the picture point -to the period when the Memoir was written rather than to the actual -date of the joust. The tilt is of four planks, and appears to be nearly -six feet in height. The royal party is seated in a balcony overlooking -the lists, and there are raised galleries for the officials and -better-class spectators, and seats on the level of the lists for the -general public.</p> - -<p>Plate XX. Sir Pandolf Malatesta sent a challenge to Earl Richard, -first to joust, and “then go togedres with axes; after which armyng -swerdes;<a name="FNanchor_127_127" id="FNanchor_127_127"></a><a href="#Footnote_127_127" class="fnanchor">[127]</a> -and last with sharp daggers.” The jousting finished, “they went to -gedres with axes, and if the lord Calcot hadde not the sonner cried -peas, Sir Pandolf sore wounded on the left shoulder hadde been utterly -slayn on the felde.”<a name="FNanchor_128_128" id="FNanchor_128_128"></a><a href="#Footnote_128_128" class="fnanchor">[128]</a> -The illustration pictures the combat on foot with <i>becs de faucon</i>, -weapons more picks than axes. The helmets are armets, the earl’s crest -his well-known cognizance, and he wears a tabard-shaped surcoat. The -equipment is not contemporaneous with the time of the duel, but rather -that of the date of the Memoir. The plate in <i>Horda</i> is reproduced -on our <a href="#PLATE_I">Plate I</a>. The copy from the MS. is not quite correct in -the delineation of the weapon wielded by the earl, owing to a blur on the original.</p> - -<p>Plate XXVIII pictures a combat on horseback, with rebated swords.</p> - -<p>Plate XXXV shows Earl Richard jousting at the tilt incognito. He wears -a “volant-piece.”</p> - -<div id="PLATE_I" class="figcenter"> - <p class="f120 space-above2"><b><i>PLATE I</i></b></p> - <img src="images/i_p052a.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="507" /> - <p class="f120">COMBAT ON FOOT BETWEEN<br /> SIR RICHARD - BEAUCHAMP<br /> AND SIR PANDOLF MALATESTA</p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="PLATE_I_2" src="images/i_p052b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="350" /> - <p class="f120 space-below1">THE TAPESTRY AT VALENCIENNES</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> -Plate XXXVI. The earl is jousting at the tilt. “The erle smote up the -visar (of his adversary) thries, and brake his besauges and other harneys.”</p> - -<p>Plate XXXVII pictures the earl jousting with his face exposed.</p> - -<p>Plate XL “shewes howe a mighty duke chalenged erle Richard for his lady -sake, and he justyng slewe the duke,” the lance going through his body. -This joust is with sharp lances in the open. The duke wears a jousting -shield, and the earl a “volant-piece.”</p> - -<p>In 1415 three Portuguese cavaliers fought the same number of Frenchmen, -at St. Ouen, near Paris, in presence of the King of France. The -combat was a severe one, resulting at length in the discomfiture of -the Portuguese, who succumbed to the Frenchmen. The manner of this -surrender so disgusted the authorities and spectators that the defeated -party was forcibly expelled the lists.<a name="FNanchor_129_129" id="FNanchor_129_129"></a><a href="#Footnote_129_129" class="fnanchor">[129]</a></p> - -<p>In 1420 there were several curious subterranean combats, between French -and English cavaliers, at Montereau, that town being then besieged by -the troops of the Dauphin. The English had laid mines extensively under -the walls; and it was in these excavations that the fights took place, -by the light of the flambeaux and torches. The first who fought on the -French side was Louis Juvenal des Ursins, a valiant esquire, son of the -advocate-general, who was dubbed a chevalier on the occasion. The King -of England and Duke of Burgundy were present, and wished to break a -lance together, from which, however, they were dissuaded. The Sire de -Barbazan jousted with the king, at first without knowing who he was, -but as soon as he became aware that it was his Majesty, he respectfully -retired from the contest. Everything passed with great courtesy between -the members of the two nations, and the king gave great praise to the -cavaliers engaged.<a name="FNanchor_130_130" id="FNanchor_130_130"></a><a href="#Footnote_130_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a></p> - -<p>In the seventh year of Henry V “triumphant iusts and turneis, in the -whiche, Erle of Arundell, and the Bastard of Sent Polle by the iudgment -of the Ladies, won the price and got the honor.”<a name="FNanchor_131_131" id="FNanchor_131_131"></a><a href="#Footnote_131_131" class="fnanchor">[131]</a></p> - -<p>A combat on horseback and on foot took place at Arras in -1425,<a name="FNanchor_132_132" id="FNanchor_132_132"></a><a href="#Footnote_132_132" class="fnanchor">[132]</a> -between the Sires de Sainte-Treille and Lionel de Vendôme, the Duke -of Burgundy acting as umpire. On the first day the chevaliers ran six -courses with the lance, and de Vendôme was slightly wounded in the head. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> -The day following they fought on foot with axes of the <i>bec de faucon</i> -type, and de Vendôme attacked his adversary with great impetuosity, but -all his strokes were parried. Sainte-Treille then delivered several -blows on the visor of his opponent, forcing it open, leaving the -face exposed; then hooking his axe in the opening wounded de Vendôme -slightly in the face with his gauntlet, perceiving which the duke cast -his bâton. A joust followed between the Sire de Champremi and the -Bastard of Rosbeque, the latter piercing the armour of his adversary -with his lance, on which the duke’s bâton fell.<a name="FNanchor_133_133" id="FNanchor_133_133"></a><a href="#Footnote_133_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a></p> - -<p>The <i>bec de faucon</i> or <i>bec de corbin</i> was a weapon with a curved -beak-like spike or pick, as its name implies, sometimes with a blade -at the opposite side, at others with a narrow <i>mail</i> or mallet, with -four short points, somewhat like those on the coronal to a lance, -though sharper: in both varieties there is usually a long spike at the -head and a point at the foot; strictly speaking, however, a weapon with -a blade can hardly be termed a <i>bec de faucon</i>. An illustration is -given in “Barriers and Foot Combats,” a paper by Viscount -Dillon,<a name="FNanchor_134_134" id="FNanchor_134_134"></a><a href="#Footnote_134_134" class="fnanchor">[134]</a> -of a weapon of this kind belonging to Captain Hutton, which has a beak -or pick on one side, and opposite to it a <i>mail</i> or mallet of four -points and a spike at the head. There is another example at the Musée -d’Artillerie, Paris, with a very pronounced beak, but neither <i>mail</i> -nor spear. It is stated in Lord Dillon’s paper that in the duel between -Merlo and de Charny, at Arras in 1435, before the fighting began, an -objection was lodged by Charny’s friends against the Spaniard using a -<i>bec de faucon</i>, axes being stipulated for in the <i>Chapitres d’Armes</i>. -It was contended that the weapon was not an axe at all; but after -some discussion the objection was not pressed. The weapon, which is a -terrible one, does not seem to have been much used in Germany.</p> - -<p>In 1428 a grand tournament was held at Brussels. The Duke of Burgundy -attended and was magnificently entertained and feasted by his cousin, -Duke Philip of Brabant, and the City of Brussels. The Lady of Gezebêque -awarded the prizes. The dukes announced their intention of jousting -together, but were dissuaded from doing so by the kings-of-arms, for -fear of accidents. Many cavaliers took part, before a great concourse -of nobles, ladies, and the general public. The prize for the most -successful combatant in the first day’s fighting was awarded to a -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> -gentleman of Brabant named Linquart. On the morrow and following days -there was great jousting, and the Duke of Brabant and the Seigneur -de Mamines were adjudged to be the best lances, and the prizes were -awarded to them. This <i>fête d’armes</i> was distinguished by great -splendour, and banquets, dances, masquerades and other mummeries -continued for several days.<a name="FNanchor_135_135" id="FNanchor_135_135"></a><a href="#Footnote_135_135" class="fnanchor">[135]</a></p> - -<p>In 1430 a combat took place in the great market-place at Arras, -between five French and a like number of Burgundian cavaliers, under -the umpireship of the Duke of Burgundy, for the breaking of a certain -number of lances. The French contingent consisted of the Seigneurs -Théode de Valeperghe, Pothon de Sainte-Treille, Philibert d’Abrecy, -Guillaume de Bes and L’Estendard de Nully; that of the Burgundians -of Simon de Lalain, the Seigneurs de Charny, Jean de Vaulde, Nicolle -and Philibert de Menton. The combat was to continue over five days. -Lists were prepared, “<i>garnie d’aisselles, afin que les chevaux ne ce -puissent recontrer l’un l’autre</i>,” and here we have an example of a -joust at the tilt.</p> - -<p>On the first day de Lalain jousted with de Valeperghe, when the latter, -with his horse, was thrown violently to the ground. Jousts followed -over the second, third, fourth and fifth days, in which many lances -were broken. In the third course run between de Charny and d’Abrecy, -the visor of the latter’s “armet” was pierced by his opponent’s -lance, causing a very serious wound in the face; and on the last day -the same thing happened to de Nully, in jousting with Philibert de -Menton. The injured knights were removed to their lodgings, and left -behind in charge of the surgeons; both subsequently recovered from -their wounds. On the conclusion of the <i>fête d’armes</i>, the honours lay -with the Burgundians, and the duke loaded the Frenchmen with handsome -presents.<a name="FNanchor_136_136" id="FNanchor_136_136"></a><a href="#Footnote_136_136" class="fnanchor">[136]</a></p> - -<p>In 1435 there was a passage at arms at Arras, held under the umpireship -of Duke Philip of Burgundy; and seated on the bench near him were the -dukes of Bourbon and Cueldres, with other noblemen of distinction. The -parties to the duel were Messire Juan de Merlo, a chevalier banneret -of Spain, and Pierre de Beauffrement, Sire de Charny, a banneret of -Burgundy, knight of the Toison d’Or, and one of the most noted jousters -of his day. The articles of combat provided for a joust of three -courses, and then a combat on foot, with axes, swords and daggers, -to be continued until one of the twain was placed <i>hors de combat</i>, -though, as always, subject to the fiat of the judge. The Spaniard -first entered the lists attended by four noble cavaliers, who had been -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> -specially attached to his person by the orders of the duke. De Charny -followed, attended by the Comtes d’Étampes, de Saint Pol and de Ligny; -and with them was the Earl of Suffolk, who carried the lances to be -used on the occasion. The champions ran the three courses with the -lance, without mishap to either beyond a slight fracture to the armet -of the Spaniard. This ended the contest for the first day; and on -the morrow the combat on foot took place. It began with the knights -hurling lances at each other, the weapon of the Spaniard striking the -Burgundian on the arm, causing a slight wound, notwithstanding which -the fight continued with axes. The combatants displayed much skill and -gallantry with their weapons, without much advantage to either knight, -when quite unexpectedly the duke cast his bâton, putting an end to -the fight. The Spaniard protested most energetically to the duke at -the combat being brought to so premature an end, urging that he had -travelled a long way in order to achieve this feat of arms, and had -been put to a vast expense. The duke appeased him, however, by praising -his gallantry, and ordered a handsome present in money to be paid to -him to cover his outlay. This duel is remarkable as furnishing an early -instance of fighting with the visor up. To set against the danger of -having part of the face exposed, it gave great advantage in the way -of vision, in clearness as well as in radius. The visor was a mark so -often aimed at, and was in its nature very vulnerable.<a name="FNanchor_137_137" id="FNanchor_137_137"></a><a href="#Footnote_137_137" class="fnanchor">[137]</a></p> - -<p>In the twentieth year of King Henry VI a French Chevalier named Louis -de Bueille challenged Rafe Chalons, an esquire of England, to a feat of -arms; and the King of France was present at the meeting. The Englishman -ran the Frenchman through the body and killed him.<a name="FNanchor_138_138" id="FNanchor_138_138"></a><a href="#Footnote_138_138" class="fnanchor">[138]</a></p> - -<p>Sir John Astley fought on foot with the Chevalier Philip Boyle of -Arragon at Smithfield in the year 1442, King Henry VI acting as umpire. -An illustration in the MS. in the possession of Lord Hastings pictures -quadrangular lists of open railings showing the openings and the bars -for closing them. They are of a kind usually erected for combats of -this nature. King Henry sits in the tribune; and within the lists, -besides the principals, is a herald-at-arms and a guard of four, armed -with battle-axes, for keeping the ring. The combatants wear bascinets; -bases; solerets, <i>à la Poulaine</i>; and tabard-shaped surcoats, on which -the respective arms of the parties are embroidered. Boyle’s axe has a -flook or <i>bec de faucon</i> and an axe-blade; that of Astley’s a blade and -a three-pronged mail or mell. The MS. does not state the issue of the fight.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span></p> -<div class="chapter"> - <h2 class="nobreak"><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V">CHAPTER V</a></h2> -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap"><span class="smcap">A notable</span> - <i>pas d’armes</i> was held at L’Arbre de Charlemagne, near Dijon, -in the year 1443,<a name="FNanchor_139_139" id="FNanchor_139_139"></a><a href="#Footnote_139_139" class="fnanchor">[139]</a> -presided over by Duke Philippe le Bon, which was proclaimed in most of -the European countries of Christendom. The account of this meeting has -a great historical value, owing not only to its reference to the tilt, -additional pieces, and special forms of armour, but also to the amount -of detail it presents. It is given here in a much abridged form.</p> - -<p>Thirteen noble Burgundians of distinction, headed by Pierre de -Bauffremont, Chevalier, Seigneur de Charny, held the <i>pas</i> for six -weeks against all comers. De la Marche remarks that during the time -necessary for erecting the lists and making the general arrangements -for the meeting the young cavaliers practised various forms of jousting -before the duke “<i>et là furent faictes une jouste à selles plattes, et -en harnois de ioûte</i>.” He graphically pictures the general arrangements -for this <i>pas d’armes</i>, the profuse hospitality extended to all -comers, the construction and decoration of the lists, the dresses and -equipments of the officials, pages, combatants, etc. He describes the -lists for jousting as follows, making clear mention of the tilt:—<span lang="fr">“<i>et -au milieu d’icelle lice fut la toille mise, pour la conduitte des -chevaux, et pour servir à la course des hommes d’armes, comme il est de -coustume en tel cas.</i>” “<i>Celle lice fut de bonne hauteur et grandeur: -et, aux deux bouts de ladicte lice, furent faictes deux marches: qui se -montoyent à degrés, faits de ce bonne grandeur, que l’on pouvoit aider -à l’hommes d’armes, tout à cheval, pour l’armer aiser, ou desarmer, -selon le cas: et hors de ladicte lice, du costé de Digeon, aux jours -qu’il besoing faisoit, avoit une grande tente, haute et spacieuse, -tendue, pour aider et soulager le venant de dehors, si mestier en -avoit.</i>”</span> There was another enclosure for combats on foot.</p> - -<p>During the duration of the <i>pas</i> two shields were hung suspended in -the lists: one, painted black, besprinkled with gilded tear-drops; -the other, violet, <i>semé</i>, with tear-drops in black. Each venant who, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> -through a pursuivant, placed a gage, such as a sword or spur, below the -first-named shield, signified his election to engage on horseback one -of the tenans or defenders of the <i>pas</i>, and to run twelve courses, -“<i>à la toille</i>,” that is along the tilt, with sharp or rebated lances -at his pleasure; and should either of the jousters be unhorsed he was -to present his adversary with a diamond of whatever value he pleased. -The venant who placed his gage below the violet shield, with tear-drops -in black, elected a combat on foot, consisting of fifteen strokes with -the axe or estoc;<a name="FNanchor_140_140" id="FNanchor_140_140"></a><a href="#Footnote_140_140" class="fnanchor">[140]</a> -but should he place gages below both shields, his challenge applied to -a joust at the tilt and a foot encounter as well. The duke took his -seat on the 11th July, 1443, holding a white wand or bâton in his hand -as judge, which when cast down put an end to a fight at any stage, -the officials at once separating the combatants. We describe briefly -a few of the encounters. The first contest lay between the leader of -the tenans, the Seigneur de Charny, and a Spanish cavalier of mark, -Pietre-Vasque de Suavedra. The chevalier venant having placed gages -below both shields, the combat was to be on foot, to be followed by -another on horseback; and on the opening day the champions entered the -enclosure for foot contests at 9 o’clock in the morning. The choice of -weapons, as between axes and <i>épées d’armes</i>,<a name="FNanchor_141_141" id="FNanchor_141_141"></a><a href="#Footnote_141_141" class="fnanchor">[141]</a> -lay with the chevalier venant, who chose axes. Eight men-at-arms -in complete armour, bearing white wands, ranged themselves in the -enclosure, to keep the ring and to separate the combatants when -necessary. The duke gave the signal and the combat began. Suavedra -had taken off his visor, while Charny fought with his visor down. The -stipulated fifteen strokes having been exchanged, without bodily injury -to either party, the combatants were separated and left the lists.</p> - -<p>On the 13th day of the same month the jousting between the same -cavaliers took place. The Spaniard first entered the lists with his -following, his horse trapped in blue and white silk, and presented -himself before the judge. De Charny followed in like manner, the -trapper of his charger being of cloth of gold; he was attended both by -his esquires and by five pages on horseback, sumptuously attired in -blue and violet satin. The onset having been sounded, the champions -charged, each splintering his lance on the body of his antagonist in -the centre of the lists; in their second career both lances glanced -off, and so on until the number of courses had been run. Challengers -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> -continued to come forward, and each combat is recorded by the -chronicler in its turn.</p> - -<p>On the 8th of August a joust took place between an Italian, Jacques de -Visque, Comte de St. Martin, and the Chevalier Guillame de Vaudrey, -“<i>qui couroit de droit et du long de la toile</i>.” In the first course -St. Martin was struck on the visor of his helmet by the lance of his -opponent, the fastening being broken; in the fourth he was wounded -severely in the lance-arm, the lance-head remaining in the wound, and -the expressions of regret at the occurrence were so general as to show -that serious injuries in such encounters had become comparatively rare. -This mounted contest was followed by a combat on foot between Anthoine -de Vaudrey and Jehan de Compays, Seigneur de Torain. The venant chose -<i>estocs</i>, and a smart fight ensued, without personal injury to either -chevalier, though their armour was much battered and torn.</p> - -<p>The chronicler continues his narrations of the various combats which -followed during the remaining days provided for in the <i>Chapitres -d’Armes</i>, throughout the course of which the defenders of the <i>pas</i> -held it against all comers with conspicuous honour and distinction. The -tenans of the <i>pas d’armes</i> made an offering to the Virgin of the two -shields of L’Arbre de Charlemagne, which were hung suspended in the -Church of Nôtre Dame at Dijon.</p> - -<p>While de la Marche devotes his narration more to the fighting and -spectacular aspects of the meeting, Monstrelet deals with the -challenges and <i>chapitres d’armes</i>.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p class="center">THE CHALLENGES</p> - -<p>“In honour of our Lord, and his most glorious mother, of my Lady -Sainte Anne, and of my lord St George, I, Pierre de Bauffremont, -lord of Chargny, of Monliet and of Montfort, knight, councellor and -chamberlain, to the most high, most puissant and excellent prince -the Duke of Burgundy, make known to all princes, barons, knights -and esquires, without reproach, with the exception of those of the -kingdom of France and of the countries in alliance, or subjects to my -said sovereign lord, that for the augmentation and extension of the -most noble profession and exercise of arms, my will and intention is, -in conjunction with twelve knights, esquires and gentlemen, of four -quarterings, whose names follow:—Thibault, lord of Rougemont and Mussy; -Messire William Breremont, lord of Sees and of Sauvegon; William de -Brenne, lord of Mombis and of Gilly; John, lord of Valengen; John, lord -of Rap and of Tirecourt; William de Champdivers, lord of Chivigny; -John de Chiron, lord of Rancheinères; Antony de Vaudray, lord of -Aille; William de Vaudray, lord of Collaon; James de Challant, lord of -Ainvilie; Messire Amé, lord of Espirey; and John de Chavigny,—to guard -and defend a <i>pas d’armes</i>, situated on the great road leading from -Dijon towards Auxonne, at the end of the causeway from the said town of -Dijon, at a great tree called the Hermit’s Tree in the form and manner following. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span></p> - -<p>“In the first place, two shields, (one black besprinkled with tears -of gold,—the other violet, having tears of sable), shall be suspended -on the tree of the Hermit, and all those who shall, by a king at arms -or pursuivant, touch the first shield, shall be bounden to perform -twelve courses on horseback with me, or with one of my aforesaid -knights or esquires, with blunted lances.—Item, if either of the -champions, during their twelve courses, be unhorsed by a direct blow -with the lance on his armour, such person, thus unhorsed, shall present -to his adversary a diamond of whatever value he please.—Item, the -champions may arm themselves according to their pleasure, <i>double or -single</i>,<a name="FNanchor_142_142" id="FNanchor_142_142"></a><a href="#Footnote_142_142" class="fnanchor">[142]</a> -but without any wicked intentions, having their rest similar to -the usual custom in war.—Item, each person shall make provision of -lances—but the rondelle, which lies on the hands, shall be only four -fingers broad, and no more.<a name="FNanchor_143_143" id="FNanchor_143_143"></a><a href="#Footnote_143_143" class="fnanchor">[143]</a> -Item, the lances shall be all of similar length, from the point to the -rest.—Item, for the accomplishment of these feats of arms on horseback, -I will supply all who may come without lances, precisely like to my own -and to those of my companions.—Item, these deeds of arms on horseback -shall be performed <i>à la toille</i>, which shall be six feet high.”</p> - -<p class="center space-above1"><i>Chapitres d’Armes.</i></p> - -<p>“Those princes, barons, knights and esquires, of the rank before -mentioned, who shall rather take their pleasure in performing feats -of arms on foot, shall touch the violet shield, and shall perform -fifteen strokes with battle-axes or swords, as may be most agreeable to -them.</p> - -<p>“Item, if, during these courses, any champion shall touch the ground -with his hand or knees, he shall be bounden to present his adversary -with a ruby of whatever value he please.—Item, each champion <i>shall -be armed with the accustomed armour for combating in lists</i>.<a name="FNanchor_144_144" id="FNanchor_144_144"></a><a href="#Footnote_144_144" class="fnanchor">[144]</a>—Item, -should any person be unprovided with battle-axe or sword, I will -furnish him with the same, similar to my own or to those of -my companions. These axes and swords are not to have anything -extraordinary in their make, but such as are usual in these kinds of -combats.</p> - -<p>“Item, he that shall have engaged himself to fight with me, or -either of us, and shall throw the other to the ground, the person so -thrown shall be obliged to surrender himself a prisoner whithersoever -the conqueror shall order him.—Item, the person thus made prisoner -shall pay for his immediate ransom, to whomsoever the conqueror shall -direct, any sum above five hundred crowns.</p> - -<p>“Item, foreigners need not seek for particulars from me, or from my -companions, for they will find persons ready to deliver such at the -usual hours and places.—Item, no stranger will be permitted to enter -the lists with me or with any one of my companions, for more than one -course at arms, namely, once on horseback and once on foot—and no one -can require more of any of us during the present undertaking.</p> - -<p>“Item, the aforesaid feats of arms, on horseback and on foot, shall -be performed on the following days: those on horseback on Mondays, -Tuesdays and Wednesdays; those on foot, Thursdays, Fridays and -Saturdays.</p> - -<p>“Item, this pas d’armes shall commence on the first day of July in -the year 1443, and shall last forty days, exclusive of feast-days and -Sundays, and the feasts commanded to be kept by the court of Rome.</p> - -<p>“Item, no prince, baron, knight or esquire, shall pass within a -quarter of a league of the spot assigned for these combats without -entering the lists and taking part, or otherwise leaving as pledges his -sword or spurs, according to his pleasure.</p> - -<p>“Item, for the accomplishment of these feats of arms, as well on -horseback as on foot, according to the articles above specified, I have -most humbly supplicated and entreated my aforesaid sovereign lord, that -he would grant me his licence and permission to perform them, which -he has most benignantly assented to. He has likewise most graciously -appointed, as judge of the lists, that puissant prince and my most -redoubted lord, the count of Nevers and of Rethel—and in his absence, -the lord marshal, count of Fribourg and of Neufchâtel. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span></p> - -<p>“Item, in order that this my intention of performing these deeds of -arms in the manner before specified may be more fully declared, I have -fixed my seal to these presents, and signed them with my own hand, this -8th day of March, in the year 1442.</p> - -<p>“Item, all noble foreigners shall have sure and loyal pass-ports -from my aforesaid sovereign lord, or in his absence from his marshal.”</p> -</div> - -<p class="space-above2">On such occasions a proclamation was made against outsiders giving -signals to any combatant.</p> - -<p>The following documents occur among the Harleian MSS.:—</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p class="center space-above2">Le Declaracon du Pas a l’Arbre D’Or.</p> - -<p>i.e. How the Lady L’Isle sent her Knight with a Rich Tree of Gold, -for him to Sett near Brughes, and there to Challenge the Nobles of -the Duke of Burgundies Court both to the Justs, ＆ to the Tourney: the -Articles whereof do follow. Dated July ... A.D. 68, i.e. 1468.</p> - -<p>Petition ＆ Articles of the Justs-Royall to be held at Westminster, -by 4 Gentlemen Challenging all comers (upon the Creation of -Henry second Sonne to King Henry VII).</p> - -<p class="center"> To Run 6 Courses with Speares.<span class="ws2"> </span><br /> -To Tourney 18 Strokes with Swords.</p> - -<p>Petition of 4 Gentlemen to K. Henry VII to be received into His -Royal Army purposed for Fraunce; but first that he would Authorise -their Challenge of all Comers to the Tilt, in any Realme or Place where -the King shall be, for one year ＆ a day longer.</p> - -<p>Challenge of 6 Noble Persons to hold a Justs-Royall ＆ Tourney at -Westminster, for the Pleasure of the King, The Queene, and the Princess -the Kings Eldest Daughter, where the 6 Challengers and Six Answerers -shall together Run against each other with Spears on Horseback; and -after the Course Passed, to fight with Swords till the King Commaund -them to Cease.</p> -</div> - -<p class="space-above2">Relation (in French) of the Battel of Justs held in the -city of Tours, between Jelcan (or Jehan?) Chalons, a Native of the Kingdom of -England, ＆ Loys de Beul who took the part of King Charles of France. A.D. 1446, -wherein Loys de Beul was Killed.</p> - -<p>Le Challenge Philip de Bouton, Natif de Pais Burgoigne, premier Esquire -a Monsser le Conte de Charollois: qui ait Charge ＆ Esleve Emprise de un -Fleurer Penser a tacher a son Bras dextre, lequelle il portra ouverte -jusque autant que il defendra au Royaulme d’Angleterre, en la Campagnie -de son Seigneur Monsieur le Bastard le Burgoigne, comme a la Roche. -Dat. 1. may. 1467.</p> - -<p>The Relation made by Garter King of Arms to K. Edward IV. concerning -the Arrival of 3 Knights of the K. of Hungaries Court, named Uladislaus -of Bodna, Fredericus of Waredma, ＆ Lancelagus of Trefulwane, who -desired to performe some Feats of Arms with the English Gentlemen. With -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> -their Instructions given to the said Garter touching his Declaration of -their Desires, and the Articles of the Jousts and Tourney.<a name="FNanchor_145_145" id="FNanchor_145_145"></a><a href="#Footnote_145_145" class="fnanchor">[145]</a></p> - -<p>Lacroix in <i>Military and Religious Life in the Middle Ages and -Renaissance</i>, gives a picture of a king of arms proclaiming a -tournament; copied from a miniature in King René’s tourney-book.</p> - -<p>During the meeting of the Chapter of the Toison d’Or, at Ghent in 1445, -duels were fought between the Chevalier Jehan de Boniface (Jean de -Bonifazio), an Italian, and a Burgundian cavalier, Jacques de Lalain, -the latter then a young man of twenty-four years, who later achieved -great celebrity as a combatant in the lists. Duke Philip of Burgundy -acted as umpire, and was supported on the tribune by the Duke of Orleans; -and immediately before the fight began Lalain was dubbed a chevalier.</p> - -<p>Lists had been prepared, and after the usual preliminaries were over a -combat on foot between the parties took place, followed by many courses -at the tilt.</p> - -<p>The combatants entered the lists for the fight on foot, each bearing -a heavy sword in the right hand and in the left a <i>hache d’armes</i>; a -smaller sword was attached to the belt, and small rectangular shields -were carried on the left arms. Lalain fought with part of his face -exposed, half of his visor having been removed. The parties took up -their positions some distance from each other, and the fight began by -Boniface hurling his spear at Lalain, who parried it. The latter cast -his sword at his opponent, but without effect; then each threw his -shield at the other’s legs with a view of causing him to stumble, and -the fight at close quarters with axes began. After some hard blows -had been exchanged Boniface dropped his axe, and Lalain struck at his -visor, in which his axe struck until the point broke. Boniface then -seized the Burgundian’s weapon and drew his dagger, hoping to stab -his opponent in the face, but Lalain with admirable <i>sang-froid</i> beat -down that weapon, and striking the visor of his opponent, slightly -penetrated one of the apertures with his axe, Boniface then drew his -sword and struck savagely at Lalain; at which stage of the combat the -duke’s bâton fell.</p> - -<p>The jousting was accomplished later on, with varying fortune, though -without special features. It was at the tilt, “<i>et au milieu de la -lice avoit une toille, pour conduire les chevauz, pour les courses de -lances, qu’ils devoyent accomplir</i>.” -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p> - -<p>The armour of de Lalain was provided with reinforcing pieces: “<i>Messire -Jacques de Lalain estoit armé de plusieures rondelles, l’une sur la -main, l’autre sur le coude du bras de la bride, et l’autre tenant -au gardebras, a maniére d’escu</i>,” but they were detached before the -jousting, Boniface being without them.<a name="FNanchor_146_146" id="FNanchor_146_146"></a><a href="#Footnote_146_146" class="fnanchor">[146]</a> -The different chroniclers of such combats differ more or less in many details.</p> - -<p>The position and dignity of an esquire is defined in Ashmolean MS. -162a:<a name="FNanchor_147_147" id="FNanchor_147_147"></a><a href="#Footnote_147_147" class="fnanchor">[147]</a> -“The definition of an Esquire and the severall sortes of them -according to the customs and usage of England. <i>An esquire called in -Latine armiger....</i>”<a name="FNanchor_148_148" id="FNanchor_148_148"></a><a href="#Footnote_148_148" class="fnanchor">[148]</a></p> - -<p>Another of these MSS., 158ab, defines the duties and emoluments of a -king-at-arms.—The office of a Kinge at Armes. “Fyrst as nyghe as he -canne he shall take knowledge and kepe recorde of creastes cognissances -and auntient used wordes,” etc.<a name="FNanchor_149_149" id="FNanchor_149_149"></a><a href="#Footnote_149_149" class="fnanchor">[149]</a></p> - -<p>The principal additional or reinforcing pieces, <i>pièces d’avantage</i>, -are:—the grand-guard or main-guard, which is in two plates, the -volante-piece and the body portion, and these, though sometimes -separate, are usually riveted together. The former is adapted to the -contour of the helmet, to which it is firmly attached; while the -latter, fixed to the breastplate, conforms to the curves of the neck, -fits round the left side of the chest and left shoulder, and is flanged -over the right shoulder to protect the weak place at the armpit on -that side. The whole thus forms a double defence for that portion -of the body against which an attack was mainly directed. The term -“volante-piece,” as applied to the face piece of the grand-guard, is, -however, of doubtful authority. It is sometimes referred to in English -chronicles, though without stating what it really is. Meyrick employs -it in the sense above referred to, but Lord Dillon<a name="FNanchor_150_150" id="FNanchor_150_150"></a><a href="#Footnote_150_150" class="fnanchor">[150]</a> -inclines to the opinion that the term properly belongs to the two extra plates -over the forehead attachable to some helmets, and I am sure he is right. These -plates are present on jousting salades, and are called <i>Stirnplätten</i> -or <i>Stirndoppolstuck</i> (forehead-plates) by the Germans. However this -may be it is convenient to apply the term generally in use unless -quite assured of its incorrectness. The elbow-guard or pas-guard is a -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> -reinforcement for the left elbow-joint, fastened by a pin. The manifer, -or mainfere, <i>main de fer</i>, <i>steife henze</i>, or miton-gauntlet is the -stiff, heavy jousting gauntlet for the bridle hand and forearm; the -name “manifer” is given by Meyrick to the crinet, absurdly connecting -the word with the mane of the horse. The poldermiton or <i>épaule de -mouton</i>, is a piece for the defence of the right forearm and bend, -which is further protected by the vamplate of the lance. In the course -with sharp lances, called <i>Scharfrennen</i> by the Germans, a dilge or -jousting-cuisse is employed, strapped to the saddle; and there was an -armlet for the right lower arm, used in that and some other courses. -The jousting-shields differ in form in the various courses: they will -be described in their order.</p> - -<p>Catalogue No. 383 of the Wallace Collection, London, comprises a -small set of additional pieces, which from the subject and character -of enrichment (chevrons with minute pomegranates and scrolls, etched -and gilt) would appear to have belonged to a suit of armour in the -possession of the Duke of Northumberland, at Alnwick Castle, which was -acquired in Italy by Duke Algernon, about the year 1840; and it has -been freely and excellently restored.</p> - -<p>When arming, the additional pieces were screwed on one after the other, -the jousting-shield being adjusted last. This process completed, the -jouster was almost immune from injury and was left almost an automaton, -with little power of initiative beyond aiming his lance, and that with -difficulty.</p> - -<p>Jacques de Lalain sent a challenge to a feat of arms in the year 1448 -to James, brother to Earl Douglas; the fight to take place in Edinburgh -in the same year. He stated the conditions of combat proposed, for a -foot encounter, <i>à outrance</i>, with spear, battle-axe, sword and dagger, -which conditions were accepted by Douglas, with the reservation, at -the instance of the King of Scotland, that no lance-casting should -be allowed. The Burgundian party consisted of Jacques and his uncle -Simon de Lalain, and a Messire de Mériadacq; while a Scottish trio, -the brothers Douglas and a Lord de Haguet, arranged to fight them: the -King to act as umpire. After some initial misunderstanding the knights -fought paired against one another as follows:—Haguet against Simon de -Lalain, Jacques against James Douglas, and Mériadacq against the other -Douglas. The chronicler describes the course of the encounter, going -into much detail, from which one would imagine that there was deadly -peril to life and limb, but no serious hurt was sustained by any of the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> -combatants; that fact being that the armour of proof enclosed each -of the fighters in an almost impregnable fortress. La Marche was not -present at this fight, but got his information from hearsay. Two out -of the Burgundian trio were Chevaliers (Knights), the third combatant -an Escuyer (Esquire), and it is interesting to note the difference -in costume between the two grades. Matthieu de Couci gives it in the -following terms<a name="FNanchor_151_151" id="FNanchor_151_151"></a><a href="#Footnote_151_151" class="fnanchor">[151]</a>:—Chevaliers -“furent revêtus de longues robes de velours noir, fourrées de martes -zibelines fort riches”; quant au troisième qui étoit seulement Escuyer, -“il en avoit une seulement de satin noir fourrée comme les autres.” -King René says the stuff of an esquire’s costume at his court should be -“drap de damas,” and it would appear generally that an esquire could -wear either satin or damask, but the chevalier must be clad in velvet. -Further regulations were made in 1486, when cloth of gold and cloth of -silver came in.</p> - -<p>The armour of the fifteenth century up to almost its close is usually -termed “Gothic,” an incongruous appellation, though one convenient to -employ owing to its having been so generally adopted and understood. -Beyond a few fragments there is no armour of the first half of the -century left to us; and for our knowledge of the knightly body-harness -of that period we are mainly indebted to an ample series of monumental -effigies and brasses. Though one cannot draw any decided line, it -may be said that the process of transition from chain-mail to plate -armour had been practically completed at the commencement of the -fifteenth century; and the progress made in the directions of elegance, -comprehensiveness and strength had been steady and continuous until -towards the middle of the century, when we have glorious complete suits -of armour spread out before us.</p> - -<p>The brass of Sir John Wylcotes, in Great Tew Church, Oxfordshire, -dating about 1410, affords an example of the standard of mail, which -was a collar worn under a gorget of plate. The figure is without jupon, -so that the breastplate and taces are exposed to view, and they are of -plate; small motons, oval in form, cover the weak places at the armpits.</p> - -<p>The brass in South Kelsey Church, Lincolnshire, dated about a decade -later, shows the armour to be much more ornate, having crescent-shaped -motons, fan-formed wings to the coudes; taces of six lames and short -tuilles; the figure wears a pointed bascinet. The armour on the effigy -in Hoveringham Church, Nottinghamshire, believed to have been ascribed -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> -by Stothart to Sir Robert Grushill, is certainly not of the reign of -Richard II, 1377-1399, but should rather be dated in that of Henry VI. -There are fluted motons over the armpits, of a curved tooth-like form; -coudes with elaborate heart-shaped wings; taces of eight narrow lames, -with short rectangular tuilles, attached to the bottom rims by straps -and buckles. The helmet is still the bascinet. This effigy exhibits an -instance of the presence of the collar SS. There is an example of this -collar in the Tower of London.<a name="FNanchor_152_152" id="FNanchor_152_152"></a><a href="#Footnote_152_152" class="fnanchor">[152]</a> -It was found in one of the turrets of the White Tower in -1913.<a name="FNanchor_153_153" id="FNanchor_153_153"></a><a href="#Footnote_153_153" class="fnanchor">[153]</a> -It is beyond the province of this work to discuss the probable meaning -of these ciphers, which is obscure.</p> - -<p>The Gothic armour of the connoisseur is reached in the beautiful effigy -of Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, in St. Mary’s Church, Warwick. -It is cast in laton, a golden looking blend something between bronze -and brass. The earl died in 1439, but the contract for his monument was -not given out until fifteen years after, so that the type of armour -is later than that of any actual harness worn by the earl. The effigy -exhibits body-armour at its very best, as well in dignity of form as in -beauty of outline; and if it was not directly copied from a suit made -by Tomaso Missaglai of Milan, the design for it certainly came from -Italy. The breastplate exhibits a deep curved groove on either side; it -is shorter than was usual somewhat later, with a large number of taces; -and there are low neck-guards. Mr. Stothart also gives a back view of -the figure, showing the armour as completely delineated behind as in -front. The effigy is depicted on <a href="#PLATE_II">Plate II</a>, giving -both a front view and one in profile.</p> - -<p>The great armour-smiths of the fifteenth century were fine artists in -steel, and many of their creations preserved are models for all time -in elegance of form and excellence of workmanship. One can trace their -individuality and idiosyncrasies to an extent making it often possible -to attribute their work even when unstamped with their monograms and -devices. The Missaglias Negrolis and Piccininos of Milan, the Kolmans -of Augsburg, the Seusenhofers of Innsbruck, the Grünewalts and Von -Worms of Nuremberg, and many others, carried on their craft from -generation to generation.</p> - -<div id="PLATE_II" class="figcontainer"> - <p class="f120"><b><i>PLATE II</i></b></p> - <div class="figsub"> - <img src="images/i_p066a.jpg" alt="" width="225" height="541" /> - </div> - <div class="figsub"> - <img src="images/i_p066b.jpg" alt="" width="210" height="543" /> - </div> - <p class="f120">THE BEAUCHAMP EFFIGY</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> -During the fifteenth century and somewhat later, new modes in armour, -as well as in dress, had their birth in Italy; but they took some time -to travel to other countries less advanced in fashion and refinement. -Much artistic skill of the highest order was lavished on the enrichment -of armour. Suits were delicately chased, engraved and decorated with -repoussé work; and artists of the highest celerity were engaged in such -work. The trapper of mixed mail and plate appears frequently in this century.</p> - -<p>A very important paper, printed in <i>Archæologia</i>, LVII, by Viscount -Dillon, <span class="smcap">p.s.a.</span>, read in 1899, deals with a MS. Collection -of Ordinances of Chivalry of the fifteenth century belonging to Lord -Hastings, which contains among other matters:—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">The “Abilment for the Justes of the Pees.”</span> -<span class="i4">“To crie a Justus of Pees.”</span> -<span class="i4">“The comyng into the felde.”</span> -<span class="i4">“To arme a man.”</span> -</div></div></div> - -<p>The same manuscript is also commented on by the late Mr. Albert Way -in the <i>Archæological Journal</i> of 1847.</p> - -<p>Two of the illuminations depict jousting at the tilt, and another a -combat on foot with axes before King Henry VI. The fight on foot, -which took place in 1442, is between John Astley and Philip Boyle -of Arragon. The lists, enclosed by an open railing, have at one end -a stand for the king, who acted as judge, and four steps lead up to -the tribune. On either side of the steps two men-at-arms are posted, -holding long-shafted axes, and within the lists a herald is standing -watching the fight. The combatants are wearing globose bascinets, which -were the usual helmets for foot-fighting. They were roomy enough for -plenty of padding against heavy blows from the axe. Boyle is armed with -an axe having a blade on one side and a <i>bec de faucon</i>, or flook, on -the other; while Astley’s weapon has a <i>mail</i>, or mallet, with three -prongs, in place of the flook.</p> - -<p>The terms of Sir Philip Boyle’s acceptance of the challenge are given -in Lord Dillon’s paper.</p> - -<p>The first illumination of a joust at the tilt pictures the moment when -the tilters have shivered their lances, tipped with coronals of three -prongs, on each other’s bodies. The tilt is composed of six planks, and -appears to be between five and six feet in height. Sir John Astley’s -crest is seen to be a crowned harpy, with torse and mantling; his -armour, the sort termed “tonlet”; the legs and feet are unarmed, being -sufficiently protected by the saddle-steels. The horse is trapped and -has a chamfron. But little of the person of his adversary can be seen; -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> -what there is show his crest, three maidens in a corb, and he also is -wearing bases. Both riders have tilting helms and shields, and bear -poldermitons on their lance-arms. The vamplates are somewhat conical -in form.</p> - -<p>The other joust pictured is that between Astley and Pierre de Masse, -which took place in a street in Paris in the year 1438. It is also -at the tilt. The date is an early one for that form of joust, if the -drawing be contemporary, which is unlikely. The tilt is composed of -four planks, and is rather lower than the other example. The jousters -wear no crests on their helms, and they are running with sharp -lances. There are no poldermitons worn in this case. This important -illumination has suffered much from damp, the central figures more -especially.</p> - -<p>The articles of combat are given in Lord Dillon’s paper.</p> - -<p>The “Abilment for the Justus of the Pees,” as reproduced from the -manuscript belonging to Lord Hastings, is as follows:—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“A helme well stuffyd wt a Crest of hys de viis.</span> -<span class="i1">A peyre of platus and xxx Gyders.</span> -<span class="i1">A hanscement for the Bode wt slevis.</span> -<span class="i1">A botton wt a tresse in the platis.</span> -<span class="i1">A schelde coverid wt his deviis.</span> -<span class="i1">A Rerebrace wt a rolle of ledyr well stuffid.</span> -<span class="i1">A Maynfere with a ring.</span> -<span class="i1">A rerebrasce a moton.</span> -<span class="i1">A vambrase and a gaynpayne ＆ ij bricketts.</span> -<span class="i1">And ij dosyn tresses. and vj vamplates.</span> -<span class="i1">And xij Grapers. and xij Cornallis ＆ xl Speris.</span> -<span class="i1">And a Armerer wt a hamor and pynsons.</span> -<span class="i1">And naylys wt a byckorne.</span> -<span class="i1">A Goode Cowrscer and row schode wt a softe bytte.</span> -<span class="i1">And a gret halter for the rayne of the brydyll.</span> -<span class="i1">A Sadyll well stuffud.</span> -<span class="i1">and a peyre of jambus.</span> -<span class="i1">and iij dowbill Gyrthis wt dowbill bokollus.</span> -<span class="i1">and a dowbill sengull wt dowbill bokullus.</span> -<span class="i1">and a rayne of ledir hungre teyyd from the</span> -<span class="i1">horse hede un to the gyrthys be twen the forther</span> -<span class="i1">bowse of the horsce for revassyng. A Rennyng paytrell.</span> -<span class="i1">A croper of leder hongre.</span> -<span class="i1">A Trappar for the Courser.</span> -<span class="i1">And ij servantis on horseback well be sayne.</span> -<span class="i1">And vj servantis on fote all in a sute.”</span> -</div></div></div> - -<p>This equipment is for a mounted contest, and differs of course -materially from that worn in fighting on foot.</p> - -<p>The writer of the paper (Lord Dillon) explains such of the terms -employed as are not fairly obvious. Viscount Dillon’s researches are -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> -mainly embodied in a series of valuable contributions to the pages of -<i>Archæologia</i> and the <i>Archæological Journal</i>. Many old records, -which had not been seen by such excellent authorities as Meyrick and Hewitt, -have been examined and compared since their day, and they throw much -light on points and terms which were obscure until recently, and which -had been misunderstood by the earlier writers to whom we owe so much.</p> - -<p>The “peyre of platus” is the cuirass, consisting of the breast and back -plates: the “Gyders,” attachments of some kind. The “hanscement” is a -close-fitting garment, worn beneath the armour. A “botton wt a tresse -in the platis,” probably also refers to fastenings or attachments of -some kind. The “Rerebrace wt a rolle of ledyr well stuffid” is probably -a padding protection for the left upper-arm. The “Maynfere with a -ring” is the manifer or mainfaire (main de fer), described in this -work under the heading of reinforcing pieces. The “rerebrase a moton” -is the rerebrace of the right arm, with its small movable plate, the -moton or besaguè over the armpit. The “vambrase and gaynpayn and ij -brickettss,” are the further defences for the right arm and hand. The -“ij dosyn tresses” are arming points, laces for attaching various parts -of the armour together. The “vamplates,” “Grapers,” and “Cornallis” are -the furniture of the lances, in their order, the conical or circular -steel hand-guards, metal rings with points which stick into the wooden -blocks in the lance-rests; the coronals, heads of the lance with blunt -points, calculated to catch on to the armour but not to pierce it. -The “bycorne” was the anvil. Illustrations of Grapers, later termed -<i>burres</i>, are rare. They are present on the illumination of the joust -at the tilt between John Astley and Pierre de Masse, being shown on a -lance standing ready for use when required. They are for distributing -the force of the shock on impact over the whole body and especially -to lessen the pressure on the wrist; and are placed towards the lower -end of the lance, the space between the graper and the vamplate -constituting the grip.</p> - -<p>The rest of the “Abilment” applies to horse furniture. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p class="center space-above1">“<i>To crie a Justus of Pees.</i>”</p> - -<p>We Herrowdys of Armis beryng scheldis of deviis here we yeve in -knowlache un to all Gentill men of name and of armus. That ther ben vj -Gentilmen of name ＆ of armus. That for the gret desire and worschippe -that the sayde.vj.Gentilmen hath taken up pon them to be the.iij.day -of May nex comyng be fore the hy ＆ myghtty redowttyd ladys ＆ Gentyll -wymmen. in thys hey ＆ most honorabull Court. And in thayre ᵽsens the -sayde.vj.Gentilmen there to a pere.at.IX.of the belle.be fore noone.and -to Juste a yens all comers wt oute.on the sayd day.un to.vj.of the -belle at after noon.</p> - -<p>And then be the a vise of the sayde ladys ＆ Gentill wymmen to yeve -un to the best Juster wt oute A Diamunde of.xl.li.</p> - -<p>And un to the nexte the best Just a rube of.xx.li. And un to the -thyrde well Just a sauffer of.x.li. And on the sayde day there beyng -offecers of armis schuyng thayre mesure of thayre speris garnyst. That -ys Cornall wamplate ＆ grapers all of asyse that they schall.Juste wt. -and that the sayde Comers may take the lengthe of the sayde speris wt -the a vise of the sayde offecers of armys that schall be in defferant -un to all parteys on the sayde day.”</p> - -<p class="center space-above1"><i>The comyng in to the felde.</i></p> - -<p>The. vj. Gentilmen most com in to the felde un helmyd. and theyre -helmes borne be fore tham. ＆ thayre servants on horsbake beryng eyther -of tham a spere garniste. yt is the sayde.vj. speris. the wheche the -sayde servantis schall ride be fore them in to the felde. ＆ as the -sayde. vj.Gentilmen ben come be fore the ladyys ＆ Gentilwīmē. Then -schall be sent an harawde of armes up un to the ladys ＆ Gentillwimmen -sayyng in this wise. Hey ＆ myghtti redowtyd ＆ ryght worschypfull ladys -＆ Gentylwymmen these.vj.Gentill men ben come in to yowre presens. -and recōmaundit ham all un to yowr goode grace in as lowli wyse as -they can.besechyng you for to gyffe.un to iij.best Justers wt owte.a -Diamownd.＆ a Rube.＆ a Sauffer.un to them that ye thenk best can deserve -hit.</p> - -<p>Thenne this message is doon.then the.vj.Gentill men goyth un to the -tellws and do on theyr helmes. And when the harrawdis cri a lostell -a lostell.then schall all the.vj.Gentill men wt in un helme them.be -fore the sayde ladyys.and make theyre abeisans and go hom un to ther -loggynges ＆ chaunge them.</p> - -<p class="center space-above1"><i>Now be com the Gentyll men with oute in -to the presens of the ladyys.</i></p> - -<p>Then comyth forth a lady.be the a vise of all the ladiis ＆ Gentill -wymmen.＆ yevis the Dyamond unto the beste Juster wt oute.sayyng in -this. wise sere these ladiis ＆ Gentill wymmen thank yow.for yowr -dysport and yowr gret labur that ye have this day in thayre presens.and -the sayde ladiis and Gentill wymmen sayyn the ye have beste Just this -day.there fore the sayde ladys ＆ Gentyllwymmen gyff you this Diamunde ＆ -sende yow mych worschyp ＆ ioye of yowr lady. Thus schall be doon wt the -Rube ＆ the Sauffer.un to the other ij nex the best Justers this don.</p> - -<p>Then schall ye harraude of arms stonde up all on hey ＆ schall say -with a hey voyce.John hath well Justyd. Rycharde hath Justyd better.＆ -Thomas hath Justyd best of all.</p> - -<p>Then schall he to whom the Diamonde ys gyf un to he schall take a -lady by the honde ＆ be gynnyth the daunce. and when the ladiis hath -dauncyd as longe as hem lykyth then spisys ＆ wyne ＆ drynke And then a -voyde.</p> -</div> - -<p class="space-above1">Another illumination depicts a man in the -course of being armed for a combat on foot, his “hanscement” is on his -body; the sabatons, greaves and cuisses, adjusted over his lower limbs; -the attendant is fitting on the breech of mail; and all the remaining -pieces of his equipment are lying on a table ready to be put on in -their turn. These consist of the huge, globose bascinet, the cuirass -of breast and back pieces, the tonletis, vambrace and rerebrace, a -moton for the armpit, and a gauntlet. The “griffus” mentioned are the -greaves; the “tonletis,” the skirt of bases; and the “pensill” is a small banner. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span></p> - -<p>The accompanying text is as follows:—</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p class="center space-above1">“<i>How a man schall be armyd at his ese -when he schal fighte on foote.</i>”</p> - -<p>He schal have noo schirte up on him but a dowbelet of ffustean lynyd -with satene cutte full of hoolis.the dowbelet muste be strongeli boūdē -there the poyntis muste be sette aboute the greet of the arme.and the b -ste (sic) before and behynde and the gussetis of mayle muste be sowid -un to the dowbelet in the bought of the arme.and undir the arme the -armynge poyntis muste be made of fyne twyne suche as men make stryngis -for crossebowes and they muste be trussid small and poyntid as poyntis. -Also they muste be wexid with cordeweneris coode.and than they woll -neythir recche nor breke Also a payre hosyñ of stamyn sengill and a -peyre of shorte bulwerkis of thynne blanket to put aboute his kneys for -chawfynge of his lighernes Also a payre of shone of thikke cordewene -and they muste be frette with smal whipcorde thre knottis up on a corde -and thre coordis muste be faste sowid un to the hele of the shoo and -fyne cordis in the mydill of the soole of the same shoo and that ther -be betwene the frettis of the heele and the frettis of the myddill of -the shoo the space of thre fyngris.</p> - -<p class="center space-above1"><i>To arme a man.</i></p> - -<p>ffirst ye muste sette on Sabatones and tye hem up on to the shoo -with smale poyntis that wol breke And then griffus ＆ then quisses ＆ thē -the breche of mayle And thē tonletis. And thē brest And the vambras And -the rerebras And then glovys And then hange his daggere upon his right -side And then his shorte swerde upon the lyfte side in a round rynge -all nakid to pulle it oute lightli And then putte his cote upon his bak -And then his basinet pỹnid up on two greet staplis before the breste -with a dowbill bokill behynde up on the bak for to make the basinet -sitte juste. And then his long swerde in his hande. And then his -pensill in his hande peyntid of seynt George or of oure lady to blesse -him with as he gooth towarde the felde and in the felde.</p> -</div> - -<p class="space-above1">A list of various accessaries and necessaries -for a fight on foot is given; such as a tent, the refreshments, “Also -a longe swerde shorte swerde and dagger Also a pensell to here in his -hande of his avowrye,” also the tools for repairing damaged armour.</p> - -<p>The <i>Pas de la Pélerine</i>, held by the Seigneur de Haubourdin Bastard -de St. Pol, and the feat of arms performed between Jacques de Lalain and -an Englishman named Thomas, both took place near St. Omer, before the -Duke of Burgundy and the Comte de Charolais, in the year 1446. Jehan, -Seigneur de Haubourdin, and six others, calling themselves <i>pélerins</i> -(pilgrims), were to hold the <i>pas</i> for six weeks against all comers. -The meeting had been proclaimed in the neighbouring countries; but, -owing to national animosities and other causes prevailing at the time, -only a single cavalier, and he a German fifty years old, attended -from abroad to contest the <i>pas</i>. Great preparations had been made: -lists prepared and a tribune, built of stone, erected for the judge. -Two shields were hung in the lists, one representing Sir Lancelot of -the Lake, the other Tristan de Leonnois. The German cavalier touched -the shield of Sir Lancelot, and was given leave to do his devoir in -accordance with the <i>chapitres d’armes</i> drawn up for the occasion. The -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> -duke took his seat on the tribune on the day of combat at 9 a.m., and -soon afterwards the fight with axes began between the German and the -Sire de Haubourdin, who appeared as Sir Lancelot. The German, a tall -man-at-arms, though well up in years, was still vigorous, but not very -expert at the use of the axe. The number of strokes stipulated in the -articles having been exchanged, without injury to either party, the -duke cast his bâton. No other foreign venant presented himself, to the -great disappointment of all concerned. A knight, Bernard de Bearne, -Bastard de Foix, had been on his way to contest the <i>pas</i>, but had -been struck down with fever and could not be present in time.</p> - -<p>In the combat on foot between Jacques de Lalain and the Englishman -named Thomas, Lalain fought in light armour, wearing a salade (<i>sallade -de guerre toute ronde</i>), leaving his face exposed; while the Englishman -wore heavy armour, his helmet being a visored bascinet. Lalain was -armed with a long-shafted axe, with spikes at the top and bottom, -having on one side a <i>bec de faucon</i>, or flook, and on the other a -mallet (<i>mail rond</i>) with three prongs. The Englishman’s weapon had -an axe-blade on one side, a hammer-head (<i>long mail</i>) on the other, -and spikes top and bottom; it had also a roundel guard. After several -strokes had been exchanged Lalain was wounded on the wrist, in spite of -which the fight continued unabated. Thomas then struck some heavy blows -at his adversary, who stepped suddenly back, so that the Englishman -lost his balance and fell heavily to the ground. This ended the fight.</p> - -<p>Bernard de Bearne, Bastard de Foix, on recovering from his attack of -fever, presented himself at Bruges, ready to fulfil his engagement at -the <i>Pas de la Pélerine</i>; but as the time arranged for the course of -that meeting had expired, the <i>chapitres d’armes</i> prepared for it had -ceased to operate. Nevertheless, a combat took place at Bruges with de -Haubourdin, and new articles provided that lances were to be cast, and -then a fight with axes, until one or the other had lost his weapon. On -the day appointed for the duel the Bastard de Foix entered the lists, -in full armour, the back of his jupon embroidered with the family -arms, with the addition of the bâton of illegitimacy. Having paid his -respects to the duke, who acted as umpire, he retired to his pavilion. -De Haubourdin came and went in like manner, his jupon bearing the -cognizance of Sir Lancelot. The champions then re-entered the lists for -battle, both armed with <i>becs de faucon</i>, when it was observed that the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> -weapon of de Bearne was garnished with a long, slender spike, -calculated for easy penetration between the bars of the visor. De -Haubourdin on seeing this had his visor removed, saying that he would -save his adversary the trouble of piercing it. The combatants each -carried a lance in the right hand, an axe and shield in the left. The -fight commenced by the parties hurling their lances at each other; that -of de Haubourdin missed his opponent, but de Bearne’s weapon struck -the shield of his adversary, and glancing off wounded him in the arm. -Hurling their shields at each other, the champions then closed, and -after some heavy strokes had been delivered the duke’s bâton fell.<a name="FNanchor_154_154" id="FNanchor_154_154"></a><a href="#Footnote_154_154" class="fnanchor">[154]</a></p> - -<p>De La Marche thus describes a feat of arms which took place on foot and -on horseback between the Seigneur Philippe de Ternant, a Chevalier de -la Toison d’Or, against Galiot de Baltasin, an esquire and chamberlain -to the Duke of Milan, in April, 1446.</p> - -<p>Lists of strong planks, with a double enceinte, had been erected in -a large square in the town of Arras, near the Hostelerie de la Clef. -They were spacious in extent, and within them handsome pavilions had -been pitched for the use of the combatants, and there were gaily -decorated stands for the use of the officials and spectators. On the -day appointed Duke Philip of Burgundy took his seat on the tribune on -the stand overlooking the lists, and with him were his son, the Comte -de Charolais, and his nephew, Adolph de Cléves. On the first day of -the fighting the Seigneur de Ternant entered the lists on horseback, -armed at all points, accompanied by the Seigneur de Beaujeu and the -Comte de Sainct Pol, who acted as his esquires. Dismounting, he paid -his respects to his master the duke, after which he retired to his -pavilion. His adversary entered the lists soon after in like manner, -supported by the Comte d’Étampes, who presented him to the duke. Eight -men-at-arms, holding bâtons in their hands, were posted in the lists in -order to be ready to separate the combatants when necessary and to carry -out the orders of the duke.</p> - -<p>The usual preliminaries having been gone through, each knight made the -sign of the cross and the first encounter commenced, which was a combat -on foot with lances. Baltasin attacked his adversary with such force as -to break the point of his lance; while de Ternant holed the bascinet -of his opponent. The rule as to following up would seem to have been -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> -infringed by Baltasin, for the king of arms now measured the ground -with cords and marked the limits of advance and retirement, seven paces -each way. New lances were issued, and in the next round both weapons -were broken; after which the seven thrusts provided for in the articles -were duly and gallantly accomplished. The next fight was with estocs -and, after some heavy thrusting, the limits of advance and retreat -were again marked, this time five paces each way. On the resumption of -the fight, which is described as terrible, Baltasin’s helmet was again -holed, pieces of armour was shed on both sides and gauntlets broken. -Baltasin then struck de Ternant on the lower end of the right pauldron, -forcing off the coude, and the combatants assailed each other with such -violence that the points of their estocs were broken off and others had -to be supplied. At length the eleven thrusts were duly and gallantly -performed and the combatants retired to their pavilions.</p> - -<p>Then came the fight with hammer-headed axes, the heads having three -prongs, <i>la mail à maniére de trois coings à fendre bois, point -de poincte de dessous</i>; and the fifteen strokes provided for were -duly accomplished. The champions were then led before the duke, who -complimented them on their prowess.</p> - -<p>After an interval of a few days the combat on horseback took place. -On the chamfron of the Italian’s horse was a long spike, which was -disallowed by the umpire, and the piece was replaced by another. -De Ternant laid his lance in rest, and his sword was at his belt; -while the Italian held his lance with the right hand, his sword and -the bridle with his left. In the first course De Baltasin evaded -impact with the lance, but spurred his charger at de Ternant’s horse, -apparently with the object of unseating its rider. The Burgundian, -however, kept the saddle, and after some further fighting the combat -ended without hurt to either party. The action by the Italian was a -contravention of one of the laws of the tourney, but it was passed over -by the umpire without remark.<a name="FNanchor_155_155" id="FNanchor_155_155"></a><a href="#Footnote_155_155" class="fnanchor">[155]</a></p> - -<p>The first joust of the Comte de Charolais, afterwards Charles the Bold, -then in his eighteenth year, was run in the park at Brussels in 1452. -His father, Duke Philip, selected the redoubted champion Jacques de -Lalain as the first adversary; and a grand tournament was proclaimed to -take place in Brussels soon after. In the trial course the Comte and -Lalain charged each other, the former breaking his lance on the shield -of his opponent, but Lalain passed without touching him with his lance. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> -The duke was much displeased at this, and ordered that in the course -next following there should be absolute equality between the parties; -and on the signal being given they charged, each knight breaking his -lance fairly and well on the other’s body. This time it was the duchess -who was angry with Lalain, for his dangerous assault on her son. On -the day of the tournament at Brussels in the same year the Comte de -Charolais played his part manfully and well, and in the evening he was -awarded the first prize by the ladies. In the <i>conte des finances</i> of -1452 there is an item for 360 livres for his outfit.<a name="FNanchor_156_156" id="FNanchor_156_156"></a><a href="#Footnote_156_156" class="fnanchor">[156]</a> -The tournament had been proclaimed throughout the countries of chivalry, and -was held in honour of the eighteenth birthday of the Comte de Charolais, in -the Rathhausplatz of the city. Five challengers held the field against -all comers. Charles ran in eighteen courses, his adversaries being, -Adolph de Cléves, Seigneur de Ravastain; Wolfart de Borssele; the Earl -of Buchan; Messire de Vere; Jean de la Tremoille; Charles de Ternant; -Jacques de Lalain; and the Seigneur de Bugnicourt.</p> - -<p>The jousting was followed by the quintain, and by a combat on foot. -The meeting concluded with the <i>mêlée</i>, after which the prizes were -presented. It was this <i>pas d’armes</i> that was selected for reproduction -at Brussels in 1905.</p> - -<p>Jousting was now frequently combined with masques, mummeries and -pageants. The Duke of Cléves was on a visit to his uncle Philip, Duke -of Burgundy, in 1453; and a series of fêtes was held at Lille in his -honour. During the inaugural banquet a beautiful girl entered the -hall bearing a chaplet of flowers, with which she gracefully crowned -the duke; and it seems that this was the sign that the entertainment -immediately following would be given by him. This duly began on the -morrow, an hour after noon, when a knight of the distinguished order -of the swan issued from the palace, fully armed. It was the Duke of -Cléves who was to hold a joust in the market-place at Lille that day; -he, the tenant, against all comers, being ready to break a lance with -all venans who presented themselves for combat. He was preceded by the -figure of a gigantic swan, of the size of a horse; the bird, on each -side of which marched a savage in his war-paint, led the knight along -by a chain of gold. The knight was encircled by little angels, and was -followed by the duke, who was magnificently dressed. The procession -thus formed marched to the lists, where the knight of the swan tilted -with the Comte de Charolais, the Comte de St. Pol, Sir Anthony, Bastard -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> -of Burgundy, and many others. After the jousting was done the duke -escorted the ladies to the palace, where a banquet was served. The hall -was gorgeously decorated. Facing the upper table a fountain played, and -there was a live lion in the hall. After the company had taken their -seats a holy friar advanced and addressed the duke, urging him to lead -his armies against the infidel; and his grace swore that if the King -of France would engage to leave his dominions in peace he was ready to -march with his entire forces in defence of Christendom.<a name="FNanchor_157_157" id="FNanchor_157_157"></a><a href="#Footnote_157_157" class="fnanchor">[157]</a></p> - -<p>A tournament was held on the coronation of King Edward IV, at which the -ring and ruby were won by Lord Stanley.</p> - -<p>The following account is given in <i>Mémoires de la Marche</i><a name="FNanchor_158_158" id="FNanchor_158_158"></a><a href="#Footnote_158_158" class="fnanchor">[158]</a> -of the <i>pas d’armes</i> held by King Edward IV of England in the year 1467, -at West Smithfield, in which the Bastard of Burgundy took a leading part. -The narration is here much condensed. King Edward had caused lists -of unusual magnificence to be prepared for the occasion, and costly -galleries were erected at the sides. The stand for the accommodation of -the king and his court, his knights and others, was in three stories, -a flight of steps leading up to the umpire’s tribune. The knights -occupied the first story; the esquires, the second; and in the third -were posted the royal archers of the guard. The second erection, lower -than the other, was occupied by the mayor and aldermen of London, -the judges, and other persons in authority: and pavilions, richly -decorated, were pitched for the use of the combatants. In due time the -king ascended the steps of the tribune, preceded by his sword-bearer, -an earl; his majesty was clad in a purple robe and wore the insignia -of the order of the garter; and in attendance was a score or more of -his counsellors. Chairs were provided for the constable and marshal, -and the king took his seat on the tribune as judge. The constable’s -guard of eight men-at-arms then entered the lists and took up their -positions, when a knocking was heard at the gate. It was a knight who -knocked, and the constable asked to know his purpose. “My name,” said -the knight, “is Escallis,<a name="FNanchor_159_159" id="FNanchor_159_159"></a><a href="#Footnote_159_159" class="fnanchor">[159]</a> -and I am come to accomplish a deed of arms with the Bastard of -Burgundy, and demand entrance into the lists to do my <i>devoir</i>.” -Permission having been accorded, the knight entered the lists in full -armour, and was followed by ten or a dozen horses, richly caparisoned, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> -led by pages; and after making his obeisance to the sovereign he -retired to his pavilion. The Bastard of Burgundy then entered the -lists in a like manner, accompanied by the Duke of Suffolk, who had -been deputed by the king to attend him; and in his train were twelve -horses, trapped in cloth of gold and velvet, with the arms of Burgundy -and the bâton of illegitimacy embroidered upon them. After paying his -compliments to the king he also retired to his pavilion. Both knights -re-entered the lists for battle, their lances were handed to them, and -they took up positions for their careers. The onset being sounded they -placed their lances in rest and charged towards each other, meeting in -the centre of the lists, without injury to either party; then drawing -their swords they attacked each other with great fury. Lord Scales, -spurring up his horse, dashed violently against that of his adversary, -the shock of the collision bearing the Burgundian and his charger -to the ground, where the Bastard lay with his horse upon him. The -officials of the lists raised up the fallen champion, when it was found -that he had not sustained any serious injury. The king was annoyed at -this incident; Lord Scales, however, pleaded that it was the freshness -of his horse which had caused the accident. This put an end to the -fighting for the day, and the Bastard retired to his lodgings, where -he was afterwards visited by the constable with a message of sympathy -and enquiry from the king, and an expression of regret at the accident. -“Thank the king,” replied the bastard, “and tell him that to-day I have -fought with a beast, but to-morrow I will engage a man.”</p> - -<p>The champions joined in a combat on foot the next day, with spears, -axes and daggers, the fight to continue until one or other should be -disarmed or borne to the ground. It had been arranged that spears -should be cast, but on the king objecting that part of the proceedings -was omitted. The fight then began. Lord Scales dealt the Bastard some -heavy strokes with his axe, and the Bastard, attacking with great -violence, seriously fractured the armour of his adversary, at which -stage of the combat the king cast his bâton.</p> - -<p>De la Marche was present at the fight.</p> - -<p>Other contests took place on the following day; but on intelligence -arriving of the death of Duke Philippe le Bon, of Burgundy, the meeting -broke up.</p> - -<p>Monstrelet states that the lists were 370 feet long by 250 feet broad, -and gives a somewhat different account of the mounted combat. He says -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> -that the jousting was with pointed lances, and further that the -chamfron of the horse of Lord Scales was garnished with a long steel -spike, which, being thrust into the mouth of the Bastard’s charger, -caused the animal such pain that it reared and at length fell, with its -rider, the Burgundian, underneath.</p> - -<p>Holinshed’s version<a name="FNanchor_160_160" id="FNanchor_160_160"></a><a href="#Footnote_160_160" class="fnanchor">[160]</a> -is as follows:—</p> - -<p class="blockquot">“The first daie they ran togither diurse courses -with sharpe speares, and departed with equall honer. The next day they -turneied on horsseback. The lord Scales horsse had on his chafron a -long sharpe pike of steele, and as the two champions coped togither, -the same horsse (whether through custome or by chance), thrust his pike -into the nosethrils of the bastard’s horsse; so that for verie paine -he mounted so high, that he fell on the one side with his maister, and -the lord Scales rode round about him with his sword in his hand, vntill -the King commanded the marshall to helpe vp the bastard, which openlie -said ‘I cannot hold me by the clouds, for though my horse faileth me, -surelie I will not fail my counter-companion.’”</p> - -<p>The king would not suffer them to do any more that day. On the morrow -the champions fought with pole-axes, when at length the point of the -axe wielded by Lord Scales was thrust into the sight of the Bastard’s -helm with such force that it brought him to his knees, on which the -king cast his bâton. The Bastard wished to fight again, but the umpire -ruled that should the encounter be continued it could only recommence -at the stage reached at the termination of the last combat, with the -Bastard on his knees. On hearing this judgment the Bastard relinquished -his challenge.</p> - -<p>An Ashmolean MS. (111-3b) furnishes the following<a name="FNanchor_161_161" id="FNanchor_161_161"></a><a href="#Footnote_161_161" class="fnanchor">[161]</a>:—“A -demonstracōn by John Writh alias Garter, to King Edward the Fourth, touching -three Knyghtes of high Almayn wch came to do arms in England, with the -instruccōns by them geven unto the saide Gartr and the articles of -their feates and enterprise.” The year must have been 1473.</p> - -<p>The blending of the tourney with the pageant, mummeries and buffoonery -continued to gain ground, and the sumptuous and costly fêtes held at -Bruges in 1468, on the occasion of the marriage of Charles of Burgundy -with Margaret of York, sister to King Edward IV of England, afford an -excellent example of these combinations. All is minutely described -at great length by de la Marche.<a name="FNanchor_162_162" id="FNanchor_162_162"></a><a href="#Footnote_162_162" class="fnanchor">[162]</a> -He gives details of the dresses, ceremonial and armour, and full -particulars of each joust; he also names the historic personages taking -part. The plot of the leading pageant, if it can be called a plot, is -inconsequent, though staged with great splendour and elaboration. There -were tableaux of the Twelve Labours of Hercules, and many allegorical -representations. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span></p> - -<p>Lists were erected in the Grande Place, and just within them stood -<i>l’arbre d’or</i>, a great fir-tree, the trunk of which was gilded over, -and it was this tree which lent its name to the fête. The Bastard of -Burgundy and Adolf de Cléves, Seigneur de Ravastain, cousin-german to -the duke, assumed the rôle of Chevaliers de L’Arbre d’Or, and they were -to hold the <i>pas</i> in its defence. The fêtes were arranged to extend -over ten days. On the first day the duke took his seat on the tribune, -and a “poursuivant-at-armes,” clad in the livery of <i>l’arbre d’or</i>, -handed him a letter from the princess of an unknown isle, in which she -proffers her favour to any knight who would deliver a certain giant -from captivity, whom she had placed under the guardianship of her -dwarf. The dwarf, gaily dressed in crimson and white satin, now entered -the arena, leading in the giant by a chain, and, binding him to the -golden tree, took up a position on a flight of steps, with a trumpet -and sand-glass in his hands. The dwarf then sounded a note on his -trumpet, and turned the sand-glass, which was timed for half an hour, -at the expiration of which Adolf de Cléves, as Chevalier de L’Arbre -d’Or, who was to open the <i>pas</i>, knocked at the gate of the lists, -and the pursuivant demanded his name and errand. “I am come,” said -he, “to accomplish the adventure of the giant, and demand admission.” -The blazon of his arms having been submitted to the judge it was hung -suspended on the tree, and the dwarf admitted him. De Ravastain was -borne into the lists in a litter, carried on the backs of two black -horses, and made a brilliant entrance with his team of drummers and -trumpeters on the march; his robe was of velvet, the colour of leather, -trimmed with ermine, and on his head was a cardinal’s hat. His handsome -charger, richly caparisoned, bore a pair of panniers on his back, -between which a court fool was seated, and it followed the litter, led -by a varlet. The duchess was seated on her tribune, and the chevalier, -throwing away his hat, knelt down before her and set forth the details -of the rôle he had assumed, praying for her permission to carry out -his plan. This being graciously accorded, he retired to his pavilion -to arm him, re-entering the lists on horseback. The dwarf then gave -the signal for the jousting, and the venans, sumptuously arrayed and -brilliantly attended, were successively disposed of. After they had -been dealt with, the dwarf again blew his trumpet and the prize was -presented to de Cléves. The cavaliers then jousted each with a <i>gros -planchon blanc</i>, but without touching each other; and the first day’s -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> -proceedings finished with a banquet. Jousts of different kinds, dinners -and entertainments continued over each succeeding day of the fêtes. -On the sixth day the Bastard of Burgundy had his leg nearly broken; -on the eighth the Sire Philippe de Poictiers was wounded; and on the -ninth day Duke Charles jousted with his kinsman, de Ravastain, breaking -eight spears to eleven by his opponent. The prize was a <i>destrier</i>, -richly accoutred, provided with panniers, and in them was an entire -jousting equipment of the Bastard of Burgundy. The prize was won by the -Sire de Arguel, who had broken thirteen lances on the third day of the -fêtes. In keeping account of the splintered lances, the <i>articles du -pas</i> determine how they shall be broken:—“<i>car nulles lances ne furent -tenues pour rompues, s’il n’y avoit quatre doigts de franc au-dessous -du roquet, ou devant la grape</i>.” The lances for every contest were always -carefully measured before being used, so that they were of equal length.</p> - -<p>The lists were cleared of the tilt and stands, and the <i>mêlée</i> -began, there being twenty-five cavaliers on each side. They fought with -rebated swords, and with such ardour that all signals to stop were -disregarded, and it was only when the duke rode in among them unhelmed, -sword in hand, that they could be induced to cease fighting and go and -prepare for the banquet which was to follow.</p> - -<p>Philip de Commenes was present and tilted with Jerom of Cambrai. The -banquet was served on a splendid scale, and the side tables were -curiously embellished. On one of the dishes was the figure of a unicorn -the size of a horse, with a leopard on his back waving the banner of -England in one hand, and holding in the other a <i>fleur de marguerite</i>. -The unicorn was trapped in silk, on which were embroidered the arms of -England. A <i>fleur de marguerite</i> was presented to the duke by the hand -of a little female dwarf belonging to Marie of Burgundy. The dwarf was -dressed as a shepherdess, in cloth of gold, and was mounted on a huge -lion, bearing the arms of Burgundy, which opened its mouth by means of -springs, and chanted a poem in honour of the beautiful shepherdess. -There were many more mechanical contrivances; and on the last day -of the fêtes a whale sixty feet long entered the hall, escorted by -two giants. The whale wagged its tail and fins; its eyes were great -mirrors, and when it opened its mouth sirens issued from it, chanting -most melodiously. After further conceits the two giants were swallowed -by the whale.</p> - -<p>A copy of a very quaint manuscript, portions of it written at different -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> -times in the reign of Edward IV and up to that of Henry VIII, is given -in <i>Archæologia</i> of the year 1846. It describes the marriage ceremony -and the pageants, remarking as to the latter:—“the pageantes wear so -obscure, that I fere me to writ or speke of them, because all was -cuntenaunce and no wordes.”</p> - -<p>As to the excitement of the <i>mêlée</i> and the disregard of the signals -and commands to cease fighting, the MS. says:—“the Duke unhelmed -hyme, and with a great staffe his person charged pece in paine of deth, -and soe wt great labore he droffe the parties asounder.”</p> - -<p>There was not much tourneying at the court of Burgundy after this, -for Duke Charles was too busily and constantly engaged in military -enterprises against his neighbours; and, indeed, his ambitious, predatory -and headstrong career was fast drawing to a close, ending, in fact, in -1477 on the fatal field of Nancy. The jousting traditions of his house -passed over through his daughter, his only child, to the Austrian and -German courts, under Maximilian: and it is to these countries, more -especially, to which we must now turn for the history of the tournament -in its decline.</p> - -<p>In the same year as the fêtes at Bruges, 1468, a joust was held in -front of the king’s hotel at the Tournelles, Paris; the challengers against -all comers being four gentlemen of the company of the Seneschal of -Normandy. John Raquier hastened from Rouen to take part, and he -broke five lances with distinction; then came Marc Senamy and two -sons of Sir John Sanguin, who all acquitted themselves well, after whom -Charles de Louviers, cup-bearer to the king, jousted successfully, and the -prize of the day was adjuged to him. After all these encounters the -tenans were much bruised, two of them carried their arms in slings and -a third was severely wounded in the hand; so that the honours of the -meeting lay with the venans.<a name="FNanchor_163_163" id="FNanchor_163_163"></a><a href="#Footnote_163_163" class="fnanchor">[163]</a></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p>“At the marriage of Richard, duke of York, son of Edward IV, with -Ann Mowbray, daughter to the duke of Norfolk in 1477, six gentlemen -challenged all comers at the <i>Just Roial</i>, with <i>helme</i> and <i>shield</i>, -in manner accustomed.</p> - -<p>“Secondly, To runne in <i>Ostling</i><a name="FNanchor_164_164" id="FNanchor_164_164"></a><a href="#Footnote_164_164" class="fnanchor">[164]</a> -<i>harneis</i> alonge a tilte.</p> - -<p>“And thirdly, to strike certaine strokes with swoards and guise of -<i>torney</i>.”<a name="FNanchor_165_165" id="FNanchor_165_165"></a><a href="#Footnote_165_165" class="fnanchor">[165]</a></p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> -A narrative by an eye-witness of this marriage and “of the grand -justing then celebrated” is given in the Ashmolean MS. No. 856, -94-104,<a name="FNanchor_166_166" id="FNanchor_166_166"></a><a href="#Footnote_166_166" class="fnanchor">[166]</a> -which is at least as curious as the account of the jousting of Anthony -Lord Scales with the Bastard of Burgundy. It was published by W. H. B. -in the <i>Excerpta Historica</i>, in June, 1830.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p>“In the reign of Henry VII certaine gentlemen who stiled themselves -servants of Ladie Maie, in honour of that month, gave a challenge to be -performed at Greenwiche; the articles run thus:—</p> - -<p>“<i>Imprimis</i>, The fourteenth daie of Maie, shall be redye in the field -certaine gentlemen, perteyning to the Ladye Maie, armed for the tilt, -in harneis therunto accustomed; and there to kepe the fielde (in such -place as it shall please the kynge to appoint) from 2 of the clocke, -til 5 at the afternoone, to run with every commer 8 courses; and thus -the answerers all answered and served, that than if there be any that -desireth for their Ladyes sake other 4 courses, it shall be granted, so -the hower be not past, if it be then at the queenes pleasure.</p> - -<p>“The second day, to shoot Standart Arrowe and fighte, with all -commers; he that shootes the standart furthest to have a prise, and so -in like case of the arrows of the flight. </p> <p>“The third day with -swordes rebated (without points or edges) to strike with any commer -8 strokes in way of pleasure; and four strokes more for any of the -commers mistress sake, under the above restrictions, (and the queen’s -pleasure).</p> - -<p>“The fourth day to wrestle all manner of ways.</p> - -<p>“The fifth day, armed to fighte on foote, with speares in their -hands rebated, and then swordes by their sides for the battle; and then -with speare and sworde to defend their barriers; that is to say, with -spears 8 strokes, whereof two with foyne (thrusts) and 6 strokes; and -that done, to drawe their swordes and strike 8 strokes every man, to -his best advantage, with gripe or otherwise; and four strokes for a -lady, under the above restrictions.</p> - -<p>“The sixth day to cast the barre on foote, and with the arme both -heavie and light.</p> - -<p>“At these <i>tournois</i> the challenger doth engage to come in <i>harneis</i> -for the tilt, without targe or brockett, <i>woalant piece over the -head</i>,<a name="FNanchor_167_167" id="FNanchor_167_167"></a><a href="#Footnote_167_167" class="fnanchor">[167]</a> -rondall over the garde, rest of advantage, fraude, deceit, or -other malengine.</p> - -<p>“And some time after four gentlemen challenged all commers at -Greenwich: To the feate called barriers, with the casting speare, and -the targatt and the bastarde sworde.<a name="FNanchor_168_168" id="FNanchor_168_168"></a><a href="#Footnote_168_168" class="fnanchor">[168]</a> -And one cast with the speare hedded with the morn (coronal), and 17 -strokes with the sworde, point and edge rebated; without close or -griping one another with handes, upon paine of such punishment, as the -judges for the tyme being should thinke requisite.”</p> -</div> - -<p>“The tilts, we find, were performed with long tilting spears, on -horseback; and when their lances were broken, they often took to -their swords as well as axes”: see the method of challenge in the -description of the plates in the life of Earl Warwick, and the manner -of performing, Plates 35, 36, ＆ 37, etc.<a name="FNanchor_169_169" id="FNanchor_169_169"></a><a href="#Footnote_169_169" class="fnanchor">[169]</a></p> - -<p>Caxton, writing in the reign of Edward IV, in his epilogue to <i>The book -of the Order of Chyvalry and Knyghthode</i>, says:—</p> - -<p class="blockquot">“I wold it pleasyd our soverayne Lord that twyes -or thryes in a yere, or at least ones, he wold do crye <i>Justes of -pees</i>, to thende that every knyght shold have hors and haryneys, and -also the use and craft of a knyght, and also to torneye one ageynste -one, or ij ageynst ij; and the best to have a prys, a dyamond, or -jewel, such as shold please the prynce. Thys shold cause gentylmen to -resorte to thauncyent customes of chyvalry, to grate fame and renōmee, -and also to be alway redy to serve theyr prynce when he shalbe calle -them or have nede.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> -A superb representation on tapestry of a <i>mêlée</i> which took place late -in the fifteenth century, worked at Malines, is now at Valenciennes; -and it is remarkable for its technical accuracy. The jousting is over; -and a combat with sharp swords in progress. Broken lances, a helmet, a -broken helm, fragments of crests, <i>grelots</i> and other debris shed in -the contest lie on the ground among the horse’s hoofs. The helmets are -armets of the older form, of which there are existing examples spread -over the collections of Europe. This type has hinged side-pieces and -opens out from the middle for inserting and withdrawing the head of -the wearer; and it is fastened together with a leathern strap. There -is a small circular disk projecting from the back of the helmet, -as well as a collar in front and over the neck behind, to which a -necklet of chain-mail is fixed by a line of rivets. The comb of the -helmet is holed for the attachment of a crest and the visor projects -in a sort of beak. The disk is fixed to one side of the back of the -head-piece by a thin iron connecting pin or bar. Its use or purpose -is difficult to imagine and has given rise to much controversy, but -none of the explanations advanced are at all convincing, for the bar -or connecting pin is too slender to protect the neck from a sword -stroke or even to shield from injury the strap at the back which holds -the helmet together. This type fell into disuse at the commencement -of the sixteenth century. The armour shown on the figures is fairly -uniform. A long mail shirt with sleeves is worn, and it is much less -covered with plate than might be expected at the end of the fifteenth -century. The forms of the pauldrons, neck-guards, globose breastplate, -“bear-paw,” or “cow-mouth” sollerets (as they were called), tuilles, -tassets, and bases all mark the period, which other historic features -on the tapestry confirm. Motons appear on only one of the figures, and -they are pear-shaped; in the case of the other front figures there is -no defence for the armpits beyond the chain-mail shirt. The lances are -both grooved and plain, the vamplates, circular. An unusual feature -is the presence of three long, narrow, label-shaped plates or bars, -ridged down the middle, with small circular eyes at the tops, through -which screws or rivets are passed, attaching them to the back rim of -the armet. The back-plates are low, reaching but half-way up, and these -three plates or bars form the only defence for the upper back outside -the mail shirts. They appear to be adjustable to a certain extent. The -middle plate is the longest of the three, extending down the spine of -the wearer to over the top of the low back-plate; while the side-bars, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> -equal in length, reach well over the pauldron wings. The horses are all -barded in leather, with chamfrons and crinets apparently of iron; and -none of the animals are trapped. The bridles are of chain-mail, framed -in iron. The tapestry measures 4·70 m. to 5·60 m. in size, and part of -it is shown on <a href="#PLATE_I_2">Plate I (2)</a>.</p> - -<p>In the year 1487 Johannes, Duke of Saxony, ran in <i>Gestech</i> with Cuntz -Metzschen at Jena, and both riders kept their seats. They wore armour -such as described in <a href="#PLATE_IX">Plate IX (1)</a>: the motons were very -ornate. On the duke’s helm were two small black flags, on which the letter “M” was -embroidered, in honour of his wife, Sophie of Mecklenburg. His trapper -and shield were black, with violet, yellow, and white stripes.</p> - -<p>A “Solemne Triumphe” was held at Richmond, which lasted a whole month, -at which Sir James Parker was killed, in 1494.<a name="FNanchor_170_170" id="FNanchor_170_170"></a><a href="#Footnote_170_170" class="fnanchor">[170]</a></p> - -<p>The two most important armouries are those at Vienna and Madrid; but -for the study of the tourney that at Dresden is the best. Indeed, much -of the armour there has remained, practically <i>in situ</i>, since it was -in use, and many of the harnesses can be attributed with certainty, -both as regards wearers and makers. In the <i>Tournierwaffensaal</i> -several of the mounted models have sat their horses since the year -1591. At Dresden may be seen examples of the saddles, horse muzzles, -weapons, bards and trappers; and even the textile costumes worn over -and under the armour, as well as the small accessories and tools, may -be studied. Besides these armouries, those at Paris, Berlin, Turin, -Nuremberg, the Tower of London, and the Wallace Collection, are large -and comprehensive.</p> - -<p>The German <i>Turnierbücher</i> and jousting in Germany will be dealt with -in the next chapter.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span></p> -<div class="chapter"> - <h2 class="nobreak"><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI">CHAPTER VI</a></h2> -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap"><span class="smcap">Much</span> -that is fanciful and unreal has been written about the tournament, -and it is only in recent times that the knowledge of the subject -has been placed on a more scientific basis, through the labours and -researches of Querin von Leitner, Cornelius Curlitt, Boeheim, Dillon, -Haenel and others, who have built on the valuable foundations laid by -earlier writers on the subject. In France the subject has received but -scant attention in recent times.</p> - -<p>The contemporary literature in France and England concerning the -tournament of the sixteenth century is much less voluminous than that -written in the fifteenth, and the narrations of chroniclers greatly -lack that technical knowledge which characterizes the work of their -predecessors, who belonged to a higher class of society. The contrast, -indeed, in their treatment of these meetings is very marked, in that -comparatively little attention is devoted by the later writers to the -martial sports themselves, while the pageantry and dresses closely -connected with them absorb most of the matter of their narrations. -This is perhaps an indication of a diminished public interest in -the tournament in these countries; and but for the fuller and more -circumstantial German records it would be difficult to present any -comprehensive account of its ramifications during the sixteenth century -and to the time when it fell into disuse. There are many records -relating to the tournament in the College of Arms, London, and among -the Ashmolean, Harleian and Cottonian MSS.<a name="FNanchor_171_171" id="FNanchor_171_171"></a><a href="#Footnote_171_171" class="fnanchor">[171]</a>; -whilst the <i>Chronicles</i> of Hall and Holinshed also afford much -information. De Pluvinal, in <i>Maneige Royal</i>, published in 1625, gives -some interesting particulars of jousting in its later stages, and -Ménestrier, in <i>Traité des Tournois, Jousts, Carrousels, &c.</i>, when -it had almost ceased being practised.</p> - -<p>The institution had attained its highest development in most of the -countries of chivalry in the first half of the fifteenth century, and -the sixteenth saw its rapid decline. It had become more and more a mere -sport and pastime, and had lost much of its former dignity in being so -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> -closely associated with mummeries and the pageant. All the safeguards -instituted in the fifteenth century had become accentuated in the -sixteenth to a degree making serious accidents very rare; and the -introduction of barriers in combats on foot, and the employment of -lances in these contests, apart from the preliminary casting, so -often described in the narrations of such encounters of the fifteenth -century, had greatly changed their character, and made them much less -dangerous.</p> - -<p>In admitting cavaliers to the tournament kings of arms were particular -to exclude all who were not of noble birth, with the requisite number -of descents. The bâton of illegitimacy, however, was no bar to the -admission of the bastards of princely houses, who were generally -accepted in society on an apparently equal footing with nobles of the -highest rank.</p> - -<p>The prizes awarded were often a wreath, a ring, a sword, helmet, jewel -or a charger; at a joust held at Weimar in 1534 they consisted of a -spur, a sword and a lady’s slipper, all of gold.</p> - -<p>Many new forms of jousting were introduced in Germany late in the -fifteenth and during the sixteenth centuries, though most of them -were derived from three main courses with but trivial differences -from them. Some of the variants were conceived with a view to the -introduction of some striking or humorous novelty; and, in fact, the -passion for theatrical effect then prevailing in Germany, brought about -some extraordinary mechanical absurdities as applied to jousting. The -intricacies of the various courses would seem to have been somewhat -perplexing even to the generations by whom they were practised, and -they are, of course, much more difficult to disentangle now.</p> - -<p>It was in Germany that the bulk of the jousting harnesses of the -sixteenth century were made, and in that country the contemporary -literature over the period in question concerning the tournament is -most considerable.</p> - -<p>The tournament records of the emperor Maximilian I and those of the -ruling princes of the German Empire are of the first importance in -the history of the tournament of the period, for it was at the courts -of these sovereigns that such sports were most practised in their -various phases, and when they reached their greatest development. The -tournament, with its attendant pageants and mummeries, played a leading -part in the weekly routine of the relaxation and amusements of these -princes and their chivalry, a part perhaps second only to the chase; -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> -and these records bring the actual details of the various courses -vividly before us in the many carefully executed drawings representing -them which have been preserved. Most of them deal with the tournament -of the sixteenth century, though some of the combats of the last -quarter of the fifteenth are recorded and illustrated; and while, -perhaps, none of the drawings are strictly speaking contemporaneous -with the events they depict many of them were copied from older -pictures, so that taken as a whole the details given are more reliable -than most of the other sources of information.</p> - -<p>The most precious among these tourney-books is the <i>Freydal</i> of -Maximilian I, a work of the year 1515, in which the emperor’s combats -in the lists, with the accompanying mummeries, are pictured.</p> - -<p>The allegorical name “Freydal” is one of those assumed by the emperor -in his knightly character. Maximilian was born in 1459, elected emperor -in 1494, and died in 1520. He began his jousting career when quite -a youth, and took a leading and personal part in the compilation -of <i>Freydal</i>, dictating some of the text to his secretary Max -Trytssaurwein in 1511; and, indeed, he corrected some of the proofs -with his own hand. He selected for the book the examples of the various -courses in which he was engaged, in almost all of which he appears as -the victor. These instructions as to the choice of the subjects of the -plates are of great value to the student, and are given in <a href="#APPENDIX_D">Appendix D</a>. -The personal character of the work adds much to its interest and -importance in the history of the tournament.</p> - -<p>The admirable reproduction of <i>Freydal</i> by Querin von Leitner, issued -under the directions of Franz, Grafen Folliot De Grenneville,<a name="FNanchor_172_172" id="FNanchor_172_172"></a><a href="#Footnote_172_172" class="fnanchor">[172]</a> -leaves little to be desired. There are 255 plates arranged in series of -<i>Rennen</i>, <i>Stechen</i>, foot combats and a <i>mêlée</i>, all depicting -courses in which Maximilian had “<i>gerennt</i>, <i>gestochen</i> und -<i>gekämpft</i>.”<a name="FNanchor_173_173" id="FNanchor_173_173"></a><a href="#Footnote_173_173" class="fnanchor">[173]</a> -The work is valuable from many points of view, for it includes a register -of the prominent personages of the time, and full particulars of the -colours, trappers, arms and crests of the cavaliers taking part, -together with the costumes of the mummers and others, besides some -genealogical notes.</p> - -<p><i>Freydal</i> is one of a series of chronicles somewhat similar in -character, comprising <i>Theuerdank</i>, <i>Weisskünig</i>, <i>Triumph of Maximilian</i> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> -and <i>Ehrenpforte</i>; all were written with a view to the glorification -of the emperor and his reign. <i>Freydal</i> is the emperor’s testament to -posterity of his career in the tiltyard, and, with the accompanying -mummeries he initiated, forms a knightly tribute to the memory of his -much lamented consort Mary of Burgundy. A poem in the work follows, -which illustrates the spirit of vanity and the somewhat frivolous -character of the monarch:—</p> - -<div lang="de" class="poetry-container"><div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i3">RITTER FREYDALB<a name="FNanchor_174_174" id="FNanchor_174_174"></a><a href="#Footnote_174_174" class="fnanchor">[174]</a></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Nun ver von kurtzweil lesen wil</span> -<span class="i0">Vnd lustbarlichen dingen,</span> -<span class="i0">der nem fur sich die ritterspil,</span> -<span class="i0">da ainr nach eer thut ringen,</span> -<span class="i0">als ritter Freydalb hat gethon</span> -<span class="i0">Aus ritterlichem gmute</span> -<span class="i0">Auf mengen adelichen plon.</span> -<span class="i0">Sein tugent vnd auch gute</span> -<span class="i0">ist allermenigelich offenbar,</span> -<span class="i0">wie er konndt tryumphiern</span> -<span class="i0">mit rennen, stechen kempfen zwar</span> -<span class="i0">Auch tantzen vnd thurniern</span> -<span class="i0">damit er in sein jungen tagen,</span> -<span class="i0">Als ir hie horen werden</span> -<span class="i0">grose freyd ynd ruem do hat erjagen,</span> -<span class="i0">(Seins gleich lebt nit auf erden).</span> -</div></div></div> - -<p><i>Theuerdank</i> is a narration of Maximilian’s journey to Ghent to wed -the heiress of Charles the Bold, with an account of his adventures by the -way, and the story of his courtship. It was written by the emperor for -the instruction of Charles V when a youth. There are 117 wood-cuts by -Hans Schaufflein. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span></p> - -<p><i>Weisskünig</i> is the story of his life and government.</p> - -<p><i>The Triumph</i> describes the progress and achievements of his reign, -as typified by the picture of the triumphal car running through it. It -was written in 1512, greatly at the emperor’s own dictation; and the -illustrations depict jousters fully equipped for some of the various -courses of the tournament.</p> - -<p><i>The Ehrenpforte</i> is a monument to the glory of the Emperor’s -name and house.</p> - -<p>In the tourney-book of Maximilian belonging to the Prince of -Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen the spirited illustrations are by the hand -of Hans Burgmaier, of Augsburg, an able coadjutor of the great -armour-smith Koloman Colman of the same city, surnamed Helmschmidt.</p> - -<p>Of great interest and importance are the three original tourney books -of the Saxon Electors—Johanns <i>des Beständigen</i>, Johann Friedrichs -<i>des Grozmüthigen</i>, and August, scoffingly called by Carlyle, if we -remember rightly, the <i>physically</i> strong. They are in three volumes, -which are preserved in the public library at the Japanese Palace, -Dresden. The illustrations, which number over 300, are water-colour -drawings on parchment, and they depict the courses of <i>Rennen</i>, -<i>Stechen</i>,<a name="FNanchor_175_175" id="FNanchor_175_175"></a><a href="#Footnote_175_175" class="fnanchor">[175]</a> -and a <i>mêlée</i>, as run by those princes during their reigns; they afford -characteristic records of these knightly sports from the year 1487 to -1566. The earlier jousts of the <i>Kurfürst</i> Johann begin towards the end -of the fifteenth century, the others following in the sixteenth; while -the third volume, executed in 1584, includes fifty-five drawings of the -courses of <i>Scharfrennen</i> and <i>Gestech</i> run by the <i>Kurfürst</i> -August, the last taking place in February, 1566, at Dresden. The drawings are -by Heinrich Göding, of Brunswick, the court painter, and many of them -would seem to have been copied from an earlier work.</p> - -<p>There is also an old copy of one of the books in the royal library at -Veste Coburg. Professor Haenel, the Curator of the Johanneum Collection -of Arms and Armour at Dresden, has reproduced a selection of the plates -in the three volumes of the joustings of the Saxon <i>Kurfürsts</i>, two -of them coloured as in the originals, the others plain (published under -the auspices of <i>Die Verein für historische Waffenkunde</i>, Dresden, -1910). The book supplies a long-felt want, for the original volumes are -not easy of access. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span></p> - -<p>In the <i>Gewehrgalerie</i> at the Johanneum, Dresden,<a name="FNanchor_176_176" id="FNanchor_176_176"></a><a href="#Footnote_176_176" class="fnanchor">[176]</a> -are twenty-nine paintings in oils by the same artist as those in the tourney-books, -and they depict courses run in <i>Scharfrennen</i> by the <i>Kurfürsts</i>. -These pictures are of even greater value than the drawings in the -tourney-books in being painted on a larger scale, and giving more -details both of the courses themselves and the general surroundings of -the lists. One of them, like the last picture in the tournament-book, -Vol. III, depicts the last joust of the <i>Kurfürst</i> August, run against -his ennobled master-armourer Hans Dehn, in the year 1566; and it bears -the title, “<i>Ein Rennen mit Hannss Dehnen gethan, der ist alleine -gefallen. Ao 66 im Februar zu Dressten an der Festnacht</i>.” This -oil-painting is hung in a bad light, and is darkened by age, but a -close examination reveals the fact that the riders and horses are only -models, stuffed with straw, their hoofs attached to low four-wheeled -bogies. The figures are impelled to charge by a mechanical apparatus; -ropes, running along the bogies and beyond, are visible, but the -machinery itself for setting the models in motion is hidden from view. -These models, as stated on the picture, formed part of a Carnival -mummery, held at court. The painting exhibits the moment when Hans -Dehn is in the act of being hurled from his horse by the <i>Kurfürst</i>, -his lance falling to the ground; while the prince is holding up his -left hand in the manner customary after impact. The <i>Kurfürst</i> wears -a jousting-salade, with a crest of plumes; the usual shield; bases and -jousting-cuisses. The legs and feet are unarmoured. The lance is stout, -rounded, adorned with puffs, and headed with a small conically formed -sharp tip; the vamplate is very large. The horse bears an enriched -collar and a spiked chamfron, while plumes adorn the head and tail. The -saddle is without cantle, the object of the course being unhorsing; the -trapper, reaching down to the horse’s houges, is painted with stars, -foliations and the arms (viz. a lion <i>rampant</i>).</p> - -<div id="PLATE_III" class="figcenter"> - <p class="f120 space-above2"><b><i>PLATE III</i></b></p> - <img src="images/i_p090.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="517" /> - <p class="f120">MAXIMILIAN I ENGAGED IN <i>HOHENZEUGGESTECH</i></p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> -About the end of the seventeenth century the models of horses used for -the display of armour in the Tower of London were mounted on casters, -and guide books of the period and later state that they had been -employed in practising tilting and running at the ring. This could -hardly have been the case as regards these particular models, their -purpose having been doubtless merely for convenience in moving and -cleaning. These statements were, however, founded on the fact that -there had been horses fitted with mechanical contrivances for impelling -them forward towards one another for the purpose of practising the -joust and its kindred military sports. In the years 1672 and 1673 -patents were taken out in England for models of horses fitted with -mechanical appliances for the purpose in question,<a name="FNanchor_177_177" id="FNanchor_177_177"></a><a href="#Footnote_177_177" class="fnanchor">[177]</a> -and the joust at Dresden on Twelfth-night, 1566, shows that they -were not confined to this country.</p> - -<p>The subjects of the paintings and embroideries on trappers in the -sixteenth century were often humorous, religious, and sometimes even -political in character. An example shows a barrel of gunpowder in the -act of explosion and a pair of sweethearts standing before it kissing. -Another exhibits a man standing in the street, clad only in his shirt, -being well soused with water thrown from an open window. A religious -example deals with the struggle in progress between the propaganda of -reform as against the Church of Rome, wherein a monk and a Lutheran -divine are seen fighting for the globe amid lightning and hail; the -waves of the sea, peopled by monsters of the deep, advancing menacingly -towards them.</p> - -<p>The mottoes are often curious and suggestive, for instance:—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“<i>Was achte ich des Monden Schein,</i></span> -<span class="i2"><i>wenn mir die Sonne gnedig sein.</i>”<a name="FNanchor_178_178" id="FNanchor_178_178"></a><a href="#Footnote_178_178" class="fnanchor">[178]</a></span> -</div></div></div> - -<p>Another:—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">“<i>Niemand weisz mein Sinn</i></span> -<span class="i2"><i>Ob ich ein Fuchs od Hase bin.</i>”<a name="FNanchor_179_179" id="FNanchor_179_179"></a><a href="#Footnote_179_179" class="fnanchor">[179]</a></span> -</div></div></div> - -<p>The humorous devices painted were sometimes groups of owls, -hares, mice or foxes. Trappers were usually armoried.</p> - -<p>The contract price for a complete harness for the tiltyard in the -second half of the sixteenth century was usually from 100 to 200 -<i>thalers</i> (£20 to £40), rather a wide margin; though anything extra -special in the way of enrichment would often cost much more. August -<i>Kurfürst</i> of Saxony ordered from Peffenhaüser of Augsburg in 1582 a -“<i>Stechkürass fur die Pallier</i><a name="FNanchor_180_180" id="FNanchor_180_180"></a><a href="#Footnote_180_180" class="fnanchor">[180]</a> -<i>mit allen Doppelstücken, und alle Stücke zum Freirennen und -Fussturnier 200 Thalers</i>,” i.e. a harness for jousting at the tilt -with the reinforcing pieces thereto appertaining, together with the -additional pieces for <i>Freirennen</i> and <i>Fussturnier</i>. A more ordinary -suit “<i>ein anderer, schlichter, gemeiner Kürass</i>” is offered at 100 -<i>thalers</i>. Four <i>thalers</i> “<i>Tringeld</i>” for each suit was -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> -usually added. A <i>Feldkürass</i> (a hoasting harness) was cheaper, say 60 -to 80 <i>thalers</i> according to quality. Prices had advanced since the -beginning of the century. In 1511, September 16, “Conrad Seusenhofer -receives for two suits of armour for his Imperial Majesty and one for -the English Embassy 211 <i>florins</i>.”<a name="FNanchor_181_181" id="FNanchor_181_181"></a><a href="#Footnote_181_181" class="fnanchor">[181]</a></p> - -<p>1512. Sept 13. “Payments made by Thomas Wuley on the King’s behalf to a -certain merchant of Florence for 2000 complete harnesses called Almayne -rivets according to pattern in the hands of John Douncy, accounting -alway a salet, a gorget, a breastplate, a back-plate and a pair of -splints for every complete harness at 16s a set.”<a name="FNanchor_182_182" id="FNanchor_182_182"></a><a href="#Footnote_182_182" class="fnanchor">[182]</a> -Such last-named suits were for the soldiery and without armour for the arms and legs.</p> - -<p>Hans Schwenkh’s <i>Wappenmeisterbuch</i>, the tourney-book of Duke William -IV of Bavaria, in the Royal Library at Munich, commences in 1510. It -was compiled by Frederich von Schlichtegroll in 1807, it exhibits -eight separate forms of the tourney, and covers the jousting of the -duke in the first quarter of the sixteenth century together with later -examples. The illustrations are faithfully reproduced on stone by the -brothers Theobald and Clemens Senefeder, with an explanatory text by -Schlichtegroll.</p> - -<p>The tourney-book of Duke Henry of Braunschweig-Lüneburg is at Berlin; -that of the Pole Zuganoviez Stanislaus of the year 1574 in the Dresden -Historical Museum.</p> - -<p>Several forms of jousting, combats on foot and the tourney prevailing -in the fifteenth century have been lightly touched upon, and a more -detailed statement of the leading courses now follows, together with an -account of their more important variants.</p> - -<p>The main courses of the jousts are:—</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p class="neg-indent">1. Courses run in the lists with lances rebated or -tipped with coronals, without a tilt or barrier between the jousters; -the chief object in view being the splintering of lances and -unhorsing.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">2. Courses of courtesy run in the lists with -sharp lances, also without a tilt; the main desideratum being -unhorsing.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">3. Courses run with lances tipped with coronals, -in which the jousters charged along a tilt which was between them. In -this course the chief object in view was the splintering of lances.</p> -</div> - -<p>There are many variants in the first two groups. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span></p> - -<p>These three classes were practised more or less in all the countries of -chivalry in the sixteenth century, though outside Germany it was the -joust at the tilt which was commonly run. In the Fatherland and Austria -these courses were known respectively as the <i>Gestech</i> or <i>Stechen</i>, -<i>Scharfrennen</i> or <i>Rennen</i>, and the <i>Welsch Gestech</i> or Italian joust.</p> - -<p>The type of joust run in the lists without a barrier or tilt, the -lances tipped with coronals, is a very old one, though it had been -subjected to a gradual modification and the application of safeguards -as the centuries had advanced. The horses were blindfolded, so that -they should not flinch or jib at the moment of impact, and so deflect -the aim of the rider; and the animals were also sometimes rendered deaf -by the stopping of their ears with wool, and they were often muzzled. -Except in the case of one German variant of this class, the legs of the -riders were without armour, these limbs being sufficiently protected by -the saddle-steels. A chamfron, sometimes spiked, covered the face of -the horse, and a crinet its neck. A cushion or mattress (<i>Stechkissen</i> -or <i>Bourrelet</i>), filled with straw, hung from the saddle-bow, covering -the chest of the animal, to act as a buffer when there were collisions, -which frequently happened in the absence of a tilt; and, indeed, in -such cases one or both chargers, with their riders, often fell. An -illustration of this cushion is given in the <i>Tourney Book of René -d’Anjou</i>, and another by Boeheim in his <i>Waffenkunde</i>, drawn after -an actual example, which is believed to have belonged to Maximilian I, and -now forms part of the superb collection of arms and armour at Vienna. -The horse was usually barded in leather, which did not extend to the -front, and a trapper, painted with various devices, covered its body. -The saddle employed in Class 1, which weighs about 10·2 <i>kilos.</i>, has -a high squared plate in front reaching to the jouster’s breast, and there -are short steels, though no cantle; so that unhorsing was of frequent -occurrence. The head-piece of this class was the great jousting-helm. -This course involved much more skill and initiative in the jouster and -a more careful training of the horse than did the joust at the tilt. -This class of joust was much practised in Germany under the general -name “<i>Gestech</i>” or its abbreviation “<i>Stechen</i>,” and was -in three forms:</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p class="neg-indent">(a) <i>Das Gestech im hohen Zeug</i> or -<i>Hohenzeuggestech</i>, known in France as <i>Joûte à la haute barde</i>.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">(b) <i>Das gemeine deutsche Gestech.</i> <i>La Joûte -Allemand.</i></p> - -<p class="neg-indent">(c) <i>Das Gestech im Beinharnisch.</i> <i>Joûte au -harnois de jambe.</i></p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> -The joust in Germany was a ruder sport than that practised in other -countries, and unhorsing very frequently took place.</p> - -<p><i>Hohenzeuggestech</i> is an older form of the group, its main object -being the splintering of lances. In this course the jouster sat high -up on his horse in a saddle formed like a well, and his body being -well supported on all sides unhorsing was impossible as long as the -animal kept its legs and the girths held. This form of saddle had -been employed in the <i>Kolbenturnier</i> or baston course (i.e. a duel -on horseback with heavy bastons or maces), which prevailed during the -fifteenth century and which has been described. The protection on the -saddle front in <i>Hohenzeuggestech</i> rises over the rider’s breast, -a broad band of iron encircles his body, and the steels are long and -broad. The saddle weighs about 12 <i>kilos.</i> The horse ran blindfolded -in a leather bard and trapper of cloth; the rider’s legs and feet were -encased in hose and well-padded shoes, no armour being necessary, as -the saddle-steels afforded ample protection. The mobility of both man -and horse must have been much restricted by the heavy armament and by -the blindfolding and the thick cushion over the breast. The heavy -Flemish horses “did not vanish from their posts like lightning and -close in the centre of the lists like a thunderbolt,” but charged at -an amble.</p> - -<p><a href="#PLATE_III">Plate III</a> pictures Maximilian armed for -<i>Hohenzeuggestech</i>, as shown in <i>Freydal</i>, Plate 98.</p> - -<p><i>Das gemeinedeutsche Gestech.</i> In this course the object was unhorsing, -or at least the splintering of a lance on an opponent’s shield. In -<i>Freydal</i> there are eighteen illustrations of this form of joust. The -armour for the course underwent a complete change about the beginning -of the fifteenth century, a special form of harness having been -designed for it. The legs and feet were without armour.</p> - -<p><a href="#PLATE_IV">Plate IV</a> illustrates two harnesses for the German joust -(<i>Gestech</i> or <i>Stechen</i>). Both date in the last quarter of the fifteenth -century, that with tassets being the later of the two. They are now at Paris.</p> - -<div id="PLATE_IV" class="figcontainer"> - <p class="f120 space-above2"><b><i>PLATE IV</i></b></p> - <div class="figsub"> - <img src="images/i_p094a.jpg" alt="" width="200" height="486" /> - </div> - <div class="figsub"> - <img src="images/i_p094b.jpg" alt="" width="225" height="484" /> - </div> - <p class="f120">TWO HARNESSES FOR THE GERMAN JOUST OR <i>GESTECH</i>.<br /> AT PARIS.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> -<a href="#PLATE_IX">Plate IX (1)</a> pictures a suit in the Wallace Collection, London,<a name="FNanchor_183_183" id="FNanchor_183_183"></a><a href="#Footnote_183_183" class="fnanchor">[183]</a> -for the <i>Gestech</i> (<i>Stechen</i>). It is very heavy, weighing about a -hundredweight, leaving the wearer with little other mobility than was -needed to couch and aim his lance; it had evidently seen some service, -and bears the dents of many jousts. It is the only complete armour of -this kind that we know of in this country. The great jousting-helm -weighs about twenty pounds: it is bucket-formed, and extends down in -one piece over the top of the cuirass, to which it is fastened by -three strong screws, two in front and one behind—the latter, placed -vertically, is adjustable for getting the correct line of vision. The -crown-piece curves gently over the wearer’s head, and has a comb along -the top pierced with twin holes for attaching the crest and torse or -wreath which encircles its base. The eyelets for fastening the lining -are bordered with laton, and the rivets are capped with the same -metal, a golden looking blend, something between bronze and brass. -The <i>oculārium</i> affords but a very limited range of vision, and the -front of the head-piece juts out in a sort of beak. The helm is very -roomy, so that the wearer could move his head about freely under the -cap of felt and leather lining, and small cushions stuffed with hair -or feathers were over the temples. The breastplate is globose, and, as -usual with armour for <i>Stechen</i> and also for <i>Rennen</i>, is flattened -on the right side for better couching and aiming the lance. It is -reinforced with a heavy plate over the abdomen, to which the taces, of -five heavy lames, are riveted. The back-plate is in three overlapping -plates. A garde-rein (<i>Schwänzel</i>) of five lames protects the loins, -and the tuilles, garnished with a figure like a horn, are tile-formed. -The motons over the armpits, fastened in their places by straps of -leather, are plain and very large—9½ inches across; that on the right -side is pierced with a <i>bouche</i>, to leave space for the lance-shaft. -On the right side is a lance-rest (<i>Rüsthaken</i>), and, as is usual -in armour for both <i>Gestech</i> and <i>Scharfrennen</i>, there is a heavy -queue, termed in German a <i>Rasthaken</i>, which acted as a counterpoise -for holding the heavy lance used in the course in position, and for -avoiding much strain on the lance-arm. The lance-shaft lies in the -bed of the lance-rest, and is held under the queue behind it on the -flattened part of the cuirass, the direction towards impact being -guided by the hand. The cuirass is held together by hinged straps or -strips of iron, which are pierced for fitting over staples and are -secured by nuts. The pauldrons are each in five plates, with wings -behind, and the coudes are pointed. On the top of each shoulder is -a thin iron peg, which stands up diagonally, fixed to the armour by -laton-headed rivets. These projections are roughly about two inches -long, and are squared and topped like a nail. They were perhaps -intended as winding pegs for the tassels or jagged ends of the mantling -which usually streamed out from the jousting-helm. Such pegs are present -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> -on two similar harnesses at Paris. The right hand is without a -gauntlet; the arm bears the poldermiton or <i>épaule de mouton</i>, stamped -with the Augsburg guild badge; and on the bridle forearm and hand is -the stiff and heavy mainfere, the jousting gauntlet. The jousting -shield is of hard wood, covered with leather and gesso, about 15½ -inches broad by 14 inches high: it is formed rectangularly at the top, -somewhat rounded at the bottom, and is slightly concave and emblazoned. -Pieces of horn are let into it to lend it elasticity and stability. It -is fastened by cords to a pierced wooden block fixed on the breastplate -and is held in position by a strap which buckles on to the helm. The -harness itself bears the Augsburg guild stamp, a fir-cone and the -letter “S” with an indistinct bar or bâton running through it. It is -dated in the last quarter of the fifteenth century. No leg-armour was -worn, so as to give the rider a better grip of his horse; hose covered -the shanks, and well-wadded shoes, of cloth or leather, the feet.</p> - -<p>There is almost an exact counterpart of this suit in a harness in the -fine collection at Nuremberg, also forged at Augsburg, with the year -of make, 1498, inscribed on the armour, the only difference between -the two suits being that there are here tassets of laminated plates -instead of the solid tuilles present on the Wallace suit, the tuilles -being an indication of a somewhat earlier date. There are three similar -harnesses at Vienna. The weight of the armour with shield is usually -about 45·6 <i>kilos.</i> When arming, the different pieces are screwed on -one after the other, the jousting-shield being adjusted last.</p> - -<p>The lance is of fir or pine and is stouter than that used in <i>Rennen</i>; -its greatest diameter is 9 <i>centimetres</i>, length 373 <i>cm.</i>, and weight, -with vamplate and coronal, about 14·3 <i>kilos.</i> An example may be seen -in the writer’s collection of arms and armour at Tynemouth.</p> - -<p>Plate 9 in the tourney-book appertaining to the <i>Kurfürst</i> Johann (<i>des -Beständigen</i>) pictures a <i>Gestech</i> at Leipsig in 1489, between Duke -Hans of Saxony and Von Wunsdorf, in which the latter was unhorsed. The -duke wears the jousting-helm, a spiked moton is over the armpit, and -his lance is heavy and furnished with the circular form of vamplate, -viz. that used in <i>Gestech</i>. The horse wears a collar of bells -(<i>grelots</i> or <i>Schellenkette</i>), and a cushion over the breast; the -body is covered with a trapper, painted with the royal arms. The equipment -corresponds with the date of the armour shown on <a href="#PLATE_IX">Plate IX (1)</a>. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span></p> - -<p>The frontispiece of this work is taken from the tourney-book of the -<i>Kurfürst</i> Johann Friedrich (<i>des Groszüthigen</i>), Plate 81. It depicts -the <i>Kurfürst</i> running in <i>Gestech</i> at the moment when his adversary -is being hurled from his saddle. The victor’s body-armour, vamplate, -the chamfron of his horse and the coronal of his mighty lance are -all painted the colour of steel. His crest, enriched by a crown at -its base, is the Saxon emblem or badge (<i>Kleinod</i>), it is painted in -a tawny colour with black stripes. The hose are striped in colours, -green, pink, white and black; the shoes are of black felt. The trapper, -reaching down to the horse’s houges, is banded in white, blue and two -shades of red, and is sprinkled with the ciphers “XS” in gold and -silver. It bears, twice repeated, the arms of Meiszen, Thuringen, -Pfalz-Sachsen and Landsberg with the crested helm and shield of Saxony. -The horses wear necklets of bells (<i>Shellenkette</i>). The trapper of the -opposing champion is banded in shades of yellow and red sprinkled with -foliations; his crest a pair of silver horns with a coronet encircling -the base and silver laterals of linden twigs and leaves. The details of -the armour are very clear and the picture a good representative of its -class.</p> - -<p><i>Das Gestech im Beinharnisch</i> is a course run with leg-armour, as -its name implies. The object is unhorsing and the splintering of lances. -The <i>Kuriss</i> saddle was employed. The presence of leg-armour rendered -unhorsing much easier of accomplishment than without it, for the belly -of the horse could not be so well gripped.</p> - -<p>The joust of courtesy with pointed lances, as differentiated from -Froissart’s <i>justes mortelles</i>, was, as we have seen, much practised -throughout the fifteenth century; and it continued being run in -Germany until soon after the middle of the sixteenth, when it became -practically displaced by the joust at the tilt. This course was known -in Germany as <i>Scharfrennen</i> or <i>Schweifrennen</i>, in France as -<i>La Course à la queue</i>; it is illustrated six times in <i>Freydal</i> -and many times in the Saxon tourney-books.</p> - -<p>The main desideratum of the course was unhorsing, and the form of the -saddle had been designed with that object specially in view, though -the splintering of lances also counted in the score, in fact, the -jouster who sat his horse the longest against the greatest number of -splintered lances, or without being unhelmed, was declared the victor. -The objective of the lance in this course was either the beaver of an -opponent or his jousting-shield on the left side. The first-named mark -was more difficult to hit than the other and the lance more liable to -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> -glance off, but when fairly struck it proved irresistible. As a rule -the effect of impact was that the rider reeled in his saddle as he -tried to maintain his seat, though usually one or other of the jousters -was unhorsed, and, indeed, sometimes both fell, unless supported -at the critical moment by the varlets. The lance was held with the -point inclining slightly upwards, and, as in the other courses, the -jouster promptly withdrew his hand and arm from the shaft immediately -after impact, holding his arm upright, and the broken lance fell to -the ground. It was the omission to do this which caused the accident -resulting in the death of Henri II of France. The lance was a long, -thin, rounded straight pole of soft wood, lighter than was used in -<i>Stechen</i>, and was about 373 <i>centimetres</i> long with a largest diameter -of about 7 <i>cm.</i>, as against 9 <i>cm.</i> in the one for <i>Gestech</i>. The -vamplate is in the form of a truncated cone. <i>Rennen</i> (<i>Scharfrennen</i>) -was an even hardier course than <i>Stechen</i>, and demanded a still more -careful training in man and horse and a surer seat.</p> - -<p>The salient features of this form of joust are as follows:—The saddle -employed in all its varieties was smaller and lighter than that used in -the other courses, the weight being only a little over four <i>kilos.</i>; -it had a low pommel and no cantle, and was shaped, in fact, much like -the British saddle of to-day. Jousting-cuisses (<i>Dülgen</i> or <i>Dilgen</i>, -weighing 12 <i>kilos.</i>) hung from it and protected the lower limbs of -the jouster, which were unarmoured. The armour was lighter than that -used in <i>Stechen</i>, though somewhat similar in form, and the back-plate -was shorter. The helmet was a jousting-salade (<i>Rennhut</i>) forged in -one piece, without any movable visor, but with a separate beaver -reaching well over the top of the cuirass, to which it was screwed, -back and front. It was well lined, and a cap of leather or silk was -worn. The parts of the salade extending over the temples of the wearer -were strengthened by extra plates (<i>Stirnplätter</i>); and there was a -thick reinforcing plate (<i>Magenblech</i>) over the abdomen, and to it -the heavy taces and tassets were riveted. The horse was barded as -in <i>Stechen</i>, a cushion or mattress protected the breast, and the -animal was covered with the trapper. As in <i>Stechen</i> the cuirass was -flattened on the right side, and to it the lance-rest (<i>Rüsthaken</i>) and -queue (<i>Rasthaken</i>) were screwed. The queue was smaller than that on -the harness for <i>Stechen</i>, the lance used in <i>Rennen</i> being lighter. -There were no motons over the armpits, these weak places being well -protected by the vamplate, which was larger and differently formed from -that employed in <i>Stechen</i>. The shape was that of a truncated cone. -The large concave shield of wood, covered with leather and plated with -iron, was 6 to 8 <i>cm.</i> in breadth, it was screwed on to the beaver, -and an armlet encircled the right lower arm.</p> - -<div id="PLATE_V" class="figcenter"> - <p class="f120 space-above2"><b><i>PLATE V</i></b></p> - <img src="images/i_p098.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="634" /> - <p class="f120">HARNESS FOR <i>SCHARFRENNEN</i>.<br /> AT DRESDEN.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> -Suits for both <i>Rennen</i> and <i>Stechen</i> were made so that they could -be worn by a man of anything like a medium size; they were costly, -and were frequently lent out by princes and the great nobles to their -poorer brethren who lacked this equipment. A beautiful harness for -<i>Scharfrennen</i>, made for the <i>Kurfürst</i> August of Saxony (1553-1586), -by Sigmund Rockenburger, of Wittenberg, in 1554, is in the Dresden -Museum. The form of the harness is graceful, and it is richly -and tastefully etched with human figures, a double-headed eagle -and foliations; in the centre of the breastplate is a spear-like -projection—a fashion which did not last very long. The back-plate is -unusually short and so is the garde-rein (<i>Schwänzel</i>). This harness is -illustrated on <a href="#PLATE_V">Plate V</a>. The weight is about forty <i>kilos.</i> -The spurs have long shanks and are of both the rowel and prick kinds.</p> - -<p>The store of armours for the tournament kept by the Saxon <i>Kurfürsts</i> -at Dresden greatly accounts for the number of historic suits preserved -there.</p> - -<p>In the <i>Turnierwaffensaal</i> at the Johanneum, Dresden, is a fine -realistic representation of a <i>Scharfrennen</i>, the jousters mounted -and in complete armour down to the smallest detail. They are facing each -other, with lances in rest. The armour is etched and gilt, and every -detail is original except the under-garment, the hose and well-wadded -shoes. The period is about the middle of the sixteenth century.</p> - -<p><a href="#PLATE_VI">Plate VI</a> illustrates Maximilian II, mounted and -armed for <i>Scharfrennen</i> in 1564. The armour is in the Collection at -the Musée d’Artillerie, Paris.</p> - -<p><a href="#PLATE_VIII">Plate VIII (1)</a> pictures a <i>Rennen</i>, held at Minden, between -the <i>Kurfürst</i> August of Saxony and Johann von Ratzenberg. This particular -joust was termed a “<i>Gedritts</i>,” signifying that the victor in the -first encounter had still to dispose of a second antagonist in -order to gain the prize; three were thus engaged, and hence the -name. The <i>Kurfürst’s</i> second adversary was Hans von Sehönfeld. The -jousting-salade, large vamplate, jousting-cuisses and other details are -clearly shown. Numerous illustrations of <i>Scharfrennen</i> are present in -<i>Freydal</i> and in the Saxon tourney-books. There are many variants from -the main course, the most important being <i>Geschiftrennen, la course à -la targe futée</i>. It is of two kinds, <i>Geschifttartscherennen</i> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> -(<i>tartsche</i>, a shield) and <i>Geschiftscheibenrennen</i> (<i>scheibe</i>, -a plate or disk); the wearing of a shield or a large plate or disk of iron -over the breastplate being the main distinction between them. In both -cases, when the centres of the shields were fairly struck by a lance -a mechanism was set in motion by the freeing of a spring, which in -<i>Geschifttartscherennen</i> dissolved the shield itself into fragments, -the pieces flying over the jouster’s head in wedged-formed particles. -In <i>Geschiftscheibenrennen</i>, on the right impact having been attained -the iron plate remained in its place and only the wedge in the centre -flew out. The mechanism of the first-named was much more complicated -than that of the latter.</p> - -<p>Unhorsing was another of the objects in view in both cases. Both -courses would seem to have had their origin in the game of Running at -the Ring. There is an illustration of the mechanism at the back of -the shield given in a picture-codex in the Armeria at Madrid, dating -about 1544.<a name="FNanchor_184_184" id="FNanchor_184_184"></a><a href="#Footnote_184_184" class="fnanchor">[184]</a> -The general equipment in both cases was the same as in <i>Scharfrennen</i>.</p> - -<p>Illustrations of <i>Geschifttartscherennen</i> are given in <i>Freydal</i>, -both with leg-armour and without. In plates of that work. Nos. 29 and 45, -the shields are seen flying in pieces in the air and both riders are -unhorsed; while in Plate 5, here reproduced in our <a href="#PLATE_VII">Plate VII</a>, -both riders keep their seats, but the shields are seen dissolving into -fragments over the heads of the jousters. There is but one illustration -of <i>Geschiftscheibenrennen</i> in <i>Freydal</i>, viz. in Plate 41. -There are also illustrations in the <i>Triumph of Maximilian</i>.</p> - -<p>In <i>Bundrennen</i>, often called <i>Pundtrennen, Course appelée Bund</i>, -the jouster here also endeavoured to strike the centre of his opponent’s -shield, but the main object was unhorsing. This was the most dangerous -of all the courses, in the fact that a disrupting shield was employed, -like that used in <i>Geschifttartscherennen</i>, but without any protecting -beaver beneath it, so that the sharp lance was apt to glance off -into the jouster’s face or a fragment of the disrupted shield fly -into it, sometimes injuring the nose or eyes. This course, says the -<i>Weisskünig</i>, “was certainly amusing to look upon, though with often -sorrowful results to one or other of the combatants.”<a name="FNanchor_185_185" id="FNanchor_185_185"></a><a href="#Footnote_185_185" class="fnanchor">[185]</a> -In one of the plates of <i>Freydal</i> (No. 25), illustrating this -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> -course, the emperor and his opponent are both seen as being unhorsed; -while in other plates (Nos. 21, 62, 73, 93 and 204) the shields spring -disrupted into the air, but the jousters retain their seats.</p> - -<p><i>Anzogenrennen, Course au pavois</i>,<a name="FNanchor_186_186" id="FNanchor_186_186"></a><a href="#Footnote_186_186" class="fnanchor">[186]</a> -is a kind in which a very long shield was employed, which was firmly -fixed to the beaver by a large screw with a considerably projecting -head. The immediate object was unhorsing, or at least the splintering -of lances. A picture in the tourney-book of Duke William IV of Bavaria -furnishes a good illustration of the course as run in the year 1512, -and there are later examples in the tourney-books of the Saxon -<i>Kurfürsts</i>. The arms and lower limbs are unarmoured, the harness the -same as that employed in <i>Scharfrennen</i>. The shield is very long, -extending from the slit for vision in the salade down to below the -abdomen. The part over the breastplate conforms to the contour of that -piece, while below it the shield becomes concave in form. There is -usually a spike in the centre. There are twenty-five illustrations in -<i>Freydal</i> (Plates Nos. 9, 17, 50, 58, 89, 97, 141, 180 and 240), all -of which exhibit the opponents of Maximilian as being unhorsed; while in -Plate 169 both riders retain their seats. In other plates both jousters -are unseated.</p> - -<p><i>Krönlrennen</i> was a freak, probably of Maximilian’s, first run in 1492. -It is called “<i>Halbierung</i>” in the tourney-book of <i>Kurfürst</i> August -of Saxony, and is a blending together of the courses <i>Scharfrennen</i> -and <i>Gestech</i>, in that one jouster wore the armour usually employed in -<i>Scharfrennen</i>, but used the lance headed with a coronal appertaining -to the <i>Gestech</i>; the other, the harness for the <i>Gestech</i> with -the sharp lance. The objects of the course were unhorsing and the -splintering of lances. Plate 6 in <i>Freydal</i> illustrates <i>Krönlrennen</i>, -and there is an excellent example given in the tourney-book of August -of Saxony, Plate I.</p> - -<p>In <i>Pfannenrennen</i> the combatants ran without body-armour, except -for a square metal shield on the breast, and the horses wore hoods.</p> - -<p><i>Feldrennen</i> closes the list under <i>Scharfrennen</i>. “Hoasting” -armour was employed; the saddle was that used in jousting at the tilt. The -horses were not always blindfolded, and the immediate object in view -was the splintering of lances.</p> - -<p>In the <i>tourney proper</i>, or <i>mêlée</i>, field-harness with <i>Kuriss</i> -saddles were usually employed. Lances are splintered, and the combat -continued with swords.</p> - -<p>One of the fifteenth century forms was the <i>Feldturnier</i>, or field -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> -course, a combat of groups on horseback. Ordinary field-harness, with -or without reinforcing pieces, was usually worn. This form of contest -is illustrated in the tourney-book of Duke William IV of Bavaria, -showing that each cavalier was always provided with two swords. In what -respects it differed from the ordinary <i>mêlée</i> is not apparent. -Both swords and lances were employed.</p> - -<p>The joust at the tilt has been already referred to more than once, -and some account given of its leading features. There is reason to -believe that it was practised as early as the first quarter of the -fifteenth century, and we have mentioned cases of a <i>toile</i> having been -employed at Arras in Burgundy in the year 1430, with some rather later -instances. Viscount Dillon, in his paper “Tilting in Tudor Times,” -published in the <i>Archæological Journal</i> of the year 1898,<a name="FNanchor_187_187" id="FNanchor_187_187"></a><a href="#Footnote_187_187" class="fnanchor">[187]</a> -gives an extract from the <i>Chronicles of St. Remy</i> to the effect that the -<i>toile</i> or tilt probably originated in Portugal. As already stated, the -salient feature of this form is that it was run with a barrier between -the jousters, along which they rode in opposite directions, their left -sides towards it, until impact was effected. The first barrier was -a <i>toile</i>, a rope hung with cloth extending along the length of the -lists; but as this did not prevent the horses from bumping against one -another a tilt of planks, usually about six feet high, was devised, -which effectually kept them apart, and collisions were avoided, thus -rendering the sport much less dangerous. The use of the tilt made -impact more uncertain than when running “at the large,” and there was -usually a considerable proportion of non-attaints. The main object of -this course was the splintering of lances, though unhorsing was also in -contemplation and not unfrequently took place. Unseating was, however, -rendered difficult by the form of the saddle employed, the so-called -<i>Kuriss</i> saddle, which had a cantle behind and a high pommel in front, -thus making it much easier for a rider to keep his seat. The usual -weight of this form of saddle was a little over 9 <i>kilos.</i> Jousting at -the tilt soon greatly supplanted the earlier form in France, Italy and -England; but it took no root in Germany before the sixteenth century, -at the commencement of which it is stated to have been introduced -into that country and Austria from Italy. The name “<i>Welsch Gestech</i>” -(Italian Joust), given it in the Fatherland, tends greatly to confirm -this; and, indeed, it was just at this time that Maximilian was -introducing a new style of armour from Italy into his dominions. Though -frequently practised in Germany during the first half of the sixteenth -century, the joust at the tilt by no means displaced running “at the -large” there. Several plates in <i>Freydal</i> furnish illustrations.</p> - -<div id="PLATE_VI" class="figcenter"> - <p class="f120 space-above2"><b><i>PLATE VI</i></b></p> - <img src="images/i_p102.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="526" /> - <p class="f120">MAXIMILIAN II ARMED FOR <i>SCHARFRENNEN</i>.<br /> AT PARIS.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> -<a href="#PLATE_VIII_2">Plate VIII (2)</a> depicts a joust at the tilt, run at Augsburg -in 1510, between Duke William IV of Bavaria and the Pfalzgraf Friedrich of -the Rhine. The illustration is reproduced from a picture in Hans -Schwenkh’s <i>Wappenmeisterbuch</i>, the tourney-book of the duke, who is -seen jousting; it is a work which has already been referred to in -these pages. The tilt itself, of three broad planks, is of massive -construction. The harness worn in the earlier form was the <i>Stechzeug</i>, -the kind that was used in the German <i>Gestech</i>, with no leg-armour, -a style which has been already described and illustrated on <a href="#PLATE_IX">Plate IX (1)</a>. -The cuirass employed is flattened on the lance side, and there is -a <i>Rasthaken</i> or queue as well as a lance-rest. Bases are worn by the -riders, and a crest of plumes. The trapper of the duke’s horse, dark in -colour, is shot with painted rays over the body, and a picture of the -Sun in Splendour encircles the horse’s tail, which is further decorated -with plumes. A collar of <i>grelots</i> is around the neck of the animal; -the head is adorned with plumes, and the chamfron embellished with a -picture of the sun. The lances with coronals are well shown; the former -are long poles narrowing gently towards the heads, and the latter are -in three short prongs.</p> - -<p><a href="#PLATE_XI">Plate XI (1)</a> pictures two fine suits at Paris for jousting -at the tilt, one of them with the manifer or mainfere, the passe-guard and -poldermiton in their places.</p> - -<p><a href="#PLATE_X">Plate X (1)</a> illustrates a German harness, at Dresden, -for this form of joust. It dates about 1580. There are three armours for jousting -at the tilt in the Wallace Collection of Arms and Armour at London, -Catalogue Numbers 484, 495 and 505. The first of these is a harness -for <i>Realgestech</i>, as shown by the cross-ribbed shield, a device for -affording a grip for the coronal of the lance on impact in order to -prevent it from glancing off—another departure in the direction of -greater safety for the jouster. This course was a late variety of the -joust at the tilt.</p> - -<p>No. 505, illustrated on <a href="#PLATE_IX_2">Plate IX (2)</a> is perhaps somewhat -earlier in date than the other two suits, for in the right side of the -“volante-piece” is a little square door or window, for enabling the -wearer to converse freely when open. This aperture is about three -inches square in size and freely perforated so as to admit air to the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> -wearer when closed. It is shut, of course, when the jouster is ready -for his career. In other respects the three suits are very much alike; -and the “peaescod-bellied” breastplates of all of them tend to fix -their date within narrow limits. The shields of Nos. 495 and 505 are -practically the same in form and size. They fit round the front of the -left side of the neck and cover the left shoulder and breast, running -nearly straight down to the middle of the breastplate. The grand-guards -are screwed to the upper parts of the breastplate and the shields are -attached to them in like manner. The other reinforcing pieces are -either present with the suits, or the armour is holed for them.</p> - -<p>The sad accident which resulted in the death of Henri II, of France, at -a <i>fête d’armes</i> held at Paris in 1559, was in a joust at the tilt with -the Comte de Montgomeri. It was caused by the Comte failing to drop his -splintered lance in good time.</p> - -<p>The drawings of Hans Burgmaier in the <i>Triumph of Maximilian</i> afford -illustrations of some of the varieties of the German jousting of the -period.</p> - -<p>Plate 45 illustrates the <i>Welsch Gestech</i> (Italian Joust) or Joust -at the Tilt. The head-piece is the jousting-helm and the reinforcing -pieces are in their places. The lance, tipped with a coronal, -is lighter than that employed in the German <i>Gestech</i> and in -<i>Scharfrennen</i> and the vamplate is circular in form. Feather plumes -are worn.</p> - -<p>Plate 46 pictures the Gestech or German joust (<i>Das gemeine deutsche -Gestech</i>). The head-piece is the same as that on Plate 45. A cushion -is worn over the horse’s chest, and a <i>Rasthaken</i>, or queue, and a -<i>Rüsthaken</i>, or lance-rest, are on the flattened right side of the -cuirass. The lance is heavy and tipped with a coronal. The crests shown -are very fanciful.</p> - -<p>Plate 47 illustrates <i>Hohenzeuggestech</i>. The jousters are seated -on the high saddles (<i>im hohen Zeug</i>) peculiar to the course. The -jousting-helm is worn. Lances are tipped with coronals, as is the case -with all varieties of the <i>Gestech</i>.</p> - -<p>Plate 48. <i>Das Gestech im Beinharnisch.</i> This is a variety of -<i>Gestech</i> in which leg-armour is worn, as the name implies.</p> - -<p>Plates 50 and 55 picture <i>Bundrennen</i>, the peculiarity of the course -being that no beaver is worn beneath the disrupting shield. This makes -it the most dangerous of all the courses, and injuries to the face were -frequent. The vamplate is large and formed like a truncated cone.</p> - -<p>Plate 51 depicts <i>Geschifttartscherennen</i>, in which course the shield, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> -when struck by the lance on a certain spot, dissolves in fragments over -the jouster’s head.</p> - -<p>Plate 52. It pictures <i>Geschiftscheibenrennen</i>, a course similar -in principle to the last-named, the difference being that the shield is -a disk which, when properly struck, flies into the air, or the shield -remains in its place but the plug in the centre flies out.</p> - -<p>Plate 53. The cavaliers are here accoutred for the pan joust -(<i>Pfannenrennen</i>). There are one or two other varieties of the -joust depicted.</p> - -<p>Several combats on foot of the fifteenth century, perhaps the most -dangerous items of the articles of a <i>pas d’armes</i> of that period, -have been fully described in Chapters III, IV and V, in the narrations -by contemporary chroniclers of actual encounters. The character of -these contests underwent a great change in the sixteenth century, -through the introduction of barriers over which the combatants fought. -These bars or barriers reached up to the breasts of the fighters, -and prevented their grappling with each other or getting out of -bounds. They made their appearance probably in the last decade of -the fifteenth century. As the tilt had been conceived with a view -towards mitigating the danger of the joust, so barriers were adopted -towards minimizing the risk of serious injuries in fighting on foot, -and, indeed, the new style was hardly more dangerous than the game -of football as played to-day. This latest phase is well described by -Viscount Dillon in “Barriers and Foot Combats,” a paper published in -the <i>Archæological Journal</i> of 1904.<a name="FNanchor_188_188" id="FNanchor_188_188"></a><a href="#Footnote_188_188" class="fnanchor">[188]</a> -The special features of the armour for combats of this kind are its -massive character, the presence of an apron (<i>Kampfschurtz</i>, a sort of -continuation of the taces), and the large, thick, globose bascinet. A -fine armour for foot-fighting in the lists may be seen in the Tower -of London. It is a grand piece of work, weighing about 93 lbs., sent -by Maximilian of Austria to our Henry VIII. The Vienna Collection -possesses seven complete armours for fighting on foot, which vary -considerably, both in form and weight. The weapons employed in these -contests in Germany and Austria, as given in <i>Freydal</i>, are the -sword in different forms, including the “bastard” (a hand and a half -sword), the dussack, the <i>Kurisschwert</i> or armying-sword, and even the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> -two-handed sword (<i>Zweihänder</i> or <i>Schlachtschwert</i>), the dagger, -battle-axe (including the <i>bec de faucon</i>), mace, halbard, <i>ranseur</i>, -guisarme, <i>Aalspiesse</i> (a short-shafted spear with rondel-guard), -<i>Langspiess</i> (a short lance), <i>Würfspiess</i> (a javelin), <i>Stange</i> -(a quarter-staff), and <i>Drischel</i> (the military flail).</p> - -<p>The <i>Fussturnier</i>, which originated in the sixteenth century, was -a fighting in groups on foot over a barrier, and in it and some other -courses the challengers were termed “Maintenators” and their opponents -“Aventuriers.” Each combatant had to deliver three thrusts with the -lance and four strokes with the sword. Dr. Cornelius Curlitt gives the -following extract from <i>Acten des Dresdener Oberhofmarshallamtes</i> -of the year 1614:—“The one who shivers the greatest number of lances in -the most adroit manner shall have the lance prize; and he who in five -strokes strikes the bravest and strongest with the sword shall have the -second prize.” The locking gauntlet was forbidden, and the lower limbs -were without armour. A harness for this kind of fighting, by Anton -Peffenhaüser, worn by the <i>Kurfürst</i> Johan George of Saxony in 1613, -is now in the Dresden Museum. The head-piece is a burgonet.</p> - -<p>An important later form of joust is the <i>Freiturnier</i>, or Free Course, -which grew out of the old German <i>Gestech</i>, and, like it, was run “at -the large,” that is without a tilt. There is a harness for this course -at Dresden, reproduced on <a href="#PLATE_X_2">Plate X (2)</a>. The passguard is -much larger than that worn in jousting at the tilt, reaching nearly to the left -shoulder. Leg-armour was worn. The harness illustrated in Boeheim’s -<i>Waffenkunde</i> (Fig. 655) as being for the <i>Welsch Gestech</i>, or joust -at the tilt, is really for <i>Freiturnier</i>, a form of joust which does not -appear before the second half of the sixteenth century.</p> - -<p>As already stated, the suit in the Wallace Collection, numbered -484 in the catalogue of that institution, is for <i>Realgestech</i> or -<i>Plankengestech</i>, a variety of joust at the tilt. It first appeared -about 1540, and did not differ materially from the main course; nor did -the armour employed differ except for the cross-ribbing on the shield. -This course, like the others, fell into disuse in the seventeenth -century, though it was the last to survive except the one called -<i>Scharmützel</i>, often a sort of general siege or skirmish, with a view -to practice for actual warfare. A <i>Scharmützel</i> was held at Dresden -in 1553, when four bands of horsemen attacked a mock fortress, defended -by a garrison armed with <i>Aalspiesse</i> and military forks, and supplied -with four hundred earthenware pots for missiles, to be thrown empty. -Cannon were employed on both sides, presumably fired in blank, though -this is not stated.</p> - -<div id="PLATE_VII" class="figcenter"> - <p class="f120 space-above2"><b><i>PLATE VII</i></b></p> - <img src="images/i_p106.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="524" /> - <p class="f120"><i>GESCHIFTTARTSCHERENNEN</i></p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> -The foregoing comprise the most distinctive forms of the tourney.</p> - -<p>There were permanent lists in Germany, as also at Calais; and in -England, at Westminster, Hampton Court, and Greenwich.</p> - -<p>The quintain and running at the ring have been described in <a href="#CHAPTER_I">Chapter I</a>, -and there only remains the <i>Karoussel</i>, or <i>Carrousel</i>, to be -mentioned. The name is derived from <i>carosello</i>, a ball of clay, which -was hollow. The game was a favourite one at the court of Louis XIV, -where it gave rise to handsome dresses and costly display. The players, -arranged in opposing bands or sides, were mounted and threw these -missiles at one another, catching them on their shields. There were -several varieties of the game.</p> - -<p>Harness for the tiltyard was usually made thicker than that for field -purposes and was thus somewhat heavier. Much taste and labour were -expended on its ornamentation.</p> - -<p>Though the best armour was imported from Italy and Germany, a large -proportion of that in use in England was made at home, and, indeed, -there is plenty of evidence that this is so. Henry VIII, like -Maximilian, took a strong personal interest in all that related to -arms and armour, and was very desirous that the form and quality of -harness made in England should be improved. With this object in view, -he arranged with the emperor for German smiths to be sent to Greenwich, -and some really fine armours were made there during his reign and -later, many of which have been preserved, though the iron billets -used in forging them were imported from Innsbruck, English iron not -having been found to be of a sufficient tensile strength for the best -purposes. Whether this inferiority lay in the process of puddling the -iron or to the presence of any considerable proportion of deleterious -elements, such as sulphur and phosphorous, is another matter. Henry -VIII established his “Almain Armouries” at Greenwich about the year -1514.<a name="FNanchor_189_189" id="FNanchor_189_189"></a><a href="#Footnote_189_189" class="fnanchor">[189]</a></p> - -<p>The form of “Hoasting” armour underwent several important changes -during the course of the sixteenth century and to the time when -body-armour fell into general disuse. The changes had their origin, -mainly, in new departures in the fashion of the civil dress; indeed, -the shape of the doublet of each period is faithfully reflected in that -of the cuirass of steel. This following of the modes of the day by the -smith sometimes resulted in the production of harness which, however -effective from a spectacular point of view, proved most unsuitable for -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span> -service in the field. This was greatly owing to the abandonment of the -principle of a glancing surface on the armour, thus tending to effect -lodgment for strokes from weapons of attack, instead of deflecting them.</p> - -<p>The elegant form of “Gothic” armour of the connoisseur had been -modelled, as we have seen, after the shapely Florentine dress of the -fifteenth century: but a radical and far-reaching change took place -at the commencement of the sixteenth, following on a new departure in -civil costume. This style, <i>armatura spigolata</i>, is usually known -as “Maximilian,” named after the emperor, and would seem to have been -introduced by him in his extensive dominions from Italy, after his -Italian campaign in 1496. That “Maximilian” armour was of Italian -origin is clear by the very name it bore in Germany at the time, viz. -“<i>Mailander Harnisch</i>.” The leading features of this type are:—the -globose form of the breastplate; the abnormally wide-toed solerets, -following the new fashion in shoes, “bear-paw” or “cow-mouthed” as -they were commonly called; the heightening of the shoulder or neck -guards (pieces often, though erroneously, termed pass-guards, a mistake -pointed out by Viscount Dillon in one of his valuable and suggestive -papers on armour); and the substitution of laminated tassets in place -of the solid, tile-formed tuilles. The head-piece is the armet, the -most perfect as well as the most familiar form of helmet—of which, -however, there are several varieties. This armour was usually made -fluted, though sometimes plain. When fluted, the whole surface down to -the jambs, which are always smooth, is covered with narrow, regular -radiating flutings, differing in that respect from “Gothic” armour, -with its broad, sweeping flutings and ridgings.</p> - -<p>Tonlet armour (<i>à tonne</i>) has a deep skirt of hoops called “jambers,” -standing out all round like a more modern crinoline, and moving up -and down like the laths of a Venetian blind. It also had its origin -in Italy, and was copied from the civil skirts of the doublet of the -period, called “bases”; which when reproduced in steel were clumsy -and unwieldy. We have here an apt illustration of the lengths people -will sometimes go in slavishly following a particular fashion, however -clumsy or unsuitable it might be. This style of armour was greatly -employed in fighting on foot, though a variety was adapted for use on -horseback. A fine and historic armour for fighting on foot, made by -Conrad Seusenhofer of Innsbruck, may be seen in the Tower of London.</p> - -<p>Bards probably had their origin in the twelfth century, though there is -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> -little mention of them in English records before the close of the -thirteenth, but in the fourteenth they would appear to have become -fairly common. The chamfron, crinet and peytral are observable in -engravings of the fourteenth century, when they were probably of -<i>cuir-bouille</i>. In the <i>Histoire de Charles VII</i> it is stated that -a combat, <i>à outrance</i>, took place in the year 1446, between the -Seigneurs de Ternant and Galiot de Balthasin,<a name="FNanchor_190_190" id="FNanchor_190_190"></a><a href="#Footnote_190_190" class="fnanchor">[190]</a> -in which the latter was mounted “<i>sur un puissant cheval, liquil selon -la costume de Lombardie estoit tout convert de fer</i>.” A complete -equipment of steel plate for the horse was attained in the second half -of the fifteenth century, when, according to a picture in the arsenal -at Vienna, painted in 1480, “<i>Der Ritter sitz auf seinem bis auf die -Hufe verdecten Hengst</i>.” A fine bard which had belonged to Henry VIII, -weighing 92½ lbs., may be seen in the Tower of London. Bards for the -tourney were usually of leather.</p> - -<p>The expression “trapped and barded,” so frequently met with in records, -is often misunderstood. The bard is a defence for the horse, while the -trapper is its outside textile covering.</p> - -<p>The importance of lightly-armed troops in warfare became steadily -greater, and even as early as the beginning of the sixteenth century -a large proportion of the armour for the field was made lighter, and -demi-harnesses were employed for light cavalry.</p> - -<p>The imitation in steel of the civil costume was carried to absurd -lengths, as is glaringly shown in the so-called “<i>Pfeifenharnis</i>” -(pipe-harness), forged after the picturesque dress of the period, with -its pipings, puffs or rolls, points and slashes. Illustrations of it -may be seen in the <i>Triumph of Maximilian</i>. In a suit in the Wallace -Collection (catalogue No. 555) the details of the dress have been -faithfully and minutely reproduced in metal. The very fabric of the -civil costume has been imitated and the slashes are gilded. Harness was -freely and delicately etched, engraved, damascened, and decorated with -repoussé work; and some of the ornamentation did away altogether with -the glancing surface of the armour, thus greatly militating against its -efficiency for military purposes.</p> - -<p>A fine armour in the Zeughaus, at Berlin, affords an excellent example -of the best work of about the middle of the sixteenth century. It is by -Peter von Speyer, of Annaberg, made for the <i>Kurfürst</i> Joachim II, of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> -Brandenburg, whose arms decorate the breastplate. The helm is of -the type of armet without collar. The peak in the cuirass tends -to be placed lower down as the century advances, until at length -the “peascod” form is reached, as shown on <a href="#PLATE_IX_2">Plate IX (2)</a>. -Here the breastplate is of the true Elizabethan “peascod” form, converging -to a retreating point at the bottom. You have this shape exactly in -portraits of the Earl of Leicester, and, indeed, of the queen herself. -The tassets swell out over the hips, another feature observable in the -portraits. This form continued, with some modifications, up to nearly -the end of the century.</p> - -<div id="PLATE_VIII" class="figcenter"> - <p class="f120 space-above2"><b><i>PLATE VIII</i></b></p> - <img src="images/i_p110a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="246" /> - <p class="f120 space-below2">A <i>SCHARFRENNEN</i> AT MINDEN IN 1545</p> - <img id="PLATE_VIII_2" src="images/i_p110b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="262" /> - <p class="f120">A JOUST AT THE TILT IN AUGSBERG IN 1540</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span></p> -<div class="chapter"> - <h2 class="nobreak"><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII">CHAPTER VII</a></h2> -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap"><span class="smcap"><i>L ’Histoire</i></span> -<i>Du Bon Chevalier, Sans Paour et Sans Reproche, Gentil -Seigneur De Bayart</i>, gives some account of Bayard’s combats in the -lists. The Chevalier was born in 1476 and died in 1524, and his first -fights on foot and on horseback took place when he was a raw, growing -stripling of eighteen. This was on the occasion when the Burgundian -Chevalier, Claude de Vauldray, came to Lyons in 1494 to accomplish -a deed of arms—“<i>à course de lance et coups de hache</i>”; and the -young Bayard, though without possessing an equipment for the joust or -means of procuring one, conceived the idea of engaging this redoubted -champion in combat. The difficulty as to horse and armour was solved -by the coming forward of a kinsman, L’Abbe d’Esnay, with the necessary -cash. After several chevaliers of the French court had encountered De -Vauldray, Bayard entered the lists to do battle. No particulars of the -combat itself are given by the chronicler, but the account states that -the youngster bore himself right gallantly; and the verdict of the -ladies on the stand erected for their accommodation, expressed in the -Lyonese dialect, “<i>Vey-vo cestou malotru, il a mieulx fay que tous los -autres</i>.”</p> - -<p>Soon the young Bayard, advancing towards fame and fortune, caused a -proclamation to be made for a <i>pas d’armes</i> to be held at the town of -Ayre, in Picardy, on the 20th July, 1494, <i>Pour l’amour des dames</i>. -The articles of combat provided that “hoasting” armour be worn, and on -the first day three courses be run with rebated lances and afterwards -twelve strokes exchanged with the sword, all on horseback; on the -morrow the combats to be on foot at barriers, high as the <i>nombril</i>, -with lances and later with axes. Prizes were offered to the successful -competitors as follows:—For the first day a bracelet of gold, -enamelled with Bayard’s device, of the value of thirty <i>ecus</i>; and for -the second day a diamond worth forty <i>ecus</i>. The proclamation runs:— -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span></p> - -<div lang="fr" class="blockquot"> -<p>“<i>Pierre de Bayart, jeune gentil-homme et apprentif des -armes, natif de Daulphiné, des ordonnances du roy de France, soubz -la charge et</i> <i>conduicte de hault et puissant Seigneur monseigneur -de Ligny, faisoit crier et publier ung tourney au dehors de la ville -d’Ayre, et joignant les murailles à tous venans, au vingtiesme jour de -juillet, de trois coups de lance sans lice, à fer esmolu, et en harnoys -de guerre; et douze coups d’espée, le tout à cheval. Et au mieulx -faisant donnoit ung brasselet d’or esmaillé de sa livrée, et du prix de -trente escuz. Le lendemain seriot combatu à pied, a poux de lance, à -une barrière de la halteur du nombril; et après la lance rompue à coups -de hache, jusques à la discrétion des juges et de ceulx qui garderoient -le camp. Et au mieulx faisoit donnoit ung dyamant du pris de quarante escus.</i>”</p></div> - -<p>On the first day, on the trumpet sounding, <i>le bon Chevalier</i> presented -himself for the first course, his adversary being a neighbour from -Dauphiny named Tartarin, in which the latter broke his lance within -six inches of the head, thus forfeiting a point; and jousting between -other cavaliers lasted until evening. On the second day Bayard fought -at barriers against a Messire Honotin de Sucre, first with lances and -afterwards with axes. Bayard struck his adversary two heavy blows over -the region of the ear, the second of which bore him to the ground. -Other foot encounters followed, after which the prizes for the two -days were awarded by the judges to <i>le bon Chevalier</i>, as having done -the best on both days, but he refused to accept them, and they were -adjudged to other champions who came next in order of merit.<a name="FNanchor_191_191" id="FNanchor_191_191"></a><a href="#Footnote_191_191" class="fnanchor">[191]</a> -The Chevalier’s next tourney was at Carignan, in Italy, at which he gained -the prize.<a name="FNanchor_192_192" id="FNanchor_192_192"></a><a href="#Footnote_192_192" class="fnanchor">[192]</a></p> - -<p>Chapter XXII tells how <i>le bon Chevalier</i> fought at barriers at Andre -with Don Alonce de Soto-Majori. Bayard had wished the combat to be on -horseback, owing to some trouble in his legs which hindered locomotion; -but the Spaniard insisted all the more on fighting on foot, and this -was finally arranged to take place. The weapons selected were estocs -and daggers, and the fight commenced with an exchange of thrusts with -the former, in which Soto-Majori was slightly wounded in the face; then -Bayard, making a feint, thrust his sword right through the neck of his -adversary, inflicting a fatal wound. The Spaniard, in his death agony, -clutched the body of the Frenchman with his arms and both combatants -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> -fell to the ground. Bayard then drew his dagger, crying, “<i>Rendez vous, -Seigneur Alonce, ou vous estes mort</i>”; but he had hardly uttered the -words when the Spaniard expired. The Chevalier then knelt down and -thanked God for his victory.</p> - -<p>The Chevalier’s next combat was at Monervyne, in the Kingdom of -Naples, thirteen Spaniards against the same number of Frenchmen, -which took place during a truce between the two armies, the leaders -of this encounter being the Seigneur d’Oroze and <i>le bon Chevalier</i> -respectively. A condition of the articles of combat was that any -cavalier on being unhorsed should render himself a prisoner to the side -opposing him. The fight began, and the Spaniards unchivalrously aimed -their lances at the horses of their adversaries instead of at their -riders; but, in spite of this dishonourable ruse, the honours of the -battle are stated to have lain with the Frenchmen.</p> - -<p>Other examples of Bayard’s prowess and chivalry in the tournament are -given in the chronicle. The dates given by chroniclers of jousts and -<i>pas d’armes</i> are apt to vary somewhat, partly owing to the different -methods of computing the regnant years of a king.</p> - -<p>A manuscript in the College of Arms, London, gives an account of -the <i>pas d’armes</i> held at Westminster in honour of the marriage of -Katharine of Arragon with Prince Arthur, the heir to the throne, in the -seventeenth year of King Henry VII (1501). This narration is apparently -the work of an official present at the meeting, and an abridged account -of it follows here. Besides jousts and <i>mêlées</i>, there were fights -at barriers, pageants, and mummeries most splendid, costly, fanciful and -elaborate. A tilt was erected in the open space before Westminster -Hall, and adjoining the lists were gaily decorated stands and galleries -for the king, court and other spectators. For the knights, nobles and -esquires taking part there were within the lists pavilions, which -were removed before the jousting began. The first jousting is thus -described:—</p> - -<p class="blockquot">“And at furst curse ran the Duke of Bokyngham and -the Lord Marquyes; and the duke brake his staff right well, and wt -great sleight and stringht, upon the Lord Marquyes; and at the secunde -curse the Lord Marquyes brake his staff oppon the Duke in like wise; -and then the residue of the Lords and Knights ranne orderly togiders, -and, for the most parte at every curse, other the on staf, other -the other, or moost comonly bothe, were goodly and wt great art and -strength, brokyn of meny pecys; that such a feld, and justs ryall, so -noble and valiantly doon, have not been sene ne hard; the which goodly -feats, and those of the descripcion apperyth weil pleynn, and more -opyn, in the bokys of the Harolds of Armys.”</p> - -<p>There is nothing said of the lances employed in the first day’s -jousting, as to whether they were rebated or not, but the courses which -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> -follow on the succeeding days are expressly stated to have been run -with pointed lances “at the large.”<a name="FNanchor_193_193" id="FNanchor_193_193"></a><a href="#Footnote_193_193" class="fnanchor">[193]</a> -We may thus assume that the running of the first day was at the tilt -(else why its erection at all?), and that lances with coronals were -employed. Afterwards there was a <i>mêlée</i>, the weapons being “armyng -swords” (i.e. <i>estocs</i>). On the fourth day jousting was again followed -by a tourney (<i>mêlée</i>).<a name="FNanchor_194_194" id="FNanchor_194_194"></a><a href="#Footnote_194_194" class="fnanchor">[194]</a> -The lances were tipped with coronals, and the weapons in the tourney -were estocs, as before. Many of the cavaliers were unhorsed in the -jousting and in the <i>mêlée</i>: “Sume of their swords were brokyn in two -peces, and sume other their harneis was heuen off from their body, and -felle into the feld.” Then the prizes, consisting of diamonds, rubies -and rings of gold, were awarded.</p> - -<p>In 1502 a “Solemne Triumphe” was held in the Tower of London.</p> - -<p>Plate 118 in <i>Das Turnierbuch Johan des Beständigen, Kurfürst</i> -of Saxony, depicts a course with sharp lances, run at Naumburg in 1505, -between Duke Hans of Saxony and Georg von Brandestein. The duke keeps -his seat, but his opponent is unhorsed. The armour is of the kind -usually employed in this course (<i>Scharfrennen</i>).</p> - -<p>In the <i>Turnierhuch</i> of Duke William of Bavaria is a picture of an -<i>Anzogenrennen</i>, held in the year 1512. The body-armour employed is -that used in all the varieties of <i>Rennen</i>, though the shield in -this course is much larger than in the others, extending up to the -<i>ocularium</i> of the jousting-salade, thus covering the face. This shield -has been described under the heading <i>Anzogenrennen</i>. The armour with -the shield is illustrated by Boeheim.<a name="FNanchor_195_195" id="FNanchor_195_195"></a><a href="#Footnote_195_195" class="fnanchor">[195]</a></p> - -<p>There was jousting at Paris in 1513, at which the Duc de Valois was the -chief tenant, and many courses were run.<a name="FNanchor_196_196" id="FNanchor_196_196"></a><a href="#Footnote_196_196" class="fnanchor">[196]</a></p> - -<p>Jousts were held at Lille, in the same year, in a large hall paved -with black marble, and the horses were shod with felt to prevent their -slipping.<a name="FNanchor_197_197" id="FNanchor_197_197"></a><a href="#Footnote_197_197" class="fnanchor">[197]</a></p> - -<p>In 1515, in honour of the marriage of the king, jousts took place at -Paris, which had been proclaimed by the Dauphin, as follows:—</p> - -<p class="blockquot">“Nemelie, that he with nine aides should answer -all commers, being gentlemen of name and armes. First, to run fiue -courses at the tilt with péeces of advantage<a name="FNanchor_198_198" id="FNanchor_198_198"></a><a href="#Footnote_198_198" class="fnanchor">[198]</a>; -after fiue courses at random<a name="FNanchor_199_199" id="FNanchor_199_199"></a><a href="#Footnote_199_199" class="fnanchor">[199]</a> -with sharpe speares, and twelue strokes with sharpe swords; and that -doone, he and his aids to fight at the barriers with all gentlemen of -name and armes. First, six foins with hand speares, and after that -eight strokes to the most aduantage if the speares so long held, and -after that twelue strokes with the sword; and if any man be vnhorsed or -felled with fighting on foot, then his horse and armour to be rendered -to the officer of armes; and eueri man of this challenge must set vp -his armes and name vpon an arch triumphant, which shalbe made at the -place where the iusts shalbe, and further shall write to what point he -will answer, to one or all.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> -When this <i>fête d’armes</i> was proclaimed in England, “the duke of -Suffolke, the marquis of Dorset and his four brethrern, the lord -Clinton, sir Edward Neuille, sir Giles Capell, Thomas Cheneie -and others sued the king to be at the chalenge, which request he -gratiouslie granted.” “The Dolphin desired the duke of Suffolke and the -marquess Dorset to be two of his immediate aids, which they thereto -assented.” Four shields were set up—viz. silver, gold, black and -tawny—under which the venans were to write their names, electing, in -their order, whether to run at the tilt, in the open with sharp lances, -to fight on foot with one-handed swords, or lastly, with two-handers. -This <i>pas d’armes</i> continued over three days, during which 305 -cavaliers each ran five courses, some with sharp lances, and several -were killed. In the joust in the open the Duke of Suffolk wounded an -antagonist almost to the death. The Dauphin was wounded in the hand, -so that he was unable to take further part. Many other particulars and -details of this passage of arms are given by Holinshed.<a name="FNanchor_200_200" id="FNanchor_200_200"></a><a href="#Footnote_200_200" class="fnanchor">[200]</a></p> - -<p>Among the Ashmolean MSS. is one relating to the proclamation of -jousts to be held at a later date and to letters of safeguard issued -to intending venans. The document is of the year 1520, and runs as follows:—</p> - -<p class="blockquot">“The lettres of savegarde given by the said King -of England [Henry VIII] unto Thomas Walle al’s Norrey King of Armes, -for the proclamacōn of the same Ioustes in the parties of Almayn and -the contrye of Germania, wch Norrey proclaimed thē welle in French for -the lowe contreys, as in High Dutch as hereafter followeth ＆c.”<a name="FNanchor_201_201" id="FNanchor_201_201"></a><a href="#Footnote_201_201" class="fnanchor">[201]</a></p> - -<p>In foot contests there was a rule that no one who had seen a challenger -fight on foot on any previous occasion was allowed to engage him. It is -difficult to understand the reason for this condition, and it was often -waived on permission being given by an intended opponent.</p> - -<p>Charles V, in January, 1518, two years before he became emperor, took -part in a tournament at which twelve horses were killed; and in another -in the March following, when seven cavaliers lost their lives.<a name="FNanchor_202_202" id="FNanchor_202_202"></a><a href="#Footnote_202_202" class="fnanchor">[202]</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> -Henry VIII, like his friend Maximilian of Austria, took great delight -in the tourney and in the pageantry so frequently combined with it, and -much money and labour was expended in staging the many functions of -the kind held during his reign. Henry greatly encouraged these martial -games and frequently took part in them; indeed, Hall remarks “that the -king was not minded to see young gentlemen inexpert in martial feats.” -This chronicler positively revels in picturing these brilliant scenes, -devoting himself more especially to their spectacular aspect, and -giving full details of the dresses and equipment of those taking part, -together with particulars of the general surroundings, though little -is said of the martial games themselves. The pageantry and mummeries -associated with the tournament were often of almost incredible -puerility, and they detracted greatly from the dignity of these warlike -sports. There were many childish conceits at these gatherings, all -showing that the tourney had reached an advanced stage of its decline. -Such costly shows went greatly out of fashion after the death of Henry VIII.</p> - -<p>Jousts, combined with pageants, were held in honour of the coronation -of the king, and Holinshed thus describes them:—“For the more honour -and innobling of the triumphant coronation, there were prepared both -iusts and turneis to be doone in the palace of Westminster, where, for -the king’s grace and the queen’s, was framed a faire house, couered -with tapestrie, and hanged with rich clothe of Arras, and in the said -palace was made a curious founteine and ouer it a castell, on the top -thereof a great crowne imperiall, all the imbatelling with roses and -pomgranats gilded,” and many other conceits.</p> - -<p>The tenans in the jousting on this occasion were Thomas, Lord Howard; -his brother, Sir Edward Howard; Lord Richard, the Admiral; Lord -Richard, brother to the Marquis of Dorset; Sir Edmund Howard; Sir -Thomas Knevit and Charles Brandon, Esquire. Their bases and trappers -were of green velvet, charged with roses and pomegranates of gold -fringed with damask gilded.</p> - -<p>The venans were Sir John Pechie, Sir Edward Neville, Sir Edward -Guildford, Sir John Carr, Sir William Parr, Sir Giles Capell, Sir -Griffith Dun and Sir Roulande. Their bases and trappers were of tissue, -cloth of gold, silver and velvet.</p> - -<p>The second day was devoted to the <i>mêlée</i>. No details of the jousting -itself or of the tourney are given. Both Hall and Holinshed describe -this meeting.</p> - -<div id="PLATE_IX" class="figcontainer"> - <p class="f120 space-above2"><b><i>PLATE IX</i></b></p> - <div class="figsub"> - <img src="images/i_p116a.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="321" /> - <p class="f120">A HARNESS FOR<br /> THE GERMAN JOUST.<br /> WALLACE COLLECTION</p> - </div> - <div class="figsub"> - <img id="PLATE_IX_2" src="images/i_p116b.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="403" /> - <p class="f120">SUIT IN THE<br /> WALLACE COLLECTION FOR<br /> - JOUSTING AT THE TILT</p> - </div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> -On the twelfth of January following jousts were held in the park at -Richmond “vnknown to the kynges grace, whereof, he beyng secretly -informed, caused hymself and one of his priue chambre, called Willyā -Compton to be secretly armed, and so came into the Iustes vnknowen -to all persones and vnloked for. The kyng ranne neuer openly before, -and there were broken many staues, and greate praise geuen to the two -straungers, but specially to one, whiche was the kyng.” “Master Compton -was sore hurte and likely to dye.”<a name="FNanchor_203_203" id="FNanchor_203_203"></a><a href="#Footnote_203_203" class="fnanchor">[203]</a></p> - -<p>Holinshed tells us that in May, 1510, the king with his aides -challenged all comers to fight at barriers at Greenwich, viz. casting -the spear and twelve strokes with two-handed swords. Henry much -distinguished himself by his great strength and judgment.</p> - -<p>On the 13th November in the same year Henry, with Charles Brandon and -“Mayster” Compton, answered all comers for two days, the first at the -tilt, the second at the tourney. “At these iusts the king brake more -staves than any other, and therefore had the pryse: at the Turney in -likewyse the honor was his.”<a name="FNanchor_204_204" id="FNanchor_204_204"></a><a href="#Footnote_204_204" class="fnanchor">[204]</a></p> - -<p>The original Roll of the “Iusts” held at Westminster on the 13th -February, 1511, in honour of Queen “Katherin” on the birth of Prince -Henry, is now in the College of Arms, London. It is of parchment, 14½ -inches broad, the figures of the combatants and others being from seven -to eight inches in height; and the whole is in an excellent state of -preservation. The roll is headed with the words “Viue le noble Roy H. -VIII,” followed by a large device of a rose and pomegranates surmounted -by a crown, impaled with the letters H and K. Some of the figures are -armed at all points, while others are in civil dress, thus constituting -an invaluable record of the costumes of the day.</p> - -<p>The picture of the procession to the lists is headed by “Le Maistre -de Armurerye du Roy,” in civil dress, with his guard, and immediately -after him follow the sergeant-at-arms, holding his crowned bâton of -office; then five trumpeters, one of them a negro. In their order march -after them a band of courtiers, and “Les Officiers d’Armes,” being -heralds and pursuivants, in tabard-shaped surcoats. Then come the four -tenans, each riding under a “Pauilion,” with their varlets. Two led -horses immediately follow the king, and they afford a good opportunity -for observing the saddles employed in jousting at the tilt. After them -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> -ride “Les pages du Roy,” the marshal of the lists, “Le grant Escuyer,” -and “Le maistre des Pages.” The tenans are seen approaching the -gaily-decorated stand, in which the queen and her court are seated, -and the venans are reaching it on the other side. The picture closes -with the king on horseback in civil dress—“Le Roy desarmey”—holding -a broken lance in his hand. He is preceded by his helm-bearer, on -horseback, carrying the head-piece of his majesty on a truncheon. -The helm is surmounted by a royal crown, enriched with gold, pearls, -diamonds and rubies.</p> - -<p>The roll concludes with a poem, in which the name of the king figures -among a band of heroes, the others being Hector, Cæsar, Judas -Maccabæus, Joshua, Charlemagne, King Arthur, Alexander, David and -Codefroi de Bouillon.</p> - -<p>The “tenantz” were—</p> - -<table border="0" cellspacing="0" summary=" " cellpadding="0" > - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdl">His Grace the King</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">(Cœur Loyal),</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Lord William of Devon</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">(Bon Vouloir),</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Sir Thomas Knevit</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">(Valliant Desyr),</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Sir Edward Nevyle</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">(Joyeulx Penser).</td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<p>They all subscribed to the articles of combat, which follow here—</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p>“And for as moche as after the order ＆ Honnor of Arms hyt is not -lefull for any man to enterpryse Arms in so high a presens without hys -Stocke and name be of Nobles dyscended. In consyderation theis four -Knights be of so fer ＆ straunge partes. they shall present themselff wt -their names and Arms portend [pictured] in their shylde.</p> - -<p>Item these four Knights shall present themselves in the feyld at the -paleys of Rychmond or elles where hyt shall please the Kynges Grace. at -the tyme of Candelmas next or nigh theirupon in harneys for the tylt wt -out tache or breket, <i>wolant pece on the hedde</i><a name="FNanchor_205_205" id="FNanchor_205_205"></a><a href="#Footnote_205_205" class="fnanchor">[205]</a> -Rondell on the garde rest. aduntag (sic). fraude. deceyt or any malengyne.</p> - -<p>Item to every comer shall be Runne six courses pvyed [provided] -allway yf the comers be of sush greate number that they cannot -reasonably be for on [one] day Hyt shallbe lefull for the four -challengers to enter the felde the Second day and so to answere all the -comers to the full nomber be served of soche as be noble of name or of -Armes and wt out report.</p> - -<p>Item all speres to be garnished and brought to the ffeyld at the -pvision and chardge of the Chalengers, of the wch speres the answerers -to have the Choice.</p> - -<p>Item yf yt happe any Man as God defend to kyll his fellows Horse by -way of fowle Runnyng. He shallbe bound yf so doth to give the horse -yt he rydeth on to his felow or the pryse of the Horse so kyld at the -dyscresion of the Iudges.</p> - -<p>Item who stryketh his felow beneth the wast or in the sadell with -full course be [by] way of fowle Runnynge he shallbe dysalowed for two -speres before broken.</p> - -<p>Item who stryketh his felow uncharged ＆ disgarnyshed of his speare -he shallbe disalowed at the descression of the Iudges.</p> - -<p>Item who breaketh his spere above the Charnell [coronal] to be -allowed<a name="FNanchor_206_206" id="FNanchor_206_206"></a><a href="#Footnote_206_206" class="fnanchor">[206]</a> -two speres well broken after the old custom of Arms.</p> - -<p>Item who breaketh his spere morme to morme [coronal to coronal] to -be allow’d three Speres after the Custome of Arms. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span></p> - -<p>Item who breaketh most speres ys [is] bette worthey the pryse.</p> - -<p>Item who stryketh Down Horse and Man is better worthe the pryse.</p> - -<p>Item who stryketh his felow clene out of the Sadell is best worthe -the pryse. Item if any Gentleman chalenger or defender breake a staff -on the Tylt to be disalowed a staff.</p> - -<p>Item yf yt is the pleasurs of the Kynge our most Dred Souaigne -Lorde, the Queens Grace and the Ladies with the advice of the Noble -and dyscret Iuges to give pryses after their deservings unto both the -Parties.</p> - -<p>Item that every Gentleman answerer do Subscrybe his name to the -Artycalles.”</p> -</div> - -<p>Hall’s florid account of this meeting, in a much abridged form, is as -follows:—The jousting was combined with a pageant picturing a forest -in which stood a castle of gold, and before it sat a gentleman weaving -a garland of roses for the prize. Jousting began on the twelfth, and on -the morrow there was a grand procession to the lists. The king was on -horseback, armed at all points, riding under a “Pauilion” of cloth of -gold and purple velvet, embroidered and powdered over with the letters -“H” and “K” of fine gold, surmounted by an imperial golden crown and -valanced with hanging wire of the same precious metal. The king’s bases -and the trapper of his charger were of cloth of gold, fretted with -damask gold; his crinet and chamfron were of steel, and on the latter -was a plume garnished with golden spangles. Then followed his three -aides, each riding under a “Pauilion” of crimson damask and purple, -powdered over with the letters “H” and “K” in fine gold, valanced and -fringed with damask gold, and on the top of each canopy a great “K” -of goldsmith’s work. After them marched a number of gentlemen and -yeomen on foot, clad in russet and yellow cloth; then twelve children -of honour, mounted on great coursers richly caparisoned. Then in the -counterpart rode the “venantz,” headed by Sir Charles Brandon,<a name="FNanchor_207_207" id="FNanchor_207_207"></a><a href="#Footnote_207_207" class="fnanchor">[207]</a> -who appears first on horseback in a long robe of russet satin, like -a recluse, and he petitions the queen for permission to joust in her -presence. His request having been granted, he doffed his cloak and -appeared in full armour, with rich bases, and his horse nobly trapped -for running at the tilt. In attendance on him were divers men clad in -russet satin. Next came young Henry Guilford, Esquire, himself and -horse in russet cloth of gold and cloth of silver, embroidered with a -device like a castle or turret, and all his men in russet satin and -white, with hose of the same and bonnets of a like colour; and he also -petitioned the queen for permission to run. After him rode the Marquis -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> -of Dorset and Sir Thomas Bulleyn,<a name="FNanchor_208_208" id="FNanchor_208_208"></a><a href="#Footnote_208_208" class="fnanchor">[208]</a> -dressed as pilgrims in tabards of black velvet, with palmer’s hats over -their helmets and long Jacob’s staffs in their hands. Their horses -were trapped in black velvet, which, like their hats and tabards, was -garnished with scallop shells of fine gold; their servants were in -black satin, with the same kind of shells pinned to their breasts. Then -came Lord Henry of Buckingham, Earl of Wiltshire, himself and his horse -draped in cloth of silver, embroidered with a “posye” of golden arrows -and roses, and above the flowers the figure of a greyhound in silver -holding a tree of pomegranates in gold. Then entered Sir Giles Capell, -Sir Roulande and many other knights, richly armed and apparelled.</p> - -<p>The jousting began and was gallantly achieved, the prize being awarded -to the king. The proceedings were followed by music and the dance, -closing with a pageant.<a name="FNanchor_209_209" id="FNanchor_209_209"></a><a href="#Footnote_209_209" class="fnanchor">[209]</a> -What a contrast between this passage of arms and the tournament held in -1278, <i>temp.</i> Edward I, as described in <a href="#CHAPTER_II">Chapter II</a>.</p> - -<p>Ashmole, No. 1116, fol. 109-10b, runs as follows:—“Iustes holden at -Westminster the XIIth daie of February by the Kinges grace called Cueur -Loyal, the Lord William of Devon Bon Voloir, Sir Thomas Knevit Valiant -Desire, and Edward Nevell Joyous Penser, with the articles and courses -of the said Iustes,” etc. The articles begin thus—“The noble lady -Renowne considering the good and gracious fortune....” The “courses” -(checques) were tilting tablets for recording the scores for two days -(Wednesday and Thursday, February 12th, 13th, 1511), marked with -strokes, and accounts of the “best Ioustres.”</p> - -<p>In the tournament illustrated on the Herald’s College Roll it is stated -that 264 courses were run at the tilt and but 129 attaints made. -The tenans scored seventy-seven of these, the king himself making -thirty-eight hits out of fifty-two courses. Of the venans, one made no -hits at all and six only struck once in six courses.<a name="FNanchor_210_210" id="FNanchor_210_210"></a><a href="#Footnote_210_210" class="fnanchor">[210]</a></p> - -<p>Another meeting took place on the 1st May following, at which the -tenans were the king, Sir Edward Howard, Charles Brandon and Sir Edward -Nevil; the venans being the Earl of Essex, the Earl of Devon, the -Marquis of Dorset and Lord Howard.<a name="FNanchor_211_211" id="FNanchor_211_211"></a><a href="#Footnote_211_211" class="fnanchor">[211]</a></p> - -<div id="PLATE_X" class="figcontainer"> - <p class="f120 space-above2"><b><i>PLATE X</i></b></p> - <div class="figsub"> - <img src="images/i_p120a.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="592" /> - <p class="f120">GERMAN ARMOUR FOR<br /> JOUSTING AT THE TILT.<br /> AT DRESDEN.</p> - </div> - <div class="figsub"> - <img id="PLATE_X_2" src="images/i_p120b.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="580" /> - <p class="f120">AN ARMOUR FOR<br /> <i>FREITURNIER</i>.<br /> AT DRESDEN.</p> - </div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> -In the fourth year of King Henry’s reign—</p> - -<p class="blockquot no-indent">“the King had a solempne iust at -Grenewiche in Iune: first came in ladies all in White and Red silke, -set vpon Coursers trapped in the same suite, freated ouer with gold, -after which folowed a Fountain curiously made of Russet sattin, with -eight Gargilles spoutyng water, within the fountain sat a knight armed -at all peces. After the Fountain folowed a lady all in black silke -dropped with fine siluer, on a courser trapped in the same. After -folowed a knight in a horse litter, the Coursers and litter apparareled -in blacke velvet with siluer droppes. When the Fountain came to the -tilt, the Ladies rode rounde aboute, and so did the Fountain and the -knight within the litter. And after them wer brought twoo goodly -Coursers appareled for the iusts: and when they came to the tiltes -ende, the twoo knightes mounted on the two Coursers, abidyng all -commers. The king was in the fountain and Sir Charles Brandon was in -the litter. Then suddenly with great noyse of the Trompets, entered -Sir Thomas Kneuit in a castle of cole blacke, and ouer the castell was -written, ‘The dolorous Castle,’ and so he and the erle of Essex, the -lorde Haward and other ran their courses, with the King and Sir Charles -Brandon and euer the king brake moste speres.”<a name="FNanchor_212_212" id="FNanchor_212_212"></a><a href="#Footnote_212_212" class="fnanchor">[212]</a></p> - -<p>There were royal jousts held in October, 1513, the king and Lord Lisle -answering all comers. His Majesty was attended by twenty-four knights -clad in robes of purple velvet and cloth of gold, and many lances were -broken.<a name="FNanchor_213_213" id="FNanchor_213_213"></a><a href="#Footnote_213_213" class="fnanchor">[213]</a></p> - -<p>In 1515 Henry, with the Marquis of Dorset, challenged all comers to a -joust, and the king “brake three and twentie speres beside attaints and -bare downe to ground a man of armes and his horse.”<a name="FNanchor_214_214" id="FNanchor_214_214"></a><a href="#Footnote_214_214" class="fnanchor">[214]</a></p> - -<p>In the same year on twelfth-night the king held a <i>Scharmützel</i>, being -the attack and defence of a mock fortress, at Eltham.<a name="FNanchor_215_215" id="FNanchor_215_215"></a><a href="#Footnote_215_215" class="fnanchor">[215]</a></p> - -<p>Royal jousts were held again in June, 1519, at which 506 lances were -splintered.<a name="FNanchor_216_216" id="FNanchor_216_216"></a><a href="#Footnote_216_216" class="fnanchor">[216]</a></p> - -<p>Royal jousts in March, 1520.<a name="FNanchor_217_217" id="FNanchor_217_217"></a><a href="#Footnote_217_217" class="fnanchor">[217]</a></p> - -<p>In the eighth year of his reign the king proclaimed solemn jousts in -honour of his sister, the Queen of Scotland,<a name="FNanchor_218_218" id="FNanchor_218_218"></a><a href="#Footnote_218_218" class="fnanchor">[218]</a> to extend over two -days. The tenans on the first day were the king himself, the Duke of -Suffolk, the Earl of Essex and Nicholas Carew, Esquire. The venans -numbered twelve. On the second day the king ran against Sir William -Kingston, a tall and strong knight, and unhorsed him. The apparel of -the tenans and their horses “was blacke velvet, covered all over with -braunches of honey suckels of fine flat gold of damaske, of lose worke, -every lefe of the braunch moving, the embroudery was very conning and -sumptuous.”<a name="FNanchor_219_219" id="FNanchor_219_219"></a><a href="#Footnote_219_219" class="fnanchor">[219]</a> -<a name="FNanchor_220_220" id="FNanchor_220_220"></a><a href="#Footnote_220_220" class="fnanchor">[220]</a></p> - -<p>There was another passage of arms in the year following, at which 506 -lances were splintered.<a name="FNanchor_221_221" id="FNanchor_221_221"></a><a href="#Footnote_221_221" class="fnanchor">[221]</a></p> - -<p>The following documents occur among the Harleian MSS.:—“Justs at -Greenwich, the 20th daie of Maye, the 8th yeare of the Raigne of our -Soveraigne Ld. K. Henry VIII.” The score of each jouster is given.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span></p> - -<p>“<i>Coppye de Chapitres (ou Articles) des certaine Faits d’Armes, tant a -Pied, comme a Cheval, qui par deux Gentilmomes d’Almaigne touchant une -certaine Emprise.</i>”<a name="FNanchor_222_222" id="FNanchor_222_222"></a><a href="#Footnote_222_222" class="fnanchor">[222]</a></p> - -<p>The jousts and tourneys of the Field of the Cloth of Gold were held -on a truly magnificent scale, and, indeed, everything was done to -make them a triumphant spectacular success. The cavaliers of the -two nations, like the ladies present, vied with each other in the -richness of their dresses and appointments, and the two monarchs -greatly distinguished themselves in the tiltyard. The lists themselves -are stated to have been 150 paces long, and were placed in a plain -surrounded by a ditch. Stands were erected for the officials and -spectators, and pavilions were pitched for the use of the cavaliers -taking part. The jousting was with blunted lances, each challenger to -run eight courses. The two kings entered the enclosure on June 11th, -1520, armed at all points, at the time appointed. The horse of his -Majesty of France was trapped with purple satin broached with gold and -embroidered with raven’s plumes hatched with gold, and on his helm he -wore a lady’s sleeve. The trapper of the King of England was of cloth -of gold tissue, fringed with damask and knitted together with golden -points. In attendance on King Henry were Sir Henry Guilford, Master of -the Horse; Sir John Pechie, Governor of Calais; Sir Edmund Guilford, -General of the Forces; and Monsieur Morel, attached to his suite by -King Francis. They all wore the royal livery.</p> - -<p>The jousting began, the onset was sounded, and King Henry ran against -Monsieur Grandevile, and the helm of the Frenchman was fractured. The -Duc de Vendôme ran five courses against the Duke of Suffolk, each -breaking his lance on the other’s body. After many more jousts had been -accomplished the signal to cease for the day was given, the heralds -crying “<i>Desarmée</i>” and the trumpets sounded <i>à l’hostel</i> -(to lodgings).</p> - -<p>On Tuesday, the 12th, ten gentlemen of the French king’s Swiss Guard -tilted against eleven of the band of Monsieur de Tremouille.</p> - -<p>On Wednesday, the 13th, the King of France, with his aides, and King -Henry, with his following, rode at the tilt, after which there was much -jousting between the knights of France and England; and towards evening -King Francis left for Ard and the English monarch departed for his -castle of Guisnes. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span></p> - -<p>On the Thursday the French king tilted with the Earl of Devonshire -and others, and King Henry ran against Monsieur Montmorencie and Rafe -Brooke. On the Friday there was fighting at barriers, and on the -Saturday a banquet was given by the French king and his suite at the -Castle of Guisnes. A Frenchman was killed when fighting on foot.</p> - -<p>On the Monday the fêtes were in abeyance, owing to a great storm, but -on the Tuesday the two kings came to the lists, armed at all points, -and jousting was resumed. Wednesday and Thursday were devoted to the -<i>mêlée</i>, and on Friday, June 22nd, “the two kings with their retinues -did battle on foot at barriers.”<a name="FNanchor_223_223" id="FNanchor_223_223"></a><a href="#Footnote_223_223" class="fnanchor">[223]</a> -The French cavaliers wore doublets of cloth of silver and purple -velvet, while those of the English were of cloth of gold and russet -velvet. The weapons were spears and swords.</p> - -<p>On Saturday, after a banquet, there was again fighting at barriers, -first with spears and afterwards with two-handed swords.</p> - -<p>The <i>pas d’armes</i> was followed by masks, more banqueting and the dance. -Both Hall and Holinshed describe this historic meeting.</p> - -<p>Among the Ashmolean MSS. are the following concerning the Field of -the Cloth of Gold:—“<i>Ce sont les noms des princes, prellatz, et -grans seigneurs de France, qui estoient en la compaignie de Roy de -France quant le Roy</i> [<i>Henry VIII</i>] <i>Dengleterre et led’ sr le Roy</i> -[<i>François</i>] <i>sentrevyrent et ordonnerent les Iousts et Tournoys qui -sensuyvent</i>.” Prefixed to the title is a stanza of five lines inviting -to the jousts.</p> - -<p>“The proclamacōn in Frenche of the Articles of the Iustes and other -feates of armes at the meeting of the aforesaid Kinges [Henry and -François] at Guisnes, proclaimed throughout the realme of France -by Thomas Benolt al’s Clarencieux King of Armes. <i>Comme ainsi soit -louange.</i>”<a name="FNanchor_224_224" id="FNanchor_224_224"></a><a href="#Footnote_224_224" class="fnanchor">[224]</a></p> - -<p>Imperial royal jousts were run in the month of March of the thirteenth -year of the reign, of which Hall gives an account; and there were -others in the year following.</p> - -<p>On March 10th, 1524, King Henry ran a great risk of losing his life -in the tiltyard, for when jousting with Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, he -forgot to shut and clasp down the visor of his helmet. Brandon, who was -short-sighted, did not perceive this, and in his career aimed his lance -at that part of the king’s head-piece, striking it at the side of the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> -face, unhelming his Majesty, though without causing him any injury. As -already mentioned, in a joust held on Shrove Tuesday in the year 1525 -Sir Charles Bryan nearly lost an eye from a somewhat similar cause.</p> - -<p>King Henry, like his friend Maximilian of Austria, is always -represented as the successful jouster, and, although his strength, -skill and good fortune are generally admitted, some explanation is -required to account for his invariable success. It has been suggested -that it may have been due in some measure to the prerogative of the -queen, by which a joust could be stopped if there should be any -probability of the king’s defeat.<a name="FNanchor_225_225" id="FNanchor_225_225"></a><a href="#Footnote_225_225" class="fnanchor">[225]</a></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p>“On May-day <i>anno</i> 1536 was a great jousting held at Greenwich, at -which the chief challenger was the Lord Rochford, the queen’s brother; -and the defendant was one Henry Norris, of the king’s bed-chamber, with -others. They managed their arms with great dexterity, and every course -which they ran came off with the loud applause of the people.”<a name="FNanchor_226_226" id="FNanchor_226_226"></a><a href="#Footnote_226_226" class="fnanchor">[226]</a></p> - -<p>“Another solemne Challenge was proclaimed and -perfourmed by certaine English Knights, viz. Sir John -Dudley,<a name="FNanchor_227_227" id="FNanchor_227_227"></a><a href="#Footnote_227_227" class="fnanchor">[227]</a> -Sir Thomas Seimer, Sir Francis Poynings, Sir -George Carew, Anthony Kingston and Richard Cromwel. <i>Anno</i> 1540.”</p> -</div> - -<p>Royal jousts were run on the thirty-first year of the reign, in -celebration of the king’s marriage with Anne of Clѐves.</p> - -<p>Lacroix, in <i>Military and Religious Life in the Middle Ages</i>, pictures -the degradation of a knight convicted of dishonourable conduct, copied -from a wood-cut bearing the initials “J. A.” (Jost Amman). The culprit -is exposed on a scaffold, clad only in his shirt, his armour is broken -in pieces before him and thrown at his feet, and his spurs are cast -upon a dunghill. His shield is dragged by a cart-horse through the -mire, and the tail of his <i>destrier</i> cut off. A herald-at-arms cries -three times, “Who is there?” and each time the name of the knight is -given. The herald then cries, “No, it is not so; I see no knight, but -only a false coward.” The culprit is borne on a litter into a church, -where the burial service is read over him, and the world of chivalry -knows him no more.</p> - -<p>There is no record of any royal jousts on the accession of Edward VI -to the throne, and such pastimes would seem to have been greatly in -abeyance during that short reign.</p> - -<p>The same would seem to have been the case during the reign of Queen -Mary; but there were fights at barriers in 1554, when Philip II arrived -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span> -in England. The challengers, against all comers, were Don -Fredericke de Toledo, the Lord Strange, Don Ferdinando de Toledo, -Don Francisco de Mendoça, and Garsulace de la Vega.</p> - -<p>The prizes were as follows, viz.:—</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p class="neg-indent">“1. He who cometh forth most gallantly, though without -superfluities, shall have a rich brooch.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">2. The best stroke with the pike shall have a -ring with a ruby.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">3. The best stroke with the sword shall have a -ring with a diamond.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">4. He that fighteth most valiantly shall have a -ring with a diamond.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">5. The prize of all together in rank at the foyle -was a ring of gold with a rich diamond.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">He that giveth a stroke with a pike from the -girdle downwards shall win no prize.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">He that shall have a close gauntlet or anything -to fasten his sword to his hand shall win no prize.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">He whose sword falls out of his hand shall win no -prize.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">He that striketh his hand in fight on the -barriers shall win no prize.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">Whosoever shall fight and not show his sword to -the judges shall win no prize.”</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">The prizes were thus awarded by the judges, in -the above order, to:—</p> - -<ul class="index"> -<li class="isub4">Don Fredericke de Toledo.</li> -<li class="isub4">Don Diego Ortado di Mendoça.</li> -<li class="isub4">Sir John Parrat.</li> -<li class="isub4">Ruygomez.<a name="FNanchor_228_228" id="FNanchor_228_228"></a><a href="#Footnote_228_228" class="fnanchor">[228]</a>And</li> -<li class="isub4">King Philip, in highest honour.<a name="FNanchor_229_229" id="FNanchor_229_229"></a><a href="#Footnote_229_229" class="fnanchor">[229]</a></li> -</ul> -</div> - -<p>During the reign of Queen Elizabeth vigorous efforts were made to -revive the ancient glories of the tournament, which were for a time not -without a certain measure of success, under the auspices of the maiden -queen. Sir Henry Lee rode as the queen’s champion until advancing years -caused him to relinquish the self-imposed office in favour of the Earl -of Cumberland, who wore a glove of her Majesty’s on his helmet.</p> - -<p>A drawing, from a MS., of tilting, tourney and barriers is reproduced -in Lord Dillon’s paper in the <i>Archæological Journal</i>, Vol. LV, which -affords a good deal of information regarding the detail of such combats -during the reign.</p> - -<p>There were jousts and barriers on the accession of Queen Elizabeth -to the throne in 1558, in which the Duke of Norfolk and the earls of -Surrey, Warwick and Leicester took part.<a name="FNanchor_230_230" id="FNanchor_230_230"></a><a href="#Footnote_230_230" class="fnanchor">[230]</a></p> - -<p>The <i>fête d’armes</i> at which Henri II of France was fatally injured -was held at Paris in 1559. The tenans on the occasion were the king, the -Prince of Ferrera, the Duke of Guise and others. The course in which -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> -the accident befel was an extra one, run in the face of remonstrances -on the part of the other challengers. The cause of the injury would -seem to have been that the Comte de Montgomeri, Captain of the Scottish -Guard, failed to drop his shivered lance immediately after impact, as -he ought to have done, and the jagged end striking the king’s visor, -a splinter passed through the slit for vision and pierced his brain. -The king’s case was hopeless from the first, though he lingered in -agony for nearly a week. The king’s accidental death was not avenged -on Montgomeri at the time, but Catherine de Medici had him executed -fifteen years later. Lacroix, in <i>Military and Religious Life in the -Middle Ages</i>, gives a picture of this fatal encounter, copied from an -engraving of the sixteenth century.</p> - -<p>Viscount Dillon, in his paper “Barriers and Foot Combats,” reproduces -a picture of Spanish officers “At Barriers” in Brussels, 1569 (after -Hogenberg). The details are interesting as showing the manner of -fighting on foot at the time.</p> - -<p>As stated in the Ashmolean MS., No. 837, fol. 245, a tournament -was proclaimed at Hampton Court by Clarencieulx, King of Arms, -on Twelfth-night, <i>anno</i> 1570, to take place in the month of May -following. The MS. begins with a preamble, being a general exhortation -to revive the tournament, which “had of late fallen a sleepe.” Next -come the <i>chapitres d’armes</i> (the articles) for the tilt, tourney and -barriers. A copy of the document follows here:—</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p>“For as much most noble Queene, as ther ar within this yoʳ maᵗⁱᵉˢ -Courte a greate nombre of noble menne and gentlemenne excellent men -of Armes, and yet (as it wer) of late fallen a sleepe from eny kinde -of such exercyse: Therfore by your maᵗⁱᵉˢ lycense, to revyve theim -withall, ther ar fower Knightes Errant which haue thought goode to -challenge all commers at Shrovetyde next as followeth. Videlicet.</p> - -<p class="center"><i>Tilt</i></p> -<p>Vpon Shrouesonday at the Tylt, six courses a pece. And who so doth -best of the Defendanntes in those six courses, shall have for his prize -a cheyne of gold.</p> - -<p class="center"><i>Tourney</i></p> -<p>Vpon Shrovemonday at the Tourney, two blowes at the passage, and -tenne at the ioyninge. All grypes, shockes, and fowle playes forbidden. -And who so doth best of the Defendantes at that feate, shall haue a Diamonde.</p> - -<p class="center"><i>Barriours</i></p> -<p>Vpon Shrouetuesday at the Barriours, three pusshes with the short -pyke, and tenne blowes with the sworde with open gauntlet: no Barriours -to be layde hande vpon, nor eny weopen to be taken holde of. And he of -the Defendantes that doth best ther at, shall haue a Rubie. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span></p> - -<p>[The entire page is scored out. On the back of the page, which is -written by Glover, a second hand has written, the other way up:—]</p> - -<p>The proclemacion that was procleamed at hampton court by -Clarencieulx Kyng of armes on twelffe daye at nyght in Aᵒ/1570/ the -chalengers names was the erle of Oxfford Charles howard Sʳ henry Lee -and christoffer hatton a pencioner.</p> - -<p>Theys excercyses was not Fulffylled tyle maye deye next after on -which daye was the tylte at westmynster and the second daye of maye the -torney and on Sonday byeing the vj of maye the barrioures.”</p> -</div> - -<p class="space-above1">Another MS. in the same collection (No. 845, fol. 164) -gives a list of the participants, with their “checques” (which are tablets for -recording the scores made). Examples of these registers are given here, -under the heading of the document in question:—</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p class="no-indent">[Endorsed:—Tournay.</p> - -<p>Two blowes at the passage: and tenne at the ioyninge: -All gryppes shockes and foule playe forbidden.]</p> - -<p class="center">[A list of names is also on folio 164 b.]</p> - -<p class="no-indent">[fol. 164.]</p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="I_127" src="images/i_p127.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="166" /> - <p class="f120"><span class="smcap">Scoring “Cheques.”</span></p> -</div> - -<p class="blockquot center">[54 more, as above, 25 without arms.]</p> - -<p>The tenans on the occasion were the Earl of Oxford, Lord Charles -Howard, Sir Henry Lee, and Christopher Hatton, a “pencioner,” and -a list of their opponents, with their “Checques,” is given in the -Ashmolean MS. No. 845, fol. 167. (<a href="#Page_128">See page 128</a>.)</p> - -<p>The prize for the best lance among the tilters was “a cheyne of gold,” -which fell to the Earl of Oxford, who ran forty-two courses and -splintered thirty-two lances, a very good performance. The prize for -the tourney was a “Diamonde”; that for “barriours” a “Rubie,” which was -won by Thomas Cecil, one of the venans. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span></p> - -<div id="LIST" class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/i_p128a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="407" /> - <img src="images/i_p128b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="361" /> -</div> -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div id="PLATE_XI" class="figcenter"> -<p class="f120"><b><i>PLATE XI</i></b></p> - <img src="images/i_p128c.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="604" /> - <p class="f120">HARNESSES FOR JOUSTING AT THE TILT.<br /> AT PARIS.</p> - <img src="images/i_p128d.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="632" /> - <p class="f120">FIELD HARNESS OF<br /> ANNE DE MONTMORENCY.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> -In 1590, after the siege of Paris had been raised, King Henri IV -challenged the Duc de Mayenne to single combat, in order that by a -decisive result the calamities of France might be stayed, but nothing -came of it.</p> - -<p>A tournament was held at Westminster under the leadership of Walter, -Earl of Essex, which is chiefly remarkable from the fact of its -having taken place during the night. It was on the occasion when Anne -de Montmorency, Constable of France, came to London to receive the -Order of the Garter, in June, 1572. Queen Elizabeth gave a supper in -celebration of the event, at which she presided, and in due time she -retired to her apartments. The weather being warm, however, it pleased -her Majesty to walk from her chamber on to the open terrace of the -palace, where the French duke and his suite were assembled, with many -of the English courtiers. The Earl of Essex entered the terrace quite -suddenly, accompanied by twelve gentlemen armed at all points and well -mounted.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p>“The Earl and his horse were furnished with white cloth of siluer, -and the rest in white sattin, who after reuerence done to her Maiesty, -marched to the east side of the Court, and there in troope, stood -firme. Forthwith entered Edward Earle of Rutland, with a like number, -in like sort armed and apparelled all in blew; and hauing presented his -reuerence, stayed on the west end. Before either of these bands, one -Chariot was drawen, and therein a faire Damsell, conducted by an armed -Knight, who pronounced certain speeches in the French tongue, vnto -her Maiestie. These Ceremonies passed, the Queene commanded the armed -men to fall vnto fight, which they performed with great courage, and -commendation, chiefly in the Earl of Essex, a noble personage, valorous -in armes, and all other wayes of great vertue.</p> - -<p>Of the Actors names in this Triumph (it seemeth) no note is kept: -yet are many of them still liuing.”</p> -</div> - -<p>The ordinances and regulations which controlled the routine of a -tournament, some of them compiled for general use and others framed for -particular contests, have been repeatedly referred to in these pages; -but the method of the keeping of scores is nowhere clearly indicated, -and, indeed, is but rarely mentioned. The score was marked in strokes -by a king of arms, sometimes by a pursuivant,<a name="FNanchor_231_231" id="FNanchor_231_231"></a><a href="#Footnote_231_231" class="fnanchor">[231]</a> -on a scoring tablet, termed a “checque,” which was tricked with -a shield of the arms of the owner, as shown on page 127. The -scoring-board itself was in the form of a parallelogram, with three -horizontal lines, the middle line projecting some distance beyond the -others, and on the projection of this middle line the number of courses -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> -run (usually from two to eight) were registered. The attaints were -noted on the top line; and they were often differentiated as hits on -the body or head, which had a different value in the tale.<a name="FNanchor_232_232" id="FNanchor_232_232"></a><a href="#Footnote_232_232" class="fnanchor">[232]</a> -The middle line inside the parallelogram was for the staves well -broken, and the bottom line for those “ill-broken”—that is, broken -within a foot of the head of the lance or on the tilt, on the -adversary’s saddle, etc.—these being deducted from the score or -disallowed. The proportion in the number of attaints varied greatly, -though on the average it would appear that the misses made in jousting -at the tilt (i.e. when the jousters failed to touch each other in -their careers) were greater in number than the hits made; while in -jousting “at the wide” the proportion of attaints was much greater. The -registration was done by vertical strokes on the horizontal lines.</p> - -<p>As many as ten jousting cheques have been found, which help to a -knowledge as to how the scoring was managed, though more light is -needed on the subject.</p> - -<p>The rules and regulations concerning the conducting of tournaments in -Tudor times were based on those framed in 1466 by John Tiptoft, Earl of -Worcester, Constable of England, which are given in our <a href="#CHAPTER_IV">Chapter IV</a>; -but there is no rule among them directly mentioned concerning the method -of scoring the points. There are, however, pictures of the scoring -cheques, reproduced by Mr. ffoulkes in his paper in <i>Archæologia</i>, -Vol. LXIII, Plate IV, Nos. 2, 3, which appear at the ends of two of -the versions of the Tiptoft rules; viz. those in Harl. MS. 2413, fol. -16, and Ashmole MS. 763, fol. 149. Two cheques out of the fifty-six in -Ashmole MS. 845, fol. 164, are reproduced on our Fig. 1. They are those -of the Earl of Oxford and Charles Howard, being registers of their -scores at the passage of arms which was proclaimed by Clarencieulx in -1570.</p> - -<p>This somewhat intricate subject can only be lightly touched upon in -these pages; but we may refer any of our readers who may wish to pursue -the subject further to Lord Dillon’s paper, “Tilting in Tudor Times,” -published in the <i>Archæological Journal</i>, Vol. LV, and to that written -by Mr. Charles ffoulkes in <i>Archæologia</i>, LXIII, entitled “Jousting -Cheques of the Sixteenth Century.”</p> - -<p>Three writers on certain features in the routine of a tournament are -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> -mentioned in the last-named monograph, <i>The Romance of Three King’s -Sons</i>, written about the end of the fifteenth century,<a name="FNanchor_233_233" id="FNanchor_233_233"></a><a href="#Footnote_233_233" class="fnanchor">[233]</a> -from which the following extract is given:—</p> - -<p class="blockquot">“All these thinges donne thei were embatailed -eche ageynste the othir and the corde drawen ageynste eche partie, and -whan the tyme was, the cordes were cutte and the Trumpettis blew up -for euery man to do his deuoir. And for to assertayne you more of the -Tournay there was on eche side a stake, and at eache stake two Kynges -of Armes, with penne, and Inke, and paper, to write the names of all of -them that were yolden, for they shold no more Tournay.”</p> - -<p>This refers to the <i>mêlée</i>, not the joust.</p> - -<p>King René d’Anjou, in <i>Traicte de la forme et Devis d’ung Tournoi</i>, -gives an illustration of a <i>mêlée</i> in which the attendants are seen -cutting the cords with axes, but there are no kings of arms present -noting the score.</p> - -<p>Another reference occurs in the account given in the Landsdowne MS. -285 of the combat between the Bastard of Burgundy and Lord Scales in -1466, a contest which has been already described on these pages. It is -entitled <i>The Ordinaunce of kepyng of the Feelde</i>, and runs—</p> - -<p class="blockquot">“... At ev’y corner a Kyng of Armes crownyd and -an Harauld or Pursevaunte within the seide feelde, for reporte makyng -of actes doon within the same: Garter and othir Kynges of Armes and -Hauraldes to be sett in the scaffolde before the Kyng on the right -hande of the staire of the Kynges place judiciall’ to make report -generall’ and to marke all that should be doon in the seide feelde.”</p> - -<p>And we may infer that a score of the points, for and against, was kept -on the occasion.<a name="FNanchor_234_234" id="FNanchor_234_234"></a><a href="#Footnote_234_234" class="fnanchor">[234]</a> -Hall, in his narrative of the Field of the Cloth of Gold, states -definitely that the scores of the combatants were marked down by the -proper officials, English and French.</p> - -<p>The Duc d’Alençon and three French gentlemen, with the earls of Sussex -and Leicester, challenged all comers, in 1551, to fight at barriers, -and they had forty-five opponents.<a name="FNanchor_235_235" id="FNanchor_235_235"></a><a href="#Footnote_235_235" class="fnanchor">[235]</a></p> - -<p>Jousts were run at Westminster, in conjunction with a great pageant, -on January 22nd, 1581, in the presence of Queen Elizabeth. The fêtes -extended over several days, and many lances were broken at the tilting. -The crowd was so great at the pageant that many citizens were maimed -and some killed. Those taking part in the tilting were Henry Gray, -Sir Thomas Perot, Anthony Cooke, Thomas Radcliffe, Robert and Francis -Knolles, Rafe Bowes, Thomas Kelwaie, George Goring, William Tresham, -Robert Alexander, Edward Dennie, Hercules Meantus, Edward Moore, -Richard Skipwith, Richard Ward, Edward Digbie, Henry Nowell and Henry -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> -Brunkerd. During the running Sir Henry Lee entered the tiltyard as The -Unknown and, after breaking six lances, retired again. The challengers -each ran six courses against all comers. A <i>Scharmützel</i>, being the -attack and defence of a mock fortress on which cannon were mounted, -took place later, and this was followed by the tourney and barriers. -Taking part in these were the Earl of Arundel, Lord Windsor, Sir Philip -Sidney and Fulke Greville, Esquire.<a name="FNanchor_236_236" id="FNanchor_236_236"></a><a href="#Footnote_236_236" class="fnanchor">[236]</a></p> - -<p>A tournament was held on the 15th May following, as mentioned -in Ashmole MS. No. 845, fol. 166, a copy of which follows:—</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p>“The Tournay holden at Westminster on monday the 15. -of May. 1581. when as the prince dolphine of Auuergne and other the -frenche commissioners were here.</p> - -<div class="figleft"> - <img id="I_132" src="images/i_p132.jpg" alt="" width="250" height="268" /> -</div> - <p class="space-above3">This mark at the end signifyeth that that party hath - perfourmed his blowes at the passage and at the joyninge.”</p> -</div> -<hr class="r25" /> - -<p class="blockquot">(46 more figures like this, with a line at the right end. -They are arranged in two columns.)</p> -<hr class="r25" /> - -<p>The challengers were Monsieur the brother of the French King, the -Prince Delphine,<a name="FNanchor_237_237" id="FNanchor_237_237"></a><a href="#Footnote_237_237" class="fnanchor">[237]</a> -the earls of Sussex and Leicester, the Count S. Aignon, Messires Chamuallan -and Bacqueuile. The venans were led by Lord Thomas Howard.</p> - -<p class="space-below2">Another tournament took place at Westminster -on November 17th in the same year, and a list of names of those taking -part is given in Ashmole MS. No. 845, fol. 165:—</p> - -<table border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="List of Competitors" cellpadding="0" > - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="3">“<big><b>1581. 24. R. R. Elizabeth</b></big></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Therle of Arundell</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">)____</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">The Lord Windesore</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Henry Greye</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">)____</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Henry Windesore</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Sʳ Henry Lee</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">)____</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Phellip Sidney</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Sʳ Thomas Perot</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">)____</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Thomas Ratclyff</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Foulke Grevill</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">)____</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Rawffe Bowes</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Edward Norrys</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">)____</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Thomas Knevet</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Anthony Cooke</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">)____</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">John Pagingeton</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">George Gyfford</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">)____</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Thomas Kailloway</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Robart Alexander</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">)____</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">George Goringe</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Edward More</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">)____</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Henry Bronkard</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">William Tresham</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">)____</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Rychard Warde</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Everard Digby</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">)____</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="ws3"> Tyrrell</span></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Storry</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">)____</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">William Knolles</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">)____</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Robart Knolles. - <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span></td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<p class="blockquot">These be the names of the noblemen and gentlemen, -that for the honour of the Queenes Majestie did their endevour at the -Tylt at Westminster on the xvijᵗʰ day of Nouember, beinge the first day -of the xxiiijᵗʰ yere of the reigne of queene Elizabeth, whome God of -his greate mercy longe contynue to reigne over this sinnefull realme of -England. Amen.”</p> - -<p>In 1585 there is what is described as “the last joust on the Thames,” -but which was really a form of water quintain:—</p> - -<p class="blockquot">“From ech end of the riuer came a bote running -with six ores, in the stern of which on the top stood a man armed in a -red wastcote, with a staffe in his reste, hauing a but end of corke; -now ech meeting other with their staues, both fell into the water, -where spare botes were redi to succour them, for ouer went their -horsses.”<a name="FNanchor_238_238" id="FNanchor_238_238"></a><a href="#Footnote_238_238" class="fnanchor">[238]</a></p> - -<p>Ashmole MS. No. 1109, fol. 154b, gives a list of names of persons -taking part in a tournament held at Windsor on November 17th, 1593.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p class="center">“[In Officio Armorum Lib.] M. 4: Justes. fo: 42</p> -<p class="center">Course at Feild at Windsor the 17ᵗʰ of Nov: 1593. Aᵒ regni Reginæ 36.</p> - -<table border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="List of Competitors" cellpadding="0" > - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdl">The Earle of Cumberland</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1" colspan="3">The Earle of Southampton.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">The Earle of Essex</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1" colspan="3">Robert Knowles.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">The Lord Fitzwalter</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1" colspan="3">Cary Reynolds.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">The Lord Compton</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1" colspan="3">Henry Nowell.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Sʳ Charles Blount</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1" colspan="3">Sʳ Tho. Gerrard.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Sʳ Vnknowen</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1" colspan="3">Robert Dudley.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">The E. of Essex [sic]</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1" colspan="3">Sʳ William Knowles.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" rowspan="4"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1_c" rowspan="4">Judges</td> - <td class="tdc" rowspan="4"><img src="images/cbl-4.jpg" alt="" width="23" height="82" /></td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">The Earle of Worcester</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1">The Lord Sandes</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Lord North</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_ws1">The Lord Norrys”</td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> -</div> - -<p>In 1606, in the reign of James I, there was a fight at barriers in -celebration of the ill-fated marriage of the Earl of Essex. Sixteen -combatants fought on each side, first singly and then in threes. One -party was led by the Duke of Lennox, the other by the Earl of Sussex.<a name="FNanchor_239_239" id="FNanchor_239_239"></a><a href="#Footnote_239_239" class="fnanchor">[239]</a></p> - -<p>Another fight at barriers took place on Twelfth-night, 1610, when -Henry Prince of Wales, with six aides, met sixty-five defendants at -Whitehall. The weapons were pikes and single swords, and the prince, -then in his sixteenth year, is stated to have greatly distinguished -himself.<a name="FNanchor_240_240" id="FNanchor_240_240"></a><a href="#Footnote_240_240" class="fnanchor">[240]</a></p> - -<p>Harleian MS., III, 215, 4888, 20, is a general challenge at tilt, -tourney, and barriers, “signed Lenox, Southampton, Pembroke, -Montgumbray,” dated 1612. It was in defence of these propositions—“1. -That in Service of Ladyes, Knights have no free-will. 2. That it is -Beautie maintains the World in valour. 3. That noe fare Ladie was ever -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> -false. 4. That none can be perfectlye wife but Lover.” The challenge -was addressed, “To all honourable men, Men at Armes, and Knight -Adventurers of hereditarie note, ＆ examplarie noblesse, that for most -memorable actions doe wield either Sword or Launce in quest of glorie.”</p> - -<p>Ashmole MS. No. 837, fol. 129-32, gives a long account of “The manner -of first cominge into the Tiltyard” of Charles Prince of Wales in the -year 1619. It is interesting from many points of view, and we reproduce -it here nearly <i>in extenso</i>. Like all accounts of the tournament of -the period but little information is given of the martial sports -themselves, though a great deal is written concerning the dresses, -etc. This MS. affords abundant evidence that the last stage of the -tournament had been reached.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p>“The manner of the first cominge into the Tiltyard of the Most high -and mighty Prince Charles Prince of Wales sonne and heir apparent of -our Souereign Lo: Kinge James on Friday the xxiiijᵗʰ of March 1619 wͨͪ -was in the most princely and Royall manner that had been sene many -yeares before.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">[fol. 129 b]</div> - -<p>The day and tyme drawing neare the Tiltyard at Whitehall was -prepared wᵗʰ many scaffoldes on both sides ＆ the vpper end where stood -his Majestie himself wᵗʰ many other great estates and on the one side -sate in a place prepared of purpose at the vpper end the Embassadors -on the other side next to Sᵗ James parke gate was erected a most rich -＆ stately Pauillion of green yellow ＆ white damaske laid on wᵗʰ broad -lace of siluer ＆ gold wᵗʰ a very deep valence of cloth of silver -frendged about wᵗʰ a deep freng of gold ＆ siluer garnished about wᵗʰ -The princes Armes ＆ badges. on the top of it was set an Eglet in her -nest loking vp at the sonne wᵗʰ this motto at it Nec Degener heres. All -wᵗʰ being ready ＆ exceedingly well cleared ＆ ordered by Sʳ Edw; Zouch -Kᵗ Marshall. The E: of Arrundell being appointed to be Erle Marshall -of England for that day about 12 of the clok came into the Tiltyard on -horseback attended by diuers of his owne gent on foot wᵗʰ truncheons -in their handes on whome likewise attended the Kᵗ Marshall ＆ all the -officers of Armes in their Coates of Armes on horseback vntill his -Majestie was ready to come thither. All things beinge / in a readines -＆ the tiltyard in a very good order his Lordship attended wᵗʰ the Kt -Marshall Clarenceux ＆ Norry ＆ all the heralds ＆ pursuiantes of armes -rode to Denmarke house to fetch the Prince his highnes and let him -vnderstand that his Majestie were [sic] redy ＆ expected his coming -wherevpon he proceeded in manner followinge.</p> - -<p>First marched on foote all the Princes band of his Artillery yard -led by their captaine, Mʳ Conisby. next to them went many of the Kᵗ -Marshalls men well suited wᵗʰ truncheons in their handes before their -Master who for the most part coasted vp ＆ downe to keep the street ＆ -passage clene from people. /</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The reason why the Princes trumpets did intercede betw: -the officers of Armes and the Prince and had place of them ＆ the Kinges -trompetts was because they were part of the Princes Show, and therefore -not thought fitt to be diuided.</div> - -<p>Then six of the Kings Trumpetters sounding the sergᵗ -Trumpeter wᵗʰ his mace before them riding.</p> - -<p>Next to them the pursuiantes ＆ heraldes of Armes wᵗʰ the two -provinciall kings of Armes Clarenceux ＆ Norry vnto all whome the -Prince his highnes had very bountefully distributed to euery of them -9 yardes of rich taffata of his coullors vist 3 yardes of white 3 -yardes of yellow ＆ three yardes of green all fringed very richly wᵗʰ a -deep frenge of silver ＆ gold spangled and likewise to each of them a -white Bever hatt wᵗʰ a fair gold ＆ siluer band and larg plumes of his -coullors. /</p> - -<p>Then followed 6 of the Princes Trumpettes very richly clad in grene -veluet coats laid wᵗʰ gold ＆ silure lace ＆ white Beruers ＆ fethers -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">[fol. 130 a]</div> - -<p>Next them rode his 3 pages one after another brauely mounted very -richly clad aleso in grene sattin suits laid exceding thich [sic] -wᵗʰ gold ＆ siluer lace white beuers ＆ plumes, ＆ their horses in rich -caparasans of greene velvet embrodered wᵗʰ gold ＆ siluer each of them / of -[sic] attended by querries in rich suites of the Princes coullors on foot.</p> - -<p>Next rode the Erie Marshall wᵗʰ his marshalls rod</p> - -<p>Then the Prince his highnes alone all armed in white armour ＆ -bravely mounted on horseback wᵗʰ wonderfull rich caparisans ＆ plumes -attended by diuers of his cheife gent on foot most richly araied in -greine suites of sattin laid very thick wᵗʰ siluer ＆ gold lace white -bevers ＆ fethers each of them carying in their handes one of the -Princes staues / After the Prince rode Sʳ Tho: Howard Master of the -Princes horse.</p> - -<p>And after him followed 3 spare horses wᵗʰ plumes ＆ rich embrodered -caparisans of his coullors: / led by Querryes or officers of the -stable. /:</p> - -<p>In this manner they proceeded from Denmark howse to the Tiltyard -gate where the artillery men first made a stand ＆ deui(d)ed themselues -in a lane for the Prince to passe When his highnes came at the vpper -end of the tiltyard he alighted ＆ went into his pavillion to sitt ＆ -repose himself whilst the other Tilters were brought in who tarried at -the mewes vntil the Kᵗ Marshall ＆ the officers of Armes came for them -who proceded in manner following every one in his rank the officers of -Armes going before the new runners.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">[fol. 130 b]</div> - -<p class="author">euery one in his rank</p> -<p> </p> -</div> - -<table border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="List of Competitors" cellpadding="0" > - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="3">Thus appointed to Runn.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc">new</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">The Prince</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">＆ The E: of Dorset</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc">new</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Marquess Bucks</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">＆ Sʳ Sigismond Alexander</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc">new</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Marquess Hamilton</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">＆ E: of Warwick</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc">new</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">E: of Oxford</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">＆ The lo: walden</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">E of Rutland</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">＆ E of Salsbury new /</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">E of Montgomery</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">＆ Sʳ Thomas Somerset</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">E of Desmond</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">＆ Sʳ Hen Riche</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">The lo: Gerard</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">＆ Mʳ Hen: Alexander</td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p>it is to be noted that because the: E of Montgomery was hurt in the -arme in practisinge about 3 dayes before Mr Cary 2 sonn to Sʳ Robt Cary -the Princes chamberlein was appointed to Runn for him at wͨͪ tyme it -was concluded that hereafter if at any tyme any man shold be hurt that -he could not run himself but that he appointed another to run for him -(if he were inferior to him hurt and desyred to run in his place) he -should come into the tilt wᵗʰ his beuer close or if he would haue his -beuer open he should then come in the due of his place. /</p> -</div> - -<table border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="List of Judges" cellpadding="0" > - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="4">Judges./.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">[fol. 131 a]</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">The Prince brake</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">______</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">staues</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">The E: of Dorset</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">______</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">The Marques of Buck</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">______</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">The marquess Hamilton</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">______</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"> </td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p>After all was done the Prince and all the Tilters once passing round -the tilt passt round on alonge before the Prince and so attended him to -Somerset howse again.</p> - -<p class="center">Fees giuen to the officers of Armes</p> - -<p>Of the Prince in scarfes of his coullors each scarfe coat 9 yards -of rich taffata fringed wᵗʰ deep frenge of gold ＆ siluer, and 12 white -beuer hats wᵗʰ gold ＆ siluer bandes and faire fethers of his coullors -yellow white ＆ grene. And 20ˡⁱ money for his fee</p> -</div> - -<table border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Fees" cellpadding="0" > - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdl">of the marquess Buck</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">______</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">13ˡⁱ 6ˢ 8 for his fee</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">of the E: o(f) Oxford</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">______</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">10ˡⁱ for his fee</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">of the E: of Salsbury</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">______</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">10 for his fee ＆ scarfes of his coullors</td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<p><br /><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span></p> - -<table border="0" cellspacing="0" summary=" " cellpadding="0" > - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdl">[fol-131 b]</td> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">xxiiij⁹ Martij Aᵒ dni 1620./</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> </td> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">Aᵒ Regni Regis Jacobi i9</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="3"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">The Prince</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">The E: of Dorsett</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Marquess of Buckingham</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">The marquess Hamilton</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">new</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">The E: of Lincolne</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Sʳ Sigismond Alexander</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">The E of Desmond</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Lo: Walden</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">new</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">The lo: Compton</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Lo: Gerard</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">new</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">The lo: Scroope</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Sʳ Tho: Somerset</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Sʳ Hen: Riche</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Mʳ Hen: Alexander</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Sʳ Hen. Mildmay</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Sʳ Sigismond Alexander</td> - </tr> -</tbody> -</table> -<table class="space-above1" border="0" cellspacing="0" summary=" " cellpadding="0" > - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="3">Judges:</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">The E: of Bridgwater</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">The viscount Doncaster</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">The viscount Falkland</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Sʳ Fulk Greville</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">T: Arrundell</td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p>At this tyme the Prince his highnes came from Denmark howse to the -Tiltyard through the Strand as followeth /</p> - -<p>First went the band of Artillerymen marching along vntill they came -to the gate of the Tiltyard and there made a stand ＆ deuided themselves -in a lane for the Princes highnes to pass through</p> - -<p>The seriant Trompetour and the K. Trompettes.</p> - -<p>Next followed on horsback the officers of Armes in their coates.</p> - -<p>Then the Princes Trumpetes richly clad in coates of grene velvet -laid wᵗʰ gold lace /</p> - -<p>Then the Princes 3 pages one after another bravely mounted ＆ most -richly clothed. /</p> - -<p>Then the Prince his highnes alone armed wᵗʰ [Blank] of his gent on -foot carrying his staves most richely arayed going on both sides./</p> - -<p>Then followed Sʳ Tho: Howard master of the Princes horse on -horsback</p> - -<p>After whom followed seuerall spare horses led by the Querryes or -officers of the stable and in this manner they preceeded into the -Tiltyard and at the vpper end of the tiltyard by the parke gate was set -vp a pauillion of yellow ＆ grene damask laced wᵗʰ gold ＆ siluer lace -where the Prince reposed himself vntill the rest of the runners were -brought in who stand at the mewes in a redines vntill they were sent -for by the Kt marshall ＆ the officers of Armes. and then they cam in -according to their degrees two ＆ two together before the E: of Lincolne -being a new runner went 4 officers of Armes ＆ 4 before the lo: Compton -＆ two before Sʳ Henry Mildmay being allso new runners.</p> - -<p>The E: of Lincolne gaue to the officers of Armes 10¹ and fouer -scarfes of his coullors of 3¹ prise ＆ fethers each of them</p> - -<p>The lo: Compton gaue them 6 13ˢ 9ᵈ ＆ 4 scarfes of like valew ＆ -fethers</p> - -<p>[‘This is an original paper, with notes and corrections by one of -the Heralds. This art. is recorded in the Heralds’ MS. M. 3, f. 1-3ᵇ. -Ashm. Catal.]”</p> -</div> - -<p>One more illustration of a tournament of the seventeenth century -is afforded by Ashmole MS. No. 1127, fol. 196-99b, and it aptly -illustrates the advanced stage of degeneration now reached by these -once brilliant and chivalrous martial games:—</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p>“Extracted out of P. Boitells Generall history of -all that hapned most remarkeable as well in France as in other forrain -Country’s in the yeares 1618: 1619: 1620. Printed at Paris in the year. 1620. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">p. 87, 88</div> - -<p>The Colours of the Madame are Blew Incarnate, White ＆ Amaranthus, -the Blew represents heavenly ＆ exalted thoughts, the Incarnate chast -and honest Inclinations, the White purity ＆ sincerity of faith, the -Amaranthus Constancy.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">p. 90</div> - -<p>The Knight of the Royall Amaranthus sends his Challenge abroad for -the Celebrating of a solemn Turneament, the Princesses ＆ Lady’s of the -court had scaffolds erected for them, ＆ for judges of the Combatt were -chosen the Count Guy St George, the Count de la Bassie, ＆ the Count de -la Valdisere.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">p. 92</div> - -<div class="sidenote">[fol. 198b p. 92]</div> - -<p>The trompetts beginning to sound from the new palace, there -appeared presently after 12. trompeters clad in Blew, Incarnate White -＆ Amaranthus representing yᵉ winds after whom a Camell was led by -fowr African Moores, habited in the same livery ＆ bearing lances -cover’d with blew damask, twelv Lackey’s follow’d clad after the same -manner ＆ after them 12 Pages upon spanish Genetts richly harness’t ＆ -representing the 12 houres of the day, their cloakes were of the same -colours, their heads cover’d with perrukes compos’d of golden threads -with crowns composed of flowrs de Lyses / roses, heyacynthusses ＆ -Amaranthusses beneath each of which there seem’d to shine a Great Sun -made of plates of Gold ＆ at their shovlders they had two wings of -silver. In their left hands they carry’d sheilds which had devises -painted on them, ＆ the name of yᵉ Knight written, ＆ in their hands -silver lances with bannerolls of the same colour.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">p. 93</div> - -<p>After which came six winged coursers drawing slowly a tryumphall -Charriott wͨͪ signify’d the Charriott of the morning, it was of a great -heigth ＆ vast biggness adorn’d all about with paintings, ＆ built with -rare workmanship. On the top of this Charriott was plac’t Aurora or the -Morning quaintly attir’d ＆ accompany’d with joy ＆ Laughter who playing -upon the Lute ＆ the Theorbo, after they had taken a round about the -place, address’d themselves at length to the Infanta’s, ＆ both of them -together joining in Consort with Aurora sung certain Italian verses. -</p> - -<div class="sidenote">p. 94</div> - -<p>After the tryumphall Charriott follow’d six peers magnificently -attir’d, with a great number of Heron’s plumes ＆ Jewells about their -hose, ＆ scarfs of the same colour, ＆ these were the Marquese of Lullin, -the Marquese of Vogueres, the Baron of St George, the Marques of -Caraglio, the Marquese of Pallavicini, ＆ Mounsieur de Lodes. </p> - -<div class="sidenote">[fol. 199]</div> - -<p>At Length the Prince enter’d the lists as Challenger as being of the -most active address ＆ most skillfull of his weapon of all the rest, ＆ -the Combatants were these following knights. </p> - -<div class="sidenote">p. 95</div> - -<div class="sidenote">[fol. 199b]</div> - -<p>Mounsieur de St Reran, under the name of Almidour the Constant, -the Count de Montué, Sirnamed Fulginart without fear, Mounsieur de -Cavorrett stlled the Fierce Dragon, Mounsieur de Maserez call’d -Palmiades the faithfull, Mounsieur de Roussillon tearmed Learques the -Couragious, Don Astanio Bobba named Primislas the Strong, Mounsieur -de Druent entitled Cloridant the brave, Fulvio Delle Lanze, stiled -Altomar the bloody, the Knight d’Aglie with the title of Prodicles -the warriour, the Count de Ferrusasque titled Termodont the angry, -the Marquese Formo call’d Erolind the Cruell, this noble troop made -their Entry three ＆ three in a rank, their livery consisting of all yᵉ -fowr colours, but the Prince made choice cheifly of the Amaranthus, ＆ -therefore his plume of that colour shew’d it self eminently above the -rest, his mantle was of cloth of silver, ＆ under it he had a rich suit -of armour made after the manner of the ancients with breeches of silk -made after yᵉ same fashion, sprinkled all about with pearles ＆ Jewells, -he was mounted upon a stout prancing horse, cover’d with stately -capparisons of the same livrie, with / the laces fringes ＆ tassells -of silver, ＆ all inrich’t with floures ＆ roses of the same mettall he -enter’d in between two knights whereof the one was clad in blew, the -other in Incarnate.</p> - -<p>After the severall Combats were ended the prise was adjudg’d to the -Knight of the royall Amaranthus, which donne the trompettes sounded a -retreat, ＆ then the Knights each of them retir’d in their Order to the -new palace.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">p. 85</div> - -<p>This Ceremony was celebrated by the Prince of Savoy, upon occasion -of the marriage between him ＆ Christina the sister of Lewis the just -King of France at his return to Turin from Rivolles where Inviting the -Lady’s to a Ball he Instituted a Turneament under the title of the -Knight of the Royall Amaranthus fighting under the Colours of Madame, -the Princess.”</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> -The tournament lingered long in Germany.</p> - -<p>The decline of armour had become acute by the close of the sixteenth -century, and to this there were many contributory causes. Far too much -stress has been laid on the extended use of firearms as being the main -reason for this, though the ever-increasing penetrative force of the -musket-ball had tended greatly to diminish the value of steel harness -as a sure means of defence. As a matter of fact, full armour could not -be constantly worn during a long campaign without injury to health, -besides being a great clog to mobility on the march and in the field. -Another potent factor towards the disuse of armour lay in the fact that -harness for the soldiery was made in certain standard or arbitrary -sizes, each piece being numbered, so that the suits rarely fitted -individual cases. They were thus apt to chafe the bodies of the wearers -and to cause sores beyond endurance, so that pieces of armour were -frequently cast away on the march, all penalties notwithstanding. The -man-at-arms of an earlier age became the pistolier, <i>Landsknecht</i> and -cuirassier of later times.</p> - -<p>Early in the seventeenth century another decided change took place in -the form of the breastplate, which followed the cut of the doublet of -civil life, in the gradual shortening of the waist, and body-armour -became stumpy and inelegant.</p> - -<p>The latest phase of cap-à-pie armour is well illustrated by a harness -in the Musée d’Artillerie, Paris, which was presented by the Republic -of Venice to Louis XIV, in 1688. It is very uncouth in form. During the -last half of the century plate-armour gradually disappears, the pikemen -being the last infantry arm to employ it. A “pair of plates” were the -last pieces worn, and, except in the case of the cuirassiers, they also -were abandoned in favour of the buff coat pure and simple.</p> - -<p>After a career of six centuries, the tourney had practically run its -course, and had now become almost a thing of the past. Its influence on -the ages had been in the main for good, in restraining the licence of -troublous times and in inculcating a respect for women. It had fostered -a spirit of courtesy, honour and chivalry, sentiments which extended -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> -themselves far beyond its borders, Sainte-Palaye remarks, “<i>Chevalerie -est la fontaine de courtoisie, ce qui arrose le reste du monde</i>”; -but as the means for luxury increased, and as time rolled on, the -old simplicity fell away and corruption set in, and though the forms -remained the spirit had fled. All <i>raisons d’être</i> for the tourney -beyond those of exercise and pastime had long since passed away, -through the continuous decline in the importance of the man-at-arms in -warfare, the ever-increasing efficiency of firearms, and the necessity -for greater mobility of armies in the field.</p> - -<p class="space-above2">The history of the tournament would not be -complete without some account of the revivals attempted in the -nineteenth and twentieth centuries. They lack, however, a sense of -reality, being, in fact, merely more or less well-staged plays.</p> - -<p>The Eglington Tournament, held in Ayrshire in 1839, though a good deal -based on Sir Walter Scott’s legend, the “Gentle and Joyous Passage of -Arms of Ashby de la Zouche,”<a name="FNanchor_241_241" id="FNanchor_241_241"></a><a href="#Footnote_241_241" class="fnanchor">[241]</a> -was, in many respects, also a revival of a <i>pas d’armes</i> of Tudor -times. It was carried through in the face of some ridicule, much -discouragement and many difficulties; but all obstacles were gallantly -surmounted by the enthusiasm, tenacity and liberality of the Earl of -Eglingtoun and his coadjutors. The very elements were against it, for -torrents of rain fell frequently during its course, converting the -lists into a pond, spoiling the decorations of the stands, and wrecking -the temporary banqueting-hall erected at the castle. The training -of the horses in so short a time presented the greatest practical -difficulty, for here the promoters were at a great disadvantage -as against the early and persistent drilling of the chargers for -employment in the <i>fêtes d’armes</i> of the olden times. The lists at -Eglington Park measured 600 yards by 250, the tilt or barrier being 300 -yards long, running down the centre. A handsome pavilion was pitched -for the use and comfort of the Queen of Beauty (Lady Seymour) and her -train of ladies. There were other tents for the accommodation of the -knights taking part, and a grand stand was erected for the presiding -queen, her maidens, and the guests of the promoters. Seats were placed -at the eastern end of the arena for about two thousand spectators. -Thirty-five knights took part in this passage of arms, and among them -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> -were Prince Louis Napoleon, the Marquis of Waterford, Earls Eglingtoun, -Craven and Cassilis, Lords Alford, Glenyon, Cranstoun, A. Seymour, W. -Beresford, Drumlanrig and Maidstone. Lord Gage and Sir Charles Lamb -acted as Marshals of the List, the rôle of King of Arms being sustained -by the Marquis of Londonderry. There were several rehearsals, the -last of which took place on July 13th. The first to joust at the tilt -on that occasion were the Earl of Eglingtoun and the Lord Cranstoun. -Several courses were run by these champions and two lances were broken. -Other encounters followed with varying fortune. The “Lord of the -Tournament” was the Earl of Eglingtoun; the Judge of the Lists, Lord -Saltoun; and the inevitable Jester, a Mr. M’Ian from London.</p> - -<p>The procession was arranged by Sir Charles Lamb and Lord Saltoun. The -tournament began on August 28th, 1839. The morning was fine, and by one -o’clock some ten thousand persons had assembled, and crowds continued -to arrive. A pitiless rain much delayed the starting of the procession -from the castle, and it was sadly shorn of its fair proportions; -for the Queen of Beauty and her maidens had to betake themselves to -carriages instead of riding on horseback as intended. The procession -reached the lists in the afternoon, about three, in a much bedraggled -condition, and the presiding queen, her attendants and the castle -house-party, took their seats on the grand stand prepared for them. -After flourishes of trumpets, the rules, regulations and limitations -for the guidance of the proceedings were proclaimed by a herald. The -number of courses to be run by each pair of jousters was settled at -three, or at most four. The harnesses employed, some of them collected -in England, the rest abroad, varied greatly in regard to period: the -armour of the Earl of Craven is amusingly stated to have been worn -by an ancestor of the Earl’s (Baron Hilton) at the field of Cressy. -Reinforcing pieces were employed.</p> - -<p>On the weather clearing a little, the scene presented was a brilliant -one. There were the knights armed at all points, and their horses -gaily trapped in cloth painted in rich colours with their arms and -devices. Merging with the rich dresses of the ladies, they offered -a fine and moving spectacle. The <i>pas d’armes</i> commenced with the -quintain, after which jousting at the tilt began. The tilting was far -from satisfactory, for the attaints achieved were very few in number. -This was owing to the lack of skill on the part of the riders, the -insufficient training of the horses, and the mistaken notion that the -careers were to be run at the gallop instead of at an amble. The first -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span> -joust was run between the “Knight of the Swan” (the Hon. Mr. -Jerningham) and the “Knight of the Golden Lion” (Captain J. O. -Fairlie). They took up positions for their careers, and the trumpets -sounded the onset. There were no attaints in the first three courses, -but in the fourth the Knight of the Golden Lion broke his lance on -the shield of his adversary. The second challenge was by the Earl of -Eglingtoun to the Marquis of Waterford, and in the first course both -lances were splintered. There was no attaint in the second, but in the -third the Earl again splintered his lance. The third joust was between -Sir Francis Hopkins and R. J. Lechmere, Esq. In the first encounter Sir -Francis shivered his lance, and in the second both lances were broken, -but that of Sir Francis was disallowed as being “ill-broken.” In the -fourth career Sir Francis again shivered his lance. The fourth tilt -was between the Lords Glenlyon and Alford. There were no attaints in -the first two courses, but in the third Lord Alford broke his spear. -Next came combats on foot at barriers with two-handed swords, after -which jousting was resumed. The last joust of the day was between the -Marquis of Waterford and Lord Alford. The first course was without -attaint, and in the second a hit was disallowed, the lance breaking -just above the head; but in the third the Marquis shivered his lance -“as it ought to be broken.” During all this the rain fell at intervals -and with increasing violence, which sadly marred the brilliancy of the -scene, and the banquet had to be abandoned owing to the wrecking of -the temporary banqueting-hall by the storm. In the evening there were -combats with broadswords in the drawing-room of the castle, and a duel -between Prince Louis Napoleon and Mr. Lamb is stated to have afforded -some excellent sword-play. The tournament was to have been continued -on the following Thursday, but the weather was so boisterous that the -completion of the <i>pas d’armes</i> was postponed to Friday, August 30th. -The weather was fine and sunny, and the procession to the lists was -this time complete in all its parts, the queen and her ladies being on -horseback. The first tilt of the day was between the Lords Glenlyon and -Alford, and there was but one attaint in the three courses. The Earl of -Craven and Captain Fairlie then took up positions for their careers. -Both lances were shivered in the first course, in the second there was -no attaint, but in the third the Earl again shivered his lance. This -was the best joust of the tournament. To be brief, there were six more -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> -jousts, making altogether nineteen courses, and but two attaints. -Running at the Ring followed, and a <i>mêlée</i> brought the tournament to -a close. The combatants in the latter were—The Lord of the Tournament -(Earl of Eglingtoun), the Knight of the Dragon (Marquis of Waterford), -the Black Knight (W. L. Gilmour, Esq.), and the Knight of the Gael -(Lord Glenlyon): <i>against</i> the Knight of the Black Lion (Viscount -Alford), the Knight of the Red Rose (R. J. Lechmere, Esq.), the -Knight of the White Rose (Charles Lamb, Esq.), and the Knight of the -Swan (Hon. H. Jerningham). Mr. Jerningham was hurt in the wrist by -a sword-stroke in the <i>mêlée</i>, but this was the only casualty worth -recording during the tournament. Several of the knights were unseated, -and in one case both horse and rider fell, a few bruises resulting. -The prize was awarded to the Earl of Eglingtoun. It was a coronet, -with which the Queen of Beauty gracefully crowned him, in the manner -of the Lady Rowena in the lists at Ashby de la Zouche. There was a -banquet in the evening, at which Lord Eglingtoun expressed the hope -that this attempt at a revival of the tournament might result in its -being continued among the nobility and gentry of these islands. This -pious wish, however, failed to be realised, the very ethics of the -institution being so totally at variance with the sentiment prevailing -in modern times. The banquet was followed by a dance.</p> - -<h3>THE TOURNAMENT AT BRUSSELS IN 1905</h3> - -<p>In marked contrast to the Eglingtoun Tournament, in the way of -accuracy of detail and historic truth, was the <i>pas d’armes</i> in the -Rathausplatz, at Brussels, in 1905, held nearly three-quarters of a -century later. This revival in what was once Burgundian territory was -most appropriate, the more so as it took place in Brussels itself. -It was in the Rathausplatz there, one of the most striking sites in -Europe, that the Comte de Charolais, afterwards Charles the Bold, -ran in his first tournament in 1452. The Comte was then but eighteen -years of age, and tilted in as many courses on that occasion, breaking -sixteen lances “as they ought to be broken”—a very good performance, -viz. sixteen attaints out of eighteen runs. It was this tournament, -held in the city of Brussels some four and a half centuries before, in -the reign of Philippe le Bon, that was selected for reconstruction in -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> -the months of July and August, 1905.<a name="FNanchor_242_242" id="FNanchor_242_242"></a><a href="#Footnote_242_242" class="fnanchor">[242]</a> -Charles was born in November, 1433, and the tournament in question was -held in commemoration of the anniversary of his birthday. He was killed -in battle on the fatal field of Nancy in 1477. In the month of August -of the same year his daughter and heiress, the Princess Maria, was -wedded to Maximilian of Austria, and the brilliant traditions of the -tournament passed over to his court.</p> - -<p>The collection of illuminated MSS. in the Burgundian Library, now -transferred to the National Library at Brussels, with the <i>Armorial -de la Toison d’Or</i> and other Burgundian records, now in the National -Library at Paris,<a name="FNanchor_243_243" id="FNanchor_243_243"></a><a href="#Footnote_243_243" class="fnanchor">[243]</a> -furnish reliable and inexhaustible material for the correct staging of -a modern revival of a tournament on the lines of one of the fifteenth -century. It is thus no wonder that the reconstruction, in the summer -of 1905, of the <i>pas d’armes</i> of 1452 was attended by such success -as to prove of great educational value. The middle of the fifteenth -century was, perhaps, the most picturesque period of the tourney: its -rich weapons and armour, the caparisons of the horses, the arms of the -champions and others, the lists, the music, and even the very musical -instruments of the period, together with the sumptuous accessories of -the brilliant Burgundian Court, were reproduced in 1905 to a marvel.</p> - -<p>The reconstruction, as presented at Brussels, began with the entry of -Duke Philip of Burgundy into the lists in the Rathausplatz, with a -splendid train of the ladies of his court, the Marshal of the Lists, -the King of Arms (Jean Lefébre de Saint-Remy, the reputed writer of the -<i>Armorial de la Toison d’Or</i>), the Comte de Charolais, with his five -jousting associates and many historic figures of the camp and tourney -throughout Christendom, the four judges of the tournament, heralds, -pursuivants, etc. The Duke having taken his seat as supreme umpire on -the gaily decked tribune prepared for him, the trumpets sounded and the -jousting began. Many courses were run in character. This was followed -by the quintain, and afterwards by combats on foot and a <i>mêlée</i>; -then the prizes were presented. Figures of the knights of 1452, such -as those of the Comte de Charolais, Jacques de Lalain and Fredrich -de Renesse, were faithfully reproduced in all their details. Some -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> -excellent post-cards were published in Belgium, picturing some of the -principal scenes of the tournament. <a href="#PLATE_XII">Plate XII (1)</a> depicts the Comte de -Charolais armed at all points for the <i>mêlée</i>, and <a href="#PLATE_XII_2">Plate XII (2)</a> -Jean de Clèves. The <i>fêtes d’armes</i> and its rehearsals extended over several weeks.</p> - -<h3>“TRIUMPH” HELD AT EARL’S COURT, LONDON, ON JULY -<span class="smcap">11th</span>, 1912</h3> - -<p>The object of the promoters of this revival was to reproduce an -Elizabethan tournament of about the year 1580, such an one as is -described in this chapter. This idea was very creditably carried out, -though falling short of the Brussels reproduction of 1905 in the -matters of technique and minuteness and correctness of detail. It -must be remembered, however, that in 1580 the tournament, then itself -a revival in England, had reached an advanced stage of decadence, -and that the materials available for reconstruction are scanty and -uncertain, as contrasted with the ample records of the century -preceding. The Earl’s Court reproduction is stated to have been devised -by Mrs. George Cornwallis-West and Mr. Seymour Lucas, <span class="smcap">r.a.</span>, -with the technical assistance of Mr. (now Sir) Guy Laking. The stage -management of the play was in the competent hands of Mr. (now Sir) -Frank R. Benson. It is interesting to see so many historic names and -titles, corresponding with those of Tudor times, borne by the jousters -at Earl’s Court. The rôle of Marshal of the Lists was sustained by Lord -Lonsdale, and the judges were Lords Shrewsbury and Talbot, Essex, and -Dudley, with Major-General Brocklehurst. The Queen of Beauty was the -Viscountess Curzon.</p> - -<p class="space-below1">The procession to the arena was headed by -trumpeters and four pursuivants, marching on foot; then rode the -marshal, armed at all points, with the herald (Sir F. R. Benson). The -four judges, clad in black robes, followed, their esquire (Sir Guy -Laking) bearing the umpire’s bâton. After their entry into the lists -the trumpets again sounded and the Queen of Beauty, with her train of -maidens, all mounted on palfreys, gaily decorated with roses, each -led by a henchman, rode into the arena. The Queen was attended by an -esquire, and her palfrey was caparisoned in silk. She was clad in a -ruff, a robe sparkling with diamonds, and a long mantle.</p> - -<div id="PLATE_XII" class="figcenter"> -<p class="f120"><b><i>PLATE XII</i></b></p> - <img src="images/i_p144a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="468" /> - <p class="f120">THE COMTE DE CHAROLAIS, As<br /> REPRESENTED AT BRUSSELS IN 1905</p> - <img id="PLATE_XII_2" src="images/i_p144b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="575" /> - <p class="f120">JEAN DE CLÈVES, AS REPRESENTED<br /> AT BRUSSELS IN 1905</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> -The knights were arranged in trios, each cavalier preceded by an -esquire, bearing his lance, and followed by other esquires. The -first champion was the Duke of Marlborough; his motto was <i>Fiel pero -desdichado</i>, his colours a dark blue, and his proof armour was etched -with gold. The second was Lord Craven; his motto was <i>Virtus in actione -consistet</i>, his colours green, and he wore the famous armour made for -Philip II of Spain. Lord Compton completed the first trio, and his -motto was <i>Je ne cherche qu’un</i>. The second trio followed, and all -did homage to the Queen of Beauty, now seated on her throne. The herald -then proclaimed that the six knights would joust at the tilt, for a -rich and noble prize. The Lord Chrichton and the Duke of Marlborough -were the first to joust, and five courses were run by each pair. On -completion the verdict of the Queen of Beauty was that the Duke had -well jousted, but that Lord Ashby St. Ledgers, whose motto was <i>Ferro -non gladio</i>, had jousted best, and he received the prize, viz. a gold -cup of the value of £600, from her hands. The tilt was then removed and -a <i>mêlée</i> followed, in which twelve knights were engaged. There was, -of course, a banquet in the evening followed by a dance.</p> - -<p>There was also a revival at Rome.</p> - -<p>There now only remains the judicial duel to be described, an -institution which had much affinity with the tournament, and which, -indeed, formed an integral part of it, both in sentiment and fact. This -important branch of the subject is dealt with at some length in the -next chapter.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span></p> -<div class="chapter"> - <h2 class="nobreak"><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII">CHAPTER VIII</a></h2> -</div> - -<h3>TRIAL BY COMBAT, ITS SCOPE AND HISTORY</h3> - -<p>Curiously interlinked with the procedure of the law courts, forming, -indeed, an integral part of the law of the land, was the judicial duel; -an institution applying to both civil and criminal jurisdiction.</p> - -<p>It was allowed in certain cases, such as on a civil writ of right for -the recovery of land, and in criminal charges of treason or felony -on an appellant making a sworn declaration before a judge. This law, -though falling greatly into disuse after the reign of Queen Elizabeth, -remained on the statute book until early in the nineteenth century.</p> - -<p>Among the Ashmolean, Harleian and Cottonian MSS. are many tracts, -treatises and other documents relating to the laws and manner of -conducting judicial duels, with other matter concerning these combats; -and abstracts from the MSS. are given in Appendices <a href="#APPENDIX_E">E</a>, -<a href="#APPENDIX_F">F</a>, and <a href="#APPENDIX_G">G</a>, respectively.</p> - -<p>The custom of trial by combat or legal duel, the ordeal of battle, was -introduced into England by the Normans.<a name="FNanchor_244_244" id="FNanchor_244_244"></a><a href="#Footnote_244_244" class="fnanchor">[244]</a> -As far as can be ascertained it was unknown to the Anglo-Saxons, though -the ordeal of hot water appears in one of Ine’s laws;<a name="FNanchor_245_245" id="FNanchor_245_245"></a><a href="#Footnote_245_245" class="fnanchor">[245]</a> -and, indeed, trial by ordeal appears repeatedly among the laws of the -Anglo-Saxon kings. The principle involved was the same in both cases, -viz. that the Almighty would not remain indifferent when solemnly -invoked, but would intervene miraculously so that the ends of justice -might be furthered. The simple faith of the times would act as a -deterrent to appeals to the judgment of God and would thus tend to -limit the number of cases. The consciousness of innocence or guilt -would also contribute towards the vindication of the cause of justice -in actual combat.</p> - -<p>The proofs by fire and water (<i>vulgaris purgatio</i>), holding, carrying -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> -or walking over hot iron or heated plough-shares (<i>ferri candentis -judicium</i>), being thrown into deep water, bound hand and foot, may be -said roughly to have preceded that by judicial combat; but they form -quite another and earlier branch of the subject. The number of cases -given in history of these earlier forms of ordeal which defendants are -stated to have passed through triumphantly is considerable, but most of -them must surely be either apocryphal, or the intensity of the ordeals -themselves was much exaggerated.</p> - -<p>Ordeal by combat is found among the laws of nearly all the German -tribes; and it flourished greatly in France until cases of more than -suspected miscarriage of justice brought it into disrepute. An edict -passed at Lyons in the year 501 established the institution as a -regular form of trial. It appears among the ancient laws of the Swedes -and Lombards.</p> - -<p>In civil cases a claimant would declare that some ancestor of his had -been in seisin of certain property but had been unlawfully deprived of -it by another, and he would offer battle to the “tenant,” as the owner -was then called, for its restitution, by the body of a champion. The -tenant, or defendant, could then choose between an appeal to the Grand -Assize, an inquest where the question of right is determined by the -verdict of neighbours,<a name="FNanchor_246_246" id="FNanchor_246_246"></a><a href="#Footnote_246_246" class="fnanchor">[246]</a> -in which institution may be traced the germ of the more modern jury; -or to the ordeal of battle, in his own body or by champion. No one was -compelled to defend his seisin of a free tenement by battle, though -a claimant could offer combat in the lists, which, however, might be -refused by a defendant. When a civil court ordered a combat it was -fought on foot in a small circular or oblong enclosure, similar to -that used in the foot-fighting, with shields and staves (bastons) at -a <i>pas d’armes</i> of the fifteenth century. The course of procedure in -criminal cases for the most part differed widely from that followed in -civil cases and was under quite another jurisdiction; and it largely -consisted of accusations made against the honour of certain persons, -or of alleged treason. It was customary for an accuser to justify his -charge by an offer of single combat in the lists, “God showing the -right”; and such a mode of settlement was greatly in unison with the -chivalric spirit of the age. To bring such a matter to an issue an -accuser offered battle by throwing down his glove, which when lifted -by a defendant signified that the challenge was accepted. The king was -appealed to, and, in the event of the case being remitted to the ordeal -of battle, he assigned the place and day for the combat. He further, in -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> -consultation with the constable and marshal, decided on the -preliminaries, the conditions of battle to be observed being regulated -in accordance with fixed ordinances, which in England were drawn up by -the constable for the time being. The combat would be on horseback, -fighting <i>à outrance</i>, with lance and sword, in lists similar to those -erected for the tourney. Charges of homicide or murder might in this -country be remitted to the ordeal of battle, with shields and bastons -and in civil garments. Should an accused or claimant fail to appear in -the lists on the day appointed he could be outlawed.</p> - -<p>The judicial duel may be regarded as the prototype or parent of the -chivalrous duel on foot at a <i>pas d’armes</i>.</p> - -<p>The custom never took deep root in England, though during the reign -of King Henry II, when the monarchy had become more settled, and in -the times of his immediate successors Richard and John, disputes -relating to the possession of land were very rife, greatly owing to -the fact that so many manors and smaller holdings had been forcibly -and illegally riven from their rightful owners in the preceding reigns -since the Conquest, by the barons and their adherents. The ordinary -law courts experienced great difficulty in dealing with them on the -principles set forth in the written statutes, which then as always -inclined to favour the man in possession; and the rough and ready -settlement by combat was ordered, more especially in cases where there -was a hopeless conflict of testimony between litigants and no means of -getting at the truth by the evidence of any living witnesses.</p> - -<p>The actual number of judicial duels would seem to have been small in -England, for in the great majority of cases before the courts the -judges managed to declare that there should be no combat.</p> - -<p>Certain persons were excused from battle. They comprised the citizens -of London, who were exempted by charter; the clergy; “<i>sexagenarii</i>”; -and “those blind by accident after issue joined.”<a name="FNanchor_247_247" id="FNanchor_247_247"></a><a href="#Footnote_247_247" class="fnanchor">[247]</a> -Women were not exempted by law and, indeed, sometimes fought.</p> - -<p>The early ordinances, forms and manner of carrying out this -singular institution in practice in England are given in <i>Origines -Juridiciales</i>.<a name="FNanchor_248_248" id="FNanchor_248_248"></a><a href="#Footnote_248_248" class="fnanchor">[248]</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span> -A short and imperfect summary follows on these pages:</p> - -<h3>TRIAL BY COMBAT IN CIVIL CASES</h3> - -<p>In cases where this mode of trial for the possession of certain lands -or other property was allowed by the court, and a combat followed, the -further tenure of a holding in question would depend solely on the principle -of battle, without any later appeal to the Grand Assize being permissible.</p> - -<p>Before a trial by combat could be sanctioned the claimant in the suit -was summoned before the court with his champion, who, once fixed upon, -could not be changed, unless in the case of his “natural death” taking -place in the interval before battle; but should he die “by his own -fault, the lord shall lose his Sute.”</p> - -<p>The defendant might either defend his cause in person or fight by -deputy; but should he elect to be represented by champion and the one -chosen should die in the interim it would become a question to be -argued before the court as to whether or not the defendant should be -allowed to appoint another in his place. The challenger or demandant -was not allowed to fight in person.</p> - -<p>Should the defendant, the “tenant,” be vanquished in the fight, then -“the lord shall lose the land and the claimant shall have it”; but -it often happened that a champion had been hired for some fee or -reward, and if this should be proved the principal would lose his -suit. Some particulars are given of a case of this kind<a name="FNanchor_249_249" id="FNanchor_249_249"></a><a href="#Footnote_249_249" class="fnanchor">[249]</a> -“betwixt Thomas fitz Hugh de Staunton and the prior of Lenton for the advousen -of the church of Harlaston, in Northamptonshire.” Both parties to the -suit were represented by champion, the appellant being a churchman, -and they fought on foot in the lists, armed with bastons (i.e. -polygonally-shaped maces or cudgels of heavy wood, tipped with horn: -“basculi cornuti, bastons cornuz”).<a name="FNanchor_250_250" id="FNanchor_250_250"></a><a href="#Footnote_250_250" class="fnanchor">[250]</a></p> - -<h3>TRIAL BY COMBAT IN CASES CRIMINAL</h3> - -<p>This was conducted much on the lines of knightly usage in combats -on horseback <i>à outrance</i>, except, as already stated, in charges of -homicide or murder. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span></p> - -<p>The cartel setting forth the charge, subscribed to on oath, was laid -before the judges of chivalry by the appellant, the accuser, stating -that “he was ready to maintain the same with his body.” This document -was then considered by the judges, and should combat be allowed it was -served on the accused, the defendant; and if within an interval of six -weeks he had not responded, judgment was registered against him by -default, his coat-armour being reversed or ignominiously fastened under -his horse’s tail, in disgrace.</p> - -<p>Should the accused stand on his defence both parties were cited to -appear in the field outside the lists, which were quadrangular in form -with a gate at each end. Judgment seats were provided for the constable -and marshal, and at their feet were stationed a competent number of -experienced knights and “a doctor or two of civil laws,” all for the -advice and assistance of the court.</p> - -<p>The appellant first came to the gate at the right end of the lists, -clad in complete armour, attended by his esquires, and the constable -and marshal demanded of him through their herald his name and purpose. -On his answering, he was conducted into the lists by a knight and -herald and placed before the judgment seat on the right hand. A similar -course of procedure was adopted towards the defendant, who was placed -facing the accuser on the left hand.</p> - -<p>The choice of the weapons stipulated in the cartel lay with the -defendant, and the advisory knights inspected and measured them for -both sides, so that there might be no inequality in that respect -between the parties; and the knights must answer for it that there be -no enchantment or magic practised on either side.</p> - -<p>It was then demanded of the principals if their purpose held, and they -affirmed the same, laying their hands on the Evangelists. The appellant -then briefly rehearsed the terms of the cartel of defiance, making oath -as to its truth, after which the defendant affirmed also on oath his -denial of the charge.</p> - -<p>These preliminaries over the parties prepared for battle, which was -to continue from sunrise to sunset; the herald crys, “Let them goe -together,” and the onset is sounded by trumpet call.</p> - -<p>Should the appellant not overcome the defendant during the day the -latter was deemed guiltless, and the procurator of the constable and -marshal publicly proclaimed the fact: but to secure what was termed -“a perfect victory,” a confession of guilt by one of the parties was -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span> -necessary. The cartel was then sealed with the common seal in testimony -that the combat had duly taken place, and all the legal formalities -been observed.</p> - -<p>A picture of a legal duel on a murder charge, of the reign of Henry -III, has been preserved, and the names of the combatants are written -upon it. It has been reproduced by Hewitt in <i>Ancient Armour and -Weapons of War</i>,<a name="FNanchor_251_251" id="FNanchor_251_251"></a><a href="#Footnote_251_251" class="fnanchor">[251]</a> -and the parties are represented fighting. A gallows is depicted in -the group with the vanquished combatant hanging from it. This was no -knightly battle—the champions fought on foot in their civil dresses of -leather or cloth, bare-headed, with quadrangular bowed shields, and -bastons garnished at their heads with spurs, like those of a pick.</p> - -<p>Rules and ordinances for the regulation of judicial combats in France -were promulgated by Phillip IV, surnamed le Bel. An abridged account of -them follows:—<a name="FNanchor_252_252" id="FNanchor_252_252"></a><a href="#Footnote_252_252" class="fnanchor">[252]</a></p> - -<p>Four things to be established before the Gage of Battle may be adjudged.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p class="neg-indent">1. The institution applies to grave suspicion in -cases of murder, manslaughter, treason or the like offences.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">2. Every true man if he knows himself to be -accused to present himself before the court without waiting to be cited -or summoned.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">3. That no gage be granted for accusations of -theft or robbery.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">4. On a gage of battle being granted the -appellant to furnish particulars as to where the alleged wicked deed -was done, the name of the party dead; or full details of the treason -alleged to have been committed.</p> -</div> - -<p>Should the judge allow the combat the advocate of the appellant is to -lay the case before the court in sober terms; but should the defendant -deny the charge the appellant must say that, although he cannot prove -it by witnesses or other evidence, yet he can avouch it in his own body -or by another for him, in an enclosed field in presence of the king.</p> - -<p>The appellant is to throw down his glove and retain counsel for arms, -horse, etc., necessary for the gage of battle. The defendant may reply -to the accusation that the appellant has falsely and maliciously lied; -and that in his defence, by the help of God and our Lady, he will -avouch his innocence with his body or by some other for him; and that -he will be ready on the day and at the place fixed upon for the combat. -Then he is to take up the gage thrown down by the appellant, and a -decision will be given by the count as to whether trial by battle will -be allowed or not. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span></p> - -<p>If recourse to a duel be permitted the parties will swear to be on the -ground on the day appointed; the combat to be overlooked by wise and -honest men, clerks, knights, and esquires, without favour to either -party; but should either appellant or defendant fail to keep his tryst -he shall be proclaimed recreant, and afterwards arrested.</p> - -<p>Regulations as to the procedure for the combat follows:—the parties to -bring sustenance for themselves and their horses for the day; the lists -to be 40 paces in width by 80 in length, and within them two pavilions -are to be pitched for the use and comfort of the combatants. The herald -is to come on horseback to the gate and to cry three times; firstly, -before the arrival of the appellant; secondly, when the combatants have -entered the lists; and thirdly, when they have taken their oaths. The -appellant should be first in the field on the day of battle, before the -hour of noon; the defendant not later than four in the afternoon. The -parties make their affirmations and the sign of the cross, and appear -before the stand on which the judge is seated, and he commands them to -raise the visors of their helmets, after which they return to their -pavilions. The herald, after having called them for the third time, -motions them to kneel before a table on which a crucifix and missal -are placed, when a priest admonishes them; and the marshal takes off -their right-hand gauntlets and hangs them on the arms of the cross. The -combatants then mount their horses, the pavilions are removed from the -lists, and the marshal cries, “Gentlemen doe your Deuoire,” throwing -down his glove, and the combat begins.</p> - -<p>The body of the vanquished, dead or alive, shall be delivered by the -judge to the marshal, his points cut and armour cast piecemeal in the -lists, and his horse and armour shall appertain to the constable and -marshal of the field. The victor shall depart honourably from the -lists, on horseback.</p> - -<p>Ashmole MS., No. 764, p. 7, furnishes the following:—“<i>De la droite -ordonnance du Gaige de Bataille par tout le royaume de France Philipe -par la grace de Dieu Roy de France a touz ceulx qui ces presentes -lettres verront salut.</i>” This letter of King Philip IV, written in -1306, limits the practice of wager of battle, and is prefixed to -regulations for the whole course of the combat (44-54 b).</p> - -<p>In Favine’s <i>Theatre of Honour and Knighthood</i>,<a name="FNanchor_253_253" id="FNanchor_253_253"></a><a href="#Footnote_253_253" class="fnanchor">[253]</a> -rendered into English in 1622, judicial duels are thus defined:—“It was the -custome of our auncient French to vndertake the hazard of armes and combat, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> -to justifie themselues in an Accusation, fordged against their honour and -good fame; and to sustaine the truth of some iust cause, whereof the -proofes were doubtfull, yea, wholly hid and concealed.” In France the -oaths were administered over the bones and relics of saints and martyrs.</p> - -<p>In <i>La Vie de Bertrand Du Guesclin</i><a name="FNanchor_254_254" id="FNanchor_254_254"></a><a href="#Footnote_254_254" class="fnanchor">[254]</a> -is an account of a singular legal duel between Jews, named Daniot -and Turquant, which took place in Spain; and the narration aptly -illustrates the superstitious character of the times and country. These -Jews were accused of assassinating Blanche de Bourbon at night in her -bed; and on being charged with the crime Daniot averred that he had not -entered the bed-chamber of the princess at all, and had done his best -to prevent Turquant from committing the murder. This Turquant denied -on oath, stating that his accomplice had taken an equal part with -himself in causing the death of the princess. On hearing of this direct -conflict of testimony Bertrand Du Guesclin is stated to have suggested -a judicial duel in the lists (<i>champ-clos</i>) between the parties, and -this having been assented to the fight duly took place. The combatants, -who were well mounted and in complete armour, fought with swords, -and after some severe passages Turquant wounded Daniot in the arm so -severely that he was incapacitated from further combat, owing mainly -to the loss of so much blood. The <i>coup de mort</i> was about to be given -to the vanquished champion and a confession of his guilt demanded when -just at that moment a thick cloud appeared above the heads of the -combatants, and issuing from it a flash of lightning struck them both dead.</p> - -<p>Among the Monstrelet illustrations is a picture of a highly improbable -judicial duel between a man and a dog, the man being accused of -murdering the dog’s master. The picture was copied from an ancient -painting which hung in the great hall of the Castle of Montargis, and -is supposed to picture an event recorded by Colombière in <i>Theatre -d’Honneur et de Chevalerie</i>. The fight is stated to have taken -place in the reign of Charles V of France (1364-1380).<a name="FNanchor_255_255" id="FNanchor_255_255"></a><a href="#Footnote_255_255" class="fnanchor">[255]</a> -The scene represents the duel in progress within a large circular -enclosure or lists, around which are galleries and promenades like -a theatre, the numerous spectators being richly dressed nobles and -ladies. Companies of soldiers are on guard and there is a large band -of trumpeters. The defendant is clad in a leather jerkin, torn in -places, and slashed drawers; he is armed with a baston or club and a -large circular shield. The dog, a large staghound, is seen gripping the -murderer by the throat, and justice is vindicated. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span></p> - -<p>“On the seuenth of June 1380 a combat was fought afore the kings -palace at Westminster, on the pauement there, betwixt one sir John -Anneslie knight, and one Thomas Katrington esquire; the occasion of -which strange and notable triall rose hereof. The knight accused the -esquire of treason, for that which the fortresse of saint Sauior within -the Ile of Constantine in Normandie, belonging sometime to sir John -Chandois, had béene committed to the said Katrington, as capteine -thereof, to keepe it against the enemies, he had for monie sold and -deliuered it ouer to the Frenchmen, when he was suffientlie prouided -with men, munition and vittels, to have defended it against them: and -sith the inheritance of that fortresse and landes belonging thereto, -had apperteined to the said Annerslie in right of his wife, as néerest -cousine by affiniti vnto sir John Chandois, if by the false conueiance -of the said Katrington, it had not beene made awaie, and alienated -into the enemies hands: he offered therefore to trie the quarrell by -combat, against the said Katrington, wherevpon was the same Katrington -apprehended, and put in prison, but shortlie after set at libertie -againe.” It was decided to try the case by combat, and the constable -and marshal were duly notified. Lists were erected and crowds assembled -on the day appointed to witness the fight. On being called three times -by the herald-at-arms the parties entered the lists for fighting, and -the articles of combat were publicly read, and after each had been duly -sworn the fight commenced “first with speares, after with swords, and -lastlie with daggers. They fought long till finallie the knight had -bereft the esquire of all his weapons, and at length the esquire was -manfull overthrowned by the knight,” who was declared the conqueror. -The esquire died soon after from his hurts. The king was present at the -fight.<a name="FNanchor_256_256" id="FNanchor_256_256"></a><a href="#Footnote_256_256" class="fnanchor">[256]</a></p> - -<p>Mr. Hewitt<a name="FNanchor_257_257" id="FNanchor_257_257"></a><a href="#Footnote_257_257" class="fnanchor">[257]</a> -describes a legal duel of the reign of King Richard II, between a -chevalier of Navarre and an English esquire, which is figured in Cotton -MS., Nero, D VI. The engraving has been reproduced in Strutt’s -<i>Regal Antiquities</i>.<a name="FNanchor_258_258" id="FNanchor_258_258"></a><a href="#Footnote_258_258" class="fnanchor">[258]</a> -Holinshed gives an account of the duel, as taking place in 1384, -between John Walsh or Wallis and an esquire of Navarre named Martilet; -the charge being that the former had forced the wife of the latter. -Martilet was slain, his body drawn, hanged and beheaded. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span></p> - -<p>Froissart describes a judicial duel which took place at Paris in the -year 1386, in the reign of Charles VI of France, between the Chevaliers -Jean de Carouge and Jacques le Gris, both knights of the household -of the Comte d’Alençon. Owing to the singular nature of the charge -the event caused a great stir at the time and drew a multitude of -spectators from far and near. De Carouge leaving France to take part -in the crusade in Palestine, his young and handsome wife, a modest and -virtuous dame, awaited his return in their strong castle of Argenteil. -Jacques le Gris having conceived an unlawful passion for the lady -determined to gratify it during the absence of her lord. He paid a -visit to the castle one morning and was received by the lady with all -honour as being a companion at arms of her husband; and was being shown -over it when he asked to see the dungeon. She suspecting no evil, took -him down to it alone, when he suddenly locked the door, took advantage -of her and forced her. On the return of de Carouge from the Holy Land -his wife complained to him of the outrage, which was solemnly denied by -the defendant; and the husband called together his friends and kindred -to advise with them as to his proper course of action. Parliament was -applied to, and a combat to the death between the parties was arranged -to take place, de Carouge to act as champion for his wife, le Gris -to defend his honour in his own person. Lists were erected at Paris -behind the Temple, together with accommodation for the vast number of -spectators expected to be present. King Charles was at Sluys at the -time superintending the arrangements for a contemplated invasion of -England, but he hurried back to Paris to sit as umpire on the occasion. -On the day of battle the two knights entered the lists, with their -sponsors, armed at all points; and the onset was sounded for a joust -<i>à outrance</i>, which was run without hurt to either party. They then -dismounted and attacked each other with swords. De Carouge was first -wounded in the thigh, but continued fighting and at length passed his -sword through the body of his adversary, killing him instantly. The -body of le Gris was delivered over to the common hangman by the marshal -and dragged to Montfauçon, where it was gibbeted.</p> - -<p>Juvenal des Ursins, in <i>Histoire de Charles VI</i>,<a name="FNanchor_259_259" id="FNanchor_259_259"></a><a href="#Footnote_259_259" class="fnanchor">[259]</a> -also gives an account of this duel, which differs materially from that of -Froissart, and is more likely to be correct. It states that when the vanquished -knight lay wounded on the ground and when de Carouge was about to -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> -administer the <i>coup de grâce</i> he demanded a confession of guilt, but -le Gris with his last breath solemnly asseverated his denial of the -crime; and innocent he was later proved to be, for some time afterwards -another person on his death-bed confessed to having committed the -outrage. The motive of the lady in charging the wrong person is not -apparent. The duel is also described in <i>Les Annales de France</i>.</p> - -<p>In 1398 the Dukes of Hereford and Norfolk accused each other of -treason, and a duel took place between them, though King Richard had -in vain tried to reconcile them. Holinshed gives the following account -of this combat:—“The duke of Aumarle was that daie high constable -and the duke of Surrie marshal, and they entered vnto the lists with -a great companie of men apparelled in silke sendall, imbrodered with -siluer both richlie and curouslie, euerie man hauing a tipped staffe -to keepe the feeld in order. About the houre of prime came to the -barriers of the listes, the duke of Hereford, mounted on a white -courser, barded with gréene and blew veluet imbrodered sumptuouslie -with swans and antelops of goldsmiths worke, armed at all points. The -constable and marshall came to the barrier, demanding of him what he -was, he answered ‘I am Henrie of Lancaster, duke of Hereford which am -come hither to doo endeuer against Thomas Mowbraie duke of Norfolke, as -a traitor vnto God, the king, his realme, and me.’ Then he entered the -listes, and descended from his horse, and set him down in a chaire of -greene veluet, at the one end of the lists, and there reposed himself, -abiding the comming of his aduesarie.” King Richard then entered the -lists with great pomp “accompanied with all the péeres of the realm,” -and took his seat upon the tribune. “After him entered the Duke of -Norfolk, his horse barded in crimcon velvet, embroidered with lions in -silver and mulberry trees,” and he took his seat in a chair, “which was -of crimosen veluet, courtined about with white and red damaske.” The -herald then gave the signal for the combat to begin, but the course -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> -proved abortive, and the king cast his bâton, the heralds crying “Ho, -Ho.” A council was then held by the king resulting in both dukes being -banished the realm.<a name="FNanchor_260_260" id="FNanchor_260_260"></a><a href="#Footnote_260_260" class="fnanchor">[260]</a></p> - -<h3>TRIAL BY COMBAT IN GERMANY<a name="FNanchor_261_261" id="FNanchor_261_261"></a><a href="#Footnote_261_261" class="fnanchor"><small>[261]</small></a></h3> - -<p>Application had to be made by an appellant to the civic authority of a -town before a judicial duel could take place, and this having been done -the following answer would be given:—</p> - -<p>“We have received your letter and are very sorry to see that your -hearts are so moved with rancour and hatred as you seem to bear to -one another. In which regard we pray you that you would desist from -combat if it may be; and that you would end your quarrels by the way of -mildness and gentleness without the adventuring of handy strokes and -without shedding human blood. Consent to our request, and so much the -rather because we entreat you most instantly.”</p> - -<p>Should the demand for a trial by combat be still persisted in the -following answer was returned:—</p> - -<p>“Seeing that you still persist in your hatred and challenge, and that -the way of gentleness can take no course of kindness between you, we -do order and appoint that you shall appear on such a day before us to hear -the ground and subject of your quarrel, wherein we mean to do you justice.”</p> - -<p>A day may then be assigned for the combat if it be allowed.</p> - -<p>The preliminaries and regulations are similar to those which prevailed -in France and England, with, however, the difference that in each -of the pavilions pitched in the lists for the accommodation of the -combatants, a bier, a coffin, four candles and a shroud for the dead -were placed; and both the appellant and defendant were confessed by a -priest. If not slain the party vanquished remained infamous for the -rest of his life; he was never allowed participation in aught knightly, -and his beard was to be kept close-shaven.<a name="FNanchor_262_262" id="FNanchor_262_262"></a><a href="#Footnote_262_262" class="fnanchor">[262]</a></p> - -<p>Trials by combat in Germany were more complex and far-reaching than was -the case in France and England, and the weapons employed in conducting -them more varied and specialized in character.</p> - -<p>A paper was read on February 20th, 1840, before the Society of -Antiquaries, London, by Mr. R. L. Pearsall,<a name="FNanchor_263_263" id="FNanchor_263_263"></a><a href="#Footnote_263_263" class="fnanchor">[263]</a> -entitled, “Some Observations on Judicial Duels, as practised in Germany”; a -short résumé of which follows here. The paper is largely based upon a curious -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span> -manuscript of the year 1400, in the Royal Library at Munich, containing some -text and a number of wood-cuts on vellum, representing various forms of -duel in Germany. The work is by Paulus Kall “Master of Defence”<a name="FNanchor_264_264" id="FNanchor_264_264"></a><a href="#Footnote_264_264" class="fnanchor">[264]</a> -to the then Duke of Bavaria; and the illustrations refer to judicial and -perhaps other duels as practised in the Fatherland about the end of the -fourteenth century, as well as to some others of a still earlier period. -This MS., together with others at Munich and Gotha, references to which -Mr. Pearsall has omitted to give, form the ground-work of his paper.</p> - -<p>Strange though it may seem, the legal duel was resorted to as a court -of appeal in extreme cases of quarrels and accusations between man -and wife; and Fig. 2 in Paulus Kall’s book affords an illustration of -the manner in which such combats were conducted. It depicts a man, -bare-headed, buried in a pit up to his loins, holding a short staff -in his right hand, the left arm bound to his side. The woman is clad -in her chemise only, which is bound together below the middle by a -lace passing between the legs; the right sleeve of the garment extends -beyond the hand “<i>ein dunne Elle</i>” in a bag which contains a stone, -and this constitutes her weapon of attack. At first sight the combat -would appear to be an unequal one. It might be thought for a moment -that the wood-cut had been conceived in a humorous sense, but there is -no doubt whatever that such duels did really take place in Germany, -though cases of the kind were probably comparatively rare after the -twelfth century; and, indeed, Mr. Pearsall had not been able to find -any record of an actual combat of the kind later than the year 1200, -when a man and his wife are stated to have fought under the sanction -of the civic authorities at Bâle. We may take it, however, from other -evidence that the practice continued up to the close of the fourteenth -century and perhaps even later. Reference is made in the paper to a -book of drawings, also at Munich, executed as late as the end of the -fifteenth century, among which is a representation of such a duel, -though possibly traditional in character. The man here is depicted as -buried up to the waist in a tub; he wears a skull-cap, and is armed in -the same manner as shown in the other drawing, with a short staff, the -left arm tied to his side. The woman is fully dressed and in the act of -swinging a weapon which looks like a sling, in which is a stone. Mr. -Pearsall further refers to “an ancient codex of defence” in the library -at Gotha, one of the drawings depicting a duel between a man and his -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> -wife, the former fighting from a tub; and the man is shown to have -vanquished the woman and drawn her into the tub headforemost, in which -she appears with her legs kicking in the air. This incident explains -why the chemise, as shown on Fig. 2 of Kall’s work, was tied with a -lace between the legs; and that wood-cut also illustrates the mode of -action on the part of the duelists in attack and defence. The woman’s -weapon is thus seen not to be a sling at all, but one similar in -principle to the extended sleeve with a bag at the end in which is a -stone; the object being to inflict a swinging blow on her opponent, who -parries with his staff. Another cut, the source of which Mr. Pearsall -does not mention, represents a more deadly form of duel between a man -and a woman, who fight bare-headed and naked to the girdle, with small -falchions, like knives; and wounds are shown on both their persons.</p> - -<p>A singular form of duel, pictured in Paulus Kall’s book, is that with -“<i>shilts</i>,” used as weapons both of attack and defence, sometimes -alone, and at others in conjunction with daggers held in the disengaged -hand. To judge from the wood-cuts this great oblong shield is about 4½ -feet long by about 18 inches broad; and though the examples depicted -differ somewhat, they are all garnished at the head, foot, and sides -with a greater or less number of projecting spears or spurs, for -the purposes of attack. The combatants are wearing greyish-brown -tight-fitting dresses and hoods; the faces, hands and legs are left -bare. The preliminaries completed, the duelists are conducted into the -lists by an official; each combatant brings a bier and is accompanied -by his relations and a confessor. The principals are then sworn, their -weapons handed to them, and the onset sounded. It would appear from the -surrounding details and the character of the officials concerned, that -this form of duel appertained to members of the privileged class.</p> - -<p>A fourth kind of duel was fought with spiked clubs (or more usually -with swords) and “<i>der Hutt</i>,” a shield formed like a hat; and Kall’s -wood-cut pictures the duelists as being clad in garments of cloth. -The shields vary in size from very small to very large, the latter -kind being employed in conjunction with spiked clubs, the former with -swords. Another form of duel is with the “<i>streit-axt</i>” (<i>bec de -faucon</i>), the variety of battle-axe with a hammer on one side of the -head and a spike, like that of a pick, on the other. Here the champions -fight in complete armour; and besides axes they carry swords and -daggers. In the Gotha codex is a drawing entitled, “<i>Dass ist wie sich -ainer versorgen sol der zu gewapenter Hand fechten sol</i>,” meaning that -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> -this is the equipment for a duel with gauntlets. The duelist is shown -as being anointed with oil by his armourer preparatory to combat; and -the items of his body-armour stand ready to be put on in their turn. -Some of the wood-cuts in Paulus Kall’s work afford representations of -such duels; and the text furnishes directions as to how they were to be -conducted. It was from this kind of legal duel, more especially, that -combats on foot in the lists at a <i>pas d’armes</i> had their origin.</p> - -<p>The last form of duel referred to in Mr. Pearsall’s paper is one with -two-handed swords; and a wood-cut of Paulus Kall’s illustrates a combat -of the kind, in which the duelists are clad in jerkins and long hose. -The swords appear to measure about five feet in length. These clumsy -and unwieldy weapons were for striking and parrying, but could not be -employed effectively at close quarters.</p> - -<p>An original manuscript in the possession of Mr. Richard Bull, <span class="smcap">f.s.a.</span>, -at the commencement of the nineteenth century, contains the orders, -rules and regulations issued by Thomas Duke of Gloucester, the -Constable of England, in the reign of King Richard II, 1377-99, for -observance in cases of trial by combat.<a name="FNanchor_265_265" id="FNanchor_265_265"></a><a href="#Footnote_265_265" class="fnanchor">[265]</a> -They differ little from those of an earlier period, but the particulars -given of the lists may be noted with advantage. They run:—</p> - -<p class="blockquot">“The Kinge shall finde the feeld to fight in -and the listes shalbe made and deuised by the Constable and it is to -be considered that the listes must be 60 pace longe and equally made -without greate stones the grounde flat and 40 paces brode in good order -and that the grounde be harde stable and firme and that the lists be -strongly barred abowt with one dore in the este an other in the weste -with good and stronge barres seven foote highe or more than a horse can -leape over them.”</p> - -<p>The weapons were to be “glayues,”<a name="FNanchor_266_266" id="FNanchor_266_266"></a><a href="#Footnote_266_266" class="fnanchor">[266]</a> -long sword, short sword and dagger.</p> - -<p>There are other copies of these rules extant besides the one given in -the <i>Antiquarian Repertory</i>, viz., Ashmole MS. 856, 83-89, and that -among a MS. Collection of Ordinances of Chivalry of the fifteenth -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span> -century, belonging to Lord Hastings. The last-named document is -copied in Lord Dillon’s paper on these Hastings MS.,<a name="FNanchor_267_267" id="FNanchor_267_267"></a><a href="#Footnote_267_267" class="fnanchor">[267]</a> -published in <i>Archæologia</i>, Vol. LVII, and is reproduced in our -<a href="#APPENDIX_H">Appendix H</a>, but with the long preamble left out. These three -copies of the rules for conducting judicial duels in the reign of Richard II vary -somewhat; for instance, glaives<a name="FNanchor_268_268" id="FNanchor_268_268"></a><a href="#Footnote_268_268" class="fnanchor">[268]</a> -are mentioned in the two first copies as being among the weapons employed -in these combats, but not in the last.</p> - -<h3>RULES FOR JUDICIAL COMBATS IN<br /> THE REIGN OF RICHARD III<a name="FNanchor_269_269" id="FNanchor_269_269"></a><a href="#Footnote_269_269" class="fnanchor"><small>[269]</small></a></h3> - -<p>A case lodged by an appellant should be pleaded in the court before the -constable and marshal, and if the accusation cannot be substantiated by -witnesses, a recourse to trial by combat may be granted by the Crown. -Should a judicial duel be decided on, the time and place of combat are -fixed by the constable; the weapons to be “glayves,” long-swords, short -swords and daggers. Sureties to be found by both parties to keep their -day, and no attempt shall be made to injure the plaintiff or defendant -before the day of battle.</p> - -<p>The general rules and arrangements do not differ materially from -those of earlier reigns, though here it is mentioned that spears of -equal length were issued to the combatants, thus explaining the term -“glayves.”</p> - -<p>If the charge be one of treason the vanquished shall be stripped of his -armour, and a piece of the railings of the lists broken down, and he -shall be drawn through the lists by horses to the place of execution.</p> - -<p>A judicial combat took place at Quesnoy in 1405, Duke William, Count -of Hainult, sitting as judge. The parties were two gentlemen, Bournecte -the appellant and Bounaige the defendant. The accusation was that of -murder. Lists were erected at the expense of the Duke, and the fight -commenced by each combatant hurling his lance at the other, but without -effect; they then drew their swords, and Bournecte soon overcame his -adversary, who confessed his crime, and was ordered by the judge to be -beheaded. This was a duel between members of the privileged class.</p> - -<p>A challenge for a duel between Henry Inglose, Esq., and Sir John -Tiptoft, Knt., to be fought before the Duke of Bedford, high constable, -in 1415. (Cotton MS. Titus. C. 28.)</p> - -<p>A trial by combat took place at Arras in the year 1431, the Duke of -Burgundy sitting as judge. The charge was one of treason, and about the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> -time of the duel many allegiances were being transferred from -Burgundy to France. The appellant, Maillotin de Bours, had charged -the defendant, Hector de Flavy, with having expressed the intention -of deserting the Burgundian interest in favour of that of France and -with other contemplated acts of treason. On this information the Duke -had de Flavy arrested and lodged in prison. The defendant, however, -had many influential friends at Court, and through their good offices -and representations he was at length received in audience by his -sovereign, when he solemnly denied the charge, alleging that it was -de Bours himself who had suggested the treason. The Duke then sent -for the appellant, and the discussion between the parties waxed very -violent until at length de Bours flung down his glove and demanded a -trial by combat, God showing the right. The defendant, with the Duke’s -permission, took up the glove and a day was fixed for the combat to -take place, both parties giving security to keep their tryst. Lists -were prepared and erected. Within them was the model of a sepulchre, -for de Flavy had been dubbed a knight before the Holy Sepulchre at -Jerusalem. On the day of combat the Duke took his seat on the tribune -prepared for him. De Maillotin first entered the lists armed at all -points, attended by the Seigneur de Charny and other sponsors. He -held a lance in one hand and one of his two swords in the other, and -after making his obeisance to the Duke he retired to his pavilion. Sir -Hector de Flavy entered the lists in like manner; he was influentially -attended, and his charger was led in by the two sons of the Comte de -St. Pol. After saluting the Duke he also retired to his pavilion. Both -knights on re-entering the lists were led before the judge and swore -on the Evangelists that their cause was just and true. They then took -up their positions for combat and the onset was sounded, the fight -beginning by each hurling his lance at the other, but without hurt -to either. They then attacked with swords, each champion displaying -the utmost courage and dexterity. The Duke at this juncture quite -unexpectedly cast his bâton, thus putting an end to the fight. He -commanded the attendance of the combatants to dine at his table on the -morrow, when he reconciled them to each other.<a name="FNanchor_270_270" id="FNanchor_270_270"></a><a href="#Footnote_270_270" class="fnanchor">[270]</a></p> - -<p>“In the foure and twentith yeare” of the reign of King Henry VI (1446) -“the prior of Kilmaine appeached the earle of Ormond of treason. For -triall whereof the place of combat was assigned in Smithfelde, and the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> -barriers for the same there readie pitcht. Howbeit, in the meane time a -doctor of diuinitie, named maister Gilbert Worthington, parson of saint -Andrews in Holborne, and other honest men, made such sute with diligent -labor and paines taking to the kings councell, that when the daie of -combat approched, the quarell was taken into the kings hands and there -ended”.<a name="FNanchor_271_271" id="FNanchor_271_271"></a><a href="#Footnote_271_271" class="fnanchor">[271]</a></p> - -<p>“In the same year also, a certeine armourer was appeached of treason by -a seruant of his owne. For proofe whereof a day was giun them to fight -in Smithfield, insomuch that in conflict the said armourer was ouercome -and slaine; but yet by misgouerning of himselfe. For in the morning, -when he should come to the field fresh and fasting, his neighbours -came to him, and gaue him wine and strong drinke in such excessiue -sort, that he was therewith distempered, and reeled as he went, and so -was slaine without guilt. As for the false seruant, he liued not long -vnpunished; for being conuict of felonie in court of assise, he was -judged to be hanged, and so he was, at Tilburne.”<a name="FNanchor_272_272" id="FNanchor_272_272"></a><a href="#Footnote_272_272" class="fnanchor">[272]</a></p> - -<p>A good example of a judicial duel, fought in the year 1455, is given -in <i>Histoire des Ducs De Bourgogne</i>.<a name="FNanchor_273_273" id="FNanchor_273_273"></a><a href="#Footnote_273_273" class="fnanchor">[273]</a> -It took place at Valenciennes, a town then belonging to the county of -Hainault, which, with so many other rich manufacturing territories had -fallen under the dominion of the dukes of Burgundy, by marriage or -conquest. The privilege of sanctuary had been conferred on the town by -its ancient counts, and the old rights and charters had been confirmed -by the dukes their successors. A person named Mahiot Coquel, a tailor -of Tournay, had murdered a man in that town, and he took refuge from -justice in Valenciennes, claiming the right of sanctuary. Soon after -his arrival a near relative of the murdered man named Jacotin Plouvier, -met him in a street of the town and threatened vengeance against -him for the murder of his kinsman; upon which Coquel applied to the -magistracy, demanding their aid and counsel. The syndic then sent for -Plouvier and reproached him with having the intention of violating -the franchise of his town; but he denied this and claimed the right -of lawful combat as against Coquel, at the same time throwing down a -gage of battle. This, after some hesitation, Coquel lifted up; and a -combat was allowed as being the law of the land, without being any -infringement of the principle of sanctuary, which only applied to -protection from the officers of justice. The parties were lodged in -prison in separate cells, and seconds were appointed to arrange the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> -preliminaries for the fight; when the Comte de Charolais, afterwards -Charles the Bold, on being informed of the case, acting in the capacity -of lieutenant-general for his father Duke Philippe le Bon, of Burgundy, -ordered the matter to be referred to his council for judgment. The -town authorities then applied to the Duke their sovereign lord for the -maintenance of their ancient rights, when all opposition to the combat -was withdrawn; the Duke announcing his intention of being present, -with his son the Comte de Charolais, to view the fight. Lists were -erected, not in the form usual for the tourney, but round and with only -a single entrance. The judges of the fight were the provosts of the -town of Valenciennes and of the county of Hainault, the Duke and his -son being merely spectators. Two seats draped with black cloth were -placed facing each other in the middle of the lists, and the combatants -were conducted to them and sworn on the Evangelists. The two champions -were clad in leathern garments, close-fitting and laced down the -middles, the arms and legs bare. These corselets were well greased so -that neither of the parties could easily grip the other. Their hands -were rubbed with ashes for the better grasping of their weapons, and -each held a piece of sugar in his mouth as a preventive against their -throats becoming parched with the heat. Their weapons were knotted -clubs, equal in weight and length and obtusely pointed at the narrower -ends, and triangular shields, painted red. When the signal for combat -had been given Mahiot Coquel, who was the shorter and weaker man of the -two, grasped a handful of sand with which the lists were strewn, and -threw it into the eyes of his opponent. This nearly blinded Jacotin -for the moment, and he received a heavy blow in the face from the club -of his adversary, but on recovering somewhat he set upon Mahiot and -seizing him by the arm threw him violently to the ground, then placing -his knees on his stomach, to the horror of the spectators, he kept -steadily prodding Mahiot between the eyes with the pointed end of his -club until he was dead. The body was then dragged by the hangman from -the lists to the gallows.</p> - -<p>Lacroix in <i>Military an Religious Life in the Middle Ages, ＆c.</i>, -gives a picture of a judicial duel of the knightly kind, fought on foot. It -is copied from a miniature in the <i>Conquêtes de Charlemagne</i>, a MS., -in the National Library at Paris. The combatants are armed at all -points; their weapons are swords; and the lists, of open railings, are -octagonal in form. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span></p> - -<p>The general course of procedure in these matters continued much the -same up to and including the reign of Henry VIII. A manuscript of -that reign, sometime belonging to Sir Edward Wyndham, Kt., Marshal to -the Camp, gives particulars,<a name="FNanchor_274_274" id="FNanchor_274_274"></a><a href="#Footnote_274_274" class="fnanchor">[274]</a> -The form and size of the lists and counter-lists are as before; also -the kind of weapons to be employed. The defendant, if he appear not, is -called by proclamation, made by the marshal of the king of “Heraults -of that province wherein the Battail is to be deraigned.” The bill of -challenge of the appellant and the answer of the defendant is read to -them and they take their oaths:—</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p class="neg-indent">1. That their appeal and defence is true.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">2. That neither hath advantage of the other in weapons.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">3. That each will do his best to vanquish his enemy.</p> -</div> - -<p>The combatants being ready, the constable and marshal, sitting at the -king’s feet, order the onset to be sounded, pronouncing the words in -high voice, “Lesses les aller et fair leur devoir.”</p> - -<p>“In the fight if either of the parties do give sign of yielding or if -the king, being present, do cry ‘Hoe,’ the constable and marshall do -part them and observe precisely who hathe advantage or disadvantage -either of the other at that instant, for if they should be awarded to -fight again, they are to be put in the same position as they were before.”</p> - -<p>“If the king take up the matter they are brought honourably out of the -lists, neither having precedency over the other.”</p> - -<p>If the “Battail” be performed and one party be vanquished then “in -case of Treason the rayles of the lists are broken down, and the party -vanquished is drawn at a Horse-tayl and carried presently to execution.”</p> - -<p>The last instance of a duly authorised legal duel in France was -that between François de Vivonne de la Chataignerie and Guy Chabot -de Jarnac, which took place at St. Germain-en-Laye in 1547, in the -presence of the king (Henry II.) It is doubly remarkable in that it -contributed a new and subtil stroke of the sword, the “coup de Jarnac,” -and that it led to an edict being issued against duelling. This ordeal -by combat resulted in the death of de la Chataignerie.</p> - -<p>Judicial Duel in 1548, 2nd Edward VI, between one Newton, a Scot, and -a gentleman named Hamilton; the former being charged with uttering -opprobrious epithets against His Majesty of England. Lists were erected -in the market-place of Haddington, and at the time appointed the -parties entered them for combat, clad in their doublets and hose, and -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> -armed with sword, buckler and dagger. The fight began with great -spirit, Hamilton following his adversary up to the very railing of the -lists, whereupon Newton struck him on the leg with his sword inflicting -a great gash, upon which he fell to the ground and was slain. This -ending of the fight was looked upon as a miscarriage of justice.<a name="FNanchor_275_275" id="FNanchor_275_275"></a><a href="#Footnote_275_275" class="fnanchor">[275]</a></p> - -<p>The Abbé de Brantôme reports a trial by combat which took place about -the middle of the sixteenth century, without the sanction of either -king or parliament. The appellant was a Seigneur de Fandilles who -charged the defendant, the Baron de Guerres of Lorraine, with an odious -crime; and it was mutually agreed that the matter be referred to the -judgment of God, in battle in the lists. The fight took place on foot -with “bastardes” (hand and a half swords) in the lists at Sedan, a -M. de Bouillon acting as judge. De Fandilles severely wounded his -adversary in the thigh with a stroke of his powerful weapon, and the -loss of blood was so great that the defendant could hardly keep his -feet, at length falling to the ground. The lists were as usual freely -strewn with sand, and the baron clutched handfuls of it which he threw -into the eyes of his opponent, who was blinded for the time being and -incapacitated from continuing the combat. This ending of the duel by -means of an action strictly forbidden by the laws of the duello caused -great disputes between the seconds and friends of both parties; and the -matter was further complicated by a fall of the stand which afforded -accommodation to the judge and spectators. This was certainly an -irregular judicial duel, without any sanction at law, though the legal -forms were observed.</p> - -<p>Brantôme narrates several other duels.</p> - -<p>In Harleian M.S., Vol. III, 505, 7021-22, is a catalogue of judicial -combats anciently granted by the kings of England.</p> - -<p>In the reign of Queen Elizabeth judicial duels had become rare, and the -crown employed all its influence in their restraint. Fierce polemics -had arisen in regard to the lawfulness or otherwise of the practice, -and the conscience of the nation had been thoroughly aroused against -them by reason of cases of more than suspected miscarriage of justice -coming to light. Strong influence was brought to bear on the law courts -to place all possible obstacles in the way of granting licences for -such combats, and judges, at that time more especially, usually managed -that disputes concerning the possession of land should be settled -in the law courts without any resort to the ordeal of battle. Many -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> -treatises were written against the practice, examples of which follow: -Ashmole MSS., No. 856, p. 10. “Duello foild. The whole proceedings -in the orderly dissolveing of a designe for single fight betweene -two valient gentlemen; by occasion whereof the unlawfulnesse of a -duello is preparatorily disputed, according to the rules of honour and -right reason; written by the Lord Henry Howard Earle of Northampton.” -126-145, p. 11. “A Discourse touching the unlawfulnesse of private -combates, written by Sir Edward Cooke Lord Chiefe Justice of England, -at the request of the Lord Henry Howard Earle of Northampton.” (3 Oct., -1609.) 146-148. “Ex MS. in Bibl’ Hatton.”</p> - -<p>Cotton MS. Titus. Fol. 33. A treatise on duels, in two books. (239.) -Fol. 38. Two papers on measures taken against duels. (402.) Fol. 44. A -paper concerning laws against duels. (416.)</p> - -<p>On the 18th June, 1571, a judicial duel was ordered to take place, the -principals being Simon Low and John Kime, who were to fight by proxy in -the persons of George Thome and Henry Nailer, respectively. The dispute -between the parties related to the possession of some land; and the -weapons for the intended fight were to be bastons and leathern shields. -A plot of ground, 21 yards square, in Tothill Fields, was doubly railed -in for the fight, and a stand connected with it was erected for the -chief justice, as representing the court of common pleas. Behind it two -tents were pitched for the use of the combatants. The Queen was much -against the fighting, and the combat did not come off after all, for -the champion of the appellant failed at the last moment to put in an -appearance, so the plaintiff was non-suited.</p> - -<p>Duels of the privileged order naturally survived those of the -proletariat. Ashmole MS., No. 856, p. 7, gives “The manner of the -challendge made by the Earle of Northumberland against Sir Francis -Veare,” both by letter dated 24 Apr. 1602, and by inter-messages, until -forbidden by the Queen’s commandment. (107-111.) Ex. MS. in Bibl’ -Hatton, and, under the same number, P. 16. “The manner of Donald Ld -Rey, and David Ramsey esq. their comeing and carriage at their tryall, -upon monday, the 28 of November, 1631, before the Ld of Lynsey, Lord -High Constable of England, and others.” This is a very full report of -the trial. (175-227.) Under No. 856, p. 15. “His MAᵗˢ: declaration -against duells, published at his chappell at Bruxells upon sonday the -24th of November 1658.” (172.) -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span></p> - -<p>Though practically in abeyance for a long period the law for an appeal -to combat had remained on the statute book; and a trial by battle -was demanded as late as the year 1817, in the case of Thornton <i>v.</i> -Ashford. The judge, Lord Ellenborough, pronounced “that the general law -of the land is that there shall be a trial by battle in case of appeal -unless the parties bring themselves within the scope of one of the -exemptions.” The suit was allowed, but the challenge being refused no -combat ensued. The law was repealed in the following year (1818).<a name="FNanchor_276_276" id="FNanchor_276_276"></a><a href="#Footnote_276_276" class="fnanchor">[276]</a></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span></p> -<div class="chapter"> - <h2 class="nobreak"><a name="APPENDIX_A" id="APPENDIX_A">APPENDIX A</a></h2> -</div> -<p class="f120"><b>TOURNEY</b></p> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Abstracts</span> of the Ashmolean Manuscripts,<br /> -regarding the Tourney.<a name="FNanchor_277_277" id="FNanchor_277_277"></a><a href="#Footnote_277_277" class="fnanchor">[277]</a></p> - -<table border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Abstracts of the Ashmolean Manuscripts" cellpadding="0" > - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">No. 764.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">p. 6.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p>“Cy sensuyt la façon des criz de Tournois et des Joustes. <i>Cy peut on à - prendre à crier et à publier pour ceulx qui en seront dignes.</i>” 31-43.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p>On the reverse of the last leaf is a picture of the Joust, whereon two - combatants on horseback, bearing their crests, are fighting with lances - within the lists.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">No. 1105.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">p. 9.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Extracts from various records about Tournaments - and Knighthood. 200 <i>et seq.</i>, 210.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">No. 840.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">p. 73.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">A Justing-cheque, showing how the spears were broken. 298.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">No. 763.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">II. p. 5. </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p>Rules, etc. 148-149.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p>“The Ordinaunce, statutes and rules made by John Lord Typtofte, Erle - of Worcester, Countstable of England by the Kinges commaundment, at - Windsour the 29 of May ao sexto Edwardi quarti, to be observed and - kepte in all manner of Justes of pees royall with in this realme of England.”</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p>MS. copies of these ordinances are not uncommon, and much differing - from each other. They are printed in <i>Harrington’s Nugae Antiquae</i> - by Park; and in Dr. Meyrick’s <i>Critical Essay on antient armor</i>, II, - 179-186, with valuable notes from the MS. M. 6, in the Heralds’ College.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">No. 763.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">p. 5.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p>The same Ordinaunce and statutes. 181.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">6.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p>Rules for combatants “At Tornay.” 149b.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">No. 857.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">p. 213.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p>“Rights due att the tournay. <i>Firste the Kinge of Armes.</i>...” 506.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">No. 1115.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">p. 43.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p>Preamble to articles of tilting, addressed unto the King. 92.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">No. 860.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p></p>The “Round Table” prohibited, 36 Hen. III, - 88.<a name="FNanchor_278_278" id="FNanchor_278_278"></a><a href="#Footnote_278_278" class="fnanchor">[278]</a></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">No. 1109.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">p. 191.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Tournament at Windsor, Names of the combatants and judges in a “Course - at feild at Windsor the 17th of Nov: 1593, ao regni reginae.” 36. 154b.</p> - <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">No. 856.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">p. 5.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Justing at the marriage of Richard Duke of York (1477). A - narrative, by an eye-witness, of the marriage of Richard Duke of York, - and Ann daughter of the Duke of Norfolk, and of the grand justing then - celebrated in 1477, <i>and the 17th yeare of King Edward IV</i>. 94-104. - Transcribed “Ex MS. in praefat’ Bibl’ Hatton.”</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p>This article is fully as curious as the narrative of the justing of - Anthony Lord Scales, which was published by W. H. B. in the <i>Excerpta - Historica</i>, in June, 1830.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">No. 1116.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">p. 10.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p>Justs at Westminster. (1511.)</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p>“Justes houlden at Westminster the xijth daie of Februar by the Kinges - grace (Henry VIII) called <i>Cueur Loyal</i>, the Lord William of Devon - <i>Bon Voloir</i>, Sʳ Thomas Knivet <i>Valiant Desire</i>, and Edward Nevell - <i>Joyous Penser</i>, with the articles and courses of the said Justes etc.” - 109-110b.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p>The articles begin thus—“The noble lady Renowne considering the good - and gracious fortune....” The “courses” are tilting-lists for the two - days (Wednesday and Thursday, 12-13 Feb., 1511,) marked with strokes, - and accounts of the “best joustres.”</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">p. 56.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">“The appoynctement of the standinge schaffoldes in the Kinges pallace - of Westminster, at his justes. <i>First next unto the King on his right - hande the Earles</i>,” <i>etc.</i> 47 b.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">No. 837.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">p. 17.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p>The Field of the Cloth of Gold at Guisnes (1520).</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">“Ce sont les noms des princes, prellatz, et grans seigneurs de - France, qui estoient en la compaignie de Roy de France quant le Roy - (Henry VIII) Dengleterre et led’ sr le Roy (Francois) sentrevyrent et - ordonnerent les Joustes et Tournoys qui sensuyvent.” 179ba.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Prefixed to the title is a stanza of 5 lines, inviting to the justs.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">No. 1116.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">p. 7*.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p>The Field of the Cloth of Gold at Guisnes (1520).</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p>“The proclamacōn in Frenche of the articles of the Justes and other - feates of armes at the meeting of the aforesaid Kinges (Henry and - Francois) at Guisnes, proclaimed through the realme of France by Thomas - Benolt al’s Clarencieux King of Armes. <i>Comme ainsi soit louange</i> - ...” 105-7b.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">p. 8.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">“The lettres of savegarde given by the said King of England unto - Thomas Walle al’s Norrey King of Armes, for the proclamacōn of the - same Joustes in the parties of Almayn and the contrye of Germania, wch - Norrey proclamed thē as welle in French for the lowe contreys, as in - high Dutch as hereafter followeth etc.” 107b-108b. Dated 1520.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">p. 5*.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Narrative of “The meating of the King of England (and) the Emperor at - Canterburie, and the meating of the said King and the French King at - Guysnes, Anno D’ni 1520.” 100-3b.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">No. 837.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">p. 21.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Running at the Ring (t. Edw. VI?).</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p>“These persones<a name="FNanchor_279_279" id="FNanchor_279_279"></a><a href="#Footnote_279_279" class="fnanchor">[279]</a> - here underwrytten beinge one of the Kinges part the playntyff, and the - other wt th erle of Rutland defendant, dyd run at ye rynge iiij course - every man, at wch tyme mone toke the ryng but only Mr. Hayward and Mr. - Constable beinge wt the defendant,” etc. 185a.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p>Tourneys t. Eliz.</p> - <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">p. 43.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">The Challenge of four Knights errant, the Earl of Oxford, Charles - Howard, Sir Henry Lee, and Sir Chr. Hatton; against all comers, at the - tilt, tourney and barriours; addressed unto the Queen for permission to - perform the same. 245.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p>Note that the said challenge was proclaimed by Clarencieux, on - twelfth-night, 1570; and that the exercises were performed on 1, 2, and - 6 May. 245b.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p>Written invertedly by another hand. Other papers relating to the same - affair are in No. 845, artt. 37, 39. No. 845. II, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, - 41, and at p. 599.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">No. 845.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">p. 36.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Tilting-list and cheque, at a tourney between the Earl of Oxford, - Charles Howard, Sir Hen. Lea, and Chr. Hatton, challengers, and seven - sets of comers; with their arms tricked. 164. See No. 837, Art. XLIIII.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">p. 38.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">A Tilting-list, showing the antagonists - of the Earl of Oxford and others. 167a.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">p. 37.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">“These be the names of the noblemen and gentlemen, that for the honor - of the Queenes Maᵗⁱᵉ did their endevor at the Tylt at Westminster on - the xvijth day of November, being the first day of the xxiiijth yere of - the reigne of queene Elizabeth,” etc. (1581). 165.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">p. 39.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">“Hastiludium apud Westm’ die Solis 6. Decembris 1584, coram Regina, - inter nuptos decem et tot coelibes.” 168.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">p. 37.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">“The Tourney holden at Westminster, on monday the 15 of May, - 1581, when the prince Delphine of Auvergne and other the Frenshe - commissioners were here.” 166a-5b.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">p. 40.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Proclamation (in French) of the adjudged conduct of combatants, and - award of the prize, at a jousting before Queen Elizabeth. 171b.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">p. 41.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Proclamation (in English) of the adjudgement of prizes to Don Fredericque - de Teledo, and other foreign nobles, on an other occasion. 171a.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Draught of another proclamation (in English) concerning the conduct of - gentlemen at the tilt and tourney, not named. 170a.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">No. 837.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">p. 5.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">“The manner of the first cominge into the tiltyard, of the most high - and mighty prince Charles Prince of Wales, sonne and heir apparent of - our sovereign lo. Kinge James, on friday the xxiiijth of March 1619; - which was in the most princely and royall manner that had bene sene - many yeares before.” 129-132.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p>An original paper, with notes and corrections by one of the Heralds. - This art. is recorded in the Heralds’ MS., M. 3. f. 1-3b.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">No. 1127.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">p. XIV. 2.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Tournament of the Knight of the Royal Amaranthus. - In the first quarter of the 17th century. 198-9b.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">No. 1116.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">p. 9*.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">“The manner how the price<a name="FNanchor_280_280" id="FNanchor_280_280"></a><a href="#Footnote_280_280" class="fnanchor">[280]</a> - shall be given at Joustes of peace royall, and for what considercōns - it should be forfeited and lost.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p>First who so breaketh most speeres,” etc. 108b.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">p. 11*.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">“A demonstracōn by John Writh alias Garter, to King Edward the - Fourth, touching three Knyghtes of high Almayn wch came to do arms in - England, with the instruccōns by them geven unto the saide Gartr and - the articles of their feates and enterprise.” 111-3b. The year must - have been 1473.</p> - <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">No. 763.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">p. 16.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">“The office of a Kinge at Armes. Fyrst as nyghe as he canne he shall - take knowledge and kepe recorde of creastes cognissances and auntient - used wordes,” etc. 158ab.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">No. 837.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">p. 8.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">“The definition of an Esquire, and the severall sortes of them - according to the custome and usage of England. <i>An esquire called - in Latine armiger</i> ...” 162a.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">No. 1116.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">p. 111.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">The Names and Arms of the Sovereigns and Knights or the Order of - the Golden Fleece (Toison d’or), from its institution in 1429 to the - twenty-third festival of the Order, which was holden by King Philip - of Spain, 12 Aug. 1559; historical accounts of the celebration of the - feasts, in French. ff. 137b-186.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p>The MS. is beautifully written, with the arms tricked (four on each - page), by Robert Glover, Somerset Herald.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">p. 88.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Lists of the Knights, and notes of the celebration of S. George’s - feast, in 1589 and 1593, at Westminster. 67a.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">p. 89.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Lists of Knights, and notes of the celebration of S. George’s feast, - in 1584, at Westminster, and 15 Apr. 1585, at Windsor. 67b.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">No. 837.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">p. XXVI.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">“The Office of ye Marshall.” 198ab.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">No. 1127.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">p. XIII.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">“The Statutes of the Order of the Golden Fleece” (27 Nov. 1431); and - “The Ordinances for the Officers of the Order.” 139-166-167-175b.</p></td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span></p> -<div class="chapter"> - <h2 class="nobreak"><a name="APPENDIX_B" id="APPENDIX_B">APPENDIX B</a></h2> -</div> - -<p class="f120"><b>HARLEIAN MS. RELATING TO THE TOURNAMENT</b></p> - -<table border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="HARLEIAN MS." cellpadding="0" > - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdl"><b>Vol.</b></td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1"><b>Page</b></td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1"><b>Cod.</b></td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1"><b>Art.</b></td> - <td class="tdc"><b>CATALOGUE</b></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">I.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">17</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">69</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">1-3.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Tournament held on the marriage of - Richard Duke of York, son of Edward IV.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">I.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">17</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">69</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">4-5.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">On the birth of Princess Mary? - Daughter of Henry VIII.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">I.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">17</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">69</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">6-7.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Creation of Henry VIII.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">I.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">17</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">69</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">8.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Challenge to hold a Justs-Royall - and Tourney at Westminster.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">I.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">18</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">69</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">13.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">At Greenwich, <i>temp.</i> Henry VIII.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">I.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">18</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">69</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">16.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Westminster, <i>temp.</i> Henry VIII.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">I.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">18</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">69</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">24.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">On the marriage of Prince Arthur.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">I.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">18</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">69</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">11.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Challenges to tournaments of Philip de Bouton and others.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">I.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">18</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">69</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">12.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Uladislaus of Bodna and others.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">I.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">18</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">69</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">20.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Frederick de Toledo and others.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">I.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">18</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">69</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">14.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Regulations concerning tournaments - by Parliament of England.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">I.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">165</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">293</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">123-4.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">By Richard I.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">I.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">18</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">69</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">10.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Relation (in French) of Battel - of Justs held in the city of Tours.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">I.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">18</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">69</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">15.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Copy of Chapitres of certain Feats of Arms.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">I.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">18</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">69</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">18.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Declarations and Conditions of Performing Feats of Arms.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">I.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">18</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">69</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">19.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Chalenge of 6 Noble Persons to the Justs.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">I.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">18</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">69</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">21.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Form of Proclamation to be made by the King of Arms.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">I.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">18</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">69</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">22.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Fees appertyning to the Officers of Armes.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">I.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">18</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">69</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">23.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent"></p>The Maner ＆ Order of Combating within Lystes.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">I.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">18</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">69</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1 br bt">17.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1_c" rowspan="4"><p class="neg-indent">Regulations Concerning Tournaments. - By John Tiptoft, Earl of Worcester.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">II.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">12</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">1354</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1 br">11.<br /><i>et seq.</i></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">II.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">226</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">1776</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1 br">43.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">III.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">316</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">6064</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1 br bb">80.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">III.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">215</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">4888</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">20.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">General Challenge of Earls of Lenox, etc.</p></td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<table class="space-above1" border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="HARLEIAN MS." cellpadding="0" > - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdl_top"><b>Vol.</b></td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1"><b>Page</b></td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1"><b>Cod.</b></td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1"><b>Art.</b></td> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><b>EXTRACTS</b></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">I.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">17</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">69</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">1-3.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">1. The Proclamation, whereby Six Gentlemen challenged all Comers at the - Just-Roiall: To Runne in Ostling-Harneis alonge a Tilt: And to strike - 13 strokes with Swords; upon the Marriage of Richard Duke of York (son - to K. Edward IV.) with Anne Mowbray Daughter to the Duke of Norfolk. - After which Proclamation, follow the Articles, ＆ Draughts of the Shields.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">1</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top" colspan="4"> </td> - <td class="tdr_bott">2. The Challenge of the LadieMaie’s Servants, to all comers, to be - performed at Greenwich.</td> - <td class="tdr_bott"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top" colspan="4"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">To Runne 8 Courses.</p> - <p class="neg-indent">To shoot Standart Arrowe, or Flight.</p> - <p class="neg-indent">To strike 8 Strokes with Swords Rebated.</p> - <p class="neg-indent">To wrestle all manner of Wayes.</p> - <p class="neg-indent">To Fight on Foot with Speares Rebated, and afterwards to strike 8 Strokes - with Swords, with Gripe, or otherwise.</p> - <p class="neg-indent">To Call the Barre on Foote, and with the Arme; both Heavie and Light.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">2b - <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">I.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">17</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">69</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">1-3.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">3. Here followe the Articles which fower Gentlemen have - Enterprised to doe by the Kings Commaundment ＆ for the Pleasure of the Ladyes, which - alsoe the Kings Highnes hath Lycenced them to Aunswear to all other, - ＆ all other to aunswear to them, according to the same Articles.</p> - <p>viz. to Answer all Comers, at the Kings Mannour of Sheene, - to run fower Courses.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">3b</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top" colspan="3"> </td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">4-5.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">4. Proclamation And Articles of a Tilting to be held at the Palace of - Richmond, upon the birth of a young Princess (Mary?). Tempore Henrici - VIII. where the 4 Knights Challengers are to Runne 6 Courses.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">4b</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top" colspan="4"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">5. Petition ＆ Articles of 4 Gentlemen Challenging all Comers (to the - Lawnde of Greenwich). To the Feate called the Barriers, with the Casting - Speare, ＆ the Targett, ＆ with the Bastard-Sword, Point ＆ Edge Rebated.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">5b</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top" colspan="3"> </td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">6-7.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">6. Petition ＆ Articles of the Justs-Royall to be held at Westminster, - by 4 Gentlemen Challenging all comers, (upon the Creation of Henry - second Sonne to King Henry VII).</p> - <p class="neg-indent">To Run 6 Courses with Speares.</p> - <p class="neg-indent">To Tourney 18 Strokes with Swords.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top" colspan="4"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">7. Petition of 4 Gentlemen to K. Henry VII. to be received into his - Royal Army purposed for Fraunce; but first that he would Authorize - their Challenge of all Comers to the Tilt, To run 6 Courses; for two - days together: which being performed, they will be ready (upon 8 days - warning) to answer all comers, in any Realme or Place where the King - shall be, for one year and a day longer.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">7</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top" colspan="3"> </td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">8.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">8. Challenge of 6 Noble Persons to hold a Justs-Royall ＆ Tourney at - Westminster, for the Pleasure of the King, the Queene, and the Princess - the Kings Eldest Daughter, where the 6 Challengers ＆ Six Answerers - shall together Run against each other with Spears on Horseback; and - after the Course Passed, to Fight with Swords till the King commaund - them to Cease.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">7b</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top" colspan="3"> </td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">10.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">10. Relation (in French) of the Battel of Justs held in the city of - Tours, between Jelcan (or Jehan?) Chalons, a Native of the Kingdom of - England, ＆ Loys de Beul who took the part of King Charles of France. - A.D. 1446. wherein Loys de Beul was killed.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">9</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">I.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">18</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">69</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">11.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">11. Le Chalenge Philip de Bouton, Natif de Pais Burgoigne, premier - Esquier a Monsser le Conte de Charollois: qui ait Charge ＆ Esleve - Emprise de un Fleuer Penser a tacher a son Bras dextre, lequelle il - portra ouverte jusque autant que il defendra Royaulme d’Angelterre, en - la Campagnie de son Seigneur Monsieur le Bastard le Burgoigne, comme a - la Roche. Dat. 1. may. 1467.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">11</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top" colspan="3"> </td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">12.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">12. La Declaracon du Pas a l’Arbe D’Or, i.e. How the Lady L’Isle sent - her Knight with a Rich Tree of Gold, for him to sett near Brughes, ＆ - there to Challenge the Nobles of the Duke of Burgundies Court both to - the Justs, ＆ to the Tourney: the Articles whereof do follow. Dated July - ... A.D. 68. i.e. 1468.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_top"><b>Vol.</b></td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1"><b>Page</b></td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1"><b>Cod.</b></td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1"><b>Art.</b></td> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">I.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">18</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">69</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">12.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">*12. The Relation made by Garter King of Arms to K. Edward IV. - concerning the Arrival of 3 Knights of the K. of Hungaries Court, named - Uladislaus of Bodna, Fredericus of Waredma, ＆ Lancelagus of Trefulwane, - who desired to performe some Feats of Armes with the English Gentlemen. - With their Instructions given to the said Garter touching his - Declaration of their Desires, ＆ the Articles of the Jousts ＆ Tourney.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">14</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top" colspan="3"> </td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">13.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">13. Justs at Greenwich, the 20th daie of Maye, the 8th yeare of the - Raigne of our Soveraigne Ld. K. Henry VIII. (with the then usual Notes - or Marks of each Persons Performance).</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">16b.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top" colspan="3"> </td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">14.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">14. Le Statute d’Armes de Turnoys par - le Parlement d’Angleterre (f. temp. H. V.).</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">17</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top" colspan="3"> </td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">15.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">15. Coppye de Chapitres (ou Articles) des certaine Faits d’Armes, - tanta Pied, comme a Cheval, qui par deux Gentilhomes d’Almaigne - touchant une certaine Emprise.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">ibid.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top" colspan="3"> </td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">16.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">16. The Justinge, Tournay, ＆ Fighting at Barriers, holden at the - Palace of Westminster, the 32nd yeare of our Soveraigne Lord K. Henry - the VIII. there beguune the firste deye of Maye being Saturdaye, ＆c.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">18</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top" colspan="3"> </td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">17.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">17. The Ordinances, Statutes, ＆ Rules, made and Enacted by John - (Tiptoft) Earle of Worcester Constable of England, by the Kings - Commandment (i.e. Ed. IV.) at Windsor, the 29th daye of Maie, in the - 6th yeare of his Noble Raigne. To be Observed and Kept in all manner of - Justs of Peace Royal within the Realme of England before his Highness - or Liefftenant, by his Commandment or Licence had from this Tyme forth. - Reserving always to the Queenes Highnes and the Laydes there present, - the Attribution and Gifte of the Prize after the Manner and Forme - accustomed. (These Ordinances are illustrated by Pictures.)</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">20</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top" colspan="3"> </td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">18.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">18. Declaration ＆ Conditions of Performing Feats of Arms before ＆ at - a Castle called Loyall, at the Gate whereof a White Unicorne sustained - four Shields, The First White, signifying to the Justs; whoso toucheth - that, to be answered V Courses at the Tilt. The Second Red, signifying - to the Tournaye; who toucheth that, to be answered 12 Strokes with - the Sword, Edge ＆ Point Rebated. The Third Yellow, signifying to the - Barriers, who toucheth that, to be answered at the Barriers 12 Strokes - with one-Hand Sword, the Point and Edge Rebated. The Fourth Blue, - signifying to th’ assault, ＆ who toucheth that, to Assault the said - Castle with Sword ＆ Targett ＆ Morrice Pike, withe the Edge and Point Rebated.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">21b</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top" colspan="3"> </td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">19.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">19. Chalenge of 6 Noble Persons to the Justs, - the same as before 8.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">22b</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top" colspan="3"> </td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">20.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">20. Challenge of Don Fredericke de Toledo, the Lord Straunge, Don - Fernando de Toledo, Don Francifco de Mendoza, ＆ Garfilafe de la Vega, - to fight on Foot, at the Barriers, with all Comers.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">23b</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top" colspan="3"> </td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">21.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">21. Form of the Proclamation to be made by the King of Arms in the - Presence-Chamber, upon the Queen’s distribution of the Prizes, to them - who had best Exercised the Feates of Armes at the Tilt Tourney ＆ Barriers.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">24b - <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top" colspan="3"> </td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">22.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">22. Fees apperteyning to the Officers of Armes, - at all thos Triumphs aforesaid.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">25</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top" colspan="3"> </td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">23.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">23. The Maner ＆ Order of Combating within Lystes, set downe by - Thomas Duke of Gloucester Uncle to King Richard the Second (with Pictures).</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">26</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top" colspan="3"> </td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">24.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">24. The first Booke of the Justs ＆ Banketts ＆ Disguisings, used at - the Intertaynemente of Katherine Wife to Prince Arthur Eldest Sone to - K. Henry VII. </p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">29b</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top" colspan="4"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p>The Seconde Book, or Parte of this Discourse, is concerning the death - of Prince Arthur, and the order taken for his Exequies.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_top"><b>Vol.</b></td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1"><b>Page</b></td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1"><b>Cod.</b></td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1"><b>Art.</b></td> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">I.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">165</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">293</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">123-4.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">123. Hoc ett Breve, Dni Regis Ricardi I. missum - Dno Cantuariensi, de concessione Torneamentorum in Anglia.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">237</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top" colspan="4"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">124. Haec est forma Pacis fervandae a Torneatoribus.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">237</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">II.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">12</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">1354</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">11.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">11. The Ordinances, Statutes, ＆ Rules made by Johne Lorde Typtofte, - Erle of Worcester, Constable of Englande, by the Kinges Commandment, - at Wyndsore the 29th daie of Maye, ann. 6. Edw. IV. to be observed and - kepte in all manner Justys Royall;—reserving to the Queene ＆ to the - Ladyes present the attribution and gyfte of the Prise, after the manner - and forme accustomed to be attributed, for their Demerites.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">13</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">II.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">226</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">1776</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">43.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">43. Ordinances, Statutes, ＆ Rules made ＆ enacted by John (Tiptoft) - Earl of Woster ＆ Constable of England, by the Kings commandment, at - Windsor, the 6th Yeare of Edward the Fourth; for Justes ＆ Triumphs.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">45b</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">III.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">215</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">4888</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">20.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">20. A general Challenge, at Tilt, Tourney, and Barriers, signed - Lenox, Southampton, Pembroke, Mountgumbray, dated 1612. In defence of - these Propositions. 1. “That in Service of Ladyes, Knights have no - free-will. 2. That it is Beautie maintains the World in valour. 3. That - noe fare Ladie was ever false. 4. That none can be perfectlye wife - but Lovers.” Addressed, “To all honourable Men at Armes, and Knight - Adventurers of hereditarie note, ＆ examplarie noblesse, that for most - memorable actions doe wield either Sword or Launce in quest of glorie.”</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">III.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">316</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">6064</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">80.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">80. The Ordinances, Statutes ＆ Rules made by the E. of Worcester ＆ - Constable of England, 6th of Edw. 4. to be observed in all manner of Justes.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">86</td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span></p> -<div class="chapter"> - <h2 class="nobreak"><a name="APPENDIX_C" id="APPENDIX_C">APPENDIX C</a></h2> -</div> -<p class="f120"><b>COTTONIAN MSS. IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM<br /> RELATING TO THE TOURNEY</b></p> - -<table border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="COTTONIAN MS. TOURNEY" cellpadding="0" > - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3"> Claudius, C IV.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">10.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Breve R. Richard I ad archiep. Cantuar. missum, - de concessione torneamentorum in Anglia.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_ws1">233.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">11.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Forma pacis servandae à torneatoribus, et in juramentis.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_ws1">233.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_space-above1" colspan="3"> Nero, D II.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">15.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">De la creacion et foundacion des heraulz (d’armes).</p></td> - <td class="tdr_ws1">249b.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">16.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Les droiz et largesses appartenant et d’aunciennete - accoustumez aux rois d’armes, selon l’usance du Angleterre.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_ws1">251b.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">18.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">L’ordonnance de faire joustes et tournois.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_ws1">253.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">19.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Les droiz appartenans aux rois d’armes, et heraulx, - en leur absence, en fait de joustes à plaisaunce.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_ws1">245b.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_space-above1" colspan="3"> Galba. B VI.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">77.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">A list of great personages, who probably appeared at a tilt.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_ws1">109.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_space-above1" colspan="3"> Vesp. C XIV.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">229.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Notes relating to tournaments.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_ws1">553.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_space-above1" colspan="3"> Titus. B I.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">35.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Judges deputed for the field in the joustes - between Guisnes and Andres.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_ws1">127.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl_space-above1" colspan="3"> Caligula. D VI.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">54.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent"></p>Twenty-three original letters from - Charles D. of Suffolk, to Henry VIII, all probably between Oct., 1514, and March, 1515.</td> - <td class="tdr_ws1">147.</td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span></p> -<div class="chapter"> - <h2 class="nobreak"><a name="APPENDIX_D" id="APPENDIX_D">APPENDIX D</a></h2> -</div> - -<div lang="de" class="blockquot"> -<p class="neg-indent">The instructions given by the Emperor Maximilian -as to the selection of the subjects for the Plates for <i>Freydal</i>. They -are set down on Folio 38 of that work.</p> - -<p class="center">“Hernach volgt in was zäl die Rennen<br /> vnd stechen - in den Freytal gemacht<br /> sollen werden.”</p> - -<ul class="wrapping_list"> -<li class="list_head">Geschift Rennen.</li> -<li class="wr1">Item der geschift Rennen sollen XI sein,</li> -<li class="wr1">Darunnder III fäl, mit ain ander,</li> -<li class="wr1">Vnnd zwen fäl, das Kaiser besiczt vnnd widerparthey felt,</li> -<li class="wr1">Die vberigen VI Rennen sollen Sy baide besiczen.</li> -<li class="list_head">Swayf Rennen.<a name="FNanchor_281_281" id="FNanchor_281_281"></a><a href="#Footnote_281_281" class="fnanchor">[281]</a></li> -<li class="wr1">Item Swayf Rennen sollen VI sein,</li> -<li class="wr1">Dar vnnder IIII fäl mit ain annder,</li> -<li class="wr1">Vnd II fäl das Kaiser besiczt vnnd widerparthey felt.</li> -<li class="list_head">Pündt Rennen.<a name="FNanchor_282_282" id="FNanchor_282_282"></a><a href="#Footnote_282_282" class="fnanchor">[282]</a></li> -<li class="wr1">Item das pünndt Rennen sollen XII sein, dar vnnder sollen zween - fäl sein das der Kaiser besiczt vnnd die Wider-parthey felt,</li> -<li class="wr1">Vnnd die vbrigen X Rennen solln baid besiczen.</li> -<li class="list_head">Autzogen Rennen.</li> -<li class="wr1">Item Anczogen Rennen sollen XXV sein,</li> -<li class="wr1">Vnnd der Kaiser ist albeg den driten tail besessen, - vnd sein wider parthey den II tail gefallen.</li> -<li class="list_head">Teutsch gestech.<a name="FNanchor_283_283" id="FNanchor_283_283"></a><a href="#Footnote_283_283" class="fnanchor">[283]</a></li> -<li class="wr1">Item Es sollen sechs vnnd zwainzig teutscher gestech sein,</li> -<li class="wr1">Die fäl sol Kayserlich Mt noch stymben.</li> -<li class="list_head">Welsch gestech.<a name="FNanchor_284_284" id="FNanchor_284_284"></a><a href="#Footnote_284_284" class="fnanchor">[284]</a></li> -<li class="wr1">Item Es sollen Acht vnd Dreissig Welscher gestech sein,</li> -<li class="wr1">Die fäl solle Kyserlich Mt noch stymben.</li> -<li class="list_head">Tornier (The Tourney).</li> -<li class="wr1">Item Es sollen sein III Tornier.</li> -<li class="list_head">Krönl (Krönlrennen).</li> -<li class="wr1">Item Es sollen sein III Rennen, in der gestalt das ainer - ain Krönl der annder ainen scharfen Rennspiess hab,</li> -<li class="wr1">Die fäl solle Kay Mt noch stymben.</li> -<li class="list_head">Velt Rennen.<a name="FNanchor_285_285" id="FNanchor_285_285"></a><a href="#Footnote_285_285" class="fnanchor">[285]</a></li> -<li class="wr1">Item Es sollen sein V veldt Rennen</li> -<li class="wr1">Summa der Rennen stechen vnd Tornier CXXVIII.<a name="FNanchor_286_286" id="FNanchor_286_286"></a><a href="#Footnote_286_286" class="fnanchor">[286]</a></li> -</ul></div> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span></p> -<div class="chapter"> - <h2 class="nobreak"><a name="APPENDIX_E" id="APPENDIX_E">APPENDIX E</a></h2> -</div> - -<p class="f120"><b>ASHMOLEAN MSS. RELATING TO<br /> JUDICIAL DUELS</b></p> -<p class="center"><b>DISCOURSES ON LAWFUL COMBATS IN ENGLAND</b></p> - -<table border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="LAWFUL COMBATS IN ENGLAND" cellpadding="0" > - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">No. 856.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">Par. 9.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">A Discourse “Of the antiquity, use, and ceremony of lawfull combates in England.”</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">115-125.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">12.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">A Discourse “Of the antiquitie, use, and ceremony of lawfull - combates in England, written by Mr. James Whitelock of the Middle Temple.”</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">149-153.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">13.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">“The antiquity, use, and ceremonyes of lawfull combates in England.”</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">154-156.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">14.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">“The antiquity, use, and ceremony of lawfull combates in England.” </p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">157-172.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr"> </td> - <td class="tdc">“Ex collect’ Guil: Dugdale.”</td> - <td class="tdr_bott"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">No. 865.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">10*.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">A treatise of “The wageing of Bataill between two partyes. First. The - quarrell and bills of the appellant and defendant must be pleaded in the court.”</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">58-276.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">“<i>The fee of the Constable is the lystes, the barris, and stagis belonginge to the same.</i> - Thus endeth the wageing of battaill before the King.”</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">1115.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">97.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Erotulis publicis quaedam annotationes; primo de Militbus Ordinis, et - de Windesora; postea de, constabulariis castri Windesorae, de duello, - et de insigniis armorum.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">225-6b.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p>Extracts by Ashmole, chiefly from the Patent Rolls and - Close Rolls, Hen. III-Ric. II.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">No. 840.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">47.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">A short extract by Sir W. Dugdale “Out of a discourse - in French concerning the antient manner of Combates.”</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">211.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">764.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">7.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">“De la droite ordonnance du Gaige de Bataille par tout le royaume de - France. Phelipe <i>par la grace de Dieu Roy de France a touz ceulx qui - ces presentes lettres verront salut</i>.”</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p>This letter of King Philip IV, written in 1306, limits the practice of - wager of battle, and is prefixed toregulations for the whole course of combat.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">44-54ᵇ.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">856.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1" colspan="2">Order in England, temp. Ric. II.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">4*.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent"></p>A book “Of the manner and order of combating within the listes, - delivered by Thomas Duke of Gloucester unto King Richard the second.”</td> - <td class="tdr_bott">83-89.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p>Transcribed “Ex MS. in Bibl’ Hatton,” <i>with the listes</i>, scaffold, - and tymber used at the said battaile.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">83-89.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p>Compare Art. 23.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3"></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">16.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">“The manner of Donnald Ld Rey, and David Ramsey esq. their comeing and - carriage at their tryall, upon monday, the 28 of November 1631, before - the Ld of Lynsey, Lord High Constable of England, and others.” This is - a very full report of the trial.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">175-227. - <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl" colspan="3">824.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">V.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p>Another account of the same.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">34-46ᵇ.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">856.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1" colspan="2">Treatise, temp. Hen. VI.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">22.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">“Loo my leve lordes, here now next folowing is a Traytese, compyled by - Johan Hill, armorier and sergeant in the office of Armorye wt kynges - Henry ye 4th and Henry ye 5th, of ye poyntes of Worship in Armes that - longeth to a Gentilman in Armes, and how he shall be diversly armed and - gouverned, under supportacion and favour of alle ye reders to correcte - adde and amenuse where nede is, by the high commaundment of the princes - that have powair soo for to ordeyne and establisshe. <i>The first honneur - in armes is a gentilman to fight in his souverian lords quarell in a - bataille of treason.</i>”</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">376-383.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p>A.D. 1434.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">23.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">“And here next foloweth the maner and fourme of makyng of the thre - Oothes that every appellant and defendant owe to make openly in the - feelde before the Kyng and the Conestable and Mareschal, the same day - that they shal do thair armes, both in Frensshe and in Englisshe; - compyled and abstracte oute of a notable Traityes made of the rieule - and gouvernance of the feelde in armes, by Thomas of Wodestoke sumtyme - Conestable of Englande and uncle to Kyng Richard (the second), to whom - he presented the saide traities, submitting it to his noblesse to - correct, adde, and amenuse as his highnes best liked.”</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">383-391.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p>“<i>La fee du Mareshal est les listes, les barrers, - et les estages dycelles etc.</i>”</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">6*.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">“The Earle Marshall’s order in the quarrell betwixt Anthony Felton and - Edmond Withepole esquires, xxiij May 1598.”</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">105-107.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">7.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">“The manner of the challendge made by the Earle of Northumberland - against Sir Francis Yeare,” both by letter dated 24 Apr., 1602, and by - inter-messages, until forbidden by the Queen’s commandment.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">107-111.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top"> </td> - <td class="tdc">“Ex MS. in Bibl’ Hatton.”</td> - <td class="tdr_bott"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">8*.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">A statement of “The French King’s edict constitutinge duellos to be - punished in the nature of treason, within his dominions.”</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">112-14.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">9.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">A Discourse “Of the antiquity, use, - and ceremony of lawfull combates in England.”</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">115-125.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top"> </td> - <td class="tdc">“Ex. MS. in Bibl’ Hatton.”</td> - <td class="tdr_bott"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">10.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">“Duello foild. The whole proceedings in the orderly disolveing of a - designe for single fight betweene two valient gentlemen; by occasion - whereof the unlawfulnesse of a duello is preparatorily disputed, - according to the rules of honour and right reason; written by Lord - Henry Howard Earle of Northampton.”</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">126-145.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">11.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">“A Discourse touching the unlawfulness of private combates, written by - Sr Edward Cooke Lord Chiefe Justice of England, at the request of the - Lord Henry Howard Earle of Northampton.” (3 Oct., 1609).</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">146-8.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top"> </td> - <td class="tdc">“Ex. MS. in Bibl’ Hatton.”</td> - <td class="tdr_bott"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">15.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">His Maᵗˢ: declaration against duells, published at his - Maᵗˢ: chappell at Bruxells upon sonday the 24th of November 1658.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">172.</td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span></p> -<div class="chapter"> - <h2 class="nobreak"><a name="APPENDIX_F" id="APPENDIX_F">APPENDIX F</a></h2> -</div> -<p class="f120"><b>HARLEIAN MSS. CATALOGUE OF<br /> DOCUMENTS RELATING TO<br /> JUDICIAL DUELS</b></p> - -<table border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="JUDICIAL DUELS" cellpadding="0" > - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdl"><b>Vol.</b></td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1"><b>Page</b></td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1"><b>Cod.</b></td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1"><b>Art.</b></td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">I.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">249</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">424</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">13.</td> - <td class="tdc" rowspan="5"><img src="images/cbr-5.jpg" alt="" width="30" height="107" /></td> - <td class="tdl_ws1_c" rowspan="5">Treatises on Duels.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">I.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">492</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">980</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">134.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">III.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">122</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">4176</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">2 <i>et</i> 4</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top"> </td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1"> </td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1"> </td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1"><i>et seq.</i></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">III.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">332</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">6149</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">19.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">I.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">490</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">980</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">36.</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Instances of Trial by Duel.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">III.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">319</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">6069</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">66-67.</td> - <td class="tdc" rowspan="2"><img src="images/cbr-2.jpg" alt="" width="9" height="32" /></td> - <td class="tdl_ws1_c" rowspan="2">Tracts on Single Combats.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">III.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">505</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">7021></td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">22.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">I.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">490</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">980</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">46.</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1">Instances of Trial.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">III.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">322</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">6079</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">36.</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Between Dukes of Hereford and Norfolk.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">III.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">370</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">6495</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">1.</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Mr. Dan, Archdeacon and Francis Mowbray.</p></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">III.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">122</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">4176</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">2.</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">James Whitlock. Discourses on Combats in England.</p></td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<table border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="JUDICIAL DUELS" cellpadding="0" > - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdc_space-above1" colspan="4"> </td> - <td class="tdc_space-above1">EXTRACTS</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">I.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">249</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">424</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">13.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">The Way of Duells before the King; with the - Office of the Constable and Earl-Marshal, ＆c. upon such occasions.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">42</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">I.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">490</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">980</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">36.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Instances of Trials in England by Ordeal ＆ Duel.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">ibid.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">I.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">491</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">980</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">46.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">What happened to Sir Nicholas de Segrave, anno. 32 Edw. I. who being - accused of Treason, offered to justifie himself by Duel; and afterward - went over the Sea (without License) to fight with his enemy.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">ibid.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">I.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1"> 492</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1"> 980</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1"> 134.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Of legal duels, or Combats.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">128</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">III.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">122</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">4176</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">2.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Of the antiquity, use and ceremony of Combats in England: - by James Whitlock, ＆c.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">12</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">III.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">122</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">4176</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">4.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Concerning Duells in Spaine.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">37</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">III.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">319</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">6069</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">66.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Du Combat appelle Buhort.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">113</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">III.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">319</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">6069</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">67.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Du Combat appelle Bas ou Barriers.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">ib.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">III.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">322</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">6079</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">36.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">A Combat between D. of Hereford ＆ Tho. Mowbray first D. of Norfolk, - ＆ Marshal of England.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">29</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">III.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">332</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">6149</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">19.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">De Duellis.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott">164b</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">III.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">370</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">6495</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">1.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">A Tract with this title, “A tru report of sundry memorable Accidents - befalling Mr. Daniel Archdeacon, before and after the Combat appointed - betweene him ＆ Francis Moubray. Written first in French, by a faythfull - frynd of Mr. Daniel Archdeacon, and sent to another frynd of theirs, - and since translated in English by a faythfull frynd to him ＆ to that - honest cause.” 26 leaves. At the end are some Anagrams ＆ Acrostics in French, - on the name of Daniel Archdeacon and a table of the contents of the tract.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">III.</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">505</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">7021</td> - <td class="tdr_top_ws1">22.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">A Catalogue of such Combats as have been - anciently granted by the Kings of England.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott"></td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span></p> -<div class="chapter"> - <h2 class="nobreak"><a name="APPENDIX_G" id="APPENDIX_G">APPENDIX G</a></h2> -</div> -<p class="f120"><b>COTTONIAN MSS.<br /> RELATING TO JUDICIAL DUELS</b></p> - -<table border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="COTTONIAN MS. JUDICIAL DUELS" cellpadding="0" > - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdl">Nero.</td> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">D II.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">17.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">La form et maniére comment l’appellant et defendant - doivent plaider devant le conestable et mareschal.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott_ws1">252</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Vesp.</td> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">C XIV.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">234.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">The manner how the defendants do answer - the Prince’s highness challenge; being a list of names.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott_ws1">568</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">235.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Of Combats in Mr. Garter’s house. - May 23, 1601. (a draught)</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott_ws1">569</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">236.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">The Ordinances that belong in gayging of battayle, - made by quarrell, after the constitutions made by King Philip of France.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott_ws1">570</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Faust.</td> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">E V.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">2.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Of single Combats.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott_ws1">4</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Tiberius. </td> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">E VIII.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">14.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Modus faciendi duellum coram rege (Gallice).</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott_ws1">50b</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top"> </td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">The same under Nero. D VI.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott_ws1">82</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Vitel.</td> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">C IV.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">10.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">De certamine singulari coram - constabulario et marescallo Angliae (Gallice).</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott_ws1">129</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">11.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">De officio Marescalli (Lat. et Gal.).</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott_ws1">132b</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Titus.</td> - <td class="tdl" colspan="2">C I.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">25.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">B. A collection of papers on duels, i.e. lawful combats.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott_ws1"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">26.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent"></p>A brief historical dissertation on duels; by R. Cotton. 1609.</td> - <td class="tdr_bott_ws1">201</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">27.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Seven tracts on the antiquity, use and ceremony of lawful - combats in England; by Davies, Whitlock, Holland, Agard and others.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott_ws1">205</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">28.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">A challenge for a duel between Henry Inglose, Esq.; and Sir John Tiptoft, - Knt, to be fought before the Duke of Bedford, high constable. (Fr.) 1415.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott_ws1">229</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">29.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Five writs relating to combats before the constable and marshal.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott_ws1">230</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">30.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">A list of patents relating to the office of marshal; - from 27 Edw. III. to Henry VI.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott_ws1">232</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">31.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Ten original instruments, being chiefly royal mandates - of Henry VI. several of them signed by him; concerning lists and combats.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott_ws1">234</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">32.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Notes of certain turns to be put in form, - and then to be concluded by the whole council, touching the regulation - of duels: in the hand-writing of K. James I.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott_ws1">238b</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">33.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">A treatise on duels, in two books.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott_ws1">239</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">34.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">A collection of notes, papers, ＆c., on duels (chiefly French).</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott_ws1">346</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">35.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">What manner of duels they use in Italy, and why they hold - it not fit to answer a challenge. (Ital.)</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott_ws1">370b - <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">36.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Forme di pace fatte da diversi; being compromises of quarrels.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott_ws1">374</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">37.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">“Duello foiled,” being a treatise in which the lawfulness - of duels is disputed according to the rules of honour and right reason.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott_ws1">393</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">38.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Two papers on measures taken against duels.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott_ws1">402</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">39.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Of a lye; how it ought to be dealt in by an E. marshal.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott_ws1">404</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">40.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Notes on the laws in Spain for preventing single combats.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott_ws1">407</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">41.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Note out of the D. of Bullion’s discourse - touching the lye and the blow.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott_ws1">408</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">42.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Three questions proposed to the count d’Angoseiola - (banished from Palma and living in Savoy) in matters of duel. (Italian.)</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott_ws1">409</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">43.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">Placcart des Archiducs contre les defies - et duels (printed). Bruxelles. 1610.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott_ws1">413</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">44.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">A paper concerning laws against duels.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott_ws1">416</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr_top">48.</td> - <td class="tdl_ws1"><p class="neg-indent">De la droit ordannance du gaige de battaille, - partout le Royaume de France.</p></td> - <td class="tdr_bott_ws1">434</td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span></p> -<div class="chapter"> - <h2 class="nobreak"><a name="APPENDIX_H" id="APPENDIX_H">APPENDIX H</a></h2> -</div> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p class="neg-indent">Letter from Thomas Duke of Gloucester and -Constable of England to King Richard II concerning the Manner of -conducting Judicial Duels.</p> - -<p>In firste the quarelis and the billis of the appellaunt and of the -defendaunt schal be pletid in the courte.before the constable and -marchall. And when they may not prove ther cause by witnesse.nor bi -non other manner but detrmine ther quarell bi strengthe.the ton for to -prove his entent up on the tother. And the tother in the same manner -for to defende him. The constable hath power for to ioyne that batayle -as vecarie genrall undir god ＆ the kynge and the bataile conioynt by -the Constable.he schal assigne them day and place.so that the day be -not within xl.dayes after the saide batell soo conioynt.but yf it be bi -the consentinge of the seyde appellaunt and defendaunt. Than he schall -awarde them.poyntes of armes.other wise callid wepenes.ayther of them -schal have.that is to say.longe swerde schorte swerde and dagger.so -that the appellant and defendaunt.fynde sufficianunt surete ＆ plegges -that echou of them schal come at his seyde day.the appellaunt for to -doo his power up on the defendaunt.and the defendaunt in his defence -up on the appellaunt. And this to be done.schall be gevyn un to the -appellaunt hour terme and soon.for to make his preve and der (sic) -and for to bethe firste within the listes. for to quite his plegges. -And of the same wise of the defendaunt. And noon of hem schall do -hevinesse.ille harme awaite assaute.nor non other grevaunce.nor ennye -bi them nor bi non of ther frendes welwillinge.nor bi non other who soo -ever it be. The kynge schal fynde the felde.for to feght in. And the -(f. 125b) listes schal be made and devisid by the constable. And it -is to be considerid that the listes schal be.lx.pases of lengthe and -xl.paces of brede in good manner.and that the erthe be ferme stable -and harde.and even made, without grete stones and that the erthe be -plat.and that the listes be strongli barred rounde aboute and a gate -in the este and a nother in the weste with good and stronge barrers -of vij.foote of heyght or more. And it is to wite that ther schulde -be faux listes withouten the principal listes betwene the whiche the -men of the constable and the marchall and s’gauntes of armes of the -kynges schulde be for to kepe and defend yf any wolde make any offence -or fray azens the cries made in the courte in any thinge that myght -be agayns the kynges Roiall mageste or lawe of armes and these men -schulde be armed at all poyntes. The Constable schal have there as -many men of armes as he will and the marchall also bi the assignacion -of the Constable and ellis not the whiche men schal have the kepynge -as is seyde. The s’gauntes of armes of the kynge schal have the keping -of gates of the listes and the arestinges yf any schal be made bi the -comaudemt of the seyde Constable and Marchall. The day of bataile the -kynge schal be in a sege or in a shaffold on heght and a place schal -be made for the Constable and marchall at the stayre foot of the seyde -shaffold there where thei schal be. And than schal be axed the plegges -of the appellaunt and defendaunt for to come in to the listes afore the -kynge and present in the courte as prisioners un to the appellaunt and -defendaunt be come in the listes and have made ther othes. When the ap -(f. 126) pellaunt cometh to his iorney he schale come to the gate of -the listes in the Este in such manner as he will feght with his armes -and wepenis assignid to him bi the courte and ther he schal abide til -he be led in bi the Constable so that when he is comen to the seyde -gate the Constable and marchall schal goo thedir. And the Constable -schal axe him what man he is whiche is comen armed to the gate of the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span> -listes. And what name he hathe and for what cause he is comen. And the -appellaunt schal answere I am suche aman. A. de. K. the appellaunt the -whiche is come to this iorney ＆c for to doo ＆c. And than the Constable -schal open the viser of his basinet soo that he may playnli see his -visage and if it be the same man that is the appellaunt than schal he -make open the gates of the listes and schal make him entre with his -seyde armes poyntes vitailes and other leuefull necessaries up on him -and also his counsell with him and than he schal lede him afore the -kynge and than to his tente where he schal abide til the defendaunt be -comen. In the same manner schal be done of the defendaunt but that he -schal entre in at the weste gate of the listes. The Constable clerk -schal write and sette in the regestre the comyge and the houre of the -entringe of the appellaunt and how that he entreth the listes on fote -and also the harnyes of the appellaunt how that he is armed and with -how many wepenis he entreth the listes and what vitailes and other -leueful necessaries he bringeth in with him. In the same manner schal -be don to the defendaunt. Also the Constable schal mak take hede that -non other before ne behinde the appellaunt (f. 126b) nor the defendaunt -brynge more wepin nor vitailes other then were assignid bi the courte. -And yf it be soo that the defendaunt come not be time to his iorney and -at the oure and terme limit bi the courte the Constable schal comaunde -the marchall for to make calle him at the four corners of the listes -the whiche schal be done in manner as it foloweth. Oyes. Oyez. Oyez. -C. de. B. defendaunt come to yowre Jorney whiche ye have undirtake at -this day for to aquite yowre plegges before the kinge the constable -and marchall in yowre defence agayns. A. de K. appellaunt of that -that he hathe put up on yow. And yf he come not be time he schal be -callid the secunde time in the same manner and at the ende he schal say -come the day passeth faste and yf he come not at that time he schal -be callid the thridde time. But that this be betwixe hye tierce and -none. In the same manner as before and at the ende he schal say the -day passeth faste and the oure of none is nye soo that ye come bi the -seyde oure of none at farrest in pitt that may come. But how soo ever -the Constable hathe yevy oure and terme un to the defendaunt for to -come to his Jorney never the lesse yf that he tarie un to the oure of -none the Jugement schulde not bi right goo agayns him whethir it be in -cas of treson or not. But soo is it not of the appellaunt for he muste -holde the houre and time limitid bi the courte withoute any plonginge -or excusacon what soo ever be it in cause of treson. The appellaunt and -the defendaunt entrede in the (f. 127) listes with ther armoure wepenes -vitailes and leuefull necessaries and counsell as is seyde and as thei -are assigned bi the courte. The Constable schal wete the kinges wille -yf he wil assigne any of his noble lordes or knyghtes of worschipe un -to the sayde pties and yf he wil that the othes be made afore him or -afore the Constable and marchal. And the appellaunt and defendaunt -schal be serchid bi the Constable and marchall of there poyntes of -armes otherwise callid wepenis that they be vowable without any man -disseyte on them and yf thei be other than reson axeth they schal be -taken away ffor reson good feythe and lawe of arms wil not suffre -no gile nor dissayte in soo gret a dede. And it is to wite that the -appellaunt and defendaunt may be armed as sewrely upon ther bodies as -they will. And than the Constable schal sende firste after the marchall -and than for the appellaunt with his counsell for to make his othe. -The Constable schal axe him yf he wil any more protest and that he -putte forthe all his ptestacions bi writinge for fro that time forthe -he schal make no ptestacion. The constable schal have his clerke redy -in his presence that schal ley forthe a masse book open. And than the -Constable schal make his seyde clerke rede the bille of the appellaunt -enterly on heyght and the bille redde the constable schal say to the -appellaunt A. de K. thou knowest wel this bille and this warant and -wedd’ that thou gave in oure courte thou schal lay thi right honde here -up on these seyntes and schal swere in maner as foloweth (f. 127b). -Thou. A.de.K. this thi bille is sothe in all poyntes and articles fro -the beginyge contenynge theirn to the ende and that is thine entente -to preve this day on the forsayde. C.de.B. so god the helpe and theise -halowes and this othe made he schal be led agayne to his place. The -constable schal make the marchal calle the defendaunt and soo schal be -done to the defendaunt in the same manner as to the appellaunt. And -than the Constable schal make calle bi the marchall the appellaunt -agayne and schal make him leye his honde as he did afore up on the -masse book and schal say. A.de.K. thou swerest that thou ne haste ne -schalt have mo poyntes ne poyntes on the ne on thi bodi within these -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span> -listes but thei that ben assignid bi the courte that is to say. a longe -swerde schorte swerde and dagger nor non other knyf litill nor mekill -ne non other instrument ne engyn of poynte ne other wise ne stone of -vrtu ne herbe of vrtu ne charme ne expirmet ne karecte no non other -inchauntemt bi the ne for the bi the whiche thou tristest the better -to overcome the forseyde. C.de.B. thin advsarie that schal come ayens -the with in these listes this day in his defence. Ne that thou ne -trustest in non other thinge but onli in god and thi body and on thi -rightful quarell so helpe the god and these halowes and the othe made -he schal be led agayne to his place. In the same wise schal be done -to the defendaunt. The whiche othes made and ther chambirleyns and -srvauntes put a way. the Constable schal make calle bi the marchall -the appellaunt and the defendaunt also the whiche schal be ledde (f. -128) and kepte bi the men of the Constable and marchall before them -and the Constable schal say to bothe the pties. Thou A.de.K. appellour -schal take. C.de.B. defendoure bi the rigt honde and he the. And we -defende yow and echone of yow in the kinges name and up on the pill -that longeth therto and up on pill of lesinge yowre quarell the whiche -that is founden in defaute that non of yow be so hardy to doo to other -ille ne grevauce thirstinge nor other harme bi the honde up on the pill -afore sayde and this charge gevy. the Constable schal make yeve ther -right hondis to gedir and ther lifte hondes up on the missale sayinge -to the appeloure. A.de.K. appelloure thou swerest bi the feythe that -thou yevest in the honde of thine advsarie. C.de.B. defondoure and bi -all the halowe that thou toucheste with thi lifte honde that thou to-day -this day schal doo all thi trewe power and entente bi all the weyes -that thou beste may or kanste to preve thine entente on. C.de.B. thine -advsarie and defendoure to make him yelden him up to thine honde and -creant to crie or speke or ellis make him die bi thine honde to fore -that thou wende oute of these listes bi the tyme and the sunne that -the is assignid bi this courte bi thi feythe and soo helpe the god and -these halowes. C. de. B. defendoure thou swerest bi thi feythe that -thou yevest in the honde of thine advsarie A.de.K. appelloure and bi -all the halowes that thou touchest with thi lifte honde that to day -this day thou schall doo all thi trewe power and entente bi all the -weyes that thou beste may or kanste to defende thine entente of all -that (f. 128b) that is put on the bi. A.de.K. thin advsarie appelloure -bi the feythe and soo helpe the god and all these halowes. And than the -Constable schall comaunde the marchall for to crie at the foure corners -of the listes in manner as foloweth. Oyez. Oyez. Oyez. We charge and -comaunde bi the kynges Constable and marschall that non of gret valew -＆ of litill estate of what condicion or nacion that he be. be so hardy -hens forewarde for to come negh the listes bi foure foote nor to speke -nor to crie nor to make contenance nor token nor semblaunce nor noyse -where bi nouther of these two prties. A.de.K. appellor ＆. C.de.B. -defendour may take avauntage the ton up on the tother up on pill of -lesinge lyf and membre and ther goodes at the kinges wille. And after -the Constable and marchall schal avoyde all manner of pepill oute of -the listes except their luftenauntz and two knyghtes for the Constable -and marchall whiche schal be armed up on there bodies but they schal -have nother knyf nor swerde up on them nor non other wepenes wherbi -the appellaunt other the defendaunt may have therof any avauntage bi -negligence of kepinge of them. But the two luftenauntz of the Constable -and marchall schal have in there handes outher a spere wtoute yren -for to depte them yf the kinge will make them abide in ther feghtinge -whether it be to reste them or other thinge what som ever him liketh. -And it is to be knowen that if yf any adminstracion schulde be made to -the appellaunt or to the defendaunt of mete or of drinke or any other -necessarie thinge leeful after (f. 129) that the counsell of frendes -and s’vauntz ben put away of the appellaunt and of the defendaunt as -is seyde the seyde adminstracion apteneth to the herawdes and also -all the cries made in the seyde courte the whiche kingsz heraudes and -pursevauntes schal have a place for the assignid bi the Constable and -marchall as nye the listes as may goodli be soo that they may see all -the dede ＆ to be redy yf thei be callid for to doo any thinge. The -appellaunt in his place kepte bi som men assignid by the Constable or -marchall ＆ the defendaunt in his place in the same wise. Bothe two -made redy and arayed ＆ with feleschipe bi ther kepers above sayde the -marchall with the ton ptie ＆ the levetenant of the Constable with the -tother. The Constable sittinge in his place above sayde afore the kinge -as his viker genrall and pties made redy for the feghte as is sayde bi -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span> -the comaundement of the kinge. The constable schal say with hye voyce -as foloweth. lessiez lez aler. that is to say lat them goo and reste -a while. lessiez lez aler and reste a nother while. lessiez lez aler -＆ fair leur devoir depdieu. that is to say lat them goo and doo ther -devour in goddes name. And this seyde eche man schal depte fro bothe -pties soo that they may incountre ＆ doo that them semeth beste. The -appellaunt ne the defendaunt may nouther ete nor drinke fro that time -forthe withoute leve ＆ licence of the kinge for thinge that myght -falle but yf thei wol do it bi the consentinge betwixe them. Fro this -time forthe it is to be considered diligentli bi the constable that -yf the kinge will make the pties feghtinge depte reste or abide (f. -129b) for wham som ever cause it be that he take good kepe how thei -are deptid so that thei be in the same estate and degre in all thinges -yf the kinge wil sure or make them goo to gedir agayne and also that -he have good harkeninge and syghte un to them yf outher speke to other -be it of yeldinge or other wise for un to him longeth the witnesse and -the recorde of the wordes fro that time forthe ＆ to non other. And -yf the seyde batell of treson he that is convicte ＆ discomfit schal -be disarmed in the listes bi the comaundement of the Constable and a -corner of the listes broken in the reprove of him bi the whiche schal -be drawen oute with hors fro the same place there he is soo disarmed -thorow the listis un to the place of iustice where he schal be hedid -or hongid after the usage of the cuntre the whiche thinge apenteth to -the marchall and to ovrsee and to pforme his seyde office and to put -him in execucion and to goo or ride and to be alwey bi him til it be -done and all pformed and aswel of the appellaunt as of the defendaunt -for good feythe and right and lawe of armes will that the appellaunt -renne in the same peyne that the defendaunt schulde doo if he were -covicte and discomfit. And yf it happen soo that the kinge wolde take -the quarell in his hande and make them acordid withoute more feghtinge. -Than the Constable takinge the ton ptie and the marchall the tother and -lede them afore the kinge and he schewinge them his wille the seedy -Constable and marchall schal lede them to the on ptie of the listes -with all there pointz and armor as thei are founden and havyge when the -(f. 130) kynge took the quarell in his honde as is seyde. And soo they -schal be led oute of the gate of the listes evenly so that the ton goo -not afore the tother bi no wey in noo thinge for senne the hath taken -the quarell in his hande it schulde be dishonest that outher of the -pties schulde have mor disworschipe than the tother. Wherfore it hath -ben seyde bi many aunciaunt men that hee that gooth first oute of the -listes hath the disworschipe and this is aswel in cause of treson as -in other cause what soo ever it be. The fee of the herawdes is all the -poyntes ＆ armor brokin theis pt he taketh away or leveth after that he -is entrid the listes aswel of the appellaunt as of the defendaunt and -all the poyntes and armor of him that is discomfit be it the appellaunt -other the defendaunt. The fee of the marchall is the listes the Barrers -and the postes of them.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span></p> -<hr class="chap" /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span></p> -<div class="chapter"> - <h2 class="nobreak"><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX">INDEX</a></h2> -</div> - -<ul class="index"> -<li class="isub10"><big><b>A</b></big></li> -<li class="isub1">“Abilment for Justus of the Pees,” <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Accidents in the lists, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Additional or reinforcing pieces, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Ameliorations in the tourney, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Antiquarian Repertory</i>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Anzogenrennen</i>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>A Outrance</i>, The term, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Archæologia</i>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Archæological Journal</i>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Armatura Spigolata</i>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Armet with disk behind, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Armorial de la Toison d’Or</i>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Armouries of the Tower of London</i>, by Charles J. ffoulkes, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Armour of the Black Prince, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— imported from Germany, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— for the lists, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— German and Italian forms, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— worn by Maximilian I. at Worms in 1495, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— for running with pointed lances (<i>Scharfrennen</i>), <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— for combats on foot, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— bards and trappers of the fifteenth century, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— imported from Italy and Germany, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— made in England, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Armyng points, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> -<li class="isub1">“Armyng” swords, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Articles of combat for the tournament at Westminster in 1511, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Ashmolean MSS., <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">“Certain Triumphs,” <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Attaints made at the tournament at Westminster in 1511, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst"><big><b>B</b></big></li> -<li class="isub1">Bards, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> -<li class="isub1">“Barriers” and foot combats, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, - <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> -<li class="isub1">“Barriers and Foot Combats,” a paper by Viscount Dillon, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Bases, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Bâton of illegitimacy, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Bayard, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Bayard’s fight at “barriers,” <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Beauchamp pageants, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Bec de faucon, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Behourd, The, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Bertrand du Guesclin, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Bibliothèque de Bourgogne, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Bisague, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Blending of the tournament with the pageant, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Boeheim Wendelin, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>His Waffenkunde</i>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Boucicaut, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Brantôme, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Brasses, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Breastplates for <i>rennen</i> and <i>stechen</i>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Bulk of the armour of the sixteenth century made in Germany, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Bulls against tournaments, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Bundrennen</i>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Burgmaier Hans, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Burgonet, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Burres, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst"><big><b>C</b></big></li> -<li class="isub1">Cap of Maintenance, The, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Carrousels or Karoussels, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Carter’s <i>Painting and Sculpture</i>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Casualties at tournaments, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Caxton’s Epilogue, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— reference to the Royal Joust at London in 1390, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Cervillière, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Chain-mail, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Challenges for the <i>pas d’armes</i> L’Arbre de Charlemagne in 1443, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Challenge by an esquire of Arragon in 1400, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Chamfron, The, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Chapitres d’Armes</i>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Chargers for the tourney and their equipment, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— often ridden blindfolded, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Charles the Bold, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Charles V, the Emperor, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Chastelain’s <i>Chroniques, Jacques de Lalain</i>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Chaucer’s <i>Knight’s Tale</i>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> -<li class="isub1">“Checques” or scoring tablets, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Chroniclers of the Tournament, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— Mediæval Latin, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Chronicle of Robert of Gloucester, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Chronique de Monstrelet</i>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Chroniques de St. Remy</i>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Collar of SS, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Collections of Armour, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Colombière’s <i>Theater d’Honneur et de Chevalrie</i>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Combat <i>à outrance</i> near Vannes, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— on horseback at Arras in 1425, <a href="#Page_53">53</a> - <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span></li> -<li class="isub1">— between three Portuguese and three Frenchmen in 1415, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Combat at Arras between five Frenchmen and five Burgundians, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— <i>à outrance</i> between de Ternant and Galiot de Baltasin in 1446, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Combats on foot, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Commines, P. de, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> -<li class="isub1">“Comyng in to the felde,” <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Consilium Albiense</i>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Coronal of the lance, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Cost of jousting harnesses in the sixteenth century, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Coup ou la lance des Dames</i>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Coup de Jarnac</i>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Course au pavois</i>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Course of <i>Gestech</i>, run at Jena in 1487, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— <i>à la targe futée</i>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— <i>à la queue</i>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— <i>appelée Bund</i>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Crests, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Crinet, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Crowds attending tournaments apt to become partisans, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Cuirass employed in <i>Rennen</i>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Cushion or mattress placed on horse’s chest in jousting, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Cuisses, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Cyclas, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst"><big><b>D</b></big></li> -<li class="isub1">Dagworth, Sir Nicholas, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— brass in Blickling Church, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Death of Duke Philippe le Bon in 1467, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Decline of the tournament, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Decline of armour and its causes, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Decoration of lists <i>temp.</i> Henry VIII, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Deeds of Arms at Bordeaux in 1389, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— — — in 1402, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— — — at Valentia in 1403, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Definition of Esquires and Kings of Arms, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Definition of <i>Scharfrennen</i>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Degradation of a Knight, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> -<li class="isub1">De La Marche, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Demi-harnesses, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> -<li class="isub1">De Pluvinal, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Differences in costume between knights and esquires, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Dillon, Viscount, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Disorderly tournament at Rochester in 1251, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Duel at Montereau in 1387, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— between the Dukes of Brittany and Bourbon, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— between the Bastard of Burgundy and Lord Scales in 1467, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Dugdale, Sir William, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Dülgen</i> or <i>Dilgen</i> (Dichlinge) jousting-cuisses, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Duke of Orleans challenges Henry IV of England, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Duties of “pursuivants d’armes,” <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst"><big><b>E</b></big></li> -<li class="isub1">Edicts issued against tournaments, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Effigies, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Effigy in St. Bride’s Church, Glamorganshire, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— Hoveringham Church, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— of Sir Richard Beauchamp, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Eglington Tournament in 1839, <a href="#Page_139">139-142</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Ehrenpforte</i>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> -<li class="isub1">English iron found unsuitable for armour making, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Enriched armour, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Espinette, The, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Excerpta Historica</i>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Expression, The, “trapped and barded” defined, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst"><big><b>F</b></big></li> -<li class="isub1">Fatal accident in jousting to the Earl of Pembroke in 1390, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— — — — Henri II of France, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Favine’s <i>Theatre of Honour and Knighthood</i>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Feats of Arms at Entença, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— — Edinburgh in 1448, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— — near St. Omer in 1446, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— — at Bruges in 1446, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— — at Arras in 1446, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Fees to officers of arms, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Feldrennen</i>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Feldturnier</i>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Fêtes d’armes at St. Ingelbert in 1389, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— at Paris in 1559, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— at Bruges in 1468, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Fêtes de l’Arbre d’Or in 1468, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> -<li class="isub1">ffoulkes, Chas. J., <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Field of the Cloth of Gold, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Fifteenth Century, The, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Fight on foot between John Astley and Philip Boyle of Arragon, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Fine “hoasting” harness of the middle of the sixteenth century at Berlin, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> -<li class="isub1">First joust of the Comte de Charolais at Brussels in 1452, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> -<li class="isub1">First coming into the tiltyard of Prince Charles of Wales in 1619, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Fitzstephen, William, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Fourteenth century a period of transition, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Freiturnier</i>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> -<li class="isub1">French King’s ordinance in 1409, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Friedrich of Saxony running in <i>Gestech</i>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Freydal</i>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Froissart, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Fussturnier</i>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst"><big><b>G</b></big></li> -<li class="isub1">Garde-rein, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Garter, Institution of the Order of the, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Gedritts</i>, A, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Gemeine deutsche Gestech</i>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Germany captures the trade in armour from Milan, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Geschiftrennen</i>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Geschifttartscherennen</i>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a> - <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Geschiftscheibenrennen</i>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Gestech</i> or <i>Stechen</i>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Gestech im Beinharnisch</i>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Gestech im hohen zeug</i>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Gestech</i> ran at Leipzig in 1489, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Glossarium, Du Cange, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Göding, Heinrich, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Gothic armour, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Gothic armour of the connoisseur, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Grand Assize, The, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Grand-guard, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Grand tournament at Brussels in 1428, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Grapers, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Great armour-smiths of the fifteenth century, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Great armour-smiths’ families, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Great wardrobe of Edward III, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Great jousting-helm, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Greaves, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Grelots, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Gunpowder and early ordnance, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Gurlitt, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst"><big><b>H</b></big></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Hach d’armes</i>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Haenel, Professor, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Halbierung</i>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Hall’s <i>Chronicle</i>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— florid account of the tournament at Westminster in 1511, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Hammer-headed axes, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Hardyng’s <i>Chronicle</i>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Harness for the tourney became sharply divided from “hoasting” armour, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Harnesses in Paris and London, for <i>Gestech</i>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— at Nuremburg, for <i>Gestech</i>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— for <i>Freiturnier</i>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— for <i>Fussturnier</i>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— for <i>Realgestech</i>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Hastiludia, or spear-play, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Hastilude at Lincoln, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Hefner’s <i>Trachten</i>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Helm for <i>Kolbenturnier</i>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Helmet for foot-fighting, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Henry VIII imports German armour-smiths, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Henry VIII and Maximilian I take great delight in the tourney, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Henry VIII a successful jouster, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Heraldic bearings, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Hewitt’s <i>Ancient Armour</i>, etc., <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>History of the Life and Acts of Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick</i>,</li> -<li class="isub5">by John Rouse, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Histoire Des Ducs De Bourgogne</i>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> -<li class="isub1">“Hoasting” armour, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Hohenzeuggestech</i>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Holinshed’s <i>Chronicles</i>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Horda Angel-Cynnan</i>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Horses charged at an amble in jousting, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Horse’s collar of bells, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> -<li class="isub1">“How a man schall be armyd at his ese when he schal fighte on foote,” <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> -<li class="isub1">“How lances shall be broken,” <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst"><big><b>I</b></big></li> -<li class="isub1">Illuminations in Chronicles, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— of jousting at the tilt, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— depicting the arming of a man for a combat on foot, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Illustrations of <i>Geschifttartscherennen</i> and</li> -<li class="isub7"><i>Geschiftscheibenrennen</i>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— —<i>Anzogenrennen</i>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— — <i>Krönlrennen</i>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— — tournaments of the sixteenth century, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Influence of the tournament, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst"><big><b>J</b></big></li> -<li class="isub1">Jambers, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Jean de Féore de St. Remy, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Jocelin of Brakelond, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> -<li class="isub1">John Astley’s fight on foot with Phillippe Boyle of Arragon in 1442, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Joust, The: William of Malmesbury’s definition, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Joust at the tilt: its origin and salient features, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— Cuirass employed, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Jousting armour at Dresden, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— exploits of Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— helm, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— shield, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— salade, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— cuisse, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— lances, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— in the open, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— traditions of Burgundy transferred to Germany and Austria, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— played a great part in the daily routine of the German Courts, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Jousts of courtesy with pointed lances, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— — Peace, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— — War, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— at Blei in 1256, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— of the early part of the fourteenth century, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Jousts pictured in <i>Codex Balduini Treverencis</i>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Joust at Cheapside in 1330, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">at Dunstable in 1341, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">those held in 1347, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">at Northampton, Dunstable, Canterbury, Bury, Reading, and Eltham, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">at Rennes in 1357, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">jousts held in honour of the marriage of Charles VI of France, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">jousting in Scotland in 1398, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">at the coronation of Queen Jane, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">jousting at the tilt at Dijon in 1443, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">at Tours in 1446, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">at Ghent in 1445, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">between John Astley and Philip Boyle, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">between John Astley and Pierre de Masse, 1438, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">jousts and pageants at Lille in 1453, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">jousting at Paris in 1468, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;</li> -<li class="isub5">“iust roial” at the marriage of Richard Duke of York, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;</li> -<li class="isub5">joust at the tilt between William IV of Bavaria and the</li> -<li class="isub5">Pfalzgraf Friedrich of the Rhine in 1510, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">joust at Paris in 1513, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">at Naumburg in 1505, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">at Lille in 1513, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>; - <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span></li> -<li class="isub3">jousts at the tilt in honour of the coronation of Henry VIII, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">at Richmond in 1510, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">at Greenwich in 1513, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">at Greenwich in 1517, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">jousting at the Field of the Cloth of Gold, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">jousting at Greenwich in 1536, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">jousts and barriers held in 1558, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">jousts at Westminster in 1581, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Joûte Allemand</i>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Joûte au harnois de jambe</i>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Joûte à la haute barde</i>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Joûtes à outrance</i>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Judicial combats properly classed with the tournament, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— Duel, The, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— — <i>temp.</i> Richard II, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">at Paris 1386, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">between Dukes of Hereford and Norfolk, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">between men and their wives, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">with spiked clubs, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">duel at Arras in 1431, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">at Quesnoy in 1405, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">at Smithfield in 1446, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">duel compounded in 1446, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">duel at Valenciennes in 1455, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">in France in 1547, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">at Haddington in 1548, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li> -<li class="isub1">— duels became rare <i>temp.</i> Queen Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— duel of the knightly order in 1603, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— — ordered in 1571, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>; and in 1817 Jupon, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Justes mortelles</i>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Juvenal des Ursins, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst"><big><b>K</b></big></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Kampfschurz</i>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> -<li class="isub1">“Kerchief of Plasaunce,” <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> -<li class="isub1">King Philippe Augustus sends a challenge to King Richard I, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> -<li class="isub1">King Edward III invades France, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> -<li class="isub1">King Henri IV challenges Mayenne to single combat, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> -<li class="isub1">King René’s writings illustrated by himself, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> -<li class="isub1">“Kinges of Armes and Hauraldes,” <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Kings of Arms, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Knight-errantry, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Knightly panoply of the thirteenth century, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Knightly armour of late in the thirteenth century, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Kolbenturnier</i>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Kolben</i> or baston, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Krönlrennen</i>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst"><big><b>L</b></big></li> -<li class="isub1">Lance, The, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Lances rebated in 1252, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Lance-heads, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Lance-rest, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> -<li class="isub1">La Statuta d’Armes de Turneys <i>temp.</i> Henry V, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Latest phrase of <i>cap-à-pie</i> armour, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Laton, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Law for judicial combats in abeyance for a long period, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Law for trial by combat repealed <i>anno</i> 1818, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Leitner, Querin von, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Letters of safeguard, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Lists, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Lists described, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">their officials, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">only five authorized in England, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">frequently artificially lighted, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">strewn with sand or tanning refuse, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Lists for foot combats, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Lists at Dijon in 1443, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">at West Smithfield in 1467, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Literature concerning tournaments, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Locking gauntlet, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Lombarde, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst"><big><b>M</b></big></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Magenblech</i>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Main courses of the joust, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Maneige Royal</i>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Manifer or mainfare, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Mantling or Lambrequin, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Manuscripts in Burgundian Library, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Marche, De La, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Marie of Burgundy, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Matthieu de Courci, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Matthew Paris, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Matthew of Westminster, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Mattress, A, protects the horse’s breast, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> -<li class="isub1">“Maximilian” armour, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Maximilian I, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— — engages armour-smiths at Milan, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— of Austria a successful jouster, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Maximilian II mounted for <i>Scharfrennen</i>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Mechanism in shields for <i>Genschifttartscherennen</i></li> -<li class="isub3">and <i>Geschiftscheibenrennen</i>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Mêlée</i>, The, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">much supplanted by the joust, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Mémoires de la Marche</i>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Mémoires de Sire de Haynin</i>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Menestrier, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Method of tilting described, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Meyrick, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Meyrick’s <i>Critical Essay on Antient Armour</i>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Milan the chief seat for the manufacture of body-armour, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Military and Religious Life in the Middle Ages</i>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Modern revivals of the tournament, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Monkish chronicles, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Monstrelet, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Montfaucon, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Moton or Bisague, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Motons, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Mounted models at Dresden, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Much that is fanciful and unreal written about tournaments, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst"><big><b>N</b></big></li> -<li class="isub1">Narrow escape from death of Henry VIII in tilting, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> -<li class="isub1">New forms of jousting with variants, <a href="#Page_86">86</a> - <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span></li> -<li class="isub1">New forms of civil dress always reflected in armour, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> -<li class="isub1">New modes of armour of fifteenth century had their birth in Italy, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Nugæ Antiquæ</i>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Number of courses usually run at a joust tended to increase, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst"><big><b>O</b></big></li> -<li class="isub1">Ordeal, Early form of, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Order of the Garter, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— Golden Fleece, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> -<li class="isub1">“Ordinance of kepyng of the Felde,” <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Ordinances, statutes, and rules promulgated by John Tiptoft in 1466, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Origin of the joust, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Origines Juridiciales</i>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Orle or wreath, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst"><big><b>P</b></big></li> -<li class="isub1">Pageantry combined with tournaments often of incredible puerility, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Paper on “A MS. Collection of Ordinances of Chivalry of the fifteenth century,” <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Paris, Matthew, on the Round Table, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Pas d’armes</i> at Arras in 1435, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">at L’Arbre de Charlemagne near Dijon in 1443, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">at West Smithfield in 1467, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">at Greenwich <i>temp.</i> Henry VII, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">at Ayre in Picardy in 1494, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">Pas de la Pélerine in 1446, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">L’Arbre d’Or in 1468, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">at end of fifteenth century, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">at Westminster in 1501, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— — frequently combined with masques and mummeries, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Pas-gard, The, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Patents taken out in England for models of horses for jousting</li> -<li class="isub5">fitted with mechanical appliances for impulsion, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> -<li class="isub1">“Peasecod-bellied” breastplates, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Peffenhauser, Anton, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Penalties inflicted for the infraction of tournament rules, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Pensill, The, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Père, Daniel, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Permanent lists, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Perquisites of officials of lists, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Persons exempted from judicial duels, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Peytral, The, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Pfannenrennen</i>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Pfeifenharnis</i>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Philippe le Bon, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Pictorial representations of jousts and tournaments, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Pictures of jousts in the <i>Gewehrgallerie</i>, Dresden, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">picture at Dresden of models of horses impelled for</li> -<li class="isub4">charging by a mechanical apparatus, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">of the procession to the lists at the tournament at</li> -<li class="isub4">Westminster in 1511, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">of a legal duel, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">of an informal legal duel, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">of a knightly judicial duel, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Pièces d’avantage</i>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Poldermiton, The, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Position of peaks or tapuls on the breastplate, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Preuilli, Geoffroi de, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Prince Dolphin of Auvergne, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Prizes, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Proofs by fire and water, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst"><big><b>Q</b></big></li> -<li class="isub1">Queue, The, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Quintain, The, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst"><big><b>R</b></big></li> -<li class="isub1">Ranulph de Glanville, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Rasthaken</i> or queue, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Realgestech</i>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Realistic tournament at Paris, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Records of tournaments in the College of Arms, London, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">among the Ashmolean, Harleian, and Cottonian MSS, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Reinforcing pieces, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">first appear in England in the reign of Edward IV, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">worn at Ghent in 1445, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> -<li class="isub1">René d’Anjou, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Rennen</i>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">at Minden between August of Saxony and Johann von Ratzenberg, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Representations of the tourney on tapestry and carvings on ivory, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Revival of the tournament in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Robert of Gloucester, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Rockenburger, Sigmund, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Roger de Hoveden, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">his <i>Annals</i>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> -<li class="isub1">“Roiall iustes” at Smithfield in 1358;</li> -<li class="isub3">at London in 1359, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">and 1362, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Roll of purchases for the tournament at Windsor Park in 1278, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Roll in the Heralds’ College of the “iusts” at Westminster</li> -<li class="isub5">in honour of Queen Katherine, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Romance of Richard Cœur de Lion, Sir Ferumbras, and others, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">Roman de Rou, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">du roy Miliadus, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">Perceforest, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">Petit Jehan de Saintré, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">Three King’s Sons, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Round Table (<i>Tabula Rotunda</i>) Definition, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">Reason for the institution given by Dugdale, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">Round Table held by the Earl of Mortimer at Kenilworth in 1279, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">Actual Round Table at Winchester, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">Henry III forbad the holding of a round table in 1251, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">Round Table at Windsor in 1344, at Valenciennes in same year, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">at Windsor in 1343, 1345, 1352, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">at Lichfield in 1348 or 1349, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Routine of an early tournament, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Royal Jousts, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">in 1513, 1515, 1519, 1520, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">1539, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Rules for the tournament promulgated by King René, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— — — the <i>Mêlée</i> and for “Barriers,” <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— in France for judicial combats, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">for conducting them in England <i>temp.</i> Richard II, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>temp.</i> Richard III, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3"><i>temp.</i> Henry VIII, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Running at the Ring, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Rüsthaken</i>, or lance-rest, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span></li> - -<li class="ifrst"><big><b>S</b></big></li> -<li class="isub1">Sabatons, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Saddles: each form of joust had its special type, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Safeguards granted for tournaments, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Sainte-Palaye on the tournament, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Scharfrennen</i>, or <i>Rennen</i>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">realistic representation at Dresden, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Scharmützel</i> at Dresden in 1553, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">at Eltham in 1515, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">at Westminster in 1581, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Schaufflein, Hans, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Schwänzel</i>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Scoring of points in jousting, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Scoring “Checques,” <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Seals, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Seigneur de la Marche, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Serious accidents in jousting, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Seusenhofer, Conrad, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Shields, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Singular judicial duel between Jews, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> -<li class="isub1">— form of judicial duel, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Skirmish at Toury in 1380, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Societé de Bibliophiles Belges, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> -<li class="isub1">“Solemne iusts enterprised in 1400,” <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> -<li class="isub1">“Solemn Triumphes” at Richmond in 1494, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">at London in 1502, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Some fashions of armour in the sixteenth century very ineffective, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Speyer, Peter von, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Spurs, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Standard of mail, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Statuta de Armis, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Stechen</i>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Stephen, King, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Stirnplätter</i>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Strengthening jousting harness, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Subterranean jousting at Montereau in 1420, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Suits at Paris and Dresden for jousting at the tilt, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Schweifrennen</i>: see <i>Scharfrennen</i>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst"><big><b>T</b></big></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Tabula Rotunda</i> held at Wallenden in 1252, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Tapestry at Valenciennes, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Taxes levied on tournaments, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Tenans, Rôle of the, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> -<li class="isub1">“Tenants” at the tournament at Westminster in 1511, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Terms: “tourney” and “joust” often confounded with one another, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Testamenta Vetusta</i>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Theuerdank</i>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Thomas of Walsingham, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Tilt, The, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Tilting in Tudor times, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> -<li class="isub1">“Tilting in Tudor Times,” a paper by Viscount Dillon, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Tilt, tourney and barriers, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> -<li class="isub1">“To arme a man,” <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> -<li class="isub1">“To cry a Justus of Pees,” <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> -<li class="isub1">“To cry a tourney,” <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Tomaso da Missaglia, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Tonlet armour, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Tournaments, Origin of, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">Definition by Roger de Hoveden, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">by Claude Favchet, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">Introduction claimed for Germany, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">Rules of 1066, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">Introduced into England from France, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">Revived in England by Richard I, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">tournaments of twelfth and thirteenth centuries, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">rough and brutal up to reign of Edward I, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">Banned by Church and State, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">controlled by Royal Ordinances, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">very popular in France, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">Edicts issued against them, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">Forbidden in 1302, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Tournaments held in 1247 and 1248, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">at Brackley in 1250, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">at Neuss, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">at Chalòns in 1274, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">at Condé in 1327, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">at London in 1342, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">at Mons, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">at Nantes, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">at Cambray in 1385, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">at St. Ingelbert about 1389, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">at London in 1390, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">at Windsor about 1395, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">at Brussels in 1452, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">on the coronation of Edward IV, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">at Paris in 1515, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">at Hampton Court in 1570, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">at Westminster in 1572, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">at Westminster in 1581, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">at Windsor in 1593, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Tournaments attained their highest development about the middle</li> -<li class="isub5">of the fifteenth century, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">were much fostered at the Courts of Aix and Burgundy, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">closely associated with pageants and mummeries in the</li> -<li class="isub5">sixteenth century, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">neglected in the reigns of Edward VI and Queen Mary, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">greatly prevailed at the German Courts, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Tournament of the Royal Amaranthus in 1620, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">the revival at Brussels in 1905, <a href="#Page_142">142-144</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Tourney. The term and its application, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">as practised by the Londoners in the reign of King Stephen, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Tourney books. René d’Anjou’s, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">Electors of Saxony, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">Duke Henry of Braunschweig-Luneberg, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">Duke William IV of Bavaria, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">Maximilian I at Sigmaringen, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">Zuganovitz Stanislaus, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Traité de Tournois</i>, par Louis de Bruges, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Traicte de la forme et Devis d’ung Tournois</i>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Transition from chain-mail to plate-armour, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Trappers, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Treatises against judicial duels, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Trial by combat: civil cases, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">criminal cases, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">the custom never took deep root in England, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">its scope and history, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">working of the institution in Germany, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">judicial duel at Westminster in 1380, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">at Sedan, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;</li> -<li class="isub3">combat allowed as late as 1817, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Triumph at Earl’s Court in 1912, <a href="#Page_144">144-45</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Triumph of Maximilian</i>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> -<li class="isub1">“Triumphant iusts and turnies” in the second year of Henry V, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Trivet, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Typtofte Rules <i>anno</i> 1446, <a href="#Page_46">46</a> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span></li> - -<li class="ifrst"><big><b>V</b></big></li> -<li class="isub1">Vamplate, The, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Varlets, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Vauldray, Claude de, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Verein für historische Waffenkunde</i>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> -<li class="isub1">“Volante-Piece,” The, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst"><big><b>W</b></big></li> -<li class="isub1">Wace, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Waffenkunde</i>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Wallace Collection of Armour, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Wappenmeisterbuch of Hans Schwenkh</i>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Water Quintain in 1585, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Way, Albert, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> -<li class="isub1">Weapons for foot-fighting, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Weisskünig</i>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li> -<li class="isub1"><i>Welsch Gestech</i> or Italian Joust, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> -<li class="isub1">White Hoods, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> -<li class="isub1">William of Malmesbury, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> -<li class="isub1">William of Newbury, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> -<li class="isub1">“Woalant piece over the head,” <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> -</ul> - -<hr class="full" /> -<p class="center">PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY<br /> -WILLIAM BRENDON AND SON, LTD.<br /> PLYMOUTH, ENGLAND</p> -<hr class="full" /> - -<div class="footnotes"><p class="f150 u"><b>FOOTNOTES:</b></p> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> -<i>Mémoires sur L’Ancienne Chevalerie</i>, l. 289.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> -Harl. MS. 4379.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> -“<i>Militaria exercitia, quae nullo interveniente odio, sed -pro solo exercitio, atque ostentatione virium.</i>”</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> -“<i>Torneamentorum repertorum Gaufridum II, Dominum Pruliaci</i> (de -Pruilli) <i>in Andibus agnoscit Chronicon Turonense; Anno 1066. Gaufridus -de Pruliaco, qui Torneamenta invenit, apud Andegavum occiditur.</i>” -Quoted by Du Cange.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> -<i>Les Origines des Chevaliers, etc., p. 9.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> -<i>Published at Paris in 1619: p. 460.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> -<i>L’Origines</i>, Liv. I, p. 10.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> -<i>Bohordicum, nostris Bohourt vel Behourt, Hastiludii species, vel -certe quodvis hastiludii genus.</i> Lambertus Ardensis. Cited by Du Cange.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> -II, cap. 16. Cited by Du Cange. <i>Trepidare quoque quod vulgariter -Biordare dicitur, cum scuto et lancea aliquis Clericus publice non attentet.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> -<i>Ad turniandum et Burdiandum. Ne quis ... turneare, -Burdeare, justas facere, seu alia jacta armorum exercere -praeusumat. Budeare apud Rymer</i> (tom 5, p. 223).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> -The <i>Mêlée</i>.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> -Cited by Du Cange.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> -<i>Tabula, seu Mensa Rotunda, Decurstonis, aut hastiludii species.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> -Cited by Du Cange.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> -Vol. XXXI, 104.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> -Rot. Patent, 17 Edw. III, p. 2, m. 2.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> -Issue Roll of the Exchequer, Mich. 30, Edw. III.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> -<i>Le Livre Des Faicts Du Mareschal De Boucicaut</i>, Chap. XVII.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> -Menestrier, <i>Chavalrie ancienne</i>, Chap. 6. Cited by Hewitt.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> -Page 492.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> -He began to write the <i>Annals</i> just after the death of Henry II. in -1189. They begin with the year 732 and end in 1201; and form not only -a chronicle of England, but include also the history of many other countries.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> -<i>Perambulation of Kent</i>, fol. 448.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> -Cited in <i>Horda</i>.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> -Cited by Strutt in <i>Horda Angel-cynnan</i>, p. 92.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> -<i>Rymer Foed.</i>, 301.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> -<i>Chronica Jocelini de Brakelonda, de rebus gestis Samsonis -Abbatis Monasterii Sancti Edmundi.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> -<a href="#APPENDIX_B">See Appendix B</a>.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> -Trivet. Cited by Holinshed. II, 263.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> -Holinshed II, 418.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> -Ashmolean MS. 860, 88. See <a href="#APPENDIX_A">Appendix A</a> for -catalogue of the Ashmolean MSS. relating to the tourney.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> -<i>Horda Angel-cynnan</i> II, 91.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> -Foedera III, 982.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> -No. 14, E. III.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> -<a href="#APPENDIX_B">See Appendix B</a>.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> -No. 14, E. III.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> -<i>Historia Anglicana</i>, 1272-1422.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> -Holinshed, II, 438.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> -<i>Ibid.</i> II, 484.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> -Chap. 155, fol. 161.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> -<i>Anno</i> 1279.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> -The Bayeux tapestry shows one of the eleventh century.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> -XVII, 297.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> -John de Britannia.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> -<i>Hernesium de Armis.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> -Cuirass.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> -A kind of cloth.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> -Ailettes first appear in the second half of the thirteenth century -and continued in fashion for about sixty years. They assume various -forms, and were worn upright at the outsides of the shoulders, attached -by laces. On brasses they appear at the backs of the shoulders, but -this is probably for the reason that the artists found some practical -difficulty in picturing them so as to appear as they were really worn. -It is not clear whether these singular pieces were intended for defence -or to be used as planes for the ensignment of heraldic devices; it is -certain, however, that they could afford but little protection against -a stroke from a sword or a battle-axe.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> -Aiguillettes, or laces, later termed arming points, played an important -part in the arming of a man, and were freely employed in fastening -certain parts of his armour together. These points were also an -important item in civil dress, and were usually of cord, silk, or -leather.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> -I, 366.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> -XVII, 298.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> -Probably a coat-of-fence.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> -Cuisses.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> -Shoulder-pieces.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> -Bascinet.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> -Edward, the King’s son; Edmund, the King’s brother; William de Valance, -Earl of Pembroke; Gilbert de Clare; and the Earl of Lincoln. These -five noblemen constituted a court of honour, a committee in fact for -the control of the tourney. William de Valence died in 1296, so the -document must date before that year.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> -British Museum. MS. Addl. 12, 2228, fol. 181.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> -The illustrated Froissart in the British Museum, Harl. MS. -4379, was produced late in the fifteenth century.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> -Holinshed, II, 536.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> -Froissart (Johnes’), I, Chap. XLV.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> -Holinshed, II, 623.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> -There were no viscounts in England then.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> -<a href="#APPENDIX_A">Appendix A</a>.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> -Holinshed, II, 628.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> -Vol. XXXI, 26, in connection with “Observations on the Institution of -the Order of the Garter,” a paper by Sir Nicholas Harris Nicolas, -<span class="smcap">g.c.m.g</span>.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> -The use of white hoods had its origin in an ancient custom -of the town of Ghent (Froissart, V, XX).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> -A text by Alfred W. Pollard. 1898.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> -Holinshed, II, 669.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> -<i>Ibid.</i> II, 671.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> -Holinshed, II, 677.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> -Froissart, I, 249.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> -II, 374.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> -The italics are ours.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> -A Sir Thomas Dagworth was slain in France in 1350 -(Holinshed, II, 651).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> -Froissart, V, Chap. XXXVIII.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> -Froissart (Johnes’) VI, 378.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> -Froissart, II, 756.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> -<i>Ibid.</i> (Johnes’) V, Chap. XLVII.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> -Meaning here with pointed lances.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> -Froissart, V, XLVIII.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> -<i>Histoire de Charles VI</i>, p. 368.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_81_81" id="Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> -This loose fastening of the helmet was a custom prevailing -in Spain and Portugal.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_82_82" id="Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> -Froissart, VIII, Chap. XXXI.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_83_83" id="Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> -<i>Ibid.</i> IX, 336.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_84_84" id="Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> -<i>Le Livre des Faicts du Mareschal De Boucicaut.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_85_85" id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> -Chap. XVII.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_86_86" id="Footnote_86_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> -About 1389.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> -St. Inglevert.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_88_88" id="Footnote_88_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> -X, Chap. XI.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_89_89" id="Footnote_89_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> -He was great-nephew of Queen Philippa of Hainault.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_90_90" id="Footnote_90_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> -Sir John Holland, afterwards Duke of Exeter.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_91_91" id="Footnote_91_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> -Froissart, X, XXI.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_92_92" id="Footnote_92_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> -Led.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_93_93" id="Footnote_93_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> -Chronicles, II, 810.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_94_94" id="Footnote_94_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> -Froissart, XII, 104.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_95_95" id="Footnote_95_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> -<i>Ancient Armour and Weapons</i>, II, 340.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_96_96" id="Footnote_96_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> -Died 1376.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_97_97" id="Footnote_97_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97_97"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> -Holinshed, II, 800.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_98_98" id="Footnote_98_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98_98"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> -<i>Ibid.</i> V, 443.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_99_99" id="Footnote_99_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99_99"><span class="label">[99]</span></a> -Referred to by Wendelin Boeheim in <i>Meister der -Waffenschmeidekunst</i>, Chap. LVII.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_100_100" id="Footnote_100_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100_100"><span class="label">[100]</span></a> -Chap. VIII, p. 380.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_101_101" id="Footnote_101_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101_101"><span class="label">[101]</span></a> -Running with sharp lances.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_102_102" id="Footnote_102_102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_102_102"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> -<i>Waffenkunde</i>, p. 551.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_103_103" id="Footnote_103_103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_103_103"><span class="label">[103]</span></a> -Fig. 612.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_104_104" id="Footnote_104_104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_104_104"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> -Fig. 615.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_105_105" id="Footnote_105_105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_105_105"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> -With God’s help we are foremost in the tourney, and intend -to continue so. (<i>Zeitschrift für historische Waffenkunde</i>, II, 66.)</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_106_106" id="Footnote_106_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106_106"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> -I have done my best when I have broken eight lances. -(Boeheim’s <i>Waffenkunde</i>, p. 554.)</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_107_107" id="Footnote_107_107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_107_107"><span class="label">[107]</span></a> -One is figured by King René; another by Boeheim.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_108_108" id="Footnote_108_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108_108"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> -The edition used here is that among <i>Collection Des -Mémoires pour servir A L’Histoire De France</i>.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_109_109" id="Footnote_109_109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_109_109"><span class="label">[109]</span></a> -Cotton. MS., Julius, E. IV.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_110_110" id="Footnote_110_110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_110_110"><span class="label">[110]</span></a> -Cotton. MS., Nero, D. IX.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_111_111" id="Footnote_111_111"></a><a href="#FNanchor_111_111"><span class="label">[111]</span></a> -<i>Ancient Armour</i>, III, 509.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_112_112" id="Footnote_112_112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_112_112"><span class="label">[112]</span></a> -Société de Bibliophiles Belges. Mons. 1842.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_113_113" id="Footnote_113_113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_113_113"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> -Ashmolean MS. 148-9. See Appendices <a href="#APPENDIX_A">A</a> -and <a href="#APPENDIX_B">B</a>.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_114_114" id="Footnote_114_114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_114_114"><span class="label">[114]</span></a> -Marked I, 26.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_115_115" id="Footnote_115_115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_115_115"><span class="label">[115]</span></a> -Vol. XVII, p. 290.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_116_116" id="Footnote_116_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_116_116"><span class="label">[116]</span></a> -Vol. I, 146.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_117_117" id="Footnote_117_117"></a><a href="#FNanchor_117_117"><span class="label">[117]</span></a> -The estoc.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_118_118" id="Footnote_118_118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_118_118"><span class="label">[118]</span></a> -The lists must thus have been artificially lighted.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_119_119" id="Footnote_119_119"></a><a href="#FNanchor_119_119"><span class="label">[119]</span></a> -The locking gauntlet is in the form of a closed hand, the fingers being -made to fasten on the weapon held, the object being to prevent it being -struck out of the hand by an adversary. Examples may be seen in the -Tower of London, and there is one which belonged to Sir Henry Lee in -the Armourer’s Hall, London.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_120_120" id="Footnote_120_120"></a><a href="#FNanchor_120_120"><span class="label">[120]</span></a> -<i>Histoire Des Ducs De Bourgogne</i>, II, 262.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_121_121" id="Footnote_121_121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_121_121"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> -Holinshed, III, 10; and Hall, 16.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_122_122" id="Footnote_122_122"></a><a href="#FNanchor_122_122"><span class="label">[122]</span></a> -<i>Chroniques De Monstrelet</i>, Liv. I, Chap. II.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_123_123" id="Footnote_123_123"></a><a href="#FNanchor_123_123"><span class="label">[123]</span></a> -Such plans made beforehand would seem to have been quite -common, but they usually miscarried.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_124_124" id="Footnote_124_124"></a><a href="#FNanchor_124_124"><span class="label">[124]</span></a> -<i>Histoire Des Ducs De Bourgogne</i>, I, p. 185.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_125_125" id="Footnote_125_125"></a><a href="#FNanchor_125_125"><span class="label">[125]</span></a> -<i>Chronique de Monstrelet</i>, I, Chap. XIV.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_126_126" id="Footnote_126_126"></a><a href="#FNanchor_126_126"><span class="label">[126]</span></a> -Queen of Henry IV, married in 1403.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_127_127" id="Footnote_127_127"></a><a href="#FNanchor_127_127"><span class="label">[127]</span></a> -Kuriss-swords.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_128_128" id="Footnote_128_128"></a><a href="#FNanchor_128_128"><span class="label">[128]</span></a> -Cott. MS., Julius E. IV.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_129_129" id="Footnote_129_129"></a><a href="#FNanchor_129_129"><span class="label">[129]</span></a> -<i>Chronique de Monstrelet</i>, I, Chap. XIV.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_130_130" id="Footnote_130_130"></a><a href="#FNanchor_130_130"><span class="label">[130]</span></a> -<i>Histoire Des Ducs De Bourgogne</i>, I, 412.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_131_131" id="Footnote_131_131"></a><a href="#FNanchor_131_131"><span class="label">[131]</span></a> -Hall, 162. A MS. in the Harleian Collection gives “La Statute d’Armes -de Turnoys par le Parlement d’Angleterre,” <i>Temp.</i> Henry V. -<a href="#APPENDIX_A">See Appendix A</a>.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_132_132" id="Footnote_132_132"></a><a href="#FNanchor_132_132"><span class="label">[132]</span></a> -Monstrelet says 1423.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_133_133" id="Footnote_133_133"></a><a href="#FNanchor_133_133"><span class="label">[133]</span></a> -<i>Histoire Des Ducs De Bourgogne</i>, I, p. 435. Monstrelet, -in Liv. II, Chap. VIII, gives a somewhat different account.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_134_134" id="Footnote_134_134"></a><a href="#FNanchor_134_134"><span class="label">[134]</span></a> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, LXI, Plate I, Fig. 2.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_135_135" id="Footnote_135_135"></a><a href="#FNanchor_135_135"><span class="label">[135]</span></a> -<i>Chronique de Monstrelet</i>, Liv. II, Chap. LIV.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_136_136" id="Footnote_136_136"></a><a href="#FNanchor_136_136"><span class="label">[136]</span></a> -<i>Ibid.</i> Liv. II, Chap. LXXXI.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_137_137" id="Footnote_137_137"></a><a href="#FNanchor_137_137"><span class="label">[137]</span></a> -<i>Histoire Des Ducs De Bourgogne</i>, I, p. 339.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_138_138" id="Footnote_138_138"></a><a href="#FNanchor_138_138"><span class="label">[138]</span></a> -Holinshed, III, 214.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_139_139" id="Footnote_139_139"></a><a href="#FNanchor_139_139"><span class="label">[139]</span></a> -<i>Mémoirs de la Marche</i>, Liv. I, Chaps. VIII and IX.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_140_140" id="Footnote_140_140"></a><a href="#FNanchor_140_140"><span class="label">[140]</span></a> -A short thrusting sword.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_141_141" id="Footnote_141_141"></a><a href="#FNanchor_141_141"><span class="label">[141]</span></a> -A stout foining sword.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_142_142" id="Footnote_142_142"></a><a href="#FNanchor_142_142"><span class="label">[142]</span></a> -“Double ou single.” <i>Chroniques de Monstrelet</i>, Liv. II, 835. This -would imply an option to use reinforcing pieces or not; for some -of the foreign cavaliers might not be provided with them at this time.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_143_143" id="Footnote_143_143"></a><a href="#FNanchor_143_143"><span class="label">[143]</span></a> -The Vamplate.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_144_144" id="Footnote_144_144"></a><a href="#FNanchor_144_144"><span class="label">[144]</span></a> -The italics are ours.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_145_145" id="Footnote_145_145"></a><a href="#FNanchor_145_145"><span class="label">[145]</span></a> -<a href="#APPENDIX_B">See Appendix B</a>.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_146_146" id="Footnote_146_146"></a><a href="#FNanchor_146_146"><span class="label">[146]</span></a> -<i>Mémoires de la Marche</i>, I, Chap. XVI; and <i>Histoire Des -Ducs De Bourgogne</i>, II, 63.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_147_147" id="Footnote_147_147"></a><a href="#FNanchor_147_147"><span class="label">[147]</span></a> -<a href="#APPENDIX_A">See Appendix A</a>.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_148_148" id="Footnote_148_148"></a><a href="#FNanchor_148_148"><span class="label">[148]</span></a> -Sainte-Palaye in <i>Mémoires sur L’Ancienne Chevalerie</i>, Vol. 1, -15, defines and describes the different grades and sorts of -esquires.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_149_149" id="Footnote_149_149"></a><a href="#FNanchor_149_149"><span class="label">[149]</span></a> -MS. 506. Rights due att the Tournay. “Firste the Kinge of -Armes....” <a href="#APPENDIX_A">See Appendix A</a>.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_150_150" id="Footnote_150_150"></a><a href="#FNanchor_150_150"><span class="label">[150]</span></a> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, XLVI, 135.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_151_151" id="Footnote_151_151"></a><a href="#FNanchor_151_151"><span class="label">[151]</span></a> -Hist. de, Ch. VII, p. 568.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_152_152" id="Footnote_152_152"></a><a href="#FNanchor_152_152"><span class="label">[152]</span></a> -Class XVI, No. 5.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_153_153" id="Footnote_153_153"></a><a href="#FNanchor_153_153"><span class="label">[153]</span></a> -The Armouries of the Tower of London, p. 440.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_154_154" id="Footnote_154_154"></a><a href="#FNanchor_154_154"><span class="label">[154]</span></a> -<i>Mémoires D’Olivier De La Marche</i>, I, chap. XVIII.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_155_155" id="Footnote_155_155"></a><a href="#FNanchor_155_155"><span class="label">[155]</span></a> -<i>Mémoires de la Marche</i>, I, Chap. XIV.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_156_156" id="Footnote_156_156"></a><a href="#FNanchor_156_156"><span class="label">[156]</span></a> -Histoire des Ducs De Bourgogne, II, 90.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_157_157" id="Footnote_157_157"></a><a href="#FNanchor_157_157"><span class="label">[157]</span></a> -Monstrelet’s <i>Chronicle</i>, (Continuation) Johnes’ II. Chap. LXIII.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_158_158" id="Footnote_158_158"></a><a href="#FNanchor_158_158"><span class="label">[158]</span></a> -Liv. I, Chap. XXXVII.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_159_159" id="Footnote_159_159"></a><a href="#FNanchor_159_159"><span class="label">[159]</span></a> -Anthony Woodville, Lord Scales, brother to the Queen of England.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_160_160" id="Footnote_160_160"></a><a href="#FNanchor_160_160"><span class="label">[160]</span></a> -<i>Chronicles</i>, III, 286.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_161_161" id="Footnote_161_161"></a><a href="#FNanchor_161_161"><span class="label">[161]</span></a> -<a href="#APPENDIX_A">See Appendix A</a>.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_162_162" id="Footnote_162_162"></a><a href="#FNanchor_162_162"><span class="label">[162]</span></a> -Liv. II, Chap. IV.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_163_163" id="Footnote_163_163"></a><a href="#FNanchor_163_163"><span class="label">[163]</span></a> -Monstrelet, <i>Continuation</i>, Chap. CLXIX.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_164_164" id="Footnote_164_164"></a><a href="#FNanchor_164_164"><span class="label">[164]</span></a> -Easterling.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_165_165" id="Footnote_165_165"></a><a href="#FNanchor_165_165"><span class="label">[165]</span></a> -“Certaine Triumphes,” a MS. in Bib. Harl. insig., No. 69. -<a href="#APPENDIX_B">See Appendix B</a>.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_166_166" id="Footnote_166_166"></a><a href="#FNanchor_166_166"><span class="label">[166]</span></a> -<a href="#APPENDIX_A">See Appendix A</a>.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_167_167" id="Footnote_167_167"></a><a href="#FNanchor_167_167"><span class="label">[167]</span></a> -The Italics are ours.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_168_168" id="Footnote_168_168"></a><a href="#FNanchor_168_168"><span class="label">[168]</span></a> -Hand and a half sword.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_169_169" id="Footnote_169_169"></a><a href="#FNanchor_169_169"><span class="label">[169]</span></a> -MS. in Bib. Harl. insig., Cod. 69. <a href="#APPENDIX_B">See Appendix B</a>.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_170_170" id="Footnote_170_170"></a><a href="#FNanchor_170_170"><span class="label">[170]</span></a> -<i>Archæological Journal</i>, LV, 299.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_171_171" id="Footnote_171_171"></a><a href="#FNanchor_171_171"><span class="label">[171]</span></a> -See Appendices <a href="#APPENDIX_A">A</a>, -<a href="#APPENDIX_B">B</a> and <a href="#APPENDIX_C">C</a>.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_172_172" id="Footnote_172_172"></a><a href="#FNanchor_172_172"><span class="label">[172]</span></a> -Vienna. 1880-1882.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_173_173" id="Footnote_173_173"></a><a href="#FNanchor_173_173"><span class="label">[173]</span></a> -Courses run with pointed lances, those with coronals, combats on foot -and a <i>mêlée</i>, as well as the mummeries in which he was engaged.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_174_174" id="Footnote_174_174"></a><a href="#FNanchor_174_174"><span class="label">[174]</span></a> -In translation:—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i3">THE KNIGHT FREYDAL</span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Now who would read of pastimes</span> -<span class="i0">And joyous deeds of pleasure?</span> -<span class="i0">Let him take up the tournament</span> -<span class="i0">In all its fullest measure.</span> -<span class="i0">This did the gallant Freydal</span> -<span class="i0">In knightly deeds of fame,</span> -<span class="i0">Thus rendering illustrious</span> -<span class="i0">The glories of his name.</span> -<span class="i0">His virtues and his goodness</span> -<span class="i0">Are manifest to all;</span> -<span class="i0">His many glorious triumphs</span> -<span class="i0">At tilt, at masks and ball.</span> -<span class="i0">Thus were his young days brightened</span> -<span class="i0">And the sunniest memories shed,</span> -<span class="i0">The cares of old age lightened</span> -<span class="i0">By brave records of the dead.</span> -<span class="i0">(His like will ne’er be seen again.)</span> -</div></div></div></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_175_175" id="Footnote_175_175"></a><a href="#FNanchor_175_175"><span class="label">[175]</span></a> -<i>Scharfrennen</i> and the <i>Gestech</i>.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_176_176" id="Footnote_176_176"></a><a href="#FNanchor_176_176"><span class="label">[176]</span></a> -The hall where the ancient firearms are on view.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_177_177" id="Footnote_177_177"></a><a href="#FNanchor_177_177"><span class="label">[177]</span></a> -<i>The Armouries of the Tower of London</i>, I, 26.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_178_178" id="Footnote_178_178"></a><a href="#FNanchor_178_178"><span class="label">[178]</span></a> -“What care I for the moon if the sun be gracious.”</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_179_179" id="Footnote_179_179"></a><a href="#FNanchor_179_179"><span class="label">[179]</span></a> -“No one knows my heart, whether I am a fox or a hare.”</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_180_180" id="Footnote_180_180"></a><a href="#FNanchor_180_180"><span class="label">[180]</span></a> -Joust at the tilt.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_181_181" id="Footnote_181_181"></a><a href="#FNanchor_181_181"><span class="label">[181]</span></a> -<i>The Armouries of the Tower of London</i>, I, 37.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_182_182" id="Footnote_182_182"></a><a href="#FNanchor_182_182"><span class="label">[182]</span></a> -Ibid., I, 49.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_183_183" id="Footnote_183_183"></a><a href="#FNanchor_183_183"><span class="label">[183]</span></a> -Catalogue No. 21.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_184_184" id="Footnote_184_184"></a><a href="#FNanchor_184_184"><span class="label">[184]</span></a> -<i>Waffenkunde</i>, p. 557.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_185_185" id="Footnote_185_185"></a><a href="#FNanchor_185_185"><span class="label">[185]</span></a> -“<i>Er</i> [the Emperor] <i>hat auch under den pundten vilmal gerennt da im -treffens baid shilt in de höch sprungen, das dann lustig ist zu sehen, -aber sorgklich zu thun</i>.”</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_186_186" id="Footnote_186_186"></a><a href="#FNanchor_186_186"><span class="label">[186]</span></a> -The word <i>Anzogenrennen</i> means merely jousting with the -shield screwed on (<i>Angeschraubte Tartsche</i>).</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_187_187" id="Footnote_187_187"></a><a href="#FNanchor_187_187"><span class="label">[187]</span></a> -Vol. LV, page 297.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_188_188" id="Footnote_188_188"></a><a href="#FNanchor_188_188"><span class="label">[188]</span></a> -LVI, page 276.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_189_189" id="Footnote_189_189"></a><a href="#FNanchor_189_189"><span class="label">[189]</span></a> -<i>The Armouries at the Tower of London</i>, I, 18.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_190_190" id="Footnote_190_190"></a><a href="#FNanchor_190_190"><span class="label">[190]</span></a> -This duel is described in <a href="#CHAPTER_V">Chapter V</a>.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_191_191" id="Footnote_191_191"></a><a href="#FNanchor_191_191"><span class="label">[191]</span></a> -Chapter X, 1.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_192_192" id="Footnote_192_192"></a><a href="#FNanchor_192_192"><span class="label">[192]</span></a> -Chapter XIII.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_193_193" id="Footnote_193_193"></a><a href="#FNanchor_193_193"><span class="label">[193]</span></a> -Without a tilt.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_194_194" id="Footnote_194_194"></a><a href="#FNanchor_194_194"><span class="label">[194]</span></a> -The term “tourney” is very frequently employed by chroniclers -to express the mêlée, though also often applied in a general sense.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_195_195" id="Footnote_195_195"></a><a href="#FNanchor_195_195"><span class="label">[195]</span></a> -<i>Waffenkunde</i>, Fig. 631.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_196_196" id="Footnote_196_196"></a><a href="#FNanchor_196_196"><span class="label">[196]</span></a> -Monstrelet, <i>Continuation</i>, Chap. CCXXXIX.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_197_197" id="Footnote_197_197"></a><a href="#FNanchor_197_197"><span class="label">[197]</span></a> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, LV, 306.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_198_198" id="Footnote_198_198"></a><a href="#FNanchor_198_198"><span class="label">[198]</span></a> -Reinforcing pieces.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_199_199" id="Footnote_199_199"></a><a href="#FNanchor_199_199"><span class="label">[199]</span></a> -Without a tilt.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_200_200" id="Footnote_200_200"></a><a href="#FNanchor_200_200"><span class="label">[200]</span></a> -<i>Chronicles</i>, III, 605.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_201_201" id="Footnote_201_201"></a><a href="#FNanchor_201_201"><span class="label">[201]</span></a> -<a href="#APPENDIX_A">See Appendix A</a>.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_202_202" id="Footnote_202_202"></a><a href="#FNanchor_202_202"><span class="label">[202]</span></a> -<i>Archæological Journal</i>, LV, 302.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_203_203" id="Footnote_203_203"></a><a href="#FNanchor_203_203"><span class="label">[203]</span></a> -Hall’s <i>Chronicle</i>, p. 513.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_204_204" id="Footnote_204_204"></a><a href="#FNanchor_204_204"><span class="label">[204]</span></a> -Hall, 516.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_205_205" id="Footnote_205_205"></a><a href="#FNanchor_205_205"><span class="label">[205]</span></a> -The italics are ours.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_206_206" id="Footnote_206_206"></a><a href="#FNanchor_206_206"><span class="label">[206]</span></a> -Disallowed?</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_207_207" id="Footnote_207_207"></a><a href="#FNanchor_207_207"><span class="label">[207]</span></a> -Created Duke of Suffolk in 1514.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_208_208" id="Footnote_208_208"></a><a href="#FNanchor_208_208"><span class="label">[208]</span></a> -Father of Anne.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_209_209" id="Footnote_209_209"></a><a href="#FNanchor_209_209"><span class="label">[209]</span></a> -Hall’s <i>Chronicle</i>, p. 516.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_210_210" id="Footnote_210_210"></a><a href="#FNanchor_210_210"><span class="label">[210]</span></a> -<i>Arch. Journ.</i>, LV, 338.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_211_211" id="Footnote_211_211"></a><a href="#FNanchor_211_211"><span class="label">[211]</span></a> -Hall’s <i>Chronicle</i>, 520.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_212_212" id="Footnote_212_212"></a><a href="#FNanchor_212_212"><span class="label">[212]</span></a> -Hall’s <i>Chronicle</i>, 533.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_213_213" id="Footnote_213_213"></a><a href="#FNanchor_213_213"><span class="label">[213]</span></a> -<i>Ibid.</i> 564.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_214_214" id="Footnote_214_214"></a><a href="#FNanchor_214_214"><span class="label">[214]</span></a> -Holinshed, III, 609.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_215_215" id="Footnote_215_215"></a><a href="#FNanchor_215_215"><span class="label">[215]</span></a> -<i>Ibid.</i> III, 613.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_216_216" id="Footnote_216_216"></a><a href="#FNanchor_216_216"><span class="label">[216]</span></a> -<i>Ibid.</i> III, 625.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_217_217" id="Footnote_217_217"></a><a href="#FNanchor_217_217"><span class="label">[217]</span></a> -<i>Ibid.</i> III, 636.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_218_218" id="Footnote_218_218"></a><a href="#FNanchor_218_218"><span class="label">[218]</span></a> -Margaret Tudor, afterwards married to the sixth Earl of Douglas.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_219_219" id="Footnote_219_219"></a><a href="#FNanchor_219_219"><span class="label">[219]</span></a> -Hall, 584.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_220_220" id="Footnote_220_220"></a><a href="#FNanchor_220_220"><span class="label">[220]</span></a> -Probably the same meeting mentioned by Holinshed under 1519.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_221_221" id="Footnote_221_221"></a><a href="#FNanchor_221_221"><span class="label">[221]</span></a> -<i>Ibid.</i> 591.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_222_222" id="Footnote_222_222"></a><a href="#FNanchor_222_222"><span class="label">[222]</span></a> -<a href="#APPENDIX_B">See Appendix B</a>.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_223_223" id="Footnote_223_223"></a><a href="#FNanchor_223_223"><span class="label">[223]</span></a> -Another account says that on that day the two kings -preferred to look on.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_224_224" id="Footnote_224_224"></a><a href="#FNanchor_224_224"><span class="label">[224]</span></a> -<a href="#APPENDIX_A">See Appendix A</a>.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_225_225" id="Footnote_225_225"></a><a href="#FNanchor_225_225"><span class="label">[225]</span></a> -<i>Archæologia</i>, LXIII, 32.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_226_226" id="Footnote_226_226"></a><a href="#FNanchor_226_226"><span class="label">[226]</span></a> -<i>Harleian Miscellany</i>, X, 306.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_227_227" id="Footnote_227_227"></a><a href="#FNanchor_227_227"><span class="label">[227]</span></a> -Afterwards Duke of Northumberland.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_228_228" id="Footnote_228_228"></a><a href="#FNanchor_228_228"><span class="label">[228]</span></a> -The famous minister of Philip II.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_229_229" id="Footnote_229_229"></a><a href="#FNanchor_229_229"><span class="label">[229]</span></a> -See Ashmolean, MS. 845, 171a; and Harl. MS., Codex 69, Art. 20.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_230_230" id="Footnote_230_230"></a><a href="#FNanchor_230_230"><span class="label">[230]</span></a> -<i>Archæological Journal</i>, LXI, 304.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_231_231" id="Footnote_231_231"></a><a href="#FNanchor_231_231"><span class="label">[231]</span></a> -The duties of “pursuivants d’armes” are given by Sainte-Palaye in his -<i>Mémoires sur L’Ancienne Chevalerie</i> (I, 32), and among them is that of -registering the scores, “<i>＆ afin de n’en point perdre la mémoire, on y -portoit des tablettes pour enregistrer les faits ＆ les circonstances -les plus remarquables</i>.”</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_232_232" id="Footnote_232_232"></a><a href="#FNanchor_232_232"><span class="label">[232]</span></a> -“He that on horsebacke directeth his Launce at the head, is more to -be praised, than he that toucheth lower. For the higher the Launce -hitteth, the greater is the Runners commendation.”</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_233_233" id="Footnote_233_233"></a><a href="#FNanchor_233_233"><span class="label">[233]</span></a> -Harl. MS. 326, fol. 113 vᵒ.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_234_234" id="Footnote_234_234"></a><a href="#FNanchor_234_234"><span class="label">[234]</span></a> -<i>Archæologia</i>, Vol. LXIII.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_235_235" id="Footnote_235_235"></a><a href="#FNanchor_235_235"><span class="label">[235]</span></a> -<i>Archæological Journal</i>, LXI, 305.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_236_236" id="Footnote_236_236"></a><a href="#FNanchor_236_236"><span class="label">[236]</span></a> -The Continuation of the <i>Chronicles of England</i>, -by John Stow and others.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_237_237" id="Footnote_237_237"></a><a href="#FNanchor_237_237"><span class="label">[237]</span></a> -The Prince Dauphin, not the Dauphin of France.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_238_238" id="Footnote_238_238"></a><a href="#FNanchor_238_238"><span class="label">[238]</span></a> -Continuation Holinshed, IV, 645.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_239_239" id="Footnote_239_239"></a><a href="#FNanchor_239_239"><span class="label">[239]</span></a> -<i>Archæological Journal</i>, LXI, 305.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_240_240" id="Footnote_240_240"></a><a href="#FNanchor_240_240"><span class="label">[240]</span></a> -<i>Ibid.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_241_241" id="Footnote_241_241"></a><a href="#FNanchor_241_241"><span class="label">[241]</span></a> -<i>Ivanhoe</i> was published in 1820.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_242_242" id="Footnote_242_242"></a><a href="#FNanchor_242_242"><span class="label">[242]</span></a> -A short account of the <i>pas d’armes</i> of 1452 is given in -our <a href="#CHAPTER_V">Chapter V</a>.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_243_243" id="Footnote_243_243"></a><a href="#FNanchor_243_243"><span class="label">[243]</span></a> -The <i>Armorial</i> was written a little before 1467, and, through the -Princess Maria, the Order of the Golden Fleece was transferred to the -Courts of Austria and Spain.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_244_244" id="Footnote_244_244"></a><a href="#FNanchor_244_244"><span class="label">[244]</span></a> -<i>Origines Juridiciales</i>, p. 65.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_245_245" id="Footnote_245_245"></a><a href="#FNanchor_245_245"><span class="label">[245]</span></a> -Pollock and Maitland, <i>History of English Law</i>, I, 39.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_246_246" id="Footnote_246_246"></a><a href="#FNanchor_246_246"><span class="label">[246]</span></a> -Pollock and Maitland, <i>History of English Law</i>, I, 147.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_247_247" id="Footnote_247_247"></a><a href="#FNanchor_247_247"><span class="label">[247]</span></a> -<i>Origines Juridiciales</i>, p. 79.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_248_248" id="Footnote_248_248"></a><a href="#FNanchor_248_248"><span class="label">[248]</span></a> -Published in 1671, by William Dugdale Esquire, Norroy King of Arms, -later Sir William and Garter King of Arms; the ordinances, etc., being -those in operation in the reign of Henry II, set forth by Ranulph de -Glanville, Justice of England, page 65.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_249_249" id="Footnote_249_249"></a><a href="#FNanchor_249_249"><span class="label">[249]</span></a> -<i>Origines</i>, p. 68.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_250_250" id="Footnote_250_250"></a><a href="#FNanchor_250_250"><span class="label">[250]</span></a> -Bastons were sometimes headed with a double beak, like a pick. Their -usual length was three feet, though shorter ones could be used in the -event of combatants mutually wishing it.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_251_251" id="Footnote_251_251"></a><a href="#FNanchor_251_251"><span class="label">[251]</span></a> -Vol. I, p. 375.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_252_252" id="Footnote_252_252"></a><a href="#FNanchor_252_252"><span class="label">[252]</span></a> -<i>Theatre of Honour and Knighthood</i>, Chap. II, p. 423, -written at Paris <i>anno</i> 1619.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_253_253" id="Footnote_253_253"></a><a href="#FNanchor_253_253"><span class="label">[253]</span></a> -Chap. 2, p. 423.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_254_254" id="Footnote_254_254"></a><a href="#FNanchor_254_254"><span class="label">[254]</span></a> -<i>Anciens Mémoires Du XIV Siècle</i>, I, 505.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_255_255" id="Footnote_255_255"></a><a href="#FNanchor_255_255"><span class="label">[255]</span></a> -See Montfaucon, Tom III, Pl. 18.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_256_256" id="Footnote_256_256"></a><a href="#FNanchor_256_256"><span class="label">[256]</span></a> -Holinshed’s <i>Chronicles</i>, II, 727.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_257_257" id="Footnote_257_257"></a><a href="#FNanchor_257_257"><span class="label">[257]</span></a> -<i>Ancient Armour and Weapons of War</i>, II, 342.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_258_258" id="Footnote_258_258"></a><a href="#FNanchor_258_258"><span class="label">[258]</span></a> -Plate 58.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_259_259" id="Footnote_259_259"></a><a href="#FNanchor_259_259"><span class="label">[259]</span></a> -Page 371.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_260_260" id="Footnote_260_260"></a><a href="#FNanchor_260_260"><span class="label">[260]</span></a> -Holinshed, II, 844. Harleian MS., III, 6079, Art. 36, -gives an account of this duel.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_261_261" id="Footnote_261_261"></a><a href="#FNanchor_261_261"><span class="label">[261]</span></a> -<i>Theatre of Honour, etc.</i>, p. 459.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_262_262" id="Footnote_262_262"></a><a href="#FNanchor_262_262"><span class="label">[262]</span></a> -<i>Theatre of Honour, etc.</i>, p. 459.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_263_263" id="Footnote_263_263"></a><a href="#FNanchor_263_263"><span class="label">[263]</span></a> -<i>Archæologia</i>, XXIX, 348.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_264_264" id="Footnote_264_264"></a><a href="#FNanchor_264_264"><span class="label">[264]</span></a> -Probably a fencing master.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_265_265" id="Footnote_265_265"></a><a href="#FNanchor_265_265"><span class="label">[265]</span></a> -<i>Antiquarian Repertory</i>, II, 210.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_266_266" id="Footnote_266_266"></a><a href="#FNanchor_266_266"><span class="label">[266]</span></a> -The glaive here mentioned is not the weapon usually known by that name, -but the lance: for it will be observed in some later rules given on -these pages that “spears of equal length” were to be issued to the -combatants. Lances were often termed glaives at this period, and in -such combats were shortened to five feet.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_267_267" id="Footnote_267_267"></a><a href="#FNanchor_267_267"><span class="label">[267]</span></a> -<a href="#APPENDIX_B">Appendix B</a>.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_268_268" id="Footnote_268_268"></a><a href="#FNanchor_268_268"><span class="label">[268]</span></a> -Clayues.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_269_269" id="Footnote_269_269"></a><a href="#FNanchor_269_269"><span class="label">[269]</span></a> -<i>Antiquarian Repertory</i>, 1, 152.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_270_270" id="Footnote_270_270"></a><a href="#FNanchor_270_270"><span class="label">[270]</span></a> -<i>Chronique de Monstrelet</i>, Liv. II, Chap. CII.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_271_271" id="Footnote_271_271"></a><a href="#FNanchor_271_271"><span class="label">[271]</span></a> -Holinshed, III, 210.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_272_272" id="Footnote_272_272"></a><a href="#FNanchor_272_272"><span class="label">[272]</span></a> -<i>Ibid.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_273_273" id="Footnote_273_273"></a><a href="#FNanchor_273_273"><span class="label">[273]</span></a> -II, 182.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_274_274" id="Footnote_274_274"></a><a href="#FNanchor_274_274"><span class="label">[274]</span></a> -<i>Origines Juridiciales</i>, p. 78.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_275_275" id="Footnote_275_275"></a><a href="#FNanchor_275_275"><span class="label">[275]</span></a> -Holinshed III, 890.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_276_276" id="Footnote_276_276"></a><a href="#FNanchor_276_276"><span class="label">[276]</span></a> -59 Geo. III, c. 46.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_277_277" id="Footnote_277_277"></a><a href="#FNanchor_277_277"><span class="label">[277]</span></a> -Catalogue by William Henry Black. Oxford. 1845.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_278_278" id="Footnote_278_278"></a><a href="#FNanchor_278_278"><span class="label">[278]</span></a> -Though indexed this item is not in the catalogue.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_279_279" id="Footnote_279_279"></a><a href="#FNanchor_279_279"><span class="label">[279]</span></a> -The Marquis of Northampton and others, 14 on each side.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_280_280" id="Footnote_280_280"></a><a href="#FNanchor_280_280"><span class="label">[280]</span></a> -Prize.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_281_281" id="Footnote_281_281"></a><a href="#FNanchor_281_281"><span class="label">[281]</span></a> -Another name for <i>Scharfrennen</i>.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_282_282" id="Footnote_282_282"></a><a href="#FNanchor_282_282"><span class="label">[282]</span></a> -<i>Bundrennen.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_283_283" id="Footnote_283_283"></a><a href="#FNanchor_283_283"><span class="label">[283]</span></a> -German Joust.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_284_284" id="Footnote_284_284"></a><a href="#FNanchor_284_284"><span class="label">[284]</span></a> -Joust at the Tilt.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_285_285" id="Footnote_285_285"></a><a href="#FNanchor_285_285"><span class="label">[285]</span></a> -<i>Feldrennen.</i></p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> -<a name="Footnote_286_286" id="Footnote_286_286"></a><a href="#FNanchor_286_286"><span class="label">[286]</span></a> -129?</p></div> -</div> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<div class="transnote bbox space-above2"> -<p class="f120 space-above1">Transcriber’s Notes:</p> -<hr class="r5" /> -<p class="indent">The cover image was created by the transcriber, and is in the public domain.</p> -<p class="indent">Antiquated spellings or ancient words were preserved.</p> -<p class="indent">The illustrations have been moved so that they do not break up - paragraphs and so that they are next to the text they illustrate.</p> -<p class="indent">Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected.</p> -</div> -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE TOURNAMENT--ITS PERIODS AND PHASES ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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