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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/64931-0.zip b/64931-0.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 4c32ba8..0000000 --- a/64931-0.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/64931-h.zip b/64931-h.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index e6f54da..0000000 --- a/64931-h.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1f24a7a --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #64931 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/64931) diff --git a/old/64931-0.txt b/old/64931-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 9094b32..0000000 --- a/old/64931-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,25028 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Psychopathia sexualis, by R. von -Krafft-Ebing - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Psychopathia sexualis - With especial reference to contrary sexual instinct: a - medico-legal study - -Author: R. von Krafft-Ebing - -Translator: Charles Gilbert Chaddock - -Release Date: March 26, 2021 [eBook #64931] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Richard Tonsing and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team - at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images - generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS *** - - - - - PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS, - WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO - Contrary Sexual Instinct: - A MEDICO-LEGAL STUDY. - - - By Dr. R. von KRAFFT-EBING, - Professor of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of Vienna. - - AUTHORIZED TRANSLATION - OF THE - SEVENTH ENLARGED AND REVISED GERMAN EDITION, - BY - CHARLES GILBERT CHADDOCK, M.D., - Professor of Nervous and Mental Diseases, Marion-Sims College of - Medicine, St. Louis; Fellow of the Chicago Academy of Medicine; - Corresponding Member of the Detroit Academy of Medicine; Associate - Member of the American Medico-Psychological Association, etc. - -[Illustration] - - PHILADELPHIA AND LONDON: - THE F. A. DAVIS CO., PUBLISHERS. - 1893. - - - - - Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1892, by - THE F. A. DAVIS COMPANY, - In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C., U. S. - A. - All rights reserved. - - - Philadelphia, Pa., U. S. A.: - The Medical Bulletin Printing House, - 1916 Cherry Street. - - - - - PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. - - -Very few ever fully appreciate the powerful influence which sexuality -exercises over feeling, thought, and conduct, both in the individual and -in society. Schiller, in his poem, “Die Weltweisen,” recognizes it with -the words:— - - “Einstweilen bis den Bau der Welt - Philosophie zusammenhält, - Erhält sie das Getriebe - Durch Hunger und durch Liebe.”[1] - -It is remarkable that the sexual life has received but a very -subordinate consideration on the part of philosophers. - -Schopenhauer (“The World as Will and Idea”) thought it strange that love -had been thus far a subject for the poet alone, and that, with the -exception of superficial treatment by Plato, Rousseau, and Kant, it had -been foreign to philosophers. - -What Schopenhauer and, after him, the Philosopher of the Unconscious, E. -v. Hartmann, philosophized concerning the sexual relations is so -imperfect, and in its consequences so distasteful, that, aside from the -treatment in the works of Michelet (“L’amour”) and Mantegazza -(“Physiology of Love”), which are to be considered more as brilliant -discussions than as scientific treatises, the empirical psychology and -metaphysics of the sexual side of human existence rest upon a foundation -which is scientifically almost puerile. - -The poets may be better psychologists than the psychologists and -philosophers; but they are men of feeling rather than of understanding, -and at least one-sided in their consideration of the subject. They -cannot see the deep shadow behind the light and sunny warmth of that -from which they draw their inspiration. The poetry of all times and -nations would furnish inexhaustible material for a monograph on the -psychology of love; but the great problem can be solved only with the -help of Science, and especially with the aid of Medicine, which studies -the psychological subject at its anatomical and physiological source, -and views it from all sides. - -Perhaps it will be possible for medical science to gain a stand-point of -philosophical knowledge midway between the despairing views of -philosophers like Schopenhauer and Hartmann[2] and the gay, _näive_ -views of the poets. - -It is not the intention of the author to lay the foundation of a -psychology of the sexual life, though without doubt psychopathology -would furnish many important sources of knowledge to psychology. - -The purpose of this treatise is a description of the pathological -manifestations of the sexual life and an attempt to refer them to their -underlying conditions. The task is a difficult one, and, in spite of -years of experience as alienist and medical jurist, I am well aware that -what I can offer must be incomplete. - -The importance of the subject for the welfare of society, especially -forensically, demands, however, that it should be examined -scientifically. Only he who, as a medico-legal expert, has been in a -position where he has been compelled to pass judgment upon his -fellow-men, where life, freedom, and honor were at stake, and realized -painfully the incompleteness of our knowledge concerning the pathology -of the sexual life, can fully understand the significance of an attempt -to gain definite views concerning it. - -Even at the present time, in the domain of sexual criminality, the most -erroneous opinions are expressed and the most unjust sentences -pronounced, influencing laws and public opinion. - -He who makes the psychopathology of sexual life the object of scientific -study sees himself placed on a dark side of human life and misery, in -the shadows of which the godlike creations of the poet become hideous -masks, and morals and æsthetics seem out of place in the “image of God.” - -It is the sad province of Medicine, and especially of Psychiatry, to -constantly regard the reverse side of life,—human weakness and misery. - -Perhaps in this difficult calling some consolation may be gained, and -extended to the moralist, if it be possible to refer to morbid -conditions much that offends ethical and æsthetic feeling. Thus Medicine -undertakes to save the honor of mankind before the Court of Morality, -and individuals from judges and their fellow-men. The duty and right of -medical science in these studies belong to it by reason of the high aim -of all human inquiry after truth. - -The author would take to himself the words of Tardieu (“Des attentats -aux moeurs”): “Aucune misère physique ou morale, aucune plaie, quelque -corrompue qu’elle soit, ne doit effrayer celui qui s’est voué a la -science de l’homme et le ministère sacré du médecin, en l’obligeant à -tout voir, lui permet aussi de tout dire.”[3] - -The following pages are addressed to earnest investigators in the domain -of natural science and jurisprudence. In order that unqualified persons -should not become readers, the author saw himself compelled to choose a -title understood only by the learned, and also, where possible, to -express himself in _terminis technicis_. It seemed necessary also to -give certain particularly revolting portions in Latin[4] rather than in -German. - -It is hoped that this attempt to present to physician and jurist facts -from an important sphere of life will receive kindly acceptance and fill -an actual hiatus in literature; for, with the exception of certain -single descriptions and cases, the literature presents only the writings -of Moreau and Tarnowsky, which cover but a portion of the field.[5] - - - - - TRANSLATOR’S PREFACE. - - -The distinguished author of “Psychopathia Sexualis” speaks for himself -and his work in its preface; but there are not wanting others to speak -for him. - -Dr. A. von Schrenck-Notzing, of Munich, writes[6]:— - -“It may be questioned whether it is justifiable to discuss the anomalies -of the sexual instinct apart, instead of treating of them in their -proper place in psychiatry. As a rule, they are certainly only symptoms -of a constitutional malady, or of a weakened state of the brain, which -manifest themselves in the various forms of sexual perversion. - -“Moreover, attention has been directed to the baneful influence possibly -exerted by such publications as ‘Psychopathia Sexualis.’ To be sure, the -appearance of seven editions of that work could not be accounted for -were its circulation confined to scientific readers. Therefore, it -cannot be denied that a pornographic interest on the part of the public -is accountable for a part of the wide circulation of the book. But, in -spite of this disadvantage, the injury done by implanting knowledge of -sexual pathology in unqualified persons is not to be compared with the -good accomplished. History shows that uranism was very wide-spread long -before the appearance of ‘Psychopathia Sexualis.’ The courts have -constantly to deal with sexual crimes in which the responsibility of the -accused comes in question. - -“For the physician himself, sexual anomalies, treated as they are in a -distant manner in text-books on psychiatry, are in greater part a _terra -incognita_. Exact knowledge of the causes and conditions of development -of sexual aberrations, and of the influence on them of hereditary -constitution, education, the impressions of every-day life, and modern -refined civilization, is the prerequisite for a rational prophylaxis of -sexual aberrations, and for a correct sexual education. Without careful -study of the circumstances which attend the _development_ of sexual -anomalies, we should never be in a position to use effectual -therapeusis. The majority of these unfortunates—Krafft-Ebing calls them -Nature’s step-children—are devoid of insight into their malady; like -insane patients destitute of understanding of the ethical development of -man, they are happy in their abnormal instinctive tendency. For this -reason, in spite of the great prevalence of uranism, very few of its -subjects seek medical treatment. While the terminal forms of sexual -aberrations end in asylums for the insane, the doubtful cases, in which -incompleteness of development or apparent viciousness render correct -diagnosis difficult, make up the majority. But a thorough knowledge of -the aberrations of the sexual instinct is absolutely indispensable to -the jurist. The reasons given are thus sufficiently important to -demonstrate the need of a hand-book on ‘psychopathia sexualis.’” - -These words also hold true for English-speaking physicians and -jurists,—who can scarcely fail to welcome the translation of a work so -systematic and comprehensive as “Psychopathia Sexualis”; a work -conceived and executed in the highest scientific and humane spirit; a -work which not only broadens and systematizes our knowledge of -psycho-sexual phenomena, but also demonstrates, in the results of -hypnotic suggestion, how important mental therapeusis must ultimately -become in the hands of the physician; a work which is a trustworthy -guide in the study of the concrete case of sexual crime, and a -philosophical treatise on the inter-relations of sexual criminality, -disease, and criminal anthropology. - -The difficulties of translation have not been slight; but minor errors -cannot destroy the author’s meaning. - -For much encouragement in the work of translation my gratitude to Dr. -James G. Kiernan and Dr. G. Frank Lydston, of Chicago, both well-known -investigators in this domain of psychopathology, is here expressed; and -to Dr. William A. Stone, Assistant Superintendent at the Michigan -Asylum, Kalamazoo, I am greatly indebted for assistance in the -preparation of the manuscript. - - CHARLES GILBERT CHADDOCK. - - ST. LOUIS, MO., - November, 1892. - - - - - TABLE OF CONTENTS. - - - PAGE - I. FRAGMENT OF A PSYCHOLOGY OF THE SEXUAL LIFE, 1 - - Power of the sexual instinct, 1 - - Sexuality as the foundation of ethical feeling, 1 - - Love as a passion, 2 - - History of development of sexuality, 2 - - Modesty, 2 - - Christianity, 4 - - Monogamy, 4 - - Woman’s place in Islam, 5 - - Sensuality and morality, 5 - - Decadence of sexual morality, 6 - - Development of sexual feelings in the individual; puberty, 7 - - Sensuality and religious enthusiasm, 9 - - Relations between the spheres of religion and sexuality, 9 - - Sensuality and art, 10 - - Idealizing tendency of first love, 11 - - True love, 11 - - Sentimentality, 11 - - Platonic love, 12 - - Love and friendship, 12 - - Difference between male and female love, 13 - - Celibacy, 14 - - Unfaithfulness, 15 - - Marriage, 15 - - Desire for adornment, 16 - - Facts of physiological fetichism, 17 - - Religious and erotic fetichism, 17 - - Eyes, odors, voices, and mental qualities as fetiches, 21 - - Hair, hand, and foot of woman as fetiches, 22 - - - II. PHYSIOLOGY, 23 - - Sexual maturity, 23 - - Duration of sexual instinct, 23 - - Sexual sense, 24 - - Localization (?), 24 - - Physiological development of sexuality, 24 - - Erection; erection-centre, 24 - - Sexuality and the olfactory sense, 26 - - Flagellation an excitant of sexual desire, 28 - - Sects of flagellants, 28 - - Paullini’s “Flagellum Salutis,” 29 - - Erogenous zones, 31 - - Control of the sexual instinct, 32 - - Cohabitation, 32 - - Ejaculation, 33 - - - III. GENERAL PATHOLOGY, 34 - - Frequency and importance of pathological manifestations, 34 - - Schema of the sexual neuroses, 34 - - Spinal neuroses, 35 - - Cerebral neuroses, 36 - - Paradoxia sexualis, 37 - - Anæsthesia sexualis (congenital), 42 - - Anæsthesia sexualis (acquired), 47 - - Hyperæsthesia sexualis, 48 - - Paræsthesia sexualis, 56 - - Perversion and perversity, 56 - - Sadism, 57 - - An attempt to explain sadism, 57 - - Sadistic lust-murder, 62 - - Anthropophagy, 64 - - Violation of corpses, 67 - - Injury of women, 70 - - Defilement of women, 79 - - Symbolic sadism, 81 - - Sadism with any object, 82 - - Whipping of boys, 82 - - Sadistic acts with animals, 84 - - Sadism in woman, 87 - - Masochism, 89 - - Relation of passive flagellation to masochism, 101 - - Ideal masochism, 115 - - Symbolic masochism, 116 - - Rousseau, 119 - - Larvated masochism, 123 - - Feminine masochism, 137 - - An attempt to explain masochism, 139 - - Masochism and sadism, 148 - - Fetichism, 152 - - Part of the female body as a fetich, 157 - - Female attire as a fetich, 167 - - Special materials as fetiches, 180 - - Contrary sexual instinct, or homo-sexuality, 185 - - Acquired homo-sexuality, 188 - - Simple reversal of sexual feeling, 191 - - Eviration and defemination, 197 - - Transition to metamorphosis sexualis paranoica, 202 - - Metamorphosis sexualis paranoica, 216 - - Congenital homo-sexuality, 222 - - Psychical hermaphroditism, 230 - - Urnings, 255 - - Effemination and viraginity, 279 - - Androgyny and gynandry, 304 - - Diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of contrary sexuality, 319 - - - IV. SPECIAL PATHOLOGY, 358 - - Pathological sexuality in the various forms of mental - disease, 358 - - Imbecility, 359 - - Dementia, 361 - - Paretic dementia, 363 - - Epilepsy, 364 - - Periodical insanity, 370 - - Psychopathia sexualis periodica, 371 - - Mania, 372 - - Satyriasis and nymphomania, 373 - - Melancholia, 374 - - Hysteria, 375 - - Paranoia, 376 - - - V. PATHOLOGICAL SEXUALITY IN ITS LEGAL ASPECTS, 378 - - Dangers to society from sexual crimes, 378 - - Increase of sexual crimes, 378 - - Causes, 378 - - Defective appreciation of such crimes by jurists, 379 - - Conditions necessary to remove legal responsibility, 381 - - Exhibition, 382 - - Violation of statues, 396 - - Rape and lust-murder, 397 - - Bodily injury, injury to property, and torture of animals - dependent on sadism, 401 - - Fetichism, 401 - - Violation of children, 402 - - Sodomy, 404 - - Pederasty, 408 - - Cultivated pederasty, 414 - - Social life of pederasts, 415 - - Ball of the woman-haters, 417 - - Pædicatio mulierum, 420 - - Lesbian love, 428 - - Necrophilia, 430 - - Incest, 431 - - Immoral acts with persons in the care of others, 432 - - - - - I. A FRAGMENT - OF A - PSYCHOLOGY OF THE SEXUAL LIFE. - - -The propagation of the human species is not committed to accident or to -the caprice of the individual, but made secure in a natural instinct, -which, with all-conquering force and might, demands fulfillment. In the -gratification of this natural impulse are found not only sensual -pleasure and sources of physical well-being, but also higher feelings of -satisfaction in perpetuating the single, perishable existence, by the -transmission of mental and physical attributes to a new being. In -coarse, sensual love, in the lustful impulse to satisfy this natural -instinct, man stands on a level with the animal; but it is given to him -to raise himself to a height where this natural instinct no longer makes -him a slave: higher, nobler feelings are awakened, which, -notwithstanding their sensual origin, expand into a world of beauty, -sublimity, and morality. - -On this height man overcomes his natural instinct, and from an -inexhaustible spring draws material and inspiration for higher -enjoyment, for more earnest work, and the attainment of the ideal. -Maudsley (_Deutsche Klinik_, 1873, 2, 3) rightly calls the sexual -feeling the foundation for the development of the social feeling. “Were -man to be robbed of the instinct of procreation and all that arises from -it mentally, nearly all poetry and, perhaps, the entire moral sense as -well, would be torn from his life.” - -Sexuality is the most powerful factor in individual and social -existence; the strongest incentive to the exertion of strength and -acquisition of property, to the foundation of a home, and to the -awakening of altruistic feelings, first for a person of the opposite -sex, then for the offspring, and, in a wider sense, for all humanity. - -Thus all ethics and, perhaps, a good part of æsthetics and religion -depend upon the existence of sexual feeling. - -Though the sexual life leads to the highest virtues, even to the -sacrifice of the ego, yet in its sensual force lies also the danger that -it may degenerate into powerful passions and develop the grossest vices. - -Love as an unbridled passion is like a fire that burns and consumes -everything; like an abyss that swallows all,—honor, fortune, well-being. - -It seems of high psychological interest to trace the developmental -phases through which, in the course of the evolution of human culture to -the morality and civilization of to-day, the sexual life has passed.[7] -On primitive ground the satisfaction of the sexual appetite of man seems -like that of the animal. Openness in the sexual act is not shunned; man -and woman are not ashamed to go naked. To-day we see savages in this -condition (comp. Ploss, “Das Weib,” p. 196, 1884); as, for example, the -Australians, the Polynesians, and the Malays of the Philippines. The -female is the common property of the males, the temporary booty of the -strongest, who strive for the possession of the most beautiful of the -opposite sex, thus carrying out instinctively a kind of sexual -selection. - -Woman is a movable thing, a ware, an object of bargain and sale and -gift; a thing to satisfy lust and to work. - -The appearance of a feeling of shame before others in the manifestation -and satisfaction of the natural instinct, and modesty in the intercourse -of the sexes, form the beginning of morality in the sexual life. From -this arose the effort to conceal the genitals (“And they knew that they -were naked”) and the secret performance of the sexual act. - -The development of this degree of culture is favored by the rigors of -climate and the necessity for complete protection of the body thus -entailed. Thus in part the fact is explained that among northern races -modesty may be proved anthropologically earlier than among southern -races. - -A further stage in the development of culture in sexual life is marked -when the female ceases to be a movable thing. She becomes a person; and -if still for a long time placed far below the male socially, yet the -idea that the right of disposal of herself and her favors belongs to her -is developed. - -Thus she becomes the object of the male’s wooing. To the barbarous -sensual feeling of sexual desire the beginnings of ethical feeling are -added. The instinct is intellectualized. Property in women ceases to -exist. Individuals of the opposite sexes feel themselves drawn toward -each other by mental and physical qualities, and show love for each -other only. At this stage woman has a feeling that her charms belong -only to the man of her choice, and wishes to conceal them from others. -Thus, by the side of modesty, the foundations of chastity and -faithfulness—as long as the bond of love lasts—are laid. - -Woman attains this degree of social elevation earlier when, at the -transition from nomadic life to a state of fixed habitation, man obtains -a house and home, and the necessity arises for him to possess in woman a -companion for the household,—a housewife. - -Among the nations of the East, the Egyptians, the Israelites, and the -Greeks, and among those of the West, the Germans, early attained this -stage of culture. Among all these races, at this stage of advancement, -the esteem in which virginity, chastity, modesty, and sexual -faithfulness are held is in marked contrast with other nations which -offer the female of the house to the guest for his sexual enjoyment.[8] - -That this stage in the culture of sexual morality is quite high and -makes its appearance much later than other developmental forms of -culture—as, for example, æsthetics—is seen from the condition of the -Japanese, with whom it is the custom to marry a woman only after she has -lived for a year in the tea-houses (which correspond with European -houses of prostitution), and to whom the nakedness of women is nothing -shocking. At all events, among the Japanese every unmarried woman can -prostitute herself without lessening her value as a future wife,—a proof -that with this remarkable people woman possesses no ethical worth, but -is valued in marriage only as a means of enjoyment, procreation, and -work. - -Christianity gave the most powerful impulse to the moral elevation of -the sexual relations by raising woman to social equality with man and -elevating the bond of love between man and woman to a religio-moral -institution.[9] - -The fact that in higher civilization human love must be monogamous and -rest on a lasting contract was thus recognized. If nature does no more -than provide for procreation, a commonwealth (family or state) cannot -exist without a guaranty that the offspring shall flourish physically, -morally, and intellectually. Christendom gained both mental and material -superiority over the polygamous races, especially Islam, through the -equalization of woman and man, and by establishing monogamous marriage -and securing it by legal, religious, and moral ties. - -If Mohammed was actuated by a desire to raise woman from her place as a -slave and means of sensual gratification to a higher social and -matrimonial plane, nevertheless, in the Mohammedan world woman remained -far below man, to whom alone divorce was allowed and also made very -easy. - -Islam kept woman from any participation in public life under all -circumstances, and thus hindered her intellectual and moral development. -In consequence of this the Mohammedan woman has ever remained -essentially a means of sensual gratification and procreation; while, on -the other hand, the virtues and capabilities of the Christian woman, as -housewife, educator of children, and equal companion of man, have been -allowed to unfold in all their beauty. Islam, with its polygamy and -harem-life, is glaringly contrasted with the monogamy and family life of -the Christian world. - -The same contrast is apparent in a comparison of the two religions with -reference to the conception of the hereafter. The picture of eternity -seen by the faith of the Christian is that of a paradise freed from all -earthly sensuality, promising the purest of intellectual happiness; the -fancy of the Mussulman fills the future life with the delights of a -harem full of houris. - -In spite of all the aids which religion, law, education, and morality -give civilized man in the bridling of his passions, he is always in -danger of sinking from the clear height of pure, chaste love into the -mire of common sensuality. - -In order to maintain one’s self on such a height, a constant struggle -between natural impulses and morals, between sensuality and morality, is -required. Only characters endowed with strong wills are able to -completely emancipate themselves from sensuality and share in that pure -love from which spring the noblest joys of human life. - -It is yet questionable whether, in the course of the later centuries, -mankind has advanced in morality. It is certain, however, that the race -has become more modest; and this phenomenon of civilization—this hiding -of the animal propensities—is, at least, a concession that vice makes to -virtue. - -From a reading of Scherr’s works (“History of German Civilization”) one -would certainly gain the impression that, in comparison with those of -the Middle Ages, our own ideas of morals have become refined, even when -it must also be allowed that in many instances finer manners, without -greater morality, have taken the place of earlier obscenity and -coarseness of expression. - -When widely separated periods of history are compared, no doubt is left -that public morality, in spite of occasional temporary retrogression, -makes continuous progress, and that Christianity is one of the most -powerful of the forces favoring moral progress. - -To-day we are far beyond the sexual conditions which, as shown in the -sodomitic worship of the gods, in the life of the people, and in the -laws and religious practices, existed among the ancient Greeks,—to say -nothing of the worship of Phallus and Priapus among the Athenians and -Babylonians, of the bacchanals of ancient Rome, and the prominent place -prostitutes took among these peoples. In the slow and often -imperceptible progress which human morality makes there are variations -or fluctuations, just as in the individual sexuality manifests an ebb -and flow. - -Periods of moral decadence in the life of a people are always -contemporaneous with times of effeminacy, sensuality, and luxury. These -conditions can only be conceived as occurring with increased demands -upon the nervous system, which must meet these requirements. As a result -of increase of nervousness, there is increase of sensuality, and, since -this leads to excesses among the masses, it undermines the foundation of -society,—the morality and purity of family life. When this is destroyed -by excesses, unfaithfulness, and luxury, then the destruction of the -state is inevitably compassed in material, moral, and political ruin. -Warning examples of this character are presented by Rome, Greece, and -France under Louis XIV and XV.[10] In such times of political and moral -destruction monstrous perversions of the sexual life were frequent, -which, however, may in part be referred to psycho-pathological or, at -least, neuro-pathological conditions existing in the people. - -It is shown by the history of Babylon, Nineveh, Rome, and also by the -“mysteries” of life in modern Capitals, that large cities are the -breeding-places of nervousness and degenerate sensuality. The fact which -may be learned from reading Ploss’s work is remarkable, viz., that -perversion of the sexual instinct (save among the Aleutians, and in the -form of masturbation among the females of the East and the Nama -Hottentots) does not occur in uncivilized or half-civilized races.[11] - -The study of the sexual life in the individual must begin at its -development at puberty, and follow it through its different phases to -the extinction of sexual feelings. In his “Physiology of Love,” -Mantegazza describes the longings and impulses of awakening sexual life, -of which presentiments, indefinite feelings, and impulses have existed -long before the epoch of puberty. This epoch is, physiologically, the -most important. In the abundant increase of feelings and ideas which it -engenders is manifested the significance of the sexual factor in mental -life. - -These impulses, at first vague and incomprehensible, arising from the -sensations which are awakened by organs which were previously -undeveloped, are accompanied by a powerful excitation of the emotions. -The psychological reaction of the sexual impulse at puberty expresses -itself in a multitude of manifestations which have in common only the -mental condition of emotion and the impulse to express in some way, or -render objective, the strange emotionality. Religion and poetry lie -close to it, which, after the time of sexual development is past and -these originally incomprehensible feelings and impulses have cleared up, -receive powerful incentives from the sexual sphere. He who doubts this -has only to think how often religious enthusiasm occurs at the time of -puberty; how frequent sexual episodes are in the lives of the -saints;[12] how powerfully sensuality expresses itself in the histories -of religious fanatics; and in what revolting scenes, true orgies, the -religious festivals of antiquity, no less than the “meetings” of certain -sects in modern times, express themselves,—to say nothing of the lustful -mysteries which characterized the cults of the ancients. On the other -hand, we see that unsatisfied sensuality very frequently finds an -equivalent in religious enthusiasm.[13] - -This relation between religious and sexual feeling is also shown on the -basis of unequivocal psycho-pathological states. It suffices to recall -how intense sensuality makes itself manifest in the clinical histories -of many religious maniacs; the motley mixture of religious and sexual -delusions that is so frequently observed in psychoses (_e.g._, in -maniacal women, who think they are or will be the Mother of God), but -particularly in masturbatic insanity; and, finally, the sensual, cruel -self-punishments, injuries, self-castrations, and even self-crucifixions -resulting from abnormal sexual-religious feeling. - - Any attempt to explain the relations between religion and love has - difficulties to encounter. Many analogies present themselves. The - feeling of sexual attraction and religious feeling (considered as a - psychological fact) consist of two elements. - - In religion the primary element is a feeling of dependence,—a fact - which Schleiermacher recognized long before the later studies in - anthropology and ethnography, founded on the observation of primitive - conditions, had led to the same conclusion. It is only at a higher - stage of culture that the second and essentially ethical element—love - of God—enters into religious feeling. In the place of the evil spirits - of the primitive peoples came the two-faced—now kind, now - angry—creations of the more complicated mythologies, until, finally, - the God of love, as the giver of eternal happiness, is reverenced, - whether this be hoped for from Jehovah, as a blessing on earth; from - Allah, as a physical blessing in Paradise; from Christ, as eternal - bliss in heaven; or as the Nirvana of the Buddhists. - - In sexual desire, love, the expectation of unbounded happiness is the - primary element. The feeling of dependence is of secondary - development. The nucleus of this feeling exists in both parties, but - it may remain undeveloped in one. As a rule, owing to her passive part - in procreation and social conditions, it is more pronounced in woman; - but exceptionally this is true of men having minds that approach the - feminine type. - - In both the religious and sexual spheres love is mystical, - transcendental. In sexual love the real purpose of the instinct, the - propagation of the species, does not enter into consciousness; and the - strength of the desire is greater than any that consciousness of - purpose could create. In religion, however, the good sought and the - object of devotion are of such nature that they cannot become a part - of empirical knowledge. Therefore, both mental processes give - unlimited range to the imagination. - - But both have an immortal object, in as far as the bliss which the - sexual sentiment creates in fancy seems incomparable and infinite in - contrast with all other pleasurable feelings; and the same is true of - the promised blessings of faith, which are conceived to be eternal and - supreme. - - From the correspondence between the two states of consciousness, with - reference to the commanding importance of their objects, it follows - that they both often attain an intensity that is irresistible, and - which overcomes all opposing motives. Owing to their similarity in - that their objects cannot be attained, it follows that both easily - degenerate into silly enthusiasm, in which the intensity of feeling - far surpasses the clearness and constancy of the ideas. In both cases, - in this enthusiasm, with the expectation of a happiness that cannot be - attained, the necessity of unconditional submission plays a part. - - Owing to the correspondence in many points between these two emotional - states, it is clear that when they are very intense the one may take - the place of the other; or one may appear by the side of the other, - since every intensification of one element of mental life also - intensifies its associations. The constant emotion thus calls into - consciousness now one and now the other of the two series of ideas - with which it is connected. Either of these mental states may become - transformed into the impulse to cruelty (actively exercised or - passively suffered). - - In the religious life this is expressed by sacrifice. Primarily this - is done with the idea that the victim is materially enjoyed by the - deity; then, in reverence, as a sign of submission, as a tribute; and, - finally, with the belief that sins and transgressions against the - deity are thus atoned for and blessing obtained. If, however, the - offering consist of self-punishment, which occurs in all religions, in - individuals of very excitable religious nature, it serves not only as - a symbol of submission and as an equivalent in the exchange of present - pain for future bliss, but everything that is thought to come from the - deity, all that happens in obedience to divine mandate or to the honor - of the godhead, is felt directly as pleasure. Thus religious - enthusiasm leads to ecstasy, to a condition in which consciousness is - so preoccupied with feelings of mental pleasure that the concept of - suffering endured can only be apperceived without its painful quality. - - The exaltation of religious enthusiasm may lead actively to pleasure - in the sacrifice of another, if pity be overcompensated by feelings of - religious pleasure. - - Sadism, and particularly masochism (_v. infra_), show that in the - sphere of the sexual life there may be similar phenomena. Thus the - well-established relations between religion, lust, and cruelty[14] may - be comprehended in the following formula: States of religious and - sexual excitement, at the acme of their development, may correspond in - the amount and quality of excitement, and, therefore, under favoring - circumstances, one may take the place of the other. Both, in - pathological conditions, may become transformed into cruelty. - -The sexual factor proves to be no less influential in awakening æsthetic -feelings. What would poetry and art be without a sexual foundation? In -(sensual) love is gained that warmth of fancy without which a true -creation of art is impossible; and in the fire of sensual feelings its -glow and warmth are preserved. It may thus be understood why great poets -and artists have sensual natures. - -This world of ideals reveals itself with the inception of the processes -of sexual development. He who, at this period of life, cannot become -enthusiastic for all that is great, noble, and beautiful, remains a -Philistine all his life. At this epoch does not the least of natural -poets forge verses? - -At the limits of physiological reaction there are events which take -place at the time of puberty in which these obscure feelings of longing -express themselves in paroxysms of despair of self and the world, which -may go on to _tædium vitæ_, and are often accompanied by a desire to do -harm to others (weak analogies of a psychological connection between -lust and cruelty). - -Youthful love has a romantic, idealistic character. It elevates the -beloved object to apotheosis. In its inception it is platonic, and turns -to forms of poetry and romance. With the awakening of sensuality there -is danger that this idealizing power may be brought to bear upon persons -of the opposite sex who are mentally, physically, and socially of -inferior station. Thus there may occur _méssalliances_, seductions, and -errors, with the whole tragedy of a passionate love that comes in -conflict with the dictates of social position and prospects, and -sometimes terminates in suicide or double suicide. - -Over-sensual love can never be lasting and true. For this reason the -first love is, as a rule, very fleeting; because it is nothing else than -the flare of a passion, the flame of a fire of straw. - -Only the love that rests upon a recognition of the social qualities of -the beloved person, only a love which is willing not only to enjoy -present pleasures, but to bear suffering for the beloved object and -sacrifice all, is true love. The love of a strongly constituted man -shrinks before no difficulties or dangers in order to gain and keep -possession of its object. - -Love expresses itself in acts of heroism and daring. Such love is in -danger, under certain circumstances, of becoming criminal, if moral -principles be weak. Jealousy is an ugly spot in this love. The love of a -weakly constituted man is sentimental. It sometimes leads to suicide -when it is not returned or meets with obstacles, while, under like -conditions, the strongly constituted man may become a criminal. - -Sentimental love is in danger of becoming a caricature, _i.e._, when the -sensual element is weak (the Knight of Toggenburg, Don Quixote, many -minnesingers and troubadours of the Middle Ages). - -Such love is flat and soft, and may be even silly; but the true -expression of this powerful feeling awakens appropriate pity, respect, -or sorrow in the hearts of others. - -Frequently this weak love expresses itself in equivalents—in poetry, -which, however, under such circumstances, is effeminate; in æsthetics -which are overdrawn; in religion, in which it gives itself up to -mysteries and religious enthusiasm; or, where there is a more powerful -sensual foundation, founds sects or expresses itself in religious -insanity. The immature love of the age of puberty has something of all -this in it. Of all the poems and rhymes written at this time of life, -they only are readable that are the product of poets divinely endowed. - -Notwithstanding all the ethics which love requires in order to develop -into its true and pure form, its strongest root is still sensuality. -Platonic love is an impossibility, a self-deception, a false designation -for related feelings. - -In as far as love rests upon sensual desire, it is only conceivable in a -normal way as existing between individuals of opposite sex and capable -of sexual intercourse. If these conditions are wanting or destroyed, -then, in the place of love, comes friendship. - -The _rôle_ which the retention of sexual functions plays in the case of -a man, both in originating and retaining the feeling of self-respect, is -remarkable. In the deterioration of manliness and self-confidence which -the onanist, in his weakened nervous state, and the man that has become -impotent, present, may be estimated the significance of this factor. - - Gyurkovechky (männl. Impotenz. Vienna, 1889) says, very justly, that - old and young men essentially differ mentally, on account of the - condition of their virility, and that impotence has a detrimental - effect upon the feeling of well-being, mental freshness, activity, - self-confidence, and the play of fancy. This loss becomes the more - important the younger a man is when he loses his virility and the more - sensually he was constituted. - - Under such circumstances a sudden loss of virility may induce severe - melancholia, and even lead to suicide. For such natures life without - love is unbearable. - - But, also, in cases where the reaction is not so deep, the man bereft - of his virility is morose and spiteful, egotistic, jealous, contrary, - listless, has but little self-respect or sense of honor, and is - cowardly. Analogies are seen in the Skopzens,[15] who, after their - castration, change for the worse. - - The loss of virility is still more noticeable in certain weakly - constituted individuals, where it expresses itself in formal - effemination (_v. infra_). - -In a woman who has become a matron the condition is of much less -importance psychologically, though it is noticeable. If the past period -of sexual life has been satisfactory, if children delight the heart of -the aging mother, then she is scarcely conscious of the change of her -personality. - -The situation is different, however, where sterility or circumstances -have kept a woman from the performance of her natural functions and -denied her that happiness. - -These facts place in a clear light the differences which exist between -man and woman in the psychology of the sexual life, and in all the -sexual functions and desires. - -Undoubtedly man has a much more intense sexual appetite than woman. As a -result of a powerful natural instinct, at a certain age, a man is drawn -toward a woman. He loves sensually, and is influenced in his choice by -physical beauty. In accordance with the nature of this powerful impulse, -he is aggressive and violent in his wooing. At the same time, this -demand of nature does not constitute all of his mental existence. When -his longing is satisfied, love temporarily retreats behind other vital -and social interests. - -With a woman it is quite otherwise. If she is normally developed -mentally, and well bred, her sexual desire is small. If this were not so -the whole world would become a brothel and marriage and a family -impossible. It is certain that the man that avoids women and the woman -that seeks men are abnormal. - -Woman is wooed for her favor. She remains passive. This lies in her -sexual organization, and is not founded merely on the dictates of good -breeding. - -Nevertheless, the sexual sphere occupies a much larger place in the -consciousness of woman than in that of man. The need of love in her is -greater than in man, and is continual, not intermittent; but this love -is rather more spiritual than sensual. While a man loves a woman first -as wife and then as mother of his children, a woman is primarily -conscious of a man as the father of her children and then as husband. In -the choice of a life-companion a woman is influenced much more by the -mental than the physical qualities of a man. When she has become a -mother she divides her love between child and husband. Sensuality -disappears in the mother’s love. Thereafter, in marital intercourse, the -wife finds less sensual satisfaction than proof of the love of her -husband. - -A woman loves with her whole soul. To her love is life; to a man it is -the joy of life. To him misfortune in love is a wound; but it costs a -woman her life, or at least her happiness. A psychological question -worthy of consideration is whether a woman can truly love twice in her -life. Certainly the mental inclination of woman is monogamous, while in -man it is polygamous. - -The weakness of men in comparison with women lies in the great intensity -of their sexual desires. Man becomes dependent upon woman, and the more, -the weaker and more sensual he becomes; and this just in proportion as -he becomes neuropathic. Thus may be understood the fact that, in times -of effeminateness and luxury, sensuality flourishes luxuriantly. Then -arises the danger to society that mistresses and their dependents may -rule the state and compass its ruin (the mistresses of the courts of -Louis XIV and XV; the prostitutes of ancient Greece). - -The biographies of many statesmen of ancient and modern times show that -they were the instruments of women, owing to their great sensuality, -which had its foundation in their neuropathic constitutions. The fact -that the Catholic Church enjoins celibacy upon its priests, in order to -emancipate them from sensuality and preserve them entirely for the -purpose of their calling, is an example of discerning psychological -knowledge of mankind; but it is unfortunate that the priests, living in -celibacy, lose the elevating effect which love and matrimony exert upon -the development of character. - -From the fact that man by nature plays the aggressive _rôle_ in sexual -life, he is in danger of overstepping the limits which morality and law -have set. The unfaithfulness of a wife, in comparison with that of a -husband, is morally much more weighty, and should be more severely -punished legally. The unfaithful wife dishonors not only herself, but -also her husband and her family, not to speak of the possibility of -_pater incertus_. Natural instinct and social position favor -unfaithfulness on the part of a husband, while the wife is afforded much -protection. In the case of an unmarried woman, sexual intercourse is -something quite different from what it is in an unmarried man. Of a -single man society demands decency; of a woman, also chastity. In the -cultivated social life of to-day, woman, occupying a sexual position and -concerning herself in the interests of society, can only be thought of -as a wife. - -The aim and ideal of woman, even when she is sunken in the mire of vice, -is, and remains, marriage. Woman, as Mantegazza justly remarks, desires -not only satisfaction of her sexual feeling, but also protection and -support for herself and her children. A man of right feeling, no matter -how sensual he may be, demands a wife that has been, and is, chaste. The -emblem and ornament of a woman seeking this, her only worthy purpose in -life, is modesty. Mantegazza finely characterizes modesty as “one of the -forms of psychical self-respect” in woman. This is not the place for -anthropological and historical consideration of this, the most beautiful -attribute of woman. Probably, feminine modesty is an hereditarily -evolved product of the development of civilization.[16] - -In remarkable contrast with it, there is occasional exposition of -physical charms, conventionally sanctioned by the law of fashion, in -which even the most discreet maiden allows herself to indulge in the -ball-room. The reasons which lead to this display are evident. -Fortunately the modest girl is as little conscious of them as of the -reason for the occasionally recurring mode of making certain portions of -the body more prominent (panniers); to say nothing of corsets, etc. - -In all times, and among all races, women show a desire to adorn -themselves and be charming.[17] In the animal kingdom nature has -distinguished the male with the greater beauty. Men designate women as -the beautiful sex. This gallantry clearly arises from the sensual desire -of men. As long as this personal adornment has a purpose only in itself, -or the true psychological reason of the desire to please remains unknown -to the woman, nothing can be said against it. When it is done with -knowledge, the effort is called flirting. - -Under all circumstances a dandified man is ridiculous. We are accustomed -to this slight weakness in a woman, and find no fault with it, so long -as it is but a subordinate manifestation. When it has become the -all-absorbing aim, the French apply to it the word coquetry. - -Woman far surpasses man in the natural psychology of love, partly -because, through heredity and education, her native element is love; and -partly because she has finer feelings (Mantegazza). Even in a man of the -very highest breeding, it cannot be found objectionable that he -recognizes woman as a means of satisfying his natural instinct. But it -becomes his duty to belong only to the woman of his choice. In a -civilized state this becomes a binding social obligation,—marriage; and, -inasmuch as the wife requires for herself and children protection and -support, it becomes a marriage right. - - It is of great importance psychologically, and, for certain - pathological manifestations to be later described, indispensable, to - examine the psychological events which draw a man and a woman together - and unite them; so that, of all other persons of the same sex, only - the beloved one seems desirable. - - If one could demonstrate design in the processes of nature,—adaptation - cannot be denied them,—the fact of fascination by a single person of - the opposite sex, with indifference toward all others, as it occurs - between true and happy lovers, would appear as a wonderful creative - provision to insure monogamous unions for the promotion of their - object. - - To the scientific observer, however, this love, or “harmony of souls,” - this “heart-bond,” does not, by any means, appear as a “soul-mystery;” - but, in the majority of cases, it may be referred to certain physical - or mental peculiarities, as the case may be, by which the - attractiveness of the beloved person is exerted. - - Thus we speak of what is called _fetich_ and _fetichism_. In the term - _fetich_ we are wont to comprehend objects, or parts, or simply - peculiarities of objects, which, by virtue of associative relations to - an intense feeling, or to a personality or idea that awakens deep - interest, exert a kind of charm (“_fetisso_,” Portuguese), or, at - least, owing to peculiar individual coloring, produce a very deep - impression which does not belong to the external sign (symbol, fetich) - in itself.[18] - - The individual valuation of the fetich, which may go to the extent of - an unreasoning enthusiasm in the individual affected, is called - fetichism. This interesting psychological phenomenon is explicable by - an empirical law of association,—the relation of a particular to a - general concept,—in which, however, the essential thing is the - pleasurable emotional coloring of the particular concept peculiar to - the individual. It is most common in two related mental spheres,—those - of religious and erotic feelings and ideas. Religious fetichism - differs in relation and significance from sexual fetichism, for it - found, and still finds, its original motive in the delusion that the - object of the fetichism, or the idol, possesses divine attributes, and - that it is not simply a symbol; or peculiar wonder-working (relics) or - protective (amulet) virtues are superstitiously ascribed to the - fetich. - - It is otherwise with erotic fetichism, which finds its psychological - motive in fetiches which consist of physical or mental qualities of a - person, or even merely of objects which a person has used. These - always awaken intense associative ideas of the personality as a whole, - and, moreover, are always colored with a lively feeling of sexual - pleasure. Analogies with religious fetichism are always discernible; - for, under certain circumstances, in the latter, the most - insignificant objects (bones, nails, hair, etc.) become fetiches, and - are associated with pleasurable feelings which may reach the intensity - of ecstasy. - -With respect of the development of physiological love, it is probable -that its nucleus is always to be found in an individual fetich (charm) -which a person of one sex exercises over a person of the opposite sex. - -The case is the simplest where the sight of a person of the opposite sex -occurs simultaneously with sensual excitement, and the latter is thus -increased. - -Emotional and visual impressions are brought into associative -connection, and this association is strengthened in proportion as the -recurring emotion awakens the visual memory-picture, or the latter -(another meeting) renews sexual excitement, which may possibly reach the -intensity of orgasm and pollution (dream-picture). In this case the -whole physical personality has the effect of a fetich. - -As Binet and others show, merely parts of the whole, simply -peculiarities, either physical or mental, may affect the person of the -opposite sex as a fetich, when the perception of them is associated with -(accidental) sexual excitement (or induces it). - -It is well known from experience that accident determines this mental -association, that the objects of the fetich may be individually very -diverse, and that thus the most peculiar sympathies (and antipathies) -arise. - -These physiological facts of fetichism explain the individual sympathies -between husband and wife; the preference of a certain person to all -others of the same sex. Since the fetich represents a symbol that is -purely individual, it is clear that its effect must be individual. Since -it is colored by the most intense pleasurable feeling, it follows that -possible faults in the beloved object are overlooked (“Love is blind”), -and an exaltation of it is induced that to others is incomprehensible, -and even silly under some circumstances. Thus it is clear why lovers are -not understood by their unaffected fellow-men; and why they deify their -idols, develop a true cult of devotion, and invests them with attributes -which objectively they do not possess. Thus we may understand why love -appears sometimes more like a passion, sometimes as a formal, -exceptional mental state, in which the unattainable seems attainable, -the ugly beautiful, the profane sacred, and every other interest, every -duty, disappears. - -Tarde (_Archives de l’anthropologie criminelle_, v year, No. 30) -rightfully emphasizes the fact that the fetich may vary with nations as -well as with individuals, but that the general ideal of beauty remains -the same among civilized people of the same era. - -Binet deserves great credit for having studied and analyzed in detail -the fetichism of love. The particular sympathies all spring from it. -Thus one is attracted to slender, another to plump beauties, to blondes -or brunettes. For one a peculiar expression of the eyes; for another a -peculiar tone of the voice, or a particular (even an artificial) odor -(perfume); or the hand, the foot, the ear, etc., may be the individual -fetich (charm),—the beginning of a complicated chain of mental processes -which, as a whole, represent love, _i.e._, the longing to possess, -physically and mentally, the beloved object. - -This fact is important, as showing a condition for the origin of a -fetichism that falls within physiological limits. The fetich may -constantly retain its significance without being pathological; but this -is possible only when the particular concept is developed to a general -concept; when the resulting love comes to take as its object the whole -mental and physical personality. - -Normal love can be nothing but a synthesis, a generalization. Ludwig -Brunn,[19] under the heading, “The Fetichism of Love,” cleverly says:— - -“Thus normal love appears to us as a symphony of tones of all kinds. It -results from the most various stimuli. It is likewise polytheistic. -Fetichism recognizes only the tone of a single instrument; it results -from a certain stimulus; it is monotheistic.” - -On slight reflection any one will see that real love (this word is only -too often abused) can be spoken of only when the whole person is both -physically and mentally the object of adoration. Love must always have a -sensual element, _i.e._, the desire to possess the beloved object, to be -united with it and fulfill the laws of nature. But when merely the body -of the person of the opposite sex is the object of love, when -satisfaction of sensual pleasure is the sole object, without desire to -possess the soul and enjoy mutual communion, love is not genuine, no -more than that of platonic lovers, who love only the soul and avoid -sensual pleasure (many cases of contrary sexuality). For the former -merely the body, for the latter simply the soul, is a fetich, and the -love fetichism. Such cases certainly represent transitions to -pathological fetichism. This assumption is even more justified when, as -a further criterion of real love, mental[20] satisfaction must be given -by the sexual act. - -There remains to be mentioned, within the physiological phenomena of -fetichism, the fact that among the many things that may become fetiches -there are certain ones that gain such significance for a majority of -persons. - -As such for a man may be mentioned the hair, the hand, the foot of a -woman, the expression of her eyes. Certain ones of these gain a -remarkable significance in the pathology of fetichism. These facts -clearly play a _rôle_ in the feminine mind, either consciously or -unconsciously. - -One of the greatest cares of women is the cultivation of the hair, to -which often an unreasonable amount of time and money is devoted. How a -mother cares for her little daughter’s hair! What a part the -hair-dresser plays! Falling of the hair would cause despair in a young -lady. I recall a proud lady who became insane over it, and died by -suicide. Young ladies like to talk of coiffures, and are envious of -beautiful hair.[21] - -Beautiful hair is a powerful fetich with many men. In the legend of the -Loreley, who lured men to destruction, the golden hair, which she combs -with a golden comb, appears as a fetich. Frequently the hand and foot -possess an attractiveness no less powerful, when, indeed, often (though -by no means invariably) masochistic and sadistic feelings aid in -determining the peculiar kind of fetich. - -By a transference through association of ideas, the gloves or shoes may -obtain the significance of a fetich. - -Brunn (_op. cit._) justly points out that among the customs of the -Middle Ages drinking from the shoe of a beautiful woman (still to be -found in Poland) played a remarkable part in gallantry and homage. The -shoe also plays an important _rôle_ in the legend of Aschenbrödel. - -The expression of the eyes is particularly important as a means of -kindling the sparks of love. A neuropathic eye frequently affects -persons of both sexes as a fetich. “Madame, vos beaux yeux me font -mourir d’amour” (Molière). - -There is superfluity of examples showing that odors of the body may -become fetiches. - -This fact is also taken advantage of in the _ars amandi_ of woman, -either consciously or unconsciously. Ruth sought to attract Boaz by -perfuming herself. The _demi-monde_ of ancient and modern times is noted -for its use of perfume. Jäger, in his “Discovery of the Soul,” calls -attention to many olfactory sympathies. - -Cases are known where men have married ugly women simply because their -personal odors were exceedingly pleasing. - -Binet makes it probable that the voice may also become a fetich. He -relates a case in point of Dumas, who used it in his novel, “La Maison -du Vent.” It was the case of a wife who fell in love with a tenor’s -voice, and thus became untrue to her husband. Belot’s romance, “Les -Baigneuses de Trouville,” speaks in favor of this assumption. Binet -thinks that many marriages with singers are due to the fetich of their -voices. He also calls attention to the interesting fact that among -singing-birds the voice has the same sexual significance as odors among -quadrupeds. The birds allure by their song, and the male that sings most -beautifully flies at night to his charmed mate. - -The pathological facts of masochism and sadism show that mental -peculiarities may also act as fetiches in a wider sense. - -Thus the fact of idiosyncrasies is explained, and the old saying, “_De -gustibus non est disputandum_,” retains its force. - - - - - II. PHYSIOLOGY. - - -During the time of the physiological processes in the reproductive -glands, desires arise in the consciousness of the individual which have -for their purpose the perpetuation of the species (sexual instinct). - -Sexual desire during the years of sexual maturity is a physiological -law. The duration of the physiological processes in the sexual organs, -as well as the strength of the sexual desire manifested, vary, both in -individuals and in races. Race, climate, heredity, and social -circumstances have a very decided influence upon it. The greater -sensuality of southern races as compared with the sexual needs of those -of the North is well known. Sexual development in the inhabitants of -tropical climes takes place much earlier than in those of more northern -regions. In women of northern countries ovulation, recognizable in the -development of the body and the occurrence of a periodical flow of blood -from the genitals (menstruation), usually begins about the thirteenth or -fifteenth year; in men puberty, recognizable in the deepening of the -voice, the appearance of hair on the face and the mons veneris, and the -occasional occurrence of pollutions, etc., takes place about the -fifteenth year. In the inhabitants of tropical countries, however, -sexual development takes place several years earlier in women,—sometimes -as early as the eighth year. - -It is worthy of remark that girls who live in cities develop about a -year earlier than girls living in the country, and that the larger the -town the earlier, _ceteris paribus_, the development takes place. - -Heredity, however, has no small influence on libido and sexual power. -Thus there are families in which, with great physical strength and -longevity, great libido and virility are preserved until a great age, -while in other families the vita sexualis develops late and is early -extinguished. - -In women the time of the activity of the reproductive glands is shorter -than in men, in whom the sexual function may last until a great age. -Ovulation ceases about thirty years after puberty. This period of -cessation of activity of the ovaries is called the change of life -(climacterium). This biological phase does not represent merely a -cessation of function and final atrophy of the reproductive organs, but -also a transformation of the whole organism. In Middle Europe the sexual -maturity of men begins about the eighteenth year, and their virility -reaches its acme at forty. After that age it slowly declines. - -The potentia generandi ceases usually at the age of sixty-two, but -potentia cœundi may be present even in old age. The existence of the -sexual instinct is continuous during the time of sexual life, but it -varies in intensity. Under physiological conditions it is never -intermittent (periodical), as in animals. In men it manifests an organic -variation of intensity in consonance with the collection and expenditure -of semen; in women the increase of sexual desire coincides with the -process of ovulation, and in such a way that libido sexualis is greater -after the menstrual period. - -Sexual instinct—as emotion, idea, and impulse—is a function of the -cerebral cortex. Thus far no definite region of the cortex has been -proved to be exclusively the seat of sexual sensations and impulses.[22] - -Owing to the close relations which exist between the sexual instinct and -the olfactory sense, it is to be presumed that the sexual and olfactory -centres lie close together in the cerebral cortex. The development of -the sexual life has its beginning in the organic sensations which arise -from the developing reproductive glands. These excite the attention of -the individual. Readings and the experiences of every-day life (which, -unfortunately, to-day are too early and too frequently suggestive) -convert these notions into clear ideas. These become accentuated by -organic sensations which are pleasurable. With this accentuation of -erotic ideas by lustful feelings, an impulse to induce these (sexual -desire) is developed. - -Thus there is established a mutual dependence between the cerebral -cortex (as the place of origin of sensations and ideas) and the -reproductive organs. The latter, by reason of physiological processes -(hyperæmia, secretion of semen, ovulation), give rise to sexual ideas, -images, and impulses. - -The cerebral cortex, by means of apperceived or reproduced sensual -ideas, reacts on the reproductive organs, inducing hyperæmia, secretion -of semen, erection, ejaculation. This results by means of centres for -vasomotor innervation and ejaculation, which are situated in the lumbar -portion of the cord and lie close together. Both are reflex centres. - -The erection-centre (Goltz, Eckhard) is an intermediate station placed -between the brain and the genital apparatus. The nervous paths which -connect it with the brain probably run through the pedunculi cerebri and -the pons. This centre may be excited by central (psychical and organic) -stimuli, by direct irritation of the nerve-tract in the pedunculis -cerebri, pons, or cervical portion of the cord, as well as by peripheral -irritation of the sensory nerves (penis, clitoris, and annexa). It is -not directly subordinated to the will. - -The excitation of this centre is conveyed to the corpora cavernosa by -means of nerves (nervi erigentes—Eckhard) running in the first three -sacral nerves. - -The action of the nervi erigentes, which renders erection possible, is -an inhibitory one. They inhibit the ganglionic nervous mechanism in the -corpora cavernosa upon the action of which the smooth muscle-fibres of -the corpora cavernosa are dependent (Kölliker and Kohlrausch). Under the -influence of the action of the nervi erigentes these fibres of the -corpora cavernosa become relaxed and their spaces fill with blood. -Simultaneously, as a result of the dilatation of the capillary net-work -of the corpora cavernosa, pressure is exerted upon the veins of the -penis and the return of blood is impeded. This effect is aided by -contraction of the bulbo cavernosus and ischio cavernosus muscles, which -are inserted by means of an aponeurosis on the dorsal surface of the -penis. - -The erection-centre is under the influence of both exciting and -inhibitory innervation arising in the cerebrum. Ideas and -sense-perceptions of sexual content have an exciting effect. Also, -according to observations made on men that have been hung, it is evident -that the erection-centre may be excited by excitation of the tract in -the spinal cord. Observations on the insane and those suffering with -cerebral disease show that this is also possible as a result of organic -irritation in the cerebral cortex (psycho-sexual centre?). Spinal -diseases (tabes, especially myelitis) affecting the lumbar portion of -the cord, in their earlier stages, may directly excite the -erection-centre. - -Reflex excitation of the centre is possible and frequent in the -following ways: by irritation of the (peripheral) sensory nerves of the -genitals and surrounding parts by friction; by irritation of the urethra -(gonorrhœa), of the rectum (hæmorrhoids, oxyuris), of the bladder -(distension with urine, especially in the morning, irritation of -calculi); by distension of the vesicular seminales with semen; by -hyperæmia of the genitals, occasioned by lying on the back, and thus -inducing pressure of the intestines upon the blood-vessels of the -pelvis. - -The erection-centre may also be excited by irritation of the nervous -ganglia which are so abundant in the prostatic tissue (prostatitis, -introduction of catheter, etc.). - -The experiment of Goltz, according to whom, when (in dogs) the lumbar -portion of the cord is severed, erection is more easily induced, shows -that the erection-centre is also subject to inhibitory influences from -the brain. - -In men the fact that the will and emotions (fear of unsuccessful coitus, -surprise inter actum sexualem, etc.) may inhibit the occurrence of -erection, and cause it, when present, to disappear, also indicates this. - -The duration of erection is dependent upon the duration of its exciting -causes (sensory stimuli), the absence of inhibitory influences, the -nervous energy of the centre, and the early or late occurrence of -ejaculation (_v. infra_). - -The central and highest portion of the sexual mechanism is the cerebral -cortex. It is justifiable to presume that there is a definite region of -the cortex (cerebral centre) which gives rise to sexual feelings, ideas, -and impulses, and is the place of origin of the psycho-somatic processes -which we designate as sexual life, sexual instinct, and sexual desire. -This centre is excitable to both central and peripheral stimuli. - -Central stimuli, in the form of organic excitation, may be due to -diseases of the cerebral cortex. Physiologically they consist of -psychical stimuli (memory and sensory perceptions). - -Under physiological conditions these stimuli are essentially visual -perceptions and memory-pictures (_i.e._, lascivious stories) and also -tactile impressions (touch, pressure of the hand, kiss, etc.). - -Within physiological limits auditory and olfactory perceptions certainly -play but a very subordinate _rôle_. Under pathological conditions (_v. -infra_) the latter have a very decided influence in inducing sexual -excitement. - -Among animals the influence of olfactory perceptions on the sexual sense -is unmistakable. Althaus (“Beiträge zur Physiol. und Pathol. des -Olfactorius.” _Archiv für Psych._, xii, H 1) declares that the sense of -smell is important with reference to the reproduction of the species. He -shows that animals of opposite sexes are drawn to each other by means of -olfactory perceptions, and that almost all animals, at the time of -rutting, emit a very strong odor from their genitals. An experiment by -Schiff is confirmatory of this. He extirpated the olfactory nerves in -puppies, and found that, as the animals grew, the male was unable to -distinguish the female. On the other hand, an experiment by Mantegazza -(“Hygiene of Love”), who removed the eyes of rabbits and found that the -defect constituted no obstacle to procreation, shows how important in -animals the olfactory sense is for the vita sexualis. - -It is also remarkable that many animals (musk-ox, civet-cat, beaver) -possess glands on their sexual organs, which secrete materials having a -very strong odor. - -Althaus also shows that in man there are certain relations existing -between the olfactory and sexual senses. He mentions Cloquet -(“Osphrésiologie,” Paris, 1826), who calls attention to the sensual -pleasure excited by the odors of flowers, and tells how Richelieu lived -in an atmosphere loaded with the heaviest perfumes, in order to excite -his sexual functions. - -Zippe (_Wien. Med. Wochenschrift_, 1879, Nr. 24), in connection with a -case of kleptomania in an onanist, likewise establishes such relations, -and cites Hildebrand as authority, who in his popular physiology says: -“It cannot be doubted that the olfactory sense stands in remote -connection with the sexual apparatus. Odors of flowers often occasion -pleasurable sensual feelings, and when one remembers the passage in the -‘Song of Solomon,’ ‘And my hands dropped with myrrh and my fingers with -sweet-smelling myrrh upon the handles of the lock,’ one finds that it -did not escape Solomon’s observation. In the Orient the pleasant -perfumes are esteemed for their relation to the sexual organs, and the -women’s apartments of the Sultan are filled with the perfumes of -flowers.” - -Most, professor in Rostock (comp. Zippe), relates: “I learned from a -sensual young peasant that he had excited many a chaste girl sexually, -and easily gained his end, by carrying his handkerchief in his axilla -for a time, while dancing, and then wiping his partner’s perspiring face -with it.” - -The case of Henry III shows that contact with a person’s perspiration -may be the exciting cause of passionate love. At the betrothal feast of -the King of Navarre and Margaret of Valois, he accidentally dried his -face with a garment of Maria of Cleves, which was moist with her -perspiration. Although she was the bride of the Prince of Condé, Henry -conceived immediately such a passionate love for her that he could not -resist it, and made her, as history shows, very unhappy. An analogous -instance is related of Henry IV, whose passion for the beautiful Gabriel -is said to have originated at the instant when, at a ball, he wiped his -brow with her handkerchief. - -Professor Jäger, the “discoverer of the soul,” refers to the same thing -in his well-known book (2d ed., 1880, chap. xv, p. 173); for he regards -the sweat as important in the production of sexual effects and as being -especially seductive. - -One learns from reading the work of Ploss (“Das Weib”) that attempts to -attract a person of the opposite sex by means of the perspiration may be -discerned in many forms in popular psychology. - -In reference to this, a custom which holds among the natives of the -Philippine Islands when they become engaged, as reported by Jäger, is -remarkable. When it becomes necessary for the engaged pair to separate, -they exchange articles of wearing-apparel, by means of which each -becomes assured of faithfulness. These objects are carefully preserved, -covered with kisses, and smelled. - -The love of certain libertines and sensual women for perfumes[23] -indicates a relation between the olfactory and sexual senses. - -A case mentioned by Heschl (_Wiener Zeitschrift f. pract. Heilkunde_, -March 22, 1861) is remarkable, where the absence of both olfactory lobes -was accompanied by imperfectly developed genitals. It was the case of a -man aged 45, in all respects well developed, with the exception of the -testicles, which were not larger than beans and contained no seminal -canals, and the larynx, which seemed to be of feminine dimensions. Every -trace of olfactory nerves was wanting, and the trigona olfactoria and -the furrow on the under surface of the anterior lobes were absent. The -perforations of the ethmoid plate were sparingly present, and occupied -by nerveless processes of the dura instead of by nerves. In the mucous -membrane of the nose there was also an absence of nerves. Finally, the -clearly-defined relation of the olfactory and sexual senses in mental -diseases is worthy of notice, in that in the psychoses of both sexes -dependent on masturbation, as well as in insanity due to disease of the -sexual organs of the female, or during the climacteric[24], olfactory -hallucinations are especially frequent, while in cases where a sexual -cause is wanting they are very infrequent. - -I am inclined to doubt[25] that olfactory impressions in man, under -normal conditions, as in animals, play an important _rôle_ in the -excitation of the sexual centre. On account of the importance of this -_consensus_ for the understanding of pathological cases, it is necessary -here to thoroughly consider the relations existing between the olfactory -and sexual senses. - -The sexual sphere of the cerebral cortex may be excited, in the sense of -an excitation of sexual concepts and impulses, by processes in the -generative organs. This is possible as a result of all conditions which -also excite the erection-centre by means of centripetal influence -(stimulus resulting from distension of the seminal vesicles; enlarged -Graafian follicle; any sensory stimulus, however produced, about the -genitals; hyperæmia and turgescence of the genitals, especially of the -erectile tissue of the corpus cavernosum of the penis and clitoris, as a -result of luxurious, sedentary life; plethora abdominalis, high external -temperature, warm beds, clothing; taking of cantharides, pepper, and -other spices). - -Libido sexualis may also be induced by stimulation of the gluteal region -(castigation, whipping).[26] - -This fact is not unimportant for the understanding of certain -pathological manifestations. It sometimes happens that in boys the first -excitation of the sexual instinct is caused by a spanking, and they are -thus incited to masturbation. This should be remembered by those who -have the care of children. - -On account of the dangers to which this form of punishment of children -gives rise, it would be better if parents, teachers, and nurses were to -avoid it entirely. - -Passive flagellation may excite sensuality, as is shown by the sects of -flagellants, so wide-spread in the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries. -They were accustomed to whip themselves, partly as atonement and partly -to kill the flesh (in accordance with the principle of chastity -promulgated by the Church,—_i.e._, the emancipation of the soul from -sensuality). - -These sects were at first favored by the Church; but, since sensuality -was only excited the more by flagellation, and the fact became apparent -in unpleasant occurrences, the Church was finally compelled to oppose -it. The following facts from the lives of the two heroines of -flagellation, Maria Magdalena of Pazzi and Elizabeth of Genton, clearly -show the significance of flagellation as a sexual excitant. The former, -a child of distinguished parents, was a Carmelite nun in Florence (about -1580), and, by her flagellations, and, still more, through the results -of them, she became quite celebrated, and is mentioned in the Annals. It -was her greatest delight to have the prioress bind her hands behind her -and have her whipped on the naked loins in the presence of the assembled -sisters. - -But the whippings, continued from her earliest youth, quite destroyed -her nervous system, and perhaps no other heroine of flagellation had so -many hallucinations (“Entzückungen”). While being whipped her thoughts -were of love. The inner fire threatened to consume her, and she -frequently cried, “Enough! Fan no longer the flame that consumes me. -This is not the death I long for; it comes with all too much pleasure -and delight.” Thus it continued. But the spirit of impurity wove the -most sensual, lascivious fancies, and she was several times near losing -her chastity. - -It was the same with Elizabeth of Genton. As a result of whipping she -actually passed into a state of bacchanalian madness. As a rule, she -rested when, excited by unusual flagellation, she believed herself -united with her “ideal.” This condition was so exquisitely pleasant to -her that she would frequently cry out, “O love, O eternal love, O love, -O you creatures! cry out with me, love, love!” - -It is known, on the authority of Taxil (_op. cit._, p. 175), that rakes -sometimes have themselves flagellated, or pricked until blood flows, -just before the sexual act, in order to stimulate their diminished -sexual power. - -These facts find an interesting confirmation in the following -experiences, taken from Paullini’s “Flagellum Salutis” (1st ed., 1698; -reproduction, Stuttgart, 1847):— - -“There are some nations, viz., the Persians and Russians, where the -women regard blows as a peculiar sign of love and favor. Strangely -enough, the Russian women are never more pleased and delighted than when -they receive hard blows from their husbands, as John Barclay relates in -a remarkable narrative. A German, named Jordan, went to Russia, and, -pleased with the country, he settled there and took a Russian wife, whom -he loved dearly and to whom he was always kind in everything. But she -always wore an expression of dissatisfaction, and went about with sighs -and downcast eyes. The husband asked the reason, for he could not -understand what was wrong. ‘Aye,’ she said, ‘though you love me you do -not show me any sign of it.’ He embraced her and begged to be told what -he had carelessly and unconsciously done to hurt her feelings, and to be -forgiven, for he would never do it again. ‘I want nothing,’ was the -answer, ‘but what is customary in our country,—the whip, the real sign -of love.’ Jordan observed the custom and accustomed himself to it, and -then his wife began to love him dearly. Similar stories are told by -Peter Petrius, of Erlesund, with the addition that the husbands, -immediately after the wedding, among other indispensable household -articles, provide themselves with whips.” - -On page 73 of this remarkable book, the author says further: “The -celebrated Count of Mirindula, John Picus, relates of one of his -intimate acquaintances that he was an insatiable fellow, but so lazy and -incapable of love that he was practically impotent until he had been -roughly handled. The more he tried to satisfy his desire, the heavier -the blows he needed, and he could not attain his desire until he had -been whipped until the blood came. For this purpose he had a suitable -whip made, which was placed in vinegar the day before using it. He would -give this to his companion and on bended knees beg her not to spare him, -but to strike blows with it, the heavier the better. The good count -thought this singular man found the pleasure of love in this punishment. -While in other respects he was not a bad man, he understood and hated -his weakness. Coelius Rhodigin relates a similar story, as does also the -celebrated jurist, Andreas Tiraquell. In the time of the skillful -physician, Otten Brunfelsen, there lived in Munich, then the Capital of -the Bavarian Electorate, a debauchee who could never perform his -[sexual] duties without a severe preparatory beating. Thomas Barthelin -also knew a Venetian who had to be beaten and driven before he could -have intercourse,—just as Cupid himself moved reluctantly driven by his -followers with sprays of hyacinth. A few years ago there was in Lübeck a -cheesemonger, living on Mill Street, who, on a complaint to the -authorities of unfaithfulness, was ordered to leave the city. The -prostitute with whom he had been went to the judges and begged in his -behalf, telling how difficult all intercourse had become for him. He -could do nothing until he had been mercilessly beaten. At first the -fellow, from shame and to avoid disgrace, would not confess, but after -earnest questioning he could not deny it. There is said to have been a -man in the Netherlands who was similarly incapable, and could do nothing -without blows. On the decree of the authorities, however, he was not -only removed from his position, but also properly punished. A credible -friend, a physician in an important city of the kingdom, told me, on -July 14th, last year, how a woman of bad character had told a companion, -who had been in the hospital a short time before, that she, with another -woman of like character, had been sent to the woods by a man who -followed them there, cut rods for them, and then exposed his nates, -commanding them to belabor him well. This they did. It is easy to -conclude what he then did with them. Not only men have been excited and -inflamed to lasciviousness, but also women, that they too might -experience greater intensity of pleasure. For this reason the Roman -woman had herself whipped and beaten by the _lupercis_. Thus Juvenal -writes:— - - “‘Steriles moriuntur, et illis - Turgida non prodest condita psycido Lyde: - Nec prodest agili palmas præbere Luperco.’” - -In men, as well as in women, erection and orgasm, or even ejaculation, -may be induced by irritation of various other regions of the skin and -mucous membrane. These “erogenous” zones in woman are, while she is a -virgin, the clitoris, and, after defloration, the vagina and cervix -uteri. - -In woman the nipple particularly seems to possess this quality. -Titillatio hujus regionis plays an important part in the _ars erotica_. -In his “Topographical Anatomy,” 1865, Bd. i, p. 552, Hyrtl cites Val. -Hildebrandt, who observed a peculiar anomaly of the sexual instinct in a -girl, which he called _suctusstupratio_. She had her mammæ sucked by her -lover, and finally, by gradually drawing on her nipples, she became able -to suck them herself,—an act that gave her most intense pleasure. Hyrtl -also calls attention to the fact that cows sometimes suck the milk from -their own udders. L. Brunn (_Zeitg. f. Literatur_, etc., d. Hamburg. -Correspondent, 1889, Nr. 21), in an interesting article on “Sensuality -and Love of Kin,” points out how zealously the nursing mother gives -herself to nursing the babe, “for love of the weak, undeveloped, -helpless being.” - -It is easy to assume that, by the side of the ethical motives, the fact -that the sucking may be attended by feelings of physical pleasure plays -a part. The remark of Brunn, which is correct in itself, but one-sided, -that, according to Houzeau’s experience, among the majority of animals -it is only during the time of nursing that the relations between mother -and offspring are close, and thereafter indifferent, also speaks in -favor of this assumption. - -Bastian found the same thing (blunting of the feeling for the offspring -after weaning) among savages. - -Under pathological conditions, as is shown by Chambard, among others, in -his thesis for the doctorate, other portions of the body (in hysterical -persons) about the mammæ and genitals may attain the significance of -“erogenous” zones. - -In man, physiologically, the only “erogenous” zone is the glans penis, -and, perhaps, the skin of the external genitals. - -Under pathological conditions the anus may become an “erogenous” area. -Thus anal auto-masturbation, which seems to be only too frequent, and -passive pederasty would be explained. (Comp. Gamier, “Anomalies -sexuelles,” Paris, p. 514; F. Moll, “Conträre Sexualempfindung,” p. -163.) - -The psycho-physiological process comprehended in the idea of sexual -instinct is composed of (1) concepts awakened centrally or peripherally; -(2) the pleasurable feelings associated with them. - -The longing for sexual satisfaction (libido sexualis) arises from them. -This desire grows stronger constantly, in proportion as the excitation -of the cerebral sphere accentuates the feeling of pleasure by -appropriate concepts and activity of the imagination; and the -pleasurable sensations are increased to lustful feeling by excitation of -the erection centre and the consequent hyperæmia of the genitals -(entrance of liquor prostaticus into the urethra, etc.). - -If circumstances are favorable for the performance of the sexual act -satisfactorily, the constantly-increasing desire is complied with; if, -however, conditions are unfavorable, inhibitory concepts occur, overcome -the sexual longing, and prevent the sexual act. - -To civilized man cultivation of a readiness with ideas which inhibit -sexual desire is necessary and distinctive. The moral freedom of the -individual, and the decision whether, under certain circumstances, -excess, and even crime, be committed or not, depend, on the one hand, -upon the strength of the instinctive concepts and the accompanying -organic sensations; on the other, upon the power of the inhibitory -concepts. Constitution and, especially, organic influences have a marked -effect upon the instinctive impulses; education and cultivation of -self-control have a decisive influence on the opposing concepts. - -The exciting and inhibitory powers are variable quantities. -Over-indulgence in alcohol in this respect is very fatal, since it -awakens and increases libido sexualis, while at the same time it reduces -moral resistance. - - - THE ACT OF COHABITATION.[27] - -The essential condition for the man is sufficient erection. Anjel -(_Arch. für Psych._, viii, H. 2) calls attention to the fact that in -sexual excitement the erection centre is not alone influenced,—the -nervous excitement is distributed to the entire vasomotor system of -nerves. The proof of this is the turgescence of the organs in the sexual -act, injection of the conjunctiva, prominence of the eyes, dilatation of -the pupils, and cardiac palpitation (resulting from paralysis of the -vasomotor nerves of the heart, which arise from the cervical -sympathetic, and the consequent dilatation of the cardiac arteries, and -the increased stimulation of the cardiac ganglia induced by the -consequent hyperæmia of the cardiac walls). The sexual act is -accompanied by a pleasurable feeling, which, in the male, is conditioned -by the passage of semen through the _ductus ejaculatorii_ to the -urethra, caused by sensory stimulation of the genitals. The pleasurable -sensation occurs earlier in the male than in the female, grows rapidly -in intensity until the moment of commencement of ejaculation, reaching -its height in the instant of free emission, and disappears quickly _post -ejaculationem_. - -In the female the pleasurable feeling occurs later and comes on more -slowly, and generally outlasts the act of ejaculation. - -The distinctive event in coitus is ejaculation. This function is -dependent on a centre (genito-spinal), which Budge has shown to be -situated at the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra. It is a reflex -centre. The stimulus that excites it is the ejection of sperma from -the vesiculæ seminales into the pars membranacea urethræ, which -follows reflexly from stimulation of the glans penis. As soon as the -collection of semen, with ever-increasing pleasurable sensation, has -reached a sufficient amount to be effectual as a stimulus of the -ejaculation-centre, the centre acts. The reflex motor path lies in the -fourth and fifth lumbar nerves. The action consists of a convulsive -excitation of the bulbo-cavernosus muscle (innervated by the third and -fourth sacral nerves), which forces the semen out. - -In the female as well, at the height of sexual and pleasurable -excitement, a reflex movement occurs. It is induced by stimulation of -the sensory genital nerves, and consists of a peristaltic movement in -the tubes and uterus as far down as the portio vaginalis, which presses -out the mucous secretions of the tubes and uterus. Inhibition of the -ejaculation centre is possible as a result of cortical influence (want -of desire in coitus, emotions in general; influence of the will, in a -measure). - -Under normal conditions, with the completion of the sexual act, libido -sexualis and erection disappear, and the psychical and sexual excitement -gives place to a comfortable feeling of lassitude. - - - - - III. GENERAL PATHOLOGY.[28] - - - (NEUROLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL.) - - -Abnormality of the sexual functions proves to be especially frequent in -civilized races. This fact is explained in part by the frequent abuse of -the sexual organs, and in part by the circumstance that such functional -anomalies are often the signs of an abnormal constitution of the central -nervous system, which is, for the most part, hereditary (“functional -signs of degeneration”). - -Since the generative organs stand in important functional connection -with the entire nervous system, and especially with its psychical and -somatic functions, it is easy to understand the frequency of general -neuroses and psychoses arising in sexual (functional or organic) -disturbances. - - SCHEMA OF THE SEXUAL NEUROSES. - - } }_a._ Anæsthesia. - }1. Sensory. }_b._ Hyperæsthesia. - } }_c._ Neuralgia. - I. PERIPHERAL.[29] }2. Secretory. }_a._ Aspermia. - } }_b._ Polyspermia. - }3. Motor. }_a._ Pollutions - } } (spasm). - } }_b._ Spermatorrhœa - } } (paralysis). - - II. SPINAL. }1. Affections of the erection centre. - }2. Affections of the ejaculation centre. - - }1. Paradoxia. - }2. Anæsthesia. - III. CEREBRAL. }3. Hyperæsthesia. - }4. Paræsthesia. - - - II. SPINAL NEUROSES. - - - _1. Affections of the Erection Centre._ - -(a) _Irritation_ (priapism) arises reflexly from peripheral sensory -irritants (_e.g._, gonorrhœa); directly, from organic irritation of the -nerve-tracts from the brain to the erection centre (spinal disease in -the lower cervical and upper dorsal regions), or of the centre itself -(certain poisons); or from psychical irritation. In the latter case -satyriasis exists, _i.e._, abnormal duration of erection, with libido -sexualis. In simply reflex or direct organic irritation, libido sexualis -may be wanting, and the priapism be accompanied by unpleasant feelings. - -(b) _Paralysis_ from destruction of the centre or of the nerve-tracts -(nervi erigentes), in diseases of the spinal cord (paralytic impotence). -A milder form is that of lessened excitability of the centre, resulting -from overstimulation (in sexual excesses, especially in onanism), or -from alcoholic intoxication, abuse of bromides, etc. It may be -accompanied by cerebral anæsthesia, and often with anæsthesia of the -external genitals. Cerebral hyperæsthesia is here more frequent -(increased libido sexualis, lust). A peculiar form of diminished -excitability is shown in those cases where the centre responds only to -certain stimuli. Thus there are men for whom sexual contact with their -virtuous wives does not supply the necessary stimulus for the excitation -of an erection, but in whom it occurs when the act is attempted with a -prostitute, or in the form of some unnatural sexual act. As far as -psychical stimuli are here concerned, they may be inadequate (_v. -infra_, paræsthesia and perversion of sexual instinct). - -(c) _Inhibition._ The erection centre may become functionally incapable -as a result of cerebral influence. This inhibitory influence is an -emotion (disgust, fear of contagion), or an idea[30] of impotence. There -are many men in the first condition who have an unconquerable loathing -for their wives, or fear of infection, or are suffering with perverse -sexual feelings. In the latter condition are neuropathic individuals -(neurasthenics, hypochondriacs), frequently weakened sexually -(masturbators), who have reason, or think they have, to mistrust their -sexual power. This idea acts as an inhibitory concept, and makes the act -with the person concerned of the opposite sex temporarily or absolutely -impossible. - -(d) _Irritable weakness._ In this condition there is abnormal -impressionability of the centre, but accompanied by rapid diminution of -its energy. There may be functional disturbance of the centre itself, or -weakness of the innervation through the nervi erigentes; or there may be -weakness of the ischio-cavernosus muscle. Cases in which the erection is -ineffectual, on account of abnormally early ejaculation, form a -transition to the following anomalies:— - - - _2. Affections of the Ejaculation Centre._ - -(a) _Abnormally easy ejaculation_ from absence of cerebral inhibition, -resulting from excessive psychical excitement or irritable weakness of -the centre. In this case, under certain circumstances, the simple -conception of a lascivious situation is sufficient to set the centre in -action (high degree of spinal neurasthenia, usually resulting from -sexual abuse). A third possibility is hyperæsthesia of the urethra, by -virtue of which, when the semen enters it, an immediate and excessive -reflex action of the ejaculation centre is induced. In such a case, -simple proximity to the female genitals may be sufficient to induce -ejaculation (_ante portam_). - -In case of hyperæsthesia of the urethra as a cause, the ejaculation may -be accompanied by painful, instead of pleasurable, sensations. Usually, -in cases where there is hyperæsthesia of the urethra, there is, at the -same time, irritable weakness of the centre. Both functional -disturbances are important in the production of pollutio nimia and -diurna. - -The accompanying pleasurable feeling may be pathologically absent. This -occurs in defective men and women (anæsthesia, aspermia?), and, further, -as a result of disease (neurasthenia, hysteria); or (in prostitutes) it -follows overstimulation and the blunting thus induced. The intensity of -the pleasurable feeling depends on the degree of psychical and motor -excitement accompanying the sexual act. Under pathological conditions -this may become so pronounced that the movements of coitus take on the -character of involuntary convulsive movements, and even pass into -general convulsions. - -(b) _Abnormally difficult ejaculation._ It is occasioned by -inexcitability of the centre (absence of libido, paralysis of the -centre: organic, from disease of brain or spinal cord; functional, from -sexual abuses, marasmus, diabetes, morphinism), and, in this case, for -the most part, in connection with anæsthesia of the genitals and -paralysis of the erection centre. Or it is the result of a lesion of the -reflex arc, or of peripheral anæsthesia (urethra), or of aspermia. The -ejaculation occurs not at all, or tardily, in the course of the sexual -act, or only afterward, in the form of a pollution. - - - III. CEREBRAL NEUROSES. - -1. _Paradoxia_, _i.e._, sexual excitement occurring independently of the -period of the physiological processes in the generative organs. - -2. _Anæsthesia_ (absence of sexual instinct). Here all organic impulses -arising in the sexual organs, as well as all concepts, and visual, -auditory, and olfactory sense-impressions, fail to excite the individual -sexually. This is physiological in childhood and old age. - -3. _Hyperæsthesia_ (increased desire, satyriasis). In this state there -is an abnormally increased impressionability of the vita sexualis to -organic, psychical, and sensory stimuli (abnormally intense libido, -lustfulness, lasciviousness). The stimulus may be central (nymphomania, -satyriasis) or peripheral, functional or organic. - -4. _Paræsthesia_, (perversion of the sexual instinct, _i.e._, -excitability of the sexual functions to inadequate stimuli). - -These cerebral anomalies fall within the domain of psychopathology. The -spinal and peripheral anomalies may occur in combination with them, but -these affect persons, as a rule, that are free from mental disease. They -may occur in various combinations, and become the cause of sexual -crimes. For this reason, they demand consideration in the following -description. However, the cerebral anomalies claim the principal -interest, since they very frequently lead to the commission of perverse -and even criminal acts. - - - A. PARADOXIA. SEXUAL INSTINCT MANIFESTING ITSELF INDEPENDENTLY OF - PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES. - - - _1. Sexual Instinct Manifested in Childhood._ - -Every physician conversant with nervous affections and diseases incident -to childhood is aware of the fact that manifestation of sexual instinct -may occur in very young children. The observations of Ultzmann -concerning masturbation in childhood[31] are worthy of attention in -relation to it. It is necessary here to differentiate between the -numerous cases where, as a result of phimosis, balanitis, or oxyuris in -rectum or vagina, young children have itching of the genitals, and -experience a kind of pleasurable sensation from manipulations thus -induced, and thus come to practice masturbation; and those cases in -which sexual ideas and impulses occur in the child as a result of -cerebral processes without peripheral causes. It is only in this latter -class of cases that we have to do with the early manifestation of sexual -instinct. In such cases it may always be regarded as an accompanying -symptom of a neuro-psychopathic constitutional condition. A case of -Marc’s (“Die Geisteskrankheiten,” etc., von Ideler, i, p. 66) -illustrates very well these conditions. The subject was a girl of eight -years, of respectable family, who was devoid of all child-like and moral -feelings, and had masturbated from her fourth year; at the same time she -consorted with boys of the age of ten or twelve. She had thought of -killing her parents, that she might become her own mistress and give -herself up to pleasure with men. In these cases of early manifestation -of libido the children come also to masturbate; and, since they are -greatly predisposed constitutionally, they frequently sink into -dementia, or become subjects of severe degenerative neuroses or -psychoses. - - Lombroso (_Archiv di Psichiatria_, iv, p. 22) has collected a number - of cases of children affected with very decided hereditary taint, - which belong in this category. One was that of a girl who masturbated - shamelessly and almost constantly at the age of three. Another girl - began at the age of eight, and continued to practice masturbation when - married, and even during pregnancy. She was pregnant twelve times. - Five of the children died early, four were hydrocephalic, and two boys - began to masturbate,—one at the age of seven, the other at the age of - four. - - Zambaco (_L’Encéphale_, 1882, Nr. 1, 2) tells the disgusting story of - two sisters affected with premature and perverse sexual desire. The - elder, R., masturbated at the age of seven, practiced lewdness with - boys, stole wherever she could, seduced her four-year-old sister into - masturbation, and at the age of ten was given up to the practice of - the most revolting vices. Even _ferrum candens ad clitoridem_ had no - effect in overcoming the practice, and she masturbated with the - cassock of a priest while he was exhorting her to reformation. - - - _2. Re-awakening of Sexual Instinct in Old Age._[32] - -There are infrequent cases in which the sexual instinct persists until a -great age. “Senectus non quidem annis sed viribus magis æstimatur” -(Zittmann). Oesterlen (Maschka, Handb., iii, p. 18) mentions the case of -a man aged 83, who was sentenced to three years’ imprisonment by a -Wurtemberg court on account of sexual misdemeanors. Unfortunately -nothing is said of the nature of the crime or of the mental condition of -the criminal.[33] - -The manifestation of sexual instinct in old age is not in itself -pathological; but presumption of pathological conditions must -necessarily be entertained when the individual is decrepit and his -sexual life has already long become extinct; and when the impulse, in a -man whose sexual needs were in his early life, perhaps, not very marked, -manifests itself with greater strength, and strives for even perverse -satisfaction in a shameless and impulsive manner. In such cases there is -at once suggested a presumption of pathological conditions. Medical -science recognizes the fact that such an impulse depends upon the morbid -alterations of the brain which lead to senile dementia. This abnormal -manifestation of sexual life may be the precursor of senile dementia, -and make its appearance even long before there are any well-defined -manifestations of intellectual weakness. The attentive and experienced -observer will always be able to detect in this prodromal stage an -alteration of character _in pejus_, and a deterioration of the moral -sense accompanying the peculiar sexual manifestation. - -The libido of those passing into senile dementia is at first expressed -in lascivious speech and gesture. The next objects of the attempts of -these senile subjects of brain atrophy and psychical degeneration are -children. This sad and dangerous fact is explained by the better -opportunity they have of falling in with children, but more especially -by a feeling of imperfect sexual power. Defective sexual power and -greatly diminished moral sense explain the additional fact of the -perversity of the sexual acts of these aged men. They are the -equivalents of the impossible physiological act. - -The annals of legal medicine distinguish, as such, exhibition of the -genitals,[34] lustful handling of the genitals of children,[35] inducing -them to perform manustupration of the seducer, and performing -masturbation[36] or flagellation on the victim. - -In this stage the intellect may still be sufficiently intact to allow -avoidance of publicity and discovery, while the moral sense is too far -gone to allow consideration of the moral significance of the act and -resistance to the impulse. With the progress of dementia, these acts are -more and more shamelessly committed. Then care on account of defective -sexual power disappears, and adults also become the objects of the -senile passion; but the defective sexual power necessitates equivalents -for coitus. Not infrequently sodomy results, and, as Tarnowsky (_op. -cit._, p. 77) points out, in the sexual act performed with geese, -chickens, etc., the sight of the dying animal and its death-struggles at -the time of coitus afford complete satisfaction. The perverse sexual -acts with adults are quite as horrible, and may be explained -psychologically in the same way. - -Case 49, in the author’s “Text-Book of Legal Psychopathology,” second -ed., p. 161, demonstrates how enormously increased sexual lust may be -during the course of senile dementia. Quum senex libidinosus germanam -suam filiam æmulatione motus necaret et adspectu pectoris sciosi puellæ -moribundæ delectaretur. - -Erotic delirium and states of satyriasis may occur, in the course of the -malady, with or without maniacal episodes, as the following case shows:— - - Case 1. J. René, always given to indulgence in sensuality and sexual - pleasures, but always with regard for decorum, has shown, since his - seventy-sixth year, a progressive loss of intelligence and increasing - perversion of his moral sense. Previously bright and outwardly moral, - he now wasted his property in concourse with prostitutes, frequented - brothels only, asked every woman on the street to marry him or allow - coitus, and thus became so publicly obnoxious that it was necessary to - place him in an asylum. There the sexual excitement increased to a - veritable satyriasis, which lasted until he died. He masturbated - continuously, even before others; took delight only in obscene ideas; - thought the men about him were women, and followed them with indecent - proposals (Legrand du Saulle, “La Folie,” p. 533). - - Moreover, women previously moral, when affected with senile dementia, - may manifest similar conditions of great sexual excitement - (nymphomania, furor uterinus). - -It may be seen from a reading of Schopenhauer,[37] that, as a result of -senile dementia, the abnormally excited and perverse instinct may be -directed exclusively to persons of the same sex (_v. infra_). The manner -of the satisfaction is here passive pederasty, or, as I ascertained in -the following case, mutual masturbation:— - - Case 2. Mr. X., aged 80, of high social position, from a family having - hereditary taint. He was always very sensual and a cynic, of - uncontrollable temper, and, according to his own confession, as a - young man, preferred masturbation to coitus. However, he never showed - signs of contrary sexual instinct, and kept mistresses, raising a - child by one. At the age of forty-eight he married, out of - inclination, and begat six children, and never gave his wife cause for - complaint. I could obtain but an incomplete history of his family. It - was certain that his brother was suspected of love for men, and that a - nephew became insane as a result of excessive masturbation. - - The patient, always peculiar and quick-tempered, for years has been - growing more extreme in character. He has become exceedingly - suspicious, and slight opposition to his wishes induces attacks of - anger which may become actual raving, and in which he may raise his - hand against his wife. For a year there have been unmistakable signs - of incipient senile dementia. The patient has become forgetful, - localizes past events incorrectly, and has false ideas of time. For - fourteen months it has been noticed that he manifests affection for - certain male servants, especially for a gardener’s boy. Otherwise rude - and overbearing to servants, he surfeits his favorite with favors and - presents, and commands his family and his house officials to treat the - boy with the greatest respect. The aged patient awaits the hour of - rendezvous in true sexual excitement. He sends his family away, that - he may be with his favorite undisturbed, and remains shut up with him - for hours; and when the doors are opened again, he is found lying on - the bed exhausted. Besides this object of his passion, the patient had - intercourse episodically with other servants. It is certain that he - enticed them, asked them for kisses, exhibited himself, allowed - manipulation ad genitalia, and practiced mutual masturbation. By these - practices absolute demoralization was brought about. The family was - powerless; for any opposition caused violent outbreaks of anger and - even threats against his relatives. The patient was completely without - appreciation of his perverse sexual acts; and therefore the only - course left to the afflicted family was to remove all authority from - his hands and place him in an asylum. No erotic inclination toward the - opposite sex was observed, though the patient occupied a - sleeping-apartment with his wife. With reference to the perverse - sexuality and the defective moral sense of this unfortunate man, it is - worthy of note that he questioned the servants of his daughter-in-law - as to whether she had a lover. - - - B. ANÆSTHESIA SEXUALIS (ABSENCE OF SEXUAL FEELING). - - - _1. As a Congenital Anomaly._ - -Only those cases can be regarded as unquestionable examples of absence -of sexual instinct dependent on cerebral causes, in which, in spite of -generative organs normally developed and the performance of their -functions (secretion of semen, menstruation), the corresponding emotions -of sexual life are absolutely wanting. These functionally sexless -individuals are seldom seen, and are, indeed, always persons having -degenerative defects, and in whom other functional cerebral -disturbances, states of psychical degeneration, and even anatomical -signs of degeneration, are observed. Legrand du Saulle describes a -classical case that falls under this head (_Annales médico-psychol._, -May, 1876). - - Case 3. D., aged 33, had a mother who suffered with insanity of - persecution. The mother’s father also suffered with persecutory - insanity, and committed suicide. Her mother was insane, and this - woman’s mother became insane in the puerperal state. Three of her - mother’s children died in babyhood, and those that lived longer had an - abnormal character. As early as his thirteenth year, D. was troubled - with the thought of becoming insane. At fourteen he attempted suicide. - Later, vagabondage, and, as a soldier, repeated insubordination and - crazy pranks. His intelligence was very limited; no sign of - degeneration, genitals normal. At seventeen or eighteen he had - emissions of semen, had never masturbated or had sexual feeling, and - never had sought intercourse with women. - - Case 4. P., aged 36, common laborer, was received at my clinic in the - beginning of November on account of spastic spinal paralysis. He - declares he comes of a healthy family. A stutterer from his youth. - Cranium microcephalic (cf. 53 cm.). Patient somewhat imbecile. He was - never sociable, never had a sexual emotion. The sight of a woman never - had anything enticing for him. He never had a desire to masturbate. - Erections frequent, but only on waking in the morning with a full - bladder, and without a trace of sexual feeling. Pollutions very - infrequent,—about once a year, in sleep,—and usually while dreaming - that he is concerned with a female. These dreams, however, as his - dreams in general, are not markedly erotic. He says the act of - pollution is not accompanied by any pleasurable sensation. Patient - does not feel this absence of sexual sensations. He gives the - assurance that his brother, aged 34, is in exactly the same sexual - condition as himself, and he makes it seem probable that a sister, - aged 21, is in a similar state. A younger brother, he says, is normal - sexually. The examination of his genitals reveals nothing abnormal - besides phimosis. - -Hammond (“Sexual Impotence”), even with his wide experience, reports -only the following three cases of anæsthesia sexualis:— - - Case 5. Mr. W., aged 33; strong, healthy, with normal genitals. He had - never experienced libido, and had vainly sought to awaken his - defective sexual instinct by means of obscene stories and intercourse - with prostitutes. On the occasion of such attempts he experienced only - disgust, with even a feeling of nausea, and became nervously and - mentally exhausted. Only once, when he forced the situation, did he - have a transitory erection. W. had never masturbated, and had had - pollutions about once every two months from his seventeenth year. - Important interests demanded that he marry. He had no _horror feminæ_, - and longed for a home and a wife, but felt that he was incapable of - the sexual act. He died, unmarried, in the American civil war. - - Case 6. X., aged 27; genitals normal; never felt libido. Mechanical or - thermic stimuli easily induced erection, but instead of libido - sexualis there was regularly a desire for alcoholic indulgence. Such - excesses also induced erections, and he then sometimes masturbated. He - had a disinclination for women and a loathing of coitus. If, with an - erection, he made an attempt at coitus, it disappeared at once. Death - in coma during an attack of cerebral hyperæmia. - - Case 7. Mrs. O., normally developed, healthy, menstruated regularly; - aged 35, fifteen years married. She never experienced libido, and - never had any erotic excitement in sexual intercourse with her - husband. She was not averse to coitus, and sometimes seemed to - experience pleasure in it, but she never had a wish for repetition of - cohabitation. - -In connection with such pure cases of anæsthesia there should be -considered other cases in which the mental side of the vita sexualis is -a blank leaf in the life of the individual, but where elementary sexual -sensations manifest themselves at least in masturbation (comp. the -transitional Case 6). According to Magnan’s ingenious classification, -which, however, is not strictly correct and somewhat too dogmatic, in -such cases the sexual life is so limited as to be designated spinal. -Possibly in some such cases there exists virtually a mental side of the -vita sexualis, but it is very weak, and undermined by masturbation -before it attains development. These represent the transitional cases -from the congenital to the acquired (psychical) anæsthesia sexualis. -This danger threatens many masturbators of vicious constitution. It is -psychologically interesting that when the sexual element is early -vitiated, then an ethical defect is manifested. - -The two following cases, previously published by me in the _Archiv für -Psychiatrie_, vii, are given here as illustrations worthy of -consideration:— - - Case 8. F. J., aged 19, student; mother was nervous, sister epileptic. - At the age of four, acute brain affection, lasting two weeks. As a - child he was not affectionate, and was cold toward his parents; as a - student he was peculiar, retiring, preoccupied with self, and given to - much reading. Well endowed mentally. Masturbation from fifteenth year. - Eccentric after puberty, with continual alternation between religious - enthusiasm and materialism,—now studying theology, now natural - sciences. At the university his fellow-students took him for a fool. - He read Jean Paul almost exclusively, and wasted his time. Absolute - absence of sexual feeling toward the opposite sex. Once he indulged in - intercourse, experienced no sexual feeling in the act, found coitus - absurd, and did not repeat it. Without any emotional cause whatever, - he often had a thought of suicide. He made it the subject of a - philosophical dissertation, in which he contended that it was, like - masturbation, a justifiable act. After repeated experiments, which he - made on himself with various poisons, he attempted suicide with - fifty-seven grains of opium; but he was saved, and sent to an asylum. - - Patient is destitute of moral and social feelings. His writings - disclose incredible frivolity and vulgarity. His knowledge is of a - wide range, but his logic is peculiarly distorted. There is no trace - of emotionality. He treats everything (even the sublime) with - incomparable cynicism and irony. He pleads for the justification of - suicide with false philosophical premises and conclusions, and, as one - would speak of the most indifferent affair, he declares that he - intends to accomplish it. He regrets that his penknife has been taken - from him. If he had it he would open his veins as Seneca did,—in the - bath. A short time before a friend had given him, instead of a poison - as he supposed, a cathartic. Instead of having been a means to send - him to the other world, it had sent him to the water-closet. Only the - Great Operator could eradicate his foolish and fatal idea by removing - his senses, etc. - - The patient has a large, rhombic, distorted skull, the left half of - the forehead being flatter than the right. The occiput is very - straight. Ears far back, widely projecting, and the external meatus - forms a narrow slit. Genitals very lax; testicles unusually soft and - small. - - Now and then the patient suffers with onomatomania. He is compelled to - think of the most useless problems and give up to an interminable - distressing and worrying thought; and is so fatigued after it that he - is no longer capable of any rational thought. After some months the - patient was sent home unimproved. There he spent his time in reading - and frivolities, and busied himself with the thought of founding a new - Christianity, because Christ had been subject to grand delusions and - had deceived the world with wonders (!). After remaining at home some - years the sudden occurrence of a maniacal outbreak brought him again - to the asylum. He presented a mixture of primordial delirium of - persecution (devil, anti-christ, persecution, poisoning, persecutory - voices) and delusions of grandeur (Christ, redemption of the world), - with impulsive, incoherent actions. After five months there was a - remission of this intercurrent acute mental disease, and the patient - returned to the level of his original intellectual peculiarity and - moral defect. - - Case 9. E., aged 30, journeyman-painter, was arrested while trying to - cut off the scrotum of a boy he had caught in the woods. He gave as a - motive for this act that he wished to cut into it in order that the - world should not multiply. Often in his youth, with like purpose, he - had cut into his own genitals. - - It is impossible to learn anything of his ancestry. From his childhood - he was mentally abnormal, violent, never lively, very irritable, - irascible, selfish, and weak-minded. He hated women, loved solitude, - and read much. He sometimes laughed to himself and did silly things. - Of late years his hatred of women had increased, especially of those - that were pregnant, they being responsible for the misery of the - world. He also hated children, and cursed his father. He entertained - communistic ideas, and berated the rich and the ministry, and God, who - had allowed him to come into the world so poor. He declared that it - would be better to castrate all children than to allow others to come - into the world that could only be fated to endure poverty and misery. - He had always had the intention, from his fifteenth year, to castrate - himself, in order to have no part in increasing unhappiness and adding - to the number of men. He hated the female sex because it was a means - of procreation. Only twice in his life had he allowed women to - practice manustupration on him, and, with the exception of this, he - had never had anything to do with them. Occasionally he had sexual - desire, but never for a natural satisfaction of it. When nature did - not help him, he occasionally helped himself by means of masturbation. - - He is a powerful, muscular man. The formation of the genitals presents - no abnormality. On the scrotum and penis are numerous scars, which - resulted from his attempts at self-emasculation, but which, he - asserts, were not carried out on account of pain. Genu valgum of right - limb. No evidence of onanism could be discovered. He is moody, - defiant, irritable. Social feelings are absolutely foreign to him. - With the exception of imperfect sleep and frequent headaches, there - are no functional disturbances. - -From cases of this kind, depending on cerebral causes, there must be -distinguished others where the absence of function arises from an -absence or malformation of the generative organs, as in certain -hermaphrodites, idiots, and cretins. A case belonging here is found in -Maschka’s hand-book. - - Case 10. Complainant pleads for divorce on account of impotence of her - husband, who has never had intercourse with her. She is thirty-one - years old, and a virgin. The husband is somewhat weak mentally, - physically strong; the genitals well developed. He declares that he - has never had a complete erection or a flow of semen, and says that he - is totally indifferent about intercourse with women. - -Ultzmann’s[38] observations show that anæsthesia sexualis is not caused -by aspermia simply. He shows that even in congenital aspermia the vita -sexualis and sexual power may be entirely satisfying; an additional -proof that defective libido _ab origine_ is to be sought for in cerebral -conditions. - -The _naturæ frigidas_ of Zacchias are examples of a milder form of -anæsthesia. They are met more frequently among women than among men. The -characteristic signs of this anomaly are: slight inclination to sexual -intercourse, or pronounced disinclination to coitus without sexual -equivalent, and failure of corresponding psychical, pleasurable -excitation during coitus, which is indulged in simply from sense of -duty. I have often had occasion to hear complaints from husbands about -this. In such cases the wives have always proved to be neuropathic _ab -origine_. Some were at the same time hysterical. - - - _2. Acquired Anæsthesia._ - -Acquired diminution of sexual instinct, extending through all degrees to -extinction, may depend on various causes. These may be organic and -functional, psychical and somatic, central and peripheral. The -diminution of libido, as age advances, and its temporary disappearance -after the sexual act, are physiological. The variations with reference -to the duration of the sexual instinct are dependent upon individual -factors. Education and manner of life have a great influence upon the -intensity of the vita sexualis. Intense mental activity (hard study), -physical exertion, emotional depression, and sexual continence decidedly -diminish sexual inclination. Continence at first induces increase, but -sooner or later, according to constitutional conditions, the activity of -the generative organs decreases, and with it libido. At all events, in a -person sexually mature, a close connection exists between the activity -of the generative glands and the degree of libido. That this relation is -not determinate is shown by the cases of sensual women, who, after the -climacterium, continue to have sexual intercourse, and may manifest -states of sexual excitement (cerebral). Also in eunuchs it is seen that -libido may long outlast the production of semen. - -On the other hand, however, experience teaches that libido is -essentially conditioned by the function of the generative glands, and -that the facts mentioned are exceptional manifestations. As peripheral -causes of diminution or extinction of libido, may be mentioned -castration, degeneration of the sexual glands, marasmus, sexual excesses -in the form of coitus and masturbation, and alcoholism [cocainism]. In -the same way, the disappearance of libido in general disturbances of -nutrition (diabetes, morphinism, etc.) may be explained. Finally, the -atrophy of the testicles should be remembered, which has sometimes been -observed to follow focal lesions of the brain (cerebellum). - -A diminution of the vita sexualis, from degeneration of the tracts of -the cord and genito-spinal centre, occurs in diseases of the spinal cord -and brain. A central interference with the sexual instinct may be -organically induced by cortical disease (dementia paralytica in its -advanced stages); functionally, by hysteria (central anæsthesia?) and -emotional insanity (melancholia, hypochondria). - - - C. HYPERÆSTHESIA (ABNORMALLY INCREASED SEXUAL DESIRE). - -Pathology has no easy task, in the single case, when it has to decide -whether the impulse to sexual satisfaction has reached a pathological -degree. Emminghaus (“Psychopathologie,” p. 225) declares that the -immediate re-awakening of desire after satisfaction, with its occupation -of the entire attention, and no less the excitation of libido by the -sight of persons and things which in themselves should have but an -indifferent sexual effect, are decidedly abnormal. In general, sexual -instinct and its corresponding needs are in proportion to physical -strength and age. Sexual desire rapidly increases after puberty, until -it reaches a marked degree; is strongest from the twentieth to the -fortieth year, and then slowly decreases. Married life seems to preserve -and control the instinct. Sexual intercourse with many persons increases -the desire. - -Since woman has less sexual need than man, a predominating sexual desire -in her arouses a suspicion of its pathological significance; and the -more, when this finds expression in desire for adornment, coquetry, or -male society, which, passing beyond the limits set by good breeding and -manners, becomes quite noticeable. - -The constitution, in both sexes, is of the greatest significance. An -abnormally strong sexual instinct is frequently accompanied by a -neuropathic constitution; and such individuals pass a great part of -their lives heavily burdened with the weight of this constitutional -anomaly of their sexual life. The power of the sexual impulse in such -cases may at times rise to the importance of an organic necessity, and -really endanger the freedom of the will. The want of satisfaction of -this impulsive desire may, under such conditions, induce a condition -allied to actual rutting, or a psychical condition, accompanied by -emotions of fear, in which the individual gives up to the impulse, and -responsibility becomes doubtful. If the individual does not give up to -his powerful impulse, he is in danger, by reason of his enforced -abstinence, of ruining his nervous system by inducing a neurasthenia, or -seriously increasing such a condition if it be already present. In -normally constituted individuals, too, the sexual instinct is an -inconstant quantity. Aside from the temporary indifference following -satisfaction, and the diminution of sexual desire in long-continued -continence after a certain reactionary stage of sexual desire is -overcome, the manner of life has a great influence. Those living in -large cities, who are constantly reminded of sexual things and incited -to sexual enjoyment, certainly have more sexual desire than those living -in the country. A dissipated, luxurious, sedentary manner of life, -preponderance of animal food, and the consumption of spirits, spices, -etc., have a stimulating influence on the sexual life. In woman the -sexual inclination is post-menstrually increased. At this time, in -neuropathic women, the excitement may reach a pathological degree. - -The great libido of consumptives is remarkable. Hofmann tells of a -consumptive peasant who satisfied his wife sexually on the evening -before his death. - -The sexual acts are coitus (eventually rape) and, _faute de mieux_, -masturbation; and, with defective moral sense, pederasty or bestiality. -If sexual power is diminished or extinct, with excessive sexual desire, -all manner of perversity of sexual acts becomes possible. - -Excessive libido may be peripherally or centrally induced. The former -manner of origin is the more infrequent. Pruritus and eczema of the -genitals may cause it; and likewise certain substances, like -cantharides, which powerfully stimulate sexual desire. Not infrequently, -in women at the climacteric, sexual excitement occurs, occasioned by -pruritus; and also in cases where there is neuropathic taint. Magnan -(_Annales médico-psychol._, 1885, p. 157) reports the case of a lady who -was afflicted mornings with attacks of frightful erethismus genitalis, -and the case of a man, aged 55, who was tormented at night by unbearable -priapism. In each case there was a neurosis. - -The central origin of sexual excitement is of frequent occurrence[39] in -persons having neurotic taint or hysteria, and in conditions of -psychical exaltation. Here, where the cortex and the psycho-sexual -centre are in a condition of hyperæsthesia (abnormal excitability of the -imagination, increased ease of association), not only visual and tactile -impressions, but also auditory and olfactory sensations, may be -sufficient to call up lascivious concepts. - - Magnan (_op. cit._) reports the case of a young woman who had an - increasing sexual desire from puberty, and satisfied it by - masturbation. Gradually she grew to become sexually excited at the - sight of any man pleasing to her; and, since she was unable to control - herself, she would sometimes shut herself up in a room until the storm - had passed. At last she gave herself up to men of her choice, that she - might get rest from her tormenting desire; but neither coitus nor - masturbation brought relief, and she went to an asylum. - - The case of a mother of five children is added, who, in despair about - her inordinate sexual impulse, attempted suicide, and then sought an - asylum. There her condition improved, but she never trusted herself to - leave it. - -There are several illustrative cases in men and women in the author’s -article, “On Certain Anomalies of Sexual Instinct,” Cases 6 and 7 -(_Archiv für Psychiatrie_, vii, 2); Cases 3 and 5 are given here. - - Case 11. On the afternoon of July 7, 1874, Clemens, engineer, being on - his way, on business, from Trieste to Vienna, left the train at the - town of Bruck, and, passing through the town to the neighboring - village of St. Ruprecht, attempted a rape on an old woman, aged 70, - whom he found alone in a house. He was seized by the neighbors and - arrested by the local police. At his hearing he declared that he had - tried to find the pound, in order to satisfy his sexual desire with a - bitch. He said that he often suffered with such sexual excitement. He - did not deny his act, but excused it as the result of disease. The - heat, the motion of the cars, and anxiety about his family, to which - he wished to go, had confused him and made him ill. Shame and remorse - were not shown. His conduct was open, his mien gay; eyes red and - bright, head hot, tongue coated; pulse full, soft, beating over 100; - fingers somewhat tremulous. The statements of the accused were - precise, but hurried; his glance uncertain, and with an unmistakable - expression of lasciviousness. To the medical expert summoned to - examine him, he gave the impression of one suffering with disease,—as - if he were in the beginning of alcoholic insanity. - - C. is forty-five years old, married, father of one child. He does not - know what diseases his parents or other members of his family have - had. In childhood he was weak and neuropathic. At the age of five his - head was injured by a blow with a hoe. A scar one-half cm. broad by - one cm. long, situated on the right parietal and frontal bones, dates - from that injury. The bone is here somewhat depressed. The overlying - skin is united to the bone. Pressure at this point causes pain, which - radiates along the lower branch of the trigeminus. This spot is also - frequently spontaneously painful. In his youth he had frequent attacks - of “fainting”; before puberty, pneumonia, rheumatism, and intestinal - catarrh. At the age of seven he experienced a peculiar inclination for - men,—_i.e._, for a certain superior. Whenever he saw this man he had a - peculiar feeling in his heart; kissed the ground he walked on. At ten - he fell in love with a certain deputy. Later he had an enthusiasm for - men, though it was entirely platonic. He began to masturbate at the - age of fourteen; first intercourse at seventeen. Then the earlier - manifestations of contrary sexual feeling disappeared entirely. At - that time he passed through a peculiar acute psychopathic condition, - which he described as a kind of clairvoyance. From fifteen, - hæmorrhoids, with symptoms of plethora abdominalis. When he had - profuse hæmorrhoidal hæmorrhage, which occurred usually every three or - four weeks, he was better. At other times he was constantly in a - condition of painful sexual excitement, which he satisfied partly by - means of onanism and partly by coitus. Every woman he met excited him; - even when he was among female relatives he was impelled to make - indecent proposals. Sometimes it was possible for him to master his - desire; sometimes he was driven to indecent acts. If, after these, he - was kicked out-of-doors, it seemed perfectly right to him; for he - thought that he needed such correction and support against his - powerful impulse, which was a burden to him. No periodicity in this - sexual excitement was recognizable. - - Until 1861 he committed excesses in venery and was several times - infected with gonorrhœa and chancres. In 1861, marriage. He was - sexually satisfied, but became a burden to his wife on account of his - great sensuality. In 1864 he passed through an attack of mania in the - hospital at Fiume, and in the same year he again fell ill, and was - taken to the insane asylum at Ybbs, where he remained until 1867. - There he suffered with recurrent mania accompanied by great sexual - excitement. He says that intestinal catarrh and anxiety were the cause - of his illness at that time. - - Thereafter he was well, but he suffered much on account of his - excessive sexual desire. If he were absent from his wife but a short - time, the impulse became so powerful that man or animal was - indifferent to him for the satisfaction of his lust. In summer these - impulses were much stronger, and were always accompanied by abdominal - plethora. Something that he remembered in medical reading, made him - think that in his case the ganglionic system was more powerful than - the cerebral. In October, 1873, on account of business, he had to - leave his wife. From that time until Easter, with the exception of - occasional masturbation, there was no sexual indulgence. After that he - made use of women and bitches. From the middle of June until July 7, - he had no opportunity for sexual indulgence. He felt nervously - excited, relaxed, and as if he were going crazy. Of late he had slept - badly. A longing for his wife, who lived in Vienna, drove him to leave - his business. He obtained leave of absence. The heat and the noise of - the train confused him, and he could no longer hold out against his - sexual excitement and the pressure of blood in his abdomen. Everything - danced before his eyes. He left the car at Bruck, and was absolutely - confused, not knowing where he went; and for a moment the thought came - to him to throw himself in the water; all was like a mist before his - eyes. Then he saw a woman, exposed his genitals, and tried to embrace - her. She cried for help, and thus he was arrested. - - After the attempt it suddenly became clear to him what he had done. He - openly confessed his crime, which he remembered in all its details, - but which seemed to him to be something abnormal. He could not help - it. For some days after this, C. suffered with headache and - congestions, and was now and then excited and restless, and slept - badly. His mental functions are undisturbed, but he is, nevertheless, - a congenitally peculiar man, with a character weak and devoid of - energy. The facial expression has something lascivious and peculiar - about it. He suffers with hæmorrhoids. The genitals present nothing - abnormal. The cranium is narrow and retreating at the forehead. Body - large and well nourished. With the exception of diarrhœa, there is no - disturbance of the vegetative functions. - - Case 12. Mrs. E., aged 47. Uncle on father’s side was insane; father - was sanguine, and given to excess in venery. Patient’s brother died of - an acute cerebral affection. Patient from childhood has been nervous, - eccentric, and romantic; and while little more than a child manifested - excessive sexual desire, and at ten began sexual indulgence. At - nineteen, marriage. Unhappy married life; her husband, who was normal, - did not satisfy her, and until recent years she constantly had other - friends besides her husband. She was well aware of the immorality of - her life, but felt her powerlessness against her insatiable desire, - which she sought to keep, at least outwardly, a secret. Later she - thought that she had suffered with a “mania for men.” Patient has - borne six children. Six years ago she was thrown from a wagon and - received a severe cerebral concussion. Following this there was - melancholia, with delusions of persecution, which sent her to the - asylum. She is approaching the climacterium, and of late the menses - have been profuse and too frequent. Since this period she is pleased - to note that the previously powerful sexual impulse has declined. - Proper behavior. Slight degree of descensus uteri and prolapsus ani. - -Hyperæsthesia sexualis may be continuously present with exacerbations, -or it may be intermittent or periodic. In the latter case it is a -cerebral neurosis _per se_ (_vide_ “Special Pathology”), or an -accompanying symptom of a condition of general psychical excitement -(mania; episodically in dementia paralytica, dementia senilis, etc.). - -Lentz has published a remarkable case of intermittent satyriasis -(_Bulletin de la société de méd. légale de Belgique_, Nr. 21):— - - Case 13. For three years the generally respected farmer D., married, - aged 35, has manifested states of sexual excitement, with increasing - frequency and severity, which, during the past year, have become true - paroxysms of satyriasis. It was impossible to discover hereditary or - other organic cause. D. was compelled, at times when his sexual - excitement was excessive, to perform the sexual act from ten to - fifteen times in twenty-four hours, without deriving any feeling of - satisfaction. Gradually he developed a condition of general nervous - hyper-irritability (_éréthisme général_) with increased emotional - irritability to the extent of pathological outbreaks of anger, and - impulse to over-indulgence in alcohol, which induced symptoms of - alcoholism. His attacks of satyriasis became so violent that - consciousness was interfered with, and the patient raged about in - blind impulse to sexual acts. He demanded that his wife give herself - to other men or to animals in his presence; that she allow copulation - with him, _presentibus filiabus_, because this would afford him - greater enjoyment. Memory for the events at the height of these - attacks, in which the extreme irritability even led to outbreaks of - maniacal rage, was entirely wanting. D. himself thought that he must - have had moments in which he no longer had control of his senses, and - without satisfaction from his wife would have been compelled to seize - the next best female. After an attack of violent emotion, these - attacks of sexual excitement suddenly disappeared entirely. - -The two following cases show how powerful, dangerous, and painful sexual -hyperæsthesia may become in those afflicted with this anomaly:— - - Case 14. _Hyperæsthesia Sexualis_—_Delirium Acutum ex Abstinentia._—On - May 29, 1882, F., aged 29, single, shoemaker, was received at the - clinic. Father was of passionate temper; mother neuropathic, and had - an insane brother. Patient had never been seriously ill previously, - and was not a drinker, but had always been sexually very passionate. - Five days before, he was taken acutely ill mentally. He made two - attempts at rape in broad daylight, before witnesses, and when - arrested talked in delirium only of obscene things, and masturbated - without stint, and for three days had been raving mad. On admission he - presented the picture of a severe acute delirium, with violent motor - symptoms of irritation, and fever. Under treatment with ergotin a cure - was effected. - - On January 5, 1888, second admission, in a state of violent mania. On - January 4, he had become morose, irritable, whining, and sleepless; - and then, after vain assaults on women, had manifested symptoms of - increasing angry excitement. - - On January 6, progress of the condition to severe acute delirium - (great disturbance of consciousness, jactation, grinding of the teeth, - grimacing, and other motor symptoms of irritation; temperature as high - as 40.7° C.); impulsive masturbation. Recovery was complete by January - 11, under energetic treatment with ergotin. - - After his recovery the patient gives an interesting account of the - cause of his illness. Always very passionate sexually; first coitus at - the age of sixteen. Continence caused headache, great psychical - irritability, lassitude, great loss of pleasure in work, and - sleeplessness. Since he had few opportunities in the country to - satisfy his desire, he had recourse to masturbation. It was necessary - for him to masturbate once or twice daily. No coitus in two months. - Increasing sexual excitement; could think of nothing save means for - the gratification of his impulse. Masturbation was not sufficient to - banish the constantly increasing torment _ex abstinentia_. During the - last four days violent impulse to coitus; increasing sleeplessness and - irritability. There was only a summary recollection of the height of - the illness. Patient recovered in December. A very respectable man; he - considers his inordinate desire decidedly pathological, and is anxious - about his future. - - Case 15. On July 11, 1884, R., aged 33, servant, was admitted - suffering with paranoia persecutoria and neurasthenia sexualis. Mother - was neuropathic; father died of spinal disease. From childhood he had - an intense sexual desire, of which he became conscious as early as his - sixth year. From this age, masturbation; from fifteenth year, _faute - de mieux_, pederasty; occasionally, sodomitic indulgences. Later, - abusus coitus in marriage cum uxore. Now and then even perverse - impulse to commit cunnilingus and to administer cantharides to his - wife, because her libido did not equal his own. His wife died after a - short period of married life. Patient’s circumstances became - straightened, and he had no means to indulge himself sexually. Then - masturbation again; employment of lingua canis to induce ejaculation. - At times, priapism and conditions approaching satyriasis. He was then - driven to masturbate, in order not to become stuporous. Beneficial - diminution of the libido nimia, with the gradually predominating - sexual neurasthenia and hypochondria. - -The following case, valuable for an understanding of many Messalinas, -some of whom are historically celebrated, is a classical example of pure -hyperæsthesia sexualis, which I take from Trelat’s “Folie lucide”:— - - Case 16. Mrs. V. has suffered with a passion for men since her - earliest youth. Of good family, well bred, of pleasant disposition, - exceedingly modest, she was, as a little girl, a terror to her family, - because she could scarcely be alone with a person of the opposite sex, - no matter whether it was with child or man of any age, without - exposing herself immediately and demanding satisfaction for her sexual - passion, even going so far as to lay hold of him. An attempt was made - to cure her by marriage. She loved her husband passionately, but even - with him she could not keep from demanding coitus of every one with - whom she could be alone, no matter whether it was servant, laborer, or - school-boy. - - Nothing could cure her of this impulse. Even when she became a - grandmother, she was still a Messalina. One day she locked a - twelve-year-old boy in her room and tried to seduce him. The boy - defended himself and escaped. She was severely punished by his - brother. All was in vain. She was put in a cloister. There she was an - example of morality, and gave not the slightest cause for blame. - Immediately after her return the scandal began again. The family - banished her, and set aside money to support her. She earned by her - own hand-work enough to buy herself lovers. Any one seeing this neatly - dressed matron, of good manners and amiable disposition, would never - suspect how recklessly passionate she still was at the age of - sixty-five. On January 7, 1854, her family, in despair at new - scandals, placed her in an asylum. She lived there until May, 1858, - when she died of apoplexia cerebri, in her seventy-third year. Her - conduct in the asylum was exemplary. Left to herself, and under - favorable conditions, her sexual impulses manifested themselves - shortly before her death. With the exception of this, during an - observation of four years by physicians of the asylum, she never - showed a sign of mental abnormality. - - - D. PARÆSTHESIA OF SEXUAL FEELING (PERVERSION OF THE SEXUAL INSTINCT). - -In this condition there is perverse emotional coloring of the sexual -ideas. Ideas physiologically and psychologically accompanied by feelings -of disgust, give rise to pleasurable sexual feelings; and the abnormal -association finds expression in passionate, uncontrollable emotion. The -practical results are perverse acts (perversion of the sexual instinct). -This is more easily the case if the pleasurable feelings, increased to -passionate intensity, inhibit any opposing ideas with corresponding -feelings of disgust; or the influence of such opposing concepts may be -impossible on account of the absence or loss of all ideas of morality, -æsthetics, and law. This loss, however, is only too frequently found -where the spring of ethical ideas and feelings (a normal sexual -instinct) has been poisoned from the beginning. - -With opportunity for the natural satisfaction of the sexual instinct, -every expression of it that does not correspond with the purpose of -nature,—_i.e._, propagation,—must be regarded as perverse. The perverse -sexual acts resulting from paræsthesia are of the greatest importance -clinically, socially, and forensically; and, therefore, they must here -receive careful consideration; all æsthetic and polite disgust must be -overcome. - -Perversion of the sexual instinct, as will be seen from what follows, is -not to be confounded with perversity in the sexual act; since the latter -may be induced by conditions which are not psychopathology. The concrete -perverse act, monstrous as it may be, is not decisive. In order to -differentiate between disease (perversion) and vice (perversity), one -must investigate the whole personality of the individual and the -original impulse leading to the perverse act. Therein will be found the -key of diagnosis (_v. infra_). - -Paræsthesia may occur in combination with hyperæsthesia. This -association seems to be frequent clinically. Sexual acts are then -confidently to be expected. The perverse direction of sexual activity -may be toward sexual satisfaction with the opposite or the same sex. -Thus two great groups of perversions of the sexual life may be -distinguished. - - - _1. Sexual Inclination toward Persons of the Opposite Sex, with Perverse - Activity of the Instinct._ - -1. _Association of Active Cruelty and Violence with -Lust_—_Sadism._[40]—That lust and cruelty frequently occur together is a -fact that has long been recognized and not infrequently observed. -Writers of all kinds have called attention to this phenomenon.[41] The -not infrequent cases where individuals of very excitable sexual natures -bite or scratch the companion in intercourse fall within physiological -limits.[42] The older authors have called attention to the relation -between lust and cruelty. - - Blumröder (“Ueber Irresein,” Leipzig, 1836, p. 51) saw a man who had - several wounds bitten into the pectoral muscle, which a woman, in - great sexual excitement, had given him at the acme of lustful feeling - during coitus. Blumröder (“Ueber Lust und Schmerz,” Friedreich’s - _Magazin für Seelenkunde_, 1830, ii, 5) calls especial attention to - the psychological connection between lust and murder. In relation to - this, he especially refers to the Indian myths of Siva and Durga - (Death and Lust); to human sacrifice with sensual mysteries; and to - sexual instinct at puberty with a lustful impulse to suicide, with - whipping, pinching, and pricking of the genitals, in the blind impulse - to satisfy sexual desire. Lombroso (“Verzeni e Agnoletti,” Rome, 1874) - also cites numerous examples of the occurrence of a desire to murder - with greatly increased lust. - -On the other hand, when murderous lust has been excited, lust itself -often follows. Lombroso (_op. cit._) alludes to the fact, mentioned by -Mantegazza, that, with fear of being plundered by bandits, there was -always a dread of brutal lust.[43] These examples form transitions to -the pronounced pathological cases. - - The examples of the degenerate Cæsars (Nero, Tiberius) are also - instructive. They took delight in having youths and maidens - slaughtered before their eyes. Not less so is the history of that - monster, Marschalls Gilles de Rays (Jacob, “Curiosités de l’histoire - de France,” Paris, 1858), who was executed in 1440, on account of - mutilation and murder, which he had practiced for eight years on more - than eight hundred children. As the monster confessed it, it was from - reading Suetonius and the descriptions of the orgies of Tiberius, - Caracalla, etc., that the idea was gained of locking children in his - castles, torturing them, and then killing them. This inhuman wretch - confessed that in the commission of these acts he enjoyed - inexpressible pleasure. He had two assistants. The bodies of the - unfortunate children were burned, and only a number of heads of - particularly beautiful children were preserved—as memorials. - -In an attempt to explain the association of lust and cruelty, it is -necessary to return to a consideration of the quasi-physiological cases, -in which, at the moment of most intense lust, very excitable -individuals, who are otherwise normal, commit such acts as biting and -scratching, which are usually the result of anger. It must further be -remembered that love and anger are not only the most intense emotions, -but also the only two forms of active (sthenic) emotion. Both seek their -object, try to possess themselves of it, and naturally exhaust -themselves in a physical effect on it; both throw the psycho-motor -sphere into the most intense excitement, and thus, by means of this -excitation, reach their normal expression. - -From this stand-point it is clear how lust impels to acts that otherwise -are expressive of anger.[44] The one, like the other, is a state of -exaltation, an intense excitation of the whole psycho-motor sphere. Thus -there arises an impulse to react on the object that induces the -stimulus, in every possible way, and with the greatest intensity. Just -as maniacal exaltation easily passes to furibund destructiveness, -exaltation of the sexual emotion often induces an impulse to expend -itself in senseless and apparently harmful acts. To a certain extent -these are psychical accompaniments; but it is not simply an unconscious -excitation of innervation of muscles (which also sometimes occurs as -blind violence); it is a true hyperbulia, a desire to exert the most -intense effect on the individual giving rise to the stimulus. The most -intense means, however, is the infliction of pain. - -Through such cases of infliction of pain, during the most intense -emotion of lust, we approach the cases in which a real injury, wound, or -death, is inflicted on the victim.[45] In these cases, the impulse to -cruelty, which may accompany the emotion of lust, becomes unbounded in a -psychopathic individual; and, at the same time, owing to defect of moral -feeling, all normal inhibitory ideas are absent or weakened. Such -monstrous, sadistic acts have, however, in men, in whom they are much -more frequent than in women, another source in physiological conditions. -In the intercourse of the sexes, the active or aggressive _rôle_ belongs -to man; woman remains passive, defensive.[46] It affords a man great -pleasure to win a woman, to conquer her; and in the _ars amandi_, the -modesty of a woman who keeps herself on the defensive until the moment -of surrender, is an element of great psychological significance and -importance. Under normal conditions a man meets obstacles which it is -his part to overcome, and for which nature has given him an aggressive -character. This aggressive character, however, under pathological -conditions, may likewise be excessively developed, and express itself in -an impulse to subdue absolutely the object of desire, even to destroy or -kill it.[47][48] - -If both these constituent elements occur together,—the abnormally -intensified impulse to a violent reaction toward the object of the -stimulus, and the abnormally intensified desire to conquer the -woman,—then the most violent outbreaks of sadism occur. - -Sadism is thus nothing else than an excessive and monstrous pathological -intensification of phenomena,—possible, too, in normal conditions in -rudimental forms,—which accompany the psychical vita sexualis, -particularly in males. It is, of course, not at all necessary, and not -even the rule, that the sadistic individual should be conscious of his -instinct. What he feels is, as a rule, only the impulse to cruel and -violent treatment of the opposite sex, and the coloring of the idea of -such acts with lustful feelings. Thus arises a powerful impulse to -commit the imagined deeds. When the actual motive of this instinct is -not comprehended by the individual, the sadistic acts have the character -of impulsive deeds. - -When the association of lust and cruelty is present, not only does the -lustful emotion awaken the impulse to cruelty, but _vice versâ_; cruel -ideas and acts cause sexual excitement, and in this way are used by -perverse individuals.[49] - -A differentiation of original and acquired cases of sadism is scarcely -possible. Many individuals, tainted _ab origine_, for a long time do -everything to conquer the perverse instinct. If they are potent, at -first they are able to lead a normal vita sexualis, often with the -assistance of subjective ideas of a perverse nature. Later, after the -opposing motives of an ethical and æsthetic kind have been gradually -overcome, and after the constantly repeated experience that the natural -act does not bring complete satisfaction, the abnormal instinct bursts -forth. Owing to this late expression, in acts, of an originally perverse -disposition, the appearances are those of an acquired perversion. As a -rule, it may be safely assumed that this psychopathic state exists _ab -origine_. - -Sadistic acts vary in monstrousness with variation in the power of the -perverse instinct over the individual afflicted, and with variation in -the strength of opposing ideas that may be present, which almost always -are more or less weakened by original ethical defect, hereditary -degeneracy, or moral insanity. Thus there arises a long series of forms -which begins with capital crime and ends with silly acts which afford -the perverse desires of the sadistic individual merely symbolic -satisfaction. - -Sadistic acts may be further differentiated with reference to their -nature: either as they are indulged in after consummated coitus by which -the libido nimia remains unsatisfied; or, with diminished virility, as -they are used to stimulate the diminished power; or, finally, where -virility is absolutely wanting, as they become an equivalent for the -impossible coitus, for the induction of ejaculation. In the last two -cases, notwithstanding the impotence, there is still intense libido; or -there was, at least, intense libido in the individual at the time when -the sadistic acts became habitual. Sexual hyperæsthesia is always to be -regarded as the basis of sadistic inclinations. The impotence which -occurs so frequently in the psychopathic and neuropathic individuals -here considered, as a result of excesses indulged in from early youth, -is usually dependent upon spinal weakness. Often, too, there is a kind -of psychical impotence, induced by concentration of thought on the -perverse act with simultaneous fading of the idea of normal -satisfaction. No matter what the external form of the act may be, the -mentally perverse predisposition and instinct of the individual are -essential to an understanding of it. - -(a) _Lust-Murder_[50] (_Lust Potentiated as Cruelty, Murderous Lust -Extending to Anthropophagy_).—The most horrible example, and one which -most pointedly shows the connection between lust and a desire to kill, -is the case of Andreas Bichel, which Feuerbach published in his -“aktenmässige Darstellung merkwürdiger Verbrechen.” - - B. puellas stupratas necavit et dissecuit. With reference to one of - his victims, at his examination he expressed himself as follows: “I - opened her breast and with a knife cut through the fleshy parts of the - body. Then I arranged the body as a butcher does a beef, and hacked it - with an axe into pieces of a size to fit the hole which I had prepared - up in the mountain for burying it. I may say that while opening the - body I was so greedy that I trembled, and could have cut out a piece - and eaten it.” - - Lombroso, too (“Geschlechtstrieb und Verbrechen in ihren gegenseitigen - Beziehungen.” Goltdammer’s _Archiv_, Bd. xxx), mentions cases falling - in the same category. A certain Phillipe indulged in choking - prostitutes, post-actum, and said: “I am fond of women, but it is - sport for me to choke them after having enjoyed them.” - - A certain Grassi (Lombroso, _op. cit._, p. 12) was one night seized - with sexual desire for a relative. Irritated by her remonstrance, he - stabbed her several times in the abdomen with a knife, and also - stabbed her father and uncle who attempted to hold him back. - Immediately thereafter he hastened to visit a prostitute in order to - cool his sexual passion in her arms. But this was not sufficient. He - then murdered his father and slaughtered several oxen in the stable. - -It cannot be doubted, from what has gone before, that a great number of -so-called lust-murders depend upon a combination of hyperæsthesia and -paræsthesia sexualis. As a result of this perverse coloring of the -feelings, further acts of bestiality with the body may result,—_e.g._, -cutting it up and wallowing in the intestines. The case of Bichel points -to this possibility. - -A modern example is that of Menesclou (_Annales d’hygiène publique_), -who was examined by Lasègue, Brouardel, and Motet, declared to be -mentally sound, and executed. - - Case 17. A four-year-old girl was missing from her parents’ home, - April 15, 1880. On April 16th, Menesclou, one of the occupants of the - house, was arrested. The forearm of the child was found in his pocket, - and the head and entrails, in a half-burned condition, were taken from - the stove. Parts of the body were found in the water-closet. The - genitals could not be found. M., when asked their whereabouts, became - embarrassed. The circumstances, as well as an obscene poem found on - his person, left no doubt that he had violated the child and then - murdered her. M. expressed no remorse, asserting that his deed was an - accident. His intelligence is limited. He presents no anatomical signs - of degeneration; is somewhat deaf, and scrofulous. - - M., aged 20; convulsions at the age of nine months. Later, he suffered - from poor sleep (enuresis nocturna); was nervous, and developed - tardily and imperfectly. From the time of puberty he was irritable, - showed evil inclinations; was lazy; could not be taught, and in all - trades proved, to be of no use. He grew no better even in the House of - Correction. He was made a marine, but there, too, he proved useless. - When he returned home he stole from his parents, and spent his time in - bad company. He did not run after women, but gave himself up - passionately to masturbation, and occasionally indulged in sodomy with - bitches. His mother suffered with mania menstrualis periodica. An - uncle was insane, and another an inebriate. The examination of M.’s - brain showed morbid changes of the frontal lobes, of the first and - second temporal convolutions, and of a part of the occipital - convolutions. - - Case 18. Alton, a clerk in England, goes out of town for a walk. He - lures a child into a thicket, and returns after a time to his office, - where he makes this entry in his note-book: “Killed to-day a young - girl; it was fine and hot.” The child was missed, searched for, and - found cut into pieces. Many parts, and among them the genitals, could - not be found. A. did not show the slightest trace of emotion, and gave - no explanation of the motive or circumstances of his horrible deed. He - was a psychopathic individual, and occasionally subject to states of - depression with tædium vitæ. His father had had one attack of acute - mania. A near relative suffered from mania with homicidal impulses. A. - was executed. - -In such cases it may even happen that appetite for the flesh of the -murdered victim arises, and, in consequence of this perverse coloring of -the idea, parts of the body may be eaten. - - Case 19. Leger, vine-dresser, aged 24. From youth moody, silent, shy - of people. He starts out in search of a situation. He wanders about - eight days in the forest, there catches a girl twelve years old, - violates her, mutilates her genitals, tears out her heart, eats of it, - drinks the blood, and buries the remains. Arrested, at first he lied, - but finally confessed his crime with cynical cold-bloodedness. He - listened to his sentence of death with indifference, and was executed. - At the post-mortem examination, Esquirol found morbid adhesions - between the cerebral membranes and the brain (Gorget, “Darstellung der - Prozesse Leger, Feldtmann,” etc., Darmstadt, 1827). - - Case 20. Tirsch, hospital beneficiary of Prag, aged 55, always silent, - peculiar, coarse, very irritable, grumbling, revengeful, was sentenced - to twenty years’ imprisonment, on account of violating a girl ten - years old. He had attracted attention on account of outbursts of anger - from insignificant causes, and also on account of tædium vitæ. In - 1864, on account of the refusal of an offer of marriage which he made - to a widow, he developed a hatred toward women, and on July 8th he - went about with the intention of killing one of this hated sex. - Vetulam occurentem in silvam allexit, coitum poposcit, renitentem - prostravit, jugulum feminæ compressit “furore captus.” Cadaver virga - betulæ desecta verberare voluit neque tamen id perfecit, quia - conscientia sua hæc fieri vetuit, cultello mammae et genitalia desecta - domi cocta proximis diebus cum globis comedit. On September 12th, when - he was arrested, the remains of this meal were found. He gave as the - motive of this act “inner impulse.” He himself wished to be executed - because he had always been persecuted. In confinement there were great - emotional irritability and occasional outbursts of fury, preceded by - refusal of food, which made isolation, lasting several days, - necessary. It was authoritatively established that the most of his - earlier excesses were coincident with outbreaks of excitement and fury - (Maschka, _Prager Vierteljahrsschrift_, 1866, i, p. 79). - -The Whitechapel murderer, who still eludes the vigilance of the police, -probably belongs in this category of psycho-sexual monsters.[51] The -constant absence of uterus, ovaries, and labia, in the victims (ten) of -this modern Bluebeard, allows the presumption that he seeks and finds -still further satisfaction in anthropophagy. - -In other cases of lust-murder, for physical and mental reasons (_vide -supra_), violation is omitted, and the sadistic crime alone becomes the -equivalent of coitus. The prototype of such cases is the following one -of Verzeni. The life of his victim hung on the rapid or retarded -occurrence of ejaculation. Since this remarkable case presents all the -peculiarities which modern science knows concerning the relation of lust -to lust-murder with anthropophagy, and especially since it was carefully -studied, it receives detailed description here:— - - Case 21. Vincenz Verzeni, born in 1849; since January 11, 1872, in - prison; is accused (1) of an attempt to strangle his nurse Marianne, - four years ago, while she lay sick in bed; (2) of a similar attempt on - a married woman, Arsuffi, aged 27; (3) of an attempt to strangle a - married woman, Gala, by grasping her throat while kneeling on her - body; (4) on suspicion of the following murders:— - - In December a fourteen-year-old girl, Johanna Motta, set out for a - neighboring village between seven and eight o’clock in the morning. - Since she did not return, her master set out to find her, and - discovered her body near the village, lying by a path in the fields. - The corpse was frightfully mutilated with numerous wounds. The - intestines and genitals had been torn from the opened body, and were - found near by. The nakedness of the body and erosions on the thighs - made it seem probable that there had been an attempt at rape; the - mouth filled with earth pointed to suffocation. In the neighborhood of - the body, under a pile of straw, were found a portion of flesh torn - from the right calf, and pieces of clothing. The perpetrator of the - deed remained undiscovered. - - On August 28, 1871, a married woman, Frigeni, aged 28, set out in the - fields early in the morning. Since she did not return by eight - o’clock, her husband started out to fetch her. He found her a corpse, - lying naked in the field, with the mark of a thong around her neck, - with which she had been strangled, and with numerous wounds. The - abdomen had been slit open, and the intestines were hanging out. - - On August 29, at noon, as Maria Previtali, aged 19, went through a - field, she was followed by her cousin, Verzeni. He dragged her into a - field of grain, threw her to the ground, and began to choke her. As he - let go of her for a moment to ascertain whether there were any one - near, the girl got up and, by her supplicating entreaty, induced - Verzeni to let her go, after he had pressed her hands together for - some time. - - Verzeni was brought before a court. He is twenty-two years old. His - cranium is of more than average size, but asymmetrical. The right - frontal bone is narrower and lower than the left, the right frontal - prominence being less developed, and the right ear smaller than the - left (by 1 centimetre in length and 3 centimetres in breadth); both - ears are defective in the inferior half of the helix; the right - temporal artery is somewhat atheromatous. Bull-necked; enormous - development of the zygomæ and inferior maxilla; penis greatly - developed, frænum wanting; slight divergent alternating strabismus - (insufficiency of the internal rectus muscle, and myopia). Lombroso - concludes, from these signs of degeneration, that there is a - congenital arrest of development of the right frontal lobe. As seemed - probable, Verzeni has a bad ancestry,—two uncles are cretins; a third, - microcephalic, beardless, one testicle wanting, the other atrophic. - The father shows traces of pellagrous degeneration, and had an attack - of hypochondria pellagrosa. A cousin suffered from cerebral hyperæmia; - another is a confirmed thief. - - Verzeni’s family is bigoted and low-minded. He himself has ordinary - intelligence; knows how to defend himself well; seeks to prove an - alibi and cast suspicion on others. There is nothing in his past that - points to mental disease, but his character is peculiar. He is silent - and inclined to be solitary. In prison he is cynical. He masturbates, - and makes every effort to gain sight of women. - - Verzeni finally confessed his deeds and their motive. The commission - of them gave him an indescribably pleasant (lustful) feeling, which - was accompanied by erection and ejaculation. As soon as he had grasped - his victim by the neck, sexual sensations were experienced. It was - entirely the same to him, with reference to these sensations, whether - the women were old, young, ugly, or beautiful. Usually, simply choking - them had satisfied him, and he then had allowed his victims to live; - in the two cases mentioned, the sexual satisfaction was delayed, and - he had continued to choke them until they died. His satisfaction in - this garroting was greater than in masturbation. The abrasions of the - skin on Motta’s thighs were produced by his teeth, while sucking her - blood in most intense lustful pleasure. He had torn out a piece of - flesh from her calf and taken it with him to roast at home; but on the - way he hid it under the straw-stack, for fear his mother would suspect - him. He also carried pieces of the clothing and intestines some - distance, because it gave him great pleasure to smell and touch them. - The strength which he possessed in these moments of intense lustful - pleasure, was enormous. He had never been a fool; while committing his - deeds he saw nothing around him (apparently as a result of intense - sexual excitement, annihilation of apperception—instinctive action). - After such acts he was always very happy, enjoying a feeling of great - satisfaction. He had never had pangs of conscience. It had never - occurred to him to touch the genitals of the martyred women, or to - violate his victims. It had satisfied him to throttle them and suck - their blood. These statements of this modern vampire seem to rest on - truth. Normal sexual impulses seem to have remained foreign to him. - Two sweethearts that he had, he was satisfied to look at; it was very - strange to him that he had no inclinations to strangle them or press - their hands; but he had not had the same pleasure with them as with - his victims. There was no trace of moral sense,—remorse and the like. - - Verzeni said himself that it would be a good thing if he were to be - kept in prison, because with freedom he could not resist his impulses. - Verzeni was sentenced to imprisonment for life (Lombroso, “Verzeni e - Agnoletti,” Rome, 1873). The confessions which Verzeni made after, his - sentence, are interesting:— - - “I had an unspeakable delight in strangling women, experiencing during - the act erections and real sexual pleasure. It was even a pleasure - only to smell female clothing. The feeling of pleasure while - strangling them was much greater than that which I experienced while - masturbating. I took great delight in drinking Motta’s blood. It also - gave me the greatest pleasure to pull the hair-pins out of the hair of - my victims. - - “I took the clothing and intestines, because of the pleasure it gave - me to smell and touch them. At last my mother came to suspect me, - because she noticed spots of semen on my shirt after each murder or - attempt at one. I am not crazy, but in the moment of strangling my - victims I saw nothing else. After the commission of the deeds I was - satisfied and felt well. It never occurred to me to touch or look at - the genitals or such things. It satisfied me to seize the women by the - neck and suck their blood. To this very day I am ignorant of how a - woman is formed. During the strangling and after it, I pressed myself - on the entire body without thinking of one part more than another.” - - Verzeni arrived at his perverse acts entirely independently, after - having noticed, when he was twelve years old, that he experienced a - peculiar feeling of pleasure while wringing the necks of chickens. - After this he had often killed great numbers of them, and then said - that a weasel had been in the hen-coop (Lombroso, Goltdammer’s - _Archiv_, Bd. xxx, p. 13). - -Lombroso mentions an analogous case (Goldtdammer’s _Archiv_) which -occurred in Vittoria (Spain):— - - Case 22. A certain Gruyo, aged 41, with a blameless past life, having - been three times married, strangled six women in the course of ten - years. They were almost all public prostitutes and quite old. After - the strangling he tore out their intestines and kidneys per vaginam. - Some of his victims he violated before killing, others, on account of - the occurrence of impotence, he did not. He set about his horrible - deeds with such care that he remained undetected for ten years. - -(b) _Mutilation of Corpses._—Following the preceding horrible group of -perversions of the sexual instinct, which arise from hyperæsthesia and -paræsthesia sexualis with retained virility, come naturally the -necrophiles; for in these cases, just as with lustful murderers and -analogous cases, an idea which in itself awakens a feeling of horror, -and before which a healthy person would shudder, is accompanied by -lustful feelings, and thus leads to the impulse to indulge in acts of -necrophilia. - -The cases of mutilation of bodies mentioned in literature seem to be -pathological; but, with the exception of the celebrated one of Sergeant -Bertrand (_v. infra_), they come far from being described and observed -with exactness. In certain cases there may be nothing more than the -possibility that unbridled desire sees in the idea of death no obstacle -to its satisfaction. The seventh case mentioned by Moreau is perhaps -such a one:— - - A man, aged 23, attempted to rape a woman, aged 53. Struggling, he - killed her and then violated her, threw her in the water, and fished - her out again for renewed violation. The murderer was executed. The - meninges of the anterior lobes were thickened and adherent to the - cortex. - - French writers have recorded numerous examples of necrophilia. Two - cases concerned monks, where they were performing the watch for the - dead. In a third case the subject was an idiot, who also suffered from - periodical mania, and after commission of rape was sent to an insane - asylum, and there mutilated female bodies in the mortuary. - -In other cases, however, there is undoubtedly direct preference of a -corpse to the living woman. When no other act of cruelty—cutting into -pieces, etc.—is practiced on the cadaver, it is probable that the -lifeless condition itself forms the stimulus for the perverse -individual. It is possible that the corpse—a human form absolutely -without will—satisfies an abnormal desire, in that the object of desire -is seen to be capable of absolute subjugation, without possibility of -resistance. - - Brierre de Boismont (_Gazette médicale_, July 21, 1859) relates the - history of a corpse-violator who, after bribing the watchman, had - gained entrance to the corpse of a girl of sixteen, who belonged to a - family of high social position. At night a noise was heard in the - death-chamber, as if a piece of furniture had fallen over. The mother - of the dead girl effected an entrance, and saw a man dressed in his - night-shirt springing from the bed where the body lay. It was at first - thought that the man was a thief, but the real explanation was soon - discovered. It was afterward ascertained that the culprit, a man of - good family, had often violated the bodies of young women. He was - sentenced to imprisonment for life. - -The story of a prelate, reported by Taxil (“La prostitution -contemporaine,” p. 171), is of great interest as an example of -necrophilia. From time to time he would visit houses of prostitution in -Paris and order a prostitute, dressed in white like a corpse, to be laid -out on a bed. At the appointed hour he would appear in the room, which, -in the meantime, had been elaborately prepared as a room of mourning; -then he would act as if reading a mass for the soul, and finally throw -himself on the girl, who, during the whole time, was compelled to play -the _rôle_ of a corpse.[52] - -The cases in which the perpetrator injures and cuts up the corpse are -clearer. Such cases come next to those of lust-murder, in that, in these -individuals, cruelty, or at least an impulse to attack the female body, -is connected with lust. It is possible that a remnant of moral sense -deters from the cruel act on a living woman, and possibly the fancy -passes beyond lust-murder and rests on its result, the corpse. Here, -also, it is possible that the idea of defenselessness of the body plays -a _rôle_. - - Case 23. Sergeant Bertrand, a man of delicate physical constitution - and of peculiar character; from childhood silent and inclined to - solitude. - - The details of the health of his family are not satisfactorily known; - but the occurrence of mental diseases in his ancestry is ascertained. - It is said that while he was a child he was affected with destructive - impulses, which he himself could not explain. He would break whatever - was at hand. In early childhood, without teaching, he learned to - masturbate. At nine he began to feel inclinations toward persons of - the opposite sex. At thirteen the impulse to sexual intercourse became - powerfully awakened in him. He now masturbated excessively. When he - did this his fancy always created a room filled with women. He would - imagine that he carried out the sexual act with them, and then killed - them. Immediately thereafter he would think of them as corpses, and of - how he defiled them. Occasionally, in such situations, the thought of - carrying out a similar act with male corpses would come up, but it was - always attended with a feeling of disgust. - - In time he felt the impulse to carry out such acts with actual - corpses. For want of human bodies, he obtained those of animals. He - would cut open the abdomen, tear out the entrails, and masturbate - during the act. He declares that in this way he experienced - inexpressible pleasure. In 1846 these bodies no longer satisfied him. - He now killed dogs, and proceeded with them as before. Toward the end - of 1846 he first felt the desire to make use of human bodies. At first - he had a horror of it. In 1847, being by accident in a grave-yard, he - ran across the grave of a newly-buried corpse. Then this impulse, with - headache and palpitation of the heart, became so powerful that, - although there were people near by, and he was in danger of detection, - he dug up the body. In the absence of a convenient instrument for - cutting it up, he satisfied himself by hacking it with a shovel. - - In 1847 and 1848, during two weeks, as reported, the impulse, - accompanied by violent headache, to commit brutalities on corpses, - actuated him. Amidst the greatest dangers and difficulties, he - satisfied this impulse some fifteen times. He dug up the bodies with - his hands, in nowise sensible, in his excitement, to the injuries he - thus inflicted on himself. When he had obtained the body, he cut it up - with a sword or pocket-knife, tore out the entrails, and then - masturbated. The sex of the bodies is said to have been a matter of - indifference to him, though it was ascertained that this modern - vampire had dug up more female than male corpses. During these acts he - declares himself to have been in an indescribable state of sexual - excitement. After having cut them up, he had sometimes reinterred the - bodies. - - In July, 1848, he accidentally came across the body of a girl of - sixteen. Then, for the first time, he experienced a desire to carry - out coitus on a cadaver. “I covered it with kisses and pressed it - wildly to my heart. All that one could enjoy with a living woman is - nothing in comparison with the pleasure I experienced. After I had - enjoyed it for about a quarter of an hour, I cut the body up, as - usual, and tore out the entrails. Then I buried the cadaver again.” - Only after this, as B. declares, had he felt the impulse to use the - bodies sexually before cutting them up, and thereafter he had done it - in three instances. The actual motive of the exhuming of the bodies, - however, was then, as before, to cut them up; and the enjoyment in so - doing was greater than in using the bodies sexually. The latter act - had always been nothing more than an episode of the principal one, and - had never quieted his desires; therefore, he had always cut up the - body afterward or mutilated another body. The medico-legal examiners - gave an opinion of “monomania.” Court-martial sentence to one year’s - imprisonment. (Michéa, _Union méd._, 1849; Lunier, _Annal. - méd.-psychol._, 1849, p. 153; Tardieu, “Attentats aux moeurs,” 1878, - p. 114; Legrand, “La folie devant les tribun.,” p. 524.) - -(c) _Injury of Women_ (_Stabbing, Flagellation, etc._).—Following -lust-murder and violation of corpses, come cases closely allied to the -former, in which injury of the victim of lust and sight of the victim’s -blood are a delight and pleasure for degenerate men. The notorious -Marquis de Sade,[53] after whom the combination of lust and cruelty has -been named, was such a monster. Coitus only excited him when he could -prick the object of his desire until the blood came. His greatest -pleasure was to injure prostitutes and then bind their wounds. - -Here also belongs the case of a captain mentioned by Brierre de -Boismont, who always compelled the object of his affection to place -leeches ad pudenda before coitus, which was very frequent. Finally this -woman became very anæmic and, as a result of this, insane. - -The following case, borrowed from my own clientele, very clearly shows -the connection between lust and cruelty, with desire to shed and see -blood:— - - Case 24. Mr. X., aged 25; father syphilitic, died of paretic dementia; - mother hysterical and neurasthenic. He is a weak individual, - constitutionally neuropathic, and presents several anatomical signs of - degeneration. When a child, hypochondria and imperative conceptions; - later, constant alternation of exaltation and depression. While yet a - child of ten, the patient felt a peculiar lustful desire to see blood - flow from his fingers. Thereafter he often cut or pricked himself in - the fingers, and took great delight in it. Very early, erections were - added to this, and also if he saw the blood of others; for example, - when he saw a servant-girl cut her finger it gave him an intense - lustful feeling. From this time his vita sexualis became more and more - powerful. Without any teaching he began to masturbate, and always - during the act there were memory-pictures of bleeding girls. It now no - longer sufficed him to see his own blood flow; he longed to see the - blood of young females, especially those that were attractive to him. - Often he could scarcely overcome the impulse to injure two cousins and - a certain servant. But also young women that were in themselves not - attractive induced this impulse when they excited him by some - peculiarity of dress or adornment, especially coral jewelry. It was - necessary for him to overcome these desires; but in his imagination - bloody thoughts were constantly present, and induced lustful - excitement. There was an inner relation existing between both thoughts - and feelings. Often there were other cruel fancies. He imagined - himself in the _rôle_ of a tyrant who had the people shot in crowds - with grape-shot. He was compelled to fancy a scene as it would be if - enemies were to take a city and mutilate, torture, kill, and rape the - young women. In times of quiet this patient, who had a mild - disposition and was not morally defective, was shamed and horrified by - such cruel, lustful fancies, and they always became immediately latent - as soon as his sexual excitement had been satisfied by masturbation. - - After a few years the patient became neurasthenic. Then simple - imaginary representation of blood and scenes of blood was sufficient - to induce ejaculation. In order to free himself from his vice and his - cruel imagination, he began to indulge in sexual intercourse with - females. Coitus was possible, but only when the patient called up the - idea that the girl’s fingers were bleeding. Without the assistance of - this idea no erection was possible. The cruel thought of cutting was - limited to the woman’s hand. At times of greatest sexual excitement, - simply the sight of the hand of an attractive woman was sufficient to - induce violent erections. Frightened by the popular stories about the - injurious results of onanism, he abstained and fell into a condition - of severe general neurasthenia, with hypochondriacal dysthymia and - tædium vitæ. Careful and watchful medical treatment cured the patient - after a few months. He has remained mentally well three years; but - now, as before, he is very sensual, though it is very seldom that he - is troubled by his earlier bloody ideas. X. has given up masturbation - entirely. He finds satisfaction in natural sexual indulgence, is - virile, and it is no longer necessary for him to call up ideas of - blood. - -The following case, reported by Tarnowsky (_op. cit._, p. 61), shows -that such lustful, cruel impulses may be simply episodical, and occur in -certain exceptional states of mind in neurotic individuals:— - - Case 25. Z., physician; neuropathic constitution, reacting badly to - alcohol. Under ordinary circumstances capable of normal coitus, as - soon as he has indulged in wine he finds that his increased libido is - no longer satisfied by simple coitus. In this condition he is - compelled to prick the nates puellæ or to make stabs with the lancet, - to see blood, and feel the entrance of the blade into the living body, - in order to have ejaculation and experience complete satiety of his - lust. - -The majority of those afflicted with this form of the perversion seem -insensible to the normal stimulus of woman. In the first case (24), the -assistance of the idea of blood was necessary in order to obtain -erection. The following case is that of a man who, by masturbation, -etc., in early youth, had diminished his power of erection so that the -sadistic act took the place of coitus: - - Case 26. _The girl-stabber of Bozen_ (reported by Demme, “Buch der - Verbrechen,” Bd. ii, p. 341). In 1829, H., aged 30, soldier, became - the subject of legal investigation. At different times and in - different places, he had wounded girls with bread-knives or - pocket-knives, by stabbing them in the abdomen, probably in the region - of the genitals. He gave, as a motive for these acts, heightened - sexual impulse, increasing to the intensity of fury, which found - satisfaction only in the thought and act of stabbing persons of the - female sex. This impulse would pursue him for days at a time. He would - then pass into a confused mental state, which would clear away only - when the impulse had been satisfied by the deed. In the act of - stabbing he had a satisfaction like that of completed coitus, which - was increased by the sight of the blood that ran from the knife. In - his tenth year the sexual instinct became powerfully manifest. At - first he gave himself up to masturbation, and felt physically and - mentally weakened by it. Before he became a girl-stabber he had - satisfied his sexual lust in violation of immature girls, by causing - them to practice masturbation on him, and by sodomy. Gradually the - thought came to him of how pleasurable it would be to stab a young and - pretty girl in the region of the genitals, and take delight in the - sight of the blood running from the knife. - - Among his effects were found copies of objects of art and obscene - pictures, painted by himself, of Mary’s conception, and of the - “congealed thought of God” in the lap of the Virgin. He was considered - a peculiar, very irritable man, shy of people, given to women, moody, - and glum. He was apparently a person[54] that had become impotent - through earlier sexual excesses, and who was thus predisposed, by the - continuance of intense libido sexualis, and heredity, to perversion of - the sexual life. - - Case 27. In the “sixties” the inhabitants of Leipzig were frightened - by a man who was accustomed to attack young girls on the street and - stab them in the upper-arm with a dagger. Finally arrested, he was - recognized as a sadist, who, at the instant of stabbing, had an - ejaculation, and with whom the wounding of the girls was an equivalent - for coitus. (Wharton, “A Treatise on Mental Unsoundness,” § 623. - Philadelphia, 1873.)[55] - -Impotence exists, likewise, in the next three cases. It may be -psychical, however, in that the principal tone of the vita sexualis lies -in the sadistic inclination, and the normal elements are distorted:— - - Case 28. _The girl-cutter of Augsburg_ (reported by Demme, “Buch der - Verbrechen,” vii, p. 281). Bartle, wine-merchant. He was subject to - lively sexual excitement at the age of fourteen, though decidedly - opposed to its satisfaction by coitus, his aversion going so far as - disgust for the female sex. At that time he already had the idea to - cut girls, and thus satisfy his sexual desire. He refrained from it, - however, on account of lack of opportunity and courage. He practiced - masturbation, and now and then had pollutions with erotic dreams of - girls that had been cut. At the age of nineteen he first cut a girl. - During the act he had a seminal emission, and experienced intense - pleasure. From that time the impulse became constantly more powerful. - He chose only young and pretty girls, and, as a rule, asked them - before the deed whether they were still single. The ejaculation or - sexual satisfaction occurred only when he was sure that he had - actually wounded the girls. After such an act he always felt tired and - bad, and was also troubled with qualms of conscience. Until thirty-two - years old he carried on this process of cutting, but always with care - not to wound the girls dangerously. From that time until his - thirty-sixth year he was able to control his impulse. Then he sought - to satisfy himself by simply pressing the girls on the arm or neck; - but this gave rise to erections and not to ejaculation. Then he sought - to attain his object by pricking the girls with a knife in its sheath; - but this did not suffice. Finally, he stabbed with the open knife and - had complete success, for he thought that a girl when stabbed bled - more and had more pain than one that was merely, cut. In his - thirty-seventh year he was detected and arrested. In his dwelling was - found a collection of daggers, sword-canes, and knives. He said that - the mere sight of these weapons, and still more the grasping of them, - gave him an intense feeling of sensual pleasure, with violent - excitement. According to his confession he had injured, in all, fifty - girls. His external appearance was rather pleasing. He lived in very - good circumstances, but was peculiar and shy. - - Case 29. J. H., aged 25, in 1883 came for consultation concerning - severe neurasthenia and hypochondria. Patient confesses that he has - practiced onanism since his fourteenth year, infrequently up to his - eighteenth year; but since that time he has been unable to resist the - impulse. Up to that time he had no opportunity to approach females, - for he had been anxiously cared for and never left alone, on account - of his invalidism. He had had no real desire for this unknown - pleasure; but he accidentally learned what it was when one of his - mother’s maids cut her hand severely on a pane of glass she had broken - while washing windows. While helping to stop the blood he could not - keep from sucking up the blood that flowed from the wound, and in the - act he experienced extreme erotic excitement, with complete orgasm and - ejaculation. - - From this time, in every possible way, he sought to see, and if - possible to taste, the fresh blood of females. That of young girls was - preferred by him. He spared no pains or expense to obtain this - pleasure. At first he availed himself of a young servant who allowed - her finger to be pricked with a needle or lancet at his request. When - his mother discovered this, she discharged the girl. Then he was - driven to prostitutes as a substitute, with success frequently enough, - though with some difficulty. In the intervals he practiced onanism and - manustupration per feminam, which, however, never afforded him - complete satisfaction, but, on the contrary, caused listlessness and - self-reproach. On account of his nervous difficulties he visited many - sanitariums, and he was twice a voluntary patient in institutions. He - used hydrotherapy, electricity, and strengthening cures, without - particular success. For a time it was possible, by means of cold - sitz-baths, monobromate of camphor, and bromides, to diminish his - sexual excitability and onanistic impulse. However, when the patient - felt himself free again, he would immediately fall into his old - passions and spare no pains or money in order to satisfy his sexual - desire in the abnormal manner described. - - Case 30 (communicated by Dr. A. Moll, Berlin). L. T., aged 21; - merchant in a Rhenish city. He belongs to a family in which there are - several nervous and psychopathic members. A sister suffers with - hysteria and melancholia. - - The patient was always of quiet disposition and timid. At school he - frequently kept apart from other pupils, particularly when they talked - about girls. In the presence of ladies he thought every expression he - made was an offense against decency. Thus, for example, he thought it - very improper, in the presence of ladies, married or unmarried, to - speak of going to bed, rising, etc. In the elementary classes the - patient learned well. Later he became more indolent and did not make - good progress. - - August 17, 1890, the patient visited Dr. Moll on account of abnormal - symptoms of a sexual kind. He did this on the advice of a physician, - X., a relative, in whom he had previously confided. The patient - conveys the impression of being very apprehensive and shy, and in - answer to questions says that he is very timorous, and that - particularly in the presence of others all his self-confidence and - assurance leave him. Dr. X. confirmed this statement. - - The beginning of his sexual life the patient was able to refer to his - seventh year. At that age he frequently played with his genitals, and - was often punished for it. In this onanism, in which he said he had - erection, he constantly thought of whipping a woman on the naked nates - with a rod until the skin raised in weals. “It delighted me,” said the - patient, “when I thought that she was a _proud_, beautiful lady, and - that I performed the act in the presence of others, especially women, - particularly with the idea _that she might feel the power I had over - her_. For this reason I early sought reading about punishment, _e.g._, - about the abuse of Roman slaves. However, I had erections only when - the conceived abuse consisted of blows delivered on the back or nates. - At first I thought this kind of excitement would disappear in time, - and said nothing about it to any one.” - - Masturbation, early indulged in, the patient continued to practice, - and always with the same thought. After his thirteenth or fourteenth - year he had ejaculation with the act. Decimum septimum annum agens - primum feminam adiit coëundi causa neque coitum perficere potuit - libidine et erectione deficientibus. Mox autem iterum apud alteram - coitum conatus est nullo succesu. Tum feminam per vim verberavit. - Tantopere erat excitatus ut mulierem dolore clamantem atque - lamentantem verberare non desierit. He never thought of any legal - punishment for his acts, and, in fact, escaped it. In this procedure - erection, orgasm, and ejaculation occurred. The patient performed the - act in such a way that he took the woman between his knees, with the - penis in contact with her body, but without emissio penis in vaginam, - which seemed entirely superfluous to him. - - But the patient afterward experienced such a feeling of shame about - the beating, and was overcome with such great depression, that he - often contemplated suicide. In the following three years he still - visited women occasionally. But he never again asked one to allow him - to beat her. He sought to obtain erection by thinking of the beating; - but this was without result, and manustupration by the woman did not - induce erection. Finally, after an unsuccessful attempt of this kind, - the patient determined to give his confidence to a physician. - - The patient made several other statements concerning his vita - sexualis. His abnormal sexual desire had troubled him by its - intensity. He went to sleep with sexual thoughts; they troubled him - through the night and were still with him when he awoke. He was never - safe for any length of time from the impulsion of the abnormal ideas - that excited him; to which, indeed, he gave himself up willingly, and - from which he could free himself for a short time only by onanism. - - In response to my question, the patient stated that any other means of - punishment of women than beating the back, and nates particularly, had - no charm for him. Neither binding them, walking on them, nor striking - them, gives him such pleasure. This is to be emphasized the more, - since the whipping given the woman affords him sexual pleasures - because its effect on her is “humiliating, mortifying,” and because - she should “feel that she is completely in his power.” Too, it would - give the patient no pleasure to beat a woman on any other part of her - body than those mentioned, or to cause her pain in any other way than - by blows. Multum minorem ei affert voluptatem si nates suæ a muliere - verberantur; tamen ea res sæpe ejaculationem seminis effecit, sed hæc - fieri putat erectione deficienti. Inter verbera autem penem in vaginam - immittendo nullam voluptatem se habere ratus qualibet parte corporis - feminæ pene tacte semen ejaculat. _Just as in beating the woman his - pleasure lay in humiliating her, so with the relations reversed he was - sexually excited by the fact that the beating humiliated him and he - felt himself to be completely in the woman’s power._ No other personal - humiliation than a beating on his nates could excite him. To allow - himself to be bound or walked on by a woman is repugnant to him. - - The patient’s dreams, as far as they were of an erotic nature, were - directed in the same way as his sexual inclinations while awake; - actual ejaculation also often took place in dreams. Whether the - perverse sexual thoughts first occurred in dreams or the waking state, - the patient is not able to state, owing to the fact that his memory - goes back so far,—to his seventh year. But he thinks that these - thoughts first occurred to him while awake. In his dreams it - frequently seemed to him that he was striking a man, which also caused - ejaculation. In the waking state it excited him but _very little_ to - think of striking a man. The nude form of a man had _no attraction - whatever_ for him, while the nude form of a woman had a decided charm - for him, though his libido found its real satisfaction only when the - acts previously described took place; and, as he states, he feels no - desire for coitus in vaginam. - - The treatment of the patient is directed to the attainment of normal - coitus with normal desire, where possible; for it may be assumed that, - with success in making his sexual life normal, the patient’s shyness - and apprehensiveness, which cause him great annoyance, may be much - easier removed. The treatment followed by me (Dr. Moll) during three - months and a half was as follows:— - - 1. The patient, who had a great desire to be cured, was most strictly - forbidden to give himself up to the perverse thoughts. Of course, I - did not give him the foolish advice not to think of blows at all. The - patient could not follow such advice, since the thoughts come to him - without any act of his own, even when he accidentally reads the word - “blow” (schlagen). I forbade him only ever to voluntarily give himself - to such thoughts. I advised him more particularly to do everything in - order to turn his ideas in another direction. - - 2. I allowed him, commanded him even, to think of nude women, because - many nude females interested him, even though, as he thought, they did - not excite him sexually. - - 3. I sought, by means of hypnosis—which was hard to induce—and - suggestion, to fortify the patient in this as far as possible. All - attempts at coitus were forbidden in order to save the patient from a - discouraging result. - - Within two months and a half this treatment led to the result that, as - the patient stated, the perverse ideas occurred much less frequently - and were constantly retreating to the background; indeed, according to - the patient’s statement, erections occurred with the thoughts of nude - women, became more frequent, and often induced him to masturbate with - the thought of coitus without the occurrence of any idea of blows. - Erotic dreams occurred but infrequently. These were concerned - sometimes with normal coitus, sometimes with blows. - - After two months and a half of the treatment I advised the patient to - attempt coitus. Since then he has tried four times. I advised him to - choose always a woman who pleased him, and sought to increase his - sexual excitement before coitus by means of tincture of cantharides. - The four attempts, the last of which took place on November 29, 1890, - resulted as follows: At the first, prolonged manipulation of the penis - by the woman was necessary in order to induce erection. Then immisio - in vaginam and ejaculation with orgasm took place. During the whole - act there occurred no thought of beating the woman or being beaten, - but the woman in herself excited him sufficiently for the performance - of coitus. At the second attempt the result was better and more - quickly attained; manipulation ad genitalia by the woman was not long - required. In the third attempt coitus was attained only after the - patient had thought of beating for a long time, and had thus induced - erection; but beating was not indulged in. At the fourth attempt - coitus was attained without any thought of beating and without any - manipulation ad genitalia. - - Of course, the case described cannot yet be regarded in any way as - cured. Though the patient were able to perform coitus in a normal or - nearly normal way, that does not mean that he will always be able to - do it in the future; moreover, the thought of beating still affords - him great pleasure, even though it occurs much less frequently than - formerly. Yet there is a possibility that the abnormal desire, which - has been weakened, will remain weakened in the future, and perhaps - disappear. - -This carefully observed case is, for several reasons, particularly -interesting. It discloses clearly one of the hidden roots of sadism,—the -impulse to complete subjugation of the woman, which here became -consciously entertained. This is the more remarkable since it occurred -in an individual decidedly timid, and in other respects modest and even -apprehensive. The case also shows clearly that powerful libido, which -even impels the individual to overcome all obstacles, may be present, -while at the same time coitus is not desired, because the principal -intensity of feeling is, _ab origine_, connected with the cruel part of -the sadistic (lustful and cruel) circle of ideas. This case also -contains weak elements of masochism (_v. infra_). - -Cases are by no means infrequent in which men with perverse inclinations -induce prostitutes, by paying them high prices, to allow themselves to -be whipped and even wounded by them. Works on prostitution contain -reports of them (_vide_ Coffignon, “La Corruption à Paris,” etc.). - -(d) _Defilement of Women._—The perverse sadistic impulse, to injure -women and put contempt and humiliation upon them, is also expressed in -the desire to defile them with disgusting or, at least, foul things. - -The following case, published by Arndt (_Vierteljahrsschr. f. ger. -Medicin_, N. F. xvii, H. 1), belongs here:— - - Case 31. A., medical student at Greifswald, accusatus quod iterum - iterumque puellis honestis parentibus natis in publico genitalia sua e - bracis dependentia plane nudata quæ antia summo amiculo (overcoat) - tecta erant, ostenderat. Nonnunquam puellas fugientes secutus easque - ad se attractas urina oblivit. Hæc luce clara facta sunt; nunquam - aliquid hæc faciens locutus est. - - A. is twenty-three years old, powerfully built, neat in dress, and - decent in manners. Indication of cranium progeneum; chronic pneumonia - of the apex of the right lung; emphysema. Pulse, 60; in excitement, - not more than 70 to 80. Genitals normal. Complaints of occasional - disturbances of digestion and hardness of the abdomen, vertigo; - excessive excitement of the sexual desires, which early led to - onanism. The sexual desire has never been directed toward a natural - method of satisfaction. Complaints of occasional attacks of - depression, or thoughts of deprecation of self, and of perverse - impulses, for which he could find no motive; such as laughing at - serious things, throwing his money in the water, and running about in - the pouring rain. The father of the culprit is of a nervous - temperament; his mother is subject to nervous headache. A brother - suffered with epileptic convulsions. - - From his youth the culprit presented a nervous temperament, was - inclined to convulsions and attacks of syncope, and when he was - severely scolded would fall into a state of momentary stiffness. In - 1869 he studied medicine in Berlin. In 1870 he went to the war as a - hospital-assistant. His letters at this time betray a peculiar - torpidity and weakness. On his return home, in 1871, his emotional - irritability was noticed by those about him. Thereafter frequent - complaints of bodily ailments; unpleasantness resulting from a love - affair. In November, 1871, he pursued his studies diligently in - Greifswald. He was considered very gentlemanly. In confinement he is - quiet, calm, and sometimes self-absorbed. His acts he attributes to - painful sexual excitement, which of late had become excessive. He - declared that he had been fully conscious of his perverse acts, and - had afterward been ashamed of them. He had not experienced actual - sexual satisfaction in their commission. He obtained no correct - insight into his position. He considered himself a kind of - martyr,—fallen a victim to an evil power. Presumption of - irresponsibility, as a result of absence of free will. - -The impulse to defile occurs also, paradoxically, in the aged, when -there is a re-appearance of sexual instinct, which, under such -circumstances, is so often expressed in perverse acts. Thus Tarnowsky -reports (p. 76) the following case:— - - Case 32. I knew such a patient, who had a woman dressed in a - _décolleté_ ball-dress lie down on a low sofa in a brightly lighted - room. Ipse apud januam alius cubiculi obscurati constitit adspiciendo - aliquantulum feminam, excitatus in eam insiluit excrementa in sinus - ejus deposuit. Hæc faciens ejaculationem quandam se sentire confessus - est. - -An officer of Vienna informs me that men, by means of large sums of -money, induce prostitutes to suffer ut illi viri in ora earum spuerent -et fæces et urinas in ora explerent.[56] - -The following case by Dr. Pascal (“Igiene dell’amore”) seems also to -belong here:— - - Case 33. A man had an inamorata. His relation with her was that he had - her allow him to blacken her hands with coal or soot, and then she had - to sit before a mirror in such a way that he could see her hands in - it. While conversing with her, which was often for a long time, he - looked constantly at her mirrored hands, and finally, after a time, he - would take his leave, fully satisfied. - -The following case, communicated by a physician, may be of interest in -relation to this subject:— - - An officer was known in a brothel in K. only by the name of “Oil.” - “Oil” induced erection and ejaculation only by having puell. publ. - nudam step into a tub filled with oil, while he rubbed the oil all - over her body. - -These acts lead to the presumption that certain cases of injury of -females (_e.g._, sprinkling with sulphuric acid, ink, etc.) depend upon -a perverse sexual impulse; at least, here it is a kind of injury, and -those injured are always females, and the perpetrators males. At least -in the future, in crimes of this kind, pains should be taken to examine -the vita sexualis of the culprits. - -The case of Bachmann, given below, throws a clear light on the sexual -nature of such crimes; for, in this case, the sexual motive in the deed -is proven. - -(e) _Other Attacks on Females_—_Symbolic Sadism._—The foregoing groups -do not exhaust the forms in which the sadistic impulse toward women is -expressed. If the impulse is not overmastering, or there is yet -sufficient moral resistance, it may happen that the perverse inclination -is satisfied by an act that is apparently quite senseless and silly, but -which has a symbolic meaning for the perpetrator. This seems to be the -meaning of the two following cases:— - - Case 34. (Dr. Pascal, “Igiene dell’amore.”) A man was accustomed to - go, on a certain day once a month, to an inamorata and cut her “bang.” - This gave him the greatest pleasure. He made no other demands on the - girl. - - Case 35. A man in Vienna regularly visits several prostitutes only to - lather their faces and then to remove the lather with a razor, as if - he were shaving them. He never hurts the girls, but becomes sexually - excited and ejaculates during the procedure. - -The significance of the following cases, in which a sadistic comedy is -played, is clearer:— - - Case 36. A man always announces to a puella publica his intended - visits. She must stand at the window, awaiting him, with her face done - up, and, on his entrance into the room, complain of severe toothache. - He is sorry for her, asks particularly about the pain, takes the cloth - off and puts it on again; but he never has coitus, and finds his - satisfaction simply in this act.[57] - -The following case, which, unfortunately, was not carefully examined -scientifically, is peculiar to itself:— - - In an examination before a criminal court in Vienna, the following - facts were brought to light: Count N., accompanied by a young girl, - appeared in the public garden of an hotel, and, by his actions there, - gave public offense. He demanded of his companion that she kneel down - before him and implore him with folded hands. Then she was compelled - to lick his boots. Finally, he demanded of her, publicly, “an - unheard-of thing” (osculum ad nates, or the like), and only desisted - after she had sworn to do it at home. - -In this case, the most remarkable thing was the desire of the perverse -individual to humiliate the woman before witnesses (comp. the fancies of -sadists, Case 29); further, that the desire to humiliate the woman came -entirely into the foreground, and acts of a purely symbolic nature were -undertaken. Of course, with these, in this imperfectly-observed case, -acts of cruelty were probable. - -(f) _Sadism with Other Objects_—_Whipping of Boys._—Besides the sadistic -acts with females described, others occur with other living, sensitive -objects,—children and animals. There may be a full consciousness that -the impulse is really directed toward women, and that only _faute de -mieux_ the next attainable objects (pupils) are abused. But the -condition of the perpetrator may be such that the impulse to cruel acts -enters consciousness accompanied only by lustful excitement, while its -real object (which alone can explain the lustful coloring of such acts) -remains in the dark. - -The first alternative suffices as an explanation of the cases which Dr. -Albert describes (Friedreich’s _Blätter f. ger. Med._, p. 77, -1859),—cases in which lustful teachers whipped their pupils on the naked -nates without cause. We must think of the second alternative, the -sadistic impulse with unconsciousness of its object, when boys are -immediately excited sexually at the sight of punishment of their -companions, and are thus determined in their later vita sexualis, as in -the following cases:— - - Case 37. K., aged 37, merchant, applied to me in the fall of 1889 for - advice concerning an anomaly of his vita sexualis, which made him fear - invalidism and impossibility of future happiness in marriage. - - Patient came of a nervous family. As a child he was delicate, weak, - and nervous. Healthy except for measles; he later became strong. - - At the age of eight, while at school, he saw how the teacher punished - the boys taking their heads between his thighs and spanking them with - a ferule. This sight caused the patient lustful excitement. “Without - any idea of the danger and enormity of onanism,” he satisfied himself - with it, and from that time often masturbated, during which he always - called up the memory-picture of a boy being punished. - - Thus it continued until his twentieth year. Then he learned the - significance of onanism, was terribly frightened, and tried to - overcome his impulse to masturbate; but he fell into the practice of - psychical onanism, which he regarded as innocuous and morally - defensible, and for which he made use of the memory-pictures of boys - being whipped, previously mentioned. - - Patient now became neurasthenic, suffered with pollutions, and tried - to cure himself by visiting brothels; but he could not induce - erection. Then he sought to obtain normal sexual feelings by means of - social intercourse with ladies; but he recognized that he was entirely - insensible to the charms of the fair sex. - - The patient is an intelligent man, normally developed, and of æsthetic - taste. There is no inclination to persons of his own sex. My advice - consisted of means to combat the neurasthenia and pollutions; - interdiction of psychical and manual onanism; avoidance of all sexual - excitants; and, possibly, hypnotic treatment to ultimately induce a - return of the vita sexualis to its normal condition. - - Case 38. Abortive sadism. N., student, came under observation in - December, 1890. He had practiced masturbation from early youth. - According to his statements, he became sexually excited when he saw - his father whip the children, and, later, when he saw the teacher whip - his companions. When a spectator of such scenes, he always experienced - lustful feelings. He could not say exactly when this first occurred, - but it may have been at about the age of six. He could not tell - exactly when he began to masturbate, but he stated with certainty that - his sexual instinct was first awakened by the punishment of others, - and thus he unconsciously came to practice onanism. The patient - remembered clearly that from the age of four to the age of eight he - was frequently spanked, and that this caused him pain, never lustful - pleasure. - - Since he did not always have opportunity to see others whipped, he - began to _imagine_ how others were punished. This excited his lust, - and he would then masturbate. Whenever he could, he managed to see - others punished at school. Now and then he also felt desire to whip - others. At the age of twelve he induced a comrade to allow him to whip - him. He found great sexual pleasure in it. When, however, his - companion beat him in return, he experienced nothing but pain. - - The impulse to beat others was never very strong. The patient - experienced more satisfaction in filling his imagination with scenes - of whipping. He never indulged in any other sadistic acts, and never - had any desire to see blood, etc. Until his fifteenth year his sexual - indulgence consisted of onanism, indulged in after such fancies. After - that (dancing lessons, association with girls), the early fancies - disappeared almost entirely, and were accompanied by but weak lustful - feelings; so that the patient gave them up entirely. In their place - came thoughts of coitus in a natural way, without anything sadistic. - - The patient indulged in coitus for the first time “on account of his - health.” He then tried to abstain from onanism, but was not - successful, though he often indulged in coitus, and with more pleasure - than he had in onanism. He wished to be freed from onanism as - something vicious. He had coitus once a month, but masturbated once or - twice every night. He was normal sexually, with the exception of the - onanism. There was no neurasthenia; genitals normal. - - Case 39. P., aged 15, of high social position, came of an hysterical - mother, whose brother and father died in an asylum. Two children of - the family died, in early childhood, of convulsions. The patient is - talented, virtuous, and quiet; but at times he is very disobedient, - stubborn, and passionate. He has epilepsy, and practices onanism. One - day it was learned that P., with money, induced a comrade of fourteen, - B., to allow himself to be pinched on the arm, back, and thigh. When - B. cried, P. became excited and struck at B. with his right hand, - while with his left he made manipulations in the left pocket of his - trousers. P. confessed that to maltreat his friend, of whom he was - very fond, gave him peculiar delight; and that ejaculation while - hurting his friend gave him much more pleasure than when he - masturbated alone, (_v._ Gyurkovechky, “Pathol. und Therapie der - männl. Impotenz.,” p. 80, 1889.) - -That in all these cases of sadistic abuse of boys there can be no -thought of a combination of sadism and contrary sexual instinct, as -often occurs (_v. infra_) in individuals of contrary sexuality, is -shown—aside from the absence of all positive signs of it—by a study of -the next group, where, in association with the object of -injury,—animals,—the instinct for women is seen to appear repeatedly. - -(g) _Sadistic Acts with Animals._—In numerous cases, sadistically -perverse men that are afraid of criminal acts with human beings, or that -care only for the sight of the suffering of a sensitive being, make use -of the sight of dying animals, or torture animals, to stimulate or -excite their lust. - - The case of a man in Vienna, which is reported by Hofmann in his - “Text-Book of Legal Medicine,” is noteworthy in relation to this. - According to the evidence of several prostitutes, before the sexual - act he was accustomed to excite himself by torturing chickens and - pigeons and other birds, and, therefore, was called “Hendlmann” - (chicken). - - For the elucidation of such cases the observation of Lombroso is of - value, according to whom two men had ejaculation when they killed - chickens or pigeons, or wrung their necks. - - The same author, in his “Uomo delinquente,” p. 201, speaks of a poet - of some reputation, who became powerfully excited sexually whenever he - saw calves slaughtered, and also at the sight of bloody flesh. - - According to Mantegazza (_op. cit._, p. 114), among degenerate - Chinamen, a horrible sport consists of committing sodomy with geese, - and cutting their necks off _tempoire ejaculationis_! - - Mantegazza (“Fisiologia del piacere,” 5th ed., pp. 394, 395) mentions - the case of a man who once saw chickens killed, and from that time had - a desire to wallow in their warm, steaming entrails, because he - experienced a feeling of lust while doing it. - -Thus, in these and similar cases, the vita sexualis is so constituted -_ab origine_ that the sight of blood, death, etc., excites lustful -feeling. It is so in the following case:— - - Case 40. C. L., aged 42, engineer, married, father of two children; - from a neuropathic family; father irascible, a drinker; mother - hysterical, subject to eclamptic attacks. The patient remembers that - in childhood he took particular pleasure in witnessing the - slaughtering of domestic animals, especially swine. He thus - experienced lustful pleasure and ejaculation. Later he visited - slaughter-houses, in order to delight in the sight of flowing blood - and the death throes of the animals. When he could find opportunity, - he killed the animals himself, which always afforded him a vicarious - feeling of sexual pleasure. - - At the time of full maturity he first attained to a knowledge of his - abnormality. The patient was not exactly opposed in inclination to - women, but close contact with them seemed to him repugnant. On the - advice of a physician, at twenty-five he married a woman who pleased - him, in the hope of freeing himself of his abnormal condition. - Although he was very partial to his wife, it was only seldom, and - after great trouble and exertion of his imagination, that he could - perform coitus with her; nevertheless, he begat two children. In 1866 - he was in the war in Bohemia. His letters written at that time to his - wife, were composed in an exalted, enthusiastic tone. He was killed in - the battle of Königgrätz. - -If, in this case, the capability of normal coitus was much impaired by -the predominance of perverse ideas, in the next it seems to have been -entirely repressed:— - - Case 41. (Dr. Pascal, “Igiene dell’ amore.”) A gentleman visited - prostitutes, had them purchase a living fowl or rabbit, and required - them to torture the animal. He had in mind the head and tearing out - the eyes and entrails. If he found a girl who would consent, and go - about it right cruelly, he was delighted, and paid her and went his - way without asking anything more or touching her. - -The last two sections show that the suffering of any living being may -become a source of perverse sexual enjoyment to sadistically constituted -persons, and that there may be sadism with almost any [living] object. -However, it would be erroneous and an exaggeration to try to explain by -sadistic perversion all the remarkable and surprising acts of cruelty -that occur; and, in the innumerable cruelties, as they here and there -occur in history or in certain psychological manifestations among the -people at the present time, it would be erroneous to assume sadism as a -motive. - -Cruelty arises from various sources, and is natural to primitive man. -Compassion, in contrast with it, is a secondary manifestation, and -acquired late. The instinct to fight and destroy, so important an -endowment in prehistoric conditions, is long afterward operative; and, -in the ideas engendered by civilization, like that of “the criminal,” it -finds new objects, even though its original object—“the enemy”—still -exists. That not simply the death, but also torture, of the conquered is -demanded, is in part explained by the sense of power, which satisfies -itself in this way; and in part by the insatiableness of the impulse of -vengeance. Thus all cruelty and all historical enormities may be -explained without recourse to sadism (which may often have been in -operation, but which cannot be assumed, since it is relatively an -infrequent perversion). - -At the same time, there is still another powerful psychical element to -take into consideration, which explains the attraction that is still -exerted by executions, etc.; and that is, the pleasure there is in -intense and unusual impressions and rare sights, in contrast with which, -in coarse and blunted beings, pity is silent. - -But undoubtedly there are individuals for whom, in spite of, or even by -reason of, their lively compassion, all that is connected with death and -suffering has a mysterious attraction; who, with inward opposition, and -yet following a dark impulse, occupy themselves with such things, or at -least with pictures and notices of them. Still, this is not sadism, as -long as no sexual element enters into consciousness; and yet it is -possible that, in unconscious life, slender threads connect such -manifestations with the hidden depths of sadism. - -(h) _Sadism in Woman._—That sadism—a perversion, as we have seen, -frequent in men—is much less frequent in women, is easily explained. In -the first place, sadism, in which the need of subjugation of the -opposite sex forms a constituent element, in accordance with its nature, -represents a pathological intensification of the masculine sexual -character; in the second place, the obstacles which oppose the -expression of this monstrous impulse are, of course, much greater for a -woman than for a man. Yet sadism occurs in women; and it can only be -explained by the primary constituent element,—the general -hyper-excitation of the motor sphere. Only two cases have thus far been -scientifically studied. - - Case 42. A married man presented himself with numerous scars of cuts - on his arms. He told their origin as follows: When he wished to - approach his wife, who was young and somewhat “nervous,” he first had - to make a cut in his arm. Then she would suck the wound, and during - the act become violently excited sexually. - -This case recalls the wide-spread legend of the vampires, the origin of -which may perhaps be referred to such sadistic facts.[58] - -In a second case of feminine sadism, for which I am indebted to Dr. -Moll, of Berlin, by the side of the perverse impulse, as so frequently -occurs, there is anæsthesia for the normal activities of the sexual -life; and here there are also traces of masochism (_v. infra_). - - Case 43. Mrs. H., of H., aged 26, comes of a nervous family, in which - nervous or mental diseases are said not to have occurred; but the - patient herself presents signs of hysteria and neurasthenia. Although - eight years married, and the mother of a child, Mrs. H. never had - desire to perform coitus. Very strictly educated as a young girl, - until her marriage she remained almost innocent of any knowledge of - sexual matters. She has menstruated regularly since her fifteenth - year. There does not seem to be any essential abnormality of the - genitals. To the patient coitus is not only not a pleasure, but even - an unpleasant act; and repugnance to it has constantly increased. The - patient cannot understand how any one can call such an act the - greatest delight of love, which, to her, is something far higher and - unconnected with such a sensual impulse. At the same time, it should - be mentioned that the patient really loves her husband. In kissing - him, too, she experiences a decided pleasure, which she cannot exactly - describe. But she cannot conceive how the genitals can have anything - to do with love. In other respects Mrs. H. is a decidedly intelligent - woman, of feminine character. - - Si oscula dat conjugi, magnum voluptatem percipit in mordendo eum. - Gratissimum ei esset conjugem mordere eo modo ut sanguis fluat. - Contenta esset, si loco coitus morderetur a conjuge ipsæque eum - mordere liceret. Tamen eam pœniteret, si morsu magnum dolorem faceret. - (Dr. Moll.) - -In other cases of sadism which history and literature afford, we are -compelled to think of a reversal of the feminine sexual character,—a -partial viraginity,—in order to explain the sadistic acts. - -In history there are examples of famous women who, to some extent, had -sadistic instincts. These Messalinas are particularly characterized by -their thirst for power, lust, and cruelty. Among them are Valeria -Messalina herself, and Catherine de Medici, the instigator of the -Massacre of St. Bartholomew, whose greatest pleasure was found in having -the ladies of her court whipped before her eyes, etc. - -The gifted Henry von Kleist, who was undoubtedly mentally abnormal, -gives a masterly portrayal of complete feminine sadism in his -“Penthesilea.” In scene xxii, Kleist describes his heroine with -Achilles, whom she had been pursuing in the fire of love, betrayed into -her hands, as, overcome with lustful, murderous fury, she tears him in -pieces and sets her dogs on him: “She strikes, tearing the armor from -his body; they set their teeth in his white breast,—she and her dogs, -the rivals, Oxus and Sphynx,—they on the right side, she on the left; -and as I approached blood dripped from her hands and mouth.” And later, -when Penthesilea becomes satiated: “Did I kiss him to death? No. Did I -not kiss him? Torn in pieces? Then it was a mistake; kissing rhymes with -biting, and one who loves with the whole heart might easily mistake the -one for the other.”[59] - -2. _The Association of Passively Endured Cruelty and Violence, with -Lust—Masochism._[60]—Masochism is the opposite of sadism. While the -latter is the desire to cause pain and use force, the former is the wish -to suffer pain and be subjected to force. - -By masochism I understand a peculiar perversion of the psychical vita -sexualis, in which the individual affected, in sexual feeling and -thought, is controlled by the idea of being completely and -unconditionally subject to the will of a person of the opposite sex; of -being treated by this person as by a master,—humiliated and abused. This -idea is colored by lustful feeling; the individual affected lives in -fancies, in which he creates situations of this kind, and often attempts -to realize them. By this perversion his sexual instinct is not -infrequently made more or less insensible to the normal stimulus of the -opposite sex,—incapable of a normal vita sexualis,—psychically impotent. -But this psychical impotence does not in any way depend upon a _horror -sexus alterius_, but upon the fact that this perverse instinct finds an -adequate satisfaction differing from the normal,—in woman, to be sure, -but not in coitus. - -But cases also occur, in which, with the perverse impulse, there is also -sensibility, in a measure, to normal stimuli, and intercourse under -normal conditions takes place. In other cases the impotence is not -purely psychical, but physical, _i.e._, spinal; for this perversion, -like almost all other perversions of the sexual instinct, is developed -only on the basis of a psychopathic and, for the most part, hereditarily -predisposed individuality; and, as a rule, such individuals give -themselves up to excesses, particularly masturbation, to which the -difficulty of attaining what their fancy creates, drives them again and -again. - -The number of cases of undoubted masochism thus far observed is very -large. Whether masochism occurs associated with normal sexual instincts, -or exclusively controls the individual; whether, and to what extent, the -individual subject to this perversion strives to realize his peculiar -fancies or not; whether he has thus more or less diminished his virility -or not,—depends upon the degree of intensity of the perversion in the -single case, and upon the strength of the opposing ethical and æsthetic -motives, as well as the relative power of the physical and mental -organization, of the affected individual. The essential thing, from the -psychopathic point of view, and the common element in all these cases, -is _the fact that the sexual instinct is directed to ideas of -subjugation and abuse by the opposite sex_. - -What has been said with reference to the impulsive character -(indistinctness of motive) of the resulting acts, and with reference to -the original (congenital) nature of the perversion in sadism, is also -true in masochism. - -In masochism there is also a gradation of the acts from the most -repulsive and monstrous to the silliest, in accordance with the degree -of intensity of the perverse instinct, and the power of the remnants of -moral and æsthetic motives that oppose it. The ultimate consequences of -masochism, however, are opposed by the instinct of self-preservation, -and, therefore, murder and serious injury, which may be committed in -sadistic excitement, have here, as far as known, no passive equivalent -in reality; but the perverse desires of masochistic individuals may, in -imagination, attain these extreme consequences (_v. infra_, Case 54). - -Moreover, the acts to which masochists give themselves up, are performed -in some cases in connection with coitus, _i.e._, as preparatory -measures; in others, as substitutes for coitus when that is impossible. -Here, too, this depends only upon the condition of sexual power, which -has been diminished for the most part physically and mentally by the -activity of the sexual ideas in the perverse direction, and not upon the -nature of the act itself. - -(_a_) _The Desire for Abuse and Humiliation as a Means of Sexual -Satisfaction._—The following detailed autobiography of a masochist, -gives an exhaustive description of a typical case of this remarkable -perversion:— - - Case 44. I come of a neuropathic family, in which, with all kinds of - peculiarities of character and manner of life, there are several - abnormalities of a sexual nature. My imagination has always been very - lively, and was very early directed to sexual matters. As far as I can - remember, I was much given to onanism long before puberty. Even at - that time my thoughts were, for hours at a time, directed to - intercourse with females. But the relations in which I placed myself - with the opposite sex were entirely peculiar. I fancied that I was a - prisoner and absolutely in a woman’s power, and that this woman used - her power to hurt and abuse me in every way possible. In this, - whipping and blows played an important part in my fancy, and there - were many other acts and situations which all expressed the condition - of vassalage and subjection. I saw myself constantly kneeling before - my ideal, trod upon, loaded with chains, and imprisoned. Severe - punishments of all kinds were inflicted on me, to test my obedience - and please my mistress. The more severely I was humiliated and abused, - the more I indulged in these thoughts. (At the same time I developed a - great preference for velvet and fur, which I liked to touch and - smooth, and which likewise excited me sexually.) - - I remember well that when a child I received many actual whippings at - the hands of females. They never caused me any other feeling than pain - and shame; never have I thought to connect such realities with my - fancies. A threat to punish me severely and correct me agitated me - painfully; but in my fancy I assumed a desire on the part of my - “mistress” to enjoy my suffering and humiliation, which entranced me. - Too, I have never brought into relation with my fancies the acts and - orders of the females that have taken care of me. I was early able to - discover the truth about the relation of the sexes; but this knowledge - made no impression on me. The idea of sensual pleasure remained - connected with the fancies with which it was originally associated. I - also had the desire to touch females, to embrace and kiss them, but I - looked for the greatest delight only in their maltreatment, and in - situations in which they would cause me to feel their power. I soon - came to realize that I differed from other men, and preferred to be - alone and absorbed in my dreams. In my boyhood, real girls and women - had but little interest for me; for I saw no possibility of having - them act in the way I desired. On lonely paths in the forest I whipped - myself with branches that had fallen from the trees, and allowed my - imagination to play in the habitual way. I reveled in the sight of - pictures of commanding women, particularly if, like queens, they wore - furs. I read everything related to my cherished ideas. “Rousseau’s - Confessions,” which then fell into my hands, was a great discovery. I - found a condition described that resembled mine in essentials. I was - still more astonished at the similarity of my ideas to those I read of - in the writings of Sacher-Masoch. I devoured them all with avidity, - though the blood-curdling scenes often far outdid my imagination, and - then excited my aversion. Later, in order to supply new food for my - fancy, I began to write descriptions of erotic scenes to my taste, and - to make drawings of situations which, up to this time, I had painted - only in imagination. In this, reality was entirely an indifferent - matter to me. In the presence of a woman I was devoid of every sensual - feeling; at most, at the sight of a feminine foot, there would come a - fleeting wish to be trod upon by it. - - This indifference, however, was only in relation to pure sensuality. - In late boyhood and early youth I was subject to an enthusiastic - partiality for young girls of my acquaintance, with all the - extravagances common to this youthful enthusiasm. But it never - occurred to me to connect the world of my sensual thoughts with these - pure ideals. I never had to overcome such a thought; one never came to - me. This is the more remarkable, since to me my lustful fancies seemed - very strange and unattainable in reality, but in no wise vile or - obnoxious. This, too, was a kind of poetry with me; but it was divided - into two worlds,—on the one hand was my heart, or, rather, my - æsthetically excited fancy; on the other, my sensually inflamed - imagination. While my “elevated” feeling always had a certain young - girl for its object, at other times I saw myself at the feet of a - mature woman, who treated me as previously described. I never placed - any lady of my acquaintance in this rôle. In dreams the two spheres of - my erotic ideas occurred alternately, but never combined. Only the - images of the sensual sphere induced pollutions. - - In my nineteenth year I allowed myself, with outward reluctance, but - with inward desire, to be taken by friends to visit prostitutes. But - there I experienced nothing but repugnance and aversion, and left as - soon as possible, without having felt the faintest trace of sensual - excitement. Later, on my own initiative, I repeated the attempt, in - order to convince myself as to whether I was impotent or not; for I - was much troubled by my unexpected failure in the first instance. The - result was always the same,—I felt no excitement at all, and had not - the slightest erection. In the first place, it was not possible for me - to regard a real woman as an object of sensual gratification; and, - furthermore, I could not renounce the conditions and situations which - were the principal things _in sexualibus_ for me, and about which - nothing could induce me to speak a word. Imissio penis—the act to be - undertaken by me—seemed to me absolutely senseless and unclean. Again, - in the second place, there was also my repugnance for common women, - and fear of infection. - - In the meantime, in secret, my sexual life went on in the old fashion. - Whenever my old fancies came to mind, violent erection occurred, and I - provoked ejaculations almost daily. I began to suffer with all kinds - of nervous troubles, and now regarded myself as impotent, in spite of - powerful erections and intense desire when I was alone. Nevertheless, - from time to time I continued my experiments with prostitutes. In time - I overcame my timidity, and in part my aversion to contact with common - women; but I remained absolutely cold. - - After I had, with advancing years, overcome to some extent my shyness - and my inclination to indulge in dreams, in my sexual thought there - was an approach to the normal, as I began to direct my interest to - real persons. I was even successful in directing sensual thoughts to - women of my acquaintance, without carrying over any of my peculiar - ideas from the other sphere. Thus I had some affairs with respectable - girls. Embracing and kissing occurred; desire was excited, but not the - power,—at least, it was too weak to allow me to think that under - normal circumstances I should be virile. Of course, the attention I - gave to the excitation of my sexual power was not calculated to favor - this. Thus, always greatly ashamed, I broke off the relations. - - With this, my old habit continued. I was still a great onanist, even - though with lessened power. But my fancy no longer satisfied me - entirely. I now began to follow both respectable women and others on - the street; in winter, particularly those wearing velvet and furs. I - often followed prostitutes to their homes, and had them perform - manustupration. I always thought I should find more real pleasure in - that than in my fancies; but it was always less. When the woman took - off her garments, my interest followed them. The empty clothing has - never attracted me very strongly, but more than the nude female. The - real object of my interest was the attired woman. In this, velvet and - furs play the most important part; but also all other articles of - attire attracted me, and particularly the form as brought out by - lacing and padding. I had scarcely any other interest in the nude - female form than an æsthetic one. I have always had a very great - interest in the shoes of women, particularly in slippers with high - heels, which is always connected with the thought of being trod upon, - or of submissively kissing the foot. - - At last I overcame the last vestige of my shyness, and one day, to - realize my dreams, had myself whipped, trod upon, etc., by a - prostitute. The result was a _great disappointment_. What was done to - me I felt to be rough, repugnant, and silly. The blows caused me - nothing but pain; the situation, repugnance and shame. Nevertheless, I - induced an ejaculation mechanically, with which, with the help of my - imagination, I transformed the real situation into that for which I - longed. This—the really desired situation—differed from the actual - essentially in that I created in imagination a woman who abused me - with the same pleasure that I experienced in her maltreatment of me. - - All my sexual fancies were erected on the assumption in the woman of a - tyrannical, cruel disposition, to which I wished to be subject. The - act expressing the relation was a secondary matter to me. After the - first attempt at an impossible realization, it was perfectly clear to - me toward what my longing was directed. To be sure, in my lustful - dreams, I had often passed beyond all ideas of abuse, and conceived a - commanding woman, with an imperious mien, a word of command, a kiss on - the foot, etc; but now I fully realized what it was that attracted me, - and that flagellation was only the strongest means of expressing the - principle, and in itself secondary. - - In spite of this disappointment, after the first step, I did not - abandon my efforts to realize my erotic ideas. I was confident that, - when once accustomed to the new reality, my fancy would find food in - it for more intense activity. For my purpose I sought the most - suitable women, and instructed them carefully in a complicated comedy. - In this I occasionally found that the way had been prepared for me by - predecessors of like disposition. The value of these comedies, for the - effect of my fancy on my sensuality, remained problematical. What - these acts and scenes did for me, in the way of intensifying the - subsidiary circumstances of the desired situation, caused a diminution - of the intensity of the principal element, which my unaided fancy, - without the consciousness of planned, coarse deception, could more - easily bring up before me. My physical sensations, under the various - punishments, were changeable. The more perfect the self-deception, the - more perfectly the pain was felt as pleasure. - - Or, more correctly, the punishment was then conceived as a symbolic - act. From this arose the illusion of the desired situation, which was - then accompanied by an intense psychical feeling of pleasure. The - lustful feeling then spread out over the whole body in lustful - physical sensations, and thus the perception of the painful quality of - the punishment was overcome. The process in the moral punishments—the - humiliations to which I subjected myself—was similar, but simpler; - because it was confined to the mental sphere. These were also attended - with pleasurable feeling when the self-deception succeeded. It was - seldom, however, that it succeeded well, and never perfectly; there - always remained a disturbing element in consciousness. Therefore, in - the intervals, I returned to solitary onanism. Moreover, in the other - case, the conclusion of the act was usually an ejaculation provoked by - onanism; often an ejaculation without the aid of mechanical means. - - Thus I went on for many years, with diminishing power, but with - slightly diminished desire, and with the power of my peculiar sexual - idea over me unchanged. And at present the condition of my vita - sexualis is the same. Coitus, which I have never performed, still - seems to me a strange and unclean act. I learned about it from - descriptions of sexual dissipations. My own sexual ideas seem natural, - and do not in the least offend my sensitive taste. Their realization, - as previously mentioned, for various reasons, leaves me unsatisfied. I - am pleased with pretty girls and women of respectability, but for a - long time I have ceased to approach them. I have never attained, not - even partially, a direct, actual realization of my sexual fancy. As - often as I have come into close relation with females, I have felt the - woman’s will to be beneath mine, never _vice versâ_. I have never met - a woman manifesting a desire of mastery in sexual things. Women who - wish to rule in the household and exercise petticoat sovereignty are - entirely different from my erotic ideals. - - My whole personality presents many abnormalities besides the - perversion of my vita sexualis; my neuropathic condition is expressed - in many mental and physical symptoms. Besides, I think I recognize in - myself an original abnormality of character in the nature of a - resemblance to the feminine type; at least, I regard as of this nature - my great weakness of will, and my great lack of courage in the - presence of men and animals, which is in contrast with my coolness in - the face of peril. My external appearance is entirely masculine. - -The author of this autobiography also made me the following -communication:— - - “I always sought to find out whether the peculiar ideas that ruled me - sexually were entertained by other men. Since the first stories about - it accidentally came to my ears, I have sought everywhere to learn of - it. Since it is really a process of inner consciousness, it is, of - course, not easy to identify it, and it cannot always be done with - certainty; but I assume the existence of masochism where I find - perverse sexual acts that cannot be explained except by this - dominating idea. I look upon this anomaly as wide-spread. - - “I have heard numerous stories about it from prostitutes here in - Berlin, and in Vienna; and I thus learned how numerous my - fellow-sufferers are. I am always careful not to describe my own - experiences, or ask whether they know of such; but I allow these - persons to relate their experiences just as they will. - - “Simple flagellation is so common that almost every prostitute is - familiar with it; but cases of real masochism are very frequent. The - men subject to this perversion submit themselves to the most refined - cruelties. In this they always act the same farce with the instructed - prostitutes,—humiliating subjection of the man, treading upon him, - commands, threats, and scoldings that have been committed to memory; - then flagellation, blows on various portions of the body, and all - kinds of punishment, pricking with needles, etc. The scenes often end - with coitus, but more frequently with ejaculation without it. Twice - prostitutes have shown me heavy iron chains with handcuffs, which - their patrons had made for them to put on them; and the dried peas, on - which they kneeled; the seat set with needles, on which they sat at - command; and many other similar things. Often the perverted man wishes - the woman to tie his penis so tightly as to cause pain; to prick it - with needles, make cuts in it with a knife, or beat it with a stick. - Even the act of hanging is indulged in, it being cut short at just the - right moment. Others have themselves scratched with a knife or dagger, - but in the act the woman must threaten them with death. In all these - things the symbolism of subjection is the most important factor. The - woman is usually called ‘mistress’; the man, ‘slave.’ - - “A man of high social standing, dressed as a servant, sat on the box - of a carriage and drove his mistress about. Here there may have been a - conscious imitation of the ‘Venus in Furs.’ It seems to me that the - writings of Sacher-Masoch have done much to develop this perversion in - those predisposed. It is peculiar that the inexplicable enthusiasm for - furs is so frequently combined with this perversion. It, as well as - that for velvet, has been peculiar to me from my earliest youth. - - “All these comedies with prostitutes are for masochists only - troublesome substitutes. Whether there is such a thing as a - realization of masochistic dreams in love relations or not, I do not - know. If it occur, it is certainly very infrequent; for this taste in - women (sadism in women, as described by Sacher-Masoch) is very - difficult to find; and, too, the expression of sexual abnormalities - finds greater obstacles in the modesty of women, etc., than in men. I - myself have never noticed the slightest indications of anything of - this kind, and have never been able to attempt an actual realization - of my fancies. Once a man confidingly told me of his masochistic - perversion, and said he had found his ideal.” - -The two following cases are similar to the foregoing:— - - Case 45. Mr. Z., aged 29, technicist, came for consultation because of - a fear of tabes. Father was nervous and died tabetic. Father’s sister - was insane. Several relatives are very nervous and peculiar. On closer - examination the patient is found to have sexual, spinal, and cerebral - asthenia. He presents no symptoms of tabes dorsalis, nor does he give - a history of them. Questions concerning abuse of the sexual organs - bring out a confession of masturbation practiced since youth. In the - course of the examination the following interesting psycho-sexual - anomalies came out: At the age of five the vita sexualis began with - the impulse to whip himself, as well as with the desire to see others - whipped. In this he never thought of individuals as of one sex or the - other. _Faute de mieux_ he practiced flagellation on himself and, in - time, this induced ejaculation. Long before this he had begun to - satisfy himself with masturbation, and always during the act reveled - in imaginary scenes of whipping. After growing up he twice visited - brothels to have himself flogged by prostitutes. For this purpose he - chose the prettiest girl he could find; but he was disappointed, and - did not even have an erection, to say nothing of ejaculation. He - recognized that the flagellation was subsidiary, and that the idea of - subjection to the woman’s will was the important thing. He realized - this on the second trial. When he had the “thought of subjection,” he - was perfectly successful. In time, by straining his imagination with - masochistic ideas, he performed coitus without flagellation; but he - found little satisfaction in it; so that he performed sexual - intercourse in a masochistic way. He found pleasure in masochistic - scenes, in the sense of his original desire for flagellation, only - when he was flagellated _ad podicem_, or, at least, only when he - called up such a situation in imagination. At times of great - excitability it was even sufficient if a pretty girl told stories of - such scenes. He would thus have an orgasm, and usually ejaculation. - - A very effectual fetichistic idea was early associated with this. He - noticed that he was attracted and satisfied only by women wearing high - heels and short jackets (“Hungarian fashion”). He does not know how he - arrived at this fetichistic idea. Boys’ legs with high heels also - pleased him, but this charm was purely æsthetic, without any sensual - coloring; and he said he had never noticed anything homo-sexual in - himself. The patient referred his fetichism to his partiality for - calves (legs). He is charmed by ladies’ calves only when elegant shoes - are on the feet. Nude legs—feminine nudity in general—do not in the - least affect him sexually. A subordinate fetichistic idea for the - patient is the masculine ear. It is a lustful pleasure for him to pet - the ears of handsome men, _i.e._, men having beautiful ears. With men - this pleasure is slight, but with women it gives him great enjoyment. - - He also has a weakness for cats. He thinks them simply beautiful; and - their movements are very attractive to him. The sight of a cat can - raise him from a feeling of the deepest depression. Cats seem to him - sacred; he sees something divine in them! He does not know the reason - for this idiosyncrasy. - - Of late he has also frequently had sadistic ideas about punishing - boys. In these imaginary flagellations both men and women play a part, - but particularly the latter; and then his enjoyment is much more - intense. - - The patient finds that, with that which he recognizes and feels as - masochism, there is something else which he prefers to designate - “pageism.” - - While his masochistic fancies and acts are entirely of a coarse, - sensual nature, his “pageism” consists of the idea of being a page to - a beautiful girl. He conceives her as perfectly chaste, but piquant; - his relation to her, that of a slave, but perfectly chaste,—a purely - platonic submission. This reveling in the idea of serving such a - “beautiful creature” as a page, is colored by a pleasurable feeling; - but this is in no way sexual. He experienced in it an exquisite - feeling of moral satisfaction, in contrast with the sensually-colored - masochism; and, therefore, he could but regard it as something of a - different nature. - - At first sight there was nothing remarkable in the patient’s - appearance; but his pelvis is abnormally broad, the ilia are flat, and - the pelvis, as a whole, tilted and decidedly feminine. Eyes, - neuropathic. He also mentions that he often has itching and lustful - irritation at the anus, and that there (“erogenous” area), _ope - digiti_, he can satisfy himself. - - The patient is troubled about his future. Help would be possible for - him if he could but excite in himself an interest in women, but his - will and imagination were too weak for that. - -What the patient designates as “pageism” does not differ in any way from -masochism, as may be seen when it is compared with the following cases -of symbolic masochism, and others; and, further, upon the consideration -that in this perversion coitus is avoided as an inadequate act; and from -the fact that in such cases there is often a fantastic exaltation of the -perverse ideal:— - - Case 46. X, writer, aged 28, predisposed. Sexually hyperæsthetic from - childhood. At the age of six he had dreams of being whipped ad nates - by a woman. After them he would awake in intense lustful excitement; - and thus he came to practice onanism. When eight years old he once - asked the cook to whip him. From his tenth year, neurasthenia. Until - his twenty-fifth year he had dreams of flagellation, or similar waking - fancies, and indulged in onanism. Three years ago he had an impulse to - have himself whipped by a puella. The patient was undeceived, for - neither erection nor ejaculation occurred. At twenty-seven, another - effort, with the thought to enforce erection and ejaculation. This was - finally made possible by the following artifice: While coitus was - attempted, the puella had to tell him how she had mercilessly flogged - other impotent men, and threaten him with the same. Besides this, it - was necessary for him to fancy that he was bound, entirely in the - woman’s power, helpless, and most painfully beaten by her. - Occasionally, in order to become potent, it was necessary to have - himself actually bound. Thus coitus was possible. Pollutions were - accompanied by lustful feeling only when he (infrequently) dreamed - that he was abused, or that he looked on while a puella whipped - others. He never had an intense, lustful pleasure in coitus. The only - things in women that interest him are the hands. Powerful women with - big fists are his preference. At the same time, his desire for - flagellation is only ideal; for with his great cutaneous - sensitiveness, at the most, a few strokes are sufficient. Blows from - men were repugnant to him. He wishes to marry. From the impossibility - of asking a decent woman to perform flagellation, and the doubt about - being potent with such a woman, spring his embarrassment and desire to - recover. - -In the foregoing three cases, for the most part, passive flagellation -serves the individual subject to this perversion of masochism as an -expression of the desired situation of subjection to the woman. The same -means is needed by a large number of masochists. But passive -flagellation is a process which, as is known, has a tendency to induce -erection reflexly by irritation of the nerves of the nates.[61] This -effect of flagellation is used by weakened debauchees to help their -diminished power; and this perversity—not perversion—is very common. It -is, therefore, necessary to ascertain in what relation the passive -flagellation of the masochists stands to these dissipated individuals -who are not psychically perverse, but physically weakened. - -It is not difficult to show that masochism is something essentially -different from flagellation, and more comprehensive; that flagellation -is rather a by-play,—one of the many means used for the purpose of -masochistic gratification in the sense of subjection to the woman. For -the masochist the principal thing is subjection to the woman; the -punishment is only the expression of this relation,—the most intense -effect of it he can bring upon himself. For him the act has only a -symbolic value, and is a means to the end of mental satisfaction of his -peculiar desires. The essential thing is the desire for ill-treatment, -as a sign of this subjection. Besides flagellation, and often without -it, there are many other things which serve to express this subjection; -as is shown by the following series of cases. This fact establishes a -presumption of the existence of an original anomaly of sexual feeling,—a -paræsthesia sexualis. On the other hand, the individual that is weakened -and not a subject of masochism, and who has himself flagellated, desires -only a mechanical irritation of his spinal centre. - -Whether, in a given case, it is simple (reflex) flagellation or -masochism, is made clear by the individual’s statements, and often by -the secondary circumstances. The determination depends upon the -following facts:— - -In the _first_ place, the impulse to passive flagellation exists _ab -origine_ in the masochist. The desire is felt before there has been any -experience of the reflex effect, often first in dreams; as, for example, -in Case 48. _Secondly_, with the masochist, as a rule, the flagellation -is only one of many and various punishments which come into his mind as -fancies and are often realized. In these other punishments, and the -frequent acts expressing purely symbolic humiliations, which occur by -the side of flagellation, there can, of course, be no thought of a -reflex physical irritative effect. _Thirdly_, it is significant that, in -the masochist, when the desired flagellation is carried out, it need -have no aphrodisiac effect at all. Very often, indeed, there is a more -or less perfect disappointment; in fact, always, if the masochist is not -successful in his desire to create, by means of the pre-arranged -programme, the illusion of the desired situation (to be in the woman’s -power), so that the woman ordered to carry out the act seems to be -nothing more than the executive agent of his own will. If one cannot -tickle one’s self, no more can one feel one’s self subject to a woman -directed by one’s own will. In reference to this important point, -compare the three foregoing cases and Case 50. - -Between masochism and simple (reflex) flagellation, there is a relation -somewhat analogous to that existing between contrary sexual instinct and -acquired pederasty. It does not lessen the value of this opinion that, -in the masochist, the flagellation may also have the known reflex -effect; or that a whipping received in childhood may have aroused lust -for the first time, and thus simultaneously excited the latent -masochistically-constituted vita sexualis. In this event, the case must -be characterized by the conditions mentioned above, under the heads of -“_secondly_” and “_thirdly_,” in order to be masochistic. If the details -of the origin of the case are not known, other circumstances, such as -those mentioned above under “_secondly_,” would make it clearly -masochistic. This is illustrated in the two following cases:— - - Case 47. A patient of Tarnowsky’s had a person in his confidence rent - a house during his attacks, and instruct its _personnel_ (three - prostitutes) in what was to be done with him. He would come there, and - was there undressed, manustuprated, and flagellated, as ordered. He - pretended to offer resistance, and begged for mercy; then, as ordered, - he was allowed to eat and sleep. But in spite of protest he was kept - there, and beaten if he did not submit. Thus the affair would go on - for some days. When the attack was over, he was dismissed; and he - returned to his wife and children, who had no suspicion of his - disease. The attacks occurred once or twice a year. (Tarnowsky, _op. - cit._) - - Case 48. X., aged 34, greatly predisposed, suffers with contrary - sexual instinct. For various reasons he had no opportunity to satisfy - himself with men, in spite of great sexual desire. Occasionally he - dreamed that a woman whipped him, and then had a pollution. - - Through this dream he came to have prostitutes beat him as a - substitute for love with men. Occasionally he would obtain a - prostitute, undress himself completely (while she was not to take off - a thing), and have her tread upon him, whip, and beat him. Qua re - summa libidine affectus pedem feminæ lambit quod solum eum libidinosum - facere potest: tum ejaculationem assequitur. Then disgust at the - morally-debasing situation occurred, and he retired as quickly as - possible. - -Cases occur, however, in which passive flagellation alone constitutes -the entire content of the masochistic fancies, without other ideas of -humiliation, etc., and without any clear consciousness of the real -nature of this expression of submission. Such cases are difficult to -differentiate from those of simple reflex flagellation. A knowledge of -the primary origin of the desire, before any experience of reflex -stimuli (_v. supra_, under “_first_”), is the only thing that makes the -differential diagnosis certain; taken with the circumstance that genuine -masochists are perverse in their youth, and that the realization of -their desires usually comes late, or undeceives them (_v. supra_, under -“_thirdly_”); for the whole thing, for the most part, belongs to the -sphere of the imagination. - -The following case is of this nature:— - - Case 49. _Autobiography._—In January, 1891, I received the following - letter from a gentleman in Hungary: “In depression and despair of a - life that shuts me out from all that makes human happiness, I come to - you with the last gleam of hope of rescue from a condition which, if - it continue, can end only tragically. - - “I am thirty years old, and come of a mother who suffered with - periodical insanity. As early as my fourteenth year abnormal sexual - tendencies were noticeable in me. It always gave me a certain lustful - pleasure to be whipped by boys of my own age, particularly when I was - taken over the knee and spanked. It particularly delighted me when - this was done by handsome young persons or boys having well formed - legs and closely-fitting trousers. By means of such ideas I also came - to masturbate; and I practiced onanism quite frequently,—almost daily, - and, in fact, in absolute ignorance of the terrible results of the - vice. Thus it continued until my eighteenth year, when, thus far - absolutely unsuspecting, I was made aware of the vicious results of - the practice. - - “From this time began the terrible struggle with the desire to give it - up, which I only too often abandoned. The fancies mentioned did not - leave me; I longed to be whipped by handsome young persons aged from - twenty to twenty-two years, wearing tight trousers. My fancy was - filled especially with young soldiers and hussars. At times I was able - to repress my imagination and avoid onanism; but I then had pollutions - with dreams of the same nature. - - “After my twentieth year, to my astonishment, the sexual inclination - toward women, which I had noticed in comrades of my own age, and the - occurrence of which I expected in myself, did not appear. I was cold - toward women, and embarrassed in their presence. At the same time, - feminine nudity was not unpleasant; on the contrary, there was - something attractive about it, but my sensuality was not excited. - - “I twice attempted coitus; I was not troubled about being in bed with - the girl, but rather kissed and embraced her with pleasure, and even - had traces of erection, but that was all. Since then I have had no - hope, and occasionally returned to onanism, which I had avoided for - some months previously. Nevertheless, I cultivated social intercourse - with ladies, and particularly young girls; and I was esteemed in - society, and liked for my graceful dancing. I was always hoping that - in this way my unhappy tendency would be overcome successfully, but in - vain; it grew constantly stronger. Thus I have lived hours of - wretchedness; and the ghost of suicide has passed before me. I once - confided in a physician in Pesth, but he had only the usual remedies - for persons suffering with sexual weakness,—cold baths, quieting - medicines, intercourse with women, etc. - - “I tried everything in vain, until by accident a book on contrary - sexual instinct fell into my hands, and gave me the last ray of hope. - I have a respected position as a merchant, and appreciate thoroughly - the joys of family life; and I have an opportunity to marry, under the - most favorable circumstances, a young girl whom I love, and who loves - me. But I feel the cruel impossibility of this step. I suffer terribly - in thinking about these repulsive abnormalities. My only hope lies in - a cure by means of hypnosis. May it not be in vain!” - - Pity and a scientific interest induced me to invite the writer of the - preceding lines to come to see me. Early in February Mr. D. came. He - was distinguished, pleasing, and masculine in appearance. Examination - of the case showed it to be one of masochism. He distinctly remembered - that, when he once saw fellow-pupils whipped by the teacher, it gave - him a feeling of lustful pleasure. He cannot remember that he was ever - whipped by a teacher. His masochism had been an _absolutely primary - manifestation_, and incomprehensible to him. Only gradually and _faute - de mieux_ had he come to practice onanism, during which ideas of - flagellation, in which he played the passive _rôle_, filled his mind. - He had never had desire to be whipped by the teacher; he always wished - to be flogged by fellow-pupils and well-grown young persons. Since - maturity he had never been able to induce himself to satisfy his - masochistic inclinations. - - In intercourse with puellis he had repeatedly had the thought to have - himself whipped by them; but since this was not accompanied by sensual - feeling, it was not carried out. The patient declares that his - inclinations toward persons of his own sex are purely masochistic. In - other respects he finds nothing interesting in men. Until his - eighteenth year the patient had also sadistic tendencies. He was - enthusiastic about the position of the pedagogue and wanted to be a - teacher in order to be able to flog boys. _This ideal sadism later - disappeared entirely._ The patient complains that he feels alone in - the world, like a pariah, and that he is different from other men. But - his libido toward women had much diminished, possibly as a result of - his masturbation. He had no erection at the sight of feminine charms, - but the sight of a riding-whip or a cane excited him powerfully - sexually. When he attempted coitus, no masochistic ideas occurred. - Such ideas arose, however, whenever he saw attractive young men. He - believed that if he were freed from his ideas of flagellation, he - would be helped; for his sensuality would then direct itself in a - normal path. - - The patient has neuropathic eyes, but is free from all degenerative - signs. In the direction of hereditary taint, it is noteworthy that his - maternal grandfather was peculiar, and shot himself while in a - psychopathic condition. The patient feels well, save for slight - neurasthenic troubles. Patellar reflex increased. The genitals are - perfectly normal. His dreams with pollutions are exclusively about - flagellation by young persons, particularly soldiers with tight - trousers. - - The principles of treatment laid down were: 1. Removal of the symptoms - of neurasthenia. 2. Suggestive treatment looking to (_a_) avoidance of - onanism; (_b_) indifference toward his own sex and the disappearance - of thoughts of flagellation, both while awake and asleep; (_c_) libido - exclusively toward persons of the opposite sex, the occurrence of - erections at sight of beautiful women, complete power with women, and - dreams of women exclusively. At the first sitting, by means of - Bernheim’s method, the patient passed quickly into a state of deep - lethargy. At the second sitting (February 5) a cataleptic condition of - the muscles was induced. Sittings almost daily. It was seen that - stroking the brow induced deeper hypnosis with catalepsy, which, - however, did not go beyond deep lethargy. Suggestion was begun in the - third sitting. - - February 10. The patient says that he has no longer any interest in - men, but a growing interest in women. He begins to dream of women. - - February 13. He feels himself free from masochism during the day, and - canes and whipping do not interest him any more. At night he still has - “weak” dreams of flagellation concerning men, but without lustful - feeling or pollution. A short time ago he had had a dream that was - entirely strange, and without erotic coloring, to the effect that he - whipped himself. - - February 19. The patient attempted coitus with a puella pleasing to - him. Erection was incomplete, and ejaculation did not occur; so he - gave up the attempt. The patient finds that his libido toward women is - still very slight. He was not discouraged by his failure, and expected - ultimate success; for he felt free from his abnormal tendencies, and - like another man. On February 20, unfortunately, the patient had to - discontinue treatment, being called home by duties there. - -The fact that traces of sadism (_v. infra_), were simultaneously -present, lends certainty to the diagnosis of this rudimentary case as -one of masochism. The purely psychical character of this latter -perversion is unquestionable. At the same time, the case is combined -with incompletely developed contrary sexual instinct, an association not -infrequent in masochists and sadists. - -In contrast with this case of rudimentary masochism, in which there is -some difficulty of diagnosis, follows a typical case of masochism, in -which the whole circle of ideas peculiar to this perversion appears -completely developed. This case, in which there is a detailed personal -description of the whole psychical state, is different from Case 44 only -in that here there is no thought of a realization of the perverse -fancies; and that, notwithstanding the perversion of the vita sexualis, -normal stimuli are so far effectual that sexual intercourse is possible -under normal conditions. - - Case 50. I am thirty-five years old, mentally and physically normal. - Among all my relatives, in the direct as well as in the lateral line, - I know of no case of mental disease. My father, who, at my birth, was - thirty years old, as far as I know, had a preference for voluptuous, - large women. - - Even in my early childhood I loved to revel in ideas about the - absolute mastery of one man over others. The thought of slavery had - something exciting in it for me, and alike whether from the - stand-point of master or servant. That one man could possess, sell, or - whip another, caused me intense excitement; and in reading “Uncle - Tom’s Cabin” (which I read at about the beginning of puberty), I had - erections. Particularly exciting for me was the thought of a man’s - being hitched up before a wagon in which another man sat with a whip, - driving and whipping him. Until my twentieth year these ideas were - purely objective and sexless,—_i.e._, the one in subjugation in my - fancy was another (not myself), and the master was not necessarily a - woman. These ideas were, therefore, without effect on my sexual - instinct,—_i.e._, on the way in which it was expressed. Though these - ideas caused erections, yet I have never masturbated in my life; and - from my nineteenth year I had coitus without the help of these ideas - and without any relation to them. I always had a great preference for - elderly, voluptuous, large women, though I did not scorn younger ones. - - After my twenty-first year my ideas became objective, and it became an - essential thing that the “mistress” should be a woman over forty years - old, tall, and powerful. _From this time I was always, in my fancies, - the subject_; the “mistress” was a rough woman, who made use of me in - every way, also sexually; who harnessed me before a carriage, and made - me take her for a drive; whom I must follow like a dog; at whose feet - I must lie naked, and be punished—_i.e._, whipped—by her. This was the - constant element in my ideas, around which all others were grouped. In - these fancies I always found endless pleasure, which caused erection, - but never ejaculation. As a result of the induced sexual excitement, I - would immediately seek a woman, preferably one corresponding - exteriorly with my ideal, and have coitus with her without any actual - imitation of my fancies, and sometimes also without any thought of - them during the act. At the same time, I also had inclination toward - women of a different kind, and had coitus with them without being - impelled to it by my fancy. - - Notwithstanding all this, my life was not exceedingly abnormal - sexually; yet these ideas were certain to occur periodically, and they - have remained essentially unchanged. With growing sexual desire, the - intervals constantly grew shorter. At the present time the ideas come - every two or three weeks. If I have had coitus, the occurrence of the - fancies is perhaps postponed. I have never attempted to realize my - very definite and characteristic ideas,—_i.e._, to connect them with - the objective world,—but I have contented myself with reveling in the - thoughts; because I was convinced that my ideal would not allow even - an approach to realization. The thought of a comedy with paid - prostitutes always seemed to me silly and purposeless; for a person - hired by me could never take the place in my imagination of a “cruel - mistress.” I doubt whether there are sadistically constituted women - like Sacher-Masoch’s heroines. But, if there were such women, and I - had the fortune (!) to find one, still, in a world of reality, - intercourse with her would always seem only like a farce to me. - Indeed, I can say that, were I to become the slave of a Messalina, I - believe that, owing to the other necessary renunciations, my desired - manner of life would soon pall on me, and in my lucid intervals I - should try to obtain my freedom at all hazards. - - Yet I have found a way in which to induce, in a certain sense, a - realization. After my sexual desire has been intensely excited by - reveling in my fancy, I go to a prostitute and there call up before my - mind’s eye, with great intensity, some scene of the kind mentioned, in - which I play the principal _rôle_. After thinking of such a situation - for about half an hour, with a constantly resulting erection, I - perform coitus with increased lustful pleasure and strong ejaculation. - After the latter, the vision fades away. Ashamed, I depart as quickly - as possible, and try not to think of the affair. Then, for about two - weeks, I have no more such ideas; indeed, after a particularly - satisfactory coitus, it may happen that, until the next attack, I have - no sympathy whatever with masochistic ideas. But the next attack is - sure to come sooner or later. I must, however, state that I also have - coitus without being prepared by such ideas, especially, too, with - women that are acquainted with me and my position, and in whose - presence I abhor such fancies. _Under the latter circumstances, - however, I am not always potent, while, with masochistic ideas, my - virility is perfect._ It does not seem superfluous to add that - otherwise, in my thought and feeling, I am very æsthetic, and despise - anything like maltreatment of a human being. Finally, I will not leave - unmentioned the fact that the form of address is of importance. In my - fancies it is essential that the “mistress” address me in the second - person (_Du_), while I must address her in the third (_Sie_). This - circumstance of being thus familiarly addressed (_Du_) by a person so - inclined, as the expression of absolute mastery, has, from my youth, - given me lustful pleasure, and does to-day. - - I had the fortune to find a wife who is in everything, but especially - sexually, attractive to me; though, as I scarcely need say, she in no - way resembles my masochistic ideal. She is gentle, but proud; for - without the latter characteristic I cannot conceive such a thing as - sexual charm. The first few months of married life were normal - sexually; the masochistic attacks did not occur, and I had almost lost - all thought of masochism. Then came the first confinement and the - necessary abstinence. Punctually, then, with the occurrence of libido, - came the masochistic fancies again, which, in spite of my great love - for my wife, necessitated coitus with another, with the accompaniment - of masochistic ideas. It is here worthy of note that _coitus - maritalis_, which was later resumed, did not prove sufficient to - banish the masochistic ideas, as masochistic coitus always does. As - for the essential element in masochism, I am of the opinion that the - ideas,—_i.e._, the mental element,—are the end and aim. - - If the realization of the masochistic ideas (_i.e._, passive - flagellation, etc.) be the desired end, then it is in opposition with - the fact that the majority of masochists never attempt realization; - or, when this is attempted, great disappointment occurs, or at least - the desired satisfaction is not obtained. - - Thus the reveling in imagination is the principal thing; and, in fact, - this gives an unspeakable delight that takes its subject beyond - external things, beyond all troubles and cares. - - It is an astonishing fact that there is an author, who, instead of - keeping them to himself, as others do, discloses his imaginary ideals - to the world in novels and romances. In “Venus in Furs,” we find those - that are like us in feeling,—word for word, line for line, are - expressed the ideas so familiar to us, which we believe to be our own - exclusive discovery. - - Until then I did not think it possible that there could be, in any - other brain than mine, the lustful thought of being harnessed to a - plow and made to work like a draught-horse. - - And the ill-temper of the mistress to be served at the toilet and - bath; the imprisonment,—ah, how familiar such ideas are to us from - childhood! - - Therefore, perhaps by reason of this open disclosure of things that - should be secret, the reading of this book shocks masochists, - undeceives them, and exerts a curative influence. - - Finally, I should mention that, according to my experience, the number - of masochists, especially in large cities, seems to be quite large. - The only sources of such information are—since men do not reveal these - things—words of prostitutes; and, since they agree on the essential - points, it may be concluded that certain facts are proved. - - Thus there is the fact that every experienced prostitute is accustomed - to keep some suitable instrument (usually a whip) for flagellation; - but it must be remembered that there are men who have themselves - whipped simply to increase their sexual pleasure; who, in contrast - with masochists, regard flagellation as a means to an end. - - On the other hand, almost all prostitutes agree that there are many - men who like to play “slave,”—_i.e._, like to be so called, and have - themselves scolded and trod upon and beaten. As has been said, the - number of masochists is larger than has yet been dreamed. - - As you can imagine, reading the “New Investigations”[62] made a great - impression on me. I should like to have faith in a cure, in a logical - cure, so to speak, in accordance with the motto: “Tout comprendre - c’est tout guérir.” (To understand all is to cure all.) - - Of course the word _cure_ is to be taken with some limitation, and - there must be a distinction made between general feelings and concrete - ideas. The former can never be overcome; they come like a stroke of - lightning, are there, and one does not know whence or how. - - But this practice of masochism in imagination, by means of concrete, - associated ideas, can be avoided, or at least restricted. - - Now the thing is changed. I say to myself: What! you busy your mind - with things which not only the æsthetic sense of others, but also your - own, disapproves? You regard that as beautiful and desirable which, in - your own judgment, is at once ugly, coarse, silly, and impossible? You - long for a situation which in reality you can never obtain? This - opposing idea has an immediate inhibitory and undeceiving effect, and - takes the edge off the fancy. Too, since reading the “New - Investigations” (early this year), I have actually not reveled in my - fancy once, though the masochistic tendency has occurred with - regularity. - - I must also confess that, in spite of its marked pathological - character, masochism is not only incapable of destroying my pleasure - in life, but it does not in the least affect my outward life. When not - in a masochistic state, as far as feeling and action are concerned, I - am a perfectly normal man. During the activity of the masochistic - tendencies there is, of course, a great revolution in my feeling, but - my outward manner of life suffers no change; I have a calling that - makes it necessary for me to move much in public, and I pursue it in - the masochistic condition as well as ever. - -The author of the foregoing lines also sends me the following notes:— - - 1. Masochism, according to my experience, is, under all circumstances, - congenital, and never acquired by the individual. I know positively - that I was never spanked; that my masochistic ideas were manifested - from my earliest youth; and that, as long as I have been capable of - thinking, I have had such thoughts. If the origin of them had been the - result of a particular event, especially of a beating, I should - certainly not have forgotten it. It is characteristic that the ideas - were present before there was any libido. At that time the ideas were - absolutely sexless. I remember that, when a boy, it affected (not to - say excited) me intensely when an older boy addressed me in the second - person (_Du_), while I spoke to him in the third (_Sie_). I would keep - up a conversation with him, and have the exchange of address take - place as often as possible. Later, when I had become more mature - sexually, such things affected me only when they occurred with a - married woman, and one relatively old. - - 2. Physically and mentally I am in all respects masculine. I have a - superabundant growth of beard, and my whole body is very hairy. In my - relations to the female sex that are not masochistic, the dominating - position of the man is an indispensable condition, and any attempt to - change it would meet with my energetic opposition. I am energetic, if - not over-courageous; but the want of courage is not manifest when my - pride is injured. I am not sensitive to events in nature - (thunder-storms, storms at sea, etc.).[63] - - Too, my masochistic tendencies have nothing feminine or effeminate - about them (?). To be sure, in these the inclination to be sought and - desired by the woman is dominant; but the general relation desired - with her is not that in which a woman stands to a man, but that of the - slave to the master, the domestic animal to its owner. If one regards - the ultimate aim of masochism without prejudice, it must be - acknowledged that its ideal is the position of a dog or horse. Both - are owned by masters, and punished by them; and the masters are - responsible to no one. Just this unlimited power of life and death, as - exercised over slaves and domestic animals, is the end and aim of all - masochistic ideas. - - 3. The foundation of all masochistic ideas is libido; and as this ebbs - and flows, so do the masochistic fancies. On the other hand, as soon - as the ideas are present, they greatly intensify the libido. I am by - no means excessively sensual naturally. However, when the masochistic - ideas occur, I am impelled to coitus at any cost (for the most part I - am driven to the lowest women); and if these impulses are not soon - obeyed, libido soon becomes almost satyriasis. One is almost justified - in looking upon this as a _circulus vitiosus_. - - Libido occurs either in the course of time, or as the result of - especial excitement (also of a kind that is not masochistic,—_e.g._, - kissing). In spite of its manner of origin, this libido, by virtue of - the masochistic ideas it engenders, is soon transformed into a - masochistic and impure libido. - - Moreover, there is no doubt that external, accidental impressions, - particularly loitering in the streets of a large city, greatly - intensify the desire. The sight of beautiful and imposing female - forms, _in nature_ as well as in art, is exciting. For those subject - to masochism,—at least during the attacks,—the whole external world - becomes masochistic. The box on the ear administered by the teacher to - the pupil and the crack of the driver’s whip make deep impressions on - the masochist, while they leave him indifferent or annoy him when he - is not in the masochistic state. - - 4. An example of masochistic ideas follows: “She” is a peasant - woman,—a rough, tall, large-boned woman of forty or fifty years. She - is the possessor of a small, remote farm, which she works with the - help of her slave alone. The work begins before sunrise. At four - o’clock in the morning she opens the shed where she has kept me shut - up over night, and wakens me, as I lie on the ground, with a kick; - then she leads me out and harnesses me to a milk-cart bound for town. - She leads me by a halter, and urges me along. On the road she gets on - the heavily-loaded wagon, and sleeps until the destination is reached. - There, in the open market-place of the town, still harnessed to the - wagon, I lie down on the bare ground to rest. Those passing knock - against me or step on me, without giving me any attention. After the - stock is sold, we start homeward. After a short rest the work begins - again, always under the direction of the mistress, who holds me by the - halter and urges me on. At seven or eight o’clock at night I am put up - to rest, and sleep until the next morning, when the same thing begins - again. Work and blows, blows and work; no pleasure, no recreation, day - in and day out! - - Another time I fancy myself in the _rôle_ of a paid lover of an - elderly female _roué_, who makes use of me, sexually, in the most - reckless manner; and in this direction makes the most shameful demands - on me. If I do not submit to these willingly, I am beaten and - punished; and, at the same time, she despises me unspeakably; gives me - the lowest housework to do; and on every occasion shows me how low an - opinion she has of my manhood. - - I cannot clothe the character of masochism in any better formula than - the following: A real masochist, without reflection, prefers the kick - of a low woman to the embrace of a Venus. - - 5. In reading Sacher-Masoch, it struck me that in masochists, now and - then, there was also an undercurrent of sadistic feeling. Too, I have - now and then discovered in myself sporadic feelings of sadism. I must - remark, however, that the sadistic feelings are not so marked as the - masochistic; and that, aside from the fact that they are infrequently - accessory, the sadistic fancies never leave the sphere of abstract - feeling, and, above all, never take the form of concrete, connected - ideas (like those above mentioned). The effect on libido, however, is - the same with both. - -If this case is remarkable on account of the complete development of the -psychical state that constitutes masochism, the following one is -noteworthy because of the great extravagance of the acts resulting from -the perversion. The case is also particularly suited to make clear the -reason for the subjection and humiliation at the hands of the woman, and -the peculiar sexual coloring of the resulting situations:— - - Case 51. _Masochism._—Mr. Z., official, aged 50; tall, muscular, - healthy. He is said to come of healthy parentage, but his father was - thirty years older than his mother. A sister, two years older than Z., - suffers with delusions of persecution. There is nothing remarkable in - Z.’s external appearance. Skeleton entirely masculine; abundant beard, - but no hair on trunk. He characterizes himself as a man of sanguine - temperament, whom no one can depress; though irascible and - quick-tempered, he is quick to regret outbursts. - - Z. says he has never masturbated. From his youth there have been - nightly pollutions, in which girls play a part; but the sexual act, - never. For example, he dreams that a pleasing woman lies heavily on - him, or that, as he lies sleeping on the grass, she playfully walks up - his back. Z. had always been averse to coitus with a woman. This act - seemed animal to him. Nevertheless, he was drawn to women. It was only - in the society of beautiful women and girls that he felt well and in - his place. He was very gallant without being forward. - - A voluptuous woman of beautiful form, and particularly with a pretty - foot, when seated, had the power to throw him into intense excitement. - He was impelled to offer himself as a chair, in order “to offer so - much devotion.” A kick, a box on the ear from her, would be heaven to - him. He had a horror at the thought of coitus with her. He felt the - need to serve the woman. He thought how ladies liked to ride. He - reveled in the thought of how fine it would be to be wearied by the - burden of a beautiful woman, in order to give her pleasure. He painted - the situation in all colors; thought of the beautiful foot armed with - spurs, the beautiful legs, and the soft, full thighs. Every beautiful - mature woman, every pretty female foot, always excited his - imagination; but he never betrayed the peculiar feelings that seemed - to him abnormal, and was able to control himself. But he felt no need - to fight against them; on the contrary, it would have hurt him had he - been compelled to give up the feelings that had become so dear to him. - - At the age of thirty-two Z. happened to make the acquaintance of an - attractive woman, aged twenty-seven, who had been separated from her - husband, and whom he found in need. He took her, and worked for her, - without any selfish motive, for months. One evening she impatiently - demanded sexual satisfaction from him, and almost used violence. - Coitus was successful. Z. took the woman, lived with her, and indulged - in coitus moderately; but coitus was more a burden than a pleasure; - erections became weak, and he could no longer satisfy the woman. She - finally declared that she would not have intercourse with him, because - he only excited without satisfying her. Though he loved the woman very - much, he could not give up his peculiar fancies. After this he lived - with her only in friendly relations, and deeply regretted that he - could not serve her in the way she desired. - - Fear of how she would receive his propositions, and a feeling of - shame, kept him from confessing. He found a substitute in his dreams. - Thus, for example, he dreamed that he was a proud, fiery steed, ridden - by a beautiful lady. He, felt her weight, the bit he had to obey, the - pressure of the thighs on his flanks; he heard her beautiful, joyous - voice. The exertion threw him into a perspiration; the touch of the - spurs did the rest, and always induced pollution with great lustful - pleasure. At other times be dreamed that he was a small, weak horse. - Then a large, heavy woman came and mounted the horse, and set off on a - long journey in the mountains. Recklessly, and without mercy, she - allowed the poor animal to feel her weight; she made herself - comfortable on his back; while he threatened to give out under her, - she had the greatest enjoyment, and with calm mind enjoyed the - beautiful scenery. Under the influence of such dreams, seven years ago - Z. overcame his reluctance, in order to experience such things in - reality. He was successful in creating suitable opportunity. He speaks - of it as follows: “I knew how to arrange it so that on an occasion she - would, of her own will, seat herself on my back. Then I endeavored to - make this situation as pleasant as possible, and easily made it so - that on the next occasion she said, spontaneously: ‘Come, give me a - little ride!’ Swelling with pride, and with both hands braced on a - chair, I made my back horizontal, and she mounted astride, after the - manner of a man. I then did the best I could to imitate the movements - of a horse, and loved to have her treat me like a horse, without any - thought of _me_. She could beat, prick, scold, or caress me, just as - she felt inclined. I could carry on my back persons weighing from - sixty to eighty kilos, for half or three-quarters of an hour, without - interruption. At the end of this time I usually asked for a rest. - During this the intercourse between the mistress and me was perfectly - harmless and without any relation to what had preceded. After about a - quarter of an hour I was always rested, and placed myself at the - disposal of the mistress again. When time and circumstances allowed - it, I did this three or four times in succession. It sometimes - happened that I practiced it both in the morning and afternoon. After - it I never felt weary or had any uncomfortable feeling; but on such - days I had very little appetite. When possible, I liked best to bare - my trunk, that I might feel the rider more perfectly. The mistress had - to be decent. I liked her best in pretty shoes and stockings, with - short, closed drawers, reaching to the knee; with the upper portion of - her person completely dressed, and with hat and gloves.” - - Mr. Z. further says that he has not performed coitus in seven years; - but he thinks he is potent. The riding was a perfect substitute for - that “animal act,” even when ejaculation was not induced. - - For eight months Z. had determined to give up his masochistic play, - and had kept his determination. But he thought that if a woman only - half-way pretty were to address him directly, and say, “Come, I want - to ride you,” he would not be strong enough to withstand the - temptation. Z. wishes to know whether his abnormality is curable; - whether he is unworthy as a vicious man, or an invalid deserving pity. - -The following case seems very similar:— - - Case 52. A man finds satisfaction in the following manner: - Occasionally he goes to a puella publica. Here he has a porcelain - ring, like those used in hanging curtains, put on his penis. Two cords - are attached to the ring and drawn backward between his legs and - attached to the bedstead. Then he tells the woman to beat him - mercilessly with a whip and cry “whoa” to him constantly, and treat - and abuse him as if he were an unruly horse. The more the woman spurs - him on to pull, with shouts and blows, the greater his sexual - excitement becomes. Erection occurs (probably mechanically favored by - compression of the dorsal vein of the penis, which, when the cords are - strained, must be closed by the pressure of the hard ring). With - increasing erection, the whole member is compressed by the ring, and - finally ejaculation occurs, with lustful feeling. - -Even in the foregoing series of cases, with other things, the act of -being walked upon has played a _rôle_ as a means of expressing the -masochistic situations of humiliation and pain. The exclusive and most -extensive use of this means for perverse excitation and satisfaction is -shown in the following classical case of masochism, which Hammond -reports (_op. cit._, p. 28) from an observation by Dr. Cox,[64] of -Colorado:— - - Case 53. X., a model husband, very moral, the father of several - children, has times—_i.e._, attacks—in which he visits brothels, - chooses two or three of the largest girls, and shuts himself up with - them. He bares the upper portion of his body, lies down on the floor, - crosses his hands on his abdomen, closes his eyes, and then has the - girls walk over his naked breast, neck, and face, urging them at every - step to press hard on his flesh with the heels of their shoes. - Sometimes he wants a heavier girl, or some other act still more cruel - than this procedure. After two or three hours he has enough. He pays - the girls with wine and money, rubs his blue bruises, dresses himself, - pays his bill, and goes back to his business, only to give himself the - same strange pleasure again after a few weeks. - - Occasionally it happens that he has one of the girls stand on his - breast; and the others then turn her around until his skin is torn and - bleeding from the turning of the heels of her shoes. Frequently one of - the girls has to stand on him in such a way that one shoe is over the - eyes, with its heel pressing on one eye, while the other rests across - his neck. In this position he endures the pressure of a person - weighing about one hundred and fifty pounds for four or five minutes. - _The author speaks of dozens of similar cases that are known to him._ - Hammond presumes, with reason, that this man had become impotent for - intercourse with women; that, in this strange procedure, he found an - equivalent for coitus; and that, when the heels drew blood, he had - pleasant sexual feelings, accompanied by ejaculation. - -The ten cases of masochism thus far described, and the numerous -analogous cases mentioned by those who report them, form a counterpart -to the previously described group “_c_” of sadism. Just as in sadism men -excite and satisfy themselves by maltreating women, so in masochism the -same effect is sought in the passive reception of similar abuse. But -group “_a_” of the sadists,—that of lust-murder,—strange as it may seem, -is not without its counterpart in masochism. In its extreme -consequences, masochism must lead to the desire to be killed by a person -of the opposite sex, in the same way that sadism has its acme in active -lust-murder. But the instinct of self-preservation opposes such a -result; so that the extreme is not actually carried out. When, however, -the whole structure of masochistic ideas is purely psychical, in the -imagination of such individuals, even the extreme may be reached; as the -following case shows:— - - Case 54. A middle-aged man, married and the father of a family, who - has always led a normal vita sexualis, but who says he comes of a very - nervous family, makes the following communication: In his early youth - he was powerfully excited sexually at the sight of a woman - slaughtering an animal with a knife. From that time, for many years, - he had reveled in the lustfully-colored idea of being stabbed and cut - and even killed by women with knives. Later, after the beginning of - normal sexual intercourse, these ideas lost completely their perverse - stimulus for him. - -This case should be compared with the statements made under Case 44, -according to which men find sexual pleasure in being lightly pricked -with knives in the hands of women, who, at the same time, threaten them -with death. - -Such fancies, perhaps, give the key to an understanding of the following -strange case, for which I am indebted to a communication from Dr. -Körber, of Rankau:— - - Case 55. A lady makes me the following communication: While still a - young and innocent girl, she was married to a man of about thirty - years. On their wedding-night he forced a towel and soap into her - hands, and, without any other expression of love, wanted her to lather - his chin and neck (as if for shaving). The inexperienced young wife - did it, and was not a little astonished, during the first weeks of - married life, to learn its secrets in absolutely no other form. Her - husband always told her that it gave him the greatest delight to have - his face lathered by her. Later, after she had sought the advice of - friends, she induced her husband to perform coitus, and had three - children in the course of time (by him, she states with every - assurance). The husband is industrious and reliable, but a moody man, - with little perseverance; by occupation a merchant. - -It may be inferred that this man conceived the act of being shaved -(_i.e._, the lathering as a preparatory measure) as a rudimentary, -symbolic realization of ideas of injury or death, or of fancies about -knives; like those the man previously mentioned had had in his youth, -and by means of which he had been sexually excited and satisfied. The -perfect sadistic counterpart to this case, looked upon in this light, is -offered by Case 35, which is a case of symbolic sadism. - -At any rate, there is a whole group of masochists who satisfy themselves -with the symbolic representations of situations corresponding with their -perversion; a group that corresponds with group “_e_” of “symbolic” -sadists, just as the previously mentioned cases of masochism correspond -with the groups “_c_” and “_a_” of sadism. Thus, just as the perverse -longings of the masochist may, on the one hand, advance to “passive -lust-murder” (to be sure, only in imagination); so, on the other hand, -they may be satisfied with simple symbolic representations of the -desired situations, which otherwise are expressed in acts of cruelty -(this, of course, taken objectively, goes much further than the idea of -being murdered, but in fact not so far, owing to the determining -subjective conditions). - -With Case 55, other similar cases should be here described, in which the -acts desired and planned by the masochist have a purely symbolic -character, and, to a certain extent, serve to indicate the desired -situation. - - Case 56. (Pascal, “Igiene dell’ amore.”) Every three months a man of - about forty-five years would visit a certain prostitute, and pay her - ten francs for the following act. The puella had to undress him, tie - his hands and feet, bandage his eyes, and draw the curtains of the - windows. Then she would have her guest sit down on a sofa, and had to - leave him there alone. After half an hour she had to come back and - unbind him. Then the man would pay her and leave perfectly satisfied, - to repeat his visit in about three months. - -In the dark this man seems to have extended this situation, of being -helpless in the hands of a woman, further in imagination. The following -case, in which again a complicated comedy, in the sense of masochistic -desires, is played, is still more peculiar:— - - Case 57. (Dr. Pascal, _ibid._) A gentleman in Paris was accustomed to - call on certain evenings at a house where a woman, the owner, acceded - to his peculiar desire. He entered the _salon_ in full-dress, and she, - likewise in evening _toilette_, had to receive him with a very haughty - manner. He addressed her as “Marquise,” and she had to call him “dear - Count.” Then he spoke of his good fortune in finding her alone, of his - love for her, and of a lover’s rendezvous. At this the lady had to - feel insulted. The pseudo-count grew bolder and bolder, and asked the - pseudo-marquise for a kiss on her shoulder. There is an angry scene; - the bell is rung; a servant, prepared for the occasion, appears, and - throws the count out of the house. He departs well satisfied, and pays - the actors in the farce handsomely. - -In connection with this case of symbolic masochism, two more are here -given, in which the psychical perversion was entirely confined to the -sphere of thought and imagination, and no realization was attempted. The -first is that of an individual, mentally and physically predisposed, -bearing degenerative signs, in whom mental and physical impotence -occurred early:— - - Case 58. Mr. Z., aged 22, single, was brought to me by his father for - medical advice, because he was very nervous and apparently abnormal - sexually. Mother and maternal grandmother were insane. His father - begat him at a time when he was suffering severely nervously. - - Patient is said to have been a very lively and talented child. At the - age of seven he was noticed to practice masturbation. After his ninth - year he became inattentive, forgetful, and did not progress in his - studies, constantly requiring help and protection. With difficulty he - got through the Gymnasium, and during his time of freedom had - attracted attention by his indolence, absent-mindedness, and various - foolish acts. - - Consultation was occasioned by an occurrence on the street, in which - Z. had forced himself on a young girl in a very impetuous manner, and - in great excitement had tried to have a conversation with her. - - The patient gave as a reason, that, by conversing with a respectable - girl, he wished to excite himself so that he could be potent in coitus - with a prostitute! - - His father characterizes him as a man of perfectly good disposition, - moral, but lazy, and dissatisfied with himself; as one often in - despair about his want of success in life; as indolent, and interested - in nothing but music, for which he possesses great talent. - - The patient’s exterior—his plagiocephalic head; his large, prominent - ears; the deficient innervation of the right facialis about the mouth; - the neuropathic expression of the eyes—indicates a degenerate, - neuropathic individual. - - Z. is tall, of powerful frame, and, in all respects, of masculine - appearance. Pelvis masculine; testicles well developed; penis - remarkably large; mons veneris with abundant hair. The right testicle - hangs much lower than the left; the cremasteric reflex is weak on both - sides. The patient is below the average intellectually. He feels his - deficiency, complains of his indolence, and asks to have his will - strengthened. His awkward, embarrassed manner, timid glances, and - relaxed attitude, point to masturbation. The patient confesses that - from his seventh year, until a year and a half ago, he practiced it, - years at a time, from eight to ten times daily. Until a few years ago, - when he became neurasthenic (cephalic pressure, loss of mental power, - spinal irritation, etc.), he says he always found great sensual - pleasure in it. Since then this had been lost, and the desire to - masturbate had disappeared. He had constantly grown more bashful and - indolent, less energetic, and more cowardly and apprehensive. He had - lost interest in everything, and did his business only from a sense of - duty, feeling very low-spirited. He had never thought of coitus, and, - from his stand-point as an onanist, he could not understand how others - could find pleasure in it. - - Investigations in the direction of contrary sexual instinct gave a - negative result. He says he never was drawn toward persons of his own - sex; he rather thinks that he has now and then had a weak inclination - for females. He asserts that he came to masturbate independently. In - his thirteenth year he first noticed ejaculations as a result of - masturbatic manipulations. - - It was only after long persuasion that Z. consented to entirely unveil - his vita sexualis. As his statements, which follow, show, he may be - classified as a case of ideal masochism, with rudimentary sadism. The - patient distinctly remembers that, at the age of six, without any - cause, he had “ideas of violence.” He was compelled to imagine that a - servant-girl spread his legs apart and showed his genitals to another; - that she tried to throw him into cold or hot water, in order to cause - him pain. These “ideas of violence” were attended with lustful - feeling, and became the cause of masturbatic manipulations. Later the - patient called them up voluntarily, in order to incite himself to - masturbation. They also played a part in his dreams; but they never - induced pollution, apparently because the patient masturbated - excessively during the day. - - In time, to these masochistic “ideas of violence,” others of a - sadistic nature were added. At first they were scenes in which boys - forcibly practiced onanism on one another, or cut off the genitals. He - often imagined himself such a boy, now in an active, now in a passive, - _rôle_. Later he busied himself with mental pictures of girls and - women that exhibited themselves to one another. He reveled in the - thought, for example, of a servant-girl spreading another girl’s legs - apart and pulling the genital hair; or in the thought of boys treating - girls cruelly, and pricking and pinching their genitals. - - Such ideas also always induced sexual excitement, but he never - experienced any impulse to carry them out actively or to have them - performed on himself passive. It satisfied him to use them for - masturbation. Since a year and a half ago, with diminishing sexual - imagination and libido, these ideas and impulses had become - infrequent, but their content remained unchanged. The masochistic - “ideas of violence” predominated over the sadistic. Now, when he sees - a lady, he has the thought that she has sexual ideas like his own. In - this way, in part, he explains his embarrassment in social - intercourse. Owing to the fact that he had heard that he would get rid - of his burdensome sexual ideas, if he were to accustom himself to - natural sexual indulgence, during the last year and a half he has - twice attempted coitus though he only experienced repugnance, and was - not confident of success. On both occasions the attempt was a fiasco. - The second time he made the attempt, he felt such aversion that he - pushed the girl away and fled. - -The second case is the following one, placed at my disposal by a -colleague. Even though it be aphoristic, it seems particularly suited to -throw a clear light on the distinctive element of masochism,—the -consciousness of subjection, in its peculiar psycho-sexual effect:— - - Case 59. _Masochism._—Z., aged 27, artist. He is powerfully built, of - pleasing appearance, and is said to be free from hereditary taint. - Healthy in youth, since his twenty-third year he has been nervous and - inclined to be hypochondriacal. Though inclined to indulgence - sexually, he is not very virile. In spite of associations with - females, his relations with them are limited to innocent attentions. - At the same time, his desire to devote himself to women that are cold - toward him is remarkable. Since his twenty-fifth year he has noticed - that females, no matter how ugly, always excite him sexually, whenever - he discovers anything domineering in their character. An angry word - from the lips of such a woman is sufficient to give him the most - violent erections. Thus, one day, he sat in a _café_ and heard the - (ugly) female cashier scold the waiters in a loud voice. This threw - him into the most intense sexual excitement, which soon induced - ejaculation. Z. requires the women, with whom he is to have sexual - intercourse, to repulse and annoy him in various ways. He thinks that - only a woman like the heroines of Sacher-Masoch’s romances could charm - him. - -Cases like this, in which the whole perversion of the vita sexualis is -confined to the sphere of imagination,—to the inner world of thought and -instinct,—and only accidentally comes to the knowledge of others, do not -seem to be infrequent. Their _practical_ significance, like that of -masochism in general (which has not the great forensic importance of -sadism), is confined to the psychical impotence to which such -individuals, as a rule, become subject; and to the intense impulse to -solitary indulgence, with adequate imaginary ideas, and its results. - -That masochism is a perversion of uncommonly frequent occurrence is -sufficiently shown by the relatively large number of cases that have -thus far been studied scientifically, as well as by the agreement of the -various statements reported. - -The works concerning prostitution in large cities also contain numerous -statements concerning this matter. - -Léo Taxil (_op. cit._, p. 228) describes masochistic scenes in Parisian -brothels. The man affected with this perversion is there also called -“slave.” - -Coffignon (“La corruption à Paris”) has a chapter in his book entitled -“Les Passionels,” which contains contributions to this subject. - -It is interesting and worthy of mention, that one of the most celebrated -of men was subject to this perversion, and describes it in his -autobiography (though somewhat erroneously). From “Jean Jacques -Rousseau’s Confessions” it is evident that he was affected with -masochism. - - Rousseau, with reference to whose life and malady Möbius (“J. J. - Rousseau’s Krankengeschichte,” Leipzig, 1889) and Chatelain (“La folie - de J. J. Rousseau,” Neuchatel, 1890) may be consulted, tells, in his - “Confessions” (part i, book i), how Miss Lambercier, aged thirty, - greatly impressed him when he was eight years old and lived with her - brother as his pupil. Her solicitude, when he could not immediately - answer a question, and her threats to punish him if he did not learn - well, made the deepest impression on him. When, one day, he had blows - at her hands, with the feeling of pain and shame, he also experienced - sensual pleasure that incited a great desire to be whipped by her - again. It was only for fear of disturbing the lady, that Rousseau - failed to make other opportunities to experience this lustful, sensual - feeling. One day, however, he unintentionally gave cause for a - whipping at Miss Lambercier’s hands. This was the last; for Miss - Lambercier must have noticed something of the peculiar effect of the - punishment; and from this time on she did not allow the eight-year-old - boy to sleep in her room. From this time Rousseau felt a desire to - have himself punished by ladies pleasing to him, a la Lambercier; but - he asserts that until his youth he knew nothing of the relation of the - sexes to each other. As is known, Rousseau was first introduced to the - real mysteries of love in his thirtieth year, and lost his innocence - through Madame de Warrens. Until that time he had had only feelings - and impulses attracting him to woman, in the nature of passive - flagellation and other masochistic ideas. - -Rousseau describes, _in extenso_, how he suffered, with his great sexual -desires, by reason of his peculiar sensuality, which had undoubtedly -been awakened by his whippings; for he reveled in desire, and could not -disclose his longings. It would be erroneous, however, to suppose that -Rousseau was concerned merely with flagellation. Flagellation only -awakened ideas of a masochistic nature. At least, in these ideas lies -the psychological nucleus of his interesting study of self. The -essential element with Rousseau was the feeling of subjection to the -woman. This is clearly shown by the “Confessions,” in which he expressly -emphasizes that “_Etre aux genoux d’une maitresse impérieuse, obéir à -ses ordres, avoir des pardons à lui demander,—etaient pour moi de très -douces jouissances._”[65] - -This passage proves that the consciousness of subjection and humiliation -before the woman was the most important element. - -To be sure, Rousseau was himself in error in supposing that this impulse -to be humiliated before a woman had arisen by association of ideas from -the idea of flagellation:— - -“N’osant jamais déclarer mon goût, je l’amusais du moins par des -rapports qui m’en conservaient l’idée.”[66] - -It is only in connection with the numerous cases of masochism, the -existence of which has now been established, and among which there are -so many that are in nowise connected with flagellation, showing the -primary and pure psychical character of this instinct of subjection,—it -is only in connection with these cases that a complete insight into -Rousseau’s case is obtained, and the error detected into which he -necessarily fell in the analysis of his own condition. - -Binet (_Revue Anthropologique_, xxiv, p. 256), who analyzes Rousseau’s -case in detail, also justly calls attention to its masochistic -significance, when he says: “Ce qu’aime Rousseau dans les femmes, ce -n’est pas seulement le sourcil froncé, la main levée, le regard sévère, -l’attitude impérieuse, c’est aussi l’état émotionnel, dont ces faits -sont la traduction extérieure; il aime la femme fière, dédaigneuse, -l’écrasant à ses pieds du poids de sa royale colère.”[67] - -The solution of this enigmatical psychological fact Binet finds in his -assumption that it is an instance of fetichism, only with the difference -that the object of the fetichism—i.e., the object of individual -attraction (fetich)—is not a portion of the body, like a hand or foot, -but a mental peculiarity. This enthusiasm he calls “_amour -spiritualiste_,” in contrast with “_amour plastique_,” as manifested in -ordinary fetichism. - -This deduction is acute, but it gives only a word with which to -designate a fact, not a solution of it. Whether an explanation is -possible will later occupy our attention. - -There were also elements of masochism (and sadism) in the celebrated, or -notorious, French writer, C. P. Baudelaire, who died insane. - - Baudelaire came of an insane and eccentric family. From his youth he - was mentally abnormal. His vita sexualis was decidedly abnormal. He - had love-affairs with ugly, repulsive women,—negresses, dwarfs, - giantesses. About a very beautiful woman, he expressed the wish to see - her hung up by her hands, and to kiss her feet. This enthusiasm for - the naked foot also appears in one of his glowing poems as the - equivalent of sexual indulgence. He said women were animals who had to - be shut up, beaten, and fed well. The man displaying these masochistic - and sadistic inclinations died of paretic dementia. (Lombroso, “The - Man of Genius.”) - -In scientific literature, the conditions that constitute masochism have -not received attention until recently. All there is to mention is that -Tarnowsky (“die Krankhaften Erscheinungen des Geschlechtssinns,” Berlin, -1886) relates that he has known happily married, intellectual men, who -from time to time felt an irresistible impulse to subject themselves to -the coarsest, cynical treatment,—to scoldings or blows from passive or -active pederasts, or prostitutes. It is worthy of remark that, in -Tarnowsky’s observation, in certain cases blows, even when they draw -blood, do not bring the result desired (virility, or at least -ejaculation during flagellation) by those given to passive flagellation. -“The individual must then be undressed by force, his hands tied, -fastened to a bench, etc., during which he fancies that he makes -opposition, scolds, and pretends to resist. Only under such -circumstances do the blows induce excitement that leads to ejaculation.” - -O. Zimmermann’s work, “Die Wonne des Leids,” Leipzig, 1885, also -contributes much to this subject,[68] taken from the history and -literature. - -Of late the subject has been given much attention. - -A. Moll, in his work, “Die Conträre Sexualempfindung,” pp. 133 and 141 -_et seq._, Berlin, 1891, gives a number of cases of complete masochism -in individuals of contrary sexuality, and among them the case of a man -suffering with contrary sexual instinct, who sent written instructions, -containing twenty paragraphs, to a man engaged for his purpose, who was -to treat and abuse him like a slave. - -In June, 1891, Mr. Dimitri von Stefanowsky, Deputy Government Attorney -in Jaroslaw, Russia, informed me that, about three years before, he had -given his attention to the perversion of the vita sexualis, designated -“masochism” by me, and called “passivism” by him; that a year and a half -previously he had prepared a paper on the subject for Professor von -Kowalewsky for the Russian _Archives of Psychiatry_; and that in -November, 1888, he had read a paper on this subject, considered in its -legal and psychological aspects, before the Legal Society of Moscow -(printed in the _Juridischen Boten_, the organ of the society, in -numbers 6 to 8). - -In later fiction the psycho-sexual perversion which forms the subject of -this study has been treated by Sacher-Masoch, whose writings, already -frequently alluded to, afford typical pictures of the perverse mental -life of men of this kind. Many affected with this perversion refer -directly to the writings of Sacher-Masoch, as is seen from the foregoing -cases, as typical descriptions of their own psychical condition. - -In “Nana,” Zola has a masochistic scene, and likewise in “Eugène -Rougon.” The latest “decadent” literature of France and Germany is also -largely concerned with the themes of sadism and masochism. According to -von Stefanowsky’s statement, the modern Russian novel frequently treats -the subject; but the statements of the writer of travels, Johann Georg -Forster (1754–1794), show that this subject also played a _rôle_ in -Russian folk-songs. - -(b) _Foot-and Shoe-Fetichists—Larvated Masochism._—Following the -above-mentioned group of “symbolic” masochists, who do not exactly -desire abuse by women as the means of expression of subjection, but all -kinds of silly acts that can be understood only through an acquaintance -with the masochistic circle of ideas, comes the very numerous class of -foot- and shoe-fetichists. - -By fetichists (_v. infra_, 3) I understand individuals whose sexual -interest is confined exclusively to parts of the female body, or to -certain portions of female attire. One of the most frequent forms of -this fetichism is that in which the female foot or shoe is the fetich, -and becomes the exclusive object of sexual feeling and desire. It is -highly probable, and shown by a correct classification of the observed -cases, that the majority—and perhaps all—of the cases of shoe-fetichism -rest upon a basis of more or less conscious masochistic desire for -self-humiliation. - -In Hammond’s case (Case 53) the satisfaction of a masochist was found in -being trod upon. In Cases 44 and 48, they also had themselves trod upon; -in Case 51, _equus eroticus_, the person loved a woman’s foot, etc. In -the majority of cases of masochism, the act of being trod upon with feet -plays a part[69] as an easily accessible means of expressing the -relation of subjection. - -Of the numerous established cases of shoe-fetichism, the following one, -reported by Dr. A. Moll, of Berlin, which corresponds in many respects -with Hammond’s case, but which is described in more detail and more -carefully observed, seems especially suited to show the connection -between masochism and shoe-fetichism:— - - Case 60. O. L., aged 31, book-keeper in a city of Wurtemburg; comes of - a tainted family. - - The patient is a large, powerful man, of ruddy appearance. In general - he is of a quiet temperament, but may become very violent on occasion; - he says himself that he is quarrelsome and inclined to assert himself. - L. is of a kindly disposition and generous; easily made to weep. At - school he passed for a talented pupil, with good powers of - comprehension. The patient at times has congestion of the head, but is - otherwise healthy, except that he is much depressed and melancholic as - a result of his sexual perversion, here to be described. - - But little can be learned of any hereditary taint. - - The following facts concerning the development of his sexual life are - gathered from the patient’s own statements:— - - In very early youth—in fact, when he was eight or nine years old—L. - had the desire to lick his teacher’s boots like a dog. L. thinks it - possible that this thought was excited in him by his once seeing a dog - actually do this, but he cannot state this with certainty; and it - seems much more certain to the patient that the first ideas of this - kind came in a waking state, not in dreams. - - From his tenth to his fourteenth year he constantly sought to touch - the shoes of his fellow-pupils, and also those of little girls; but - for this purpose he always chose boys who had wealthy and prominent - parents. One of these, the son of a rich landed proprietor, had - riding-boots; in the boy’s absence L. took these in his hands, struck - himself with them, and pressed them against his face. L. did the same - thing with the elegant boots of an officer of dragoons. - - After the beginning of puberty the desire was transferred exclusively - to the boots of females. Thus, while skating, the patient’s attention - was entirely occupied with putting on and taking off skates for - ladies; but he always chose only such women as were rich and prominent - socially, wearing elegant boots. In the street and everywhere L. - constantly looked for elegant boots. His love for them went so far - that he often put in his purse, and even in his mouth, the sand and - mud that bore their imprints. As a boy of fourteen L. visited - brothels; and he often visited a _café chantant_ solely to excite - himself with the sight of elegant boots (low shoes were less - attractive). In his school-books and on the walls of closets, L. drew - boots. In the theatre he saw nothing but the shoes of the ladies. For - hours at a time, in the street and on board steam-boats, L. would run - after ladies wearing elegant boots; and he thought with delight of how - he might get a chance to touch the boots. This peculiar love for boots - remains unchanged. _The thought to have himself trod upon by ladies in - their boots, or to kiss the boots, gives L. the most intense sensual - delight._ Before shoe-stores he will stand and stand, merely to look - at the boots. He is particularly excited by their elegance. - - The patient prefers high-buttoned or laced boots with high heels; but - less elegant boots, even with low heels, also excite him, if their - wearer is a wealthy, distinguished, and proud lady. - - At the age of twenty L. attempted coitus; but, “in spite of the - greatest efforts,” as he believes, he was not successful. During the - attempt the patient had no thought of shoes; on the contrary, he had - first sought to excite himself sexually with shoes, and he asserts - that too great excitement was to blame for his want of success in - coitus. Up to this time, being thirty-one years old, he has attempted - coitus only four or five times, and always in vain. - - On one occasion the patient, already much to be pitied on account of - his disease, had the misfortune to contract syphilis. In reply to the - question as to what he regarded as the most lustful act, the patient - said: “_It is my greatest delight to lie naked on the floor and have - myself trod upon by girls wearing elegant boots_; but, of course, this - is possible only in brothels.” Moreover, according to the patient’s - statements, these sexual perversions of men are well known in many - houses of prostitution,—a proof that these are not so very infrequent. - The prostitutes call these men “boot-lovers.” But the patient has only - very infrequently had the lustful act actually performed, - notwithstanding the fact that it is most beautiful and pleasant to - him. The patient has no thoughts that impel to intercourse; at least, - not in the sense of immissio penis in vagina,—an act that affords him - no pleasure whatever. Indeed, he has gradually developed a fear of - coitus, which may be sufficiently explained by his numerous - unsuccessful attempts; for the patient says himself that his inability - to complete coitus embarrassed him exceedingly. The patient has never - practiced real onanism. With the exception of a few occasions on which - the patient satisfied his sexual desire by onanism with boots or in a - similar way, he is innocent of such satisfaction; for, in the - excitement with boots, there is scarcely ever anything more than - erection; at most, only a slight discharge of fluid takes place - slowly, which the patient takes to be semen. - - Simply a shoe, worn by no one, excites him when he sees it, but not - nearly as intensely as when it is worn by a woman. New shoes that have - not been worn excite him much less than those that have been used; but - they must be free from wear and look as new as possible. Shoes of this - kind excite him the most. As has been said, ladies’ boots excite him - when they are not on the feet. Under such circumstances, in fancy, L. - creates a lady for them; he presses them to his lips and on his penis. - He would “die with delight” if a proud, respectable lady were to tread - upon him with her shoes. - - Aside from the previously mentioned characteristics of the women - (pride, wealth, social prominence), which, in connection with the - elegance of the boots, constitute an especial stimulus, the patient is - by no means indifferent to the physical charms of the female sex. He - is enthusiastic about beautiful women without thinking of boots, but - this love is not directed to sexual satisfaction. The bodily charms - play a part even in connection with the boots; a homely old woman, - even wearing the most elegant boots, cannot affect the patient. The - rest of the attire and other circumstances also play an essential - _rôle_, as is shown by the fact that elegant boots worn by proud, - distinguished women especially excite the patient. A common - servant-girl, in her working-dress, even in the most elegant shoes, - would not excite him. Men’s shoes and boots no longer affect the - patient; and he never in the slightest degree feels himself attracted - to men sexually. - - Yet the patient has erections very easily. When he takes a child in - his lap, when he pats a dog or horse for some time, when he travels on - the cars, or when he rides,—erections occur. In the latter case he - thinks it is due to the shaking. He has erections every morning; and - he can induce erection in a very short time by thinking of the act - with boots that is so pleasing to him. Pollutions formerly occurred - frequently at night—about every three or four weeks; now they are more - infrequent, occurring once about every three months. - - In his erotic dreams the patient is almost always sexually excited by - the same thoughts that excite him in the waking state. For some time - he thinks he has felt ejaculation during erection; but he draws this - conclusion only from feeling a little moisture at the end of the - penis. Books touching the sphere of the patient’s sexual ideas - especially excite him. Thus, in reading “Venus in Furs,”[70] by - Sacher-Masoch, he is so excited “that the semen just _runs_ away from - him.” Moreover, with L., this kind of ejaculation, while reading, is a - decided satisfaction of his sexual desire. My question, whether blows - received from a woman’s hand would also excite him, the patient thinks - he would have to answer in the affirmative. The patient has never made - any such trial, but playful taps had, at any rate, always been very - pleasing to him. - - It would afford the patient a particularly intense pleasure if he were - to be kicked by a woman, even without shoes, and with bare feet. He - does not think that the blows, as such, would cause the excitement, - but rather the thought of being maltreated by a woman; and this might - follow scolding as well as actual blows. Besides, blows and cross - words had an exciting effect only when they came from a proud and - distinguished lady. In general it is the _feeling of humiliation and - slavish subjection_ that gives the patient lustful pleasure. “Were a - lady,” the patient tells me, “to command me to wait on her, even with - distant coldness, I should, nevertheless, feel sensual pleasure.” - - To the question, whether with boots the feeling of humiliation came - over him, the patient answers: “I think that this general passion for - self-humiliation has been concentrated especially on ladies’ boots; - for it is symbolic of one’s being ‘unworthy to loosen the latchet of - another’s shoe’; and, besides, a subject kneels.” - - Women’s stockings also have an exciting effect on the patient, but - only to a slight extent, and perhaps only through awakening an idea of - boots. The patient’s passion for ladies’ boots had constantly - increased, but of late years he thought he had noticed a diminution of - it. He seldom visits public women, and is also more capable of - self-restraint. Yet this passion still rules him absolutely, and every - other pleasure is spoiled by it. A pretty female boot could attract - his glance from the most beautiful landscape. At the present time he - often goes about at night in the corridors of hotels,[71] seeking - elegant ladies’ shoes, which he kisses and presses against his face - and neck, but principally against his penis. - - The patient, who is very well-to-do, a short time ago went voluntarily - to Italy, only with the thought of becoming the servant of a rich and - distinguished lady unacquainted with him; but the plan failed. The - patient, who came only for consultation, has not yet been treated - medically. - - The foregoing history reaches almost to the present time, and in the - interval he has made me communications by letter concerning his - condition. It does not require an extensive commentary. It seems to me - to be one of the best cases to illustrate the relationship between - shoe-fetichism and masochism, as set forth by von Krafft-Ebing.[72] - The principal charm for the patient, as he, without leading questions, - always emphasizes, is his subjection to a woman, who, in pride and - position, must be as far above him as possible. - -Such cases, in which, within a fully-developed circle of masochistic -ideas, the foot and the shoe or boot of a woman, conceived as a means of -humiliation, have become the objects of especial sexual interest, are -numerous. Through numerous degrees that are easily discriminated, they -form the demonstrable transition to other cases in which the masochistic -inclinations retreat more and more to the background, and little by -little pass beyond the threshold of consciousness; while the interest in -women’s shoes, apparently absolutely inexplicable, alone remains in -consciousness. The latter are the numerous cases of shoe-fetichism. -These very frequent cases of shoe-lovers, which, like all cases of -fetichism, possess forensic interest (theft of shoes), occupy a position -midway between masochism and fetichism. The majority or all may be -looked upon as instances of larvated masochism (the motive remaining -unconscious) in which _the female foot or shoe, as the masochist’s -fetich_, has acquired an independent significance. - -Next come two cases in which the female shoe possesses a subordinate -interest, but in which unmistakable masochistic desires play an -important part (comp. Case 44):— - - Case 61. Mr. X. aged 25, parents healthy, never sick before, places - the following autobiography at my disposal: “I began to practice - onanism at the age of ten, without ever having any lustful thoughts - during the act. Yet at that time—I am sure of this—the sight and touch - of girls’ elegant boots had a peculiar charm for me; my greatest - desire was also to wear such shoes,—a wish that was occasionally - fulfilled at masquerades. But I was also troubled by a very different - thought: _My ideal was to see myself in a position of humiliation; I - would gladly have been a slave_, and whipped; in short, I wished to - receive the treatment that one finds described in many stories of - slavery. I do not know whether the reading of such stories gave rise - to my wish, or whether it arose spontaneously. - - “Puberty began at the age of thirteen; with the occurrence of - ejaculation lustful pleasure increased, and I masturbated more - frequently, often two or three times a day. From my twelfth to my - sixteenth year, during the act of onanism, I always had the idea that - I was forced to wear girls’ boots. The sight of an elegant boot, on - the foot of a girl at all pretty, intoxicated me; I inhaled the odor - of the leather with avidity. In order to smell leather during the act - of onanism, I bought a pair of leathern cuffs, which I smelled while I - masturbated. My enthusiasm for ladies’ leathern shoes remains the same - to-day; only, since my seventeenth year, it has been coupled with the - _wish to become a servant, to blacken shoes for distinguished ladies, - to put on and take off their shoes for them, etc._ - - “My dreams at night are made up of shoe-scenes: either I stand before - the show-window of a shoe-store regarding the elegant ladies’ - shoes,—particularly buttoned shoes,—or I lie at a lady’s feet and - smell and lick her shoes. For about a year I have given up onanism and - go ad puellas; coitus takes place through intense thought of ladies’ - buttoned shoes; or, if necessary, I take the shoe of the puella to bed - with me. I have never suffered from my former onanism. I learn easily, - have a good memory, and have never had headache in my life. This much - concerning myself. - - “A few words about my brother: I am thoroughly convinced that he is - also a shoe-fetichist. Of the many facts that demonstrate this to me, - it is only necessary to mention that it is a great pleasure for him to - have a certain cousin (a very beautiful girl) tread upon him. As for - the rest, I might undertake to tell whether a man who stands before a - shoe-store, and regards the shoes on exhibition, is a “foot-lover” or - not. This anomaly is uncommonly frequent. When in the circle of my - acquaintance I turn the conversation to the question of what woman’s - charm is, I very frequently hear it said that it is much more in - attire than in nudity; but every one is careful not to reveal his - especial fetich. I think an uncle of mine is also a shoe-fetichist.” - - Case. 62. Reported by Mantegazza in his “Anthropological Studies,” - 1886, p 110. X., American, of good family, mentally and morally well - constituted; from the beginning of puberty capable of being excited - sexually only by a woman’s shoe. Her body and naked or stockinged foot - made no impression on him; but the foot, when covered with the shoe, - or a shoe alone, induced erection and even ejaculation. Sight alone - was sufficient for him in the case of elegant shoes,—_i.e._, shoes of - black leather, buttoning up the side, and having very high heels. His - sexual desire was powerfully excited by touching, kissing, or drawing - on such shoes. His enjoyment was increased by driving nails through - the soles so that their points would penetrate his feet while walking. - This caused him terrible pain, but he had real lustful feeling at the - same time. His greatest enjoyment was to kneel down before the - elegantly-clad feet of ladies and have them step on him. If the wearer - were an ugly woman, the shoes would not affect him, and his fancy - would cool. If the patient had shoes alone at his disposal, his fancy - would create a beautiful woman wearing them, and ejaculation would - result. His nightly dreams were of the shoes of beautiful women. He - considered the exposure of ladies’ shoes in show-windows immoral; - while talk about the nature of woman seemed to him harmless, but in - bad taste. X. attempted coitus several times without success; - ejaculation never occurred. - -In the following case the masochistic element is also plain enough, as -is also the sadistic (comp. “Torture of Animals,” under “Sadism”):— - - Case 63. A young, powerful man, aged 26. Nothing in the opposite sex - excites his sensual feeling except elegant shoes on the feet of a - handsome woman, especially when they are made of black leather and - have high heels. The shoes without the wearer are sufficient. It gives - him the greatest pleasure to see, touch, and kiss them. The feminine - foot, when bare or covered with a stocking, has no effect on him. - Since childhood he has had a weakness for ladies’ fine shoes. - - X. is potent; during the sexual act the female must be elegantly - dressed and, above all, have on pretty shoes. At the height of sensual - excitement cruel thoughts about the shoes arise. He is forced to think - with delight of the death-agonies of the animal from which the leather - was taken. Sometimes he is impelled to take chickens and other animals - with him to Phryne, in order to have her tread on them with her pretty - shoes for his pleasure. He calls this “sacrificing to the feet of - Venus.” At other times he has the woman walk on him with her shoes on, - the harder the better. - - Until the last year it was sufficient—since he did not take the - slightest sensual pleasure in women—to caress ladies’ shoes that - pleased him, thus attaining ejaculation and complete satisfaction. - (Lombroso, _Archiv di Psichiatria_, ix, fascic. iii.) - -The following case reminds one of the third of this series, on account -of the interest in the nails of the shoes (as capable of inflicting -pain); and of the fourth, on account of the slight accompanying sadistic -element:— - - Case 64. X., aged 34, married; of neuropathic parentage; suffered - severely from convulsions as a child; remarkably precocious, but - one-sided in development (could read at age of three); nervous from - childhood. At the age of seven he manifested an inclination to handle - shoes, especially the nails of women’s shoes. The mere sight, but - still more the touching, of the shoe-nails and counting them, gave him - indescribable pleasure. - - At night he gave himself up to imagining how his cousins had their - measures taken for shoes; how he nailed horse-shoes on to one of them - or cut her feet off. In time the shoe-scenes came upon him during the - day, and involuntarily induced erection and ejaculation. Frequently he - took the shoes of female occupants of the house; and if he touched - them with his penis he had an ejaculation. For a long time, when a - student, it was possible for him to control his ideas and - inclinations; but there came a time when he was compelled to listen to - female footsteps on the pavements, which, like the sight of the - nail-marks in ladies’ shoes, or the sight of shoes in the windows of - the shoe-shops, always gave him a feeling of lustful pleasure. He - married, and during the first months of his married life was free from - these desires. - - Gradually he became hysteropathic and neurasthenic. At this stage he - began to have hysterical attacks when the shoemaker spoke to him of - nails in ladies’ shoes or of driving nails in the same. The reaction - was still greater if he chanced to see a pretty lady with shoes well - beset with nails. In order to induce ejaculation it was only necessary - for him to cut soles out of pasteboard and beset them with nails; or - he would buy ladies’ shoes, have them beset with nails in the store, - and at home scrape them on the ground, and finally touch the end of - his penis with them. Moreover, lustful shoe-visions occurred - spontaneously, in which he satisfied himself by masturbation. - - X. is otherwise intelligent, skillful in his calling, but powerless in - combating his perverse inclinations. He presents phimosis; penis - short, expanded at the root, and incapable of complete erection. One - day the patient allowed himself to masturbate when excited by the - sight of ladies’ shoes beset with nails in the window of a shoe-shop, - and thus became a criminal. (Blanche, _Archiv. de Neurologie_, 1882, - Nr. 22.) - -Reference may be made here to a case of contrary sexuality, to be -described later, in which the principal sexual interest was in the boots -of male servants. The desire was to be trod upon by them. - - Case 65. (Dr. Pascal, “Igiene dell’ amore.”) X., merchant, from time - to time (but particularly in bad weather) had the following desire: He - would accost some prostitute and ask her to go to a shoe-shop with - him, where he would buy her the handsomest pair of shoes of patent - leather, under the condition that she would put them on immediately. - After this took place, she had to go about in the street, walking in - manure and mud as much as possible, in order to soil the shoes. After - this, X. would lead the person to an hotel, and, almost before they - had reached a room, he would cast himself on her feet, feeling an - extraordinary pleasure in applying his lips to them. When he had - cleansed the shoes in this manner, he paid her and went his way. - -From these cases it may be plainly seen that the shoe is the fetich of -the masochist, and apparently because of the relation of the dressed -female foot to the idea of being trod upon and other acts of -humiliation. When, therefore, in other cases of shoe-fetichism, the -female shoe appears alone as the excitant of sexual desire, one is -justified in presuming that masochistic motives have remained latent. -The idea of being trod upon, etc., remains in the depths of unconscious -life, and the idea of the shoe alone, the means for such acts, rises -into consciousness. Cases that are otherwise wholly inexplicable are -thus sufficiently explained. Here one has to do with larvated masochism; -and this may always be assumed as the unconscious motive, when, as -occurs not exceptionally, the origin of the fetichism, from an -association of ideas on the occasion of some particular event, can be -proved, as in Cases 87 and 88. - -Such cases of desire for ladies’ shoes, without conscious motive and -without demonstrable origin, are really innumerable.[73] Three cases are -here given as examples:— - - Case 66. Minister, aged 50. From time to time he goes to houses of - prostitution and asks to rent a room. He enters it with a girl. Then - he lustfully regards her shoes, takes one off and kisses and bites it. - Finally, he puts it ad genitalia and ejaculat semen semineque - ejaculato axillas pectusque terit; then he comes out of his sensual - ecstasy. He begs the woman to allow him to keep the shoe for a few - days, and always, at the appointed time, returns it with thanks - (Cantarano, _La Psichiatria_, v, p. 205). - - Case 67. Student, Z., aged 23; comes of a tainted family. Sister was - insane; brother suffered with hysteria virilis. The patient, peculiar - from childhood, has frequent attacks of hypochondriacal depression, - tædium vitæ, and feels that he is persecuted. In a consultation on - account of mental trouble, I find him a very perverse, hereditarily - predisposed man, with neurasthenic and hypochondriacal symptoms. A - suspicion of masturbation is confirmed. Patient makes interesting - disclosures concerning his vita sexualis. At the age of ten he was - powerfully attracted by the foot of one of his comrades. At twelve he - became an enthusiast for ladies’ feet. It gave him a delightful - sensation to revel in the sight of them. At fourteen he began to - masturbate, thinking, at the same time, of the beautiful foot of a - lady. From this time on he was taken with the feet of his - three-year-old sister. The feet of other females that attracted him - induced sexual excitement. Only women’s feet—no other part of - them—interested him. The thought of sexual intercourse with women - excited his disgust. He had never attempted coitus. After his twelfth - year he had no interest in the feet of male individuals. The style of - covering of the female foot is indifferent to him; it is only - necessary that the person seem to be sympathetic. The thought of - enjoying the feet of prostitutes was disgusting to him. For years he - had been in love with his sister’s feet. If he could but obtain her - shoes, the sight of them powerfully excited his sensuality. Kissing or - embracing his sister did not have this effect. His greatest delight - was to embrace and kiss the foot of a sympathetic woman, when - ejaculation would result with a lively pleasurable sensation. Often he - was impelled to touch his genitals with one of his sister’s shoes; but - he had been able, thus far, to master this impulse, especially for the - reason that for two years (owing to progressive irritable weakness of - the genitals) the simple sight of the foot had induced ejaculation. - From his relatives it is ascertained that the patient has a silly - admiration for the feet of his sister; so that she avoids him and - seeks to hide her feet from him. The patient looks upon his perverse - sexual impulse as pathological, and is painfully affected by the fact - that his vile fancy has for its object his sister’s foot. He avoided - opportunity as much as he could, and sought to help the matter by - masturbation when, as in dreams accompanied by pollution, ladies’ feet - filled his imagination. However, when the impulse became too powerful - he could not avoid gaining a partial sight of his sister’s foot. - Immediately after ejaculation he would become angry with himself at - having been weak again. His partiality for his sister’s foot had cost - him many a sleepless night. He often wondered that he could still love - his sister. Although it seemed right to him that she should conceal - her feet from him, yet he was often irritated because the concealment - caused him to have pollutions. The patient gives assurances of being - moral in other respects, which are confirmed by his relatives. - - Case 68. S., New York, is accused of being a street-thief. Numerous - cases of insanity in his ancestry; father, brother, and sister - mentally abnormal. At seven years, violent cerebral concussion twice. - At thirteen, struck with a beam. At fourteen S. had violent attacks of - headache. Accompanying these attacks, or immediately after them, - peculiar impulse to take the shoes of female members of the family—as - a rule, those belonging to one member—and hide them in some - out-of-the-way corner. Taken to task, he would lie, or declare that he - had no memory of the affair. The passion for shoes was unconquerable, - and made its appearance every three or four months. On one occasion he - attempted to take the shoe from the foot of one of the servants, and - on another he stole his sister’s shoe from her sleeping-apartment. In - the spring two ladies had their shoes torn from their feet in the open - street. In August S. left his home early in the morning to go to his - work as a printer. A moment afterward he tore the shoe from a girl’s - foot in the open street, fled to his place of work, and there was - arrested as a street-thief. He declared that he did not know much of - his act; that it had come upon him like a stroke of lightning, at the - sight of a shoe, that he must possess himself of it, but for what - purpose he did not know. He had acted while in a state of - unconsciousness. The shoe, as he correctly indicated, was found in his - coat. In confinement he was so much excited mentally that an outbreak - of insanity was feared. Discharged, he stole his wife’s shoes while - she slept. His moral character and habits of life were blameless. He - was an intelligent workman; but irregularity of employment, that soon - followed, made him confused and incapable of work. Pardoned. (Nichols, - _Am. Journal of Insanity_, 1859; Beck, “Med. Jurisprudence,” vol. i, - p. 732, 1860.) - -Dr. Pascal (_op. cit._) has some similar cases, and many others have -been mentioned to me by colleagues and patients. - -(c) _Disgusting Acts for the Purpose of Self-Humiliation and Sexual -Gratification_—_Larvated Masochism._—There are numerous established -cases in which perverted men are thrown into sexual excitement by the -secretions, or even the excretions, of women, and try to see and touch -them. Probably in these cases there is almost always an unconscious -masochistic impulse,—pleasure in the most extreme humiliation of self, -and desire to experience it. - -This connection is made perfectly clear by the confessions of those -affected with this repugnant perversion. Case 88 of the sixth -edition—that of an individual affected with contrary sexuality, which is -later described—is here instructive. The subject of this case not only -revels in the thought of being the slave of the beloved man, and refers -on this point to Sacher-Masoch’s “Venus in Furs,” sed etiam sibi fingit -amatum poscere ut crepidas sudore diffluentes olfaciat ejusque stercore -vescatur. Deinde narrat, quia non habeat, quæ confingat et exoptet, -eorum loco suas crepidas sudore infectas olfacere suoque stercore vesci, -inter quæ facta pene errecto se voluptate perturbari semenque ejaculari. - -The masochistic significance of a disgusting act in the following case, -communicated by a professional friend, is clear:— - - Case 69. H. v. G., landed proprietor; major; died in his sixtieth - year; came of a family in which irresponsibility, tendency to run in - debt, and defect of morals are hereditary. In his youth he was given - to most reckless dissipation (he was known as the leader of “naked - balls”). He was always of a cynical and brutal nature, though - punctilious and exact in his military service, which, on account of a - disreputable affair that was not made known, he had to leave, and he - lived in private life seventeen years. Untrammeled by the necessity to - earn his living, he led everywhere the life of a man-of-the-town, and - was everywhere avoided on account of his lascivious nature. His - ostracism by the best society, which, in spite of his independence, he - noticed, caused him to prefer the ordinary society of fakirs, - artisans, and loafers. It cannot be ascertained that he had sexual - intercourse with men, but it is certain that in his later years he - arranged symposiums with mixed company and was known as a _roué_. In - the last few years of his life he was accustomed to hang about new - buildings in the evening, and of the women working there he would ask - the dirtiest to accompany him. It is certain that he had the woman - undress, and then he would suck her toes, his libido being excited and - satisfied by the act. - -Cantarano also reports a case in _La Psichiatria_, v year, p. 207, in -which, preceding the act, apparently from a similar cause, there was -biting and sucking of a woman’s toes in as filthy a state as possible. - -Several cases have come to my knowledge in which, with other masochistic -acts (maltreatment, humiliation), such disgusting desires were -entertained; and the confessions of the individuals left no doubt of -their significance. - -Such cases prepare the way to an understanding of others which are -absolutely incomprehensible without the connection with the -masochistic desire for humiliation.[74] It is probable, however, that -this impulse, in its actual significance, remains unknown to the -perverted individual, and only the desire for disgusting things rises -into consciousness,—again larvated masochism. - -Other cases of Cantarano’s (_loc. cit._) belong here: mictio even -defæcatio puellæ ad linguam viri ante actum; consumption of confects -smelling like fæces, in order to become potent; and also the following -case, likewise communicated to me by a physician:— - - Case 70. A Russian prince, who was very decrepit, was accustomed to - have his mistress turn her back to him and defecate on his breast; - this being the only way in which he could excite the remnant of - libido. - - Another supported a mistress in unusually brilliant style, with the - condition that she eat marchpane exclusively. Ut libidinosus fiat et - ejaculare possit excrementa feminæ ore excipit. A Brazilian physician - tells me of several cases of defæcatio feminæ in os viri that have - come to his knowledge. Such cases occur everywhere, and are not at all - infrequent. All kinds of secretions—saliva, nasal mucus, and even - aural cerumen—are used in this way and swallowed with pleasure; and - oscula ad nates and even ad anum are indulged in. Dr. Moll (_op. - cit._, p. 135) reports the same thing of a man affected with contrary - sexuality. The perverse desire to practice cunnilingus, which is very - wide-spread, probably frequently has its root in masochistic impulses. - -Palanda (_Archivio di Psichiatria._ x, fascicolo 3, 4) relates the -following case:— - - Case 71. W., aged 45, predisposed, was given to masturbation at the - age of eight. A decimo sexto anno libidines suas bibendo recentem - feminarum urinam satiavit. Tanta erat voluptas urinam bibentis ut nec - aliquid olfaceret nec saperet, hæc faciens. After drinking he always - experienced disgust and ill-feeling, and made firm resolutions to do - it no more in the future. Once he had the same pleasure in drinking - the urine of a nine-year-old boy, with whom he once practiced - fellatio. The patient suffers with epileptic insanity. - -The cases described in this group form the complete counterpart to group -“_d_” of the sadists. - - Still other older cases belong here, which Tardieu (“Étude - médico-légale sur les attentats aux mœurs,” p. 206) observed in senile - individuals. He describes as “Renifleurs” persons “qui in secretos - locos nimirum theatrorum pasticos convenientes quo complures feminæ ad - micturiendum festinant, per nares urinali odore excitati, illico se - invicem polluunt.” The “Stercoraires” that Taxil (“La prostitution - contemporaine”) mentions are, in relation to this subject, unique. - -Finally, space is here given to the following case, reported to me by a -physician:— - - Case 72. A notary, known from his youth to those about him as peculiar - and misanthropic. During his school-days he was given to masturbation. - According to his own story, he excited his sexual desire by spreading - out on the cover of his bed pieces of toilet-paper that he had used, - induced erection by regarding and smelling them, and then practiced - masturbation. After his death, by the side of his bed, there was found - a large basket of such papers, with the dates marked on them. Here - there were probably fancies of the nature of the above-mentioned acts. - -(d) _Masochism in Women._—In woman voluntary subjection to the opposite -sex is a physiological phenomenon. Owing to her passive _rôle_ in -procreation and long-existent social conditions, ideas of subjection -are, in woman, normally connected with the idea of sexual relations. So -to speak, they form the harmonics which determine the tone-quality of -feminine feeling. - -Any one conversant with the history of civilization knows in what a -state of absolute subjection woman was always kept until a relatively -high degree of civilization was reached;[75] and an attentive observer -of life may still easily recognize how the custom of unnumbered -generations, in connection with the passive _rôle_ with which woman has -been endowed by Nature, has given her an instinctive inclination to -voluntary subordination to man; he will notice that exaggeration of -customary gallantry is very distasteful to women, and that a deviation -from it in the direction of masterful behavior, though loudly -reprehended, is often accepted with secret satisfaction.[76] Under the -veneer of polite society the instinct of feminine servitude is -everywhere discernible. - -Thus it is easy to regard masochism in general as a pathological growth -of specific feminine mental elements,—as an abnormal intensification of -certain features of the psycho-sexual character of woman,—and to seek -its primary origin in that sex (_v. infra_, p. 145). It may, however, be -held to be established that, in woman, an inclination to subordination -to man (which may be regarded as an acquired, purposeful arrangement, a -phenomenon of adaptation to social requirements) is to a certain extent -a normal manifestation. - -The reason that, under such circumstances, the “poetry” of the symbolic -act of subjection is not reached, lies partly in the fact that man has -not the vanity of that weakling who would use blows to display his power -(as the love-serving knights did with the ladies of the Middle Ages), -but prefers to demonstrate his real advantages. The barbarian has his -wife plow for him, and the civilized lover speculates about her dowry; -she willingly endures both. - -Cases of pathological increase of this instinct of subjection, in the -sense of feminine masochism, are probably frequent enough, but custom -represses their manifestation. Many young women like nothing better than -to kneel before their husbands or lovers. Among all Slavs of the lower -classes it is said that the wives feel hurt if they are not beaten by -their husbands. A Hungarian officer informs me that peasant women of the -Somogy’er Comitates do not think they are loved by their husbands until -they have received the first box on the ear as a sign of love. - -It would probably be difficult for the physician to find cases of -feminine masochism. Subjective and objective restraints—modesty and -custom—naturally constitute, in women, insurmountable obstacles to the -expression of perverse sexual instinct. Thus it happens that, up to the -present time, but one case of masochism in a woman has been -scientifically established; and this is accompanied by circumstances -that obscure it. - - Case 73. Miss v. X., Russian, aged 35; of greatly predisposed family. - For some years she has been in the initial stage of paranoia - persecutoria. This sprang from cerebro-spinal neurasthenia, the origin - of which is found to be sexual hyper-excitation. Since her - twenty-fourth year she has been given to masturbation. As a result of - disappointment in an engagement and intense sexual excitement, she - began to practice masturbation and psychical onanism. _Inclination - toward persons of her own sex never occurred._ The patient says: “At - the age of six or eight I conceived a desire to be whipped. Since I - had never been whipped, and had never been present when others were - thus punished, I cannot understand how I came to have this strange - desire. I can only think that it is congenital. With these ideas of - being whipped I had a feeling of actual delight, and pictured in my - fancy how fine it would be to be whipped by one of my female friends. - I never had any thought of being whipped by a man. I reveled in the - idea, and never attempted any actual realization of my fancies. These - disappeared after my tenth year. Only when I read “Rousseau’s - Confessions,” at the age of thirty-four, did I understand what my - longing for whippings meant, and that my abnormal ideas were like - those of Rousseau. Since my tenth year I have never had any more such - fancies.” - -On account of its original character and the reference to Rousseau, this -case may with certainty be called a case of masochism. The fact that it -is a female friend that is conceived in imagination as whipping her, is -explained by the circumstance that the masochistic desire was here -present in the mind of a child before the psychical vita sexualis had -developed and the instinct for the male had been awakened. Contrary -sexual instinct is here expressly excluded. - - - AN ATTEMPT TO EXPLAIN MASOCHISM. - -The facts of masochism are certainly among the most interesting in the -domain of psychopathology. An attempt to explain them must first seek to -distinguish in them the essential from the unessential. The -distinguishing characteristic in masochism is certainly the unlimited -subjection to the will of a person of the opposite sex (in sadism, on -the contrary, the unlimited mastery of this person), with the awakening -and accompaniment of lustful sexual feelings to the degree of orgasm. -From all that has preceded it is clear that the particular manner in -which this relation of subjection or domination is expressed (_v. -supra_), whether in simply symbolic acts, or whether there is also a -desire to suffer pain at the hands of a person of the opposite sex, is a -subordinate matter. - -While sadism may be looked upon as a pathological intensification of the -masculine sexual character in its psychical peculiarities, masochism -rather represents a pathological degeneration of the distinctive -psychical peculiarities of woman. But masculine masochism is undoubtedly -frequent; and it is this that most frequently comes under observation -and almost exclusively makes up the series of observed cases. The reason -for this has been previously stated (p. 139). - -Two sources of masochism can be distinguished in the sphere of normal -phenomena. The first is, that in the state of lustful excitement every -impression made by the person giving rise to the sexual stimulus, -independently of the nature of its action, is pleasing to the individual -excited. - -It is entirely physiological that playful taps and light blows should be -taken for caresses, - - “Like the lover’s pinch which hurts and is desired.”[77] - -From here the step is not long to a state where the wish to experience a -very intense impression at the hands of the consort leads to a desire -for blows, etc., in cases of pathological intensification of lust; for -pain is always a ready means for producing an intense bodily impression. -Just as in sadism the sexual emotion leads to a state of exaltation in -which the excessive motor excitement implicates neighboring nervous -tracts; so in masochism an ecstatic state arises, in which the rising -flood of a single emotion ravenously devours and covers with lust every -impression coming from the beloved person. - -The second and, indeed, the most important source of masochism is to be -sought in a wide-spread phenomenon, which, though it is extraordinary -and abnormal, by no means lies within the domain of sexual perversion. - -I here refer to the very prevalent fact that in innumerable instances, -which occur in all varieties, one individual becomes dependent on -another of the opposite sex, in a very extraordinary and remarkable -manner,—even to the loss of all independent will; a dependence which -forces the party in subjection to acts and suffering which greatly -prejudice personal interest, and often enough to offense against both -morality and law. - -This dependence, however, differs from the manifestations of normal life -only in the intensity of the sexual feeling that here comes in play, and -in the slight degree of will-power necessary for the maintenance of its -equilibrium. The difference is one of intensity, not of quality, as in -masochistic manifestations. - -This dependence of one person upon another of the opposite sex, that is -abnormal but not perverse,—a phenomena possessing great interest when -regarded from a forensic stand-point,—I designate “_sexual -bondage_;”[78] for the relations and circumstances attending it have in -all respects the character of bondage. The will of the ruling individual -dominates that of the person in subjection, just as a master’s does his -bondsman’s.[79] - -This “sexual bondage,” as has been said, is certainly an abnormal -phenomenon. It begins with the first deviation from the normal. The -degree of dependence of one person upon another, or of two upon each -other, resulting from individual peculiarity in the intensity of motives -that in themselves are normal, constitutes the normal standard -established by law and custom. Sexual bondage is not a perverse -manifestation, however; the instinctive activities at work here are the -same as those that set in motion—even though it be with less -violence—the psychical vita sexualis which moves entirely within normal -limits. - -Fear of losing the companion and the desire to keep him always -satisfied, amiable, and inclined to sexual intercourse, are here the -motives of the individual in subjection. An extraordinary degree of -love—which, particularly in woman, does not always indicate an unusual -degree of sensuality—and a weak character are the simple elements of -this extraordinary process.[80] - -The motive of the dominant individual is egoism, which finds unlimited -room for action. - -The manifestations of sexual bondage are various in form, and the cases -are very numerous.[81] At every step in life we find men that have -fallen into sexual bondage. Among married men, hen-pecked husbands -belong to this category, particularly elderly men who marry young wives -and try to overcome the disparity of years and physical defects by -unconditional submission to the wife’s every whim; and unmarried men of -ripe maturity, who seek to better their last chance of love by unlimited -sacrifice, are also to be enumerated here. Here belong, also, men of any -age, who, seized by hot passion for a woman, meet coldness and -calculation, and have to capitulate on hard conditions; men of loving -natures who allow themselves to be persuaded to marriage by notorious -prostitutes; men who, to run after adventuresses, leave everything and -jeopardise their future; husbands and fathers who leave wife and child, -to lay the income of a family at the feet of a harlot. - -But, numerous as the examples of masculine “bondage” are, every observer -of life, who is at all unprejudiced, must allow that they are far from -equalling, in number and importance, the cases of feminine “bondage.” -This is easily explained. For a man, love is almost always only an -episode, and he has many other and important interests; for a woman, on -the other hand, love is the principal thing in life, and, until the -birth of children, always her first interest. After this it is still -often her first thought, but always, at least, takes the second place. -But, what is still more important, the man ruled by this impulse easily -satisfies it in embraces for which he finds unlimited opportunities. A -woman in the upper classes of society, if she have a husband, is bound -to him alone; and even in the lower classes there are still great -obstacles to polyandry. Therefore, _a woman’s husband means for her the -whole sex_, and his importance to her becomes very great. It must also -be considered that the normal relation established by law and custom -between husband and wife is far from being one of equality. In itself it -expresses a sufficient predominance of woman’s dependence. The -concessions she makes to her lover, to retain the love which it would be -almost impossible for her to replace, only plunge her deeper in bondage; -and this increases the insatiable demands of husbands resolved to use -their advantage and traffic in woman’s readiness to sacrifice herself. - -Here may be placed the fortune-hunter, who for money allows himself to -be enveloped in the easily created illusions of a maiden; the seducer, -and the man who compromises wives, calculating on blackmail; the gilded -army officer and the musician with the lion’s mane, who know so well how -to stammer “Thee or death!” as a means to pay debts and provide a life -of ease. Here, too, belong the kitchen-soldier, whose love the cook -returns with love plus means to satisfy a different appetite; the -drinker, who consumes the savings of the mistress he marries; and the -man who with blows compels the prostitute on whom he lives to earn a -certain sum for him daily. These are only a few of the innumerable forms -of bondage into which woman is forced by her greater need of love and -the difficulties of her position. - -The subject of “sexual bondage” must here receive brief consideration; -for in it may be clearly seen the soil from which the main root of -masochism springs. The relationship of these two phenomena of psychical -sexual life is immediately apparent. Bondage and masochism both consist -of the unconditional subjection of the individual affected with the -abnormality to a person of the opposite sex, and of domination of the -former by the latter.[82] The two phenomena, however, must be strictly -differentiated; they are not different in degree, but in quality. - -Sexual bondage is not a perversion and not pathological; the elements -from which it arises—love and weakness of will—are not perverse; it is -only their simultaneous activity that produces the abnormal result which -is so opposed to self-interest, and often to custom and law. The motive, -in obedience to which the subordinated individual acts and endures -tyranny, is the normal instinct toward woman (or man); the satisfaction -of which is the price of bondage. The acts of the person in subjection, -by means of which the bondage is expressed, are performed at the command -of the ruling individual, to satisfy selfishness, etc. For the -subordinated individual they have no independent purpose; they are only -the means to an end,—to obtain or retain possession of the ruling -individual. Finally, bondage is a result of love for a particular -person; it first appears when this love is awakened. - -In masochism, which is decidedly abnormal and a perversion, this is all -very different. The motive of the acts and suffering of the person in -subjection is here the charm afforded by the tyranny in itself. There -may, at the same time, be a desire for coitus with the dominant person; -but the impulse is directed to the acts which serve to express the -tyranny, as the immediate objects of gratification. These acts in which -masochism is expressed are, for the individual in subjection, not means -to an end, as in bondage, but the end in themselves. Finally, in -masochism the longing for subjection occurs _a priori_, before the -occurrence of an inclination to any particular object of love. - -The connection between bondage and masochism may be assumed by reason of -the correspondence of the two phenomena in the objective condition of -dependence, notwithstanding the difference in their motives; and the -transformation of the abnormality into the perversion probably takes -place in the following manner: Any one living for a long time in sexual -bondage becomes disposed to acquire a slight degree of masochism. Love -that willingly bears the tyranny of the loved one then becomes an -immediate love of tyranny. _When the idea of being tyrannized over is -long closely associated with the lustful thought of the beloved person, -the lustful emotion is finally connected with the tyranny itself, and -the transformation to perversion is completed._ This is the manner in -which masochism may be acquired by cultivation.[83] - -Thus a mild degree of masochism may arise from “bondage,”—become -acquired; but genuine, complete, deep-rooted masochism, with its -feverish longing for subjection from the time of earliest youth, is -congenital. - -The explanation of the origin of the infrequent perversion of fully -developed masochism is most probably to be found in the assumption that -it arises from the very frequent abnormality of “sexual bondage”; in -that now and then _this abnormality is hereditarily transferred to a -psychopathic individual in such a way that it becomes transformed into a -perversion_. It has been previously shown how a slight displacement of -the psychical element under consideration may effect this transition. - -This transformation of the abnormality into the perversion, through -hereditary transference, would take place very easily where the -psychopathic constitution of the descendant presented the other factor -of masochism,—_i.e._, what has been previously called its main root,—the -tendency of sexually hyperæsthetic natures to assimilate all impressions -coming from the beloved person with the sexual impression. - -From these two elements,—from “sexual bondage” on the one hand, and from -the above-mentioned disposition to sexual ecstasy, which apperceives -even maltreatment with lustful emotion, on the other,—the roots of which -may be traced back to the field of physiological facts, masochism arises -on the basis of psychopathic predisposition; in that its sexual -hyperæsthesia intensifies first all the physiological accessories of the -vita sexualis and, finally, only its abnormal accompaniments, to the -pathological degree of perversion.[84] - -At any rate, masochism, as a congenital sexual perversion, constitutes a -functional sign of degeneration in (almost exclusively) hereditary -taint; and this clinical deduction is confirmed in my cases of masochism -and sadism. It is easy to demonstrate that the peculiar, -psychically-anomalous direction of the vita sexualis which masochism -represents, is an original abnormality, and not, so to speak, cultivated -in a predisposed individual by passive flagellation, through association -of ideas, as Rousseau and Binet suppose. This is shown by the numerous -cases of masochism—in fact, the majority—in which flagellation never -appears; in which the perverse impulse is directed exclusively to purely -symbolic acts expressing subjection without any actual infliction of -pain. This is demonstrated by the whole series of cases, from Case 53, -given here. - -The same result—namely, that passive flagellation is not the nucleus -around which all the rest is gathered—is reached when closer study is -given to the cases in which passive flagellation plays a _rôle_, as in -Case 44 and Case 50. Case 51 is particularly instructive in relation to -this; for in this instance there can be no thought of a -sexually-stimulating effect of punishment received in youth. Moreover, -in this case, connection with an early experience is not possible; for -the situation constituting the object of principal sexual interest is -absolutely incapable of being carried out by a child. - -Finally, the origin of masochism in purely psychical elements, on -confronting it with sadism (_v. infra_), is convincingly demonstrated. -That passive flagellation occurs so frequently in masochism is explained -simply by the fact that it is the most extreme means of expressing the -relation of subjection. - -I repeat that the decisive points, in the differentiation of simple -passive flagellation from flagellation dependent upon masochistic -desire, are that, in the former, the act is a means to make coitus, or -at least ejaculation, possible; and that, in the latter, it is a means -of gratification of masochistic desires. - -As we have already seen, masochists subject themselves to all other -kinds of maltreatment and suffering in which there can be no question of -reflex excitation of lust. Since such cases are numerous, in such acts -(and in flagellation in masochists, having like significance) we must -seek to ascertain in what relation pain and lust stand to each other. -From the statement of a masochist it is as follows:— - -The relation is not of such a nature that that which causes physical -pain is here simply perceived as physical pleasure; but the person in a -state of masochistic ecstasy feels no pain; either because, by reason of -his emotional state (like that of the soldier in battle), the physical -effect on his cutaneous nerves is not apperceived; or because (as with -religious martyrs and enthusiasts), with the preoccupation of -consciousness with lustful emotion, the idea of maltreatment remains -merely a symbol, without its quality of pain. - -To a certain extent there is over-compensation of physical pain in -psychical pleasure; and only the excess remains in consciousness as -psychical lust. This also undergoes an increase; since, either through -reflex spinal influence or through a peculiar coloring in the sensorium -of sensory impressions, a kind of hallucination of bodily pleasure takes -place, with a vague localization of the objectively projected sensation. - -In the self-torture of religious enthusiasts (fakirs, howling dervishes, -religious flagellants) there is an analogous state, only with a -difference in the quality of pleasurable feeling. Here the conception of -martyrdom is also apperceived without its pain; for consciousness is -filled with the pleasurably colored idea of serving God, atoning for -sins, deserving heaven, etc., through martyrdom. - - - MASOCHISM AND SADISM. - -The perfect counterpart of masochism is sadism. While in the former -there is a desire to suffer and be subjected to violence, in the latter -the wish is to inflict pain and use violence. - -The parallelism is perfect. All the acts and situations used by the -sadist in the active _rôle_ become the object of the desire of the -masochist in the passive _rôle_. In both perversions these acts advance -from purely symbolic acts to severe maltreatment. Even murder, in which -sadism reaches its acme, finds, as is shown by Case 54,—of course, only -in fancy,—its passive counterpart. Under favoring conditions, both -perversions may occur with a normal vita sexualis; in both, the acts in -which they express themselves are preparatory for coitus or substitutes -for it.[85] - -But the analogy does not exist simply in external manifestation; it also -extends to the subjective character of both perversions. Both are to be -regarded as original psychopathies in mentally abnormal individuals, -who, in particular, are affected with psychical hyperæsthesia sexualis, -and, as a rule, also with other abnormalities; and for each of these -perversions two constituent elements may be demonstrated, which have -their roots in psychical facts lying within physiological limits. For -masochism, as shown above, these elements lie in the fact (1) that in -the state of sexual emotion every impression produced by the consort, -independently of the manner of its production, is, _per se_, attended -with lustful pleasure, which, where there is hyperæsthesia sexualis, may -go so far as to over-compensate all painful sensation; and in the fact -(2) that “sexual bondage,” dependent on mental factors that are in -themselves not perverse, may, under pathological conditions, become a -perverse, pleasurable desire for subjection to the opposite sex, -which—even if it be quite unnecessary to assume its inheritance from the -female side—represents a pathological degeneration of the character -belonging to woman,—of the instinct of subordination, physiological in -woman. - -In harmony with this, there are, likewise, two constituent elements -explanatory of sadism, the origin of which may also be traced back -within physiological limits. These are: the fact (1) that in sexual -emotion, to a certain extent, as an accompanying psychical excitation, -an impulse may arise to influence the object of desire in every possible -way and with the greatest possible intensity, which, in individuals -sexually hyperæsthetic, may become an impulse to inflict pain; and the -fact (2) that, under pathological conditions, the man’s active _rôle_ of -winning woman may become an unlimited desire for subjugation. - -Thus masochism and sadism represent perfect counterparts. It is also in -harmony with this that the individuals affected with these perversions -regard the opposite perversion in the other sex as their ideal, as shown -by Case 44 and Case 50, and also by “Rousseau’s Confessions.” - -But the contrast of masochism and sadism may also be used to invalidate -the assumption that the former has its origin in the reflex effect of -passive flagellation; and that all the rest is the product of -associations of related ideas, as Binet, in explanation of Rousseau’s -case, thinks, and as Rousseau himself believed. - -In the active maltreatment forming the object of the sadist’s sexual -desire there is, in fact, no irritation of his own sensory nerves by the -act of maltreatment; so that there can be no doubt of the purely -psychical character of the origin of this perversion. Sadism and -masochism, however, are so related to each other, and so correspond in -all points with each other, that the one allows, by analogy, a -conclusion for the other; and this is alone sufficient to establish the -purely psychical character of masochism. - -According to the above-detailed contrast of all the elements and -phenomena of masochism and sadism, and as a _résumé_ of all observed -cases, lust in the infliction of pain and lust in inflicted pain appear -but as two different sides of the same psychical process, of which the -primary and essential thing is the consciousness of active or passive -subjection, in which the combination of cruelty and lustful pleasure has -only a secondary psychological significance. Acts of cruelty serve to -express this subjection; first, because they are the most extreme means -for the expression of this relation; and, again, because they represent -the most intense effect that one person, either with or without coitus, -can exert on another. - -The cases in which sadism and masochism occur simultaneously in one -individual are interesting, but they present some difficulties of -explanation. Cases 49, 50, 58, etc., are of this kind, and also -particularly Case 30. From the latter it is evident that it is -especially the idea of subjection that, both actively and passively, -forms the nucleus of the perverse desires. Traces of the same thing are -also to be observed, with more or less clearness, in many other cases. -At any rate, one of the two perversions is always markedly predominant. - -Owing to this marked predominance of one perversion, and the later -appearance of the other, in such cases it may well be assumed that the -predominating perversion is _original_, and that the other has been -_acquired_ in the course of time. The ideas of subjection and -maltreatment, colored with lustful pleasure, either in an active or -passive sense, have become deeply impressed in such an individual. - -Occasionally the imagination is tempted to try the same ideas in an -inverted _rôle_. There may even be realization of this inversion. Such -attempts in imagination and in acts, however, are usually soon abandoned -as inadequate for the original inclination. - -Masochism and sadism also occur in combination with contrary sexual -instinct, and, too, in association with all forms and degrees of this -perversion. The individual of contrary sexuality may be a sadist as well -as masochist (comp. Cases 48 and 49 and numerous cases in the following -series of cases of contrary sexual instinct). - -Wherever a sexual perversion has developed on the basis of a neuropathic -individuality, sexual hyperæsthesia, which may always be assumed to be -present, may induce the phenomena of masochism and sadism—now of the -one, now of both combined, one arising from the other. Thus masochism -and sadism appear as the fundamental forms of psycho-sexual perversion, -which may make their appearance at any point in the domain of sexual -aberration.[86] - -3. _The Association of Lust with the Idea of Certain Portions of the -Female Person, or with Certain Articles of Female Attire—Fetichism._—In -the considerations concerning the psychology of the normal sexual life -in the introduction to this work (_vide_ p. 17), it was shown that, -within physiological limits, the pronounced preference for a certain -portion of the body of persons of the opposite sex, particularly for a -certain form of this part, may attain great psycho-sexual importance. -Indeed, the especial power of attraction possessed by certain forms and -peculiarities for many men—in fact, the majority—may be regarded as the -real principle of individualization in love. - -This preference for certain particular physical characteristics in -persons of the opposite sex,—by the side of which, likewise, a marked -preference for certain psychical characteristics may be -demonstrated,—following Binet (“du Fetischisme dans l’amour,” _Revue -philosophique_, 1887) and Lombroso (Introduction to the Italian edition -of the second edition of this work), I have called “fetichism”; because -this enthusiasm for certain portions of the body (or even articles of -attire) and the worship of them, in obedience to sexual impulses, -frequently call to mind the reverence for relics, holy objects, etc., in -religious cults. This physiological fetichism has already been described -in detail on page 17 _et seq._ - -By the side of this physiological fetichism, however, there is, in the -psycho-sexual sphere, an undoubted pathological, erotic fetichism, of -which there is already a numerous series of cases presenting phenomena -having great clinical and psychiatric interest, and, under certain -circumstances, forensic importance. This pathological fetichism does not -confine itself to certain parts of the body alone, but it is even -extended to inanimate objects, which, however, are almost always -articles of female wearing-apparel, and thus stand in close relation -with the female person. - -This pathological fetichism is connected, through gradual transitions, -with physiological fetichism; so that (at least in body-fetichism) it is -almost impossible to sharply define the beginning of the perversion. -Moreover, the whole field of body-fetichism does not really extend -beyond the limits of things which normally stimulate the sexual -instinct. Here the abnormality consists only in the fact that the whole -sexual interest is concentrated on the impression made by a part of the -person of the opposite sex, so that all other impressions fade and -become more or less indifferent. Therefore, the body-fetichist is not to -be regarded as a _monstrum per excessum_, like the sadist or masochist, -but rather as a _monstrum per defectum_. What stimulates him is not -abnormal, but rather what does not affect him,—the limitation of sexual -interest that has taken place in him. Of course, this limited sexual -interest, within its narrower limits, is usually expressed with a -correspondingly greater and abnormal intensity. - -It would seem reasonable to assume, as the distinguishing mark of -pathological fetichism, the necessity for the presence of the fetich as -a _conditio sine qua non_ for the possibility of performance of coitus. -But when the facts are more carefully studied, it is seen that this -limitation is really only indefinite. There are numerous cases in which, -even in the absence of the fetich, coitus is possible, but it is -incomplete and forced (often with the help of fancies relating to the -fetich), and particularly unsatisfying and exhausting; and, too, closer -study of the distinctive subjective psychical conditions in these cases -shows that there are transitional states, passing, on the one hand, to -mere physiological preferences, and, on the other, to psychical -impotence in the absence of the fetich. It is therefore better, perhaps, -to seek the pathological criterion of body-fetichism in purely -subjective psychical states. The concentration of the sexual interest on -a certain portion of the body that has no direct relation to sex (as -have the mammæ and external genitals)—a peculiarity to be -emphasized—often leads body-fetichists to such a condition that they do -not regard coitus as the real means of sexual gratification, but rather -some form of manipulation of that portion of the body that is effectual -as a fetich. This perverse instinct of body-fetichists may be taken as -the pathological criterion, no matter whether actual coitus is also -possible or not. - -Fetichism of inanimate objects or articles of dress, however, in all -cases, may well be regarded as a pathological phenomenon; since its -objects fall without the circle of normal sexual stimuli. But even here, -in the phenomena, there is a certain outward correspondence with -processes of the normal psychical vita sexualis; the inner connection -and meaning of pathological fetichism, however, are entirely different. -In the ecstatic love of a man mentally normal, a handkerchief or shoe, a -glove or letter, the flower “she gave,” or a lock of hair, etc., may -become the object of worship, but only because they represent a mnemonic -symbol of the beloved person—absent or dead—whose whole personality is -reproduced by them. The pathological fetichist has no such relations. -The fetich constitutes the entire content of his idea. When he is -possessed by it, sexual excitement occurs, and the fetich makes itself -felt.[87] - -According to all observations thus far made, pathological fetichism -seems to arise only on the basis of a psychopathic constitution that is -for the most part hereditary, or on the basis of existent mental -disease. - -Thus it happens that it not infrequently appears combined with the other -(original) sexual perversions that arise on the same basis. Not -infrequently fetichism occurs in the most various forms in combination -with contrary sexuality, sadism, and masochism. Indeed, certain forms of -body-fetichism (hand- and foot-fetichism) probably have a more or less -distinct connection with the latter two perversions (_v. infra_). - -But if fetichism also rests upon a congenital general psychopathic -disposition, yet this perversion is not, like those previously -considered, essentially of an original nature; it is not congenitally -perfect, as we may well assume sadism and masochism to be. While in the -sexual perversions thus far described we have met only cases of a -congenital nature, here we meet only _acquired_ cases. Aside from the -fact that in fetichism the causative circumstance of its acquirement is -often demonstrable, here the physiological conditions are wanting, which -in sadism and masochism, by means of sexual hyperæsthesia, are -intensified to perversions, and justify the assumption of congenital -origin. In fetichism, every case requires an event which affords the -subject of perversion. As has been said, it is, of course, physiological -in sexual life to be partial to one or another of woman’s peculiarities, -and to be enthusiastic about it; but concentration of the entire sexual -interest on such partial impressions is here the essential thing; and -for this concentration there must be a particular reason in every -individual affected. Therefore, we may accept Binet’s conclusion that -_in the life of every fetichist there may be assumed to have been some -event which determined the association of lustful feeling with the -single impression_. This event is to be referred to the time of early -youth, and, as a rule, occurs in connection with the first awakening of -the vita sexualis. This first awakening is associated with some partial -sexual impression (since it is always something standing in some -relation to woman), and stamps it for life as the principal object of -sexual interest. The circumstances under which the association arises -are usually forgotten. It is only the result of the association that is -retained. The general predisposition to psychopathic states and the -sexual hyperæsthesia of such individuals are all that is original -here.[88] - -Like the other perversions thus far considered, erotic (pathological) -fetichism may also express itself in strange, unnatural, and even -criminal acts: gratification with the female person _loco indebito_, -theft and robbery of objects of fetichism, pollution of such objects, -etc. Here, too, it only depends upon the intensity of the perverse -impulse and the relative power of opposing ethical motives, whether and -to what extent such acts are performed. These perverse acts of -fetichists, like those of other sexually perverse individuals, may -either alone constitute the entire external vita sexualis, or occur -together with the normal sexual act. This depends upon the condition of -physical and psychical sexual power, and the degree of excitability to -normal stimuli that has been retained. Where excitability is diminished, -not infrequently the sight or touch of the fetich serves as a necessary -preparatory act. - -The great practical importance which attaches to the facts of fetichism, -in accordance with what has been said, lies in two factors. First, -pathological fetichism is not infrequently a cause of _psychical -impotence_.[89] Since the object upon which the sexual interest of the -fetichist is concentrated stands, in itself, in no immediate relation to -the normal sexual act, it often happens that the fetichist diminishes -his excitability to normal stimuli by his perversion, or, at least is -capable of coitus only by means of concentration of his fancy upon his -fetich. In this perversion, and in the difficulty of its adequate -satisfaction, just as in the other perversions of the sexual instinct, -lie conditions favoring psychical and physical onanism, which again -reacts deleteriously on the constitution and sexual power. This is -especially true in the case of youthful individuals, and particularly in -the case of those who, on account of opposing ethical and æsthetic -motives, shrink from the realization of their perverse desires. -Secondly, fetichism is of great forensic importance. Just as sadism may -extend to murder and the infliction of bodily injury, fetichism may lead -to theft and even to robbery for the possession of the desired articles. - -Erotic fetichism has for its object either a certain portion of the body -of a person of the opposite sex, or a certain article or material of -wearing-apparel of the opposite sex. (Only cases of pathological -fetichism in men have thus far been observed, and therefore only -portions of the female person and attire are spoken of here.) In -accordance with this, fetichists fall into three groups. - -(a) _The Fetich is a Part of the Female Body._—Just as, in physiological -fetichism, the eyes, the hand, the foot, and the hair of woman very -frequently become fetiches, so, in the pathological domain, the same -portions of the body become the sole objects of sexual interest. This -exclusive concentration of interest on these parts, by the side of which -everything else feminine fades, and all other sexual value of woman may -sink to _nil_, so that, instead of coitus, strange manipulations of the -fetich become the object of desire,—this it is that makes these cases -pathological. - - Case 74. (Binet, _op. cit._) X., aged 34, teacher in a Gymnasium. In - childhood he suffered with convulsions. At the age of ten he began to - masturbate, with lustful feelings, which were connected with very - strange ideas. He was particularly partial to women’s eyes; but since - he wished to imagine some form of coitus, and was absolutely innocent - in sexual matters, to avoid too great a separation from the eyes, he - evolved the idea of making the nostrils the seat of the female sexual - organs. Then his lively sexual desires were connected with this idea. - He sketched drawings representing correct Greek profiles of female - heads, but the nostrils were so large that immissio penis would have - been possible. - - One day, in an omnibus, he saw a girl in whom he thought he recognized - his ideal. He followed her to her home and immediately proposed to - her. Shown the door, he returned again and again, until arrested. X. - never had sexual intercourse. - -Hand-fetichists are very numerous. The following case is not really -pathological. It is given here as a transitional case:— - - Case 75. B., of neuropathic family, very sensual, mentally intact. At - the sight of the hand of a beautiful young lady he is always charmed - and feels sexual excitement to the extent of ejaculation. It is his - delight to kiss and press such hands. As long as they are covered with - gloves he feels unhappy. By pretexts he tries to get hold of such - hands. He is indifferent to the foot. If the beautiful hands are - ornamented with rings, his lust is increased. Only the living hand, - not its image, causes him this lustful excitement. It is only when he - is exhausted sexually by frequent coitus that the hand loses its - sexual charm. At first the memory-picture of female hands disturbed - him even while at work. (Binet, _op. cit._) - -Binet states that such cases of enthusiasm for the female hand are -numerous. Here it may be recalled that, according to Case 24, a man may -be partial to the female hand as a result of sadistic impulses; and -that, according to Case 46, the same thing may be due to masochistic -desires. Thus such cases have more than one meaning. But this is by no -means to say that all, or even a majority, of the cases of -hand-fetichism allow or require a sadistic or masochistic explanation. - -The following interesting case, that has been studied in detail, shows -that, in spite of the fact that at first a sadistic or masochistic -element seems to have exercised an influence, at the time of the -individual’s maturity and the complete development of the perversion, -the latter contained nothing of these elements. Of course, it is -possible that, in the course of time, these disappeared; but here the -assumption of the origin of the fetichism in an accidental association -meets every requirement:— - - Case 76. A case of _hand-fetichism_, communicated by Albert Moll. P. - L., aged 28, a merchant of Westphalia. Aside from the fact that the - patient’s father was remarkably moody and somewhat quick-tempered, - nothing of an hereditary nature could be proved in the family. At - school the patient was not very diligent; he was never able to - concentrate his attention on any one subject for any length of time; - on the other hand, from childhood he had a great inclination for - music. His temperament was always nervous. - - In August, 1890, he came to me complaining of headache and abdominal - pain, which in every way gave the impression of being neurasthenic. - The patient also said he was destitute of energy. Only after - accurately directed questions did the patient make the following - statements concerning his sexual life. As far as he could remember, - the beginnings of sexual excitement occurred in his seventh year. - Whenever he saw a boy of his own age urinate and caught sight of his - genitals, he became lustfully excited. L. states with certainty that - this excitement was associated with very evident erections. Led astray - by another boy, L. learned to masturbate at the age of seven or eight. - “Being of a very excitable nature,” said L., “I practiced masturbation - very frequently until my eighteenth year, without gaining any clear - idea of the evil results or the meaning of the practice.” He was - particularly fond of practicing mutual onanism with some of his - school-friends, but it was by no means an indifferent matter who the - other boy was; on the contrary, only a few of his companions could - satisfy him in this respect. To the question as to what particularly - caused him to prefer this or that boy, L. replied that a _white, - beautifully-formed hand_ in his school-fellows impelled him to - practice mutual onanism with them. L. further remembered that - frequently, at the beginning of the gymnastic lesson, he would - exercise by himself on a bar standing apart. He did this for the - purpose of exciting himself as much as possible; and he was so - successful that, without using his hand and without ejaculation,—L. - was still too young,—he had lustful pleasure. Another early event - which L. remembers is interesting. One day his favorite companion, N., - who practiced mutual onanism with him, proposed that L. should try to - get hold of his (N.’s) penis, and he would do all he could to prevent - it. L. acquiesced. In this way the onanism way directly combined with - a struggle between both parties, in which N. was always overcome. The - struggle always finally ended in N.’s being compelled to allow L. to - practice onanism on him. L. assured me that this kind of masturbation - had given him, as well as N., especial pleasure.[90] In this way L. - continued to practice masturbation very frequently until his - eighteenth year. Warned by a friend, he then began to struggle with - all his might against his evil habit. He became more and more - successful, and finally, after the first performance of coitus, he - stopped the practice of onanism entirely. But this was only - accomplished in his twenty-second year. It now seems incomprehensible - to the patient—and he says he is filled with disgust at the thought of - it—how he could ever have found pleasure in performing masturbation - with other boys. Now, nothing could induce him to touch another man’s - genitals, the sight of which is even unpleasant to him. He has lost - all inclination for men, and feels attracted by women exclusively. - - It must be mentioned, however, that, though L. has a decided - inclination for the female sex, he presents an abnormal phenomenon. - - The essential thing in woman that excites him is the sight of her - beautiful hands; L. is by far more impressed when he touches a - beautiful female hand than he would be were he to see its possessor in - a state of complete nudity. The extent to which L.’s preference for - beautiful female hands goes is shown by the following incident:— - - L. knew a beautiful young lady possessed of every charm, but her hands - were quite large and not beautifully formed, and often they were not - as clean as L. could wish. For this reason it was not only impossible - for L. to conceive a deeper interest in the lady, but he was not able - even to touch her. L. believes that there is nothing more disgusting - to him than dirty finger-nails; this alone would make it impossible - for him to touch a woman who in all other respects was most beautiful. - L. formerly, as a substitute for coitus, had the puella perform - genital manipulation with her hand until ejaculation took place. - - To the question as to what there was about a woman’s hand that - attracted him in particular, whether he saw in it a symbol of power, - and whether it gave him pleasure to be directly humiliated by a woman, - the patient answered that only the _beautiful form_ of the hand - charmed him; that it afforded him no gratification to be humiliated by - a woman; and that he had never had any thought to regard the hand as - the symbol or instrument of a woman’s power. The preference for the - hand is still so great that the patient has greater pleasure when his - genitals are touched by it than when he performs coitus in vaginam. - Yet, the patient prefers to perform the latter, because it seems to - him to be natural, while the former seems abnormal. The touch of a - beautiful female hand on his body immediately causes him to have - erection; he thinks that kissing and other contacts do not exert - nearly so strong an influence. It is only of late years that the - patient has performed coitus frequently, but it has always been very - difficult for him to determine to do it. Too, in coitus, he did not - find the complete satisfaction he sought. However, when he finds - himself near a woman whom he would like to possess, sometimes, at mere - sight of her, his sexual excitement becomes so intense that - ejaculation results. L. says expressly that during this he does not - intentionally touch or press his genitals; ejaculation under such - circumstances affords him much more pleasure than he experiences in - actual coitus.[91] - - To go back, the patient’s dreams were never about coitus. When he had - pollutions at night, they were almost always associated with other - thoughts than those that occur in the normal man. The patient’s dreams - are of events of his school-days. During his school-days, besides the - mutual onanism described, he had ejaculations whenever he became - anxiously excited. When, for example, the teacher dictated an - extemporaneous exercise, and L. was unable to follow in translation, - ejaculation often occurred.[92] The pollutions that now occur - occasionally, at night, are only accompanied by dreams that have the - same or a similar subject,—the events at school just mentioned. On - account of his unnatural feeling and sensibility, the patient thinks - he is incapable of loving a woman long. - - Treatment of the patient’s perversion has not yet been possible. - -This case of hand-fetichism certainly does not depend on masochism or -sadism, but is to be explained simply by early indulgence in mutual -onanism. There is here, also, quite as little of contrary sexual -instinct. Before the sexual appetite was clearly conscious of its -object, the hands of school-fellows were used. As soon as the instinct -for the opposite sex became evident, the interest for the hand was -transferred to woman. - -In hand-fetichists, who, according to Binet, are so numerous, it is -possible that other associations lead to the same result. - -Next to the hand-fetichists, naturally come the foot-fetichists. While -glove-fetichism, which belongs to the next group of object-fetichism, -seldom takes the place of hand-fetichism, we find shoe- and -boot-fetichism, of which there are innumerable cases occurring -everywhere, taking the place of enthusiasm for the naked female foot. -There are only here and there traces of the latter enthusiasm, and these -are scarcely pathological. It is easy to see the reason for this. The -female hand is usually seen uncovered; the foot, covered. Thus the early -associations which determine the direction of the vita sexualis are -naturally connected with the naked hand, but with the covered foot. - -Shoe-fetichism also finds its place in the following group of -dress-fetichism; however, on account of its demonstrable masochistic -character in the majority of cases, it has been, for the most part, -described already (p. 123 _et seq._). - -Besides the eyes, hand, and foot, the mouth and ears often play the -_rôle_ of a fetich. Among others, Moll (_op. cit._) mentions such cases. -(Comp. also Belot’s romance, “La Bouche de Madame X.,” which, B. states, -rests upon actual observation.) - -The following remarkable case came under my personal observation:— - - Case 77. A gentleman of very bad heredity consulted me concerning - impotence that was driving him almost to despair. While he was young, - his fetich was women of plump form. He married such a lady, and was - happy and potent with her. After a few months the lady fell very ill, - and lost much flesh. When, one day, he tried to resume his marital - duty, he was absolutely impotent, and remained so. If, however, he - attempted coitus with plump women, he was perfectly potent. - -Even bodily defects may become fetiches. - - Descartes, who himself (“Traité des Passions,” cxxxvi) expresses some - opinions concerning the origin of peculiar affections in associations - of ideas, was always partial to cross-eyed women, because the object - of his first love had such a defect. (Binet, _op. cit._) - - Lydston (“A Lecture on Sexual Perversion,” Chicago, 1890[93]) reports - the case of a man who had a love-affair with a woman whose right lower - extremity had been amputated. After separation from her, he searched - for other women with a like defect.[94]—A negative fetich. - -When the part of the female body forming the fetich is capable of -removal, like the hair, the most extravagant acts may be -performed. Therefore, hair-fetichists form an interesting and -forensically-important category. While such admirers of female hair are -probably not infrequent within physiological limits, and possibly -various senses (sight, smell, and hearing, through crepitant sounds,—and -certainly touch, just as with velvet- and silk-fetichists, _v. infra_) -are thus excited with an accompaniment of lustful feeling; yet, a series -of similar pathological cases has also been observed, in which the -hair-fetichism had become an overpowering impulse, and driven the -individuals to commit crimes.[95],[96] These form the group of -hair-despoilers. - - Case 78. _A hair-despoiler._ P., aged 40, artistic locksmith, single. - His father was temporarily insane, and his mother was very nervous. He - developed well, and was intelligent; but he was early affected with - _tics_ and imperative ideas. He had never masturbated. He loved - platonically, and often busied himself with matrimonial plans. He had - coitus infrequently with prostitutes, but never felt satisfied with - such intercourse—rather, disgusted. Three years ago he was overtaken - by misfortune (financial ruin), and, besides, he had a febrile - disease, with delirium. These things had a very bad effect on his - hereditarily-predisposed nervous system. On August 28, 1889, P. was - arrested at the Trocadero, in Paris, _in flagranti_, as he forcibly - cut off a young girl’s hair. He was arrested with the hair in his hand - and a pair of shears in his pocket. He excused himself on the ground - of momentary mental confusion and an unfortunate, irresistible - passion; he confessed that he had ten times cut off hair, which he - took great delight in keeping at home. On searching his home, - sixty-five switches and tresses of hair were found, assorted in - packets. P. had already been once arrested, on December 15, 1886, - under similar circumstances, but was released for lack of evidence. - - P. states that, for the last three years, when he is alone in his room - at night, he feels ill, anxious, excited, and dizzy, and then is - troubled by the impulse to touch female hair. When it happened that he - could actually take a young girl’s hair in his hand, he felt intensely - excited sexually, and had erection and ejaculation without touching - the girl in any other way. On reaching home, he would feel ashamed of - what had taken place; but the wish to possess hair, always accompanied - by great sensual pleasure, became more and more powerful in him. He - wondered that previously, even in the most intimate intercourse with - women, he had experienced no such feeling. One evening he could not - resist the impulse to cut off a girl’s hair. With the hair in his - hand, at home, the sensual process was repeated. He was forced to rub - his body with the hair and envelop his genitals in it. Finally, quite - exhausted, he grew ashamed, and could not trust himself to go out for - several days. After months of rest he was again impelled to possess - himself of female hair, indifferent as to whose it might be. If he - attained his end, he felt himself possessed by a supernatural power - and unable to give up his booty. If he could not attain the object of - his desire, he became greatly depressed, hurried home, and there - reveled in his collection of hair. He combed and fondled it, and thus - had intense orgasm, satisfying himself by masturbation. Hair exposed - in the cases of hair-dressers made no impression on him; it required - hair hanging down from a female head. - - At the height of his act, he states, he is in such a state of - excitement that he has only imperfect apperception and subsequent - memory of what he does. When he touches the hair with the shears he - has erection, and, at the instant of cutting it off, ejaculation. - Since his misfortune, about three years ago, he states that he has had - weakness of memory, is easily exhausted mentally, and has been - troubled by sleeplessness and night-terrors. P. deeply regrets his - crime. - - Not only hair, but a number of hair-pins, ribbons, and other articles - of the feminine toilet, were found in his possession, which he had had - presented to him. He had always had an actual mania for collecting - such things, as well as newspapers, pieces of wood, and other - worthless trash, which he would never give up. He also had a strange - and, to him, inexplicable fear of passing a certain street; if he ever - tried it, it made him ill. - - The opinion (medico-legal) showed him to be hereditarily predisposed, - and proved the imperative, impulsive, and decidedly involuntary - character of the criminal acts, which had the significance of an - imperative act, induced by an imperative idea, with an accompaniment - of overpowering abnormal sexual feeling. Pardon; asylum for insane. - (Voisin, Socquet, Motet, _Annales d’hygiène_, April, 1890.) - -Following this case, is a similar one which also deserves attention; for -it has been well studied, and may be called almost classical; and, too, -it places the fetich, as well as the original associative awakening of -the idea, in a clear light:— - - Case 79. _A hair-despoiler._ E., aged 25. Maternal aunt, epileptic; - brother had convulsions. E. says he was fairly healthy as a child, and - learned quite easily. At the age of fifteen he had a sensual feeling - of pleasure, with erection, at the sight of one of the village - beauties combing her hair. Until that time persons of the opposite sex - had made no impression on him. Two months later, in Paris, the sight - of young girls with their hair flowing down over their shoulders - always excited him intensely. One day he could not resist an - opportunity to twist a young girl’s hair in his fingers. For this he - was arrested and sentenced to imprisonment for three months. After - that he served five years as a soldier. During this time hair was not - dangerous for him, though also not very accessible; but he dreamed - sometimes of female heads with the hair braided or flowing. Occasional - coitus with women, but without having their hair effective as a - fetich. Once more in Paris, he again dreamed as before, and became - greatly excited by female hair. He never dreamed about the whole form - of a woman, only of heads with braids of hair. His sexual excitement - due to this fetich had become so intense of late that he had resorted - to masturbation. The idea of touching female hair, or, better, of - possessing it to masturbate while handling it, grew more and more - powerful. Of late, when he had female hair in his fingers, ejaculation - was induced. One day he succeeded in cutting hair, about 25 - centimetres long, from three little girls in the street, and keeping - it in his possession, when he was arrested in a fourth attempt. Deep - regret and shame. He was not sentenced. Since spending some time in - the asylum, he has so far improved that female hair no longer excites - him. Set at liberty, he thought of going to his native place, where - the women wear their hair done up. (Magnan, _Archiv. de l’anthropol. - criminelle_, v, Nr. 28.) - -A third case is the following, which is likewise suited to illustrate -the psychopathic nature of such phenomena; and the remarkable means -which induced a cure are worthy of note:— - - Case 80. _Hair-fetichism._ Mr. X., between thirty and forty years old; - from the higher class of society; single. He says that he comes of a - healthy family, but from childhood has been nervous, vacillating, and - peculiar; that since his eighth year he has been powerfully attracted - by female hair. This was particularly true in the case of young girls. - When he was nine years old, a girl of thirteen seduced him. He did not - understand it, and was not at all excited. A twelve-year-old sister of - this girl also courted, kissed, and hugged him. He allowed this - quietly, because this girl’s hair pleased him so well. When about ten - years old, he began to have sensual feelings at the sight of female - hair that pleased him. Gradually these feelings occurred - spontaneously, and memory-pictures of girls’ hair were always - immediately associated with them. At the age of eleven he was taught - to masturbate by school-mates. The associative connection of sexual - feelings and a fetichistic idea was already established, and always - appeared when the patient indulged in evil practices with his - companions. With advancing years, the fetich grew more and more - powerful. Even false hair began to excite him, but he always preferred - natural hair. When he could touch or kiss it, he was perfectly happy. - He wrote essays and poems on the beauty of female hair; he sketched - heads of hair and masturbated. After his fourteenth year he became so - powerfully excited by his fetich that he had violent erections. In - contrast with his early taste while a boy, he was now charmed only by - luxuriant, thick black hair. He experienced intense desire to kiss - such hair, particularly to suck it. To touch such hair afforded him - but little satisfaction; he obtained much more pleasure in looking at - it, but particularly in kissing and sucking it. If this were - impossible, he would become unhappy, even to the extent of tædium - vitæ. Then he would attempt to relieve himself, imagining fantastic - “hair-adventures” and masturbating. Not infrequently, in the street - and in crowds, he could not keep from imprinting a kiss on ladies’ - heads. He would then hurry home to masturbate. Sometimes he could - resist this impulse; but it was then necessary for him, filled with - feelings of fear, to run away as quickly as possible, in order to - escape the domination of his fetich. He was only once impelled to cut - off a girl’s hair in a crowd. In the act he was seized with fear, and - was not successful with his pocket-knife; and, by flight, he narrowly - escaped detection. - - When he became mature, he attempted to satisfy himself in coitus with - puellis. He induced powerful erection by kissing the hair, but could - not induce ejaculation. Therefore, he was unsatisfied by coitus. At - the same time, his favorite idea was coitus with kissing of hair; but - even this did not satisfy him, because it did not induce ejaculation. - _Faute de mieux_, he once stole the combings of a lady’s hair, put it - in his mouth, and masturbated while calling its owner up in - imagination. In the dark a woman could not interest him, because he - could not then see her hair. Flowing hair also had no charm for him; - nor did the hair about the genitals. His erotic dreams were all about - hair. Of late the patient had become so excited that he had a kind of - satyriasis. He was incapable of business, and felt so unhappy that he - sought to drown his sorrow in alcohol. He drank large quantities, had - alcoholic delirium, an attack of alcoholic epilepsy, and required - hospital treatment. After the intoxication had passed away, under - appropriate treatment, the sexual excitement soon disappeared; and - when the patient was discharged, he was freed from his fetichistic - idea, save for its occasional occurrence in dreams. The physical - examination showed normal genitals and no degenerative signs whatever. - -Such cases of hair-fetichism, which lead to attacks on female hair, seem -to occur everywhere, from time to time. In November, 1890, according to -reports in American newspapers, several cities in the United States were -troubled by such hair-despoilers. - -(b) _The Fetich is an Article of Female Attire._—The great importance of -adornment, ornament, and dress, in the normal vita sexualis of man, is -very generally recognized. Culture and fashion[97] have, to a certain -extent, endowed woman with artificial sexual characteristics, the -removal of which, when woman is seen unattired, in spite of the normal -sensual effect of this sight, may exert an opposite influence.[98] It -should not be overlooked that female dress often shows a tendency to -emphasize and exaggerate certain sexual peculiarities,—secondary sexual -characteristics (bosom, waist, hips). In most individuals the sexual -instinct awakes long before there is any possibility or opportunity of -intimate intercourse, and the early desires of youth are concerned with -the ordinary appearance of the attired female form. Thus it happens that -not infrequently, at the beginning of the vita sexualis, ideas of the -persons exerting sexual charms and ideas of their attire become -associated. This association may be lasting—the attired woman may be -always preferred—if the individuals dominated by this perversion do not -in other respects attain to a normal vita sexualis, and find -gratification in natural charms. - -In psychopathic individuals, sexually hyperæsthetic, as a result of -this, it actually happens that the dressed woman is always preferred to -the nude female form. It may be recalled that in Case 48 the woman was -not to take off a garment, and that in Case 51, _equus eroticus_, the -woman was preferred dressed. In Case 89, of the sixth edition,—that of a -man manifesting contrary sexuality,—the same preference is expressed. - -Dr. Moll (_op. cit._) mentions a patient who could not perform coitus -with puella nuda; the woman had to have on a chemise, at least. The same -author (_op. cit._, p. 129) mentions a man affected with contrary -sexuality, who was subject to the same dress-fetichism. - -The reason for this phenomenon is apparently to be found in the mental -onanism of such individuals. In seeing innumerable clothed forms, they -have cultivated desires before seeing nudity.[99] - -A more marked form of dress-fetichism is that in which, instead of the -dressed woman, a certain kind of attire becomes a fetich. One can -understand how, with an intense and early sexual impression, combined -with the idea of a particular garment on the woman, in hyperæsthetic -individuals, a very intense interest in this garment might be developed. - -Hammond (_op. cit._) reports the following case, taken from Roubaud -(“Traité de l’impuissance,” Paris):— - - Case 81. X., son of a general. He was raised in the country. At the - age of fourteen he was initiated into the joys of love by a young - lady. This lady was a blonde, and wore her hair in ringlets; and, in - order to avoid detection in sexual intercourse with her young lover, - she always wore her usual clothing,—gaiters, a corset, and a silk - dress. - - When his studies were completed, and he was sent to a garrison where - he could enjoy freedom, he found that his sexual desire could be - excited only under certain conditions. A brunette could not excite him - in the least, and a woman in night-clothes could stifle every bit of - love in him. In order to awaken his desire, a woman had to be a - blonde, and wear gaiters, a corset, and a silk dress,—in short, she - had to be dressed like the lady who had first awakened his sexual - desire. He was always compelled to give up thoughts of matrimony, - because he knew he would be unable to fulfill his marital duty with a - woman in night-clothes. - - Hammond reports another case where coitus maritalis could be performed - only by the help of a certain costume; and Dr. Moll mentions several - similar cases in individuals of hetero- and homo-sexuality. The cause - may often be shown to be an early association, and such may always be - assumed. It is only in this way that one can explain why a certain - costume cannot be resisted by such individuals, no matter what person - wears the fetich. Thus one can understand why, as Coffignon (_op. - cit._) relates, men at brothels demand that the women with whom they - are concerned put on certain costumes, such as that of a - ballet-dancer, or nun, etc.; and why these houses are furnished with a - complete wardrobe for such purposes. - - Binet (_op. cit._) relates the case of a judge who was exclusively in - love with Italian girls who came to Paris as artists’ models, and - their peculiar costume. The cause was here demonstrably an impression - made at the time of the awakening of the sexual instinct. - -A third form of dress-fetichism, having a much higher degree of -pathological significance, is by far the most frequent. In this form it -is no longer the woman herself, dressed, or even dressed in a particular -fashion, that constitutes the principal sexual stimulus, but the sexual -interest is so concentrated on some certain article of female attire -that the lustful idea of this object is entirely separated from the idea -of woman, and thus obtains an independent value. This is the real domain -of dress-fetichism, where an inanimate object—an isolated article of -wearing-apparel—is alone used for the excitation and satisfaction of the -sexual instinct. This third form of dress-fetichism is also the one that -is important forensically. - -In a large number of these cases the fetiches are articles of female -underwear, which, owing to their private use, are suited to occasion -such associations. - - Case 82. K., aged 45, shoemaker, is reported to be without hereditary - taint. He is peculiar, and has small mental endowment. He is of - masculine habitus and without signs of degeneration. Previously - blameless in conduct, on the evening of July 5, 1876, he was detected - taking stolen female under-garments from a place of concealment. There - were found with him about three hundred articles of the female toilet, - among them, besides chemises and drawers, night-caps, garters, and a - female doll. When arrested he was wearing a chemise. Since his - thirteenth year he had been a slave to an impulse to steal women’s - linen; but, after his first punishment for it, he had become very - careful, and stolen with refinement and success. When this longing - came over him, he would grow anxious, and his head would become heavy. - Then he could not resist the impulse, cost what it might. He was - indifferent to the source of the articles. At night, on going to bed, - he would put on the stolen clothing and create beautiful women in - imagination, thus inducing pleasurable feeling and ejaculation. This - was apparently the motive of his thefts; at least, he had never - disposed of any of the articles, but had hidden them here and there. - - He declared that, earlier in his life, he had indulged in normal - sexual intercourse with women. He denied onanism, pederasty, and other - sexual acts. He said he was engaged at twenty-five, but the engagement - was broken through no fault of his. He was incapable of insight into - the abnormality of his condition and the wrong of his acts. (Passow, - _Vierteljahrsschrift f. ger. Medic._, N. F. xxviii, p. 61; Krauss, - “Psychologie des Verbrechens,” 1884, p. 190.) - -Hammond (_op. cit._) reports a case of passionate interest in single -articles of female wearing-apparel. Here, also, the patient’s pleasure -consisted in wearing a corset and other female garments (without any -traces of contrary sexual instinct). The pain of tight lacing, -experienced by himself or induced in women, is a delight to -him,—sadistic-masochistic element. - -A case probably belonging here is one reported by Diez (“Der -Selbstmord,” 1838, p. 24), where a young man could not resist the -impulse to tear female linen. While tearing it, he always had -ejaculation. - -A combination of fetichism with an impulse to destroy the fetich (in a -certain sense, sadism with inanimate objects) seems to occur quite -frequently (comp. Case 93). - -An article of dress, which, though it has not really a private -character, by its material and color, as well as by the place where it -is worn, recalls under-garments, and hence has sexual relations, is the -apron (comp. also the metonymic use of the word “apron” for “petticoat” -in the saying, “To chase every apron,” etc.). This explains the -following case:— - - Case 83. C., aged 37; of a badly tainted family; of small mental - endowment; plagiocephalic. At fifteen his attention was attracted by - aprons hung out to dry. He bound them about himself and masturbated - behind the fence. From that time he could not see aprons without - repeating the act. If any one—no matter whether man or woman—with an - apron on came near him, he was compelled to run after the person. In - order to free him from this constant stealing of aprons, he was sent - as a marine in his sixteenth year. In this calling he saw no aprons, - and had continual rest. When, at nineteen, he returned home, he was - again compelled to steal aprons, and, as a result, got into serious - complications, and was several times locked up. He sought to free - himself of his weakness by a sojourn of several years in a cloister. - When he came out, he was just as bad as before. As a result of a new - theft, he underwent a medico-legal examination, and was committed to - an asylum. He never stole anything but aprons. It was a pleasure to - him to revel in the memory of the first apron he ever stole. His - dreams were filled with aprons. He occasionally used the memory of his - thefts to make coitus possible, or for masturbation. (Charcot and - Magnan, _Arch. de neurolog._, 1882, Nr. 12.) - - In a case reported by Lombroso (“Amori anomali precoci nei pazzi,” - _Arch. di psich._, 1883, p. 17), analogous to those of this series, a - boy of very bad heredity, at the age of four, had erections and great - sexual excitement at the sight of white garments, particularly - underclothing. He was lustfully excited by handling and crumpling - them. At the age of ten he began to masturbate at the sight of white, - starched linen. He seems to have been affected with moral insanity, - and was executed for murder. - -The following case of petticoat-fetichism is combined with peculiar -circumstances:— - - Case 84. Z., aged 35; official; the only child of a nervous mother and - healthy father. From childhood he was “nervous,” and at the - consultation his neuropathic eyes, delicate, slender body, fine - features, very thin voice, and sparse growth of beard attracted - attention. The patient presents nothing abnormal except symptoms of - slight neurasthenia. Genitals and sexual functions normal. Patient - states that he has only masturbated four or five times, and that when - he was very young. As early as at the age of thirteen, the patient was - powerfully excited sexually by the sight of wet female dresses; while - the same dresses, when dry, had no effect upon him. His greatest - delight was to look at women with wet garments in the rain. If he met - a woman having a pleasing face under such circumstances, he - experienced an intense feeling of lustful pleasure, had erection, and - felt impelled to perform coitus. He states that he has never had any - desire to wet female dresses or to throw water on women. He can give - no explanation of the origin of his peculiarity. - - It is possible that, in this case, the sexual instinct was first - awakened by the sight of a woman as she exposed her charms by raising - her skirts in wet weather. The obscure instinct, not yet conscious of - its object, then became directed to the wet garments, as in other - cases. - -_Lovers of female handkerchiefs_ are frequent, and, therefore, important -forensically. As to the frequency of handkerchief-fetichism, it may be -remarked that the handkerchief is the one article of feminine attire -which, outside of intimate association, is most frequently displayed, -and which, with its warmth from the person and specific odors, may by -accident fall into the hands of others. The frequency of early -association of lustful feelings with the idea of a handkerchief, which -may always be presumed to have occurred in such cases of fetichism, -probably is due to this. - - Case 85. A baker’s assistant, aged 32, single, previously of good - repute, was discovered stealing a handkerchief from a lady. In sincere - remorse, he confessed that he had stolen from eighty to ninety such - handkerchiefs. He had cared only for handkerchiefs, and, indeed, only - for those belonging to young women attractive to him. In his outward - appearance the culprit presents nothing peculiar. He dresses himself - with much taste. His conduct is peculiar, anxious, depressed, and - unmanly, and he often lapses into whining and tears. Lack of - self-reliance, weakness of comprehension, and slowness of perception - and reflection, are noticeable. One of his sisters is epileptic. He - lives in good circumstances; was never severely sick; developed well. - In relating his history, he shows weakness of memory and lack of - clearness; calculation is hard for him, though when young he learned - and comprehended easily. His anxious, uncertain state of mind gives - rise to a suspicion of onanism. The culprit confessed that he had been - given to this practice excessively since his nineteenth year. For some - years, as a result of his vice, he had suffered with depression, - lassitude, trembling of the limbs, pain in the back, and - disinclination for work. Frequently a depressed, anxious state of mind - came over him, in which he avoided people. He had exaggerated, - fantastic notions about the results of sexual intercourse with women, - and could not bring himself to indulge in it. Of late, however, he had - thought of marriage. With great remorse and in a weak-minded way, X. - now confessed that six months before, while in a crowd, he became - violently excited sexually at the sight of a pretty young girl, and - was compelled to crowd up against her. He felt an impulse to - compensate himself for the want of a more complete satisfaction of his - sexual excitement, by stealing her handkerchief. Thereafter, as soon - as he came near attractive females, with violent sexual excitement, - palpitation of the heart, erection and _impetus coeundi_, the impulse - would seize him to crowd up against them and, _faute de mieux_, steal - their handkerchiefs. Although the consciousness of his criminal act - never left him for a moment, he was unable to make any resistance to - the impulse. During the act he felt an anxiety which was in part due - to his inordinate sexual impulse, and partly to the fear of detection. - The medico-legal opinion rightly gave weight to the congenital mental - enfeeblement and the pernicious influence of masturbation, and - referred the abnormal impulses to a perverse sexual impulse, calling - attention to the presence of an interesting and well-known - physiological connection between the olfactory and sexual senses. The - inability to resist the pathological impulse was recognized. X. was - not punished. (Zippe, _Wiener Med. Wochenschrift_, 1879, Nr. 23.) - -I am indebted to the kindness of Dr. Fritsch, of Vienna, for further -facts concerning this handkerchief-fetichist, who was again arrested in -August, 1890, in the act of taking a handkerchief from a lady’s pocket:— - - On searching his house, four hundred and forty-six ladies’ - handkerchiefs were found. He stated that he had burned besides two - bundles of them. In the course of the examination, it was further - shown that X. had been punished with imprisonment for fourteen days, - in 1883, for stealing twenty-seven handkerchiefs, and again with - imprisonment for three weeks, in 1886, for a similar crime. Concerning - his relatives, nothing more could be learned than that his father was - subject to congestions, and that a brother’s daughter was weak-minded - and constitutionally neuropathic. X. had married in 1879, and embarked - in an independent business, and in 1881 he made an assignment. Soon - after that, his wife, who could not live with him, and with whom he - did not perform his marital duty (denied by X.), demanded a divorce. - Thereafter he lived as assistant baker to his brother. He complained - bitterly of an impulse for ladies’ handkerchiefs, but when opportunity - offered, unfortunately, he could not resist it. In the act he - experienced a feeling of delight, and felt as if some one were forcing - him to it. Sometimes he could restrain himself, but, when the lady was - pleasing to him, he yielded to the first impulse. He would be wet with - sweat, partly from fear of detection, and partly on account of the - impulse to perform the act. He says he has been sensually excited, by - the sight of handkerchiefs belonging to women, since puberty. He - cannot recall the exact circumstances of this fetichistic association. - The sensual excitement, occasioned by the sight of a lady with a - handkerchief hanging out of her pocket, had constantly increased. This - had repeatedly caused erection, but never ejaculation. After his - twenty-first year, he says, he had inclination to normal sexual - indulgence, and had coitus without difficulty without ideas of - handkerchiefs. With increasing fetichism, the appropriation of - handkerchiefs had afforded him much more satisfaction than coitus. The - appropriation of the handkerchief of a lady attractive to him was the - same to him as intercourse with her would have been. In the act he had - true orgasm. - - If he could not gain possession of the handkerchief he desired, he - would become painfully excited, tremble, and sweat all over. He kept - separate the handkerchiefs of ladies particularly pleasing to him, and - reveled in the sight of them, taking great pleasure in it. The odor of - them also gave him great delight, though he states that it was really - the odor peculiar to the linen, and not the perfume, which excited him - sensually. He had masturbated but very seldom. - - X. complained of no physical ailments except occasional headache and - vertigo. He greatly regretted his misfortune, his abnormal - impulse,—the evil spirit that impelled him to such criminal acts. He - had but one wish: that some one might help him. Objectively there are - mild neurasthenic symptoms, anomalies of the distribution of blood, - and unequal pupils. - - It was proved that X. had committed his crimes in obedience to an - abnormal, irresistible impulse. Pardon. - -Such cases of handkerchief-fetichism, where an abnormal individual is -driven to theft, are very numerous. They also occur in combination with -contrary sexuality, as is proved by the following case, which I borrow -from page 125 of Dr. Moll’s frequently-cited work[100]:— - - Case 86. _Handkerchief-fetichism in a Case of Contrary Sexual - Instinct._—K., aged 38; mechanic; a powerfully built man. He makes - numerous complaints,—weakness of the legs, pain in the back, headache, - want of pleasure in work, etc. The complaints give the decided - impression of neurasthenia with tendency to hypochondria. Only after - the patient had been under my treatment several months did he state - that he was also abnormal sexually. - - K. had never had any inclination whatever for women; but handsome men, - on the other hand, had a peculiar charm for him. Patient had - masturbated frequently until he came to me. He had never practiced - mutual onanism or pederasty. He did not think that he would have found - satisfaction in this, because, in spite of his preference for men, an - article of white linen was his chief charm, though the beauty of its - owner played a _rôle_. The handkerchiefs of handsome men particularly - excite him sexually. His greatest delight is to masturbate in men’s - handkerchiefs. For this reason he often took his friend’s - handkerchiefs. In order to save himself from detection, he always left - one of his own handkerchiefs with his friend in place of the one he - stole. In this way he sought to escape the suspicion of theft, by - creating the appearance of a mistake. Other articles of men’s linen - also excited K. sexually, but not to the extent handkerchiefs did. - - K. had often performed coitus with women, having erection and - ejaculation, but without lustful pleasure. There was also nothing - which could stimulate the patient to the performance of coitus. - Erection and ejaculation occurred only when, during the act, he - thought of a man’s handkerchief; and this was easier for the patient - when he took a friend’s handkerchief with him, and had it in his hand - during coitus. In accordance with his sexual perversion, in his - nightly pollutions with lustful ideas, men’s linen played the - principal _rôle_. - -It is possible that, in this interest in (used) handkerchiefs, elements -of feeling in the sense of masochism, group “_c_,” are also often at -work. - -Still far more frequent than the fetichism of linen garments is that of -women’s shoes. These cases are, in fact, almost innumerable, and a great -many of them have been scientifically studied; but I have but a few -reports at second hand of the similar glove-fetichism (concerning the -reason for the relative infrequency of glove-fetichism, _vide_ p. 161). - -In shoe-fetichism the close relationship of the object to the feminine -person, which explains linen-fetichism, is absolutely wanting. For this -reason, and because there is a large number of well-observed cases at -hand, in which the fetichistic enthusiasm for the female shoe or boot -consciously and undoubtedly arises from masochistic ideas, an origin of -a masochistic nature, even when it is concealed, may always be assumed -in shoe-fetichism, when, in the concrete case, no other manner of origin -is demonstrable. For this reason the majority of the cases of shoe- or -foot-fetichism have been given under “Masochism.” There the constant -masochistic character of this form of erotic fetichism has been -sufficiently demonstrated by means of transitional conditions. This -presumption of the masochistic character of shoe-fetichism is weakened -and removed only where another accidental cause for an association -between sexual excitation and the idea of women’s shoes—the occurrence -of which is quite improbable _a priori_—is demonstrable. In the two -following cases, however, there is such a demonstrable connection:— - - Case 87. _Shoe-fetichism._ Mr. v. P., of an old and honorable family, - Pole, aged 32, consulted me, in 1890, on account of “unnaturalness” of - his vita sexualis. He gave the assurance that he came of a perfectly - healthy family. He had been nervous from childhood, and had suffered - with chorea minor at the age of eleven. For ten years he had suffered - with sleeplessness and various neurasthenic ailments. From his - fifteenth year he had recognized the difference of the sexes and been - capable of sexual excitation. At the age of seventeen he had been - seduced by a French governess, but coitus was not permitted; so that - intense mutual sensual excitement (mutual masturbation) was all that - was possible. In this situation his attention was attracted by her - very elegant boots. They made a very deep impression. His intercourse - with this lewd person lasted four months. During this association her - shoes became a fetich for the unfortunate boy. He began to have an - interest in ladies’ shoes in general, and actually went about trying - to catch sight of ladies wearing pretty boots. The shoe-fetichism - gained great power over his mind. He had the governess touch his penis - with her shoes, and thus ejaculation with great lustful feeling was - immediately induced. After separation from the governess, he went to - puellis, whom he had perform the same manipulation. This was usually - sufficient for satisfaction. Only seldom did he resort to coitus as an - auxiliary, and inclination for it grew less and less. His vita - sexualis consisted of dream-pollutions, in which women’s shoes played - the exclusive _rôle_; and of gratification with women’s shoes apposita - ad mentulam, but this had to be done by the puella. In the society of - the opposite sex the only thing that interested him was the shoe, and - that only when it was elegant, of the French style, with heels, and of - a brilliant black, like the original. - - In the course of time the following conditions have become accessory: - A prostitute’s shoe that is elegant and _chic_; starched petticoats, - and black hose, if possible. Nothing else in woman interests him. _He - is absolutely indifferent to the naked foot._ Women have not the - slightest mental charm for him. He had never had masochistic desires, - in the sense of being trod upon. In the course of years his fetichism - had gained such power that when he saw a lady on the street, of a - certain appearance and with certain shoes, he was so intensely excited - that he had to masturbate. Slight pressure on the penis sufficed to - induce ejaculation, in his state of severe neurasthenia. Shoes - displayed in shops, and, of late, even advertisements of shoes, - sufficed to excite him intensely. In states of intense libido he made - use of onanism, if shoes were not at his immediate command. The - patient quite early recognized the pain and danger of his condition, - and, even when he was free from neurasthenic ailments, he was morally - very much depressed. He sought help of various physicians. Cold-water - cures and hypnotism were unsuccessful. The most celebrated physicians - advised him to marry, and assured him that, as soon as he once really - loved a girl, he would be free from his fetichism. The patient had no - confidence in his future, but he followed the advice of the - physicians. He was cruelly disappointed in the hope which the - authority of the physicians had aroused in him, though he led to the - altar a lady distinguished by both mental and physical charms. The - wedding-night was terrible; he felt like a criminal, and did not - approach his wife. The next day he saw a prostitute with the required - _chic_. He was weak enough to have intercourse with her in his way. - Then he bought a pair of elegant ladies’ boots, and hid them in bed, - and, by touching them, while in marital embrace, after a few days, he - was able to perform his marital duty. He ejaculated tardily, for he - had to force himself to coitus; and, after a few weeks, this artifice - failed, because his imagination failed. He felt unspeakably miserable, - and would have preferred to make an end of himself. He could no longer - satisfy his wife, who was sensual, and much excited by their previous - intercourse; and he saw her suffering severely, both mentally and - morally. He could not, and would not, disclose his secret. He - experienced disgust in marital intercourse; he felt afraid of his - wife, and feared the coming of night and being alone with her. He - could no longer induce erection. - - He again made attempts with prostitutes, and satisfied himself by - touching their shoes. Then the puella had to touch his penis, when he - would have ejaculation; but, if this did not take place, he would - attempt coitus with the lewd woman; without success, however, for - ejaculation would occur immediately. In absolute despair, the patient - comes for consultation. He deeply regretted that, against his inner - conviction, he had followed the unfortunate advice of the physicians, - and made a virtuous wife unhappy, having deeply injured her, both - mentally and morally. Could he answer God for continuing such a - marriage? Even if he were to discover himself to his wife, and she - were to do everything for him, it would not help him; for the familiar - perfume of the _demi-monde_ was also necessary. - - Aside from his mental pain, this unfortunate man presented no - remarkable symptoms. Genitals perfectly normal. Prostate somewhat - enlarged. He complained that he was so under the domination of his - boot-ideas that he would even blush when boots were talked about. His - whole imagination was given up to such ideas. When he was on his - estate, he often suddenly had to go a distance of ten miles to the - city, to satisfy his fetichism with shoe-stores or with puellis. - - This pitiable man could not bring himself to take treatment; for his - faith in physicians had been greatly shaken. An attempt to ascertain - whether hypnosis and a removal of the fetichistic association by this - means, were possible, increased the mental excitement of the - unfortunate man, who was exclusively controlled by the thought that he - had made his wife unhappy. - - Case 88. X., aged 24, from a badly-tainted family (mother’s brother - and grandfather insane, one sister epileptic, another sister subject - to migraine, parents of excitable temperament). During dentition he - had had convulsions. At the age of seven he was taught to masturbate - by a servant-girl. X. first experienced pleasure in these - manipulations when this girl occasionally _stroked his penis with her - foot with her shoe on_. Thus, in the predisposed boy, an association - was established, as a result of which, from that time on, merely the - sight of women’s shoes, and, finally, merely the idea of them, - sufficed to induce sexual excitement and erection. He now masturbated - while looking at women’s shoes, or while calling them up in - imagination. At school the teacher’s shoes excited him intensely, and - in general he was affected by shoes that were partly concealed by - female garments. One day he could not keep from grasping the teacher’s - shoes,—an act that caused him great sexual excitement. In spite of - punishment he could not keep from performing this act repeatedly. - Finally, it was recognized that there must be an abnormal motive in - play, and he was sent to a male teacher. He then reveled in the memory - of shoe-scenes with his former school-mistress, and thus had - erections, orgasm, and, after his fourteenth year, ejaculation. At the - same time, he masturbated while thinking of a woman’s shoe. One day - the thought came to him to increase his pleasure by using such a shoe - for masturbation. Thereafter he frequently took shoes secretly, and - used them for that purpose. - - Nothing else in a woman could excite him; the thought of coitus filled - him with horror. Men did not interest him in any way. At the age of - eighteen he opened a general store, and, among other things handled - ladies’ shoes. He was excited sexually by fitting shoes for his female - patrons, or by manipulating shoes that they had worn. One day, while - doing this, he had an epileptic attack, and, soon after, another, - while practicing onanism in his customary way. Then he recognized, for - the first time, the injury to health caused by his sexual practices. - He tried to overcome his onanism, sold no more shoes, and strove to - free himself from the abnormal association between women’s shoes and - the sexual function. Then frequent pollutions, with erotic dreams - about shoes, occurred, and the epileptic attacks continued. Though - devoid of the slightest feeling for the female sex, he determined on - marriage, which seemed to him to be the only remedy. - - He married a pretty young lady. In spite of lively erections when he - thought of his wife’s shoes, in attempts at cohabitation he was - absolutely impotent; for his distaste for coitus, and for close - intercourse in general, was far more powerful than the influence of - the shoe-idea, which induced sexual excitement. On account of his - impotence, the patient applied to Dr. Hammond, who treated his - epilepsy with bromides, and advised him to hang a shoe up over his - bed, and look at it fixedly during coitus, at the same time imagining - his wife to be a shoe. The patient became free from epileptic attacks, - and potent so that he could have coitus about once a week. Too, his - sexual excitation by women’s shoes grew less and less. (Hammond, - “Sexual Impotence.”) - -Following these two cases of shoe-fetichism, which apparently depend -merely upon accidental association, and are not favored by any inner -relation between the things themselves, is given the very strange case -of a fetichist who was excited sexually only by the idea of a night-cap -on the head of an ugly old woman; also a case arising apparently from -merely accidental association:— - - Case 89. L., aged 37, clerk, from tainted family, had his first - erection at five years, when he saw his bed-fellow—an aged - relative—put on a night-cap. The same thing occurred later, when he - saw an old servant put on her night-cap. Later, simply the idea of an - old, ugly woman’s head, covered with a night-cap, was sufficient to - cause an erection. Simply the sight of a cap, or of a naked woman or - man, made no impression, but the mere touch of a night-cap induced - erection, and sometimes even ejaculation. L. was not a masturbator, - and had never been sexually active until his thirty-second year, when - he married a young girl with whom he had fallen in love. On his - marriage-night he remained cold until, from necessity, he brought to - his aid the memory-picture of an ugly woman’s head with a night-cap. - Coitus was immediately successful. Thereafter it was always necessary - for him to use this means. Since childhood he had been subject to - occasional attacks of depression, with tendency to suicide, and now - and then to frightful hallucinations at night. When looking out of - windows, he became dizzy and anxious. He was a perverse, peculiar, and - easily embarrassed man, of bad mental constitution. (Charcot and - Magnan, _Arch. de neurol._, 1882, No. 12.) - -In this very peculiar case, the simultaneous coincidence of the first -sexual excitation and an absolutely heterogeneous impression seems to -have determined the association. - -Hammond (_op. cit._) also mentions a case of accidental associative -fetichism that is quite as peculiar. A married man, aged 30, who, in -other respects, was healthy, physically and mentally, is said to have -suddenly lost his sexual power, after moving to another house, and to -have regained it as soon as the furniture of the sleeping-room had been -arranged as it was before. - -(c) _The Fetich is Some Special Material._—There is a third principal -group of fetichists who have as a fetich neither a portion of the female -body nor a part of female attire, but some particular material which is -so used, not because it is a material for female garments, but because -in itself it can arouse or increase sexual feelings. In many cases of -this kind, the act of feeling of such material during the sexual act -seems indispensable, in order to make the latter possible, or at least -satisfactory. Such materials are furs, velvet, and silk. - -These cases differ from the foregoing instances of erotic -dress-fetichism, in that these materials, unlike female linen, do not -have any close relation to the female body; and, unlike shoes and -gloves, they are not related to certain parts of the person which have -peculiar symbolic significance. Moreover, this fetichism cannot be due -to an accidental association, like that in the cases of the night-caps -and the arrangement of the sleeping-room; for these cases form an entire -group having the same object. It must be presumed that certain tactile -sensations (a kind of tickling which stands in some distant relation to -lustful sensations?), in hyperæsthetic individuals, furnish the occasion -for the origin of this fetichism. - -The following is a personal observation of a man affected with this -peculiar fetichism:— - - Case 90. N. N., aged 37; of a neuropathic family; neuropathic - constitution. He makes the following statement: “From my earliest - youth I have always had a deeply-rooted partiality for furs and - velvet, in that these materials cause me sexual excitement, and the - sight and touch of them give me lustful pleasure. I can recall no - event that caused this peculiarity (such as the simultaneous - occurrence of the first sexual excitation and an impression of these - materials,—_i.e._, first excitation by a woman dressed in them); in - fact, I cannot remember when this enthusiasm began. However, by this I - would not exclude the possibility of such an event,—of an accidental - connection in a first impression and consequent association; but I - think it very improbable that such a thing took place, because I - believe such an occurrence would have deeply impressed me. All I know - is, that even when a small child I had a lively desire to see and - stroke furs, and thus had an obscure sensual pleasure. With the first - occurrence of definite sexual ideas,—_i.e._, the direction of sexual - thoughts to woman,—the peculiar preference for women dressed in such - materials was present. Since then, up to mature manhood, it has - remained unchanged. A woman wearing furs or velvet, or, better, both, - excites me much more quickly and intensely than one devoid of these - auxiliaries. To be sure, these materials are not a _conditio sine qua - non_ of excitation; the desire occurs also without them, in response - to the usual stimuli; but the sight and, particularly, the touch of - these fetich-materials form for me a powerful aid to other normal - stimuli, and intensify erotic pleasure. Often merely the sight of only - a passably pretty girl, dressed in these materials, causes me lively - excitement, and overcomes me completely. Even the sight of my - fetich-materials gives me pleasure, but the touch of them much more. - (To the penetrating odor of furs I am indifferent—rather, it is - unpleasant—and it is endurable only by reason of the association with - pleasing visual and tactile impressions.) I have an intense longing to - touch these materials while on a woman’s person, to stroke and kiss - them, and bury my face in them. My greatest pleasure is, _inter - actum_, to see and feel my fetich on the woman’s shoulder. - - “Fur, or velvet alone, exerts on me the effect described, the former - much more intensely than the latter. The combination of the two has - the most intense effect. Too, female garments of velvet and fur, seen - and touched without the wearer, cause me sexual excitement; indeed, - though to a less extent, the same effect is exerted by furs or robes - having no relation to female attire, and also by the velvet and plush - of furniture and drapery. Merely pictures of costumes of furs and - velvet are objects of erotic interest to me; indeed, simply the word - “fur” has a magic charm for me, and immediately calls up erotic ideas. - - “Fur is such an object of sexual interest for me that a man wearing - fur that is effective (_v. infra_) makes a very unpleasant, repugnant, - and disgusting impression on me; such as would be made on a normal - person by a man in the costume and attire of a ballet-dancer. - Similarly repugnant to me is the sight of an old or ugly woman clad in - beautiful furs; because opposing feelings are thus aroused. - - “This erotic delight in furs and velvet is something entirely - different from simple æsthetic pleasure. I have a very lively - appreciation of beautiful female attire, and, at the same time, a - particular partiality for point-lace; but it is purely of an æsthetic - nature. A woman dressed in a point-lace _toilette_ (or in other - elegant, elaborate attire) is more _beautiful_ than another; but one - dressed in my fetich-material is more _charming_. - - “But furs exercise on me the effect described only when the fur has - very thick, fine, smooth, and rather long hair, that stands out like - that of the so-called bearded furs. I have noticed that the effect - depends upon this. I am entirely indifferent not only to the common - coarse, bushy furs, but also to those that are commonly regarded as - beautiful and precious, from which the long hair has been removed - (seal, beaver), or of which the hair is naturally short (ermine); and - likewise to those of which the hair is over-long and lies down - (monkey, bear). The specific effect is exerted only by the standing - long hair of the sable, marten, skunk, etc. But velvet is made of - thick, fine, standing hairs (fibres); and its effect may be due to - this. The effect seems to depend upon a very definite impression of - the points of thick, fine hair upon the end-organs of the sensory - nerves. - - “But how this peculiar impression on the tactile nerves is related to - sexual instinct is a perfect enigma to me. The fact is, that this is - the case with many men. I would also state expressly that beautiful - female hair pleases me, but plays no more important part than the - other charm; and that while touching fur I have no thought of female - hair. The tactile sensation, also, has not the least resemblance to - that imparted by female hair. There is never association of any other - idea. Fur, _per se_, arouses sensuality in me,—how, I cannot explain. - - “The mere æsthetic effect, the beauty of costly furs, to which every - one is more or less susceptible; which, since Raphael’s Fornarina and - Reuben’s Helene Fourment, has been used as the foil and frame of - female beauty by innumerable painters; and which plays so important a - _rôle_ in fashion,—the art and science of female dress,—this æsthetic - effect, as has been remarked, explains nothing here. Beautiful furs - have the same æsthetic effect on me as on normal individuals, and - affect me in the same way that flowers, ribbons, precious stones, and - other ornaments affect every one. Such things, when skillfully used, - enhance female beauty, and thus, under certain circumstances, may have - an indirect sensual effect. They never have a direct, powerful, - sensual effect on me, as do the fetich-materials mentioned. - - “Though in me, and, in fact, in all ‘fetichists,’ the sensual and - æsthetic effect must be strictly differentiated, nevertheless, that - does not prevent me from demanding in my fetich a whole series of - æsthetic qualities in form, style, color, etc. I could give a very - lengthy description of these qualities that my taste demands; but I - omit it as not being essential to the real subject in hand. I would - only call attention to the fact that erotic fetichism is complicated - with purely æsthetic tastes. - - “The specific erotic effect of my fetich-materials can be explained no - better by the association with the idea of the person of the female - wearing them, than by their æsthetic impression. For, in the first - place, as has been said, these materials, as such, affect me when - entirely isolated from the body; and, in the second place, articles of - clothing of a much more private nature, and which undoubtedly call up - associations, exert a much weaker influence over me. Thus the - fetich-materials have an independent sensual value for me; why, is an - enigma to me. - - “Feathers in women’s hats, fans, etc., have the same erotic - fetichistic effect on me as furs and velvet (similar tactile sensation - of airy, peculiar tickling). Finally, the fetichistic effect, with - much less intensity, is exerted by other smooth materials (satin and - silk); but rough goods (cloth, flannel) have a repelling effect. - - “In conclusion, I will mention that somewhere I read an article by - Carl Vogt on microcephalic men, according to which these creatures, at - the sight of furs, rushed for them and stroked them with every - manifestation of delight. I am far from any thought, on this ground, - to see in wide-spread fur-fetichism an atavistic retrogression to the - taste of our hairy ancestors. Every cretin, with that simplicity - belonging to his condition, touches anything that pleases him; and the - act is not necessarily of a sexual nature; just as many normal men - like to stroke a cat and the like, or even velvet and furs, and are - not thus excited sexually.” - -In the literature of this subject, there are a few cases belonging -here:— - - Case 91. A boy, aged 12, became powerfully excited sexually when he - chanced to put on a fox-skin. From that time there was masturbation - with the employment of furs, or by means of taking a furry dog to bed. - Ejaculation would result, sometimes followed by an hysterical attack. - His nocturnal pollutions were induced by dreaming that he lay entirely - covered up in a white skin. He was absolutely insusceptible to stimuli - coming from men or women. He was neurasthenic, suffered with delusions - of being watched, and thought that every one noticed his sexual - anomaly. He had tædium vitæ on account of this, and finally became - insane. He had marked taint; his genitals were imperfectly formed, and - he presented other signs of degeneration. (Tarnowsky, _op. cit._, p. - 22.) - - Case 92. C. is an especial lover of velvet. He is attracted in a - normal way by beautiful women, but it particularly excites him to have - the person with whom he has sexual intercourse dressed in velvet. In - this, it is remarkable that it is not so much the sight as the touch - of the velvet that causes the excitation. C. told me that stroking a - woman’s velvet jacket would excite him sexually to an extent scarcely - possible in any other way. (Dr. Moll, _op. cit._, p. 127.) - -The following is a very peculiar case of material-fetichism. It is -combined with the impulse to injure the fetich, which, in this case, -represents an element of sadism toward the woman wearing the fetich, or -impersonal sadism toward objects, which is of frequent occurrence in -fetichists (comp. p. 170). This impulse to injure made this a remarkable -criminal case:— - - Case 93. In July, 1891, Alfred Bachmann, aged 25, locksmith, was - brought before Judge I., in the second term of the criminal court, in - Berlin. In April, 1891, the police had had numerous complaints, - according to which some evil hand had cut women’s dresses with a very - sharp instrument. On April 25, they were successful in arresting the - perpetrator in the person of the accused. A policeman noticed how the - accused pressed, in a remarkable manner, against a lady in the company - of a gentleman, while they were going through a passage. The officer - requested the lady to examine her dress, while he held the man under - suspicion. It was ascertained that the dress had received quite a long - slit. The accused was taken to the station, where he was examined. - Besides a sharp knife, which he confessed he used for cutting dresses, - two silk sashes, such as ladies wear on their dresses, were found on - him; he also confessed that he had taken these from dresses in crowds. - Finally, the examination of his person brought to light a lady’s silk - neck-cloth. The accused said he had found this. Since his statement in - this case could not be refuted, complaint was therefore made to rest - on the result of the search; in two instances in which complaint was - made by the injured parties his acts were designated as injury to - property, and in two other instances as theft. The accused, a man who - had been often punished before, with a pale, expressionless face, - before the judge, gave a strange explanation of his enigmatical - action. A major’s cook had once thrown him down-stairs when he was - begging of her, and since that time he had entertained great hatred of - the whole female sex. There was a doubt about his responsibility, and - he was therefore examined by a physician. The medical expert gave the - opinion, at the final trial, that there was no reason to regard the - accused as insane, though he was of low intelligence. The culprit - defended himself in a peculiar manner. An irresistible impulse forced - him to approach women wearing silk dresses. _The touch of silk - material gave him a feeling of delight_, and this went so far that, - while in prison for examination, he had been excited if a silk thread - happened to pass through his fingers while raveling rags. Judge Müller - considered the accused to be simply a dangerous, vicious man, who - should be made harmless for a long time. He advised imprisonment for - one year. The court sentenced him to six months’ imprisonment, with - loss of honor for a year. - -The following case was communicated to me by a physician:— - - In a brothel a certain man was known by the name of “Velvet.” He - dressed a puella pleasing to him in a black velvet dress, and excited - and satisfied his sexual appetite simply by stroking his face with a - part of the velvet skirt, touching the woman in no other way. - -I am assured by an officer that, among masochists, a partiality for -furs, velvet, and feathers, is very frequent (comp. Case 44). In the -novels of Sacher-Masoch, fur plays an important part; indeed, it -furnishes a title to some of them. The explanation given there seems -far-fetched and unsatisfactory,—that fur (ermine) is the symbol of -royalty, and therefore the fetich of the men described in the novels. - - - II. _Great Diminution or Complete Absence of Sexual Feeling for the - Opposite Sex, with Substitution of Sexual Feeling and Instinct for the - Same Sex. (Homo-sexuality, or Contrary Sexual Instinct)._ - -After the attainment of complete sexual development, among the most -constant elements of self-consciousness in the individual, are the -knowledge of representing a definite sexual personality and the -consciousness of desire, during the period of physiological activity of -the reproductive organs (production of semen and ova), to perform sexual -acts corresponding with that sexual personality,—acts which, consciously -or unconsciously, have a procreative purpose. - -The sexual instinct and desire, save for indistinct feelings and -impulses, remain latent until the period of development of the sexual -organs. The child is _generis neutrius_; and though, during this latent -period,—when sexuality has not yet risen into clear consciousness, is -but virtually present, and unconnected with powerful organic -sensations,—too early excitation of the genitals may occur, either -spontaneously or as a result of external influence, and find -satisfaction in masturbation; yet, notwithstanding this, the _psychical_ -relation to persons of the opposite sex is still absolutely wanting, and -the sexual acts during this period partake more or less of a reflex -spinal nature. - -The fact of innocence, or of sexual neutrality, is the more remarkable, -since very early, in education, employment, dress, etc., the child -undergoes a differentiation from children of the opposite sex. These -impressions, however, remain destitute of mental meaning, because they -apparently are without sexual coloring; for the central organ (cortex) -of sexual emotions and ideas is not yet capable of activity, owing to -its undeveloped condition. - -With the inception of anatomical and functional development of the -generative organs, and the differentiation of form belonging to each -sex, which goes hand in hand with it in the boy or girl, rudiments of a -mental feeling corresponding with the sex are developed; and in this, of -course, education and external influences in general have a powerful -effect upon the individual, who is now all attention. - -If the sexual development is normal and undisturbed, a definite -character, corresponding with the sex, is developed. Certain definite -inclinations and reactions in intercourse with persons of the opposite -sex arise; and it is psychologically worthy of note with what relative -rapidity the definite mental type corresponding with the sex is evolved. - -While modesty, for example, during childhood, is essentially but an -uncomprehended and incomprehensible exaction of education and imitation, -and in the innocence and _näiveté_ of the child but imperfectly -expressed; in the youth and maiden it becomes an imperative requirement -of self-respect; and, if in any way it is offended, intense vasomotor -reaction (blushing) and psychical emotion are induced. - -If the original constitution is favorable and normal, and factors -injurious to the psycho-sexual development exercise no influence, then a -psycho-sexual personality is developed that is so unchangeable, and -corresponds so completely and harmoniously with the sex the individual -represents, that subsequent loss of the generative organs (as by -castration), or the climacteric or senility, cannot essentially alter -it. But this, of course, is not to declare that the castrated man or -woman, the youth and the aged man, the maiden and matron, the impotent -and the potent man, do not differ essentially from one another mentally. - -An interesting and important question for what follows is, whether the -peripheral influences of the generative glands (testes and ovaries), or -central cerebral conditions, are the determining factors in -psycho-sexual development. The fact that congenital deficiency of the -generative glands, or removal of them before puberty, has a great -influence on physical and psycho-sexual development, so that the latter -is distorted and assumes a type more closely resembling the opposite sex -(eunuchs, certain viragoes, etc.), betokens their great importance in -this respect. - -But that the physical processes taking place in the genital organs are -only co-operative, and not the exclusive factors in the process of -development of the psycho-sexual character, is shown by the fact that, -notwithstanding a normal anatomical and physiological state of these -organs, a sexual instinct may be developed which is the exact opposite -of that characteristic of the sex to which the individual belongs. - -In this case, the cause is to be sought only in an anomaly of central -conditions,—in an abnormal psycho-sexual constitution. This -constitution, as far as its anatomical and functional foundation is -concerned, is absolutely unknown. Since, in almost all such cases, the -individual subject to the perverse sexual instinct displays a -neuropathic predisposition in several directions, and the latter may be -brought into relation with hereditary degenerate conditions, this -anomaly of psycho-sexual feeling may be called, clinically, a functional -sign of degeneration. This perverse sexuality appears spontaneously, -without external cause, with the development of sexual life, as an -individual manifestation of an abnormal form of the vita sexualis, and -then has the force of a _congenital_ phenomenon; or it develops upon a -sexuality the beginning of which was normal, as a result of very -definite injurious influences, and thus appears as an _acquired_ -anomaly. Upon what this enigmatical phenomenon of acquired homo-sexual -instinct depends is still inexplicable, and only a matter for -hypothesis. Careful examination of the so-called acquired cases makes it -probable that the predisposition also present here consists of a latent -homo-sexuality, or, at least, bi-sexuality, which, for its -manifestation, requires the influence of accidental exciting causes to -rouse it from its slumber. - -In so-called contrary sexual instinct there are degrees of the -phenomenon which quite correspond with the degrees of predisposition of -the individuals. Thus, in the milder cases, there is simple -hermaphroditism; in more pronounced cases, only homo-sexual feeling and -instinct, but limited to the vita sexualis; in still more complete -cases, the whole psychical personality, and even the bodily sensations, -are transformed to correspond with the sexual perversion; and, in the -complete cases, the physical form is correspondingly altered. - -The following division of the various phenomena of this psycho-sexual -anomaly is made, therefore, in accordance with these clinical facts:— - -A. _Homo-sexual Feeling as an Acquired Manifestation._—The determining -condition here is the demonstration of perverse feeling for the same -sex; not the proof of sexual acts with the same sex. These two phenomena -must not be confounded with each other; perversity must not be taken for -perversion. - -Perverse sexual acts, not dependent upon perversion, often come under -observation. This is especially true with reference to sexual acts -between persons of the same sex, particularly pederasty. Here -paræsthesia sexualis is not necessarily at work; but hyperæsthesia, with -physical or mental impossibility of natural sexual satisfaction. Thus we -find homo-sexual intercourse in impotent masturbators or debauchees, or -_faute de mieux_ in sensual men and women in imprisonment, on -ship-board, in garrisons, bagnios, boarding-schools, etc. - -There is an immediate return to normal sexual intercourse as soon as -obstacles to it are removed. Very frequently the cause of such temporary -aberration is masturbation and its results in youthful individuals. - -Nothing is so prone to contaminate—under certain circumstances, even to -exhaust—the source of all noble and ideal sentiments, which arise of -themselves from a normally developing sexual instinct, as the practice -of masturbation in early years. It despoils the unfolding bud of perfume -and beauty, and leaves behind only the coarse, animal desire for sexual -satisfaction. If an individual, spoiled in this manner, reaches an age -of maturity, there is wanting in him that æsthetic, ideal, pure, and -free impulse which draws one toward the opposite sex. Thus the glow of -sensual sensibility wanes, and the inclination toward the opposite sex -becomes weakened. This defect influences the morals, character, fancy, -feeling, and instinct of the youthful masturbator, male or female, in an -unfavorable way, and, under certain circumstances, allows the desire for -the opposite sex to sink to _nil_; so that masturbation is preferred to -the natural mode of satisfaction. - -Sometimes the development of higher sexual feelings toward the opposite -sex suffers, on account of hypochondriacal fear of infection in sexual -intercourse; or on account of an actual infection; or they suffer as a -result of a faulty education which points out such dangers and -exaggerates them. Again (especially in females), fear of the result of -coitus (pregnancy), or abhorrence of men, by reason of mental or moral -weakness, may direct into perverse channels an instinct that makes -itself felt with abnormal intensity. But too early and perverse sexual -satisfaction injures not merely the mind, but also the body; inasmuch as -it induces neuroses of the sexual apparatus (irritable weakness of the -centres governing erection and ejaculation; defective pleasurable -feeling in coitus), while, at the same time, it maintains the -imagination and libido in continuous excitement. - -Almost every masturbator at last reaches a point where, frightened on -learning the results of the vice, or on experiencing them -(neurasthenia), or led by example or seduction to the opposite sex, he -wishes to free himself of the vice and re-instate his vita sexualis. The -moral and mental conditions are the most unfavorable possible. The pure -glow of sexual feeling is destroyed; the fire of sexual instinct is -wanting, and self-confidence, no less; for every masturbator is more or -less timid and cowardly. If the youthful sinner at last comes to make an -attempt at coitus, he is either disappointed because enjoyment is -wanting, on account of defective sensual feeling, or he is lacking in -the mental strength necessary to accomplish the act. The fiasco has a -fatal effect, and leads to absolute psychical impotence. A bad -conscience and the memory of past failures prevent success in any -further attempts. The constant libido sexualis, however, demands -satisfaction; but this moral and mental perversion separates him further -and further from women. For various reasons, however (neurasthenic -complaints, hypochondriacal fear of the results, etc.), the individual -is kept from masturbation. Occasionally, under such circumstances, there -may be bestiality. Intercourse with the same sex is then near at -hand,—as a result of occasional seduction or of the feelings of -friendship which, on the level of pathological sexuality, easily -associate themselves with sexual feelings. Passive and mutual onanism -then becomes the equivalent of the avoided act. If there is a -seducer,—which, unfortunately, is so frequent,—then the cultivated -pederast is produced,—_i.e._, a man who performs _quasi_ acts of onanism -with persons of his own sex, and, at the same time, feels and prefers -himself in an active _rôle_ corresponding with his real sex; who is -mentally indifferent not only to persons of the opposite sex, but also -to those of his own sex. - -Sexual aberration in the _normally_ constituted, _untainted_, mentally -healthy individual, reaches this degree. No case has been demonstrated -in which perversity has been transformed into perversion,—into a -reversal of the sexual instinct.[101] - -With tainted individuals, the matter is quite different. The latent -perverse sexuality is developed under the influence of neurasthenia -induced by masturbation, abstinence, or otherwise. - -Gradually, in contact with persons of the same sex, sexual excitation by -them is induced. Related ideas are colored with lustful feelings, and -awaken corresponding desires. This decidedly degenerate reaction is the -beginning of a process of physical and mental transformation, a -description of which is attempted in what follows, and which is one of -the most interesting psychological phenomena that has been observed. -This metamorphosis presents different stages, or degrees. - -_I. Degree: Simple Reversal of Sexual Feeling._—This degree is attained -when persons of the same sex have an aphrodisiac effect, and the -individual has a sexual feeling for them. Character and feeling, -however, still correspond with the sex of the individual presenting the -reversal of sexual feeling. He feels himself in the active _rôle_; he -recognizes his impulse toward his own sex as an aberration, and finally -seeks aid. With episodical improvement of the neurosis, at first even -normal sexual feelings may re-appear and assert themselves. The -following case seems well suited to exemplify this stage of the -psycho-sexual degeneration:— - - Case 94. _Acquired Contrary Sexual Instinct._—“I am an official, and, - as far as I know, come of an untainted family. My father died of an - acute disease; my mother is living and is _quite nervous_. _A sister - has been very intensely religious for some years._ - - “I myself am tall, and, in speech, gait, and manner, give a perfectly - masculine impression. Measles is the only disease I have had; but - since my thirteenth year I have suffered with so-called nervous - headache. My sexual life began in my thirteenth year, when I became - acquainted with a boy somewhat older than myself, with whom I took - pleasure in mutual fondling of the genitals. I had the first - ejaculation in my fourteenth year. Seduced to onanism by two older - school-mates, I practiced it partly with others and partly alone; in - the latter case, however, always with the thought of persons of the - female sex. My libido sexualis was very great, as it is to-day. Later, - I tried to win a pretty, stout servant-girl who had very large mammæ; - id solum assecutus sum, ut me praesente superiorem corporis sui partem - enudaret mihique concederet os mammasque osculari, dum ipsa penem meum - valde erectum in manum suam recepit eumque trivit. - - “Notwithstanding my urgent demand for coitus, she would not allow it; - but she finally permitted me to touch her genitals. - - “After going to the University, I visited a brothel and succeeded - without especial effort. - - “There an event occurred which brought a change in me. One evening I - accompanied a friend home, and in a mild state of intoxication I - grasped him ad genitalia. He made but slight opposition. I then went - up to his room with him, and we practiced mutual masturbation. From - that time we indulged in it quite frequently; in fact, it came to - immissio penis in os, with resultant ejaculations. But it is strange - that I was not at all in love with this person, but passionately in - love with another friend, near whom I never felt the slightest sexual - excitement, and whom I never connected with sexual matters, even in - thought. My visits to brothels, where I was gladly received, became - more infrequent; in my friend I found a substitute, and did not desire - sexual intercourse with women. - - “We never practiced pederasty, and that word was not even known - between us. From the beginning of this relation with my friend, I - again masturbated more frequently, and naturally the thought of - females receded more and more into the background, and I thought more - and more about young, handsome, strong men with the largest genitals. - I preferred young fellows, from sixteen to twenty-five years old, - without beards, but they had to be handsome and clean. Young laborers - dressed in trousers of Manchester cloth or English leather, - particularly masons, especially excited me. - - “Persons in my own position had hardly any effect on me; but, at the - sight of one of those strapping fellows of the lower class, I - experienced marked sexual excitement. It seems to me that the touch of - such trousers, the opening of them, and the grasping of the penis, as - well as kissing the fellow, would be the greatest delight. My - sensibility to female charms is somewhat dulled; yet in sexual - intercourse with a woman, particularly when she has well-developed - mammæ, I am always potent without the help of imagination. I have - never attempted to make use of a young laborer, or the like, for the - satisfaction of my evil desires, and never shall; but I often feel the - longing to do it. I often impress on myself the mental image of such a - man, and then masturbate at home. - - “I am absolutely devoid of taste for female work. I rather like to - move in female society, but dancing is repugnant to me. I have a - lively interest in the fine arts. That my sexual sense is partly - reversed is, I believe, in part due to greater convenience, which - keeps me from entering into a relation with a girl; as the latter is a - matter of too much trouble. To be constantly visiting houses of - prostitution is, for æsthetic reasons, repugnant to me; and thus I am - always returning to solitary onanism, which is very difficult for me - to avoid. - - “Hundreds of times I have said to myself that, in order to have a - normal sexual sense, it would be necessary for me, first of all, to - overcome my irresistible passion for onanism,—a practice so repugnant - to my æsthetic feeling. Again and again I have resolved with all my - might to fight this passion; but I am still unsuccessful. When I felt - the sexual impulse gaining strength, instead of seeking satisfaction - in the natural manner, I preferred to masturbate, because I felt that - I would thus have more enjoyment. - - “And yet experience has taught me that I am always potent with girls, - and that, too, without trouble and without the help of imagining - masculine genitals. In one case, however, I did not attain ejaculation - because the woman—it was in a brothel—was devoid of every charm. I - cannot avoid the thought and severe self-accusation that, to a certain - extent, my contrary sexuality is the result of excessive onanism; and - this especially depresses me, because I am compelled to acknowledge - that I scarcely feel strong enough to overcome this vice by the force - of my own will. - - “As a result of my relations with my fellow-student and school-mate - for years, mentioned in this communication,—which, however, began - while we were at the University, and after we had been friends for - seven years,—the impulse to unnatural satisfaction of libido has grown - much stronger. I trust you will permit the description of an incident - which occupied me for months:— - - “In the summer of 1882, I made the acquaintance of a companion six - years younger than myself, who, with several others, had been - introduced to me and my acquaintances. I very soon felt a deep - interest in this handsome man, who was unusually well proportioned, - slim, and full of health. After a few weeks of association, this - feeling became friendship, and at last passionate love, with feelings - of the most intense jealousy. I very soon noticed that, in this, - sexual excitation was also very marked; and, notwithstanding my - determination, aside from all others, to keep myself in check in - relation to this man, whom I respected so highly for his superior - character, one night, after free indulgence in beer, as we were - enjoying a bottle of champagne in my room and drinking to good, true, - and lasting friendship, I yielded to the irresistible impulse to - embrace him, etc. - - “When I saw him, next day, I was so ashamed that I could not look him - in the face. I felt the deepest regret for my action, and accused - myself bitterly for having thus sullied this friendship, which was to - be and remain so pure and precious. In order to prove to him that I - had lost control of myself only momentarily, at the end of the - semester I urged him to make an excursion with me; and after some - reluctance, the reason of which was only too clear to me, he - consented. Several nights we slept in the same room without any - attempt on my part to repeat my action. I wished to talk with him - about the event of that night, but I could not bring myself to it; - even when, during the next semester, we were separated, I could not - induce myself to write to him on the subject; and when I visited him, - in March, at X., it was the same. And yet I felt a great desire to - clear up this dark point by an open statement. In October of the same - year, I was again in X., and this time found courage to speak without - reserve; indeed, I asked him why he had not resisted me. He answered - that, in part, it was because he wished to please me, and, in part, - owing to the fact that he was somewhat apathetic as a result of being - a little intoxicated. I explained to him my condition, and also gave - him “Psychopathia Sexualis” to read, expressing the hope that by the - force of my own will I should become fully and lastingly master of my - unnatural impulse. Since this confession, the relation between this - friend and me has been the most delightful and happy possible; there - are the most friendly feelings on both sides, which are heart-felt and - true; and it is to be hoped that they will endure. - - “If I should not improve my abnormal condition, I am determined to put - myself under your treatment; the more because, after a careful study - of your work, I cannot count myself as belonging to the category of - so-called urnings; and, too, because I have the firm conviction, or - hope, at least, that a strong will, assisted and combined with - skillful treatment, could transform me into a man of normal feeling.” - - Case 95. Ilma S.,[102] aged 29; single; merchant’s daughter. She comes - of a family having bad nervous taint. Father was a drinker and died by - suicide, as also did the patient’s brother and sister. A sister - suffers with convulsive hysteria. Mother’s father shot himself while - insane. Mother was sickly, and died paralyzed after apoplexy. The - patient never had any severe illness. She is bright, enthusiastic, and - dreamy. Menses at the age of eighteen without difficulty; but - thereafter they were very irregular. At fourteen, chlorosis and - catalepsy from fright. Later, hysteria gravis and an attack of - hysterical insanity. At eighteen, relations with a young man which - were not platonic. This man’s love was passionately returned. From - statements of the patient, it seems that she was very sensual, and - after separation from her lover practiced masturbation. After this she - led a romantic life. In order to earn a living, she put on male - clothing, and became a tutor; but she gave up her place because her - mistress, not knowing her sex, fell in love with her and courted her. - Then she became a railway-employé. In the company of her companions, - in order to conceal her sex, she was compelled to visit brothels with - them, and hear the most vulgar stories. This became so distasteful to - her that she gave up her place, resumed the garments of a female, and - again sought to earn her living. She was arrested for a theft, and on - account of severe hystero-epilepsy was sent to the hospital. There, - inclination and impulse toward the same sex were discovered. The - patient became troublesome on account of passionate love for female - nurses and patients. - - Her sexual perversion was considered congenital. With regard to this - the patient made some interesting statements:— - - “I am judged incorrectly, if it is thought that I feel myself a man - toward the female sex. In my whole thought and feeling I am much more - a woman. I loved my cousin as only a woman can love a man. - - “The change of my feeling originated in this, that, in Pesth, dressed - as a man, I had an opportunity to observe my cousin. I saw that I had - wholly deceived myself in him. That gave me terrible heart-pangs. I - knew that I could never love another man; that I belonged to those who - love but once. Of similar effect was the fact that, in the society of - my companions at the railway, I was compelled to hear the most - offensive language and visit the most disreputable houses. As a result - of the insight into men’s motives, gained in this way, I took an - unconquerable dislike to them. However, since I am of a very - passionate nature and need to have some loving person on whom to - depend, and to whom I can wholly surrender myself, I felt myself more - and more powerfully drawn toward intelligent women and girls who were - in sympathy with me.” - -The contrary sexual instinct of this patient, which was clearly -acquired, expressed itself in a stormy and decidedly sensual way, and -was further augmented by masturbation; because constant oversight in -hospitals made sexual satisfaction with the same sex impossible. -Character and occupation remained feminine. There were no manifestations -of viraginity. According to information lately received by the author, -this patient, after two years of treatment in an asylum, was entirely -freed from her neurosis and sexual perversion, and discharged cured. - - Case 96. X., aged 19; mother nervous; two sisters of mother’s father - were insane. Patient of nervous temperament; well endowed mentally; - well developed; normally formed. When he was twelve years old, he was - seduced into mutual onanism by an elder brother. - - After this, the patient continued the vice alone. In the last three - years, during the act of masturbation, he had had peculiar fancies in - the sense of “contrary sexual instinct.” - - He fancies himself a female; as, for example, a ballet-dancer in the - act of coitus with an officer or circus rider. These perverse fancies - have accompanied the act of masturbation since the patient became - neurasthenic. He understands the harm of masturbation, fights - desperately against it, but always gives up to the impulse. - - If he is able to withstand the impulse for a few days, a normal desire - for sexual intercourse with females is awakened; but a certain fear of - infection holds these desires in check, and always drives him again to - masturbation. - - It is worthy of remark that this unfortunate’s lascivious dreams - concerned only females. - - In the course of the last few months, the patient had become very - neurasthenic and hypochondriacal. He feared tabes. - - I advised treatment of the neurasthenia, suppression of masturbation, - and marital cohabitation, if possible, after improvement of the - neurasthenia. - - Case 97. Mr. X, aged 35, single, official; mother insane, brother - hypochondriacal. - - Patient was healthy, strong, of lively sensual temperament. He had - manifested powerful sexual instinct abnormally early, and masturbated - while yet a small boy. He had coitus the first time at the age of - fourteen, he says, with enjoyment and complete power. When fifteen - years old, a man sought to seduce him, and performed manustupration on - him. X. experienced a feeling of repulsion, and freed himself from the - disgusting situation. At maturity he committed excesses in libido, - with coitus; in 1880 he became neurasthenic, being afflicted with - weakness of erection and ejaculatio præcox. He thus became less and - less potent, and no longer experienced pleasure in the sexual act. At - this time of sexual decadence, for a long time, he still had what was - previously foreign to him, and is still incomprehensible to him,—an - inclination for sexual intercourse with immature girls of the age of - twelve or thirteen. His libido increased as virility diminished. - - Gradually he developed inclination for boys of thirteen or fourteen. - He was impelled to approach them. - - Quodsi ei occasio data est ut tangere posset pueros qui ei placuere, - penis vehementer se erexit tum maxime quum crura puerorum tangere - potuisset. Abhinc feminas non cupivit. Nonnunquam feminas ad coitum - coëgit sed erectio debilis, ejaculatio præmatura erat sine ulla - voluptate. - - Now only youths interested him. He dreamed about them and had - pollutions. After 1882 he now and then had opportunity concumbere cum - juvenibus. This led to powerful sexual excitement, which he satisfied - by masturbation. It was only exceptional for him to venture to touch - his bed-fellow and indulge in mutual masturbation. He shunned - pederasty. For the most part, he was compelled to satisfy his sexual - needs by means of solitary masturbation. In the act he called up the - vision of pleasing boys. After sexual intercourse with such boys, he - always felt strengthened and refreshed, but morally depressed; because - there was consciousness of having performed a perverse, indecent, and - punishable act. He found it painful that his disgusting impulse was - more powerful than his will. - - X. thinks that his love for his own sex has resulted from great excess - in natural sexual intercourse, and bemoans his situation. On the - occasion of a consultation, in December, 1889, he asked whether there - were any means to bring him back to a normal sexual condition, since - he had no real horror feminæ, and would very gladly marry. - - This intelligent patient, free from degenerative signs, presented no - abnormal symptoms except those of sexual and spinal neurasthenia of - moderate degree. - -_II. Degree: Eviration and Defemination._—If, in cases of contrary -sexual instinct thus developed, no restoration occurs, then deep and -lasting transformations of the psychical personality may occur. The -process completing itself in this way may be briefly designated -_eviration_. The patient undergoes a deep change of character, -particularly in his feelings and inclinations, which become those of a -female. After this, he also feels himself to be a woman during the -sexual act, has desire only for passive sexual indulgence, and, under -certain circumstances, sinks to the level of a prostitute. In this -condition of deep and more lasting psycho-sexual transformation, the -individual is like the (congenital) urning of high grade. The -possibility of a restoration of the previous mental and sexual -personality seems, in such a case, excluded. - -The following case is a classical example of this variety of lasting -acquired contrary sexual instinct:— - - Case 98. Sch., aged 30, physician, one day told me the story of his - life and malady, asking explanation, and advice concerning certain - anomalies of his vita sexualis. The following description gives, for - the most part verbatim, the details of the autobiography; only in some - portions is it shortened:— - - “My parents were healthy. As a child I was sickly; but with good care - I thrived, and got on well in school. When eleven years old, I was - taught to masturbate by my playmates, and gave myself up to it - passionately. Until I was fifteen, I learned easily. On account of - frequent pollutions, I became less capable, did not get on easily in - school, and was uncertain and embarrassed when called on by the - teacher. Frightened by my loss of capability, and recognizing that the - loss of semen was responsible for it, I gave up masturbation; but the - pollutions became even more frequent, so that I often had two or three - in a night. In despair, I now consulted one physician after another. - None were able to help me. - - “Since I grew weaker and weaker, by reason of the loss of semen, with - the impulse to sexual satisfaction growing more and more powerful, I - sought houses of prostitution. But I was there unable to find - satisfaction; for, even though the sight of a naked female pleased me, - neither orgasm nor erection occurred; and even manustupration by the - puella was not capable of inducing erection. Scarcely would I leave - the house, when the impulse would seize me again, and I would have - violent erections. I grew ashamed before the girls, and ceased to - visit such houses. Thus a couple of years passed. My sexual life - consisted of pollutions. My inclination toward the opposite sex grew - less and less. At nineteen I went to the University. The theatre had - more attractions for me. I wished to become an actor. My parents were - not willing. At the Capital I was compelled now and then to visit - girls with my comrades. I feared such a situation; because I knew that - coitus was impossible for me, and because my friends might discover my - impotence. Therefore, I avoided, as far as possible, the danger of - becoming the butt of jokes and ridicule. - - “One evening, in the opera-house, an old gentleman sat near me. He - courted me. I laughed heartily at the foolish old man, and entered - into his joke. Exinapinato genitalia mea prehendit, quo facto statim - penis meus se erexit. Frightened, I demanded of him what he meant. He - said that he was in love with me. Having heard of hermaphrodites in - the clinics, I thought I had one before me, and became curious to see - his genitals. The old man was very willing, and went with me to the - water-closet. Sicuti penem maximum ejus erectum adspexi, perterritus - effugi. - - “This man followed me, and made strange proposals which I did not - understand, and repelled. He did not give me any rest. I learned the - secrets of male love for males, and felt that my sexuality was excited - by it. But I resisted the shameful passion (as I then regarded it), - and, for the next three years, I remained free from it. During this - time I repeatedly attempted coitus with girls in vain. My attempts to - free myself of my impotence by means of medical treatment were also - vain. Once, when my libido sexualis was troubling me again, I recalled - what the old man had told me: that male-loving men were accustomed to - meet on the E. Promenade. - - “After a hard struggle, and with beating heart, I went there, made the - acquaintance of a blonde man, and allowed myself to be seduced. The - first step was taken. This kind of sexual love was satisfactory to me. - I always preferred to be in the arms of a strong man. The satisfaction - consisted of mutual manustupration; occasionally in osculum ad penem - alterius. I was then twenty-three years old. Sitting, together with my - comrades, on the beds of patients in the clinic during the lectures, - excited me so intensely that I could scarcely listen to the lectures. - In the same year I entered into a formal love-relation with a merchant - of thirty-four. We lived as man and wife. X. played the man, and fell - more and more in love. I gave up to him, but now and then I had to - play the man. After a time I grew tired of him, became unfaithful, and - he became jealous. There were terrible scenes, which led to temporary - separation, and finally to actual rupture. (The merchant afterward - became insane, and died by suicide.) - - “I made many acquaintances, and loved the most ordinary people. I - preferred those having a full beard, and who were tall and of middle - age, and able to play the active _rôle_ well. I developed a proctitis. - The professor thought it was the result of sitting too much while - preparing for examinations. I developed a fistula, and had to undergo - an operation; but this did not cure me of my desire to allow myself to - be used passively. I became a physician, and went to a provincial - city, where I had to live like a nun. I developed a desire to move in - ladies’ society, and was gladly welcomed there; because it was found - that I was not so one-sided as most men, and was interested in - _toilettes_ and such feminine things. However, I felt very unhappy and - lonesome. Fortunately, in this town, I made the acquaintance of a man, - a ‘sister,’ who felt like me. For some time I was taken care of by - him. When he had to leave, I had an attack of despair, with - depression, which was accompanied by thoughts of suicide. - - “When it became impossible for me to longer endure the town, I became - a military surgeon in the Capital. There I began to live again, and - often made two or three acquaintances in one day. I had never loved - boys or young people; only fully-developed men. The thought of falling - into the hands of the police was frightful. Thus I have escaped the - clutches of the blackmailer. At the same time, I could not keep myself - from the satisfaction of my impulse. After some months I fell in love - with an official of forty. I remained true to him for a year, and we - lived like a pair of lovers. I was the wife, and was formally courted - by the lover. One day I was transferred to a small town. We were in - despair. The last night was spent in continually kissing and caressing - one another. - - “In T. I was unspeakably unhappy, in spite of some ‘sisters’ whom I - found. I could not forget my lover. In order to satisfy my sexual - desire, which cried for satisfaction, I chose soldiers. Money obtained - men; but they remained cold, and I had no enjoyment with them. I was - successful in being re-transferred to the Capital. There, there was a - new love-relation, but much jealousy; because my lover liked to go - into the society of ‘sisters,’ and was proud and coquettish. There was - a rupture. I was very unhappy and very glad to be transferred from the - Capital. I now stayed in C., alone and in despair. Two infantry - privates were brought into service, but with the same unsatisfactory - result. When shall I ever find true love again? - - “I am over medium height, well developed, and look somewhat aged; and, - therefore, when I wish to make conquests I use the arts of the toilet. - My manner, movements, and face are masculine. Physically I feel as - youthful as a boy of twenty. I love the theatre, and especially art. - My interest in the stage is in the actresses, whose every movement and - gesture I notice and criticise. - - “In the society of gentlemen I am silent and embarrassed, while in the - society of those like myself I am free, witty, and as fawning as a - cat, if a man is sympathetic. If I am without love, I become deeply - melancholic; but the favors of the first handsome man dispel my - depression. In other ways I am frivolous; anything but ambitious. My - profession is nothing to me. Masculine pursuits do not interest me. I - prefer novels and going to the theatre. I am effeminate, sensitive, - easily moved, easily injured, and nervous. A sudden noise makes my - whole body tremble, and I have to collect myself in order to keep from - crying out.” - - _Remarks_: The foregoing case is certainly one of acquired contrary - sexual instinct, since the sexual instinct and impulse were originally - directed toward the female sex. Sch. became neurasthenic through - masturbation. - - As an accompanying manifestation of the neurasthenic neurosis, - lessened impressionability of the erection-centre and consequent - relative impotence came on. As a result of this, sexual sensibility - toward the opposite sex was lessened, with simultaneous persistence of - libido sexualis. The acquired contrary sexual instinct must be - abnormal, since the first touch by a person of the same sex is an - adequate stimulus for the erection-centre. The perverse sexual feeling - became complete. At first Sch. felt like a man in the sexual act; but - more and more, as the change progressed, the feeling and desire of - satisfaction changed to the form which, as a rule, characterizes the - (congenital) urning. - - This eviration induces a desire for the passive _rôle_, and, further, - for (passive) pederasty. It makes a deeper impress on the character. - The character becomes feminine, inasmuch as Sch. now prefers to move - in the society of actual females, has an increasing desire for - feminine occupations, and, indeed, makes use of the arts of the toilet - in order to improve his fading charms and make “conquests.” - -The foregoing facts, concerning acquired contrary sexual instinct and -effemination, find an interesting confirmation in the following -ethnological data:— - - Even Herodotus describes a peculiar disease which frequently affected - the Scythians. The disease consisted in this: that men became - effeminate in character, put on female garments, did the work of - women, and even became effeminate in appearance. As an explanation of - this insanity of the Scythians,[103] Herodotus relates the myth that - the goddess Venus, angered by the plundering of the temple at Ascalon - by the Scythians, had made women of these plunderers and their - posterity. - - Hippocrates, not believing in supernatural diseases, recognized that - impotence was here a causative factor, and explained it, though - incorrectly, as due to the custom of the Scythians, by attributing it - to disease of the jugular veins induced by excessive riding. He - thought that these veins were of great importance in the preservation - of the sexual powers, and that when they were severed, impotence was - induced. Since the Scythians considered their impotence due to divine - punishment, and incurable, they put on the clothing of females, and - lived as women among women. - - It is worthy of note that, according to Klaproth (“Reise in den - Kaukasus,” Berlin, 1812, v, p. 285) and Chotomski, even at the present - time impotence is very frequent among the Tartars, as a result of - riding unsaddled horses. The same is observed among the Apaches and - Navajos of the Western Continent, who ride excessively, scarcely ever - going on foot, and are remarkable for small genitals and mild libido - and virility. Sprengel, Lallemand, and Nysten recognized the fact that - excessive riding may be injurious to the sexual organs. - - Hammond reports analogous observations of great interest concerning - the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico. These descendants of the Aztecs - cultivate so-called “mujerados,” of which every Pueblo tribe requires - one in the religious ceremonies (actual orgies in the spring), in - which pederasty plays an important part. In order to cultivate a - “mujerado,” a very powerful man is chosen, and he is made to - masturbate excessively and ride constantly. Gradually such irritable - weakness of the genital organs is engendered that, in riding, great - loss of semen is induced. This condition of irritability passes into - paralytic impotence. Then the testicles and penis atrophy, the hair of - the beard falls out, the voice loses its depth and compass, and - physical strength and energy decrease. Inclinations and disposition - become feminine. The “mujerado” loses his position in society as a - man. He takes on feminine manners and customs, and associates with - women. Yet, for religious reasons, he is held in honor. It is probable - that, at other times than during the festivals, he is used by the - chiefs for pederasty. Hammond had an opportunity to examine two - “mujerados.” One had become such seven years before, and was - thirty-five years old at the time. Seven years before, he was entirely - masculine and potent. He had noticed gradual atrophy of the testicles - and penis. At the same time he lost libido and the power of erection. - He differed in nowise, in dress and manner, from the women among whom - Hammond found him. The genital hair was wanting, the penis was - shrunken, the scrotum lax and pendulous, and the testicles were very - much atrophied and no longer sensitive to pressure. The “mujerado” had - large mammæ like a pregnant woman, and asserted that he had nursed - several children whose mothers had died. A second “mujerado,” aged - thirty-six, after he had been ten years in the condition, presented - the same peculiarities, though with less development of mammæ. Like - the first, the voice was high and thin. The body was plump.[104] - - -_III. Degree: Stage of Transition to Metamorphosis Sexualis Paranoica._ - -A further degree of development is represented by those cases in which -bodily sensation is also transformed in the sense of a _transmutatio -sexus_. In this respect the following case is unique:— - - Case 99. _Autobiography._ “Born in Hungary in 1844, for many years I - was the only child of my parents; for the other children died for the - most part of general weakness. A brother came late, who is still - living. - - “I come of a family in which nervous and mental diseases have been - numerous. It is said that I was very pretty as a little child, with - blonde locks and transparent skin; very obedient, quiet, and modest, - so that I was taken everywhere in the society of ladies without any - offense on my part. - - “With a very active imagination—my enemy through life—my talents - developed rapidly. I could read and write at the age of four; my - memory reaches back to my third year. I played with everything that - fell into my hands,—with leaden soldiers, or stones, or ribbons from a - children’s store; but a machine for working in wood, that was given to - me as a present, I did not like. I liked best to be at home with my - mother, who was everything to me. I had two or three friends, with - whom I got on good-naturedly; but I liked to play with their sisters - quite as well, who always treated me like a girl, which at first did - not embarrass me. I must have already been on the road to become just - like a girl; at least, I can still well remember how it was always - said: ‘He is not intended for a boy.’ At this I tried to play the - boy,—imitated my companions in everything, and tried to surpass them - in wildness. In this I succeeded. There was no tree or building too - high for me to reach its top. I took great delight in soldiers. I - avoided girls more, because I did not wish to play with their - play-things; and it always annoyed me that they treated me so much - like one of themselves. - - “In the society of mature people, however, I was always modest, and, - also, always regarded with favor. Fantastic dreams about wild - animals—which once drove me out of bed without waking me—frequently - troubled me. I was always very simply, but very elegantly, dressed, - and thus developed a taste for beautiful clothing. It seems peculiar - to me that, from the time of my school-days, I had a partiality for - ladies’ gloves, which I put on secretly as often as I could. Thus, - when once my mother was about to give away a pair of gloves, I made - great opposition to it, and told her, when she asked why I acted so, - that I wanted them myself. I was laughed at; and from that time I took - good care not to display my preference for female things. Yet my - delight in them was very great. I took especial pleasure in masquerade - costumes,—_i.e._, only in female attire. If I saw them, I envied their - owners. What seemed to me the prettiest sight was: two young men, - beautifully dressed as white ladies, with masks on; and yet I would - not have shown myself to others as a girl for anything; I was so - afraid of being ridiculed. At school I worked very hard, and was - always among the first. From childhood my parents taught me that duty - came first; and they always set me an example. It was also a pleasure - for me to attend school; for the teachers were kind, and the elder - scholars did not plague the younger ones. We left my first home; for - my father was compelled, on account of his business,—which was dear to - him,—to separate from his family for a year. We moved to Germany. Here - there was a stricter, rougher manner, partly in teachers and partly in - scholars; and I was again ridiculed on account of my girlishness. My - school-mates went so far as to give a girl, who had exactly my - features, my name, and me hers; so that I hated the girl. But I later - came to be on terms of friendship with her after her marriage. My - mother tried to dress me elegantly; but this was repugnant to me, - because it made me the object of joke. So, finally, I was delighted - when I had correct trousers and coats. But with these came a new - annoyance. They irritated my genitals, particularly when the cloth was - rough; and the touch of tailors while measuring me, on account of - their tickling, which almost convulsed me, was unendurable, - particularly about the genitals. Then I had to practice gymnastics; - and I simply could do nothing at all, or only indifferently the things - that girls cannot do easily. While bathing I was troubled by feeling - ashamed to undress; but I liked to bathe. Until my twelfth year I had - a great weakness in my back. I learned to swim late, but ultimately so - well that I took long swims. At thirteen I had pubic hair, and was - about six feet tall; but my face was feminine until my eighteenth - year, when my beard came in abundance and gave me rest from - resemblance to woman. An inguinal hernia that was acquired in my - twelfth year, and cured when I was twenty, gave me much trouble, - particularly in gymnastics. Besides, from my twelfth year on, I had, - after sitting long, and particularly while working at night, an - itching, burning, and twitching, extending from the penis to my back, - which the acts of sitting and standing increased, and which was made - worse by catching cold. But I had no suspicion whatever that this - could be connected with the genitals. Since none of my friends - suffered in this way, it seemed strange to me; and it required the - greatest patience to endure it; the more owing to the fact that my - abdomen troubled me. - - “In _sexualibus_ I was still perfectly innocent; but now, as at the - age of twelve or thirteen, I had a definite feeling of preferring to - be a young lady. A young lady’s form was more pleasing to me; her - quiet manner, her deportment, but particularly her attire, attracted - me. But I was careful not to allow this to be noticed; and yet, I am - sure that I should not have shrunk from the castration-knife, could I - have thus attained my desire. If I had been asked to say why I - preferred female attire, I could have said nothing more than that it - attracted me powerfully; perhaps, too, I seemed to myself, on account - of my uncommonly white skin, more like a girl. The skin of my face and - hands, particularly, was very sensitive. Girls liked my society; and, - though I should have preferred to have been with them constantly, I - avoided them when I could; for I had to exaggerate in order not to - appear feminine. In my heart I always envied them. I was particularly - envious when one of my young girl friends got long dresses and wore - gloves and veils. When, at the age of fifteen, I was on a journey, a - young lady, with whom I was boarding, proposed that I mask as a lady - and go out with her; but, owing to the fact that she was not alone, I - did not acquiesce, much as I should have liked it. Others stood on - very little ceremony with me. While on this journey, I was pleased at - seeing boys in one city wearing blouses with short sleeves, and the - arms bare. A lady elaborately dressed was like a goddess to me; and if - even her hand touched me coldly I was happy and envious, and only too - gladly would have put myself in her place in the beautiful garments - and lovely form. Nevertheless, I studied assiduously, and passed - through the Realschule and the Gymnasium in nine years, passing a good - final examination. I remember, when fifteen, to have first expressed - to a friend the wish to be a girl. In answer to his question, I could - not give the reason why. At seventeen I got into fast society; I drank - beer, smoked, and tried to joke with waiter-girls. The latter liked my - society, but they always treated me as if I wore petticoats. I could - not take dancing lessons, they repelled me so; but if I could have - gone as a mask, it would have been different. My friends loved me - dearly; I hated only one, who seduced me into onanism. Shame on those - days, which injured me for life! I practiced it quite frequently, but - in it seemed to myself like a double man. I cannot describe the - feeling; I think it was masculine, but mixed with feminine elements. I - could not approach girls; I feared them, but they were not strange to - me. They impressed me as being more like myself; I envied them. I - would have denied myself all pleasures if, after my classes, at home I - could have been a girl and thus have gone out. Crinoline and a - smoothly-fitting glove were my ideals. With every lady’s gown I saw I - fancied how I should feel in it,—_i.e._, as a lady. I had no - inclination toward men. But I remember that I was somewhat lovingly - attached to a very handsome friend with a girl’s face and dark hair, - though I think I had no other wish than that we both might be girls. - - “At the high-school I finally once had coitus; hoc modo sensi, me - libentius sub puella concubuisse et penem meum cum cunno mutatum - maluisse. To my astonishment, too, the girl had to treat me as a girl, - and did it willingly; but she treated me as if I were she (she was - still quite inexperienced, and, therefore, did not laugh at me). - - “When a student, at times I was wild, but I always felt that I assumed - this wildness as a mask. I drank and duelled, but I could not take - lessons in dancing, because I was afraid of betraying myself. My - friendships were close, but without other thoughts. It pleased me most - to have a friend masked as a lady, or to study the ladies’ costumes at - a ball. I understood such things perfectly. Gradually I began to feel - like a girl. - - “On account of unhappy circumstances, I twice attempted suicide. - Without any cause I once slept fourteen days, had many hallucinations - (visual and auditory at the same time), and was with both the living - and the dead. The latter habit of thought remains. I also had a friend - (a lady) who knew my hobby and put on my gloves for me; but she always - looked upon me as a girl. Thus I understood women better than other - men did, and in what they differed from men; so I was always treated - _more feminarum_,—as if they had found in me a female friend. On the - whole, I could not endure obscenity, and indulged in it myself only - out of braggadocio when it was necessary. I soon overcame my aversion - to foul odors and blood, and even liked them. I was wanting in only - one respect: I could not understand my own condition. I knew that I - had feminine inclinations, but believed that I was a man. Yet I doubt - whether, with the exception of the attempts at coitus, which never - gave me pleasure (which I ascribe to onanism), I ever admired a woman - without wishing I were she; or without asking myself whether I should - not like to be the woman, or be in her attire. Obstetrics I learned - with difficulty (I was ashamed for the exposed girls, and had a - feeling of pity for them); and even now I have to overcome a feeling - of fright in obstetrical cases; indeed, it has happened that I thought - I felt the traction myself. After filling several positions - successfully as a physician, I went through a military campaign as a - volunteer surgeon. Riding, which, while a student, was painful to me, - because in it the genitals had more of a feminine feeling, was - difficult for me (it would have been easier in the female style). - - “Still, I always thought I was a man with obscure masculine feeling; - and whenever I associated with ladies, I was still soon treated as an - inexperienced lady. When I wore a uniform for the first time, I should - have much preferred to have slipped into a lady’s costume, with a - veil; I was disturbed when the stately uniform attracted attention. In - private practice I was successful in the three principal branches. - Then I made another military campaign; and during this I came to - understand my nature; for I think that, since the first ass, no beast - of burden has ever had to endure with so much patience as I have. - Decorations were not wanting, but I was indifferent to them. - - “Thus I went through life, such as it was, never satisfied with - myself, full of dissatisfaction with the world, and vacillating - between sentimentality and a wildness that was for the most part - affected. - - “My experience as a candidate for matrimony was very peculiar. I - should have preferred not to marry, but family circumstances and - practice forced me to it. I married an energetic, amiable lady, of a - family in which female government was rampant. I was in love with her - as much as one of us can be in love,—_i.e._, what we love we love with - our whole hearts, and live in it, even though we do not show it as - much as a genuine man does. We love our brides with all the love of a - woman, almost as a woman might love her bridegroom. But I cannot say - this for myself; for I still believed that I was but a depressed man, - who would come to himself, and find himself out by marriage. But, even - on my marriage-night, I felt that I was only a woman in man’s form; - sub femina locum meum esse mihi visum est. On the whole, we lived - contented and happy, and for two years were childless. After a - difficult pregnancy, during which I was in mortal fear of death, the - first boy was born in a difficult labor,—a boy on whom a melancholy - nature still hangs; who is still of melancholy disposition. Then came - a second, who is very quiet; a third, full of peculiarities; a fourth, - a fifth; and all have predisposition to neurasthenia. Since I always - felt out of my own place, I went much in gay society; but I always - worked as much as human strength would allow. I studied and operated; - and I experimented with many drugs and methods of cure, always on - myself. I left the regulation of the house to my wife, as she - understood house-keeping very well. My marital duties I performed as - well as I could, but without personal satisfaction. Since the first - coitus, the masculine position in it has been repugnant, and, too, - difficult for me. I should have much preferred to have the other - _rôle_. When I had to deliver my wife, it almost broke my heart; for I - knew how to appreciate her pain. Thus we lived long together, until - severe gout drove me to various baths, and made me neurasthenic. At - the same time, I became so anæmic that every few months I had to take - iron for some time; otherwise I would be almost chlorotic or - hysterical, or both. Stenocardia often troubled me; then came - unilateral cramps of chin, nose, neck, and larynx; hemicrania and - cramps of the diaphragm and chest-muscles. For about three years I had - a feeling as if the prostate were enlarged,—a bearing-down feeling, as - if giving birth to something; and, also, pain in the hips, constant - pain in the back, and the like. Yet, with the strength of despair, I - fought against these complaints, which impressed me as being female or - effeminate, until three years ago, when a severe attack of arthritis - completely broke me down. - - “But before this terrible attack of gout occurred, in despair, to - lessen the pain of gout, I had taken hot baths, as near the - temperature of the body as possible. On one of these occasions it - happened that I suddenly changed, and seemed to be near death. I - sprang with all my remaining strength out of the bath: I had felt - exactly like a woman with libido. Too, at the time when the extract of - Indian hemp came into vogue, and was highly prized, in a state of fear - of a threatened attack of gout (feeling perfectly indifferent about - life), I took three or four times the usual dose of it, and almost - died of haschisch poisoning. Convulsive laughter, a feeling of unheard - of strength and swiftness, a peculiar feeling in brain and eyes, - millions of sparks streaming from the brain through the skin,—all - these feelings occurred. But I could not force myself to speak. All at - once I saw myself a woman from my toes to my breast; I felt, as before - while in the bath, that the genitals had shrunken, the pelvis - broadened, the breasts swollen out; a feeling of unspeakable delight - came over me. I closed my eyes, so that at least I did not see the - face changed. My physician looked as if he had a gigantic potatoe - instead of a head; my wife had the full moon on her nates. And yet I - was strong enough to briefly record my will in my note-book when both - left the room for a short time. - - “But who could describe my fright, when, on the next morning, I awoke - and found myself feeling as if completely changed into a woman; and - when, on standing and walking, I felt vulva and mammæ! When at last I - raised myself out of bed, I felt that a complete transformation had - taken place in me. During my sickness a visitor said: ‘He is too - patient for a man.’ And the visitor gave me a plant in bloom, which - seemed strange, but pleased me. From that time I was patient, and - would do nothing in a hurry; but I became tenacious, like a cat, - though, at the same time, mild, forgiving, and no longer bearing - enmity,—in short, I had a woman’s disposition. During the last - sickness I had many visual and auditory hallucinations,—spoke with the - dead, etc.; saw and heard familiar spirits; felt like a double person; - but, while lying ill, I did not notice that the man in me had been - extinguished. The change in my disposition was a piece of good fortune - which came over me like lightning, and which, had it come with me - feeling as I formerly did, would have killed me; but now I gave myself - up to it, and no longer recognized myself. Owing to the fact that I - still often confounded neurasthenic symptoms with the gout, I took - many baths, until an itching of the skin with the feeling of scabies, - instead of being diminished, was so increased that I gave up all - external treatment (I was made more and more anæmic by the baths), and - hardened myself as best I could. But the imperative female feeling - remained, and became so strong that I wear only the mask of a man, and - in everything else feel like a woman; and gradually I have lost memory - of the former individuality. What was left of me from the gout, the - influenza ruined entirely. - - “_Present Condition_: I am tall, slightly bald, and the beard is - growing gray. I begin to stoop. Since having the influenza, I have - lost about a quarter of my strength. Owing to a valvular lesion, my - face looks somewhat red; full beard; chronic conjunctivitis; more - muscular than fat. The left foot seems to be developing varicose - veins, and it often goes to sleep; but it is not really thickened, - though it seems to be. - - “The mammary region, though small, swells out perceptibly. The abdomen - is feminine in form; the feet are placed like a woman’s, and the - calves, etc., are feminine; and it is the same with arms and hands. I - can wear ladies’ hose, and gloves, 7½ to 7¾ in size. I also wear a - corset without annoyance. My weight varies between 168 and 184 pounds. - Urine without albumen or sugar, but it contains an excess of uric - acid. But if there is not too much uric acid in it, it is clear, and - almost as clear as water after any excitement. Bowels usually regular; - but should they not be, then come all the symptoms of female - obstipation. Sleep is poor,—for weeks at a time only two or three - hours long. Appetite quite good; but, on the whole, my stomach will - not bear more than that of a strong woman, and reacts to irritating - food with cutaneous eruption and burning in the urethra. The skin is - white, and, for the most part, feels quite smooth; there has been - unbearable cutaneous itching for the last two years; but during the - last few weeks it has diminished, and is now present only in the - popliteal spaces and on the scrotum. - - “Tendency to perspire. Perspiration was previously as good as wanting, - but now there are all the odious peculiarities of the female - perspiration, particularly about the lower part of the body; so that I - have to keep myself cleaner than a woman. (I perfume my handkerchief, - and use perfumed soap and _eau-de-Cologne_.) - - “_General Feeling_: I feel like a woman in a man’s form; and even - though I often am sensible of the man’s form, yet it is always in a - feminine sense. Thus, for example, I feel the penis as clitoris; the - urethra as urethra and vaginal orifice, which always feels a little - wet, even when it is actually dry; the scrotum as labia majora; in - short, I always feel the vulva. And all that that means one alone can - know who feels or has felt so. But the skin all over my body feels - feminine; it receives all impressions, whether of touch, of warmth, or - whether unfriendly, as feminine, and I have the sensations of a woman. - I cannot go with bare hands, as both heat and cold trouble me. When - the time is past when we men are permitted to carry sun-umbrellas, I - have to endure great sensitiveness of the skin of my face, until - sun-umbrellas can again be used. On awaking in the morning, I am - confused for a few moments, as if I were seeking for myself; then the - imperative feeling of being a woman awakens. I feel the sense of the - vulva (that one is there), and always greet the day with a soft or - loud sigh; for I have fear again of the play that must be carried on - throughout the day. I had to learn everything anew; the - knife—apparatus, everything—has felt different for the last three - years; and with the change of muscular sense I had to learn everything - over again. I have been successful, and only the use of the saw and - bone-chisel are difficult; it is almost as if my strength were not - quite sufficient. On the other hand, I have a keener sense of touch in - working with the curette in the soft parts. It is unpleasant that, in - examining ladies, I often feel their sensations; but this, indeed, - does not repel them. The most unpleasant thing I experience is fœtal - movement. For a long time—several months—I was troubled by reading the - thoughts of both sexes, and I still have to fight against it. I can - endure it better with women; with men it is repugnant. Three years ago - I had not yet consciously seen the world with a woman’s eyes; this - change in the relation of the eyes to the brain came almost suddenly, - with violent headache. I was with a lady whose sexual feeling was - reversed, when suddenly I saw her changed in the sense I now feel - myself,—viz., she as man,—and I felt myself a woman in contrast with - her; so that I left her with ill-concealed vexation. At that time she - had not yet come to understand her own condition perfectly. - - “Since then, all my sensory impressions are as if they were feminine - in form and relation. The cerebral system almost immediately adjusted - itself to the vegetative; so that all my ailments were manifested in a - feminine way. The sensitiveness of all nerves, particularly that of - the auditory and olfactory and trigeminal, increased to a condition of - nervousness. If only a window slammed, I was frightened inwardly; for - a man dare not tremble at such things. If food is not absolutely - fresh, I perceive a cadaverous odor. I could never depend on the - trigeminus; for the pain would jump whimsically from one branch of it - to another; from a tooth to an eye. But, since my transformation, I - bear toothache and migraine more easily, and have less feeling of fear - with stenocardia. It seems to me a strange fact that I feel myself to - be a fearful, weak being, and yet, when danger threatens, I am much - rather cool and collected; and this is true in dangerous operations. - The stomach rebels against the slightest indiscretion (in female diet) - that is committed without thought of the female nature, either by - ructus or other symptoms; but particularly against abuse of - alcoholics. The indisposition after intoxication that a man who feels - like a woman experiences is much worse than any a student could get - up. It seems to me almost as if one feeling like a woman were entirely - controlled by the vegetative system. - - “Small as my nipples are, they demand room, and I feel them as mammæ; - just as during the beginning of puberty, the nipples swelled and - pained. On this account, the white shirt, the waistcoat, and the coat - trouble me. I feel as though the pelvis were female; and it is the - same with the anus and nates. At first the sense of a female abdomen - was troublesome to me; for it cannot bear trousers, and it always - possesses or induces the feminine feeling. I also have the imperative - feeling of a waist. It is as if I were robbed of my own skin, and put - in a woman’s skin that fitted me perfectly, but which felt everything - as if it covered a woman; and whose sensations passed through the - man’s body, and exterminated the masculine element. The testes, even - though not atrophied or degenerated, are still no longer testes, and - often cause me pain, with the feeling that they belong in the abdomen, - and should be fastened there; and their mobility often bothers me. - - “Every four weeks, at the time of the full moon, I have the molimen of - a woman for five days, physically and mentally, only I do not bleed; - but I have the feeling of a loss of fluid; a feeling that the genitals - and abdomen are (internally) swollen. A very pleasant period comes - when, afterward and later in the interval for a day or two, the - physiological desire for procreation comes, which with all power - permeates the woman. My whole body is then filled with this sensation, - as an immersed piece of sugar is filled with water, or as full as a - soaked sponge. It is like this: first, a woman longing for love, and - then, for a man; and, in fact, the desire, as it seems to me, is more - a longing to be possessed than a wish for coitus. The intense natural - instinct or the feminine concupiscence overcomes the feeling of - modesty, so that indirectly coitus is desired. I have never felt - coitus in a masculine way more than three times in my life; and even - if it were so in general, I was always indifferent about it. But, - during the last three years, I have experienced it passively, like a - woman; in fact, oftentimes with the feeling of feminine ejaculation; - and I always feel that I am impregnated. I am always fatigued as a - woman is after it, and often feel ill, as a man never does. Sometimes - it caused me so great pleasure that there is nothing with which I can - compare it; it is the most blissful and powerful feeling in the world; - at that moment the woman is simply a vulva that has devoured the whole - person. - - “During the last three years I have never lost for an instant the - feeling of being a woman, and now, owing to habit, this is no longer - annoying to me, though during this period I have felt debased; for a - man could endure to feel like a woman without a desire for enjoyment; - but when desires come! The happiness ceases; then come the burning, - the heat, the feeling of turgor of the genitals (when the penis is not - in a state of erection the genitals do not play any part). In case of - intense desire, the feeling of sucking in the vagina and vulva is - really terrible—a hellish pain of lust hardly to be endured. If I then - have opportunity to perform coitus, it is better; but, owing to - defective sense of being possessed by the other, it does not afford - complete satisfaction; the feeling of sterility comes with its weight - of shame, added to the feeling of passive copulation and injured - modesty. I seem almost like a prostitute. Reason does not give any - help; the imperative feeling of femininity dominates and rules - everything. The difficulty in carrying on one’s occupation, under such - circumstances, is easily appreciated; but it is possible to force - one’s self to it. Of course, it is almost impossible to sit, walk, or - lie down; at least, any one of these cannot be endured long; and with - the constant touch of the trousers, etc., it is unendurable. - - “Marriage then, except during coitus, where the man has to feel - himself a woman, is like two women living together, one of whom - regards herself as in the mask of a man. If the periodical molimen - fail to occur, then come the feelings of pregnancy or of sexual - satiety, which a man never experiences, but which take possession of - the whole being, just as the feeling of femininity does, and are - repugnant in themselves; and, therefore, I gladly welcome the regular - molimen again. When erotic dreams or ideas occur, I see myself in the - form I have as a woman, and see erected organs presenting. Since the - anus feels feminine, it would not be hard to become a passive - pederast; only positive religious command prevents it, as all other - deterrent ideas would be overcome. Since such conditions are - repugnant, as they would be to any one, I have a desire to be sexless, - or to make myself sexless. If I had been single, I should long ago - have taken leave of testes, scrotum, and penis. - - “Of what use is female pleasure, when one does not conceive? What good - comes from excitation of female love, when one has only a wife for - gratification, even though copulation is felt as though it were with a - man? What a terrible feeling of shame is caused by the feminine - perspiration! How the feeling for dress and ornament lowers a man! - Even in his changed form, even when he can no longer recall the - masculine sexual feeling, he would not wish to be forced to feel like - a woman. He still knows very well that, before, he did not constantly - feel sexually; that he was merely a human being uninfluenced by sex. - Now, suddenly, he has to regard his former individuality as a mask, - and constantly feel like a woman, only having a change when, every - four weeks, he has his periodical sickness, and in the intervals his - insatiable female desire. If he could but awake without immediately - being forced to feel like a woman! At last he longs for a moment in - which he might raise his mask; but that moment does not come. He can - only find amelioration of his misery when he can put on some bit of - female attire or finery, an under-garment, etc.; for he dare not go - about as a woman. To be compelled to fulfill all the duties of a - calling with the feeling of being a woman costumed as a man, and to - see no end of it, is no trifle. Religion alone saves from a great - lapse; but it does not prevent the pain when temptation affects the - man who feels as a woman; and so it must be felt and endured! When a - respectable man who enjoys an unusual degree of public confidence, and - possesses authority, must go about with his vulva—imaginary though it - be; when one, leaving his arduous daily task, is compelled to examine - the _toilette_ of the first lady he meets, and criticise her with - feminine eyes, and read her thoughts in her face; when a journal of - fashions possesses an interest equal to that of a scientific work (I - felt this as a child); when one must conceal his condition from his - wife, whose thoughts, the moment he feels like a woman, he can read in - her face, while it becomes perfectly clear to her that he has changed - in body and soul,—what must all this be? The misery caused by the - feminine gentleness that must be overcome! Oftentimes, of course, when - I am away alone, it is possible to live for a time more like a woman; - for example, to wear female attire, especially at night, to keep - gloves on, or to wear a veil or a mask in my room, so that thus there - is rest from excessive libido. But when the feminine feeling has once - gained an entrance, it imperatively demands recognition. It is often - satisfied with a moderate concession, such as the wearing of a - bracelet above the cuff; but it imperatively demands some concession. - My only happiness is to see myself dressed as a woman without a - feeling of shame; indeed, when my face is veiled or masked, I prefer - it so, and thus think of myself. Like every one of Fashion’s fools, I - have a taste for the prevailing mode; so greatly am I transformed. To - become accustomed to the thought of feeling only like a woman, and - only to remember the previous manner of thought to a certain extent in - contrast with it; and, at the same time, to express one’s self as a - man,—it requires a long time and an infinite amount of persistence. - - “Nevertheless, in spite of everything, it will happen that I betray - myself by some expression of feminine feeling, either in _sexualibus_, - when I say that I feel so and so, expressing what a man without the - female feeling cannot know; or when I accidentally betray that female - attire is my talent. Before women, of course, this does not amount to - anything; for a woman is greatly flattered when a man understands - something of her matters; but this must not be displayed to my own - wife. How frightened I once was when my wife said to a friend that I - had great taste in ladies’ dress! How a haughty, stylish lady was - astonished when, as she was about to make a great error in the - education of her little daughter, I described to her in writing and - verbally all the feminine feelings! To be sure, I lied to her, saying - that my knowledge had been gleaned from letters. But her confidence in - me is as great as ever; and the child, who was on the road to - insanity, is rational and happy. She had confessed all the feminine - inclinations as sins; now she knows what, as a girl, she must bear and - control by will and religion; and she feels that she is human. Both - ladies would laugh heartily, if they knew that I had only drawn on my - own sad experience. I must also add that I now have a finer sense of - temperature and, besides, a sense of the elasticity of the skin and - tension of the intestines, etc., in patients, that was unknown to me - before; that in operations and autopsies, poisonous fluids more - readily penetrate my (uninjured) skin. Every autopsy causes me pain; - examination of a prostitute, or a woman having a discharge, a - cancerous odor, or the like, is actually repugnant to me. In all - respects I am now under the influence of antipathy and sympathy, from - the sense of color to my judgment of a person. Women usually see in - each other the periodical sexual disposition; and, therefore, a lady - wears a veil, if she is not always accustomed to wear one, and usually - she perfumes herself, even though it be only with handkerchief or - gloves; for her olfactory sense in relation to her own sex is intense. - Odors have an incredible effect on the female organism; thus, for - example, the odors of violets and roses quiet me, while others disgust - me; and with ihlang-ihlang I cannot contain myself for sexual - excitement. Contact with a woman seems homogeneous to me; coitus with - my wife seems possible to me because she is somewhat masculine, and - has a firm skin; and yet it is more an _amor lesbicus_. - - “Besides, I always feel passive. Often at night, when I cannot sleep - for excitement, it is finally accomplished, si femora mea distensa - habeo, sicut mulier cum viro concumbens, or if I lie on my side; but - an arm or the bed-clothing must not touch the mammæ, or there is no - sleep; and there must be no pressure on the abdomen. I sleep best in a - chemise and night-robe, and with gloves on; for my hands easily get - cold. I am also comfortable in female drawers and petticoats, because - they do not touch the genitals. I liked female dresses best when - crinoline was worn. Female dresses do not annoy the feminine-feeling - man; for he, like every woman, feels them as belonging to his person, - and not as something foreign. - - “My dearest associate is a lady suffering with neurasthenia, who, - since her last confinement, feels like a man, but who, since I - explained these feelings to her, coitu abstinet as much as possible, a - thing I, as a husband, dare not do. She, by her example, helps me to - endure my condition. She has a more perfect memory of the female - feelings, and has often given me good advice. Were she a man and I a - young girl, I should seek to win her; for her I should be glad to - endure the fate of a woman. But her present appearance is quite - different from what it formerly was. She is a very elegantly dressed - gentleman, notwithstanding bosom and hair; she also speaks quickly and - concisely, and no longer takes pleasure in the things that please me. - She has a kind of melancholy dissatisfaction with the world, but she - bears her fate worthily and with resignation, finding her comfort only - in religion and the fulfillment of duty. At the time of the menses, - she almost dies. She no longer likes female society and conversation, - and has no liking for delicacies. - - “A youthful friend felt like a girl from the very first, but he had - inclinations toward the male sex. His sister had the opposite - condition; and when the uterus demanded its right, and she saw herself - as a loving woman, in spite of her masculinity, she cut the matter - short, and committed suicide by drowning. - - “Since complete effemination, the principal changes I have observed in - myself are:— - - “1. The constant feeling of being a woman from top to toe. - - “2. The constant feeling of having female genitals. - - “3. The periodicity of the monthly molimen. - - “4. The regular occurrence of female desire, though not directed to - any particular man. - - “5. The passive female feeling in coitus. - - “6. After that, the feeling of impregnation. - - “7. The female feeling in thought of coitus. - - “8. At the sight of women, the feeling of being of their kind, and the - feminine interest in them. - - “9. At the sight of men, the feminine interest in them. - - “10. At the sight of children, the same feeling. - - “11. The changed disposition and much greater patience. - - “12. The final resignation to my fate, for which I have nothing to - thank but positive religion; without it I should have long ago - committed suicide. - - “To be a man and to be compelled to feel that chaque femme est futuée - ou elle désire d’être, is hardly to be endured.” - -The foregoing autobiography, scientifically so important, was -accompanied by the following no less interesting letter:— - - “SIR: I must next beg your indulgence for troubling you with my - communication. I lost all control, and thought of myself only as a - monster before which I myself shuddered. Then your work gave me - courage again; and I determined to go to the bottom of the matter, and - examine my past life, let the result be what it might. It seemed a - duty of gratitude to you to tell you the result of my recollection and - observation, since I had not seen any description by you of an - analogous case; and, finally, I also thought it might perhaps interest - you to learn, from the pen of a physician, how such a worthless human, - or masculine, being thinks and feels under the weight of the - imperative idea of being a woman. - - “It is not perfect; but I no longer have the strength to reflect more - upon it, and have no desire to go into the matter more deeply. Much is - repeated; but I beg you to remember that any mask may be allowed to - fall off, particularly when it is not voluntarily worn, but enforced. - - “After reading your work, I hope that, if I fulfill my duties as - physician, citizen, father, and husband, I may still count myself - among human beings who do not deserve merely to be despised. - - “Finally, I wished to lay the result of my recollection and reflection - before you, in order to show that one thinking and feeling like a - woman can still be a physician. I consider it a great injustice to - debar woman from Medicine. A woman, through her feeling, gets on the - track of many ailments which, in spite of all skill in diagnosis, - remain obscure to a man; at least, in the diseases of women and - children. If I could have my way, I should have every physician live - the life of a woman for three months; then he would have a better - understanding and more consideration in matters affecting the half of - humanity from which he comes; then he would learn to value the - greatness of women, and appreciate the difficulty of their lot.” - - _Remarks_: The badly-tainted patient is originally psycho-sexually - abnormal, in that, in character and in the sexual act, he feels as a - female. This abnormal feeling remained purely a psychical anomaly - until three years ago, when, owing to severe neurasthenia, it received - overmastering support in imperative bodily sensations of a - _transmutatio sexus_, which now dominate consciousness. Then, to the - patient’s horror, he felt bodily like a woman; and, under the impulse - of his imperative feminine sensations, he experienced a complete - transformation of his former masculine feeling, thought, and will; in - fact, of his whole vita sexualis, in the sense of eviration. At the - same time, his ego is able to control these abnormal psycho-physical - manifestations, and prevent descent to paranoia,—a remarkable example - of imperative feelings and ideas on the basis of neurotic taint, which - is of great value for a comprehension of the way in which the - psycho-sexual transformation may be accomplished. - -_IV. Degree: Metamorphosis Sexualis Paranoica._—A final possible stage -in this disease-process is the delusion of a transformation of sex. It -arises on the basis of sexual neurasthenia that has developed into -neurasthenia universalis, resulting in a mental disease,—paranoia. - -The following cases show the development of the interesting -neuro-psychological process to its height:— - - Case 100. K., aged 36, single, servant, received at the clinic on - February 26, 1889, is a typical case of paranoia persecutoria, - resulting from neurasthenia sexualis, with olfactory hallucinations, - sensations, etc. He comes of a predisposed family. Several brothers - and sisters were psychopathic. Patient has an hydrocephalic skull, - depressed in the region of the right fontanelle; eyes neuropathic. He - has always been very sensual; began to masturbate at nineteen; had - coitus at twenty-three; begat three illegitimate children. He gave up - further sexual intercourse, on account of fear of begetting more - children, and of being unable to provide for them. Abstinence proved - very painful to him. He also gave up masturbation, and was then - troubled with pollutions. A year and a half ago he became sexually - neurasthenic, had diurnal pollutions, became thereafter ill and - miserable, and, after a time, generally neurasthenic, finally - developing paranoia. A year ago he began to have paræsthetic - sensations,—as if there were a great coil in the place of his - genitals; and then he felt that his scrotum and penis were gone, and - that his genitals were changed into those of a female. He felt the - growth of his breasts; that his hair was that of a woman; and that - feminine garments were on his body. He thought himself a woman. The - people in the street gave utterance to corresponding remarks: “Look at - the woman! The old blowhard!” In a half dreamy state, he had the - feeling as if he played the part of a woman in coitus with a man. - During it he had the most lively feelings of pleasure. During his stay - at the clinic, a remission of the paranoia occurred, and, at the same - time, a marked improvement of the neurasthenia. Then the feelings and - ideas due to a developing metamorphosis sexualis disappeared. - -A more advanced case of eviration, on the way to a transformatio sexus -paranoica, is the following:— - - Case 101. Franz St., aged 33; school-teacher; single; probably of - tainted family; always neuropathic; emotional, timid, intolerant of - alcohol; began to masturbate at eighteen. At thirty there were - manifestations of neurasthenia sexualis (pollutions with consequent - fatigue, which at last began to occur during the day; pain in the - region of the sacral plexus, etc.). Gradually, spinal irritation, - pressure in the head, and cerebral neurasthenia were added. Since the - beginning of 1885 the patient had given up coitus, in which he no - longer experienced pleasurable feeling. He masturbated frequently. - - In 1888 he began to have delusions of suspicion. He noticed that he - was avoided, and that he had unpleasant odors about him (olfactory - hallucinations). In this way he explained the altered attitude of - people, and their sneezing, coughing, etc. He smelled corpses and foul - urine. He recognized the cause of his bad smells in inward pollutions. - He recognized these in a feeling he had as if a fluid flowed up from - the symphysis toward the breast. Patient soon left the clinic. - - In 1889 he was again received in an advanced stage of paranoia - masturbatoria persecutoria (delusions of physical persecution). - - In the beginning of May, 1889, the patient attracted notice, in that - he was cross when he was addressed as “mister.” He protested against - it, because he was a woman. Voices told him this. He noticed that his - breasts were growing. Some weeks before, others had touched him in a - sensual manner. He heard it said that he was a whore. Of late, dreams - of pregnancy. He dreamed that, as a woman, he indulged in coitus. He - felt the immissio penis, and, during the hallucinatory act, also a - feeling of ejaculation. - - Head straight; facial form long and narrow; parietal eminences - prominent; genitals normally developed. - -The following case, observed in the asylum at Illenau, is a pertinent -example of lasting delusional alteration of sexual consciousness:— - - Case 102. _Metamorphosis Sexualis Paranoica._—N., aged 23, single, - pianist, was received in the asylum at Illenau in the last part of - October, 1865. He came of a family in which there was said to be no - hereditary taint; but it was tuberculous (father and brother died of - pulmonary tuberculosis). Patient, as a child, was weakly and dull, - though especially talented in music. He was always of abnormal - character; silent, retiring, unsocial, and sullen. He practiced - masturbation after fifteen. After a few years neurasthenic symptoms - (palpitation of the heart, lassitude, occasional pressure in the head, - etc.), and also hypochondriacal symptoms, were manifested. During the - last year he had worked with great difficulty. For about six months - neurasthenia had increased. He complained of palpitation of the heart, - pressure in the head, and sleeplessness; was very irritable, and - seemed to be sexually excited. He declared that he must marry for his - health. He fell in love with an artist, but almost at the same time - (September, 1865) he fell ill with paranoia persecutoria (ideas of - enemies, derision in the street, poison in food; obstacles were placed - on the bridges to keep him from going to his _inamorata_). On account - of increasing excitement and conflicts with those about him that he - considered inimical to him, he was taken to the asylum. At first he - presented the picture of a typical paranoia persecutoria with symptoms - of sexual, and later general, neurasthenia, though the delusions of - persecution did not rest upon this neurotic foundation. It was only - occasionally that the patient heard such sentences as this: “Now the - semen will be drawn out of him. Now the bladder will be cut out.” - - In the course of the years 1866–68, the delusions of persecution - became less and less apparent, and were for the most part replaced by - erotic ideas. The somatic and mental basis was a lasting and powerful - excitation of the sexual sphere. The patient fell in love with every - woman he saw, heard voices which told him to approach her, and begged - to be allowed to marry, declaring that, if he was not given a wife, he - would waste away. With continuance of masturbation, in 1869, signs of - future effemination made themselves manifest. “He would, if he should - get a wife, love her only platonically.” The patient grows more and - more peculiar, lives in a circle of erotic ideas, sees prostitution - practiced in the asylum, and now and then hears voices which impute - immoral conduct with women to him. For this reason he avoids the - society of women, and only associates with them for the sake of music - when two witnesses are with him. - - In the course of the year 1872, the neurasthenic condition became - markedly increased. Now paranoia persecutoria again comes into the - foreground, and takes on a clinical coloring from the neurotic basis. - Olfactory hallucinations occur. Magnetic influences are at work on him - (false interpretation of sensations due to spinal asthenia). With - continued and intense sexual excitement and excess in masturbation, - the process of effemination constantly progresses. Only episodically - is he a man and inclined toward a woman, complaining that the - shameless prostitution of the men in the house makes it impossible for - a lady to come to him. He is dying of magnetically poisoned air and - unsatisfied love. Without love he cannot live. He is poisoned by lewd - poison that affects his sexual desire. The lady that he loves is sunk - in the lowest vice. The prostitutes in the house have fortune-chains; - that is, chains in which, without moving, a man can indulge in lustful - pleasure. He is ready now to satisfy himself with prostitutes. He is - possessed of a wonderful ray of thought that emanates from his eyes, - which is worth twenty millions. His compositions are worth 500,000 - francs. With these indications of delusions of grandeur, there are - also those of persecution—the food is poisoned by venereal excrement; - he tastes and smells poison, hears infamous accusations, and asks for - instruments to close his ears. From August, 1872, however, the signs - of effemination become more and more frequent. He acts somewhat - affected, declaring that he can no longer live among men that drink - and smoke. He thinks and feels like a woman. He must thenceforth be - treated like a woman and transferred to a female ward. He asks for - confections and delicate desserts. Occasionally, on account of - tenesmus and cystospasm, he asks to be transferred to a lying-in - hospital and treated as a woman very ill in pregnancy. The abnormal - magnetism of masculine attendants has an unfavorable effect on him. At - times he still feels himself to be a man, but in a way which indicates - his abnormally altered sexual feeling. He pleads only for satisfaction - by means of masturbation, or for marriage without coitus. Marriage is - a sensual institution. The girl that he would take for a wife must be - a masturbator. About the end of December, 1872, his personality became - completely feminine. From that time he remained a woman. He had always - been a woman, but in his babyhood a French Quaker, an artist, had put - masculine genitals on him, and by rubbing and distorting his thorax - had prevented the development of his breasts. After this he demanded - to be transferred to the female department, protection from men that - wished to violate him, and asked for female clothing. Eventually he - also desired to be given employment in a toy-shop, with crocheting and - embroidery work to do, or a place in a dress-making establishment with - female work. From the time of the transformatio sexus, the patient - begins a new reckoning of time. He conceives his previous personality - in memory as that of a cousin. - - He always speaks of himself in the third person, and calls himself the - Countess V., the dearest friend of the Empress Eugenie; asks for - perfumes, corsets, etc. He takes the other men of the ward for girls, - tries to raise a head of hair, and demands “Oriental Hair-Remover,” in - order that no one may doubt his gender. He takes delight in praising - onanism, for “she had been an onanist from fifteen, and had never - desired any other kind of sexual satisfaction.” Occasionally - neurasthenic symptoms, olfactory hallucinations, and persecutory - delusions are observed. All the events up to the time of December, - 1872, belong to the personality of the cousin. - - The patient’s delusion that he is the Countess V. can no longer be - corrected. She proves her identity by the fact that the nurse has - examined her, and finds her to be a lady. The countess will not marry, - because she hates men. Since he is not provided with female clothing - and shoes, he spends the greatest part of the day in bed, acts like an - invalid lady of position, affectedly and modestly, and asks for - bon-bons and the like. His hair is done, up in a knot as well as it - allows, and the beard is pulled out. Breasts are made out of biscuits. - - In 1874 caries began in the left knee-joint, to which pulmonary - tuberculosis was soon added. Death on December 2, 1874. Skull normal. - Frontal lobes atrophic. Brain anæmic. Microscopical (Dr. Schüle): In - the superior layer of the frontal lobe, ganglion cells somewhat - shrunken; in the adventitia of the vessels, numerous fat-corpuscles; - glia unchanged; isolated pigment particles and colloid bodies. The - lower layers of the cortex normal. Genitals very large; testicles - small, lax, and show no change macroscopically on section. - -The delusion of sexual transformation, displayed, in its conditions and -phases of development, in the foregoing case, is a manifestation -remarkably infrequent in the pathology of the human mind. Besides the -foregoing cases, personally observed, I have seen such a case, as an -episodical phenomenon, in a lady having contrary sexuality (Case 92 of -the sixth edition of this work), one in a girl affected with original -paranoia, and another in a lady suffering with original paranoia. - -Save for a case briefly reported by Arndt, in his text-book (p. 172), -and one quite superficially described by Sérieux (“Recherches Clinique,” -p. 33), and the two cases known to Esquirol, I cannot recall any cases -of delusion of sexual transformation in literature. Arndt’s case may be -briefly given here, though, like Esquirol’s cases, it gives nothing -concerning the genesis of the delusion:— - - Case 103. A middle-aged woman in the asylum at Greifswald thought she - was a man, and acted out her belief. She cut her hair short, and - parted it on one side in the military fashion. A sharply-cut profile, - a nose somewhat large, and a certain heaviness of all the features - gave the face something characteristic, and, in combination with the - short hair combed smoothly over the ears, gave the whole head a - decidedly masculine appearance. She was tall and lean; her voice low - and rough; the larynx angularly prominent; her attitude erect; her - gait, like all her movements, heavy, but not awkward. She looked like - a man in female dress. Asked how she had come to think she was a man, - she would almost always cry excitedly: “Just look at me! Don’t I look - like a man? I feel like a man, too. I have always felt so, but I only - gradually came to understand it clearly. The man who should be my - husband is not a real man. I raised my children myself. I always felt - somewhat like this, but I came to understand later. Did I not always - work like a man? The man who passed for my husband only helped. He did - what I planned. From my youth I have been more masculine than - feminine. I have always had more liking for the garden and farm than - for work in the house and kitchen. But I never understood the reason. - Now I know I am a man, and I shall bear myself like one. It is a shame - to make me always wear women’s clothes.” - - Case 104. X., aged 26, tall, and of handsome appearance. Since his - earliest youth he has loved to wear female attire. As he grew up, he - managed it so that, when he was a participant in theatricals, he - always had a female part. After an attack of mental excitement, he - imagined that he was actually a woman, and tried to convince others of - it. - - He liked to undress himself, and dress his hair and put on female - clothing. In this state he wished to go out on the street. In other - respects he was perfectly reasonable. He would spend the whole day - arranging his hair and looking at himself in the glass, costuming - himself in a night-dress as much like a woman as possible. In walking - he imitated women. One day, when Esquirol acted as if about to lift up - his dress, he flew into a passion and upbraided him for his want of - modesty (Esquirol). - - Case 105. Mrs. X., widow. Owing to the death of her husband and loss - of fortune, she had been greatly troubled in mind. She became - disturbed mentally, and was admitted to the Salpêtrière after - attempting suicide. - - Mrs. X., lean, thin; constantly maniacal; she believes herself a man, - and flies angry if she is addressed as “madam.” Once, when male - clothing was placed at her disposal, she was beside herself with joy. - She died, in 1802, of a consumptive malady; and she expressed her - delusion of being a man until shortly before her death (Esquirol). - -I have already mentioned the interesting relations existing between the -facts of delusional transformation of sex and the so-called insanity of -the Scythians. - -Marandon (“Annales médico-psychologiques,” 1877, p. 161), like others, -has erroneously presumed that with the ancient Scythians there was an -actual delusion, and that the condition was not merely that of -eviration. According to the law of empirical actuality, the delusion, so -infrequent to-day, must also have been very infrequent in ancient times. -Since it can only be conceived as arising on the basis of a paranoia, -there can be no thought of its endemic occurrence; it can only be -regarded as a superstitious manifestation of eviration (the result of -anger of the goddess), as is also evident from the statements of -Hippocrates. - -The facts of the so-called Scythian insanity, as well as the facts -lately learned about the Pueblo Indians, are also noteworthy -anthropologically, in that atrophy of the testes and genitals in -general, and approximation to the female type, physically and mentally, -were observed. This is the more remarkable, since, in men who have lost -their procreative organs, such a reversal of instinct is quite as -unusual as in women, mutatis mutandis, after the natural or artificial -climacteric. - -B. _Homo-Sexual Feeling as an Abnormal Congenital -Manifestation._[105]—The essential feature of this strange manifestation -of the sexual life is the want of sexual sensibility for the opposite -sex, even to the extent of horror, while sexual inclination and impulse -toward the same sex are present. At the same time, the genitals are -normally developed, the sexual glands perform their functions properly, -and the sexual type is completely differentiated. - -Feeling, thought, will, and the whole character, in cases of the -complete development of the anomaly, correspond with the peculiar sexual -instinct, but not with the sex which the individual represents -anatomically and physiologically. This abnormal mode of feeling may not -infrequently be recognized in the manner, dress, and calling of the -individuals, who may go so far as to yield to an impulse to don the -distinctive clothing corresponding with the sexual _rôle_ in which they -feel themselves to be. - -Anthropologically and clinically, this abnormal manifestation presents -various degrees of development:— - -1. Traces of hetero-sexual, with predominating homo-sexual, instinct -(psycho-sexual hermaphroditism). - -2. There exists inclination only toward the same sex (homo-sexuality). - -3. The entire mental existence is altered to correspond with the -abnormal sexual instinct (effemination and viraginity). - -4. The form of the body approaches that which corresponds to the -abnormal sexual instinct. However, actual transitions to hermaphrodites -never occur, but, on the contrary, completely differentiated genitals; -so that, just as in all pathological perversions of the sexual life, the -cause must be sought in the brain (androgyny and gynandry). - - The first definite communications[106] concerning this enigmatical - phenomenon of Nature are made by Caspar (“Ueber Nothzucht und - Päderastie,” Caspar’s _Vierteljahrsschrift_, 1852, i), who, it is - true, classes it with pederasty, but makes the pertinent remark that - this anomaly is, in most cases, congenital, and, at the same time, to - be regarded as a mental hermaphroditism. There exists here an actual - disgust of sexual contact with women, while the imagination is filled - with beautiful young men, and with statues and pictures of them. It - did not escape Casper that in such cases emissio penis in anum - (pederasty) is not the rule, but that, by means of other sexual acts - (mutual onanism), sexual satisfaction is sought and obtained. - - In his “Clinical Novels” (1863, p. 33) Casper gives the interesting - confession of a man showing this perversion of the sexual instinct, - and does not hesitate to assert that, aside from vicious imagination - and vice, as a result of over-indulgence in normal sexual intercourse, - there are numerous cases in which pederasty has its origin in a - remarkable, obscure impulse, which is congenital and inexplicable. - About the middle of the “sixties,” a certain assessor, Ulrichs, - himself subject to this perverse instinct, came out and declared, in - numerous articles,[107] that the sexual mental life was not connected - with the bodily sex; that there were male individuals that felt like - women toward men (“anima muliebris in corpore virili inclusa”). He - called these people “_urnings_,” and demanded nothing less than the - legal and social recognition of this sexual love of the urnings as - congenital and, therefore, as right; and the permission of marriage - among them. Ulrichs failed, however, to prove that this certainly - congenital and paradoxical sexual feeling was physiological, and not - pathological. - - Griesinger (_Archiv f. Psychiatrie_, i, p. 651) threw the first ray of - light on these facts, anthropologically and clinically, by pointing - out the marked hereditary taint of the individual, in a case which - came under his own observation. - - We have Westphal (_Archiv f. Psychiatrie_, ii, p. 73) to thank for the - first systematic consideration of the manifestation in question, which - he defined as “congenital reversal of the sexual feeling, with - consciousness of the abnormality of the manifestation,” and designated - with the name, since generally accepted, of _contrary sexual - instinct_. At the same time, he began a series of cases,[108] which, - up to this time, has reached ninety-three, those reported in this - monograph not being included. - - Westphal leaves it undecided as to whether contrary sexual feeling is - a symptom of a neuropathic or of a psychopathic condition, or whether - it may occur as an isolated manifestation. He holds fast to the - opinion that the condition is congenital. - -From the cases published up to 1877, I have designated this peculiar -sexual feeling as a functional sign of degeneration, and as a partial -manifestation of a neuro-psychopathic state, in most cases hereditary,—a -supposition which has found renewed confirmation in a consideration of -additional cases. The following peculiarities may be given as the signs -of this neuro-psychopathic taint:— - -1. The sexual life of individuals thus organized manifests itself, as a -rule, abnormally early, and thereafter with abnormal power. Not -infrequently still other perverse manifestations are presented besides -the abnormal method of sexual satisfaction, which in itself is -conditioned by the peculiar sexual feeling. - -2. The psychical love manifest in these men is, for the most part, -exaggerated and exalted in the same way as their sexual instinct is -manifested in consciousness, with a strange and even compelling force. - -3. By the side of the functional signs of degeneration attending -contrary sexual feeling are found other functional, and in many cases -anatomical, evidences of degeneration. - -4. Neuroses (hysteria, neurasthenia, epileptoid states, etc.) co-exist. -Almost always the existence of temporary or lasting neurasthenia may be -proved. As a rule, this is constitutional, having its root in congenital -conditions. It is awakened and maintained by masturbation or enforced -abstinence. - -In male individuals, owing to these practices or to congenital -disposition, there is finally neurasthenia sexualis, which manifests -itself essentially in irritable weakness of the ejaculation centre. Thus -it is explained that, in most of the cases, simply embracing and -kissing, or even only the sight of the loved person, induce the act of -ejaculation. Frequently this is accompanied by an abnormally powerful -feeling of lustful pleasure, which may be so intense as to suggest a -feeling of magnetic currents passing through the body. - -5. In the majority of cases, psychical anomalies (brilliant endowment in -art, especially music, poetry, etc., by the side of bad intellectual -powers or original eccentricity) are present, which may even go so far -as pronounced conditions of mental degeneration (dementia, moral -insanity). - -In many urnings, either temporarily or permanently, insanity of a -degenerative character (pathological emotional states, periodical -insanity, paranoia, etc.) makes its appearance. - -6. In almost all cases where an examination of the physical and mental -peculiarities of the ancestors and blood-relations has been possible, -neuroses, psychoses, degenerative signs, etc., have been found in the -families.[109] - -The depth of congenital contrary feeling is shown by the fact that the -lustful dream of the male-loving urning has for its content only male -individuals; that of the female-loving woman, only female individuals, -with corresponding situations. - -The observation of Westphal, that the consciousness of one congenitally -defective in sexual desires toward the opposite sex is painfully -affected by the impulse toward the same sex, is true in only a number of -cases. Indeed, in many instances, the consciousness of the abnormality -of the condition is wanting. The majority of urnings are happy in their -perverse sexual feeling and impulse, and unhappy only in so far as -social and legal barriers stand in the way of the satisfaction of their -instinct toward their own sex. - -The study of contrary sexual feeling points directly to anomalies of the -cerebral organization of the affected individuals. Gley (_Revue -philosoph._, January, 1884) believes that he is able to solve the riddle -by the theory that the individuals have a female brain and male sexual -glands; and, further, that pathological brain conditions determine the -sexual life, while normally the sexual organs determine the sexual -functions of the brain. - -One of my patients offered me an interesting theory in explanation of -original contrary sexual instinct. He started with the actual -bi-sexuality shown by the fœtus anatomically up to a certain age. While -normally the organs which attain complete development exclusively -condition and determine the sexual type, and the influence of the -opposite organs, which remain rudimentary, is _nil_, it is conceivable -that, under the influence of a factor inimical to the normal development -of the brain (hereditary taint, etc.), these rudimentary organs likewise -exercise an influence which, under certain circumstances, may be even -greater than that of the fully developed organs which determine the -external sexual type. - -In a similar manner, Kiernan (_Medical Standard_, 1888) and G. Frank -Lydston (_Phila. Med. and Surg. Reporter_, 1888) attempt to explain a -part of the cases of congenital sexual paranoia. Magnan, too (_Ann. méd. -psychol._, 1885, p. 458), writes, in all earnestness, of the brain of a -woman in the body of a man, and _vice versâ_.[110] - -The attempted explanations of congenital urnings are not less -superficial; for instance, that of Ulrichs, who, in his “Memnon,” 1868, -speaks of an “anima muliebris virili corpore inclusa (virili corpori -innata),” and thus tries to explain the congenital origin and the female -character of his abnormal sexual instinct. The idea of the patient, the -subject of Case 124, is original. He supposes that when his father begat -him he thought to beget a girl, but, instead of a girl, a boy resulted. -One of the strangest explanations of congenital contrary sexual feeling -is made by Mantegazza (_op. cit._, p. 106, 1886). - -According to this author, in such individuals there exist anatomical -anomalies which, by an error of Nature, consist in a distribution to the -rectum of the nerves intended for the genitals; so that only in this -situation the lustful sensation is aroused which otherwise results from -stimulation of the genitals. But how does this author, in other ways so -acute, explain the great majority of cases, where pederasty is abhorred -by those affected with contrary sexual feeling? Besides, Nature never -makes such leaps. Mantegazza rests his hypothesis upon the statements of -an acquaintance, a celebrated writer, who assured him that he was not -sure that he took a greater pleasure in coitus than in defecation! -Allowing the correctness of his experience, still it would only prove -that the man was sexually abnormal, and that his pleasure in coitus was -reduced to a minimum. - -An explanation of congenital contrary sexual feeling may perhaps be -found in the fact that it represents a peculiarity bred in descendants, -but arising in ancestry. The hereditary factor might be an _acquired_ -abnormal inclination for the same sex in the ancestors (_v. infra_), -found fixed as a congenital abnormal manifestation in the descendants. -Since, according to experience, acquired physical and mental -peculiarities, not simply improvements, but essentially defects, are -transmitted, this hypothesis becomes tenable. Since individuals affected -with contrary sexual feeling not infrequently beget children,—at least, -they are not absolutely impotent (women never are),—a transmission to -descendants is possible. - -This supposition is decidedly favored by Case 124, in which the -eight-year-old daughter of an individual affected with contrary sexual -feeling, practiced mutual masturbation—a sexual act—at an age which -permits the presumption of contrary sexual feeling. No less significant -is the communication made to me by a young man of twenty-six, who -belongs to the third group of contrary sexuality. He knew with certainty -that his father, who had died some years before, was also subject to -contrary sexuality. An informant assured me, at least, that he knew many -other men with whom his father had sustained “relations.” Whether, in -the case of the father, it was an acquired or a congenital contrary -sexual instinct, and to what group he belonged, could not be -ascertained. - -The foregoing hypothesis seems the more plausible, when it is considered -that the first three degrees of congenital contrary sexual instinct -correspond exactly with the developmental stages which are discoverable -in the development of the acquired anomaly. One, therefore, feels -inclined to designate the various degrees of congenital contrary sexual -instinct as various degrees of an hereditarily-induced sexual anomaly, -acquired from the progenitors or otherwise developed. Here, too, the law -of progressive heredity must be taken into consideration. - -The sexual acts, by means of which male urnings seek and find -satisfaction, are multifarious. There are individuals, of fine feeling -and strength of will, who sometimes satisfy themselves with platonic -love, with the risk, however, of becoming nervous (neurasthenic) and -insane, as a result of this enforced abstinence. In other instances, for -the same reasons which may lead normal individuals to avoid coitus, -onanism, _faut de mieux_, is indulged in. - -In urnings with nervous systems congenitally irritable, or injured by -onanism (irritable weakness of the ejaculation centre), simple embraces -or caresses, with or without contact of the genitals, are sufficient to -induce ejaculation and consequent satisfaction. In less irritable -individuals, the sexual act consists of manustupration by the loved -person, or mutual onanism, or imitation of coitus between the thighs. In -urnings morally perverse and potent, quoad erectionem, the sexual desire -is satisfied by pederasty,—an act, however, which is repugnant to -perverted individuals that are not defective morally, much in the same -way as it is to normal men. The statement of urnings is remarkable, that -the sexual act with persons of the same sex, which is adequate for them, -gives them a feeling of great satisfaction and accession of strength, -while satisfaction by solitary onanism, or by enforced coitus with a -woman, affects them in an unfavorable way, making them miserable and -increasing their neurasthenic symptoms. The manner of satisfaction of -the female urning is little known. In one of my cases, the girl -masturbated, and during the act felt herself to be a man; and her fancy -created a beloved female person. In another case, the act consisted of -practicing onanism on the person loved, and fondling her genitals. - -_Amor lesbicus_ is presumably not infrequent here, for which an enlarged -clitoris or an artificial priapus may be used. - -As to the frequency[111] of the occurrence of the anomaly, it is -difficult to reach a just conclusion, since those affected with it break -from their reserve only very infrequently; and in criminal cases the -urning with perversion of sexual instinct is usually classed with the -person given to pederasty for simply vicious reasons. According to -Casper’s and Tardieu’s, as well as my own, experience, this anomaly is -much more frequent than reported cases would lead us to presume. - -Ulrichs (“Kritische Pfeile,” p. 2, 1880) declares that, on an average, -there is one person affected with contrary sexual instinct to every two -hundred mature men, or to every eight hundred of the population; and -that the percentage among the Magyars and South Slavs is still -greater,—statements which may be regarded as untrustworthy. The subject -of one of my cases knows personally, at his home (13,000 inhabitants), -fourteen urnings. He further declares that he is acquainted with at -least eighty in a city of 60,000 inhabitants. It is to be presumed that -this man, otherwise worthy of belief, makes no distinction between the -congenital and the acquired anomaly. - -1. _Psychical Hermaphroditism._[112]—The characteristic mark of this -degree of inversion of the sexual instinct is that, by the side of the -pronounced sexual instinct and desire for the same sex, a desire toward -the opposite sex is present; but the latter is much weaker and is -manifested episodically only, while the homo-sexuality is primary, and, -in time and intensity, forms the most striking feature of the vita -sexualis. - -The hetero-sexual instinct may be but rudimentary, manifesting itself -simply in unconscious (dream) life; or (episodically, at least) it may -be powerfully exhibited. - -The sexual instinct toward the opposite sex may be strengthened by the -exercise of will and self-control; by moral treatment, and possibly by -hypnotic suggestion; by improvement of the constitution and the removal -of neuroses (neurasthenia); but especially by abstinence from -masturbation. However, there is always the danger that homo-sexual -feelings, in that they are the most powerful, may become permanent, and -lead to enduring and exclusive contrary sexual instinct. This is -especially to be feared as a result of the influences of masturbation -(just as in acquired inversion of the sexual instinct) and its -neurasthenia and consequent exacerbations; and, further, it is to be -found as a consequence of unfavorable experiences in sexual intercourse -with persons of the opposite sex (defective feeling of pleasure in -coitus, failure in coitus on account of weakness of erection and -premature ejaculation, infection). On the other hand, it is possible -that æsthetic and ethical sympathy with persons of the opposite sex may -favor the development of hetero-sexual desires. Thus it happens that the -individual, according to the predominance of favorable or unfavorable -influences, experiences now hetero-sexual, now homo-sexual, feeling. - -It seems to me probable that such hermaphrodites from constitutional -taint are not infrequent.[113] Since they attract very little attention -socially, and since such secrets of married life are only exceptionally -brought to the knowledge of the physician, it is at once apparent why -this interesting and practically important transitional group to the -group of absolute contrary sexuality, has thus far escaped scientific -investigation. Many cases of frigiditas uxoris and mariti may possibly -depend upon this anomaly. Sexual intercourse with the opposite sex is, -in itself, possible. At any rate, in cases of this degree, no horror -sexus alterius exists. Here is a fertile field for the application of -medical and moral therapeutics (_v. infra_). The differential diagnosis -from acquired contrary sexual instinct may present difficulties; for in -such cases, as long as the vestiges of a normal sexual instinct are not -absolutely lost, the actual symptoms are the same (_v. infra_). In the -first degree, the sexual satisfaction of homo-sexual impulses consists -in passive and mutual onanism and coitus inter femora. - - Case 106. _Psychical Hermaphroditism in a Lady._—Mrs. M., aged 44, - exemplifies the fact that an inverted and a normal sexual instinct may - be united in one person, be it in man or woman. The father of this - lady was very musical, and very talented as an artist. He took life - easily; and to his extraordinary beauty was added a great admiration - for the opposite sex. After several apoplectic attacks, he died - demented in an asylum. Father’s brother was neuro-psychopathic, and - when a child was a somnambulist; and all his life he was afflicted - with hyperæsthesia sexualis. Thus, although married and the father of - married sons, he tried to seduce his niece, Mrs. M., with whom he was - wildly in love, when she was eighteen years old. Father’s father was - very eccentric and a distinguished actor. He first studied theology, - but, as a result of partiality for the dramatic muse, he became an - actor and singer. He committed excesses in baccho et venere; was a - spendthrift and luxurious. He died at forty-nine, of apoplexia - cerebri. Mother’s father and mother died of tuberculosis of the lungs. - - Mrs. M. was one of eleven children, of whom six are still living. Two - brothers, who resembled the mother physically, died, at sixteen and - twenty, of tuberculosis. A brother suffers with laryngeal phthisis. - Four living sisters and Mrs. M. resemble the father physically, and - the eldest is unmarried, very nervous, and shy of people. Two younger - sisters are married, healthy, and have healthy children. The other is - unmarried, and suffers with nervous complaints. Mrs. M. has four - children, several of whom are delicate and neuropathic. - - The patient can tell nothing of importance concerning her childhood. - She learned easily, and was æsthetically and poetically inclined. She - was considered a little high-strung, and too much given to - novel-reading and sentimentality. Her constitution was neuropathic, - and she was extremely sensitive to changes of temperature, sometimes - having annoying cutis anserina as a result of slight draughts. It is - remarkable that one day, when she was about ten years old, she thought - that her mother no longer loved her; and she put matches in her coffee - to make herself really sick, that she might thus excite her mother’s - love for her. - - Puberty began, without difficulty, at the age of eleven. Thereafter - the menses were regular. Before the time of puberty sexuality - manifested itself, and, according to the opinion of the patient, its - promptings have been abnormally intense all her life. The first - feelings and impulses were decidedly inverted. She conceived a - passionate but platonic love for a young lady. She wrote verses and - sonnets to her, and was perfectly happy if she could admire “the - entrancing charms” of her goddess in the bath, or steal a glimpse of - her neck, shoulders, and breast while she was dressing. The wild - impulse to touch these physical charms was always overcome. While a - young girl, she had actually been in love with Madonnas of Raphael and - Guido Reni. In all kinds of weather she would run after pretty girls - and ladies for hours at a time, admiring their beauty, losing no - opportunity to please them, offering them bouquets, etc. The patient - asserted that, until the age of nineteen, she was absolutely without a - suspicion of a difference of sex; because she had been educated as in - a cloister by a very prudish aunt, who was an old maid. As a result of - this great ignorance, the patient became the victim of a man who was - passionately in love with her, and who had coitus with her by means of - stratagem. She became the wife of this man, bore one child, and lived - an “eccentric” sexual life with him. She felt perfectly satisfied with - married intercourse. After a few years she became a widow. Since then, - women have again been the object of her love, primarily, as the - patient thinks, from fear of the results of sexual intercourse with a - man. - - At twenty-seven, second marriage, without love, to a phthisical - husband. Patient was three times confined, and fulfilled her maternal - duties. Her physical health failed, and in the later years of this - married life she had an increasing aversion for her husband, partly - due to a sense of his disease, though, at the same time, there was - constantly present an intense desire for sexual indulgence. - - Three years after the death of her second husband, the patient - discovered the fact that her nine-year-old daughter, by her first - husband, was given to masturbation, and that she was failing in - physical health. The patient read of this vice, and could not overcome - the impulse to indulge in the practice, becoming, in consequence, an - onanist. She is unable to bring herself to give the details of this - period of her life. She says that she was frightfully excited - sexually, and had to send her daughters from home to save them from - terrible consequences; but the two boys she was able to keep at home. - - Patient became neurasthenic ex masturbatione (spinal irritation, - feeling of pressure in head, weariness, lack of mental control), and, - at times, had dysthymia and painful tædium vitæ. Her sexual feeling - would be directed at one time to women, at another to men. She was - able to restrain herself, and suffered much from abstinence, - especially because, on account of her neurasthenic troubles, she - sought to obtain relief in masturbation, though only in case of great - necessity. At the present time, though forty-four years old, and - menstruating regularly, she suffers intensely with a passion for a - young man whose presence she cannot avoid on account of the exigencies - of occupation. - - Patient presents nothing remarkable in external appearance. She is - gracefully formed, but the muscular system is not strongly developed. - Pelvis is, in all respects, that of a female, but the arms and legs - are decidedly large and of masculine form. Ladies’ shoes do not fit - her, but, being opposed to exciting attention, she forces her feet - into female shoes, and they are, therefore, much deformed. Genitals - normally developed, and present no other abnormality than descent of - the uterus, with hypertrophy of the vaginal portion. On thorough - examination it is seen that the patient is essentially homo-sexual, - and that the desire for the opposite sex is but episodical and - sensual. Thus, at present, she suffers intensely with sexual desires - for every man with whom she comes in contact, but it is a more refined - and higher pleasure for her to imprint a kiss on the soft, round cheek - of a maiden. This pleasure is one she often enjoys, because she is - much beloved as the “dear aunt” by all the “sweet creatures”; for she - voluntarily does them the most various chivalrous favors, always - feeling herself at such times as a man. - - Case 107. _Contrary Sexual Instinct with Sexual Satisfaction in - Hetero-Sexual Intercourse._—Mr. Z., aged 36, Hollander, consulted me, - in 1888, on account of an anomaly of his sexual feelings, which had - become a matter of anxiety to him in connection with an intended - marriage. Patient’s father was neuropathic, and suffered with - nightmare and night-terrors. Grandfather was mentally unsound; - father’s brother an idiot. Patient’s mother and her family were - healthy and normal mentally. The patient had four sisters and one - brother, the latter being subject to moral insanity. Three sisters are - healthy, and living happy married lives. - - As a child, the patient was weak, nervous, and subject to - night-terrors, like his father; but he never had any severe sickness - except coxitis, as a result of which he limps slightly. Sexual - impulses were manifested early. At eight, without any teaching, he - began to masturbate. From his fourteenth year, ejaculation. He was - mentally well endowed, and his principal interest was in art and - literature. He was always weak muscularly, and had no inclination for - boyish sports and later for manly occupations. He had a certain - interest for female _toilettes_, ornaments, and occupations. From the - time of puberty the patient noticed in himself an inexplicable - inclination toward male persons. Youths of the lowest classes were - especially attractive to him. Cavalrymen especially excited his - interest. He experienced a lustful desire to press himself against - such individuals from behind. Occasionally, in crowds, it was possible - for him to do this; and in such an event an intense feeling of - pleasure passed over him. After his twenty-second year, on such - occasions, he now and then had an ejaculation. From that time - ejaculation occurred when a sympathetic man laid his hand on the - patient’s thigh. He was now in great anxiety lest he might sometime - assault a man sexually. People of the lower classes, wearing tight, - brown trousers, were especially dangerous for him. His greatest - pleasure would be: to embrace such a man and press himself on him; - but, unfortunately, the morality of his country did not allow such a - thing. Pederasty seemed disgusting to him. - - It gave him great pleasure to gain a sight of the genitals of males. - He was always compelled to look at the genitals of every man he met. - In circuses, theatres, etc., only male performers interested him. - Patient has never noticed any inclination for women. He does not avoid - them, even dances with them on occasion, but he never feels the - slightest sensual excitation under such circumstances. - - At the age of twenty-eight the patient was neurasthenic as a result of - his excessive masturbation. - - Then frequent pollutions in sleep occurred, which weakened him very - much. It was only occasionally that he dreamed of men when he had - pollutions; and never of women. A lascivious dream-picture (pederasty) - had occurred but once. He dreamed of dying-scenes, of being attacked - by dogs, etc. After these, as before, he suffered with great libido - sexualis. Often there came up before him such lascivious thoughts as - gloating over the death of animals in the slaughter-house, or allowing - himself to be whipped by boys; but he always overcame such desires, - and also the impulse to dress in a military uniform. - - In order to cure himself of masturbation, and to thoroughly satisfy - his libido, he determined to frequent brothels. He first attempted - sexual intercourse with a woman when twenty-one, after over-indulgence - in wine. The beauty of the female form, and female nudity in general, - made no impression on him. However, he was able to enjoy the act of - coitus, and thereafter he visited brothels regularly for “purposes of - health.” - - From this time he took great pleasure in hearing men tell stories of - their sexual relations with the opposite sex. - - Ideas of flagellation would also come to him while in a brothel, but - the retention of such fancies was not essential for the performance of - coitus. He considered sexual intercourse with prostitutes only a - remedy against the desire for masturbation and men,—a kind of - safety-valve to prevent compromising himself with some man. - - The patient now wishes to marry, but fears not only that he could have - no love for a decent woman, but also that he might be impotent for - intercourse with one. Hence his thought and need of medical advice. - - The patient is very intelligent, and is, in all respects, of masculine - appearance. In dress and manner he presents nothing that would attract - attention. Gait, voice, and skeleton,—the pelvis especially,—masculine - in character. Genitals of normal development. The normal growth of - hair for a male is abundant. The patient’s relatives and friends have - not the slightest suspicion of his sexual anomalies. In his inverted - sexual fancies, he has never felt himself in the _rôle_ of a woman - toward a man. For some years he has been entirely free from - neurasthenic troubles. - - The question as to whether he considered himself a subject of - congenital inversion of sexual instinct he could not answer. It seems - probable that there was a congenital weak inclination for the opposite - sex, with a greater one for the same sex, which, as a result of early - masturbation in consequence of the homo-sexual instinct, was still - more weakened, but not reduced to _nil_. With the cessation of - masturbation, the feeling for women became in a measure more natural, - but only in a coarsely sensual way. - - Since the patient explained that, for reasons of family and business, - it was necessary for him to marry, it was impossible to avoid this - delicate question. - - Fortunately, the patient limited his inquiries to the question as to - his virility as a husband; and it was necessary to reply that he was - virile, and that he would probably be so in conjugal intercourse with - the wife of his choice,—at least, if she were to be in mental sympathy - with him; besides, that he could at all times improve his power by - exercising his imagination in the right direction. - - The main thing was to strengthen the sexual inclination for the - opposite sex, which was defective, but not absolutely wanting. This - could be done by avoiding and opposing all homo-sexual feelings and - impulses, possibly with the help of the artificial inhibitory - influences of hypnotic suggestion (removal of homo-sexual desires by - suggestion); by the excitation and exercise of normal sexual desires - and impulses; by complete abstinence from masturbation, and - eradication of the remnants of the neurasthenic condition of the - nervous system by means of hydrotherapy, and possibly general - faradization. - -I am indebted to a physician, aged thirty, for the following -autobiography, which in another respect is noteworthy:— - - Case 108. _Mental Hermaphroditism; Abortive Contrary Sexual - Instinct._—“In my ancestry I am somewhat predisposed hereditarily. My - grandfather on my father’s side was a high-liver and a speculator. My - father was a man of character, but for more than thirty years he has - suffered with folie circulaire, without, however, being much hindered - by it in business. My mother, like her father before her, suffers with - stenocardiac attacks. My mother’s father and brother are said to have - been sexually hyperæsthetic. My only sister, about nine years older - than myself, was twice subject to attacks of eclampsia, and during - puberty was religiously exalted, and probably also sexually - hyperæsthetic. During many years she had to suffer with a severe - hysterical neurosis, but she is now completely well. - - “As an only son, and born late, I was the apple of my mother’s eye; - and I have her indefatigable care to thank that I survived childhood, - after having passed through all the possible diseases of children - (hydrocephalus, measles, croup, small-pox, and, at thirteen, chronic - intestinal catarrh that lasted a year). My mother, being herself very - religious, raised me, without spoiling me, in a religious way, and - implanted in me, as the guiding moral principle, an unyielding - devotion to duty, which was further carried to an extreme in me by a - teacher whom I still call a friend. Owing to my delicate health, my - childhood, in greater part, was spent in bed; and I was thus given to - quiet occupations, especially reading; and thus as a boy I came to - be—if not _blasé_—premature at least. As early as eight or nine the - parts of books that excited me most were those where injuries or - operations that had to be endured by beautiful girls or ladies, were - described. Thus I was thrown into great excitement by a story in which - was pictured a maiden that had run a thorn into her foot, with a boy - taking it out for her. Indeed, every time that I looked upon this - picture, which was in nowise lascivious, I had an erection. Whenever - possible, I went to see chickens killed; and if I had missed that, I - looked at the spots of blood, and stroked the warm bodies of the - birds, with pleasurable shudders. I would emphasize the fact that I - have always been a great lover of animals, and have felt disgust and - pity while killing larger animals, and even in the vivisection of - frogs. - - “The killing of chickens is still a great sexual stimulus for me, and - especially holding them, during which I have palpitation of the heart - and precordial oppression. It is of interest that my father had a - passion for binding together the hands of girls and young women. - - “I think that another of my sexual abnormalities is attributable to - this strain of cruelty. As I shall clearly describe later, one of my - favorite games was that of an improvised doll-theatre, where I - prescribed the parts of my companions. Almost always it was a young - girl who, at the command of her papa, whom I represented, had to have - a painful operation done on her foot. The more the girl cried, the - more satisfaction I had. How I came to hit upon the foot as the - constant object of operation will be seen from the following: When a - very young boy, I happened to see my eldest sister change her - stockings. When she hastily hid her feet, my attention was attracted, - and immediately the sight of her bare feet to the ankles came to be - the ideal of my longing. Naturally, this made my sister very careful; - and thus there was occasioned a constant quarrel, which, on my part, - was kept up with all the wiles of cunning and flattery, and with even - explosions of anger, until my seventeenth year. In other respects my - sister was very indifferent. Indeed, her kiss is repugnant to me. - _Faute de mieux_, I made use of the feet of servants; masculine feet - had no effect on me. My greatest desire would have been to cut the - nails, or, _sit venia verbo_, the corns, on the beautiful foot of a - woman. My lustful dreams were concerned with these things. Indeed, I - applied myself to the study of medicine really in the expectation of - gaining an opportunity to satisfy my desires, or cure them. Thank God, - I attained the latter. After undertaking the first dissection of the - lower extremity of a female, this unhappy desire was removed from me. - I was unhappy because I was always deeply ashamed of this impulse. I - think I may spare further details concerning it, since this peculiar - enthusiasm, which even inspired me to write verses, has been - sufficiently described by others. - - “Now, concerning the last phase of my sexual errors: I was about - thirteen, and had just begun to mature, when a school-mate, who - happened to be our guest, teased me one night by kicking me with his - bare feet under the covers. I seized his foot, and immediately became - greatly excited, and had a pollution after it,—the first that I had. - The boy was peculiarly girlish in form, and was also mentally - effeminate. Too, another comrade who had very small and delicate hands - and feet, whom I once saw in a bath, caused unusual excitement in me. - I thought it a great piece of good fortune to be in bed with either of - these, though any nearer sexual intercourse than embracing them never - came into my mind. Moreover, I always thrust such thoughts aside with - aversion. Some years later, when about sixteen or eighteen, I made the - acquaintance of two other boys that awakened my sexual feeling. When I - played with either of these, I immediately had an erection. Both were - very energetic and lively, but delicately formed and child-like. At - the occurrence of puberty I lost interest in both of them, though a - warm friendship was preserved. I should never have allowed myself to - have indulged in vicious practices with them. - - “When I went to the University, I forgot completely these errors of my - libido sexualis, and from principle I kept from sexual intercourse - until I was twenty-four, in spite of the contempt of my companions. - When pollutions became too frequent, and I began to fear cerebral - neurasthenia ex abstinentia, I gave myself up to normal sexual - indulgence, though somewhat mechanically; and it was, of course, very - beneficial to me. - - “The especial field of work to which I have devoted myself is - responsible for the fact that I am almost impotent with puellis - publicis, and also for the fact that the naked form of a woman - disgusts rather than excites me. The act always satisfies me the most, - if, during it, I can keep the vision of the face before me; but since, - on the other hand, the idea that the girl near me is enjoyed by - another is unbearable, for years I have found it absolutely necessary - for my mental comfort, in spite of the pecuniary sacrifice, to keep a - mistress, and, indeed, a virgin. Otherwise the most terrible jealousy - made me absolutely incapable of work. I must also mention that, at - thirteen, I fell in love platonically for the first time; and since - then I have often pined in chaste love. What distinguishes my case - from all others is the fact that I have never once masturbated in my - life. - - “Some weeks ago, in sleep, I was frightened by a dream of a naked boy, - from which I awoke with an erection. In conclusion, I venture to - undertake the difficult task of describing my present condition: - Medium height, gracefully formed. Skull dolichocephalic, with - prominence in the occipital region; circumference, 59 centimetres; - frontal prominence marked; glance somewhat neuropathic; pupils medium; - teeth very defective; musculature strong and tense; abundant hair, - blonde. Varicocele on the left side; frenulum too short, which - hindered me in coitus. I severed it myself three years ago. Since then - ejaculation is retarded, and pleasurable feeling much diminished. - Temperament choleric. Quick of comprehension; good at drawing - conclusions; energetic; for one hereditarily predisposed, very - persevering. I learn languages easily, and have a good ear for music, - but otherwise I have no talent for the arts. I am always ambitious to - do my duty, but I am constantly troubled with tædium vitæ, and only - kept from attempts at suicide by my religion and the thought of my - mother. Otherwise I am a typical candidate for suicide. I am - ambitious, jealous, have a fear of paralysis; left-handed. I am filled - with socialistic ideas. I like adventures, and I am courageous. I have - decided never to marry.” - - Case 109. _Psychical Hermaphroditism. Autobiography._—“I was born in - 1868. The families of both my parents are healthy; at any rate, mental - disease has never occurred in them. My father was a merchant; he is - now sixty-five years old, and for years has been nervous and - especially inclined to be melancholic. Before his marriage, my father - is said to have lived fast. My mother is healthy, though not very - strong. There are two other healthy children. - - “I was very early developed sexually, and in my fourteenth year was so - much troubled by pollutions that I was frightened. Under what - circumstances they occurred, particularly the nature of the dreams - that were connected with them, I am no longer able to state. The fact - is, that for years I have only felt myself drawn toward men sexually; - and, with every effort and a terrible struggle, I am still unable to - overcome this unnatural impulse that is so repugnant to me. It is said - that I had many severe illnesses in my childhood, and that my life was - often despaired of. To this was probably due the fact that I was - spoiled and made very delicate. I was always much in the house, - preferred to play with dolls rather than with soldiers, and I liked to - play quietly in the house better than to play noisily in the streets. - I entered the Gymnasium at the age of ten. Though I was lazy, I was - among the best scholars; for I learned very easily, and was the - favorite of my teacher. From my earliest childhood (seventh year), I - took pleasure in little girls. I remember that, even until my - thirteenth year, I had formal love-affairs with them, and was jealous - of those who associated with them; that I took pleasure in looking - under the petticoats of my sister’s friends and the servants; and that - I had erections when touching the persons of my female playmates. I - can, however, recall with certainty that boys attracted and excited me - sexually just as early and powerfully. I always took great delight in - reading and in the theatre. I had a doll-theatre, with which I played - by preference. I knew whole pieces by heart, and copied the actors I - saw, taking especially the female parts, in which I was delighted to - put on female attire. - - “As my sexual life became more pronounced, my inclination for boys won - the upper hand. I fell completely in love with my companions, and had - lustful feeling if one of them who pleased me touched my body. I - became very shy, and refused to take gymnastic and swimming lessons. I - thought I was different from my comrades, and did not like to undress - before them. I liked to look at the penes of my companions, and easily - had erections. I masturbated but once, and that in my youth. When a - friend told me that one could have pleasure without women, I likewise - tried it; but I found no pleasure in it. At that time, also, a book - fell in my hands which warned against the effects of onanism. After - that one trial I never did it again. In my fourteenth or fifteenth - year, I made the acquaintance of two younger boys who excited me - sexually to the highest degree. I was especially in love with one of - them. I became sexually excited in his presence, and was restless when - I did not have him near me. I was jealous of those who associated with - him, and embarrassed in his presence. He had no suspicion of my - condition. I felt very unhappy, and often wept gladly, feeling then - relieved. Yet I could not understand this feeling, and always felt its - irregularity. I was also especially unhappy because my ability to work - disappeared all at once. I, who before had learned with ease, suddenly - had difficulty; my thoughts were never on the subject. Only by - straining every nerve could I get anything through my head. I always - had to study aloud, in order to keep my attention on the matter in - hand. My memory, which was previously excellent, often left me in the - lurch. Nevertheless, I continued to be a good scholar, and I still - pass for a talented man; but I have terrible difficulty in learning - anything. I exerted all my energy to free myself from this sad - condition. Daily I went swimming; I practiced turning, rode much, and - practiced fencing, in all of which I enjoyed myself very much. I still - like to be on a horse’s back, though I know nothing about horses, and - have no particular talent for physical exercises. I was never absent - from a drinking-party, and I smoked. I was much liked. In _cafés_ I - associated much with waitresses, and liked to amuse myself with them, - without, however, being sexually excited by them. Among my friends and - teachers, I passed for a man who was much with women, and spoiled by - them. Unfortunately, this was not true. - - “At the age of nineteen I went to the University. My first semester - was spent at the University of B., and it is still terrible to recall - it. My sexual appetite powerfully excited me, and at night, for hours - at a time, I ran about looking for men, especially when I was - intoxicated. The next morning I would be crazy about myself. - Fortunately, I found no one. In the second semester, I went to M. This - was my happiest time. I had pleasant friends, and, for a wonder, took - pleasure in women, and was very happy about it. I had a love-affair - with a young girl of spoiled character, with whom I spent wild nights. - I was extraordinarily virile. I, who had formerly been chaste, also - associated with other women, as never before. I felt fresh and well - after coitus. I was not charmed so much by the female figure, which - was never beautiful to me, as by—I know not what. In short, I knew - women whose touch immediately induced erection. This joy and state of - delight did not last long. I was so foolish as to take rooms with a - friend. We had one sleeping-room. My friend was very talented and - amiable, and a favorite with women; and it was by these - characteristics that he at first so strongly attracted me. In fact, I - love only highly-educated men; uneducated, powerful persons are able - to excite me intensely only for the moment, and cannot retain my - affections. I soon fell in love with my friend. Then came the terrible - time that destroyed my health. I slept in the same room with my - friend, and had to see him undress daily; so that it required all my - strength to keep from betraying myself. I became nervous, cried - easily, and was jealous of those who associated with my friend. I - still associated with women; but it was only with difficulty that I - could perform coitus, which, like woman, was repugnant to me. The same - women who had excited me intensely, no longer had any effect on me. I - followed my friend to W., where he met an earlier friend, with whom he - associated. I became jealous and sick with love and longing. At the - same time, I associated with women again, but seldom, and only with - difficulty, indulged in coitus. I became terribly depressed and almost - insane. Work was out of the question. I led a foolish, wild life, and - spent a great amount of money, almost throwing it away. Then, after - six weeks of it, I broke down, and had to visit a water-cure, where I - spent many months. There I came to myself again, and soon became much - liked; for I can be very gay, and I take great pleasure in the society - of educated ladies. In conversation, I prefer married women to younger - girls; I am also very gay in the society of gentlemen at the - beer-table and bowling-alley. - - “At this sanitarium I met a man of twenty-nine, who was apparently - constituted like myself. The fellow forced himself upon me, and wanted - to embrace and kiss me; but he was very repugnant to me, though he - excited me, and his touch caused erection, and even ejaculation. One - evening he got me to perform mutual onanism. After it I spent a most - frightful, sleepless night; I was terribly disgusted with the whole - affair, and thought I should never do such a thing with a man again. - All day long I could get no rest. It was terrible to me that, in spite - of this, and against my will, this man so excited me sexually; yet, on - the other hand, it gave me satisfaction that he was in love with me, - and apparently had to go through struggles similar to my earlier ones. - From that time I was successful in keeping him away from me. - - “I again went to various Universities, and also visited many - water-cures, with temporary, but never permanent, benefit. I fell in - love, too, with many friends, but never so deeply as with the friend - at M. I no longer had sexual intercourse, neither with women—I was - incapable of it—nor with men; for I had no opportunity for it with the - latter, and I forced myself to avoid it. I still often met my friend - of M.; we are as good friends as ever, and, much to my delight, he no - longer excites me. It is usually so; when for a long time I have not - seen a person who excites me, the sexual influence disappears. - - “I passed my examinations with distinction. During the last year - before they took place,—when I was twenty-three,—I began to practice - masturbation; for I could find no other way in which to gratify my - burdensome sexual appetite. Still, I did it very infrequently; for - after it I was always disgusted, and spent a sleepless night. But when - I have drunk much, I lose all strength; and then I run about for - hours, seeking men, and finally come to onanism, to awake the next day - with a dull head and a horror of myself, and go about all day in a - melancholy state. As long as I have control of myself, I use all my - strength to combat my nature. It is terrible when one can have no - pleasure in associating with friends, and every erect soldier or - butcher-boy makes one tremble and throb. It is frightful when night - comes, and I watch at the window for some one to urinate against a - wall across the way, and give me an opportunity to see his genitals. - These thoughts are terrible; and besides, there is the consciousness - of the immorality and criminality of my state of mind and my longing. - I have a repugnance for myself that I cannot describe. I consider my - condition abnormal; I cannot think that it is congenital, but I - believe that the impulse was bred in me by faulty education. My - suffering makes me reckless and egotistical; it takes away all - kindness of disposition, and makes me careless about my family. I am - moody, and often almost insane; often I am so depressed that I know - not what to do, and then am easily moved to tears. And yet I have a - horror of sexual intercourse with men. One evening when I came from a - drinking-party, drunk and excited and in a half-conscious state, and, - full of desire, was wandering about, I met a young man, who got me to - perform mutual masturbation. Though he excited me, after the act I was - beside myself. To-day, when I go by the place, I am overcome with - horror; and lately, when riding by it, without any cause, I fell from - my gentle horse, that I know so well,—I was so overcome by the memory - of my unworthy deed. - - “I love family life and children, and social intercourse; and, with my - position in society, I am suited to have a family. But I must give up - all that; and yet, I cannot abandon hope of cure. And so I vacillate - between hopeful gaiety and frightful hopelessness, and neglect - business and family. Indeed, I do not ask that I may marry and found a - family; I wish only to overcome the terrible inclination for the male - sex; only to associate quietly with my friends, and to learn to - respect myself again. - - “No one has any suspicion of my condition; I pass rather for a great - _roué_,—a reputation I try to maintain. I often try to have relations - with girls, for which I often have opportunity. I have known many who - loved me, and who would have sacrificed their honor for me; but I have - no love to offer them, and nothing sexual to give. And yet I can love - a man. I am excited only by young men,—_i.e._, aged from seventeen to - twenty-five, without full beards, and preferably with no beards at - all. I can love only those that are educated, respectable, and - amiable. I am, in short, very proud, and quick; I am also - enthusiastic, and easily led by persons who please me. These I try to - imitate, but I am very sensitive with them, and easily hurt. I put - much value on appearances, love beautiful furniture and dress, and - assume a distinguished manner and elegant address. I am unhappy in - that my neurasthenic condition keeps me from doing and learning what I - should like.” - - Last fall I made the patient’s acquaintance. He is destitute of - degenerative signs, and of perfectly masculine appearance, even though - he is delicately formed and slender. Genitals perfectly normal. - Appearance distinguished, with nothing striking. He is much troubled - about his sexual perversion, and wishes to be freed from it at any - price. In spite of the greatest effort on the part of both physician - and patient, only a slight degree of hypnosis, insufficient for - suggestive treatment, could be induced. - - Case 110. _Psychical Hermaphroditism—Mouth-fetichism._—“I am - thirty-one years old, and an official in a manufactory. My parents are - healthy, and have nothing abnormal about them. My paternal grandfather - is said to have had brain disease; my maternal grandmother died - melancholic; a cousin of my mother was given to drink; several other - blood-relations are abnormal mentally. - - “I was four years old when my sexual appetite awoke. A man between - twenty and thirty years old, who played with us children, and took us - in his arms, excited in me the desire to embrace and kiss him - passionately. This desire for sensual kissing on the mouth is - characteristic of me, and it still forms the chief charm of my sexual - gratification. - - “I experienced a similar excitation in about my ninth year. A man who - was ugly and dirty, and had a red beard, likewise excited in me this - desire for him. Here was manifested, for the first time, a - characteristic peculiar to me, which is still present,—_i.e._, the - peculiar stimulus which coarseness—the filthiness of a person in dress - and conduct—is to my senses at times. - - “While in the Gymnasium, from my eleventh to my fifteenth year, I was - affected with a passion for a comrade. In this case, it was also my - greatest pleasure to embrace him, and kiss him on the mouth. I was - often seized with a desire for him as intense as that I now have for - persons I love. I think, however, that I first had erections in my - thirteenth year. During these years, as I have said, I had only the - desire to embrace and kiss; cupiditas videndi vel tangendi aliorum - genitalia mihi plane deerat. I was a perfectly innocent, _näive_ boy, - and, until my fifteenth year, did not know the meaning of an erection; - indeed, I never once ventured to kiss the beloved person; for I felt - that it would be doing something strange. I felt no desire to - masturbate, and also had the good fortune not to be seduced to it by - older comrades. I have never yet masturbated; I feel a certain - repugnance for it. - - “In my fourteenth and fifteenth years I was seized with a passion for - several young persons, some of whom still attract me. Thus I was very - much in love with a boy with whom I had never spoken. It was even a - delight to meet him on the street. - - “That my passions were of a sensual nature is shown by the fact that, - when I pressed and caressed the hands of those I loved, I had powerful - erections. But it has always been my greatest pleasure amplecti et os - osculari; I desired nothing else. - - “I did not know that what I experienced was sexual love; I only said - to myself that it was impossible that I alone felt such stimuli. - - “Until my fifteenth year a woman had never excited me; but one - evening, when I was alone with our servant-girl in a room, I - experienced the same desire that I had for many boys. At first I - played with her; and, when I found that she liked to be kissed, I - covered her with kisses. I felt such sensual pleasure in it as I now - seldom experience. Mouth to mouth, we kissed each other, and after - about ten minutes ejaculation occurred. Thus I gratified myself two or - three times a week. I soon began a similar relation with our cook, and - with other servant-girls. Ejaculation always took place after kissing - for about ten minutes. - - “In the meantime, I had taken dancing-lessons. There I was first - charmed by a nice girl; but this love soon disappeared, and I fell in - love with another girl, with whom I never became acquainted, but at - the sight of whom I felt an attraction like that of boys, and unlike - the purely brutal passion I felt for other girls. At this time my - impulse for girls was at its acme; I was pleased by about an equal - number of girls and boys. As mentioned above, I gratified my - sensuality by kissing the servant-girl and inducing ejaculation. Thus - I spent the time from my sixteenth to my eighteenth year. The - departure of the servant deprived me of opportunity. - - “Then came two or three years during which I had to give up sexual - pleasure. In general, girls pleased me less; and, too, now that I had - grown older, I was ashamed to surrender myself to the servant-girls. - - “It was not possible for me to obtain a mistress; for, notwithstanding - my years, I was carefully watched by my parents, and associated but - little with young men, and thus had but little independence. With the - diminution in the desire for women, the attractiveness of youths - increased. - - “Since I had had, since my sixteenth year, frequent pollutions at - night with dreams,—in part of women and in part of men,—which weakened - and depressed me exceedingly, I desired to make an end of them by - means of normal coitus. But scruples and the belief that prostitutes - would have no effect on me, kept me from the brothel until my - twenty-first year. For two or three years I went through a daily - struggle (if there had been male houses of prostitution, no scruples - would have hindered me). Finally I visited a brothel. I could not even - induce erection; for one reason because the girl, though she was - unusually fresh and pretty for a prostitute, did not affect me; but - really because she would not kiss me on the mouth. I was very much - depressed, and thought I was impotent. Three weeks afterward I visited - another prostitute, and she immediately induced erection by her kiss. - She was erect and had thick lips, and was much more sensual than the - first one. After only three minutes of simple kissing, mouth to mouth, - ejaculation was induced,—of course, ante portam. Thus it was only - after I had visited prostitutes about seven times that I was - successful in coitus. - - “At one time I would have no erection at all, because the girl made no - impression on me; again I would ejaculate prematurely. The first times - I was reluctant penem introducere; and, too, even after I was - successful in normal coitus, I found no pleasure in it. Sensual - satisfaction comes with kissing on the mouth; for me this is the - principal thing, coitus serving only as something secondary to - embracing. Coitus, no matter how much the woman might charm me, would - be an indifferent matter without kissing; indeed, erection disappears, - or does not occur at all, when the woman will not kiss on the mouth. - Yet, I cannot kiss every woman, but only such as have faces pleasing - to me; a prostitute, the sight of whom is repugnant to me, with any - amount of kissing, which then only disgusts me, cannot excite me. - - “Thus, during the last four years, I have visited brothels about every - ten days or two weeks. Only seldom does coitus fail; for I have - learned my peculiarities, and in the choice of a prostitute know - immediately whether she will excite me or have no effect. Of late, - however, it has again happened that I thought the woman would - stimulate me, and yet no erection occurred. This happened when, the - day before, I had to repress too forcibly the desire for men. - - “At first, when I went to brothels, the sensual pleasure was very - slight; only a very few times did I have true lustful feeling (as in - kissing previously). Now, on the contrary, for the most part I - experience sensual pleasure. The lower houses have a particular charm - for me; for of late the coarseness of the women, the dark entrance, - the yellow light of the lamps, and all the surroundings, have a - peculiar charm for me; probably because my sensuality is unconsciously - excited by meeting soldiers, who frequent such places, and who at the - same time lend a certain charm to the women. If I but find a woman - whose face attracts me, I can have intense lustful pleasure. Besides - by prostitutes, my desire can be excited by peasant-girls, - servant-girls, working-women, and girls of the lower classes,—in - general, by those in common dress. Red cheeks, thick lips, and erect - forms please me particularly. I am absolutely indifferent to - respectable women and young ladies. - - “My pollutions are usually without lustful pleasure, and often occur - with dreams of men, but very seldom—almost never—with dreams of women. - As is shown by the last circumstance, in spite of regular coitus, my - desire is still for young men. Indeed, I may say that it has only - increased, and that very markedly. Though immediately after coitus the - girls have no charm for me, yet the kiss of a pleasing woman could - immediately induce erection again. For the first few days after - coitus, young men seem the most attractive to me. - - “Sexual congress with women does not satisfy all my sensual desire. I - have days when I frequently have erections with an intense desire for - young men; then come quieter days, with moments of complete - indifference for women and latent desire for men. On the other hand, - too great sensual rest makes me melancholy; viz., when such rest - follows moments of repressed excitement. Only, then, when the thought - of beloved youths again causes erection, do I feel light-hearted - again. Then the rest changes to intense nervousness; I feel depressed, - and sometimes have headache (after repressed erection). This - nervousness often increases to ungovernable restlessness, which I then - seek to overcome by coitus. - - “Last year an essential change took place in my sexual life, when I - dared to enjoy male love for the first time. In spite of pleasurable - coitus with women (more correctly, pleasurable kissing with resultant - ejaculation), my desire for young men gave me no peace. I determined - to go to a brothel much frequented by soldiers, and, in extremity, to - buy a soldier for myself. I had the good luck to meet immediately one - like myself, who, notwithstanding his much lower station, in character - and behavior was not unworthy of me. What I experienced (and still - experience) with this young man is something different from what I - feel with women. The sensual pleasure is not greater than with - prostitutes, whose kisses and embraces excite me extraordinarily; but - I can experience lustful pleasure with him at any time, and for him I - have a feeling that is wanting for women. Unfortunately, I have been - able to embrace and kiss him only about eight times. - - “Though we have been separated many months, he having been sent to a - garrison in Hungary, we have not forgotten each other, and keep up a - regular correspondence. In order to possess him, I dared to go to a - brothel and there embrace him, being in danger of being betrayed. - - “Early in our acquaintance there came a time when I heard nothing more - of him; for he did not think he could trust me. During these weeks I - endured anxiety and pain that brought me into a state of depression - and anxious restlessness, such as I had never before experienced. - Scarcely to have found a lover and then to be compelled to lose him, - seemed the greatest misfortune to me. When, thanks to my efforts, we - met again, my joy was unbounded; indeed, I was so excited that, in his - embrace again for the first time, in spite of my sensual lust, I could - not induce ejaculation. - - “Usus sexualis in osculis et amplexionibus solis constitit, pene meo - ludere ei licebat (while the touch on it of a woman’s hand is - unendurable to me, and I never allow it). It is also to be noted that, - in the company of my lover, I immediately have an erection; the - pressure of his hand, or even his look, is sufficient. Evenings, for - hours at a time, I have gone about with him, never tiring of his - society for a moment, despite his inferior station. With him I feel - happy, and the sexual satisfaction is merely the crowning of our love. - Although I had finally found the man like myself, whom I had so long - sought, and I could at last enjoy male love, yet I have not become - insensitive to women; and I visit brothels when I am too sorely - troubled by desire. I had hoped to be able to spend this winter in the - city where my lover is; but this is, unfortunately, impossible, and I - am now forced to be separated from him for an indefinite period. - Nevertheless, we shall try to see each other, if only for a short - time, and only once or twice a year; at least, I hope that in the - future we may again be together for a longer time. Thus, for this - winter, I am again compelled to be without a friend like myself. I - had, indeed, resolved, on account of the danger of discovery, never to - try to find another urning; but this is impossible. Sexual intercourse - with women does not satisfy me, and my desire for young men constantly - increases. I am often afraid of myself; afraid that, in asking all - prostitutes, as I do, whether they know others like me, I might be - discovered. Yet I cannot keep from seeking a youth like myself; - indeed, I know that in case of necessity I shall buy a soldier, though - I know perfectly well the penalty meted out to one caught in such - circumstances. - - “I can no longer do without male love; without it I should always be - out of harmony with myself. My ideal would be to be associated with a - number like myself; but I should be satisfied if I could have - unrestrained intercourse with one lover. I could easily dispense with - women, if I had regular male satisfaction; but I think that at long - intervals I should embrace a woman for the sake of variety, as my - nature is absolutely hermaphroditic in a psycho-sexual sense (women I - can only desire sensually, but I can love and sensually desire young - men). If there were marriage between men, I think I should not avoid a - life-long union; while marriage with a woman seems to me something - impossible. For, in the first place, though the woman charmed me, the - charm would soon be lost in regular intercourse, and then all sexual - indulgence, if not impossible, would certainly be devoid of pleasure - for me; and, in the second place, true love for the wife would be - wanting—the attraction that I feel with young men I love, and which - makes the intercourse that is not simply sensual seem desirable to me. - The constant association with a youth physically pleasing and in - mental harmony with me, and who could understand all my feelings and - share my intellectual opinions and desires, would, it seems to me, be - the greatest happiness. - - “The young men who please me must be between eighteen and - twenty-eight. As I have grown older, the limit of age in those - pleasing to me has increased; otherwise, I am pleased with the most - various forms. The principal _rôle_, if not the exclusive one, is - played by the face. Blondes excite me more than dark persons; they - must have no beard, but merely a small moustache that is not too - thick, or none at all. As for the rest, the only thing I can say is, - that certain kinds of faces please me. Faces with large, straight - noses are excluded, as are also pale cheeks; but there are exceptions. - I regard soldiers with favor, and many please me when in uniform who - do not affect me when in civil dress. Just as in women certain - ordinary articles of dress (like light-colored jackets) please me, so - the military costume attracts me. To go to dance-halls—usually - beer-halls—where there are many soldiers, and mix with the crowd of - soldiers and boys that please me, and try to get a kiss and - embrace,—this mingling with them would, of course, be an excitant only - of sensuality; intellectually and socially, everything common in - speech and conduct is repugnant to me. - - “With young men of higher position, my sensual desire is less - prominent. - - “What I have said of the attractiveness of certain kinds of dress is - not to be understood in the sense that they attract me in themselves. - This charm only means that the dress may help to strengthen or make - prominent the attraction exerted by the face, when, perhaps, the same - face in itself would not attract me to the same extent. I may say the - same thing, though with a different meaning, of the odor of lighted - cigars. In indifferent persons the odor of cigars is rather repugnant - than pleasing to me, but exciting in those sexually attractive. The - kiss of a prostitute smelling of cigar-smoke, affords greater pleasure - (because, even though in part unconsciously, I am reminded of the kiss - of a man). Therefore, I took pleasure in kissing my lover just after - he had smoked. (It is to be noted that I myself have never smoked a - cigar or cigarette, and have never even tried to smoke.) I am tall and - thin; my face is masculine; my eyes are restless; and in my whole form - I often have something girlish. My health leaves much to be desired. - It is much influenced by my sexual anomaly. As previously mentioned, I - am very nervous, and I often have paroxysms of onomatomania. At times, - I also have terrible depression and melancholia, when I see the - difficulty of gratification corresponding with my male-loving nature; - and when I am greatly excited sexually, and have overcome the desire, - owing to impossibility of male gratification. In such conditions, - often the depression is associated with absolute lack of sexual - desire. In work I am industrious, but often too quick; for I am - inclined to work too rapidly and violently. I have a lively interest - in art and literature. Among poets and writers of fiction, I prefer, - for the most part, those who describe refined feelings, peculiar - passions, and far-fetched impressions; an artificial or - hyper-artificial style pleases me. Likewise in music, it is the - nervous, exciting music of a Chopin, a Schumann, a Schubert, or a - Wagner, etc., that is in most perfect harmony with me. Everything in - art that is not only original, but _bizarre_, attracts me. - - “I do not like physical exercise, and do not practice it. - - “In character I am kind and compassionate; and, though I have much to - suffer with my anomaly, I am not unhappy because I love young men, but - because the satisfaction of such love is considered improper, and - because I cannot gratify it without restraint. I cannot regard male - love as a vice, though I can well understand why it is considered - vicious. But, since this love is regarded as criminal, in gratifying - it I am in harmony with myself, but not with our age of the world; - and, therefore, I must, necessarily, be somewhat depressed; the more, - since I have a frank character that hates a lie. The pain of having - always to hide it all in myself has induced me to confess my anomaly - to a few friends, of whose silence and appreciation I am confident. - Nevertheless, my situation often seems sad. On account of the - difficulty of gratification and the general abhorrence of male love, I - am often a little proud that I have such anomalous feelings. Of - course, I shall never marry. This does not seem any misfortune, even - though I love family life, and have thus far lived only with my - parents. I live in the hope that later I shall have a lover; I must - have one; without one, the future seems dark and barren, and all the - ambitions usually cherished—honor, position, etc.—seem empty and - unattractive. If I should not have this hope fulfilled, I know I shall - be unable to long devote myself to my business with pleasure, and I - shall soon be in a condition to sacrifice everything to obtain male - love. I no longer have any moral scruples on account of my anomalous - inclination; I have, in fact, never been troubled because I felt - attracted to boys. I am much more inclined to judge morality and - immorality in accordance with my feelings than in accordance with - fixed principles; for I have always been given to skepticism, and have - never yet studied out a fixed belief for myself. As yet, only what - injures others seems to me to be evil and immoral, and that that I - would not have inflicted on myself; and, in this direction, I may say - that I try to infringe on the rights of others as little as possible, - and that I am capable of great indignation at injustice inflicted on - another. But, why love of men should be something immoral, I cannot - understand; purposeless activity of the sexual instinct (if the - immoral is to be seen in all that is useless and unnatural) is also - found in intercourse with prostitutes, and even in marriage where - means to prevent conception are used; and it seems to me that the - sexual intercourse of men must be placed on the same level with all - sexual congress that has not procreation as an end. But that only - sexual gratification that has this purpose is moral, seems to me to be - questionable. Certainly, sexual satisfaction that is not directed to - procreation is not contrary to nature; and, whether it has not other - purposes unknown to us, is uncertain; and, even if it were - purposeless, it would not necessarily be despicable (it is not certain - that the measure of a moral act is its usefulness). - - “I am very certain that present prejudice will disappear, and that - when once such individuals experience male-love, the right of - unrestricted love will be acknowledged. For the possibility of such - recognition one need but recall the Greeks and their friendships, - which were nothing but sexual love; and one has only to think that, - despite such unnatural vice, practiced by their greatest men in - intellectual and æsthetic matters, the Greeks are still regarded as an - unattainable example, and held up for imitation. - - “I have already thought of having my anomaly cured by hypnotism. If it - were to be of any use, which I doubt, yet I should certainly desire to - be assured of a lasting love for women. For even though I cannot - satisfy myself with men, yet I prefer to feel this capability of - inordinate lust and love, even ungratified, to being absolutely - without feeling. Thus I still have the hope that I shall find - opportunity to satisfy the love I desire, the love that would make me - happy; and I should not prefer the suggestive removal of homo-sexual - feelings, without the simultaneous substitution of a hetero-sexual - equivalent, to my present condition. Finally, I should like to add, in - contrast with the statements of urnings in the published biographies, - that I, at least, find it very difficult to recognize those like - myself. Though I have described my sexual anomaly somewhat in detail, - it seems to me that the following notes are important for a better - understanding of my condition:— - - “Of late I have given up immissio penis, and confined myself to coitus - inter femoræ puellæ. Ejaculation occurs earlier than with conjunctio - membrorum, and I experience a certain lustful feeling in the penis - itself. If this manner of sexual intercourse is quite pleasant to me, - it is, perhaps, in part to be referred to the fact that in this kind - of sexual indulgence the sex is quite indifferent, and I am, perhaps, - unconsciously reminded of masculine embrace. But this memory is - absolutely unconscious, and but obscurely felt; for I am not indebted - to my imagination for my pleasure, but it is due immediately to - kissing the woman’s mouth. I feel that the charm which the brothel and - prostitutes have for me also begins to fade; but I am sure certain - women will always be able to excite me by their kisses. Still, no - woman is, or ever will be, so attractive as to induce me to overcome - obstacles in winning her; but even the danger of discovery and - disgrace could only with difficulty restrain me from seeking a man’s - embraces. - - “Thus I lately allowed myself to be induced to buy a soldier at a - prostitute’s house. The lustful pleasure was very great, but the - subsequent feeling of satisfaction was especially very exhilarating. - The next day I felt similarly strengthened (capable of erection at any - moment); and though I have not yet been able to meet the soldier - again, the thought that I shall venture to purchase another gives me - peace. But I could be perfectly satisfied only in finding one feeling - like myself, of my own position and education. - - “I have not yet mentioned that the female form (with the exception of - the face) and genitals have no attraction for me (to touch the latter - with my hand would be disgusting to me); but membrum virile me tangere - dum os meum os ejus osculatur, mihi exoptatum esse; indeed, to kiss - that of a very pleasing man would not be disgusting to me. Onanism, as - has been said, would be quite impossible for me.” - - Case 111. _Psychical Hermaphroditism._-Hetero-sexual feeling early - interfered with by masturbation, but episodically very intense. - Homo-sexual feeling _ab origine_ perverse (sexual excitation by men’s - boots). - - Mr. X., of high social position, Russian, aged 28, came to me in - September, 1887, in a despairing mood, to consult me on account of a - perversion of his vita sexualis, which made life seem almost - unbearable to him, and which had repeatedly brought him near to - suicide. The patient comes of a family in which neuroses and psychoses - have been of frequent occurrence. In the father’s family there had - been consanguineous marriages for three generations. The father is - said to have been a healthy man, and to have lived morally in - marriage. However, his father’s preference for fine-looking servants - seems remarkable to the son. The mother’s family is described as - eccentric. The mother’s grandfather and great-grandfather died - melancholic; her sister was insane; a daughter of the grandfather’s - brother was hysterical, and had nymphomania. Only three of the - mother’s twelve brothers and sisters married. Of these, one brother - was homo-sexual, and always nervous as a result of excessive - masturbation. - - The patient’s mother is said to be a bigot, and of small mental - endowment, nervous, irritable, and inclined to melancholia. Patient - has a sister and a brother. The brother is frequently melancholy, and, - though mature, has never shown the slightest trace of sexual - inclinations. The sister is an acknowledged beauty, and much sought by - gentlemen. This lady is married, but childless, as reported, owing to - the impotence of her husband. She has always been indifferent to the - attentions shown her by men, but is charmed by female beauty, and - actually in love with some of her female friends. - - With respect of himself, the patient asserts that, when four years - old, he dreamed of handsome jockeys wearing shining boots. Too, he - never dreamed of women when he grew older. His nightly pollutions were - always induced by “boot-dreams.” From his fourth year he had a - peculiar partiality for men, or, more correctly, for lackeys wearing - shining boots. At first they only excited his interest, but, with - development of his sexual functions, the sight of them caused powerful - erections and lustful pleasure. It was only servants’ boots that - affected him; the same kind of boots on persons of like social station - were without effect on him. In a homo-sexual sense, there was no - sexual impulse connected with these situations. Even the thought of - such a possibility was disgusting to him. At times, however, he had - sensually-colored ideas,—like being his servant’s servant, and drawing - off his boots; but the idea of being stepped on by him, or of having - to blacken his boots, was most pleasing. The pride of the aristocrat - rose up against such thoughts. In general, these notions about boots - were disgusting and painful to him. - - Sexual instinct was early and powerfully developed. It first found - expression in indulgence in sensual thoughts about boots, and, after - puberty, in dreams accompanied by pollutions; otherwise, the mental - and physical development was undisturbed. Patient was well endowed - mentally,—learned easily, finished his studies, and became an officer. - On account of his distinguished, manly appearance and his high - position, he was much sought in society. - - He characterizes himself as a clever, quiet, strong-willed, but - superficial man. He asserts that he is a passionate hunter and rider, - and that he has never had any inclination for feminine pursuits. In - the society of ladies he has always been reserved; dancing always - tired him. He had never had any interest in a lady of high social - position. As for women, only the buxom peasant girls, such as are the - models of painters in Rome, had interested him. He had, however, never - felt any sexual interest in such representatives of the female sex. In - the theatre and circus only male performers had excited his interest; - but, at the same time, they had caused him no sensual feelings. As for - men, only their boots excited him, and, indeed, only when the wearers - belonged to the servant class and were handsome men. Men of his own - position, wearing never so fine boots, were absolutely indifferent to - him. - - With reference to his sexual inclinations, the patient is still - uncertain whether he feels more inclination toward the opposite sex or - toward his own sex. He is inclined to think that originally he had - more inclination for women, but that this sympathy was, in any case, - very weak. He states with certainty that the sight of a naked man made - no impression on him, and that the sight of male genitals was even - repugnant to him. In the case of women, this was not exactly the case, - but he was not excited sexually even by the most beautiful feminine - form. When a young officer, he was now and then compelled to accompany - his comrades to brothels. He was the more easily persuaded to this, - since he hoped by this means to be rid of his vile partiality for - boots; but he was impotent unless he brought the thought of boots to - his aid. Under such circumstances, the act of cohabitation was - normally performed, but without pleasurable feeling. Patient felt no - impulse to intercourse with women, always requiring some external - cause,—_i.e._, persuasion. Left to himself, his vita sexualis - consisted in reveling in ideas about boots, and in corresponding - dreams with pollutions. Since more and more there became connected - with them the impulse to kiss his servant’s boots, to draw them off, - etc., the patient determined to use every means to rid himself of this - disgusting desire, which deeply wounded his pride. At that time, being - in his twentieth year, and in Paris, he recalled a very beautiful - peasant girl, who lived in his distant home. He hoped, with her - assistance, to free himself of his perverse sexual inclination. He - went directly home, and tried to win the girl’s favor. It seems that - the patient was not naturally homo-sexual. He asserts that at that - time he was actually in love with this person, and that her glance, or - the touch of her dress, gave him sensual pleasure; and, when she once - kissed him, he had a powerful erection. After about a year and a half, - the patient succeeded in gaining his desires with this person. - - He was potent, but ejaculated tardily (ten to twenty minutes), and - never had a pleasurable feeling in the act. - - After about a year and a half of sexual intercourse with this girl, - his love for her grew cold, because he did not find her so “fine and - pure” as he wished. From this time it was necessary for him to call - upon ideas about boots for help, which had been latent, in order to be - potent in sexual intercourse with her. In proportion as his power - failed, these ideas arose spontaneously. Thereafter he had coitus with - other women. Now and then, especially when the woman was in sympathy - with him, the act took place without any assistance of imagination. It - once happened that the patient committed a rape. It is remarkable that - on this single occasion he had a pleasurable feeling in the (forced) - act. Immediately after the deed he had a feeling of disgust. When, an - hour after the forced indulgence, he had coitus with the same woman, - with her consent, he experienced no feeling of pleasure. - - With decrease of virility,—_i.e._, when it was preserved only in - connection with ideas about boots,—libido for the opposite sex - decreased. The patient’s slight libido and weak inclination for women - are evidenced by the fact that, while he still sustained sexual - relations with the peasant girl, he began to masturbate. He learned - the vice from “Rousseau’s Confessions,” the book accidentally falling - into his hands. The boot-fancies immediately linked themselves with - corresponding impulses. He then had violent erections, masturbated, - and ejaculation afforded him a lively feeling of pleasure, which was - denied to him in coitus; and at first he felt himself fresher and - brighter, as a result of the masturbation. - - In time, however, symptoms of sexual, and, later, of general, - neurasthenia, with spinal irritation, appeared. He then at first gave - up masturbation, and sought his first love; but she was now more than - ever indifferent to him. Since he finally became impotent, even when - he called ideas of boots to his assistance, he gave up women entirely, - and again practiced masturbation; by which he felt himself protected - from the impulse to kiss and blacken servants’ boots. At the same - time, he continued to feel that his sexual position was a painful one. - He again occasionally attempted coitus, and was successful in it as - soon as he thought of blackened boots. Too, after continued abstinence - from masturbation, he was sometimes successful in coitus without any - artificial aid. - - The patient says that his sexual needs are intense. If he has not had - an ejaculation in a long time, he becomes congestive and psychically - much excited, and tormented by repugnant images of boots, so that he - is forced to have coitus, or, preferably, to masturbate. - - For some time his moral position has been complicated most painfully - by the fact that, as the last of a wealthy line of high position, and - at the importunate desire of his parents, he must marry. The bride is - of rare beauty, and mentally in perfect sympathy with him; but, as a - woman, she is as indifferent to him as any other. Æsthetically she - satisfies him “as a work of art;” in his eyes, she is an ideal. To - honor her in a platonic way would be happiness worth striving for; but - to possess her as a wife is a painful thought. He is certain - beforehand that with her he will be impotent, save with the help of - ideas of boots. To use such means, however, is in opposition to his - respect and his moral and æsthetic feeling for the lady. Were he to - soil her with such thoughts, she would lose, in his eyes, all her - æsthetic value; and then he would become impotent for her, and she - would become repugnant to him. The patient considers his position one - of despair, and confesses that he has lately been repeatedly near - suicide. - - He is a man of much intelligence, and decidedly of masculine - appearance, with abundant growth of beard, deep voice, and normal - genitals. The eye has a neuropathic expression. No signs of - degeneration. Symptoms of spinal neurasthenia. It was possible to - reassure the patient, and give him hope of his future. - - The medical advice consisted in means for combating the neurasthenia, - and the interdiction of masturbation and indulgence of the fancy in - images of boots, in the hope that, with the removal of the - neurasthenia, cohabitation without ideas of boots would become - possible; and that, in time, the patient would become morally and - physically capable of marriage. - - In the latter part of October, 1888, the patient wrote me that he had - resolutely resisted masturbation and his imagination. In the interval - he had had but one dream about boots, and scarcely a pollution. He had - been free from homo-sexual inclinations, but, in spite of this, there - was often considerable sexual excitement, without anything like - adequate libido for women. In this deplorable situation, he was - compelled, by circumstances, to marry in three months. - -_2. Homo-Sexual Individuals, or Urnings._—In distinction from the -preceding group of psycho-sexual hermaphrodites, there are here, _ab -origine_, sexual desires and inclinations for persons of the same sex -exclusively; but, in contrast with the following group, the anomaly is -limited to the vita sexualis, and does not more deeply and seriously -affect the character and mental personality. - -The vita sexualis of these urnings, _mutatis mutandis_, is entirely like -that in normal hetero-sexual love; but, since it is the exact opposite -of the natural feeling, it becomes a caricature, and this the more, -since these individuals, at the same time, as a rule, are subject to -hyperæsthesia sexualis, and, therefore, their love for their own sex is -emotional and passionate. - -The urning loves and deifies the male object of his affections, just as -a man idealizes the woman he loves. He is capable of the greatest -sacrifice for him, and experiences the pangs of unfortunate, often -unrequited, love; suffers from the unfaithfulness of the beloved object, -and is subject to jealousy, etc. - -The attention of the male-loving man is given only to male dancers, -actors, athletes, statues, etc. The sight of female charms is -indifferent to him, if not repulsive. A naked woman is disgusting to -him, while the sight of male genitals, hips, etc., affords him infinite -pleasure. - -The bodily contact of a sympathetic man induces a thrill of delight; -and, since such individuals are mostly sexually neurasthenic, -congenitally or from onanism or enforced abstinence from sexual -intercourse, under such circumstances ejaculation is very easily -induced, which, in the most intimate intercourse with women, cannot be -induced at all, or only by mechanical means. The sexual act with a man, -in many instances, affords pleasure, and leaves behind a feeling of -well-being. Should the urning be able to force himself to coitus, in -which, as a rule, disgust has the effect of an inhibitory concept, and -makes the act impossible, then his feeling is something like that of a -man compelled to take disgusting food or drink. However, experience -teaches that not infrequently urnings falling in this group marry, -either out of ethical or social considerations. - -Such unfortunates are relatively potent, in that in marital intercourse -they incite their imagination, and, instead of thinking of their wives, -they call up the image of some loved male person. But for them coitus is -a great sacrifice, and no pleasure; and it makes them, for days after, -nervous and miserable. If such urnings, by means of powerful excitation -of their imagination, or under the influence of alcoholic drinks, or by -erections induced by an overfilled bladder, etc., are enabled to -overcome the inhibitory feelings and ideas, then they are still entirely -impotent; while simply the touch of a man may induce powerful erection, -and even ejaculation. - -Dancing with a woman is unpleasant to an urning, but to dance with a -man, especially one with an attractive form, seems to him the greatest -of pleasures. The male urning, in so far as he possesses higher culture, -is not opposed to non-sexual intercourse with women, when by mind and -refinement they make conversation pleasant. It is only of woman in her -sexual _rôle_ that he has a horror. The homo-sexual woman offers the -same manifestations, _mutatis mutandis_. In this degree of sexual -degeneration, character and occupation correspond with the sex which the -individual represents. The sexual perversion remains isolated, but an -anomaly of the mental being of the individual which deeply affects the -social existence. In accordance with this, many of these individuals, in -the sexual act, feel themselves in the _rôle_ which would naturally -belong to them in hetero-sexual intercourse. - -However, transitions to group 3 occur, in as much as sometimes the -passive _rôle_ which corresponds with the homo-sexual manner of feeling, -is thought of or desired, or at least forms the subject of dreams. -Moreover, inclinations for occupations and tendencies of taste are -manifested, which do not correspond with the sex of the individual. In -many cases, one gets the impression that such symptoms are artificial, -the result of educational influences; in other cases, that they -represent deeper acquired degenerations of the original anomaly, induced -by the perverse sexual activity (masturbation), analogous to the signs -of progressive degeneration observed in acquired inversion of the sexual -instinct. - -With regard to the manner of sexual satisfaction, it must be stated that -with many male urnings simple embraces are sufficient to induce -ejaculation, since they are subject to irritable weakness of the sexual -apparatus. In case of sexual hyperæsthesia, and where there is -paræsthesia of the moral sense, great pleasure is afforded by -intercourse with persons of the lowest condition. On the same basis, -desires to commit pederasty (active, of course) and other similar acts -occur, though it is but seldom, and apparently only in cases of moral -defect, and by reason of libido nimia in individuals especially -passionate, that pederasty is indulged in. The sensual desire of mature -urnings, _in contradistinction from old and decrepit debauchees, who -prefer boys (and indulge in pederasty by preference), seems never to be -directed to immature males_. Only for want of better material, and in -case of violent passion, does the urning become dangerous to boys. The -manner of sexual satisfaction in female urnings may be mutual and -passive masturbation. To them coitus is quite as disgusting, wearisome, -and inadequate as it is to the male urning. - - Case 112. The following is an extract from a very circumstantial - autobiography which a physician affected with contrary sexual instinct - has put at my disposal:— - - “I am now forty years old, of healthy family,[114] and have always - been healthy and considered a model of physical and mental strength - and energy. I am of powerful build, but have only a moderate beard, - and, with the exception of hair in the axillæ and on the mons veneris, - my body is hairless. The penis, even soon after birth unusually large, - measures, in statu erectionis, 24 centimetres long by 11 centimetres - in circumference. I am a skillful rider, athlete, and swimmer, and - have passed through two great campaigns as a military surgeon. I never - experienced any taste for female attire and vocation. Up to the time - of puberty I was shy toward the female sex, and I am yet shy with new - acquaintances. - - “I have always had a distaste for dancing. In my eighth year an - inclination for my own sex made its appearance. I next experienced - pleasure in regarding my brother’s genitals. I induced my brother to - indulge with me in mutual fondling of the genitals, as a result of - which I had an erection. Later, in bathing with the school-children, - the boys excited a lively interest in me; the girls, none at all. I - had so little interest in them that, as late as my fifteenth year, I - believed that they also had a penis. In company with boys like myself, - I took pleasure in mutual manustupration. At eleven and a half years I - was given a strict tutor, and thereafter could steal to my friends but - seldom. I learned very easily, but could not get along with my - teacher; and when one day he made it too hard for me, I became furious - and struck at him with a knife, and would have gladly stabbed him, if - he had not fallen into my arms. In my thirteenth year, for a similar - cause, I escaped from the teacher, and wandered about for six weeks in - the neighboring country. - - “I now entered the Gymnasium. At that time I was already sexually - developed, and amused myself while bathing with my comrades in the way - above mentioned, and later by imitatio coitus between the thighs. I - was then thirteen years old. I took absolutely no pleasure with girls. - Violent erections caused me to play with my genitals, and I came to - take my penis in my mouth, which I succeeded in doing by bending over. - This induced ejaculation. I thus learned masturbation. I was much - frightened, looked upon myself as a criminal, and confessed to a - companion of sixteen. He encouraged and quieted me, and entered into a - love-bond with me. We were happy, and satisfied ourselves by mutual - onanism. At the same time, I masturbated. After two years the bond was - broken; but to this day, when we occasionally meet,—my friend is a - high official,—the old fire lights up anew. - - “That time with my friend H. was a happy one, the return of which I - would gladly buy with my heart’s blood. Then life was a pleasure, - learning was mere play, and I had a feeling for everything beautiful. - - “During this time a physician, a friend of my father’s, seduced me by - caressing me and practicing masturbation on me on the occasion of a - visit, and by explaining the sexual act to me. He advised me never to - practice manustupration, since it was injurious to health. He then - practiced mutual onanism with me, and explained that this was the only - way in which he could perform the sexual function. He had a horror of - women, and, therefore, had lived unhappily with his deceased wife. He - gave me a pressing invitation to visit him as often as possible. The - physician was a pompous man, and the father of two sons aged fourteen - and fifteen respectively, with whom in the following year I entered - into love-relations similar to those I had with my friend H. - - “I was ashamed of my unfaithfulness to him, but at the same time - continued my relations with the physician. He practiced mutual - masturbation with me, showed me our spermatozoa under the microscope, - and pornographic works and pictures, which, however, did not please - me, because I had interest only for male forms. On the occasion of - later visits, he asked me to do him a favor which he had never yet - enjoyed, and which he very much desired. Since I loved him, I - acquiesced in everything. He dilated my anus with instruments, and - practiced pederasty on me, and at the same time performed - masturbation, so that I experienced pleasure and pain at once. After - this discovery I went immediately to my friend H., with the thought - that this beloved man would be able to give me still greater pleasure. - We practiced pederasty on each other, but were both deceived, and did - not repeat it; for passively I had only pain, and actively no - pleasure, while mutual onanism gave us both the greatest enjoyment. - Thereafter, out of gratitude, I was still frequently at the disposal - of the physician only. Up to my fifteenth year I practiced passive or - mutual onanism with my friend. Now I was quite grown, and had all - kinds of signs made to me by women and girls; but I fled from them as - Joseph did from Potiphar’s wife. At fifteen I came to the Capital. I - had but infrequent opportunity for the satisfaction of my sexual - inclination. I reveled in the sight of pictures and statues of male - forms, and could not keep from kissing the beloved statues. The - fig-leaves on the genitals were my principal annoyance. - - “At seventeen I went to the University. There, again, I lived two - years with my friend H. - - “When I was in my eighteenth year, while in a state of mild - intoxication, I was set on to have coitus with a woman. I forced - myself to it, but immediately afterward I fled the house, overcome - with disgust. Just as after the first active manustupration, I had a - feeling as if I had committed a crime. On the occasion of another - attempt, while in a sober condition, in spite of every effort of a - beautiful naked girl, I could not get an erection; though the mere - sight of a boy or the touch of a man’s hand on my thigh, would always - throw my penis into violent erection. A short time before, my friend - H. had had a similar experience. In vain we racked our brains to - discover the reason for it. Now I let women alone, and found enjoyment - with friends in passive and mutual onanism, among others with both the - sons of the physician, who had used them for pederasty after my - departure. - - “When nineteen years old, I made the acquaintance of two genuine - urnings:— - - “A., aged 56, of effeminate appearance, beardless, of small endowment - mentally, possessing a powerful sexual desire that had been manifested - abnormally early, had indulged in urnings’ love since his sixth year. - Once a month he visited the Capital. I had to sleep with him. He was - insatiable in mutual onanism, and made me take part in active and - passive pederasty, which was an unpleasant part of the bargain for - me.” - - “B., a merchant, aged 36, of masculine appearance, was as passionate - as I was. He knew how to make his manipulations on me such a stimulus - that I had to serve him passively in pederasty. He was the only one - with whom I ever had any pleasure in passive pederasty. He confessed - to me that when he but knew that I was near, he had the most painful - erections; and that when I could not serve him, he was compelled to - satisfy himself by masturbation. - - “While pursuing these love-affairs, I was clinical assistant in - hospital, and was considered ambitious and skillful in my work. I - naturally sought throughout literature for an explanation of my sexual - peculiarity. I found it in part as a crime deserving punishment, while - for myself I could only recognize in it the natural satisfaction of my - sexual desire. I was aware that this was congenital with me. But - feeling myself in opposition to the whole world, often near insanity - and suicide, I again sought to satisfy my powerful sexual desire with - women. The result was always the same,—either want of sufficient - erection, or, when it became possible, to force myself to the act, - disgust and horror of its repetition. As a military surgeon, I - suffered terribly from the sight and touch of thousands of naked male - forms. Fortunately, I formed a love-bond with a lieutenant affected - similarly, and passed again a time of happiness. For love of him I - consented to pederasty, for which he longed. We loved each other until - he lost his life at Sedan. From that time I never gave myself to - active or passive pederasty, although I had many love-affairs, and was - a person much sought. - - “At twenty-three I went to the country as a physician, and was sought - and esteemed. I satisfied myself with boys over fourteen. I interested - myself in political affairs, and made an enemy of the clergyman, and, - being betrayed by one of my lovers, was denounced and compelled to - flee. The legal investigation, fortunately, did me no harm. I was able - to return, but I was greatly shaken; and I went to the war (1870) as a - soldier, in the hope of meeting my death. I returned, however, with - many distinctions, much matured; and I found still more pleasure in - earnest work in my profession. I hoped that the extinction of my - excessive sexual desire was near at hand, exhausted by the great - hardships of the campaign. - - “Scarcely had I recovered, when the old unbounded desire again - appeared, and led to new unbridled satisfaction. Of course, I often - thought of it; but my inclination, so revolting to the world, did not - seem so to me. - - “For a year, by means of the greatest exercise of my will, I - abstained; then I went to the Capital to force myself to cohabit with - a woman. I, who at the sight of the dirtiest ragamuffin had painful - erections, could scarcely induce one with the most beautiful woman. - Overcome, I returned home and obtained a young man-servant for my - personal service and satisfaction. - - “The solitude of life as a country physician, and the longing for - children, drove me to marriage; besides, I wished to make an end to - gossip, and I hoped finally to triumph over my fatal desire. - - “I knew a young girl, of whose respect and love for me I was - convinced. Through my esteem and honor for my wife, I was enabled to - perform the conjugal duties, and begat four boys. The boyish - appearance of my wife was of effectual assistance. I called her my - ‘Raphael.’ I forced into my fancy images of boys, in order to induce - erection. If my fancy ceased for a moment, the erection failed. I was - unable to sleep with my wife. Within the last few years coitus has - become constantly more difficult to attain, and for two years we have - given up all attempts. My wife knows my mental condition, and her - esteem and love for me may become estranged. - - “My sexual inclination for my own sex is unchanged, and, - unfortunately, too often forces me to become untrue to my wife. To - this day, the sight of a youth of sixteen puts me into violent sexual - excitement with painful erections, so that occasionally I am compelled - to help myself with manustupration of him and onanism on myself. - - “The sufferings I endure are indescribable. _Faute de mieux_, I have - my wife practice manustupration on me; but what my wife’s hand - accomplishes with great effort in half an hour is produced by the hand - of a boy in a few seconds. Thus I live, miserable, a slave of the law - and of my duty to my wife! I never had pleasure in active or passive - pederasty. If I ever practiced or suffered it, it was only from - gratitude or desire to please.” - -The physician to whom I owe the preceding autobiography assures me that -he, up to this time, has had sexual intercourse with at least six -hundred urnings. There were, indeed, many among them who to-day occupy -high and respected positions. Only about ten per cent. of them came -later to love women. Another portion did not avoid women, but were more -inclined to their own sex; the remainder were exclusively and lastingly -urnings. - -This physician asserted that among the six hundred he never found -abnormal formation of the genitals; but there were, however, frequent -approaches to the female form, as well as incomplete growth of hair, -delicate complexion, and higher voice. Development of the mammæ was not -infrequent. He asserted that from his thirteenth to his fifteenth year -he had milk in his mammæ, which his friend H. sucked out. Only about ten -per cent. of this number showed inclination for female occupations, etc. -All his acquaintances were affected with a sexual desire that was -abnormally powerful, and made its appearance abnormally early. The vast -majority felt themselves as the man in their relations with the other, -and satisfied themselves by mutual onanism, or by manustupration on the -person of the lover, or by masturbation at his hands. The majority were -inclined to active pederasty; but very frequently the law and æsthetic -feeling were reasons for the non-performance of the act. Those feeling -themselves toward the others as women were few, and the inclination to -passive pederasty was very infrequent. - - In the beginning of 1887, this physician was arrested for having - commuted acts of indecency on the persons of two boys under fourteen - years. The crime consisted in his having first rubbed mentulam - propriam inter femora viri until ejaculatio, and the same procedure - cum mentula propria inter femora pueri. At the examination it was - recognized that an abnormal instinct was in play, though, at the same - time, it was shown that the culprit was not mentally unsound, and not - deprived of free will; at least, he had not acted in obedience to an - uncontrollable impulse. Therefore, he was sentenced to prison for one - year, the mildest possible punishment. - - Case 113. Mr. X., Hungarian, merchant, consulted me on account of - neurasthenia and sleeplessness, which had existed for years. The - investigation of the cause of his trouble led the patient to confess - that he had an abnormal sexual instinct for his own sex, that he was - very passionate, and that his nervous trouble might well come from - that. The following, taken from the history of this intelligent - patient, possesses scientific interest:— - - “My abnormal sexual instinct reaches back to my childhood. When three - years old, I got hold of a journal of fashions. The beautiful pictures - of the men I kissed until the paper was torn to tatters, but I paid no - attention to the female figures. I did not like to play with boys. I - preferred to play with girls, because they always had dolls. I - especially liked to cut out dolls’ clothes; and to-day, in spite of my - thirty-three years, dolls still possess an interest for me. When a - boy, for hours I would lurk about available places, in order to get a - sight of male genitals. When I succeeded, a strange, dizzy feeling - came over me. Weak, unattractive men or boys made no impression on me. - At thirteen I began to masturbate. From my thirteenth till my - fifteenth year, I slept with a handsome young man. That was happiness. - Hours at a time at night, with erections, I would wait for his return. - If in bed he chanced to touch my genitals, it gave me delight. At - fourteen I had a school-mate whose instincts were like my own. For - hours at a time, during school-hours, we held each other’s genitals. - Ah, those were happy hours! As often as I could, I lingered in - bath-houses. That was always a feast for me. The sight of male - genitals induced violent erections. At sixteen I came to the - metropolis. Seeing so many handsome men charmed me. In my eighteenth - year I attempted coitus with a prostitute, but disgust and fear made - it impossible. Other attempts were failures, until my nineteenth year, - when I tried again with success; but the act afforded me no pleasure, - rather inducing a feeling of disgust. I conquered myself, and was - proud of my success at being a man, which I had gradually begun to - doubt. - - “Subsequent attempts were no longer successful. The disgust was too - great. When the woman was undressing, it became necessary, on account - of my feeling of repugnance, to put out the light. I now considered - myself impotent, consulted physicians, and visited baths and - sanitariums to cure my supposed impotence; for I still did not know - what to think of it. I took pleasure in the society of ladies, perhaps - out of conceit; for I impressed most ladies as being sympathetic and - amiable; but I valued in them nothing more than mental and æsthetic - qualities. I liked to dance with them; but if one pressed against me - in dancing, I experienced a feeling of repugnance, and even disgust, - and felt like striking her. If in joke I happened to dance with a - gentleman, I always took the part of the lady. I would press and rub - against him, and take a perfect delight in it. When I was eighteen, a - gentleman who came into the office, said, ‘That is a fine youth; in - the East he would bring a pound sterling every time!’ I puzzled my - head over that. Another gentleman liked to joke with me, and steal - kisses of me as he was going away, which I would have given him only - too gladly. He afterward became my lover. These circumstances excited - my attention, and I waited for an opportunity. - - “When I was twenty-five years old, it happened that a man who was - formerly a Capucine monk became attracted to me. For me he was like a - Mephistopheles. Finally he spoke to me. To this day I can almost feel - the beating of my heart that he caused me; I almost fainted. He made a - rendezvous for that evening at a public house. I went, but at the - threshold I turned back, afraid. On the next evening he met me again. - He overcame my scruples, and took me to his room. I was scarcely able - to walk for excitement. My seducer made me sit on his sofa, and, - smiling at me, he fixed his wonderful black eyes on me, and I lost - consciousness. This delight, this ideal, divine sense of pleasure that - filled my whole being,—I could write too much about it. I think only - an innocent youth, over head and ears in love, who for the first time - has his love’s longing fulfilled, could be as happy as I was that - night. My seducer demanded my life, in joke; but I at first thought - him in earnest. I begged him to let me be happy for a time, and then, - united to him, I would end my life. It would have been entirely in - accordance with the high-flown ideas I entertained at that time. For - five years after that, I kept up a relation with the man, who is still - so dear to me. Oh, how happy, and yet, often, how unhappy, I was - during those years! If I but saw him speak to a handsome young man, I - became wildly jealous. - - “When twenty-seven, I became engaged to a young lady. Her mind and - æsthetic feeling, as well as financial considerations, induced me to - think of marriage. At the same time, I am very fond of children, and, - whenever I meet even the commonest day-laborer and his wife and a - pretty child, I envy the man his good fortune. Thus I made a fool of - myself. I managed to get through the time of courtship; when kissing - my bride I felt more anxiety and fear than pleasure. On one or two - occasions, however, after luxurious dinners, while kissing her - passionately, I had erections. How happy I was at that! I saw myself - already a father. I twice came near breaking off the engagement. On my - marriage-day, when all the guests had assembled, I locked myself in a - room, cried like a child, and felt that I could not proceed with the - ceremony. At the persuasion of all the relatives, to whom I made the - best excuses that occurred to me, I allowed myself to be taken, in - ordinary street-costume, to the altar. - - “As great good fortune would have it, at the time of the marriage, my - wife was menstruating. Oh, how thankful I was for this excuse! I am - now convinced that this circumstance is all that made later - cohabitation possible. How it later became possible for me to cohabit - with my wife, and have a lovely boy, I do not know. He is the comfort - of my ruined life. I can only thank God for the happiness of having a - child. I was a cheat, so to speak, in the marriage-bed. My wife, whom - I respect for her high qualities of character, has no suspicion of my - condition, but she often complains of my coldness. With her goodness - of heart and simplicity, it was possible for me to make her think that - the conjugal duty should be performed but once a month. Since she is - in nowise sensual, and I can find excuse in my nervousness, I am - successful in keeping up the swindle. Cohabitation is the greatest - sacrifice for me. By taking considerable wine, and by making use of - the erections which occur in the morning, as the result of an - overfilled bladder, it is possible for me to perform coitus once a - month; but it affords me no pleasurable feeling, and I am worried and - experience an increase of my nervous difficulties all day long after - it. The consciousness of having fulfilled my duty toward my wife, whom - in all other respects I love, affords me moral consolation and - satisfaction. With a man, it is otherwise. With him I can perform the - act several times in a night, always taking the sexual _rôle_ of a - man. In this, I experience the greatest pleasure, the purest - happiness. I feel myself refreshed and invigorated by it. Of late, my - desire for men has somewhat decreased; in fact, I have courage even to - avoid a handsome young man that approaches me. Will it last? I fear - not. I am absolutely unable to do without male love; if I am compelled - to forego it, I become depressed, feel weary and miserable, and have - pain and pressure in my head. I have always regarded my pitiable - peculiarity as something congenital, and I would feel happy if I had - only not married. I pity my good wife. Often the fear seizes me that I - cannot endure it with her longer; then thoughts about divorce, - suicide, and flight to America come to me.” - - No one seeing the patient to whom I owe this communication would - suspect his condition. His outward appearance is, in all respects, - masculine; he has a well-developed, full beard, strong and deep voice, - and normal genitals. The cranium is normally formed; signs of - degeneration are absolutely wanting, and only an exquisitely nervous - eye makes one suspect a neuropathic condition. The vegetative organs - perform their functions normally. The patient presents the usual - symptoms of a neurasthenia, which may, in all essentials, be ascribed - to sexual excesses with persons of his own sex, in a man abnormally - passionate; and to the injurious influences of forced, though - infrequent, coitus with the wife where horror feminæ exists. - - The patient declares that he comes from healthy parents, and that he - knows of no neuroses or mental disease in his ancestry. His elder - brother was married three years. There was a separation, because the - husband never had sexual intercourse with his wife. He married a - second time. The second wife also complained of neglect on the part of - the husband; but she had four children, concerning whose legitimacy no - doubt was ever raised. A sister is hysteropathic. - - The patient says that, when a young man, he suffered with momentary - attacks of dizziness, during which it seemed to him as if he were - about to die. He says that he has always been very excitable and - emotional, and an enthusiast for the arts, especially poetry and - music. He himself designates his character as enigmatical, abnormal, - nervous, restless, extravagant, and undecided. He is often exalted - without real reason, and then again depressed, even to thoughts of - suicide. He may pass through quick and sudden changes,—“religious and - frivolous, optimistic and cynical, cowardly and brave, credulous, - amiable, and suspicious; inclined to do others harm, and sorrowful to - tears over the misfortunes of others; and with this, generous to - excess, and then again miserly _à la Harpagon_.” The patient is - certainly a tainted individual. He seems to be very well endowed - intellectually, and, as he says, to have learned easily, and been - among the first at school. - - The marriage of this man was not happy. Notwithstanding the fact that - it was but very infrequently that he performed the inadequate and - injurious sexual act with his wife, and that he sought and found a - substitute in male lovers, he remained neurasthenic. His disease, at - times, presents marked exacerbations, even manifesting itself in - despairing depression about his matrimonial, sexual, and mental - condition, which even extends to violent tædium vitæ. - - His wife became hysteropathic and anæmic, and the patient attributed - this to sexual abstinence. Try as he would to force himself, of late - years he has not been able to perform coitus, erection failing - completely; while, in intercourse with male lovers, he is very potent. - - The son of these unfortunate parents, who is now over nine years old, - develops well. The patient adds that formerly, in coitus with his - wife, he was potent only when he thought of a beloved man. (From the - author’s “Lehrb. der Psychiatrie.”) - - Case 114. _Autobiography._ “The writer of this is a congenital urning. - If I have not consorted with other urnings, nevertheless, I am fully - informed of my condition; for it has been my lot to see almost all - literature on the subject. A short time ago, your work, ‘Psychopathia - Sexualis,’ was sent to me. I saw in it that you were working and - studying without prejudice in the interest of science and humanity. - - “If I cannot tell you much that is new, yet I will speak of a few - things which I trust you will receive as one more stone to be used by - you in your work; which, I am confident, will, in your hands, aid in - saving us. - - “When you presume that there is often an hereditary tainted condition, - perhaps you are right. My father was subject to spinal disease before - my birth; later, he became mentally unsound, and took his own life. - - “Another point, which I am inclined to doubt, is the one mentioned by - you in another place,—_i.e._, that onanism practiced from youth may - lead to perverse instinct. - - “I (merchant, owner of a small business, unmarried) am in the - beginning of my thirtieth year. I am apparently healthy, and show - scarcely a deviation from the normal masculine type. The first sexual - impulses were immediately and exclusively directed to the male sex, - and I experienced them from my tenth year. I have masturbated since my - twelfth year. Since, in spite of all attempts, coitus with women was - always absolutely impossible for me; and since I have never had desire - for women—on the contrary, rather aversion; and since my attempts have - never resulted in the slightest erection, I have been compelled to - satisfy myself by onanism. - - “If now I am to confess the manner of my sexual satisfaction, I may - say that in my earlier years my fellow-pupils and companions excited - me sexually. Now my impulse consists in a desire for boys of about - ten, but mostly for youths of from fifteen to twenty years. - - “For a long time, strong and healthy cadets, of fine form, have had a - particular charm for me; and by their handsome uniforms and fine - presence they especially excite my desire. I have no opportunity to - approach them, or even to enter into distant social intercourse with - them; but I am compelled to satisfy myself with following them in the - streets and squares; or in restaurants, horse-cars or railways, by - sitting near them, and, when it is possible to do it unnoticed, under - such circumstances, by practicing onanism. My most ardent wish has - often been to become the friend, servant, or slave of such a young - man. - - “I have never even dreamed of direct pederasty; my desire has always - been bodily contact, embrace, manustupration of my genitals by my - lover, and, on my part, a kiss on his genitals or podex. - - “I often have the desire, however, to represent Sacher-Masoch in his - ‘Venus in Furs.’ There a man makes himself the voluntary slave of a - woman, and feels an intense thrill of lustful pleasure, if he is only - chastised and humiliated by her. But I naturally feel that I could, - under no circumstances, become the slave of a woman, but only of a - man; more correctly, of a young man; one, however, for whom I should - have such an infinite love that I could give myself up entirely to his - mercy or cruelty. - - “The lustful images that float before my mind in masturbation are - those of this or that young man that I have just seen. As a sad and - incomplete substitute, I practice this onanism constantly. - - “I pass into a lustful dream in this way (and I say all here, because - I wish to write only the truth and the whole truth): I choose a young - man that pleases me by his form, and in imagination give myself up to - involuntary obedience to him. I imagine that he wishes to humiliate - me, and that he commands me, for example, to kiss his feet; or compels - me to smell his socks. For want of the desired actuality, I take my - own socks, smell of them, take them into my mouth, rub them over my - genitals, and immediately erection and ejaculation, with sensual - pleasure, take place. - - “Yes, I am so dominated by this mental imagery that I imagine that the - young man is my confessor, and, in order to humiliate me, orders me to - eat of his excrement. Here again, in want of actuality, I eat of my - own excrement, but only in small quantity. Then, with an imperfect - feeling of disgust and violent palpitation of the heart, erection and - ejaculation take place. - - “However, I come to this vile, feverish imagery and the performance of - these acts, only when it has not been possible for me for a long time - to satisfy myself by onanism in the immediate vicinity of a young man. - - “This is for me more natural, because I then have more pleasure, and - experience a more perfect physical and mental benefit, even though my - ideal of actual and direct satisfaction in mutual understanding were - never to be accorded me. - - “I almost believe that the above-mentioned disgusting imagery is only - the evil result of constant want of normal satisfaction,—_i.e._, of my - normal satisfaction as an urning; and that with a regular - satisfaction, body to body, the imagery that becomes almost insane - would be less intense, and certainly would not go to such - extravagance. Or it is the ultimate result of an attempt at - abstinence; for these idiotic, sensual images only come after a long - period of it. - - “I believe, indeed, that, under other social conditions, I should be - capable of great and noble love and self-sacrifice. My thoughts are in - no way exclusively carnal or diseased. How often, at the sight of a - handsome young man, a deep feeling of impatience seizes me, and I - breathe at once the sweet words of Heine:— - - “‘Du bist wie eine Blume, so hold, so schön, so rein,’ etc.[115] - - “And once, when I was compelled to part with a young man who had - honored and valued me as his friend and protector, though my love had - remained unknown to him, those fine verses by Scheffel kept passing - through my mind, especially the last,—_mutatis mutandis_:— - - “‘Grau wie der Himmel, steht vor mir die Welt, - Doch wend’ es sich zum Guten oder Bösen, - Du, lieber Freund, in Treuen denk’ ich Dein! - Behüt Dich Gott! es wär’ zu schön gewesen, - Behüt Dich Gott, es hat nicht sollen sein!’[116] - - “I have never independently revealed my love to a young man, and have - never spoiled or injured one morally; but I have, now and then, made - the way easy for many. Under such circumstances, nothing is too much - trouble, and I obtain victims as only I can. - - “When I have an opportunity to have such a beloved friend about me, to - educate, protect, and help, if my recognized love find a (natural, - unsexual) return, then all my disgusting mental imagery grows less and - less intense; then my love becomes almost platonic and ennobled, to - sink again into the mire when this worthy satisfaction is removed. - - “As for the rest, and without over-estimating myself, I may say that I - am not one of the worst of men. Brighter mentally than the average - man, I take interest in all that moves humanity. I am amiable, and - easily moved to pity, and am incapable of doing any animal, much less - a man, an injury; but, on the contrary, do good wherever I can. - - “When I have nothing to reproach myself with in my own conscience, and - must, at the same time, set myself in opposition to the judgment of - the world, I suffer very much. Indeed, I have done no one harm, and I - consider my love, in its noblest activity, to be quite as holy as that - of a normal man; but, with the unhappy lot which impatience and - ignorance cast upon us, I suffer even to the extent of tædium vitæ. - - “No pen, no tongue can describe all the misery, all the unhappy - situations, the constant fear of having this peculiarity recognized, - and of being cast from society. The one thought that, as soon as - recognized, one’s existence would be lost, and he would be cast away - from all, is as terrible as any thought can be. Then all the good that - one had ever done would be forgotten; then, in the pride of his great - morality, every normal man would be moved to scorn, even though he - himself had been never so frivolous in his own love. - - “Then what does our misery amount to? We may, cursing man, end our - unhappy lives. Truly, I often long for the quiet of an asylum. My life - may end when it will, the quicker the better; I am ready. - - “To refer to one more point: I also believe, like the others that have - written to you, that our nervousness is first acquired as a result of - our unhappy, unspeakably miserable life among our fellow-creatures. - - “And still another: You write, at the conclusion of your work, - concerning the repeal of the legal enactments concerned. Indeed, - humanity would not be destroyed if they were repealed. In Italy there - is no such law, as far as I know; and Italy is not a wilderness, but a - cultivated nation. - - “As for myself, compelled as I am to undermine my life by onanism, the - law could not touch me; for I have never sinned against it in a - letter. But, at the same time, I suffer under the accursed scorn to - which we are subjected. How can the ideas of society be changed, so - long as there is a law which strengthens it in its immorality? The law - must, of course, correspond with public opinion; but it should not be - in harmony with the erroneous opinion of ignorance, but only in accord - with the ideas of the best and most scientific thinkers,—not with the - wish and prejudice of the vulgar. True thinking minds cannot much - longer be satisfied with the old idea. - - “Pardon me, Professor, if I close without a signature. Do not try to - find me. I could tell you nothing more. I give you these lines in the - interest of future sufferers. Publish from them, in the interest of - science, truth, and justice, what seems to you to be necessary.” - - Case 115. On a summer evening, at twilight, X. Y., a physician of a - city in North Germany, was detected by a watchman while committing a - misdemeanor with a countryman in a field. He was practicing - masturbation on him, and then mentulam alius in os suum immisit. X. - escaped legal prosecution by flight. The authorities dismissed the - complaint, because there had been no publicity, and because immissio - membri in anum had not taken place. Among X.’s effects was found an - extensive correspondence of a perverse sexual character, which showed - that he had had perverse intercourse for years with all classes of - people. - - X. came of a neurotic family. His paternal grandfather died by suicide - while insane. His father was a weak, peculiar man. One brother - masturbated at the age of two. A cousin was sexually perverse, and - practiced perverse acts, similar to those of X., while a youth; he - became weak-minded, and died of spinal disease. A paternal great-uncle - was an hermaphrodite. His mother’s sister was insane. His mother is - said to have been healthy. X.’s brother is nervous and irascible. - - X., likewise, was nervous as a child. The mewing of a cat would create - great fear in him; and if one but imitated the voice of a cat, he - would cry bitterly, and run to others for protection. Slight physical - disturbance caused violent fever. He was a quiet, dreamy child, of - excitable imagination, but of slight mental capabilities. He did not - indulge much in boyish games; he preferred feminine pursuits. It gave - him especial pleasure to curl the hair of the house-maid or of his - brother. - - At thirteen X. went to an Institute. There he practiced mutual - masturbation, seduced his comrades, and, by his cynical conduct, made - them unmanageable; so that he had to be taken home. At that time the - parents found love-letters with lascivious contents, showing perverse - sexuality. From the age of seventeen he studied under the strict - surveillance of a professor in a Gymnasium. He made but sad progress - in learning. He had only a talent for music. - - After finishing his studies, the patient entered the University, at - the age of nineteen. There he attracted attention by his cynical - character and his association with young persons who were thought to - be given to masculine love. He began to be dandified; wore striking - cravats, and shirts that were low cut; he forced his feet into narrow - shoes, and curled his hair in a remarkable way. This peculiarity - disappeared when he left the school, and had returned home. - - At the age of twenty-four he was for a long time neurasthenic. From - that time until his twenty-ninth year, he was earnest and skillful in - his profession; but he avoided the society of the opposite sex, and - constantly associated with men of doubtful character. - - The patient would not allow a personal examination. In writing, he - made the excuse for this that it would be of no use, because his - impulse to his own sex had existed from his earliest childhood, and - was congenital. He had always had horror feminæ, and had never been - inclined to avail himself of the charms of women. Toward men he felt - himself in the _rôle_ of a man. He recognized his impulse toward his - own sex as abnormal, and excused his sexual indulgence as being the - result of an abnormal natural condition. - - Since his flight X. lives out of Germany, in Southern Italy, and, as I - learned from a letter, now, as before, he indulges in perverse love. - X. is an earnest, stately man, of masculine features, well-grown - beard, and normally developed genitals. Dr. X. furnished me, a short - time ago, with his autobiography, of which the following is worthy of - mention:— - - “When, at the age of seven, I entered the private school, I felt very - uncomfortable, and found very little sympathy with my companions. Only - toward one of them, who was a very handsome child, did I feel - attracted, and I loved him wildly. In childish games I always knew how - to arrange it so that I could appear in feminine attire; and my - greatest pleasure was to form intricate coiffures for our - servant-girls. I often regretted that I was not a girl. - - “My sexual instinct awakened when I was thirteen, and from the moment - of its appearance was directed toward youthful, strong men. At first I - was not really certain that this was abnormal, but consciousness of it - came when I saw and heard how my companions were characterized - sexually. I began to masturbate at the age of thirteen. At seventeen I - left home and went to the Gymnasium of a large Capital, where I was - put to board with a married professor of the Gymnasium, with whose son - I afterward had sexual relations. It was with him that I first had - sexual satisfaction. Thereafter I made the acquaintance of a young - artist, who very soon noticed that I was abnormal, and confessed to me - that he was in the same condition. I learned from him that this - abnormality was very frequent; and this knowledge overcame the trouble - that I had had in supposing that I was alone in my abnormality. This - young man had an extensive acquaintance with persons in like - condition, to which he introduced me. There I became the object of - general attention, for on all sides I was declared to be very - attractive physically. I soon became insanely loved by an old - gentleman; but, not finding him to my taste, I endured him but a short - time, and then gave ear to a young and handsome officer who lay at my - feet. He was really my first love. - - “After passing my final examination, at the age of nineteen, free from - the discipline of school, I made the acquaintance of a great number of - people like myself, and among them Karl Ulrichs (Numa Numantinus). - - “When, later, I took up the study of medicine, and associated with - many normal youths, I was often in a position where I was compelled to - visit public prostitutes. After having consorted to no purpose with - various prostitutes, some of whom were very beautiful, the opinion was - spread among my acquaintances that I was impotent, and I strengthened - this by telling of previous sexual excesses. At that time I had - numerous external relations with persons who prized my physical - peculiarities, which were considered very beautiful. The result of - this was, that I was exciting somebody all the time; and I received - such a mass of love-letters that I was often in embarrassment. The - acme of this was reached later, when, as a physician, I lived in the - hospital. There I moved about like a celebrated person, and the scenes - of jealousy that took place, on my account, almost led to the - discovery of the whole thing. Shortly after this, I fell ill with an - inflammation of my shoulder-joint, from which I recovered after three - months. During this illness I received subcutaneous injections of - morphine several times daily, which were suddenly discontinued, and - which I practiced thereafter secretly after my recovery. For the - purpose of special study, I spent some months in Vienna, before - entering into private practice, and there, by means of some - recommendations, I gained entrance to various circles of people like - myself. I there learned that the abnormality in question, in its - various forms, is spread through the lower classes as well as the - higher, and that those who are approachable for money are not - infrequently met among the higher classes. - - “When I established myself in the country, I hoped to cure myself of - the morphine habit by means of cocaine; and then I became a victim of - cocaine, which, only after three relapses, I was able to rid myself of - (about two years ago). In my position, it was impossible for me to - find sexual satisfaction, and I noticed with pleasure that the use of - cocaine had overcome my desire. When, on the first occasion, at the - urgent request of my aunt, I had emancipated myself from cocaine, I - traveled for a few weeks, in order to improve my health, the perverse - impulses were again awakened in their old strength, and, one evening, - while out in the fields by the city amusing myself with a man, I - noticed that I had been detected by the authorities and advertised; - but that the act of which I was accused was not punishable, in - accordance with the opinion expressed by the highest court of the - German kingdom. I had, therefore, to be careful; for already the - announcement of the crime had been heralded on all sides. I saw that, - after this, I would be compelled to leave Germany, and find a new home - where neither the law nor public opinion would be opposed to that - impulse, which, like all abnormal instincts, could not be overcome by - the will. Since I was never deceived for a moment about the matter, in - recognizing my impulses as opposed to social usages, I repeatedly - attempted to become master of them; but by these efforts they were - increased in power. This same observation has been communicated to me - by acquaintances. Since I was exclusively drawn toward strong, - youthful, and masculine individuals, and they were very seldom - inclined to yield to my wishes, I was compelled to buy them. Since my - desire was limited to persons of the lower classes, I was always able - to find such as were purchasable with money. I hope that the following - statements will not awaken your repugnance. At first I intended to - omit them; but, for the completeness of this communication, I may - include them, since they serve to enrich the clinical material. I am - compelled to perform the sexual act in the following way:— - - “Pene juvenis in os recepto, ita ut commovendo ore meo effecerim, ut - is quem cupio, semen ejaculaverit, sperma in perinæum exspuo, femora - comprimi jubeo et penem meum ad versus et intra femora compressa - immitto. Dum hæc fiunt, necesse est, ut juvenis me, quantum potest, - amplectatur. Quæ prius me fecisse narravi, eandem mihi afferunt - voluptatem, acsi ipse ejaculo. Ejaculationem pene in anum immittendo - vel manu terendo assequi, mihi nequaquam amœnum est. - - “Sed inveni, qui penem meum receperint atque ea facientes, quæ supra - exposui, effecerint, ut libidines meæ plane sint saturatæ. - - “Concerning my person, I must still mention the following: I am 186 - centimetres tall, of masculine appearance, and, with the exception of - abnormal irritability of the skin, healthy. My hair and beard are - black and thick. My genitals are of medium size and normally formed. I - am able, without any trace of fatigue, to perform the sexual act from - four to six times in twenty-four hours. My life is very regular. I use - alcohol and tobacco very sparingly. I play the piano quite well, and - some of my unpretentious compositions have been much applauded. I have - lately finished a novel, which, as my first work, has been very - favorably criticised by my friends. The story has several problems - taken from the life of urnings in the subject-matter. - - “Among the large number of fellow-sufferers that are personally known - to me, I have naturally been in a position to make observations - concerning the condition and the degrees of abnormality; and, perhaps, - the following communications may be of service to you:— - - “The most abnormal thing that I am acquainted with, was the impulse of - a gentleman who lived in Berlin. He preferred, above all others, young - fellows with unwashed feet, which he would lick passionately. A - gentleman in Leipzig was similar to him; who, where it was possible, - would linguam in anum immittere, preferring the parts to be uncleaned. - Several have assured me that the sight of riding-boots or of parts of - military uniforms, induced such excitement in them that ejaculation - resulted. A man in Paris compelled a friend ut in os ei mingat. - - “With reference to the degree in which many feel themselves as women, - which is with me not the case, two persons in Vienna are examples. - They bore feminine names. One is a barber who calls himself ‘French - Laura’; the other was formerly a butcher, who calls himself - ‘Selcher-Fanny.’ Both of them never missed an opportunity, during the - carnival time, to show themselves in very fantastic feminine masks. In - Hamburg there is a person that many people believe to be a woman, - because he always goes about the house in feminine attire, and only - occasionally leaves the house, and always in such clothing. This man - wished to stand as godmother at a christening, and, as a result of it, - gave rise to great scandal. - - “Feminine timidity, frivolity, obstinacy, and weakness of character, - are the rule in such individuals. - - “Several cases of perverse sexuality are known to me where epilepsy - and psychoses are present. Hernias are remarkably frequent. In - practice many persons come to me to be treated for diseases of the - anus, because of recommendation by friends. I saw two syphilitic and - one local chancre, and several fissures; and at present I am treating - a gentleman for condylomata of the anus, which form a rounded tumor as - large as a fist. One case of primary affection of the soft palate I - saw in Vienna, in a young man who was accustomed to frequent - mask-balls dressed as a girl, and entice young men; he would then - pretend that he was menstruating, and thus induce the others to use - him per os. The assertion was made that in this way he had deceived - fourteen men in one evening. Since, in none of the publications - concerning contrary sexuality that I have seen, I have found anything - concerning the intercourse of pederasts among themselves, I venture to - communicate something concerning it in conclusion:— - - “As soon as individuals that are affected with contrary sexuality - become acquainted, there is a detailed narration of their experiences, - loves, and seductions, as far as the social difference between them - allows such entertainment. Only in very few cases is this amusement - uncommon with new acquaintances. Among themselves, they call - themselves ‘aunts’; in Vienna, ‘sisters’; and two very masculine - public prostitutes in Vienna, whom I accidentally became acquainted - with, and who lived in a perverse sexual relation with each other, - told me that for the corresponding condition in women the name ‘uncle’ - was used. Since becoming conscious of my abnormal instinct, I have met - thousands of such individuals. - - “Almost every large city has some meeting-place, as well as a - so-called promenade. In smaller cities there are relatively few - ‘aunts,’ though in a small town of 2300 inhabitants I found eight, and - in one of 7000 eighteen of whom I was absolutely sure,—to say nothing - of those whom I suspected. In my own town of 30,000 inhabitants, I - personally know about one hundred and twenty ‘aunts.’ The greater - number of them, and I especially, possess the capability of judging - another immediately as to whether they are alike or not, which, in the - language of the ‘aunts,’ is called ‘reasonable’ or ‘unreasonable.’ My - acquaintances are often astounded at the certainty of my judgment. - Individuals that are apparently absolutely masculine I recognize as - ‘aunts’ at the first sight. On the other hand, I am able to behave - myself in such a masculine way that, in circles to which I have been - introduced by acquaintances, there is a doubt as to my genuineness. - When I am in the mood, I can act exactly like a girl. - - “Since the majority of ‘aunts,’ like myself, in no way regret their - abnormality, but would be sorry if the condition were to be changed; - and, moreover, since the congenital condition, according to my own and - all other experience, cannot be influenced; therefore, all our hope - rests upon the possibility of a change of the laws with reference to - it, so that only rape or the commission of public offense, when this - can be proved at the same time, shall be punishable.” - - Case 116. _Contrary Sexual Instinct in a Woman._—S. J., aged 38, - governess, came to me for advice about a nervous trouble. Her father - was temporarily insane, and died of a brain disease. The patient is an - only child, and even when quite young she suffered with feelings of - anxiety and painful ideas. She thought, for example, that she would - awake in her coffin after it had been closed; that at confession she - might forget something, and make a sinful confession. She suffered - much with headache. She was always very much excited and apprehensive, - but yet she had to see horrible things, like corpses, etc. - - Even in her earliest childhood, the patient was excited sexually, and - began to masturbate without any teaching. The menses began at - fourteen, and were always accompanied by colicky pains, violent sexual - excitement, migraine, and depression. After her eighteenth year she - learned to repress her impulse to masturbate. - - The patient has never felt any inclination toward persons of the - opposite sex. If she thought of marriage, it was only because she - sought in matrimony a means of being supported. On the other hand, she - felt powerfully attracted by girls. At first she regarded this - inclination as friendship; but in the depth of her attachment to - female friends, and in the longing she constantly felt for them, she - recognized that the feeling was something more than friendship. - - The patient cannot understand how a girl can love a man, but she can - easily see how a man might love a girl. She always has a lively - interest in beautiful women and girls, and is powerfully excited at - sight of them. Her longing had always been to kiss and embrace such - dear creatures. She had never dreamed of a man, but only of girls. Her - delight had been to revel in the sight of them. Separation from such - female friends had always made her desperate. - - The patient, whose appearance is perfectly feminine and very - respectable, states that she has never felt herself in any particular - _rôle_ with her friends, not even in dreams. Female pelvis; large - mammæ; no sign of beard. - - Case 117. Mrs. R., Russian, aged 35, of high social position, was - brought to me, in 1886, by her husband for advice. - - Father was a physician, and very neuropathic. Paternal grandfather was - healthy and normal, and reached the age of ninety-six. Facts - concerning paternal grandmother are wanting. All the children of - father’s family are said to have been nervous. The patient’s mother - was nervous, and suffered with asthma. The mother’s parents were - healthy. One of the mother’s sisters had melancholia. - - From her tenth year patient has been subject to habitual headache. - With the exception of measles, she has had no illness. She was - capable, and enjoyed the best of training, having especial talent for - music and languages. It became necessary for her to prepare herself - for the work of a governess, and during her earlier years she was - mentally overworked. She passed through an attack of melancholia _sine - delirio_, of some months’ duration, at seventeen. The patient asserts - that she has always had sympathy only for her own sex, and found only - an æsthetic interest in men. She never had any taste for female work. - As a little girl, she preferred to play with boys. - - She says she remained well until her twenty-seventh year. Then, - without external cause, she became depressed and considered herself a - bad, sinful person, had no pleasure in anything, and was sleepless. - During this time of illness she was also troubled with imperative - conceptions: that she must think of the death of herself and her - relatives. Recovery after about five months. She then became a - governess, was overworked, but remained well, except for occasional - neurasthenic symptoms and spinal irritation. - - At twenty-eight she made the acquaintance of a lady five years younger - than herself. She fell in love with her, and her love was returned. - The love was very sensual, and satisfied by mutual masturbation. “I - loved her as a god; her’s is a noble soul,” she said, when she - mentioned this love-bond. It lasted four years, and was ended by the - (unfortunate) marriage of her friend. - - In 1885, after much emotional strain, the patient became ill with - symptoms of hystero-neurasthenia (dyspepsia, spinal irritation, and - tonic spasmodic attacks; attacks of hemiopia with migraine and - transitory aphasia; pruritus pudendi et ani). In February, 1886, these - symptoms disappeared. - - In March she became acquainted with her present husband, and married - him without taking much time for reflection; for he was rich, much in - love with her, and his character was in sympathy with her own. - - On April 6th, she read the sentence, “Death misses no one.” Like a - flash of lightning in a clear sky, the former imperative conceptions - of death returned. She was forced to meditate on the most horrible - manner of death for herself and those about her, and constantly - imagine death-scenes. She lost rest and sleep, and took no pleasure in - anything. Her condition improved. Late in May, 1886, she was married, - but was still troubled by painful thoughts at that time: that she - would bring misfortune on her husband and those about her. - - First coitus on June 6, 1886. She was deeply depressed morally by it. - She had had no such conception of matrimony. The husband, who really - loved his wife, did all he could to quiet her. He consulted - physicians, who thought all would be well after pregnancy. The husband - was unable to explain the peculiar behavior of his wife. She was - friendly toward him, and suffered his caresses. In coitus, which was - actually carried out, she was entirely passive, and after the act she - was tired, exhausted all day long, nervous, and troubled with spinal - irritation. - - A bridal tour brought about a meeting with her old friend, who had - lived in an unhappy marriage for three years. The two ladies trembled - with joy and excitement as they sank into each other’s arms, and - became inseparable. The husband saw that this friendly relation was a - peculiar one, and hastened their departure. He had an opportunity to - ascertain, through the correspondence of his wife with this friend, - that the letters interchanged were like those of two lovers. - - Mrs. R. became pregnant. During pregnancy the remains of depression - and imperative ideas disappeared. In September, during about the ninth - week of pregnancy, abortion took place. After that, renewed symptoms - of hystero-neurasthenia. In addition to this, there were anteflexio et - latero-positio dextra uteri, anæmia, and atonia ventriculi. - - At the consultation the patient gave the impression of a very - neuropathic, tainted person. The neuropathic expression of the eyes - cannot be described. Appearance entirely feminine. With the exception - of a very narrow, arched palate, there was no skeletal abnormality. - With difficulty the patient could be brought to give the details of - her sexual abnormality. She complained that she had married without - knowing what marriage between men and women was. She loved her husband - dearly for his mental qualities, but marital intercourse was a pain to - her; she did it unwillingly, without ever finding any satisfaction in - it. Post actum, all day long she was weary and exhausted. Since the - abortion and the interdiction of sexual intercourse by the physicians, - she had been better; but she thought of the future with horror. She - esteemed her husband, and loved him mentally; but she would do - anything for him, if he would but avoid her sexually in the future. - She hoped to have sensual feeling for him in time. When he played the - violin, she seemed to feel the beginning of an inclination for him - that was something more than friendship; but it was only transitory, - and she could get no assurance for the future in it. Her greatest - happiness was in correspondence with her former lover. She felt that - this was wrong, but she could not give it up; for to do so made her - miserable. - -It is remarkable that the anomaly may be long limited to mere perversion -of the sexual instinct, and that the impulse to perverse indulgence may -make its appearance after some accidental cause,—_e.g._, seduction, or -some neurosis. Such cases might easily be mistaken for acquired contrary -sexual instinct (_v. supra_), if, with reference to the sexual feeling, -they should not be demonstrated by the history to be original and -congenital. - - Case 118. Mrs. C., aged 32, wife of an official, a large, not uncomely - woman, feminine in appearance, comes of a neuropathic and emotional - mother. A brother was psychopathic, and died of drink. Patient was - always peculiar, obstinate, silent, quick-tempered, and eccentric. The - brothers and sisters are excitable people. Pulmonary phthisis has been - frequent in her family. When only a girl of thirteen, with signs of - great sexual excitement, she attracted attention by enthusiastic love - for a female friend of her own age. Her education was strict, though - the patient secretly read many novels, and wrote innumerable poems. - She married at eighteen to free herself from unpleasant circumstances - at home. - - She says she has always been indifferent toward men. In fact, she - avoided balls. Female statues pleased her. Her greatest happiness was - to think of marriage with a beloved woman. She was not aware of her - sexual peculiarity until marriage, and the thing had remained - inexplicable to her. Patient did her marital duty, and bore three - children, two of whom were subject to convulsions. She lived - pleasantly with her husband, but she esteemed him only for his moral - qualities. She gladly avoided coitus. “I should have preferred - intercourse with a woman.” - - Until 1878 she had been neurasthenic. On the occasion of a sojourn at - a watering-place, she made the acquaintance of a female urning, whose - history I have reported as Case 6, in the _Irrenfreund_, No. 1, 1884. - - The patient came home a changed person. Her husband says: “She was no - longer a woman, no longer had any love for me and the children, and - would have no more of marital approaches. She was inflamed with - passionate love for her female friend, and had taste for nothing - else.” After the husband forbade her lover the house, there was - interchange of letters with such expressions in them as “My dove! I - live only for you, my soul.” There were meetings and frightful - excitement when an expected letter did not come. The relation was in - nowise platonic. From certain indications it is presumable that mutual - masturbation was the means of sensual satisfaction. This relation - lasted until 1882, and made the patient decidedly neurasthenic. - - She absolutely neglected the house, and her husband hired a woman of - sixty years as a house-keeper, and also a governess for the children. - The patient fell in love with both, who, at least, allowed caresses, - and profited materially through the love of their mistress. - - In the latter part of 1883, on account of developing pulmonary - tuberculosis, she had to go south. There she became acquainted with a - Russian lady of forty years, and fell passionately in love with her; - but she did not meet with a return of love in her sense. One day - insanity became manifest. She thought the Russian lady a nihilist; - that she was magnetized by her; and she presented formal persecutory - delusions. She fled, and was caught in an Italian city, and placed in - a hospital, where she soon became quiet. Again she followed the lady - with her love, felt herself very unhappy, and planned suicide. - - When she returned home, she was greatly depressed because she did not - have the lady, and was contrary toward her family. A delusive, erotic - state of excitement came on about the end of May, 1884. She danced, - shouted, and called herself a man; demanded her former lovers, and - said she was of royal blood. She escaped from the house in male - attire, and was taken to the asylum in a state of eroto-maniacal - excitement. After a few days the exaltation disappeared. The patient - became quiet, and made a despairing attempt at suicide; and after it - she was in great anguish of mind with tædium vitæ. The perverse sexual - feeling grew less and less noticeable, and the tuberculosis - progressed. The patient died of phthisis in the beginning of 1885. - - The examination of the brain presented nothing unusual as far as - architecture and arrangement of convolutions were concerned. Weight of - brain 1150 grammes. Skull slightly asymmetrical. No anatomical signs - of degeneration. External and internal genitals without anomaly. - -3. _Effemination and Viraginity._—There are various transitions from the -foregoing cases to those making up this category, characterized by the -degree in which the psychical personality, especially in general manner -of feeling and inclinations, is influenced by the abnormal sexual -feeling. In this group, fully-developed cases in men are females in -feeling; in women, males. This abnormality of feeling and of development -of the character is often apparent in childhood. The boy likes to spend -his time with girls, play with dolls, and help his mother about the -house; he likes to cook, sew, knit, and develops taste in female -_toilettes_, so that he may even become the adviser of his sisters. As -he grows older he eschews smoking, drinking, and manly sports, and, on -the contrary, finds pleasure in adornment of person, art, -_belles-lettres_, etc., even to the extent of giving himself entirely to -the cultivation of the beautiful. Since women possess corresponding -inclinations, he prefers to move in the society of women. - -If he can assume the _rôle_ of a female at a masquerade, it is his -greatest delight. He seeks to please his lover, so to speak, by -studiously trying to represent what pleases the female-loving man in the -opposite sex,—sweetness, sympathy, taste for æsthetics, poetry, etc. -Efforts to approach the female appearance in gait, attitude, and style -of dress are frequently seen. - -The female urning, even when a little girl, presents the reverse. Her -favorite place is the play-ground of boys. She seeks to rival them in -their games. The girl will have nothing to do with dolls; her passion is -for playing horse, soldier, and robber. For female employments there is -manifested not merely a lack of taste, but often unskillfulness in them. -The _toilette_ is neglected, and pleasure found in a coarse, boyish -life. Instead of an inclination for the arts, there is manifested an -inclination and taste for the sciences. Occasionally there may be -attempts to smoke and drink. Perfumes and cosmetics are abhorred. The -consciousness of being born a woman, and, therefore, of being compelled -to renounce the University, with its gay life, and the army, induces -painful reflections. - -In the inclinations of the amazon for manly sports, the masculine soul -in the female bosom manifests itself; and not less in the show of -courage and manly feeling. The female urning loves to wear her hair and -have her clothing in the fashion of men; and it is her greatest -pleasure, when opportunity offers, to appear in male attire. Her ideals -are historical and contemporary feminine personalities distinguished for -mind and energy. - -With reference to the sexual feeling and instinct of these urnings, so -thoroughly permeated in all their mental being, the men, without -exception, feel themselves to be females; the women feel themselves to -be males. Thus they feel themselves to be antagonistic to persons of -their own sex constituted like themselves; for, of course, they are like -them in form. But, on the other hand, they are drawn toward those of -their own sex that are homo-sexual or sexually normal. The same jealousy -which occurs in normal sexual life also occurs here, when rivalry is -threatened; and, indeed, since they are, as a rule, hyperæsthetic -sexually, this jealousy is often boundless. - -In cases of completely-developed contrary sexuality, hetero-sexual love -is looked upon as a thing absolutely incomprehensible; sexual -intercourse with a person of the opposite sex is unthinkable, -impossible. Such an attempt brings on the inhibitory concept of disgust -or even horror, which makes erection impossible. Only two of my -transitional cases to the third category were able, with the help of -their imagination, by thinking of themselves as men with reference to -the woman, to have cohabitation; but the act, which was inadequate for -them, was a great sacrifice, and afforded them no pleasure. - -In homo-sexual intercourse the man always feels himself, in the act, as -a woman; the woman, as a man. The means of indulgence, in the case of a -man, where there is irritable weakness of the ejaculation centre, are -simply _succubus_, or passive _coitus inter femora_; in other cases, -passive masturbation, or _ejaculatio viri dilecti in ore proprio_. Many -have a desire for passive pederasty; occasionally a desire for active -pederasty occurs. In one attempt of this kind, the man desisted because -of the disgust which seized him when the act reminded him of coitus. - -_There was never inclination for immature persons (boy-love)._ Not -infrequently there were only platonic desires. The sexual satisfaction -of the female probably consists of _amor lesbicus_, or active -masturbation. - - Case 119. _Autobiography._ “1. _Descent:_ I am now in my twenty third - year. I have chosen the study of the technical arts as an occupation, - and am completely satisfied with it. I had but the mild diseases of - children, while the other children, who are now healthy, had to pass - through severe illnesses. My parents are both living, and my father is - an advocate. He, like my mother, is, as we say, nervously - hyper-sensitive. In my father’s family there were two other children, - who died early. - - “2. _My person:_ As for my physical peculiarities, I am of robust - figure, without being of especially handsome form; eyes, gray; hair, - blonde; hair and beard correspond with my sex and years. The mammæ and - genitals are normally developed. My gait is firm and almost heavy; my - bearing, careless. It is remarkable that the breadth of the pelvis is - exactly equal to that of the shoulders. - - “I am naturally well endowed mentally. In one of my certificates my - talents are, in fact, called ‘excellent.’ Without any particular - desire to excel in them, I passed my examinations with distinction. I - have an interest in everything that concerns the well-being of - humanity, and in science, art, and industry. With my energy it is - comparatively easy to postpone for a time the satisfaction of my - desires, which will be described hereafter. Intentionally and - consciously, I curse the morality of to-day, which forces those who - are abnormal sexually to break laws that are voluntarily established, - and regards sexual congress of two persons of the same sex as a matter - depending on the choice of the individual, and a matter in which - law-makers have a right to interfere. From my studies I have found the - most earnest incentives to construct, on the basis of the Darwinian - theory, after Carneri’s method, a system of morals, which, to be sure, - does not harmonize with the prevailing system, but which seeks to - elevate and improve mankind in accordance with natural law. - - “I think that there are not many marks of hereditary taint in me. - There is a certain hyper-sensitiveness. A very intense dream-life is - perhaps important. In general, it is occupied with indifferent - matters, and never has so-called sensual images as a subject; at most, - in this direction, it is concerned only with female attire and putting - it on, which for me is a lustful thought. At the same time, until my - sixteenth year, it often went to the extent of somnambulism, or, very - frequently, as is still often the case, to loud talking in sleep. - - “3. _My inclinations:_ The above-mentioned abnormal proclivity is the - fundamental factor in my sexual feeling. When I am dressed like a - woman, I feel perfectly satisfied. A peculiar feeling of peace and - comfort comes over me, which allows me to work mentally with greater - ease. My libido for indulgence in sexual intercourse is extremely - slight. Too, I have much love and taste for female handiwork, and, - without assistance, I learned to crochet and embroider, and I like to - do these things in secret. I also like other female employments, like - sewing, etc.; so that at home, where I keep my proclivity perfectly - concealed, and guard against indulging it by involuntary activity, I - have often won the praise of being as good as a servant-girl; which - did not make me ashamed, but, on the contrary, filled me with secret - pride. I can make nothing out of dancing with women; I liked to dance - only with my school-fellows, for which the manner of our instruction - in dancing gave opportunity. But in this it gave me pleasure only when - I could dance as a lady. A multitude of other desires and dreams, - which seem to have something typical about them, I pass over, because - they seem exactly similar to those described in ‘Psychopathia - Sexualis.’ .... In other respects my inclinations are not different - from those of my sex. I smoke and drink moderately, love delicacies, - and have no pleasure in physical exercises. - - “4. _Development:_ After this brief description of my personality, I - may pass on to an analysis of the developmental history of my - abnormality. As soon as I was able, to some extent, to think - independently, and I understood the difference between the sexes, it - was my secret and fixed desire to be a girl. In fact, I believed I was - one. But when in the bath I saw the same genitals on other boys, the - impossibility of my thought became apparent. I reduced my wish, and - hoped that I was at least an hermaphrodite. And, owing to the fact - that I had a certain shyness about looking closely at pictures or - descriptions of the genitals, this hope was entertained, - notwithstanding the fact that I had abundant opportunity to read - writings on the subject, until my studies compelled me to make a - closer acquaintance with the matter. During this time I read - everything I could get about hermaphroditism, and longed to be in the - place of the female who, as the newspapers often reported, had been - raised as a male and been restored to her sex by accident. The - recognition of my masculinity made an end of this dreaming, and did - not fill me with any especial delight. I tried to destroy my sexual - glands by gradual pressure, but pain soon caused me to desist. My - longing is still for the external characteristics of the female - sex,—for a pretty coiffure, a rounded breast, a slim waist. - - “At the age of twelve I first had an opportunity to put on female - attire; and I soon came to drape myself, by means of bed-clothes, - bed-linen, etc., with female petticoats. When I grew older, it was my - greatest delight to put on my sister’s dresses secretly, even if it - could be but for a few moments, and with constant danger of detection. - Later, much to my delight, I had an opportunity to play a female - _rôle_ in a love-scene; and it is said that I was not at all bad in - the part. When I began to lead an independent life as a student, I - immediately obtained female dresses and linen, which I kept in order - myself. When at night, safe from discovery, I can put on one article - after another, from corset to apron and bracelet, I am perfectly - satisfied, and devote myself to some quiet employment, inwardly happy - and full of delight in doing it. While dressing, an erection usually - occurs, but it is never followed by an ejaculation, and soon - disappears. I also try to approximate the female appearance in - externals, by arranging my hair appropriately and removing the beard, - which I should have preferred to tear out. - - “5. _Sexual inclinations:_ In passing to the description of my sexual - proclivities, I desire, first, to note, in general, that puberty - occurred normally, as I judge from the pollutions that occurred, the - change of voice, etc. Pollutions still occur regularly once every - three weeks, seldom more frequently. With them I never experience any - lustful feeling. I have never practiced onanism; until lately I knew - nothing more of it than its name, and I had to seek direct information - about it, in order to understand it. Any touch on the erect penis is - disturbing and painful to me, and without lustful feeling. - - “Previously I behaved very shyly toward women, but I now act quietly, - and associate with them as with my kind. Direct excitation, in a - sexual sense, by a woman, sometimes occurred; but when I try to - analyze this, it seems to me that it was never her person, but rather - her attire alone, that was effectual. I fell in love with her dress, - and the thought of wearing one like it was heavenly. Thus sexual - excitation never took place, not even in brothels where I was led by - friends, in spite of the sight of the greatest voluptuousness and - beauty. But friendly feelings for the female sex were in my heart. I - imagined how, dressed as a woman and unrecognized, I could stay with - them, associate with them, and take pleasure with them. I prefer the - impression made on me by girls whose breasts have not yet fully - developed, particularly those wearing the hair short; for such girls - are more nearly like me and my aspect. Once I was so fortunate as to - find a girl who felt unhappy in her sex. We formed a firm bond of - friendship with one another, and we often took delight in the idea of - exchanging places. Perhaps it is not inappropriate or unimportant for - the characterization, to record the following: Some months ago, when - the story was running through the newspapers of an Hungarian countess - who, dressed as a man, had married, and felt like a man, in all - earnestness, I thought of offering myself to her, in order to contract - an inverted marriage,—she as husband, I as wife.... I have never - attempted coitus, and have never felt any desire for it. But since I - foresaw that the erection necessary with a woman would be wanting, I - thought of putting on some of her clothing; and I think that then the - expected result would occur. - - “As for my behavior toward male persons, first of all, it is to be - emphasized that I had the warmest friendships during my school-days. - My heart was full of happiness, if I could do some small service for - the object of my devotion. I really worshiped him passionately. But, - on the slightest occasion, I evinced terrible jealousy; and while my - anger lasted I felt as if I could neither live nor die. When - reconciliation occurred, for a short time I was the happiest of - creatures. I also tried to make friends of boys, whom I bribed with - sweetmeats, and whom I should gladly have kissed. Though my love - always remained platonic, yet it is abnormal. An expression that I - unconsciously made at that time about an elder friend, whom I - worshiped, shows that. I said I loved him so that I should have liked - to marry him. And even now, when I indulge but little in intercourse, - I am easily taken with a handsome man with a fine beard and refined - features. Yet I have never met a being feeling like myself, whom I - could confide in, and with whom I could live as a female friend. I - never attempted to exercise my inclinations directly, and never - committed any foolish act of this kind. Finally I ceased to visit - museums where nude male figures were displayed; for the erections, - which were sure to occur, were exceedingly annoying. I had often - secretly wished to sleep with a man, and often found opportunity. I - was asked by a rather unattractive elderly man to sleep with him. Cum - eo concubui, ille genitalia mea tetigit; and though his person was - unattractive to me, I was filled with an intense feeling of lust. I - felt as if completely surrendered to him; in a word, _I felt like a - woman_. - - “If I may be permitted to add a concluding word to what I have already - said, I wish to state expressely that, though I am conscious of the - abnormality of my inclinations, I have no desire to change them; I - long only for a time when, more easily and with less danger of - discovery, I can give rein to my desires and experience a delight that - will harm no one.” - - Case 120. Miss Z., aged 31, artist, comes for consultation on account - of neurasthenic symptoms. She is remarkable for coarse, masculine - features, a deep voice, short hair, a masculine style of dress, - masculine gait, and self-consciousness. In other respects she is - feminine, with well-developed mammæ and a female pelvis, and without - any indication of beard. - - Examination with reference to contrary sexual instinct gives a - positive result:— - - The patient states that even when a little girl she preferred to play - with boys, and particularly “soldier,” “merchant,” and “robber.” She - was very wild and unrestrained in these games with boys, but never had - any proclivity for dolls or female employment, of which she learned - only the most ordinary things (knitting, sewing). - - In school she made good progress, being especially interested in - mathematics and chemistry. She early had a desire for sculpture, and - showed talent for it. Her greatest ambition was to become a real - artist. In her dreams of the future, she never thought of marriage. As - an artist, she was interested in handsome men, but she was really - attracted only by female forms; she saw male forms only “in the - distance.” She could never endure “trumpery”; “manly dress” was all - that pleased her. The ordinary society of girls was repugnant to her, - because their talk about _toilettes_, ornaments, and love-affairs with - men, seemed stale and tiresome to her. On the other hand, since her - childhood she had had enthusiastic friendships with certain girls; at - the age of ten she was in love with a girl companion, and wrote her - name everywhere. Since then she had had numerous female friends, with - whom she had indulged in passionate kissing. She pleased the girls, as - a rule, because of her masculine bearing. She wrote poems to her - female friends, and could have done anything out of love for them. To - her it was very remarkable that she was embarrassed before girls, - especially when they were friends. She could not undress before them. - The more she loved a friend, the more modest she was before her. - - At the present time she has such a relation. She kisses and embraces - her Laura, walks by her window, and suffers all the pangs of jealousy, - particularly when she sees her conversing with men. Her only wish is - to live always with this female friend. - - The patient states, however, that twice in her life men have made an - impression on her. She thinks that if she had been really sought, - there would have been a marriage; for she is very fond of family life - and children. If a man wished to possess her, it would be necessary - for him to win her; she herself would prefer to win a female friend. - She thinks woman is more beautiful and ideal than man. In her - infrequent erotic dreams, the subject had always been a female. She - had never dreamed of men. She does not think that she could now love a - man; for men are false, and she herself is nervous and anæmic. - - She considers herself a woman in all respects, but regrets that she is - not a man. Even at the age of four it had been her greatest pleasure - to put on boys’ clothes. She certainly had a masculine character, and, - too, had never wept. Her greatest passion was for riding, gymnastics, - fencing, and driving. She suffered much because no one about her - understood her. It seemed silly to her to talk about feminine things. - Many of her acquaintances had thought that she should really have been - a man. - - The patient says that she was never sensual. In embracing female - friends, she had often experienced a peculiar lustful feeling. - Embracing and kissing had been her only manner of expressing her - friendship. - - The patient states that she comes of a nervous father, and an insane - mother who, as a young girl, had been passionately in love with her - own brother, and had tried to induce him to flee with her to America. - The patient’s brother is a very eccentric, peculiar man. - - The patient presents no external degenerative signs; head regular. She - says the menses began at fourteen, and that they have been regular, - but always painful. - - Case 121. “In order to designate at once my unhappy diseased condition - with its correct name, I will state at the beginning that it bears all - the marks of what, in your work, ‘Psychopathia Sexualis,’ you have - named _effemination_. - - “I am now thirty-eight years old, and, thanks to my abnormality, I - look back on a life that has been full of indescribable suffering; so - that I am often astonished to think what capacity for suffering a man - has. Of late consciousness of the suffering I have endured has become - the source of a kind of self-respect, which, in itself, makes my life, - in a measure, endurable. - - “But I shall now endeavor to describe my condition with all truth. I - am physically healthy, and, as far as I can remember, have never had - any severe illness. I come of a healthy family. But my parents are - both of a very excitable nature, my father being of the so-called - choleric, and my mother of the sanguine, temperament; she has a strong - tendency to mild melancholia. She is a lively woman, loved for her - good-heartedness and active benevolence; but she is still very - dependent and deficient in self-confidence. All these peculiarities - were marked in her father. I mention this fact, because I am told that - I resemble them both; and as far as the last two peculiarities are - concerned, I can myself acknowledge the resemblance. But when I made - attempts, by means of my inner strength and by thinking of my own - power, to rend the bond that, with magic force, draws me to men, there - was always a residuum left that I could not eradicate. As far as I can - remember, I have always had this elementary longing for a male lover. - To be sure, its first expressions were of a coarse, sensual nature. I - do not know whether I was yet ten years old, when, while lying in bed - in the day-time, I suddenly discovered how, by pressure on my - genitals, I induced a new and intoxicating feeling, while fancying - that a man of my acquaintance performed sensual manipulations on me. - It was only many years afterward that I learned that this was onanism. - At first I was so frightened and so depressed by the inexplicableness - of my longing, that I then made my first attempt at suicide. If I had - only put it into execution! For since then there has been such - frequent violent agitation of mind and body that my heart has been - bound as with a chain, and made cold. I may say at once that, up to - the present time, onanism has not loosened me from its clutches; it - has overcome all attempts and efforts to escape, and my desire to - resist it is almost destroyed. Three or four times I have given it up - for a month at a time, usually under the influence of mental - excitement. - - “When about thirteen, I had my first love. To-day it seems as if my - greatest wish then was to kiss my school-fellow’s fresh, rosy lips. It - was a passion full of romantic dreams. At the age of fifteen or - sixteen it became more violent, when I first experienced the insane - pangs of a jealousy which is more terrible than that of natural love - can be. This second period of my life lasted for years, though I spent - but a few days with the object of my passion; and then we did not see - each other for fifteen years. Gradually my feeling cooled, and I then - fell passionately in love several times with other men, who, with the - exception of one, were about my own age. - - “My love—if you will kindly allow this expression for a feeling - condemned by the majority of mankind—has never been returned; I have - never had intercourse with a man in any way that would not bear the - light of day; never has any one shown even extraordinary interest in - me, though one of my friends discovered my secret longing; and yet I - have had a burning desire for masculine love. In this longing my - feelings seem to me to be entirely those of a loving woman; and I - notice, with horror, that my sensual ideas grow more and more like - those of a woman. During the periods when I am free from any - particular love, my longing degenerates so that, in my onanistic - manipulations, I conjure up only coarse, sensual ideas. But I am still - finally able to overcome these. My efforts to repress the love, - however, are absolutely vain. At the present time I am again suffering - with such an exaggerated state of feeling that has existed for months; - and I have pondered so much over its peculiarities that I think I can - describe my feelings truthfully. In this way I have made the peculiar - observation that I have never loved a bearded man. From this it might - easily be presumed that I am given to so-called boy-love; but that is - not the case. For, to the sensual charm, on closer association, a - mental interest is added. With this begins the mental pain. I am - seized with such a passionate longing that I am willing to sacrifice - myself, in a way. I excite confidence in myself; and from this mutual - feeling a heart-felt friendship might be engendered, if deep down in - my soul were not sleeping the demon which impels me to the closest of - relationships, which is allowed only between human beings of opposite - sex. My whole being, every fibre of my body, longs for it, and I am - consumed by a hot, glowing passion. I wonder that here I can again - describe in unfeeling words the feelings that coursed through my whole - being. Of course, by the struggle of years, I have been forced to - learn to conceal my inclination, and smile when torn by pain. For, in - never having my love returned, I have learned to know all the - sufferings of love. Jealousy—insane, blinding jealousy—of any and - every body who casts but a friendly glance at the object of my secret - love! - - “I have emphasized the mental element, in order to show how deeply - rooted my abnormal impulse is. I have never felt the slightest touch - of sensual love for the opposite sex. The idea of being forced to - associate sensually with women is repugnant to me. At times I have - suffered enough on being assured of the love of young girls. Like - every young man, I have had abundant opportunity to enjoy the modern - social pleasures, dancing among them. I like to dance; but if I could - dance with men, as a girl, I should be really happy. - - “I wish once more to remark that my love is entirely sensual. How - could I otherwise explain the fact that the pressure of my lover’s - hand, often merely his glance, causes palpitation and erection! I have - done everything to eradicate this love from my—let us say ‘heart.’ I - have tried to still it by means of onanism; to drag it in the mire, in - order to raise myself above it. (About ten years ago, during such a - time of love, I avoided onanism, and felt that my feeling of love - elevated me.) I still entertain the delusion that if the object of my - love were to tell me he loved me, that he loved me, and only me, I - should willingly give up sensual gratification to repose in faithful - arms. But that is certainly a self-deception. - - “Honored sir, I have a responsible occupation, and I think I can give - the assurance that my abnormal inclination has never, even in a hair’s - breadth, caused me to deviate from the duty imposed on me. Aside from - this abnormality, I am not insane, and I might ultimately become - contented; but I have, particularly of late years, suffered too much - not to look on the future with painful feeling. For the future will - certainly not bring fulfillment of the desire which constantly glows - under the ashes,—the desire to possess a lover who understands and - returns my love. Such a relation would make me truly happy. I have - thought much about the origin of my abnormality, particularly because - I think I am forced to assume that it was not inherited. I believe - that onanism has changed the inborn feeling into a burning passion. I - might long ago have put an end to my misery, since I have no fear of - death, and since in religion—which, strange to say, has not departed - from my impure heart—I find no warning against suicide. But the - consciousness that I am not alone responsible, and that a worm has - nipped my whole life in the bud,—a certain comfort that has sprung up - of late out of indescribable suffering,—leads me to see whether - comparative happiness in life cannot be obtained on an entirely new - basis: something which fills the whole heart. I think I could be happy - under the influence of quiet family life. But I dare not conceal from - you the fact that the thought of married life with a wife is terrible - to me, and that I make the attempt of a change of life with a bleeding - heart; for thus I absolutely abandon the hope that is always awake; - namely, the delusion that fate may yet bring me the desired happiness. - - “This delusion is so deeply rooted in me that I think nothing but - hypnotic suggestion could help me. If you could advise me, you would - make me unspeakably happy. Of course, your strictest injunction would - be to abandon onanism. How gladly I would follow it! But if I were not - to have direct physical, some mechanical, means at hand to help me, I - should certainly be unable to free myself from this vice; and this the - more, because I fear that, by long years of habit, my nature has - become accustomed to it. Of course, I have not escaped the effects of - it, even though they are not so terrible as they are often pictured. I - suffer with mild nervousness, am, indeed, weakened, and have - periodical disturbance of digestion; but I can still endure hard work, - and take a certain pleasure in it, when it is not too great. I am - depressed, but I can be happy, and, fortunately, I take pleasure in my - calling, and am interested in various things, particularly music, art, - and _belles-lettres_. I have never indulged in female pursuits. - - “As may be seen from the foregoing, I like to associate with men, - especially with those who are handsome; but I have never had intimate - relations with them. A wide gulf separates me from them! - - “_Postscript:_ I feared that in the foregoing I had not described my - sexual life with sufficient exactness. It consists only in onanism; - but in it I abandon myself to almost all the repugnant acts that are - comprehended under coitus inter femora, ejaculatio in ore, etc. - - “My _rôle_ is passive. When I am seized by a passion, the ideas - change, and become entirely a desire to be impregnated. The struggle - against such a passion is so terrible, because my mind is also - implicated. I long for the closest, the most complete union that can - be conceived as existing between two men,—always together, common - interests, unlimited confidence, sexual union. I think that natural - love is different from this only in its degree of warmth; it does not - reach the boiling-point of our passion. Just now I am fighting the - battle over again; with force I stifle the insane passion that has so - long enthralled me. All night long I walk about, followed by the image - of him I love; for love of whom I would give up all I possess. How sad - it is that the noblest feeling given to man—friendship—is sullied by - common sensual feeling! - - “I wish once more to state that I cannot come to the determination to - transform my sexual life by means of sexual intercourse with the - opposite sex. The thought of such intercourse fills me with repugnance - and disgust.” - - Case 122. “I write, as well as I can, the history of my suffering, - actuated only by the desire, by this autobiography, to clear up to - some extent the misunderstanding and errors concerning ‘contrary - sexual instinct’ which are still so widely prevalent. - - “I am thirty-seven years old, and come of healthy parents, both of - whom were very nervous. I only mention this, because I have often had - the thought that my contrary sexual instinct came by way of - inheritance; but this is nothing more than vague. Of my grandparents, - whom I did not know, the only remarkable thing I can mention is, that - my maternal grandfather was known as a great Don Juan. - - “I was rather a weak child, and during my first two years suffered - severely with fits, as a result of which my understanding and memory - may have suffered; for I learn but slowly things which do not - particularly interest me, and easily forget them. I may also mention - that, during the time before I was born, my mother was subject to - violent mental excitement, and was often frightened. From my third - year I have been perfectly well, and have escaped severe illness. Only - when a boy, from the age of twelve to sixteen, I had peculiar, - indescribable nervous sensations, which made themselves felt in my - head and finger-tips, and in which it seemed to me as if my whole - being were about to cease. For many years, however, these attacks have - ceased to occur. I am rather a powerful man, with abundant growth of - hair, and in all respects masculine. - - “Even when a boy of six years, I came independently to masturbate, - and, until my nineteenth year, I practiced the vice quite - persistently; and even now, _faute de mieux_, I quite frequently - resort to it, notwithstanding the fact that I understand the vileness - of the passion, and always feel somewhat weakened after it. But sexual - intercourse with a man does not affect me in the least; on the - contrary, it gives me a feeling of being strengthened. I began school - at the age of seven, and soon experienced an intense feeling of - sympathy for my companions, which, however, made no other impression - on me. In the Gymnasium, at the age of fourteen, my companions - explained to me the sexual life of man, which, up to that time, was - absolutely unknown to me; but I was not much interested in the matter. - At this time I also practiced mutual onanism with two or three friends - who had seduced me into it; and it had an extraordinary charm for me. - I was still perfectly unconscious of the perversity of my sexual - instinct, and considered my vices as sins of youth, like those - committed by all boys of the same age. Interest in the female sex I - thought would come in time. Thus I became nineteen years old. During - the following years I fell insanely in love three times,—once with a - very handsome actor, then with a bank employé, and with one of my - friends, the last two being men who were nothing less than beautiful, - and calculated to excite sensual feeling. But this love was merely - platonic, and occasionally found expression in glowing poetry. It was, - perhaps, the most perfect period of my life; for I regarded everything - with pure, innocent eyes. In my twenty-first year - -I gradually began to notice that I was not constituted exactly like my -comrades; for I found no pleasure in masculine pursuits. I had but -little liking for smoking, drinking, and card-playing, and I was -frightened to death by a brothel. I have never been in one; I was always -able to avoid visiting one on some pretext or other. But I now began to -think about myself; I often felt terribly lonesome, miserable, and -unhappy, and longed for a friend constituted like myself, without, -however, ever thinking that there could be other men like me. At -twenty-two I made the acquaintance of a young man who finally explained -to me contrary sexual instinct and the individuals affected with it. He, -being also an urning, was in love with me. It was as if scales had -fallen from my eyes; and I bless the day this explanation came to me. -From that time I saw the world with different eyes; I saw that many -others were given the same fate; and I began to learn to content myself -with this lot as well as I could. Unfortunately, I did not succeed very -well, and I am still often seized with bitterness and a deep hatred of -the modern ideas which treat us poor urnings with such terrible -harshness. For what is our fate? In most cases we are not understood, -and are derided and despised; and even when all goes well, and we are -understood, we are still pitied like invalids or the insane,—and pity -was always sickening to me. I now began to play a part, in order to -deceive my fellow-men as to my state of mind; and it always gave me -great satisfaction to succeed in this. I made the acquaintance of -several men like myself, with whom I established relations, which, -however, never lasted long; for I was very fearful and cautious; but, at -the same time, I was very particular and easily wearied. - -“I have always absolutely despised pederasty as something unworthy a -man, and I only wish that all those like me would do the same; but, -unfortunately, with many this is not the case. If all like me thought as -I do, then the contempt and scoffing of men that feel differently would -be a still greater injustice to us than it now is. - -“Toward the man I love I feel completely like a woman, and, therefore, -in the sexual act I am quite passive. In general, my whole sensibility -and feeling are feminine. I am vain, coquettish, fond of ornament, and -like to please others. I love to dress myself beautifully, and, in cases -where I wish to please, I even make use of the arts of the toilet, in -which I am quite skilled. - -“While I have but little interest in politics, I am passionately fond of -music and an inspired follower of Richard Wagner. I have noticed this -preference in the majority of us; I find that this music is perfectly in -accord with our nature. - -“I play the violin quite well; I like reading, and read much, but I have -little interest in anything else. Everything else in life is quite -indifferent to me, owing to the deep resignation that more and more -takes possession of me. - -“Even though I should have reason to be satisfied with my fate, in that -I have an assured position in a technical employment in a large city of -Germany, still I take no pleasure in my calling. I should be best suited -if, independent and free, I could travel about with a handsome lover, -and live for music and literature, particularly for the theatre, which -seems to me to be one of the greatest pleasures. A connection with a -court theatre I think of as being very acceptable. - -“The only position or calling that seems really desirable to me is that -of a great artist,—singer, actor, painter, or sculptor; and it seems to -me that it would be even finer to be born to the throne of a king,—a -wish that is in harmony with my pronounced desire for power. (If there -is really such a thing as transmigration of souls, a subject I have -studied much, and which seems to me to clear up much, I must have lived -at one time as an emperor, or ruler of some kind.) But a man must be -born to all this; and since I am not, I am without ambition for -so-called social honors and distinctions. - -“As to my tastes, I must mention a painful dissension there is in them. -Handsome, intellectual young men of at least twenty years, who must be -of my own social station, seem to me to be suited rather for platonic -love; but with them I satisfy myself completely with a straightforward, -though ideal, friendship, which seldom goes beyond a few kisses. But I -can be excited sensually only by coarse, powerful men that are at least -of my own age, and mentally and socially beneath me. The reason for this -strange phenomenon may be that my pronounced feeling of shame and my -innate apprehensiveness, with my cautious disposition, have the effect -of an inhibitory idea with men of my own social position; so that with -them it is with difficulty and seldom that I can induce sexual -excitement in myself. That this diversity is painful to me is owing to -the fact that I am always afraid to discover myself to these simple men, -below me in station, who may often be bought with money. But I cannot -imagine anything worse than a scandal, which would at once drive me to -suicide. For I can think of nothing more terrible than, through some -slight act of carelessness or the enmity of any man, suddenly to be -branded before the world, and to be powerless to avert it. But what is -it that we do that is so different from what normally constituted men -can do, at least, quite as frequently without embarrassment, and without -shame? That we do not feel as the crowd feels is not our fault, but a -cruel trick of Nature. - -“Innumerable times I have puzzled my brain to know whether science, or -any of her free and unprejudiced devotees, could think of any way in -which to give us step-children of Nature a more endurable position -before the law and mankind. But I have always reached the same sad -conclusion, that when one enters the lists in behalf of anything, he -must first know thoroughly, and be able to explain, that for which he -contends. And who is to-day able to perfectly explain and define -contrary sexual instinct? Yet there must be some correct explanation of -it; there must be some way in which the mass of mankind can be brought -to a milder and more reasonable judgment of it; and, first of all, there -must be some way to show that contrary sexual instinct should not be -regarded as meaning the same as pederasty, as the majority of men—I may -say all—regard it. By such an act a man might erect for himself an -immortal monument in the gratitude of thousands of men of present and -future generations; for there have been, are, and will ever be, urnings, -and in greater number than perhaps has been suspected. - -“In Wilbrand’s work, ‘Fridolin’s Secret Marriage,’ I find a very -plausible theory given in explanation of this matter; for I myself have -repeatedly had opportunity to observe that all urnings do not love men -with the same intensity, but that there are innumerable -sub-varieties,—from the most feminine man to the man of contrary -sexuality who is equally sensitive to female charms. This may also -account for the so-called difference between congenital and acquired -contrary sexual instinct, which, in my inadequate opinion, does not -exist. Yet, in all the fifty-five individuals I have become acquainted -with in the three years since I came to understand this matter, I have -met the same peculiarities of temperament, disposition, and character. -Almost all of them are more or less idealists: they smoke but little, or -not at all; they are bigoted, vain, desirous of admiration, and -superstitious; and, unfortunately, I must confess that they combine more -the defects and the reverse sides of both sexes than their good -qualities. For woman in a sexual _rôle_ I experience a feeling of true -horror, which I could never overcome, even with the help of my extremely -lively imagination. I have never attempted it, because I am thoroughly -convinced of the fruitlessness of such an attempt, that seems to me -unnatural and sinful. - -“In purely social and friendly relations, I like to associate with -ladies and girls, and I am gladly welcomed in ladies’ society; for I am -much interested in the fashions for ladies, and know how to talk of such -things with great skill. When I wish to, I can be very gay and amiable; -but my faculty for conversation is, for the most part, only assumed, and -it always tires me. I have always had great skill in female work, and -shown interest in it. As a child, and up to my thirteenth year, I was -passionately fond of playing with dolls, whose clothes I made myself; -and it still affords me much pleasure to work at beautiful embroidery, -which, unfortunately, I can do only in secret. I have the same -preference for knick-knacks, photographs, flowers, sweetmeats, -toilet-articles, and such feminine things; and my room, which I arranged -and decorated myself, is like the over-crowded boudoir of a lady. - -“As particularly remarkable, I wish still to mention that I have never -suffered with pollutions. I dream very much, and intensely, almost every -night; occasionally I have lascivious dreams, which have only men as -subjects, but I always wake out of them before it comes to ejaculation. -In reality I am not very passionate sexually, and I have periods lasting -from four to six weeks, in which I have almost no sexual desire. -Unfortunately, these periods are infrequent, and they are usually -followed by an awakening of my intense sexual desire that is only the -more violent; which, when it is unsatisfied, causes intense physical and -mental suffering. I then become moody, depressed, sensitive, irritable, -and retiring; peculiarities, however, which, with the first opportunity -I have for sexual gratification, again disappear. I must mention, also, -that often, on the slightest occasion, my mood may change several times -during the day; it is like April weather. - -“I dance well, and like to; but I love dancing only for its rhythmical -movement, and because of my partiality for music. - -“In conclusion, I wish to speak of something that always arouses -repugnance in me. We are usually considered diseased, and that is -absolutely incorrect. For in every disease there is a means of cure or -amelioration; but no power in the world can take from an urning his -perverse natural constitution. Even suggestion, which has been used with -so much apparent success, cannot induce any enduring change in the -mental life of an urning. In us, effect is mistaken for cause. We are -considered diseased, because in time the majority of us really become -ill. I am almost convinced that two-thirds of us, in later life, when we -really live so long, have a mental defect of one kind or another; and -this is only too easily explained. For, what strength of will and nerves -is required for one to constantly dissimulate, lie, and play the -hypocrite all his life! How often in the society of normal men, when the -conversation turns to contrary sexual instinct, must one agree with the -words of abuse and contempt, while every one of them wounds the heart. -On the other hand, there are always the tiresome and indecent jokes and -talk about women, etc., that must be heard; and which to-day, in -so-called ‘good society,’ are popular—and to show interest and give -attention to them! Daily and hourly to see so many handsome men to whom -one cannot reveal himself; to be compelled to go without a friend, -intercourse with whom we desire so much; and besides, constantly the -fearful anxiety of betraying one’s self before the eyes of the world, -and then standing covered with ignominy and shame! It is really no -wonder that the majority of us are incapable of real work; for we need -all our strength of will and power of endurance for the struggle with -our own fate. How injurious it is to our nerves constantly to be -compelled to shut up all these thoughts and feelings in our hearts; -where our lively fancy, feeding on it all, plays all the more intensely, -so that we go about with a burning fire within us that only too often -threatens to consume us! Happy are those of us that are never denied the -strength to lead such a life; but those, too, are happy that have passed -beyond it.” - -Case 123. _Autobiography._ “In what follows, you will find the -description of the character, as well as the mental and sexual -disposition, of an urning,—_i.e._, of an individual who, in spite of his -masculine form, feels as a woman, whose senses women do not excite, and -whose sexual desires are constantly directed toward men. - -“Convinced that the enigma of our existence can be solved, or, at least, -illuminated, only by the unprejudiced thought of scientific men, I -describe my life only with the aim of perhaps clearing up this cruel -error of Nature, and possibly doing a kindness to people like me to come -in later generations; for there will be urnings as long as men are born, -just as it is a fact that they have existed in every age. With the -progress of science in our epoch, men will see in me and those like me -not objects of hatred, but objects of pity, which deserve not the odium, -but the compassion, of their more fortunate brothers. I shall be as -brief as possible in my communication, and also objective; and, with -reference to my caustic, often cynical, style, I may note that, above -all, I shall be honest, and, therefore, not avoid strong expressions; -for they are most happily suited to the subject in hand. - -“I am in my thirty-fifth year; a merchant, with a fair income; somewhat -above average height, slim, weak of muscle, with full beard, and quite -ordinary face, and, at first sight, in nowise different from ordinary -men. On the other hand, my gait is feminine, and particularly mincing in -fast walking; the movements are awkward and displeasing, indicative of a -want of manly feeling. The voice is neither feminine nor shrill, but -rather a baritone. - -“This is my external appearance. - -“I do not smoke or drink, and can neither whistle, ride, do gymnastic -feats, fence, nor shoot. I have absolutely no interest in horses or -dogs, and have never had a gun or sword in my hand. In inner feeling and -sexual desire, I am completely a woman. Without thorough education,—I -passed through but few classes in the Gymnasium,—I am yet intelligent, -like to read well-written, improving books, and have good judgment; but -I allow myself to be carried away by the feelings of the moment, and I -am easily influenced by any one who knows my weakness and how to make -use of it. Constantly making resolves, I have never the energy to carry -them out; like a woman, I am moody and nervous, often irritated without -reason, and sometimes mean. Toward persons that do not please me, I am -arrogant, unjust, and often shamefully insulting. - -“In all my conduct I am superficial, and often frivolous, and I have no -deep moral feeling. I have little consideration for parents and brothers -and sisters. I am not egotistic, but, on occasion, self-sacrificing. I -cannot withstand tears, and can—like a woman—be won by amiability and -entreaty. - -“In my earliest years I avoided playing soldier, gymnastics, or the -rough games of my manly comrades, and ran about with little girls, with -whom I was much more in sympathy than with boys. I was retiring, -bashful, and often blushing. When no more than twelve or thirteen years -old, the close-fitting uniform of a handsome soldier gave me the most -peculiar feeling; and while, during the next few years, my comrades were -always talking about girls, and even engaged in love-affairs, I could, -for hours at a time, run after a well-built man with well-rounded hips, -and feast my eyes on the sight. - -“Without thinking much of these impressions, so different from the -feelings of my comrades, I began to masturbate, always during the act -thinking of a heroic, handsome form; and this continued until my -seventeenth year, when I learned from a companion constituted like -myself a true explanation of my condition. Since that time I have been -with girls eight or ten times; but, in order to have an erection, it was -always necessary to think of a handsome man of my acquaintance. And I am -thoroughly convinced that to-day, even with the help of imagination, I -should be unable to have intercourse with a girl. - -“Shortly after my discovery I preferred to associate with mature, -powerful urnings; for at this time I had neither mind nor opportunity to -associate with real men. Since this my taste has changed entirely, and -men, real men, of twenty-five or thirty-five years, with supple, -powerful forms, are the only ones that ravish my senses, and charm me as -if I were a woman. Circumstances have allowed me, during these years, to -make about a dozen male acquaintances that would serve my purpose for a -gulden or two a visit. If I am alone in a room with a handsome youth, my -greatest pleasure is membrum ejus vel maxime si magnum atque crassum -est, manibus capere et apprehendere et premere, turgentes nates -femoraque tangere atque totum corpus manibus contrectare et, si -conceditur, os faciem atque totum corpus, immovero nates, ardentibus -osculis obtegere. Quodsi membrum magnum purumque est, dominusque ejus -mihi placet, ardente libidine mentulam ejus in os meum receptam -complures horas sugere possum, neque autem delector, si semen in os meum -ejaculatur, cum maxima eorum qui “urnings” nominantur pars hac re non -modo delectatur, sed etiam semen nonnunquam devorat. - -“The most intense delight, however, is experienced when I find a real -man, qui membrum meum in os recepit et erectionem in ore suo concedit. - -“Improbable as it sounds, I am yet able to find some coarse fellows who -will allow themselves to be used for this purpose. They learn the thing -while in military service, for urnings know that under such -circumstances they can be made to do the most for money; and when the -fellows are once trained, circumstances often compel them, in spite of -their passion for the opposite sex, to continue the practice. - -“With certain exceptions, urnings make no impression on me, because -everything feminine is repugnant to me. At the same time, there are some -that know how to give me the most intense pleasure, just as a real man -can; and I prefer to consort with them, for the reason that sometimes -they return my passionate caresses. In _tête-à-tête_ with such a person, -I throw all check from my excited senses, and give my animal passions -free rein, osculor, premo, amplector eum, linguam meam in os ejus -immitto; ore cupiditate tremente ejus labrum superius sugo, faciem meam -ad ejus nates adpono et odore voluptari e natibus emanente voluptate -obstupescor. Real men, in close-fitting uniform, make the deepest -impression on me; and if I have an opportunity to embrace and kiss such -a ravishing fellow, ejaculation takes place at once,—a weakness which I -attribute to my frequent masturbation. In my earlier years I practiced -it very frequently, almost every time I saw a man pleasing to me, whose -image I kept before my eye during the act. For this my taste is in -nowise difficult to please—like that a servant-girl might have in -finding her ideal in a dragoon guard. A handsome face is a pleasant -supplement, inflaming my sensual desire, but in no respect an essential. -The requisite remains: vir inferiore corporis parte robusta et bene -formosa, turgidis femoribus durisque natibus, while the upper portion of -the body may be slim. Corpulence disgusts me. A sensual mouth with -pretty teeth affects me more intensely; and if the person has also a -membrum pulchrum magnum et æqualiter formatum, all my demands—the most -far-reaching—are fulfilled. - -“When I was younger, with men that pleased me and excited my passions -intensely, ejaculation took place from five to eight times in a night, -and now it occurs from four to six times; for I am unusually strong -sensually, and, as an example, even the clinking of a hussar’s sword may -excite me. At the same time, I have a very lively fancy, and spend most -of my leisure hours thinking of handsome men with strong limbs; and I -would be delighted to look on when a powerful fellow, using force, magna -mentula præditus me præsente puellam futuat; mihi persuasum est, fore ut -hoc aspectu sensus mei vehementissima perturbatione afficiantur et dum -futuit corpus adolescentis pulchri tangam et, si liceat, ascendam in eum -dum cum puella concumbit atque idem cum eo faciam et membrum meum in -ejus anum immittam. The accomplishment of these cynical ideas—with which -my mind is often filled—is hindered only by my limited means; otherwise, -I should long ago have had the reality. - -“Soldiers have the greatest charm for me, but I have also a weakness for -butchers, fakirs, drivers, circus-riders, and boat-captains; and all -these must be supple and powerfully built. Urnings I hate in intimate -relation, and for the majority of them I have an inexplicable and unjust -aversion. I have never had but one urning for an intimate friend. On the -other hand, the most affectionate and enduring ties bind me to men of my -own age, in whose company I delight, but with whom I have no sexual -relations, and who have no idea of my condition. - -“Talk on politics and economics, like every other earnest subject, I -hate; though I gossip with considerable sense and peculiar pleasure -about the theatre. At operas I see myself on the stage, feel myself -applauded by the public, and would prefer to sing as a passive heroine, -or in the dramatic _rôle_ of a woman. - -“The most interesting subject of conversation for me, and those like me, -is, however, always—men; for us this is inexhaustible. Their secret -charms are described in the most minute details, mentulæ æstimantur, -quanta sint magnitudine, quanta, crassitudine; de forma earum atque -rigiditate conferimus, alter ab altero cognoscit cujus semen celerius, -cujus tardius ejaculetur. I may add that, of my four brothers, one gave -himself to the service of urnings, without himself being one; and all -four are ladies’ men, and indulge in sexual excesses. The genitals of -the men of our family are, without exception, unusually developed. - -“In conclusion, I repeat the words with which I began these lines. I -could not choose my expressions, because my object in the foregoing has -been to afford material for the study of the urning’s existence, and -absolute truth was essential. I beg the numerous cynics to keep this -circumstance in mind.” - -In October, 1890, the writer of the foregoing lines presented himself to -me. In all essentials his appearance corresponded with his description. -Genitals large, with abundant growth of hair. His parents had been well -nervously. One brother had shot himself on account of nervous trouble; -three others were intensely nervous. The patient came to me in a state -of despair. He could not endure such a life any longer; for he had been -admonished about intercourse with men that could be bought; and with his -extreme sensual nature he was unable to abstain. Too, he could not -understand how he could be made to love women, and enjoy the nobler joys -of life. He had had love for men since his thirteenth year. - -He felt in all respects like a woman, and longed to be won by men that -were not urnings. When he was with an urning, it was just as if two -girls were together. He would prefer being sexless to living longer as -he was. Would not castration help him? - -An attempt at hypnosis with the highly excited patient induced only a -very slight degree of lethargy. - -Case 124. B., waiter, aged 42, single, was sent to me by his physician, -with whom he was in love, as one who was suffering from contrary sexual -feeling. B. very willingly, and in a decent manner, gave a history of -his past life, especially of his sexual life, and was glad at least to -have an authoritative opinion concerning his sexual condition, which had -always appeared to him abnormal. - -B. knew nothing to report of his grandparents. His father had been a -passionate, excitable man, a drinker, and always very sensual. After he -had begotten twenty-four children by one wife, he was divorced from her; -and after that his landlady became three times pregnant by him. His -mother was healthy. - -Of the twenty-three children, but six were living; several were nervous, -but not sexually abnormal, with the exception of one sister, who always -sought men. - -B. asserts that from childhood he was sickly. At eight his sexual life -began. He masturbated, and became possessed of the idea penem aliorum -puerorum in os arrigere, which gave him the greatest pleasure. At twelve -he began to fall in love with men, usually with those between thirty and -forty, with moustaches. Even at that time his sexual desire was greatly -developed, and he had erections and pollutions. From that time, indeed, -he masturbated daily, and during the act thought of a beloved man. Yet -his greatest delight had been penem viri in os arrigere. During the act -he had ejaculation, with an intense feeling of pleasure. Only about -twelve times had he had this pleasure. He had never felt disgust with -the penis of another sympathetic man; quite the contrary. He had never -accepted proffers of pederasty; actively or passively, it was very -disgusting to him. In the perverse sexual act he had always thought of -himself in the _rôle_ of a woman. His passion for men in sympathy with -him had been unbounded. He would have done everything for a lover; even -at the sight of him he would tremble with excitement and joy. - -At nineteen he often allowed himself to be taken by his comrades to -houses of prostitution. He never had pleasure in coitus, and only in the -moment of ejaculation felt satisfaction. In order to get an erection -with a woman, it was always necessary, in the act, for him to think of a -beloved man. He would always have preferred to have the woman allow -immissio penis in os, which, however, was always denied him. _Faute de -mieux_, he had practiced coitus, and, indeed, twice became a father. The -last child, a girl of eight, had already begun to practice masturbation -and mutual onanism, which troubled him very much as a father. He wished -to know whether there was any remedy for it. - -The patient asserted that he always felt himself toward men in a -feminine _rôle_ (also in sexual intercourse). He had always thought that -his sexual perversion had resulted from his father’s wishing to beget a -girl when he begat him. His brothers and sisters had always joked him on -account of his feminine manners. Sweeping and house-cleaning had always -been pleasant occupations for him. His activities in this direction had -often been wondered at, and he was considered more skillful than a girl. -Whenever he could, he dressed like a woman. At the carnival he appeared -at the dances masked as a female. He was very successful at coquetry on -such occasions, because he had a feminine nature. - -He had never had real pleasure in drinking, smoking, or in masculine -occupations or pleasures; but, on the other hand, he loved to sew, and -as a child had often been scolded for his playing with dolls. His -interest at the circus or theatre was confined to men. Frequently he -could not overcome the impulse to hang around water-closets, in order to -get sight of male genitals. - -Feminine charms had never pleased him. Coitus had been possible only -when he thought of a beloved man. Nocturnal pollutions were always -induced by lascivious dreams of men. - -In spite of much sexual excess, B. had never suffered from neurasthenia -sexualis, and, besides, there was not a symptom of neurasthenia -discoverable in him. - -Patient is delicate, and his whiskers and moustache, which made their -appearance in his twenty-eighth year, are thin. Externally, with the -exception of a weaving gait, he presents nothing which would point to -his feminine nature. He asserts that he has often been joked about his -feminine gait. His conduct is in all respects decent. His genitals are -large, well developed, and normal in all respects, and the growth of -genital hair is abundant; the pelvis is masculine. The head is rachitic, -somewhat hydrocephalic, with prominence of the parietal bones. The face -is remarkably small. The patient says that he is irritable and easily -angered. - -Case 125. On May 1, 1880, G., Ph.D., and a writer, was brought to the -clinic for mental diseases, at Graz, by the public authorities. While on -his return from Italy, G. found a soldier in Graz who gave himself up to -him for hire, but ultimately denounced G. to the police, because G. had -openly confessed his love for men. The authorities considered his mental -condition doubtful, and sent him to alienists for examination. To the -physicians G. related, with cynical openness, that years before, in M., -he had had just such an affair with the police, and was in prison -fourteen days. In the South there was no danger from such people; it was -only in Germany and Austria that the thing was regarded as an evil. - -G. is fifty years old, tall, powerful, and has a humerous expression, -and a cynical, coquettish manner; the eye has a neuropathic, swimming -expression; the teeth of the under jaw stand far back from those of the -upper jaw. The cranium is normal, the voice masculine, and the beard -abundant. The genitals are well formed, though the testicles are -somewhat small. With the exception of slight emphysema of the lungs and -external fistula in ano, there are no remarkable anomalies of the -vegetative organs. G.’s father was subject to periodical insanity. His -mother was a high-strung person, and she had an insane sister. Of the -children, four died in childhood. - -With the exception of scrofulosis, G. asserts that he was healthy. He -obtained the degree of Doctor of Philosophy; at twenty-five, he had -hæmoptysis, and went to Italy, where he has since lived, with slight -interruption, by writing and by giving private lessons. G. says that he -often has congestions, and also some spinal irritation,—_i.e._, pain in -his back,—but otherwise he has a genial disposition; only he is not much -of a financier; and at the same time, like all old prostitutes, he has a -very good appetite. Further, he states, with great satisfaction and -remarkable cynicism, that he has congenital contrary sexual instinct. -When only five years old, it was his greatest pleasure to get sight of a -penis, and he hung about appropriate places, in order to enjoy that -pleasure. Even before puberty he practiced masturbation. At the time of -puberty he noticed an inward feeling for friends. An obscure impulse -pointed out to him the way his love would take. He was actually impelled -to kiss young men, and now and then to caress their genitals. When -twenty-six years old, he first began to have sexual intercourse with -men, toward whom he felt like a woman. Even as a child, it was his -greatest delight to put on female attire. He was often chastised by his -father because, in the effort to satisfy this impulse, he put on his -sister’s clothing. If he happened to see a _ballet_, only the male -dancers interested him. Since he could remember, he had had a horror -feminæ. If he happened to visit a brothel, it was only to see young men. -He was, indeed, a rival of prostitutes. If he saw a young man, he just -looked at his eyes; in case these pleased him, then came the -mouth—whether it was well formed for kissing; then he would look at the -genitals—whether they were well developed. G. pointed, with great -feeling of self-satisfaction, to his poetical works, and tried to make -it appear that persons with natures like his were poetically endowed. He -gave as examples Voltaire, Frederick the Great, Eugene of Savoy, and -Plato, as well as numerous distinguished men of the present, who, -according to his opinion, were urnings. His greatest pleasure was to -have a sympathetic young man read his verses to him. During the last -summer he had had such a lover. When he had to part with him, he was -quite undone, and he did not eat or sleep until gradually he had -regained his former condition. He said that the love of urnings was a -passionate, inner fire. According to his statement, in Naples the -_effeminelli_ lived in a quarter together, just as in Paris the -_grisettes_ live with their lovers. They sacrifice themselves for their -lovers, and care for the household, just as the grisettes do. On the -other hand, an urning repels an urning, “just as one prostitute does -another—that is the curse.” - -The need of intercourse with males occurs about once a week with G. He -is happy in his peculiar sexuality, which he, it is true, considers -peculiar, but which he will not regard as abnormal or wrong. He thinks -that nothing remains for him and those like him but to raise what is -unnatural in themselves to the supernatural. He looks upon the love of -urnings as the higher, the ideal, as godlike, an abstract love. When -shown that such a love is far from the purpose of Nature and the -preservation of the race, he expresses the pessimistic thought that the -world should die out, and the earth turn round its axis without men, who -were on it only for trouble. As reason and explanation of his unnatural -sexual feeling, G. refers to Plato, “who certainly was no beast.” Plato -expressed allegorically the idea that men were originally balls. The -gods had divided these into two hemispheres. For the most part, man is -suited to woman, but sometimes man to man. In the latter case, the -impulse to union is quite as powerful as in the former, and they -strengthen each other in the same way. G. further relates that his -dreams, when they were erotic, never had women, but only men, for their -subjects. Male-love was the only kind that could satisfy him. He -considered it disgusting for one human being to be prodding about in the -abdomen of another with his penis, since he had heard that in this -disgusting fashion coitus was usually carried out. He had never had the -curiosity to inform himself concerning the female genitals; the subject -was disgusting to him. The indulgence of his sexual appetite he did not -consider a vice, but the result of a natural impulse which compelled him -to it. It conduced to self-preservation. Onanism was a poor substitute, -and, moreover, injurious, while urning-love was morally elevating and -conducive to physical well-being. - -With moral indignation, which in contrast with his cynicism in other -directions appeared ridiculous, he protested against the classification -of urnings with those who indulged in pederasty. He looked on the podex -with disgust, as it was a secreting organ. The intercourse of urnings -always took place in front, and was combined onanism. - -This was the extent of G.’s disclosures, whose mental condition was -certainly congenitally abnormal. As proof of this, may be cited his -cynicism; his incredible frivolity in his application of his vices to -religion, in which direction we cannot follow him without overstepping -the bounds set by scientific inquiry; his perverse philosophical ideas -with reference to his sexual perversion; his perverse manner of looking -at the world; his ethical defect in all directions; his vagabondage; and -his perverse mind and exterior. G. makes the impression of an original -paranoiac. (Personal case. _Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie._) - -Case 126. Taylor had occasion to examine a certain Eliza Edwards, aged -24. It was discovered that she was of masculine sex. E. had worn female -clothing from her fourteenth year, and also been an actress. The hair -was worn long after the manner of females, and parted in the middle. The -form of the face was feminine, but otherwise the body was masculine. The -beard was carefully pulled out. The masculine, well-developed genitals -were fixed in an upward position by an artful bandage. The condition of -the anus indicated passive pederasty. - -Case 127. An official of middle age, who for some years had been happy -in family life, and was married to a virtuous woman, presented a -peculiar manifestation of contrary sexual feeling. - -One day, through the indiscretion of a prostitute, the following scandal -became public: About once a week X. would appear in a house of -prostitution, and there dress himself up as a woman, always requiring, -as a part of his costume, a coiffure. When his toilet was completed, he -would lie down on the bed, and have the prostitute perform -manustupration. But he very much preferred to have a male person (a -servant of the house). This man’s father was hereditarily tainted, had -been insane several times, and was afflicted with hyperæsthesia and -paræsthesia sexualis. - -Case 128. C. R., maid-servant, aged 26, suffered from the time of her -development with original paranoia and hysteria. As a result of her -delusions, her life had been somewhat romantic, and in 1884, in -Switzerland, where she had gone as a result of delusions of persecution, -she came under the observation of the authorities. On this occasion, it -was ascertained that R. was affected with contrary sexual instinct. - -Concerning her parents and relatives there is no information at hand. R. -asserted that, with the exception of an inflammation of the lungs at the -age of sixteen, she had never been severely ill. - -First menstruation at fifteen, without any difficulties; thereafter it -was very often irregular and abnormally excessive. The patient declared -that she never had had inclinations toward the opposite sex, and had -never allowed the approach of a man. She never could understand how her -friends could describe the beauty and amiability of men. But it was -charming and inspiring for her to imprint a kiss on the lips of a -beloved female friend. She had a love for girls that was -incomprehensible to her. She had passionately loved and kissed some of -her female friends, and she would have given up her life for them. Her -greatest delight would have been to have constantly lived with such a -friend and absolutely possessed her. - -In this she felt toward the beloved girl like a man. Even as a little -child, she had an inclination only for the play of boys, and she loved -to hear shooting and military music, was always much excited by them, -and would gladly have gone as a soldier. The chase and war have been her -ideals. In the theatre only feminine performers interested her. She knew -very well that the whole of this inclination was unwomanly, but she -could not help it. It had always been a great pleasure for her to go -about in male clothing, and in the same way she had always preferred -masculine work, and had shown unusual skill in it; while with reference -to feminine occupations, especially handiwork, she had to say the -contrary. The patient had also a weakness for smoking and spirits. On -account of persecutory delusions, in order to rid herself of her -persecutions, the patient had often gone about in male attire, and -played the part of a man. She did this with such (congenital) skill -that, as a rule, she was able to deceive people concerning her sex. - -It is authoritatively established that in 1884, for a long time, the -patient went about in male attire, now in the garments of a civilian, -now in the uniform of a lieutenant; and in August of the same year, -dressed as a male servant, she fled to Switzerland as a result of -delusions of persecution. There she found service in a merchant’s -family, and fell in love with the daughter of the house, “the beautiful -Anna,” who, on her side, not recognizing the sex of R., fell in love -with the handsome young man. - -Concerning this episode the patient makes the following characteristic -statement: “I was madly in love with Anna. I don’t know how it came -about, and I cannot put myself right concerning this impulse. In this -fatal love lies the reason why I played the _rôle_ of a man so long. I -have never yet felt any love for a man, and I believe that my love is -for the female and not the male sex. I can in nowise understand my -condition.” - -From Switzerland R. wrote letters home to her friend, Amelia, which were -produced at the examination. They are letters showing passionate love, -which goes beyond the bounds of friendship. She apostrophizes her -friend, “My flower, sun of my heart, longing of my soul.” She was her -greatest happiness on earth; her heart was hers. And in her letters to -her friend’s parents she wrote: “You, too, should watch your flower, -for, if she should die, you also would be unable to endure life.” - -For the purpose of investigating her mental condition, R. remained for -some time in an asylum. On one occasion, when Anna was allowed to pay R. -a visit, there was no end of passionate embraces and kisses. The visitor -acknowledged freely that they had before secretly embraced and kissed in -the same way. - -R. is a tall, slim, stately person, of feminine form in all respects, -but with masculine features. Cranium regular; no anatomical signs of -degeneration. Genitals normal and indicative of virginity. All the -circumstances indicate that she has only indulged in platonic love. -Glance and appearance are indicative of a neuropathic person. Severe -hysteria, occasional cataleptoid attacks, with visionary and delirious -states. The patient is very easily brought into a state of somnambulism -by hypnotic influence, and in this condition is susceptible to all -possible suggestions. (Personal case. _Friedreich’s Blätter_, 1886, Heft -1.) - -4. _Androgyny and Gynandry._—Forming direct transitions from the -foregoing groups are those individuals of contrary sexuality in whom not -only the character and all the feelings are in accord with the abnormal -sexual instinct, but also the skeletal form, the features, voice, etc.; -so that the individual approaches the opposite sex anthropologically, -and in more than a psychical and psycho-sexual way. This anthropological -form of the cerebral anomaly apparently represents a very high degree of -degeneration; but that this variation is based on an entirely different -ground than the teratological manifestation of hermaphroditism, in an -anatomical sense, is clearly shown by the fact that thus far, in the -domain of contrary sexuality, no transitions to hermaphroditic -malformation of the genitals have been observed. The genitals of these -persons always prove to be fully differentiated sexually, though not -infrequently there are present anatomical signs of degeneration -(epispadiasis, etc.), in the sense of arrests of development in organs -that are otherwise well differentiated. - -There is yet wanting a sufficient record of cases belonging to this -interesting group of women in masculine attire with masculine genitals, -and men in feminine dress with the sexual organs of the female. Every -experienced observer of his fellow-men remembers masculine persons that -were very remarkable for their womanish character and type (wide hips, -form rounded by abundant development of adipose tissue, absence or -insufficient development of beard, feminine features, delicate -complexion, falsetto voice, etc.); and, on the other hand, women that, -by reason of build, pelvis, gait, attitude, heavy and decidedly -masculine features, rough and deep voice, etc., had little to remind one -of femininity. - -We have already met some indications of such an anthropological -transformation in foregoing groups, as in Case 106, where the woman had -the feet of a man; and in Case 112, where there was development of mammæ -and production of milk during puberty. - -In persons belonging to the fourth group, and in certain ones in the -third, forming transitions to the fourth, there seems to be a feeling of -shame (sexual) toward persons of the same sex, and not toward those of -the opposite sex. - - Case 129. _Androgyny._ Mr. v. H., aged 30, single; of neuropathic - mother. Nervous and mental diseases are said not to have occurred in - the patient’s family, and his only brother is said to be mentally and - physically completely normal. The patient developed tardily - physically, and, therefore, spent much of his time at the sea-shore - and climatic resorts. From childhood he was of neuropathic - constitution, and, according to the statements of his relatives, - unlike other boys. His disinclination for masculine pursuits and his - preference for feminine amusements were early remarked. Thus he - avoided all boyish games and gymnastic exercises, while doll-play and - feminine occupations were particularly pleasing to him. Thereafter he - developed well physically, and escaped severe illnesses, but he - remained mentally abnormal, incapable of an earnest aim in life, and - decidedly feminine in thought and feeling. - - In his seventeenth year pollutions occurred, became more frequent, and - finally took place during the day; so that the patient grew weak, and - manifested various nervous disturbances. Symptoms of neurasthenia - spinalis made their appearance, and have lasted up to the last few - years, but they have become milder with the decrease in the number of - pollutions. Onanism is denied, but is very probable. An indolent, - effeminate, dreamy habit of thought has become more and more - noticeable ever since puberty. All efforts to induce the patient to - take up an earnest pursuit in life were vain. His intellectual - functions, though formally quite undisturbed, were never equal to the - motive of an independent character, and the higher ideals of life. He - remained dependent, an overgrown child; and nothing more clearly - indicated his original abnormal condition than an actual incapability - to take care of money, and his own confession that he had no ability - to use money reasonably; that as soon as he had money he wasted it for - curios, toilet-articles, and the like. - - Incapable as he was of a reasonable use of money, the patient was no - more capable of leading a social existence; indeed, he was incapable - of gaining an insight into its significance and value. - - He learned very poorly, spending his time in _toilettes_ and artistic - nothings, particularly in painting, for which he evinced a certain - capability; but in this direction he accomplished nothing, since he - was wanting in perseverence. He could not be brought to take up any - earnest thought; he had a mind only for externals, was always - distracted, and serious things quickly wearied him. Preposterous acts, - senseless journeys, waste of money, and debts repeatedly occur - throughout the course of his later life; and even for these positive - faults in his life he was wanting in understanding. He was self-willed - and intractable, and never did well as soon as an attempt was made to - put him on his feet and point out to him his own interests. - - With these manifestations of an original abnormal and defective mind, - there were notable indications of perverse sexual feeling, which were - also indicated in the somatic habitus of the patient. Sexually, the - patient felt like a woman toward men, and had inclinations toward - people of his own sex, with indifference, if not actual - disinclination, for females. - - In his twenty-second year it is asserted that he had sexual - intercourse with women, and was able to perform the act of - cohabitation normally; but, partly on account of increase of - neurasthenic symptoms which was occasional after coitus, and partly on - account of fear of infection,—but really by reason of a want of - satisfaction,—he soon ceased to indulge in such intercourse. - Concerning his abnormal sexual condition, he is not quite clear; he is - conscious of an inclination toward the male sex, but confesses, only - in a shame-faced way, that he has certain pleasurable feelings of - friendship for masculine individuals, which, however, are not - accompanied by any sensual feelings. The female sex he does not - exactly abhor; he could even bring himself to marry a woman who could - have an attraction for him, by means of similarity in artistic tastes, - if he could but be freed from conjugal duties, which were unpleasant - to him, and the performance of which made him tired and weak. He - denied having had sexual intercourse with men, but his blushing and - embarrassment, and, still more, an occurrence in N., where the - patient, some time before, provoked a scandal by attempting to have - sexual intercourse with youths, gave him the lie. - - Too, his external appearance, habitus, form, gestures, manners, and - dress are remarkable, and decidedly recall the feminine form and - characteristics. The patient, however, is over middle height, but - thorax and pelvis are decidedly of feminine form. The body is rich in - fat; the skin is well cared for, delicate, and soft. This impression - of a woman in masculine dress is further increased by a thin growth of - hair on the face, which is shaven, with the exception of a small - moustache; by the mincing gait; the shy, effeminate manner; the - feminine features; the swimming, neuropathic expression of the eyes; - the traces of powder and paint; the curtailed cut of the clothing, - with the bosom-like prominence of the upper garments; the fringed, - feminine cravat; and the hair brushed down smoothly from the brow to - the temples. The physical examination makes undoubted the feminine - form of the body. The external genitals are well developed, though the - left testicle has remained in the canal; the growth of hair on the - mons veneris is thin, and the latter is unusually rich in fat and - prominent. The voice is high, and without masculine timbre. - - Too, the occupation and manner of thought of v. H. are decidedly - feminine. He has a boudoir and a well-supplied toilet-table, with - which he spends many hours in all kinds of arts for beautifying - himself. He abhors the chase, practice with arms, and such masculine - pursuits, and calls himself an _æsthete_; speaks with preference of - his paintings and attempts at poetry. He is interested in feminine - occupations, which—_e.g._, embroidery—he engages in, and calls his - greatest pleasure. He could spend his life in an artistic and æsthetic - circle of ladies and gentlemen, in conversation, music, and æsthetics. - His conversation is preferably about feminine things,—fashions, - needlework, cooking, and household work. - - The patient is well nourished, but anæmic. He is of neuropathic - constitution, and presents symptoms of neurasthenia, which are - maintained by a bad manner of life, lying abed, living in-doors, and - effeminateness. He complains of occasional pain and pressure in the - head, and habitual obstipation. He is easily frightened; complains of - occasional lassitude and fatigue, and drawing pains in the - extremities, in the direction of the lumbo-abdominal nerves. After - pollutions, and regularly after eating, he feels tired and relaxed; he - is sensitive to pressure over the spinous processes of the dorsal - vertebræ, as also to pressure along accessible nerves. He feels - peculiar sympathies and antipathies for certain persons, and, when he - meets people for whom he has an antipathy, he falls into a condition - of peculiar fear and confusion. His pollutions, though now they occur - but seldom, are pathological, in that they occur by day, and are - unaccompanied by any sensual excitement. - - _Opinion:_ 1. Mr. v. H., according to all observations and reports, is - mentally an abnormal and defective person, and that, in fact, _ab - origine_. His contrary sexual instinct represents a part of his - abnormal physical and mental condition. - - 2. This condition, in that it is congenital, is incurable. There - exists defective organization of the highest cerebral centres, which - renders him incapable of leading an independent life, and of obtaining - a position in life. His perverse sexual instinct prevents him from - exercising normal sexual functions; and this is attended by all the - social consequences of such an anomaly, and the danger of satisfaction - of perverse impulses arising out of his abnormal organization, with - consequent social and legal conflicts. Fear of the latter, however, - cannot be great, since the (perverse) sexual impulse of the patient is - weak. - - 3. Mr. v. H., in the legal sense of the word, is not irresponsible, - and neither fit for, or in need of, treatment in a hospital for the - insane. It is possible for him—though but an overgrown child, and - incapable of personal independence—to live in society, though under - the care and guidance of normal individuals. Too, to a certain extent, - it is possible for him to respect the laws and restrictions of - society, and to judge his own acts; but, with respect of possible - sexual errors and conflicts with criminal laws, it must be emphasized - that his sexual instinct is abnormal, having its origin in organic - pathological conditions; and this circumstance should eventually be - used in his favor. On account of his notorious lack of independence, - he cannot be discharged from parental care or guardianship, inasmuch - as otherwise he would be ruined financially. - - 4. Mr. v. H. is also physically ill. He presents signs of slight - anæmia and of neurasthenia spinalis. A rational regulation of his - manner of life and a tonic regimen, and, if possible, - hydro-therapeutic treatment, seem necessary. The suspicion that this - trouble has its origin in early masturbation should be entertained, - and the possibility of the existence of spermatorrhœa, that is of - importance etiologically and therapeutically, lies near. (Personal - case. _Zeitschr. f. Psychiatrie._) - - Case 130. Miss X., aged 38, consulted me, late in the fall of 1881, on - account of severe spinal irritation and obstinate sleeplessness, in - combating which she had become addicted to morphine and chloral. Her - mother and sister were nervous sufferers, but the rest of the family - were healthy. The trouble dated from a fall on her back in 1872, at - which time the patient was terribly frightened, though, when a girl, - she had been subject to muscular cramps and hysterical symptoms. - Following this shock, a neurasthenic and hysterical neurosis - developed, with predominating spinal irritation and sleeplessness. - Episodically, hysterical paraplegia, lasting as long as eight months, - and hysterical hallucinatory delirium, with convulsive attacks, - occurred. In the course of this, symptoms of morphinism were added. A - stay of some months in the hospital relieved the latter, and - considerably improved the neurasthenic neurosis, in the treatment of - which general faradization exerted a remarkably favorable influence. - - Even at the first meeting, the patient produced a remarkable - impression by reason of her attire, features, and conduct. She wore a - gentleman’s hat, her hair closely cut, eye-glasses, a gentleman’s - cravat, a coat-like outer garment of masculine cut that reached well - down over her gown, and boots with high heels. She had coarse, - somewhat masculine features; a harsh, deep voice; and made rather the - impression of a man in female attire than that of a lady, if one but - overlooked the bosom and the decidedly feminine form of the pelvis. - During the long time that she was observed, there were never signs of - erotocism. When questioned concerning her attire, she would only - respond that the style she chose suited her better. Gradually it was - ascertained from her that, even when she was a small girl, she had had - a preference for horses and masculine pursuits, and never any interest - in feminine occupations. Later she developed a particular pleasure in - reading, and prepared herself to be a teacher. Dancing had never - pleased her; it had always seemed silly to her. Too, the _ballet_ had - never interested her. Her greatest pleasure had always been in the - circus. Until her sickness, in 1872, she had neither had inclination - for persons of the opposite nor for those of her own sex. From that - time she had, what was remarkable to herself, a peculiar friendship - for females, particularly for young ladies; and she had a desire, and - satisfied it, to wear hats and coats of masculine style. Since 1869, - besides, she had worn her hair short, and parted it on the side, as - men do. She asserts that she was never sensually excited in the - company of men, but that her friendship and self-sacrifice for - sympathetic ladies was unbounded; while from that time she also - experienced repugnance for gentlemen and their society. - - Her relatives report that, before 1872, the patient had a proposal of - marriage, which she refused; and that when she returned from a sojourn - at a watering-place, in 1874, she was sexually changed, and - occasionally showed that she did not regard herself as a female. - - Since that time she would associate only with ladies, and has had a - kind of love-relation with one or another, and made remarks which - indicated that she looked upon herself as a man. This predilection for - women was decidedly more than mere friendship, since it expressed - itself in tears, jealousy, etc. - - When, in 1874, she was stopping at a watering-place, a young lady, who - took her for a man in disguise, fell in love with her. When this lady - married, later, the patient was for a long time depressed, and spoke - of unfaithfulness. Moreover, since her sickness, her relatives were - struck by her desire for masculine attire, her masculine conduct, and - disinclination for feminine pursuits; while previously, at least - sexually, she had presented nothing unusual. - - Further investigations showed that the patient had a love-relation, - which was not purely platonic, with the lady described in Case 118; - and that she wrote her affectionate letters like those of a lover to - his beloved. In 1887 I again saw the patient in a sanitarium, where - she had been placed on account of hystero-epileptic attacks, spinal - irritation, and morphinism. The contrary sexual feeling existed - unchanged, and only by the most careful watching was the patient kept - from improper advances toward her fellow-patients. - - Her condition remained quite unchanged until 1889. Then the patient - began to fail, and she died of “exhaustion,” in August, 1889. The - autopsy showed, in the vegetative organs, amyloid degeneration of the - kidneys, fibroma of the uterus, and cyst of the left ovary. The - frontal bone was much thickened, uneven on the inner surface, with - numerous exostoses; dura adherent to vault of cranium. Long diameter - of skull, 175 millimetres; lateral diameter, 148 millimetres; weight - of the œdematous, but not atrophied, brain, 1175 grammes. The meninges - delicate, easily removed. Cortex pale. Convolutions broad, not - numerous, regularly arranged. Nothing abnormal in cerebellum and great - ganglia. - - Case 131. _Gynandry._[117] History: On November 4, 1889, the - step-father of a certain Count Sandor V. complained that the latter - had swindled him out of 800f., under the pretense of requiring a bond - as secretary of a stock company. It was ascertained that Sandor had - entered into matrimonial contracts and escaped from the nuptials in - the spring of 1889; and, more than this, that this ostensible Count - Sandor was no man at all, but a woman in male attire,—Sarolta - (Charlotte), Countess V. - - S. was arrested, and, on account of deception and forgery of public - documents, brought to examination. At the first hearing S. confessed - that she was born on Sept. 6, 1866; that she was a female, Catholic, - single, and worked as an authoress under the name of Count Sandor V. - - From the autobiography of this man-woman I have gleaned the following - remarkable facts that have been independently confirmed:— - - S. comes of an ancient, noble, and highly-respected family of Hungary, - in which there have been eccentricity and family peculiarities. A - sister of the maternal grandmother was hysterical, a somnambulist, and - lay seventeen years in bed, on account of fancied paralysis. A second - great-aunt spent seven years in bed, on account of a fancied fatal - illness, and at the same time gave balls. A third had the whim that a - certain table in her _salon_ was bewitched. If anything were laid on - this table, she would become greatly excited and cry, “Bewitched! - bewitched!” and run with the object into a room which she called the - “Black Chamber,” and the key of which she never let out of her hands. - After the death of this lady, there were found in this chamber a - number of shawls, ornaments, bank-notes, etc. A fourth great-aunt, - during two years, did not leave her room, and neither washed herself - nor combed her hair; then she again made her appearance. All these - ladies were, nevertheless, intellectual, finely educated, and amiable. - - S.’s mother was nervous, and could not bear the light of the moon. - - From her father’s family it is said she had a trace too much. One line - of the family gave itself up almost entirely to spiritualism. Two - blood-relations on the father’s side shot themselves. The majority of - her male relatives are unusually talented; the females are decidedly - narrow and domestic. S.’s father had a high position, which, however, - on account of his eccentricity and extravagance (he wasted over a - million and a half), he lost. - - Among many foolish things that her father encouraged in her was the - fact that he brought her up as a boy, called her Sandor, allowed her - to ride, drive, and hunt, admiring her muscular energy. - - On the other hand, this foolish father allowed his second son to go - about in female attire, and had him brought up as a girl. This farce - ceased in his fifteenth year, when the son was sent to a higher - school. - - Sarolta-Sandor remained under her father’s influence till her twelfth - year, and then came under the care of her eccentric maternal - grandmother, in Dresden, by whom, when the masculine play became too - obvious, she was placed in an Institute, and made to wear female - attire. - - At thirteen she had a love-relation with an English girl, to whom she - represented herself as a boy, and ran away with her. - - Sarolta returned to her mother, who, however, could do nothing, and - was compelled to allow her daughter to again become Sandor, wear male - clothes, and, at least once a year, to fall in love with persons of - her own sex. - - At the same time, S. received a careful education, and made long - journeys with her father,—of course, always as a young gentleman. She - early became independent, and visited _cafés_, even those of doubtful - character, and, indeed, boasted one day that in a brothel she had had - a girl sitting on each knee. S. was often intoxicated, had a passion - for masculine sports, and was a very skillful fencer. - - She felt herself drawn particularly toward actresses, or others of - similar position, and, if possible, toward those who were not very - young. She asserts that she never had any inclination for a young man, - and that she has felt, from year to year, an increasing dislike for - young men. - - “I preferred to go into the society of ladies with ugly, ill-favored - men, so that none of them could put me in the shade. If I noticed that - any of the men awakened the sympathies of the ladies, I felt jealous. - I preferred ladies who were bright and pretty; I could not endure them - if they were fat or much inclined toward men. It delighted me if the - passion of a lady was disclosed under a poetic veil. All immodesty in - a woman was disgusting to me. I had an indescribable aversion for - female attire,—indeed, for everything feminine,—but only in as far as - it concerned me; for, on the other hand, I was all enthusiasm for the - beautiful sex.” - - During the last ten years S. had lived almost constantly away from her - relatives, in the guise of a man. She had had many _liaisons_ with - ladies, traveled much, spent much, and made debts. - - At the same time, she carried on literary work, and was a valued - collaborator on two noted journals of the Capital. - - Her passion for ladies was very changeable; constancy in love was - entirely wanting. - - Only once did such a _liaison_ last three years. It was years before - that S., at Castle G., made the acquaintance of Emma E., who was ten - years older than herself. She fell in love with her, made a - marriage-contract with her, and they lived together, as man and wife, - for three years at the Capital. - - A new love, which S. regarded as a fate, caused her to sever her - matrimonial relations with E. The latter would not have it so. Only - with the greatest sacrifice was S. able to purchase her freedom from - E., who, it is reported, still looks upon herself as a divorced wife, - and regards herself as the Countess V.! That S. also had the power to - excite passion in other women is shown by the fact that when she - (before her marriage with E.) had grown tired of a Miss D., after - having spent thousands of guldens on her, she was threatened with - shooting by D. if she should become untrue. - - It was in the summer of 1887, while at a watering-place, that S. made - the acquaintance of a distinguished official’s family. Immediately she - fell in love with the daughter, Marie, and her love was returned. - - Her mother and cousin tried in vain to break up this affair. During - the winter, the lovers corresponded zealously. In April, 1888, Count - S. paid her a visit, and in May, 1889, attained her wish; in that - Marie—who, in the meantime, had given up a position as teacher—became - her bride in the presence of a friend of her lover, the ceremony being - performed in an arbor, by a false priest, in Hungary. S., with her - friend, forged the marriage-certificate. The pair lived happily, and, - without the interference of the step-father, this false marriage, - probably, would have lasted much longer. It is remarkable that, during - the comparatively long existence of the relation, S. was able to - deceive completely the family of her bride with regard to her true - sex. - - S. was a passionate smoker, and in all respects her tastes and - passions were masculine. Her letters and even legal documents reached - her under the address of “Count S.” She often spoke of having to - drill. From remarks of the father-in-law, it seems that S. (and she - afterward confessed it) knew how to imitate a scrotum with - handkerchiefs or gloves stuffed in the trousers. The father-in-law - also, on one occasion, noticed something like an erected member on his - future son-in-law (probably a priapus). She also occasionally remarked - that she was obliged to wear a suspensory bandage while riding. The - fact is, S. wore a bandage around the body, possibly as a means of - retaining a priapus. - - Though S. often had herself shaved _pro forma_, the servants in the - hotel where she lived were convinced that she was a woman, because the - chambermaids found traces of menstrual blood on her linen (which S. - explained, however, as hæmorrhoidal); and, on the occasion of a bath - which S. was accustomed to take, they claimed to have convinced - themselves of her real sex by looking through the key-hole. - - The family of Marie make it seem probable that she for a long time was - deceived with regard to the true sex of her false bridegroom. The - following passage in a letter from Marie to S., August 26, 1889, - speaks in favor of the incredible simplicity and innocence of this - unfortunate girl: “I don’t like children any more, but if I had a - little Bezerl or Patscherl by my Sandi,—ah, what happiness, Sandi - mine!” - - A large number of manuscripts allow conclusions to be drawn concerning - S.’s mental individuality. The chirography possesses the character of - firmness and certainty. The characters are genuinely masculine. The - same peculiarities repeat themselves everywhere in their - contents,—wild, unbridled passion; hatred and resistance to all that - opposes the heart thirsting for love; poetical love, which is not - marred by one ignoble blot; enthusiasm for the beautiful and noble; - appreciation of science and the arts. - - Her writings betray a wonderfully wide range of reading in classics of - all languages, in citations from poets and prose writers of all lands. - The evidence of those qualified to judge literary work shows that S.’s - poetical and literary ability is by no means small. The letters and - writings concerning the relation with Marie are psychologically worthy - of notice. - - S. speaks of the happiness there was for her when by M.’s side, and - expresses boundless longing to see her beloved, if only for a moment. - After such a happiness, she could have but one wish,—to exchange her - cell for the grave. The bitterest thing was the knowledge that now - Marie, too, hated her. Hot tears, enough to drown herself in, she had - shed over her lost happiness. Whole quires of paper are given up to - the apotheosis of this love, and reminiscences of the time of the - first love and acquaintance. - - S. complained of her heart, that would allow no reason to direct it; - she expressed emotions which were such as only could be felt,—not - simulated. Then, again, there were outbreaks of most silly passion, - with the declaration that she could not live without Marie. “Thy dear, - sweet voice; the voice whose tone perchance would raise me from the - dead; that has been for me like the warm breath of Paradise! Thy - presence alone were enough to alleviate my mental and moral anguish. - It was a magnetic stream; it was a peculiar power your being exercised - over mine, which I cannot quite define; and, therefore, I cling to - that ever-true definition: I love you because I love you. In the night - of sorrow I had but one star,—the star of Marie’s love. That star has - lost its light; now there remains but its shimmer,—the sweet, sad - memory which even lights with its soft ray the deepening night of - death,—a ray of hope.” - - This writing ends with the apostrophe: “Gentlemen, you learned in the - law, psychologists and pathologists, do me justice! Love led me to - take the step I took; all my deeds were conditioned by it. God put it - in my heart. - - “If He created me so, and not otherwise, am I then guilty; or is it - the eternal, incomprehensible way of fate? I relied on God, that one - day my emancipation would come; for my thought was only love itself, - which is the foundation, the guiding principle, of His teaching and - His kingdom. - - “O God, Thou All-pitying, Almighty One! Thou seest my distress; Thou - knowest how I suffer. Incline Thyself to me; extend Thy helping hand - to me, deserted by all the world. Only God is just. How beautifully - does Victor Hugo describe this in his ‘Legendes du Siècle’! How sad do - Mendelssohn’s words sound to me: ‘Nightly in dreams I see thee’!” - - Though S. knew that none of her writings reached her lover, she did - not grow tired writing of her pain and delight in love, in page after - page of deification of Marie. And to induce one more pure flood of - tears, on one still, clear summer evening, when the lake was aglow - with the setting sun like molten gold, and the bells of St. Anna and - Maria-Wörth, blending in harmonious melancholy, gave tidings of rest - and peace, she wrote: “For that poor soul, for this poor heart that - beat for thee till the last breath.” - - _Personal Examination:_ The first meeting which the experts had with - S. was, in a measure, a time of embarrassment to both sides; for them, - because perhaps S.’s somewhat dazzling and forced masculine carriage - impressed them; for her, because she thought she was to be marked with - the stigma of moral insanity. She had a pleasant and intelligent face, - which, in spite of a certain delicacy of features and diminutiveness - of all its parts, gave a decidedly masculine impression, had it not - been for the absence of a moustache. It was even difficult for the - experts to realize that they were concerned with a woman, despite the - fact of female attire and constant association; while, on the other - hand, intercourse with the man Sandor was much more free, natural, and - apparently correct. The culprit also felt this. She immediately became - more open, more communicative, more free, as soon as she was treated - like a man. - - In spite of her inclination for the female sex, which had been present - from her earliest years, she asserts that in her thirteenth year she - first felt a trace of sexual feeling, which expressed itself in - kisses, embraces, and caresses, with sensual pleasure, and this on the - occasion of her elopement with the red-haired English girl from the - Dresden Institute. At that time feminine forms exclusively appeared to - her in dream-pictures, and ever since, in sensual dreams, she has felt - herself in the situation of a man, and occasionally, also, at such - times, experienced ejaculation. - - She knows nothing of solitary or mutual onanism. Such a thing seemed - very disgusting to her, and not conducive to manliness. She had, also, - never allowed herself to be touched ad genitalia by others, because it - would have revealed her great secret. The menses began at seventeen, - but were always scanty, and without pain. It was plain to be seen that - S. had a horror of speaking of menstruation; that it was a thing - repugnant to her masculine consciousness and feeling. She recognized - the abnormality of her sexual inclinations, but had no desire to have - them changed, since in this perverse feeling she felt both well and - happy. The idea of sexual intercourse with men disgusted her, and she - also thought it would be impossible. - - Her modesty was so great that she would prefer to sleep among men - rather than among women. Thus, when it was necessary for her to answer - the calls of nature or to change her linen, it was necessary for her - to ask her companion in the cell to turn her face to the window, that - she might not see her. - - When occasionally S. came in contact with this companion,—a woman from - the lower walks of life,—she experienced a sexual excitement that made - her blush. Indeed, without being asked, S. related that she was - overcome with actual fear when, in her cell, she was compelled to - force herself into the unusual female attire. Her only comfort was, - that she was at least allowed to keep a shirt. Remarkable, and what - also speaks for the significance of olfactory sensations in her vita - sexualis, is her statement that, on the occasions of Marie’s absence, - she had sought those places on which Marie’s head was accustomed to - repose, and smelled of them, in order to experience the delight of - inhaling the odor of her hair. Among women, those who are beautiful, - or voluptuous, or quite young do not particularly interest her. The - physical charms of women she makes subordinate. As by magnetic - attraction, she feels herself drawn to those between twenty-four and - thirty. She found her sexual satisfaction exclusively in corpora - feminæ (never in her own person), in the form of manustupration of the - beloved woman, or cunnilingus. Occasionally she availed herself of a - stocking stuffed with oakum as a _priapus_. These admissions were made - only unwillingly by S., and with apparent shame; just as in her - writings, immodesty or cynicism are never found. - - She is religious, has a lively interest in all that is noble and - beautiful,—men excepted,—and is very sensitive to the opinion others - may entertain of her morality. - - She deeply regrets that in her passion she made Marie unhappy, and - regards her sexual feelings as perverse, and such a love of one woman - for another, among normal individuals, as morally reprehensible. She - has great literary talent and an extraordinary memory. Her only - weakness is her great frivolity and her incapability to manage money - and property reasonably. But she is conscious of this weakness, and - does not care to talk about it. - - She is 153 centimetres tall, of delicate skeleton, thin, but - remarkably muscular on the breast and thighs. Her gait in female - attire is awkward. Her movements are powerful, not unpleasing, though - they are somewhat masculine, and lacking in grace. She greets one with - a firm pressure of the hand. Her whole carriage is decided, firm, and - somewhat self-conscious. Her glance is intelligent; mien somewhat - diffident. Feet and hands remarkably small, having remained in an - infantile stage of development. Extensor surfaces of the extremities - remarkably well covered with hair, while there is not the slightest - trace of beard, in spite of all shaving experiments. The hips do not - correspond in any way with those of a female. Waist is wanting. The - pelvis is so slim, and so little prominent, that a line drawn from the - axilla to the corresponding knee is straight,—not curved inward by a - waist, or outward by the pelvis. The skull is slightly oxycephalic, - and in all its measurements falls below the average of the female - skull by at least one centimetre. - - The circumference of the head is 52 centimetres; the occipital - half-circumference, 24 centimetres; the line from ear to ear, over the - vertex, 23 centimetres; the anterior half-circumference, 28.5 - centimetres; the line from glabella to occiput, 30 centimetres; the - ear-chin line, 26.5 centimetres; long diameter, 17 centimetres; - greatest lateral diameter, 13 centimetres; diameter at auditory meati, - 12 centimetres; zygomatic diameter, 11.2 centimetres. The upper jaw - projects strikingly, its alveolar process projecting beyond the under - jaw about 0.5 centimetre. The position of the teeth is not fully - normal; the right upper canine has not developed. Mouth remarkably - small. Ears prominent; lobes not differentiated, passing over into the - skin of the cheek. Hard palate narrow and high; voice rough and deep; - mammæ fairly developed, soft, and without secretion. Mons veneris - covered with thick, dark hair. Genitals completely feminine, without - trace of hermaphroditic appearance, but at the stage of development of - those of a ten-year-old girl. The labia majora touch each other almost - completely; labia minora have a cock’s-comb-like form, and project - under the labia majora. The clitoris is small, and very sensitive. - Frenulum delicate; perineum very narrow; introitus vaginæ narrow; - mucous membrane normal. Hymen wanting (probably congenitally); - likewise, the carunculæ myrtiformes. Vagina so narrow that the - insertion of a membrum virile would be impossible, and it is also very - sensitive; certainly coitus had not taken place. Uterus is felt, - through the rectum, to be about the size of a walnut, immovable, and - retroflected. - - The pelvis appears generally narrowed (dwarf-pelvis), and of decidedly - masculine type. The distance between anterior superior spines is 22.5 - centimetres (instead of 26.3 centimetres). Distance between the crests - of the ilii, 26.5 centimetres (instead of 29.3 centimetres); between - the trochanters, 27.7 centimetres (31); the external conjugate - diameter, 17.2 centimetres (19 to 20); therefore, presumably, the - internal conjugate would be 7.7 centimetres (10.8). On account of - narrowness of the pelvis, the direction of the thighs is not - convergent, as in a woman, but straight. - - The opinion given showed that in S. there was a congenitally abnormal - inversion of the sexual instinct, which, indeed, expressed itself, - anthropologically, in anomalies of development of the body, depending - upon great hereditary taint; further, that the criminal acts of S. had - their foundation in her abnormal and irresistible sexuality. - - S.’s characteristic expressions—“God put love in my heart. If He - created me so, and not otherwise, am I, then, guilty; or is it the - eternal, incomprehensible way of fate?”—are really justified. - - The court granted pardon. The “countess in male attire,” as she was - called in the newspapers, returned to her home, and again gave herself - out as Count Sandor. Her only distress is her lost happiness with her - beloved Marie. - - A married woman, in Brandon, Wisconsin, whose case is reported by Dr. - Kiernan (_The Medical Standard_, 1888, November and December), was - more fortunate. She eloped, in 1883, with a young girl, married her, - and lived with her as husband undisturbed. - - An interesting “historical” example of androgyny is a case reported by - Spitzka (_Chicago Medical Review_, August 20, 1881). It was that of - Lord Cornbury, Governor of New York, who lived in the reign of Queen - Anne. He was apparently affected with moral insanity; was terribly - licentious, and, in spite of his high position, could not keep himself - from going about in the streets in female attire, coquetting with all - the allurements of a prostitute. - - In a picture of him that has been preserved, his narrow brow, - asymmetrical face, feminine features, and sensual mouth at once - attract attention. It is certain that he never actually regarded - himself as a woman. - - * * * * * - -Moreover, in individuals afflicted with contrary sexual instinct, in -themselves, the perverse sexual feeling and inclination may be -complicated with other perverse manifestations. Thus here, with -reference to the activity of the instinct, there may be acts quite -analogous to acts indulged in by individuals in perverse satisfaction of -the instinct, but who, at the same time, have a natural inclination -toward persons of the opposite sex. - -Owing to the circumstance that abnormally increased sexuality is almost -a regular accompaniment of contrary sexual feeling, acts of lustful -cruelty in the satisfaction of libido are easily possible. A remarkable -example of this is the case of Zastrow (Casper-Liman, 7. Auflage, Bd. i, -p. 190; ii, p. 487), who bit one of his victims (a boy), tore his -prepuce, slit the anus, and strangled the child. - - Z. came of a psychopathic grandfather and melancholic mother. His - brother indulged in abnormal sexual pleasures, and committed suicide. - - Z. was a congenital urning, and in habitus and occupation masculine. - There was phimosis. Mentally, he was a weak, perverse, unsocial man. - He had horror feminæ, and, in his dreams, he felt himself like a woman - toward a man. He was painfully conscious of his want of normal sexual - feeling and his perverse instinct, and sought satisfaction in mutual - onanism, with frequent desire for pederasty. - -Similar sadistic feelings of this kind, in those afflicted with contrary -sexual instinct, are found in some of the foregoing histories (comp. -Cases 107 and 108 of this edition, and Case 96 of the sixth edition). -But masochism also occurs (comp. Case 43, sixth edition; Cases 111 and -114 of this edition; and Case 3, in the first edition of “Neue -Forschungen”). - - As examples of perverse sexual satisfaction dependent on contrary - sexual instinct, may be mentioned the Greek, who, as Athenäus reports, - was in love with a statue of Cupid, and defiled it, in the temple of - Delphi; and besides the monstrous cases reported by Tardieu - (“Attentats,” p. 272), the terrible one reported by Lombroso (“L’uomo - delinquente,” p. 200), of a certain Artusio, who wounded a boy in the - abdomen, and abused him sexually _by means of the incisions_. - - Cases 86, 110, and 111, also, show that fetichism may also occur with - contrary sexual instinct. - - - DIAGNOSIS, PROGNOSIS, AND THERAPY OF CONTRARY SEXUAL INSTINCT. - -While up to this time contrary sexual instinct has had but an -anthropological, clinical, and forensic interest for science, now, as a -result of the latest investigations, there is some thought of therapy in -this incurable condition, which so heavily burdens its victims, -socially, morally, and mentally. - -A preparatory step for the application of therapeutic measures is the -exact differentiation of the acquired from the congenital cases; and -among the latter, again, the assignment of the concrete case to its -proper position in the categories that have been established -empirically. - -The diagnostic differentiation of the acquired from the congenital -condition is made without difficulty in the early stages of the anomaly. - -If sexual inversion has already taken place, then the history of the -development of the case will throw light upon it. - -The important decision, prognostically, as to whether the contrary -sexual instinct is congenital or acquired, can only be made in such -cases by means of the most minute details of the history. - -The establishment of the fact that contrary sexual instinct existed -before indulgence in masturbation is of great importance with reference -to deciding whether the anomaly is congenital or not. In this, however, -a difficulty arises, owing to the possibility of imperfect localization -of past events (illusions of memory). - -For the presumption of acquired contrary sexual instinct, it is -important to prove the existence of hetero-sexual instinct before the -beginning of solitary or mutual onanism. - -In general, the acquired cases are characterized in that:— - -1. The homo-sexual instinct appears secondarily, and always may be -referred to influences (masturbatic neurasthenia, mental) which -disturbed normal sexual satisfaction. It is, however, probable that -here, in spite of powerful sensual libido, the feeling and inclination -for the opposite sex are weak _ab origine_, especially in a spiritual -and æsthetic sense. - -2. The homo-sexual instinct, as long as inversio sexualis has not taken -place, is looked upon, by the individual affected, as vicious and -abnormal, and yielded to only _faute de mieux_. - -3. The hetero-sexual instinct long remains predominant, and the -impossibility of its satisfaction gives pain. It weakens in proportion -as the homo-sexual feeling gains in strength. - -On the other hand, in congenital cases (_a_) the homo-sexual instinct is -the one that occurs primarily, and becomes dominant in the vita -sexualis. It appears as the natural manner of satisfaction, and also -dominates the dream-life of the individual. (_b_) The hetero-sexual -instinct fails completely, or, if it should make its appearance during -the life of the individual (psycho-sexual hermaphroditism), it is still -but an episodical phenomenon which has no root in the mental -constitution of the individual, and is essentially but a means of -satisfaction of sexual desire. - -The differentiation of the above groups of congenital contrary sexuality -from one another, and from the cases in which the anomaly is acquired, -will, after the foregoing, present no difficulties. - -The prognosis of the cases of acquired contrary sexual instinct is, at -all events, much more favorable than that of the congenital cases. In -the former, the occurrence of effemination—the mental inversion of the -individual, in the sense of perverse sexual feeling—is the limit beyond -which there is no longer hope of benefit from therapy. In the congenital -cases, the various categories established in this book form as many -stages of psycho-sexual taint, and benefit is _probable_ only within the -category of the psychical hermaphrodites, though _possible_ (_vide_ the -case of Schrenk-Notzing) in that of the urnings. - -The prophylaxis of these conditions becomes thus the more important,—for -the congenital cases, prohibition of the reproduction of such -unfortunates; for the acquired cases, protection from the injurious -influences which experience teaches may lead to the fatal inversion of -the sexual instinct. - -Numerous predisposed individuals meet this sad fate, because parents and -teachers have no suspicion of the danger which masturbation brings in -its train to such children. - -In many schools and academies masturbation and vice are actually -cultivated. At present much too little attention is given to the mental -and moral peculiarities of the pupils. If only the tasks are done, -nothing more is asked. That many pupils are thus ruined in body and soul -is never considered. In obedience to affected prudery, the vita sexualis -is veiled from the developing youth, and not the slightest attention -given to the excitations of his sexual instinct. How few family -physicians are ever called in, during the years of development of -children, to give advice to their patients that are often so greatly -predisposed! - -It is thought that all must be left to Nature; in the meantime, Nature -rises in her power, and leads the helpless, unprotected innocent into -dangerous by-paths. - -A more detailed treatment of this prophylactic side of the subject is -impossible here.[118] - -To parents and teachers, the experiences detailed in this work, and -numerous scientific works on masturbation, give suggestions. - -The lines of treatment, when contrary sexual instinct exists, are the -following:— - -1. Prevention of onanism, and removal of other influences injurious to -the vita sexualis. - -2. Cure of the neurosis (neurasthenia sexualis and universalis) arising -out of the unhygienic conditions of the vita sexualis. - -3. Mental treatment, in the sense of combating homo-sexual, and -encouraging hetero-sexual, feelings and impulses. - -The most important part of the treatment lies in fulfilling the third -indication, particularly with reference to onanism. - -Only in very few cases, where acquired contrary sexual instinct has not -progressed far, can the fulfillment of 1 and 2 be sufficient, as the -following case, fully reported by the author in the _Irrenfreund_, 1884, -No. 1, proves:— - - Case 132. Count Z., aged 51, of psychopathic mother, was early sent to - a military school, and there was taught onanism. He developed well, - and had normal sexual feelings, but, as a result of masturbation, he - became somewhat neurasthenic in his seventeenth year. He enjoyed - intercourse with women, was married at twenty-five, but after a year - more became neurasthenic, and absolutely lost his inclination for - women. In its place came contrary sexual instinct. Involved in an - accusation for high treason, he was sent to prison for two years, and - then to Siberia for five years. In these seven years, under the - influence of continued masturbation, neurasthenia and contrary sexual - instinct constantly increased. With his freedom restored at the age of - thirty-five, the patient began to visit all kinds of health-resorts on - account of his great neurasthenia; and this has since been his - occupation. In all these years his abnormal sexual feeling has not - changed in any way. For the most part, he lived away from his wife, - whom, it is true, he esteemed for her mental qualities; though he - avoided her, as he did every other woman. His contrary sexual feeling - is purely platonic. “Friendship,” sweet embraces, and kisses sufficed - him. Pollutions, which occasionally occurred, were induced by - lascivious dreams which had for subject persons of his own sex. Also, - during the day, the most beautiful woman had no charm for him, while - simply the sight of handsome men induced erection and ejaculation. - Only athletes and male dancers in the circus and _ballet_ interested - him. At times of greater excitability, even masculine statues gave him - erections. Now and again he resumed his old vice of masturbation. This - man of æsthetic culture had a horror of pederasty. - - He felt, always, that his perverse sexual feeling was something - abnormal, without, however, in his apparently much weakened libido and - virility, feeling unhappy. - - The examination gave the usual findings of neurasthenia. Development, - manner, and attire presented nothing remarkable. Electrical massage - was unusually successful. After a few sittings the patient was - mentally and physically much better. After twenty sittings libido was - again awakened, not in the same way, but normally, as the patient had - felt until his twenty-fifth year. Lascivious dreams were concerned - only with women; and one day the patient joyfully gave the information - that he had had coitus, and that he had had the same natural feeling - in it that he had had twenty-six years before. He then began to live - with his wife again, and hoped that he was lastingly freed from - neurasthenia and contrary sexual instinct. His hope was fulfilled for - the six years during which I was able to keep the patient under - observation. - -As a rule, physical treatment, even though it be re-inforced morally by -good advice with reference to the avoidance of masturbation, the -repression of homo-sexual feelings and impulses, and the encouragement -of hetero-sexual desires, will not prove sufficient, even in cases of -acquired contrary sexual instinct. - -Here a method of mental treatment—hypnotic suggestion—is all that can -bring benefit. - -The following case is interesting; and it is an example of successful -auto-suggestion that gives encouragement for the milder forms of the -anomaly:— - - Case 133. _Autobiography of a Psychical Hermaphrodite. Successful - Struggle against Homo-sexual Inclinations made by the Patient - himself._—“My father once had a stroke, but has recovered save for - paralysis of the face. My mother was very anæmic and melancholic. Both - suffered severely with hæmorrhoids, and my father ascribed to this - trouble the lumbar pain with which he suffered from time to time after - his marriage. - - “I am, if I may so express myself, a passive character. When a child, - I indulged in all kinds of fancies, religious as well as others. I - suffered with incontinence of urine, and it is said that in sleep I - handled my genitals, so that my father fastened my hands to the bed! - (I was then a mere child, and had not masturbated.) I was always very - shy and embarrassed in social intercourse. When about fourteen or - fifteen years old, I was seduced into onanism. The impulse and desire - for women, occurring in connection with the awakening sexual feeling, - were, in reality, only of a platonic nature; I was also without the - society of ladies. When about eighteen, I attempted to satisfy my - sexual desire in the natural way, more in obedience to a feeling of - curiosity than from inner longing. Since that time, without having - experienced any real inclination for women, as often as possible I - have satisfied my desire by means of sexual intercourse. - - “Soon after puberty I became very anæmic, and appeared much older than - I really was. Then came melancholic and peculiar ideas. It was a - delight to me to fancy myself humiliated in the extreme. It may be of - interest to add that, at that time, I was troubled with religious - doubts, and only later found the courage to rise above religions. I - fell in love with young men. At first I opposed these ideas; later - they became so powerful that I became a genuine urning. Women seemed - to me to be human beings of the second class. I was in a state of - despair. My sickened soul was filled with tædium vitæ and thoughts - inimical to humanity. One day I read: ‘What will it come to?’ And ere - I knew it, I was a socialist; but an ideal one. Life again had value - for me, for I had an ideal,—the joyous struggle for the social - elevation of the proletariat. This caused a powerful revolution in me. - As in my best years (from the age of sixteen to seventeen), I took - interest in art, particularly in dramatic art. I am, at the present - time, writing a play and a story, and I am occupied with the grandest - thoughts. I read a remark of Schlegel’s concerning Sophocles, who was - indebted to his physical exercise for his energy and creative power, - and to music for his artistic proportions. In another place I read: - ‘The dramatist must, above all things, be mentally intact.’ This - depressed me; for my contrary sexual feelings could not arise in a - perfectly normal mind. - - “I thought of having myself treated hypnotically; but shame held me - back. Then I said to myself that I was a weakling, indeed, to have so - little confidence in myself, and began in earnest to combat my - abnormal desires. At the same time, I struggled against my nervousness - by leading the proper kind of a life. I rowed, fenced, and was much in - the open air; and I was delighted when, at last, I awoke and seemed to - be an entirely different man. When I thought of the time from my - twentieth to my twenty-sixth year, it seemed to me that, during those - years, a strange and depressive being had been dwelling within me. - - “I was astonished that the handsomest rider or the trimmest waiter - excited in me almost no interest; even the muscular masons had no - effect on me. I was disgusted when I thought that, at one time, such - men had seemed handsome to me. My self-respect increased; I am - good-natured, but my character is entirely active. Since my twentieth - year my appearance has steadily improved. My appearance now - corresponds perfectly with my years. There were recurrences of my - abnormal inclinations, to be sure; but I struggled against them - energetically. I satisfy my libido only by means of natural - intercourse, and I hope that, by continuing to lead a proper life, my - pleasure in natural coitus will increase.” - -As a rule, only suggestion coming from a second person, and that by -means of hypnosis, promises any success. In such cases, the object of -post-hypnotic suggestion is to remove the impulse to masturbation and -homo-sexual feelings and impulses, and to encourage hetero-sexual -feelings with a sense of virility. A prerequisite is, of course, the -possibility to induce hypnosis of sufficient intensity. It is, -unfortunately, in these very cases of neurasthenia that this is -impossible, since they are often excited, embarrassed, and in no -condition to concentrate their thoughts. - -Thus, in a case reported by me in the _International. Centralblatt für -die Physiologie und Pathologie der Harn- und Sexualorgane_, Bd. i, Heft -2, p. 58, it was impossible for me to induce hypnosis, though the -patient desired it, and did everything to make it successful. By reason -of the great benefit that can be given to such unfortunates, and with -Ladame’s case in view (_v. infra_), in the future, in all such cases, -everything should be done to bring about hypnosis,—the only means of -salvation. The result, in the three following cases, was satisfactory:— - - Case 134. _Contrary Sexual Instinct Acquired through - Masturbation._—Mr. X., merchant, aged 29. Father’s parents healthy. - Nothing nervous in father’s family. Father was an irritable, peevish - old man. One brother of the father was a man-about-town, and died - unmarried. Mother died in third confinement, when the patient was six - years old; she had a deep, rough, masculine voice, and coarse - appearance. Of the children, one brother is irritable, “melancholic,” - and indifferent to women. - - When a child patient had scarlet fever with delirium. Until his - fourteenth year he was light-hearted and social, but, after that, - quiet, solitary, and “melancholic.” The first trace of sexual feeling - appeared in his tenth or eleventh year, and at that time he learned - masturbation from other boys, and practiced mutual onanism with them. - At the age of thirteen or fourteen, ejaculation for the first time. - Patient has felt no evil results of onanism until the last three - months. - - In school he learned easily, but was troubled with headaches. After - the age of twenty, pollutions, in spite of daily practice of onanism. - With pollutions, “procreative” dreams, as man and wife might perform - the act, occurred. In his seventeenth year he was seduced into mutual - onanism by a man having a love for men. He found satisfaction in this, - inasmuch as he was always very passionate sexually. It was a long time - before the patient again sought new opportunities for intercourse with - males. He did it simply to rid himself of semen. He felt no friendship - or love for the person with whom he had intercourse. He felt - satisfaction only when he played the passive _rôle_,—when - manustupration was practiced on him. When the act was once completed, - he had no respect for the individual. If it happened that, later, he - came to respect the man, then he ceased to indulge in the act with - him. Later it became indifferent to him whether he masturbated or had - masturbation practiced on him. When he himself practiced onanism, he - always thought of pleasing men practicing onanism on him during the - act. He preferred a hard, rough hand. - - The patient thought that, had he not been led astray, he would have - arrived at a natural mode of satisfaction of his sexual desires. He - never felt love for his own sex, though he had pleased himself with - the thought of loving men. At first he had had sensual inclinations - toward the opposite sex. He had taken pleasure in dancing, and he had - been pleased with women, but he had taken more pleasure in the figure - than the face. Too, he had had erections at the sight of women that - pleased him. He had never attempted coitus, for fear of infection; - whether he was potent or not with women, he did not know. He thought - he could be so no longer, because his feeling for women had grown - cold, especially during late years. - - While previously, in his sensual dreams, he had had ideas of both men - and women, of late years he had dreamed only of approaches to men; he - could not remember that he had dreamed, in late years, of sensual - relations with a woman. At the theatre, as well as in the circus and - _ballet_, the feminine figure had always interested him. In museums - masculine and feminine statues had affected him equally. - - Patient is a great smoker, a beer-drinker, loves male society, and is - a gymnast and skater. Anything dandified was repugnant to him, and he - had never felt any desire to please men; he would even have preferred - to please women. - - He now felt his position to be painful, because onanism had obtained - the upper hand. Masturbation, that had previously been practiced - without evil effects, now began to disclose its bad results. - - Since July, 1889, he had suffered with neuralgia of the testicles. The - pain occurred particularly at night; and at night there was also - trembling (increased reflex excitability). - - Sleep was not refreshing, and he would wake up with pain in the - testicles. He was inclined, now, to indulge more frequently in - onanism. He was afraid of the consequences of the habit. He hoped that - his sexual life might still be turned into normal channels. Now, he - thought of the future; he had a relation with a girl, who was - attractive to him, and the thought to possess her as a wife was - pleasing. - - For five days he had abstained from onanism, but he could scarcely - believe that he would be able, with his own strength, to overcome the - habit. Of late he had been very much depressed, having lost all desire - for work, and become tired of life. - - Patient is tall, powerful, well nourished, and has a thick growth of - beard. Skull and skeleton normal. Knee-jerks very prompt; deep - reflexes in upper extremities much increased. Pupils dilated, equal, - and act promptly. Carotids of equal calibre; hyperæsthesia urethræ; - cords and testicles not sensitive; genitals normal. - - The patient was calmed, and given hope for the future, provided that - he give up onanism and attempt to transfer his sexual desires from - persons of his own sex to females. - - Hip-baths (24° to 20° R.); ext. secal. conut. aquos., 0.5; antipyrin, - 1.0 (_pro die_); pot. brom., 4.0 (evenings), were ordered. - - December 13th. To-day the patient came, in a disturbed condition of - mind, complaining that, unaided, he was unable to resist the impulse - to masturbate, and he asked for help. - - A trial of hypnosis induced a condition of deep lethargy in the - patient. - - He was given the following suggestions:— - - 1. I can not, must not, and will not masturbate again. - - 2. I abhor the love for my own sex, and shall never again think men - handsome. - - 3. I shall and will become well again, fall in love with a virtuous - woman, be happy, and make her happy. - - December 14th. While out walking to-day, patient saw a handsome man, - and felt himself powerfully drawn toward him. - - From this time there were hypnotic sittings every second day, with the - above suggestions. - - December 18th (fourth sitting), somnambulism occurred; the impulse to - onanism and interest in men disappear. - - At the eighth sitting “complete virility” was added to the above - suggestions. The patient feels himself morally elevated and physically - strengthened. The neuralgia of the testicles has disappeared. He now - found that he was without sexual feeling. - - He now believed himself free from masturbation and contrary. sexual - inclination. - - After the eleventh sitting he thought that further help was - unnecessary. He wished to go home, and marry. He felt well and potent. - Early in January, 1890, treatment ceased. - - In March, 1890, the patient wrote: “I have since had several occasions - on which it has been necessary for me to use all my moral strength in - order to overcome my habit, and, thank God, I have been successful in - freeing myself from this vice. Several times I have had opportunity - for sexual intercourse, and I have found pleasure in it. I look calmly - on my happy future.” - - Case 135. _Acquired Contrary Sexual Instinct. Marked Improvement under - Hypnotic Treatment._—Mr. P., born in 1863, official in a manufactory. - He comes of a highly respected patrician family of Middle Germany, in - which nervousness and insanity have been of frequent occurrence. - - His great-grandfather on the father’s side and his sister died insane; - the grandmother died of apoplexy; father’s brother died insane, and a - daughter of the latter died of cerebral tuberculosis. The maternal - grandmother was melancholic for years; maternal grandfather, insane. A - maternal uncle took his life in an attack of insanity. The patient’s - father is very nervous. An elder brother is very neurasthenic, and has - anomalies of the vita sexualis; another is the subject of Case 155; a - third is eccentric in conduct, and is said to be subject to fixed - ideas. A sister suffers with convulsions, and another died of them - when a little child. - - The patient is constitutionally predisposed; for he was early very - peculiar, irritable, irascible, and impressed those around him as - being abnormal. - - His vita sexualis appeared very early and in great intensity, and was - satisfied, without any seductions, in onanism. From his sixteenth year - the prematurely developed boy visited brothels of the Capital, using - his permissions to go out on Sundays and holidays for that purpose. He - took pleasure in coitus, but during the week he satisfied himself with - onanism. After his twentieth year, when he became independent, the - patient indulged with prostitutes excessively, and fell ill with - neurasthenia sexualis, becoming relatively impotent and unsatisfied in - coitus, owing to weakness of erection and premature ejaculation. His - sexual libido became more powerful than ever, and was satisfied in - onanism. Early in 1888 the patient made the acquaintance of a young - man. “By his pleasing face, his attractive manner, and his beautiful - form, he conquered me entirely. I wished to speak to him, and was - happy at mere sight of him. I was completely in love with him. With - this, my love for women was extinguished. Any man could excite me to - such an extent that, for some moments, I would feel my memory fail, - and I would stammer. - - “Soon after this I made the acquaintance of a gentleman who was - likewise very attractive, and who had a decided influence on my future - life. He was male-loving. I confessed to him that I no longer felt - anything but aversion for the female sex, and that I was attracted to - men. - - “When I once asked my companion how he brought it about that soldiers - would surrender themselves to him, he answered that the principal - thing was skill; almost any of them could be brought to it. Late in - 1888, thinking of these words, I was attracted by an officer’s - servant, and was intensely excited by him, but ejaculation never - occurred. Since I saw that the soldier would surrender himself without - trouble, I approached him. Alium quondam militem in cubiculum allectum - rogavi ut veste exuta mecum in lectum concumberet. Rogatus fecit quæ - volui et alter alterius penem trivit. - - “Though after this success I misused many persons, I was never really - in love, so to speak, with but one. He was a very handsome young - fellow of seventeen. His voice was so attractive to me, and his manner - was so delicately proper, that I cannot forget him. In my dreams I - thought only of handsome young men, and often for whole nights I could - not sleep, owing to sensual feeling.” - - Early in 1889 the patient’s conduct awakened a suspicion of male-love. - A threatening communication frightened him, and plunged him in deep - depression, so that he contemplated suicide. At the advice of the - family physician, he came to the Capital. Since the patient was unable - to overcome his habitual desires by his own will, hypnotic treatment - was undertaken. It induced but mild lethargy, and, in opposition to - the seduction of former lovers, it had but little effect. - - At that time the patient was wanting in earnest desire. There was some - improvement in matters, in the face of the disgrace to relatives and - the prospect of a legal examination that was actually threatening. The - patient determined to attempt a cure with the author. - - I found him to be a delicate, pale, very neurasthenic man, much - depressed, and despairing about the future. He was without - degenerative signs. He realized his perverted situation, and seemed to - be willing to do anything in order to become again a decent, moral - man. - - He regretted exceedingly his sexual perversion, which he regarded as - abnormal, but also as having been acquired. He made no attempt to - conceal the fact that he could not control himself with young men, and - likewise he would not say that he could abstain from onanism, to - which, _faute de mieux_, he was driven. Only a powerful, imperious - will could keep him from it. - - Thus far his male-love had consisted exclusively of mutual onanism. - Erections occurred only when touching men he loved; ejaculation - resulted early, but simple embrace was not sufficient. He had never - felt himself in any particular sexual _rôle_ toward a man. Genitals - and vegetative organs normal. - - In addition to treatment directed to his neurasthenia, on April 8, - 1890, hypnotic suggestion was begun. Hypnosis was easily induced by - simply looking at him, with verbal suggestion. After a half-minute the - patient passed into deep lethargy, with a cataleptiform state of the - muscles. The awakening was brought about by suggesting it at counting - three. Post-hypnotic suggestions were always successful. The - intra-hypnotic suggestions were:— - - 1. The interdiction of onanism. - - 2. The command that male-love should be felt to be disgraceful and - despicable, and that it should be impossible. - - 3. The command to regard only women as beautiful; to approach them, to - dream of them, and to have libido and erection at sight of them. - - The sittings occurred daily. On April 14th, the patient announced, - with thankfulness and a kind of moral satisfaction, that he had had - pleasure in coitus, and had ejaculated tardily. On April 16th, he felt - free from inclination to masturbate, attracted to women, and perfectly - indifferent to men. He dreamed of female charms and coitus with women. - May 1st, the patient seemed and felt himself to be normal sexually. He - has become a different man mentally, full of courage and - self-confidence. He has coitus with complete satisfaction, and thinks - that he is insured against relapse. - - In a later letter Mr. P. writes: “As was only to be expected, I find - myself lastingly freed from my errors. All that remains to remind me - of my unhappy time are the dreams, which, though they are infrequent, - come from my past, which I have no power to banish, and which - sometimes, indeed, pleasantly occupy my thoughts. But by my own will I - yet hope soon to succeed in freeing myself absolutely from them. - Should I ever become weak again, the ideas you have impressed on me - would, I am sure, make an energetic resistance, and I should not - succumb.” - - On October 20, 1890, P. wrote me: “I am completely cured of onanism, - and I have no pleasure in male-love. Yet complete virility does not - seem to have been re-established, notwithstanding the fact that I lead - a virtuous life. Nevertheless, I feel satisfied.” - - Case 136. _Acquired Contrary Sexual Instinct._—Mr. Z., aged 32, - divorced. He comes of a hysteropathic mother. Maternal grandmother - suffered with hysteria, and her brothers and sisters were neurotic. - One brother is an urning. Z. was but poorly endowed mentally, and did - not learn easily. No sickness besides scarlatina. When thirteen, he - was taught to masturbate by companions in a school. Sexually, he was - hyperæsthetic, and, at seventeen, began to indulge in coitus, with - full pleasure and power. For reasons of position and money, he married - at twenty-six. The marriage was very unhappy. After a year Mrs. Z. - became incapable of coitus, by reason of uterine disease. Z. satisfied - his inordinate desires with other women, _faute de mieux_, by - masturbation. Besides, he gave himself up to play, led an absolutely - dissolute life, became exceedingly neurasthenic, and sought to - strengthen his weakened nerves by drinking great quantities of wine - and brandy. To his essential cerebral asthenia were added peripheral - alcoholic cramps and globus, and he became very emotional. His libido - nimia continued unabated. On account of his disgust of prostitutes and - fear of infection, satisfaction by coitus was exceptional. For the - most part, the patient helped himself with onanism. - - Four years ago he noticed weakening of erection and decrease of libido - for women. He began to feel himself drawn toward men, and his - lascivious dreams were no longer concerned with women, but with men. - - Three years ago, while being rubbed by a bath-attendant, he became - powerfully excited sexually (the attendant also had an erection, to - patient’s surprise). He could not keep from embracing and kissing the - attendant, and allowing him to perform masturbation on him, the - attendant doing it most willingly. From this time this mode of sexual - indulgence was all that he cared for. Women became a matter of entire - indifference to him; he devoted himself exclusively to men. With them - he practiced mutual masturbation, and had a longing to sleep with - them. He abhorred pederasty. He was entirely satisfied until (August, - 1890) an anonymous letter, warning him to be careful, brought him to - his senses. He was much frightened, had hysterical attacks, and became - much depressed. He was embarrassed before men, seemed like a pariah in - society, contemplated suicide, and finally confessed to a priest, who - comforted him. He now fell into a religious state (equivalent), and, - out of remorse and to cure himself of his abnormal sexual - inclinations, wished to go into a cloister. While in this state, my - “Psychopathia Sexualis” fell into his hands. He was frightened and - filled with shame, but found a comfort in it, inasmuch as he concluded - that he must have some malady. His first thought was to rehabilitate - himself sexually in his own eyes. He overcame all disinclination, and - visited a brothel. At first he was not successful, on account of great - excitement, but he finally succeeded. - - Since, however, his contrary sexual inclinations were not overcome, in - spite of all his efforts to put them down, he finally came to me, - asking for assistance. He felt himself to be terribly unfortunate, and - very near to despair and suicide. He saw destruction before him, and - would be saved at any price. - - His confession was interrupted by numerous hysterical attacks. - Comforting and encouraging words about his future had a calming - influence. - - Physically, patient presented a slightly retreating brow, with no - other anatomical signs of degeneration. Spinal irritation, exaggerated - deep reflexes, and a sense of pressure in the head pointed to a - neurasthenic condition. No genital anomalies, though there was - hyperæsthesia urethræ. Mien distressed; attitude relaxed; mind - distracted and vacillating. - - Hip baths, massage, ergot with antipyrin and pot. brom., ordered, with - interdiction of onanism, intercourse with men, and lascivious thoughts - of them. - - After a few days the patient came complaining that he was not equal to - the task. He said his will was too weak. In this precarious situation, - it seemed that nothing but hypnotic treatment could bring improvement. - - September 11, 1889. First sitting. Bernheim’s method used, in order to - induce lethargy as quickly as possible. - - Suggestions:— - - 1. I abhor onanism, and will not masturbate again. - - 2. I regard the inclination for men disgusting,—horrible; and I shall - never think men handsome and enticing. - - 3. Women alone I find enticing. Once a week I shall cohabit, with full - pleasure and power. - - The patient received these suggestions, and repeated them in a - drawling tone. - - The sittings took place every second day. After the fifteenth, it was - possible to induce the somnambulic stage of hypnosis with any - post-hypnotic suggestions desired. - - The patient improved morally and mentally, but symptoms of cerebral - neurasthenia troubled him still, and, now and then, dreams of men - occurred; and there were, also, in the waking state, inclinations - toward men, which depressed him exceedingly. - - Treatment until September 24th. Result: Free from onanism; no longer - excitable to men, though impressionable to women. Normal coitus once - in eight days. Hysterical symptoms absent; neurasthenic symptoms much - ameliorated. - - On October 6th the patient reported by letter that he was feeling - well, and expressed his gratitude for his salvation; he felt as if - given a new life. - - December 9, 1889, patient again came for treatment. Of late he had had - lascivious dreams of men twice, but had experienced no inclination - toward men in the waking state. He had also resisted the impulse to - masturbate, though, while living alone in the country, he had had no - opportunity for coitus. He had inclinations only for the opposite sex, - and, as a rule, dreamed only of females. Returned to the city, he had - indulged in coitus with pleasure. The patient felt himself morally - rehabilitated, being almost free from neurasthenic symptoms; and, - after three more hypnotic sittings, he declared himself perfectly - well, and confident that he would not relapse. Such a relapse - occurred, however, in September, 1890, when, after over-exertion on an - excursion into the mountains, and emotional strain with want of - opportunity for coitus, he had again become neurasthenic. - - Again he had dreams of men, and felt drawn toward attractive male - forms; he masturbated many times, and, after returning to the city, - found no real pleasure in coitus. By means of anti-neurasthenic - treatment and hypnosis, it was possible soon to restore the previous - condition. - - In the course of the years 1890 and 1891 the patient now and then had - contrary sexual feelings and dreams, but only when, as a result of - emotional strain or excesses, his neurosis re-appeared. At such times - satisfaction in coitus was wanting. He would then find it necessary to - undergo a few hypnotic sittings, in order to restore his - equilibrium—always with success. - - At the end of 1891 the patient pointed with satisfaction to the fact - that, since treatment, he had been able to avoid masturbation and - male-intercourse, and had regained his self-confidence and - self-respect. - -The foregoing details of the successful results of hypnotic suggestion, -in cases of acquired contrary sexual feeling, make it seem possible that -those unfortunates that are afflicted with the congenital perversion may -be helped in some degree by the same means. - -To be sure, here the condition is entirely different, since a congenital -condition must be combated, an abnormal psycho-sexual life annihilated, -and a new one created. _A priori_ this task seems impossible; at least, -in the perfect urning. That the apparently impossible is artificially -possible may be seen from the case of Schrenk-Notzing, which follows -below. It far surpasses the case reported by me (_v. infra_), in which -at least the homo-sexual feelings and impulses were removed by means of -hypnotic suggestion. - -The case of Ladame (_v. infra_) is an analogous one. The conditions are -more favorable in psycho-sexual hermaphrodites, where at least there are -rudiments of hetero-sexual feelings that may be strengthened and made -operative by suggestion. - - Case 137. “I was born in 1858, out of wedlock. It was only late that I - was able to trace my obscure origin, and obtain knowledge of my - parents; and this knowledge is, unfortunately, very obscure and - imperfect. My father and mother were cousins. My father died three - years ago. He had later married, and, as far as I know, had several - healthy children. - - “I do not think that my father had contrary sexual feelings. Without - knowing him as my father, I often saw him when I was a child. He was a - powerful, masculine man. As for the rest, it is said that, at the time - of my birth, or before, he was sexually ill. - - “I have often seen my mother on the street, but I did not then know - that she was my mother. At the time of my birth she may have been - about twenty-four years old. She was tall, and quick and energetic of - movement, and her character was decided. At the time of my birth she - is reported to have gone about much in male attire, to have worn short - hair, to have smoked a long pipe, and in general to have been - remarkable for her eccentric character. She was exceedingly well - educated, and is said to have been beautiful in her youth. She left a - fortune,—considerable even when measured by our present ideas,—but she - died unmarried. - - “In any case, all this would point to homo-sexual inclinations, or, at - least, to abnormalities. On the other hand, several years before my - birth, my mother took care of a little girl. This step-sister, whom I - never knew, married young, but early in her married life, for reasons - unknown to me, she poisoned herself. - - “I am 1.7 metres tall, measure 92 centimetres around the waist, and - 102 centimetres around hips, and, therefore, I think my pelvis is - somewhat over-developed. The subcutaneous fat has always been - abundant. Skeletal form is strong. The muscular system is well formed, - but, from lack of exercise, perhaps owing to the influence of early, - long-continued, and frequent indulgence in onanism, it is not well - developed; so that I appear stronger than I really am. Hair of head - and face is normal; genital hair, somewhat thin. The upper portion of - the body is as good as without hair. In all other ways my appearance - is fully masculine. Gait, attitude, and voice are those of a fully - developed man, and other urnings have often told me that they would - never have suspected my passion. I served in the army, and always - found pleasure in all knightly exercises,—riding, fencing, swimming, - etc. - - “My early training was under a priest. I had but few real playmates. - The family life of my foster-parents was faultless. In October, 1861, - I entered the Institute. Here I indulged in my first perverse acts, - which I shall describe more fully when I come to the development of my - sexual life. - - “I finished the Gymnasium, served my voluntary years in the army, and - then studied forestry, being now a director of estates. During my - early years my mental development was very slow. I first learned to - speak in my third year, and thus the supposition that I had - hydrocephalus was strengthened. From the time of beginning school, my - mental development was abnormal; indeed, I learned easily, but I have - never been able to concentrate my activity on any particular subject. - I have a great interest in art and æsthetics, but almost none in - music. In early years my character was the worst possible. Without - being able to give any reason for it, during the last twelve years - there has been an entire transformation. Now, there is nothing I hate - more than a lie, and I never speak untruth even in jest. In financial - matters, without being avaricious, I have become an economical - manager. - - “It is enough that, with a deep feeling of shame, I look back on my - past; and, if I could be freed from my unhappy sexual perversion, or - perversity, I should justly regard myself as a true gentleman. I am - kind, and always ready to be charitable to the extent of my means; I - am gay-spirited, and regarded with favor socially. I have no trace of - that nervous irritability which is so often noticeable in others like - me. Too, I am not wanting in personal courage. There is nothing in the - early period of my development that points to abnormality. To be sure, - as a child, I liked to lie in bed on my abdomen, and, of a morning, I - often took delight in rolling about on my abdomen, much to the - amusement of my foster-parents; but I cannot recall that, at such - times, I ever had sensual feeling. I never sought much to play with - girls, and I never played with dolls. I early heard talk about sexual - matters; but I never thought anything about it. In my dreams, too, at - that time, there was nothing sexual; and, in my association with boys - of my own age, there was nothing of that kind. I think I may say that - my vita sexualis was really first awakened after I had been seduced - into mutual masturbation, in my thirteenth year, by a room-mate at the - Institute. At that time ejaculation did not take place, but first - about a year later. Nevertheless, I gave myself up to the vice of - onanism passionately. At this time, however, the first signs of - homo-sexual inclination were manifested. Youthful, powerful men, - market-helpers, workmen, and soldiers took possession of my dreams, - and played an important _rôle_ in my fancy while masturbating. At this - time was also first shown the tendency to pederasty, especially - passive. Up to my fourteenth year I frequently made mutual attempts at - pederasty with my seducer, but neither of us were successful in - bringing about immissio. At the same time, there was also a weak - inclination for the female sex. About a year after the first - indulgence in onanism, I was once with a puella publica, but I had - neither ejaculation nor any especial feeling of sensual pleasure. - Thereafter, and up to my nineteenth year, I performed coitus in public - houses about six times. Erection and ejaculation occurred promptly, - but without marked sensual pleasure. At least onanism, particularly - mutual onanism, I liked quite as much. I have never had any love for - athletes. About ten years ago, while at H., a watering-place, I - thought I was in love with a beautiful lady of a highly respectable - family; I was happy in her presence, and thought myself happy in - finding my love returned. For a time this affair kept me from - masturbating; I was only afraid that, weakened by onanism that had - been practiced for years, I should be incapable of performing my - marital duty. When we became widely separated, my feeling quickly - cooled; I found that I had deceived myself; and, after about two - years, without jealousy, I was able to hear that the lady had married. - My inclination for women—if, in reality, I have ever had any—grew - colder and colder. Two and a half years ago, when I visited a public - house with very virile friends, I last performed coitus. There was - erection, but no ejaculation. Women have become indifferent to me. A - prostitute who acts coarsely excites my repugnance. With intellectual - women, particularly when they are elderly, I like to converse, but in - their society I am often unskillful and awkward, often devoid of tact. - I have never been able to find any charm in woman’s physical form. - - “But, to return to the perverse inclinations. When, at the age of - fourteen, I went to H., I lost sight of my lover and seducer. He was - some years older than I, and was an official; and, in this capacity, - when I was nineteen, I again met him once on the railway. We - immediately cut the journey short, and lodged together, attempting - mutual pederasty; but, on account of pain, immissio was not - successful. We amused ourselves in mutual onanism. In H. I had sexual - intercourse with two fellow-students, but this intercourse was - confined to frequent mutual onanism, owing to the fact that they were - not inclined to pederasty. During the last year of my stay (when I was - nineteen), I had intercourse with another person, which likewise - consisted of onanism; but our intercourse was more intimate, and we - always retired, and practiced mutual onanism in bed. From Easter, - 1869, until July, 1870, I had no lover. I practiced onanism alone. - When the war broke out, I offered myself as a volunteer, but was not - accepted. At the same time a former school-mate offered himself. He - had developed into a remarkably handsome man. I had to spend one night - with him in an over-crowded hotel. Though as students we had never - associated sexually, he was not averse to my desire, and attempted - pederasty. In this instance pain prevented success; but, in the - attempt, ejaculatio ante anum meum occurred. Even now I can recall the - pleasurable feeling I had in it,—a feeling previously unknown. After - the war I frequently met this friend, but our intercourse was later - limited to onanism. During the following eighteen years I had but two - opportunities for homo-sexual intercourse. The first was in the winter - of 1879, on the occasion of meeting a handsome hussar in a railway - carriage. I induced him to sleep with me at an hotel. Later he - confessed to me that he had previously practiced mutual masturbation - with the son of a landed proprietor of his town. I could not bring him - to pederasty. On the other hand, I induced ejaculation in him by - receptio penis ejus in os meum. This caused me no satisfaction, but - rather disgust. I have never tried it again; and, too, I have never - allowed receptio penis mei in os alterius. In 1887, likewise on the - railway, I made the acquaintance of a sailor, and induced him to stay - with me at an hotel. He said he had never practiced pederasty, but he - was ready for it. He was apparently sensually excited; he had an - erection immediately, and performed the act with evident passion. It - was the first time that pederasty was successfully performed. I had - terrible pain, but also indescribable pleasure. - - “With my sojourn here, my vita sexualis has undergone a complete - change. I have learned how easy it is to find persons who, partly for - money and partly from desire, yield to our inclinations. I have also - not been spared annoying experiences with cheats. Until the end of the - last year (since then, owing to fear of venereal infection, I have not - gone beyond mutual masturbation), I enjoyed male-love to the full - extent, particularly in passive pederasty. I have never practiced - active pederasty, because I have found no one able to endure the pain. - - “Generally, I seek my lovers among cavalrymen and sailors, and, - eventually, among workmen, especially butchers and smiths. Robust - forms, with healthy facial complexions, attract me especially. - Leathern riding-trousers have a particular charm for me. I have no - partiality for kissing and the like. I also love large, hard, and - calloused hands. - - “I do not wish to leave unmentioned that, under certain circumstances, - I have great control of myself. - - “As director of an estate, I lived in a large house. My personal - servant was a very handsome young man who had served in the hussars. - After once having spoken with him, in general terms, on the subject, - and found that he could not be approached, for years I lived in close - intimacy with him, and enjoyed his beauty, but never touched him. I - think that, to this day, he knows nothing of my passion. Likewise, two - and a half years ago, in C., I made the acquaintance of a sailor, who - is still regarded by me and my acquaintances as one of the handsomest - men we know. After an absence of more than two years, on invitation, - he visited me a few weeks ago. I knew how to arrange matters so that - we slept in the same room, and I burned with desire to be nearer to - him. As a preliminary, however, I sounded him in confidential talk; - and, when I found that he despised everything connected with - male-love, I had not the heart to approach him more closely. For weeks - we slept in the same room, and I took constant delight in his divine - form (at first, was sexually excited, in fact); I bathed with him, in - the Roman manner, in order to see his beautiful form naked,—but he - never learned anything of my passion. I still have an ideal, platonic - relation with this young man, who, for one of his position, has an - unusual education and fine talent for poetry. - - “Until my thirty-eighth year I had not a clear understanding of my - condition. I always thought that, by early and frequent masturbation, - I had become averse to women, and hoped always that, when the right - woman came, I should be able to abandon onanism and find pleasure in - her. Here it was that I first came to fully understand my condition, - after making the acquaintance of others suffering and feeling like - myself. At first I was frightened; later I came to look upon my fate - as something not dependent on myself. Too, I made no further effort to - resist temptation. - - “Two or three weeks ago ‘Psychopathia Sexualis’ fell into my hands. - The work has made an unexpectedly deep impression on me. At first I - read the work with an interest that was undoubtedly lascivious. The - description of the cultivation of _mujerados_, for example, excited me - uncommonly. The thought of a young, powerful man being emasculated in - this manner, in order, later, to be used for pederasty by a whole - tribe of wild, powerful, and sensual Indians, so excited me that I - masturbated five times during the next two days, fancying myself such - a presumptive _mujerado_. The farther I read in the book, however, the - more I saw its moral earnestness; the more I felt disgust with my - condition; and the more I saw that I must do everything, if it were - possible, to bring about a change in my condition. When I had finished - the book, I was determined to seek assistance from its author. - - “The reading of this work had an undoubted effect. Since then I have - masturbated only twice, and have practiced onanism with cavalrymen - only twice. In every instance I have had really less pleasure and - satisfaction than before, and I always have the feeling: ‘Ah, if I - could only be free from it!’ Nevertheless, I confess that, even now, - in the society of handsome soldiers, I immediately have erection. - - “In conclusion, I may add that, in spite of, or, perhaps, on account - of, onanism, I have never had pollutions. The ejaculation of semen, - which usually consists of only a few drops, and it has always been so, - takes place only after prolonged friction. If, for any reason, I have - not masturbated for a long time, the ejaculation takes place quickly, - and is more abundant. About twelve years ago Hansen tried in vain to - hypnotize me.” - - In the spring of 1891 the writer of the foregoing autobiography - visited me, with the declaration that he could live no longer in his - condition; that he looked to hypnotic treatment as the only hope of - salvation, for he had not strength enough to resist his impulse to - masturbation and satisfaction with persons of his own sex. He felt - like a pariah; like an unnatural man; like one outside the laws of - nature and society, and in danger of criminal prosecution. He felt - moral repugnance when he performed the act with a man, but yet the - sight of any handsome soldier actually electrified him. For years he - had not had the slightest sympathy with women, not even mentally. - - The patient looked to be exactly the person, physically and mentally, - described by himself in his autobiography. His head was exquisitely - hydrocephalic, and also plagiocephalic. At first attempts at hypnosis - met with difficulties. Only by Braid’s method, with the help of a - little chloroform, was deep lethargy attained at the third sitting. - From that time simply looking at a shining object was sufficient. The - suggestions consisted of the command to avoid masturbation, the - removal of homo-sexual feelings, and the assurance that the patient - would have inclination for women and be virile, and have pleasure only - in hetero-sexual intercourse. Masturbation was indulged in but once; - after the eighth sitting the patient dreamed of a woman. - - When, after the fourteenth sitting, the patient had to return, on - account of pressing business, he declared that he was quite free from - any inclination to masturbate or to indulge in male-love, but that he - was by no means absolutely free from his partiality for men. He felt a - returning interest in the female sex, and hoped to be freed finally - from his unhappy condition by continuance of the treatment. - - Case 138. _Psychical Hermaphroditism._—Mr. von P., aged 25, single, - comes of a neuropathic family. As a child he had convulsions. He - recovered, but remained weak, emotional, and irritable. No severe - illnesses. Before his tenth year sexuality was manifested. His - earliest remembrance concerning it was that of lascivious feelings in - company with the servants of the house. When older, he had sensual - dreams which were of intercourse with men. In circuses the male - performers alone interested him. - - Youthful, powerful men were most enticing to him. Often, he could - scarcely resist the longing to fall on their necks and kiss them. Of - late simply the touching of such persons had become sufficient to give - him pleasure and induce ejaculation. The impulse to engage in - “affairs” with men he had, thus far, fortunately resisted. The patient - is a psychical hermaphrodite, in so far as he is not insensitive to - the charms of women, and finds men more pleasing than women. In fact, - feminine nudity had never pleased him, and he can remember only to - have dreamed once of coitus with a woman. - - On account of his great sexual desire, and because he was ashamed to - give himself up to men, after his twentieth year he began to have - sexual intercourse with women. Since then, he has very seldom indulged - in manual onanism, but often in mental masturbation, during which the - forms of handsome men float through his fancy. - - He had coitus with success, but without pleasure or sensual feeling. - On account of circumstances, he was forced to abstain from his - twenty-second until his twenty-fourth year. This abstinence was - painful, and he relieved himself, now and then, by mental onanism. - - When, a year ago, he had opportunity again for coitus, he noticed - failure of libido for women, imperfect erection, and premature - ejaculation. Finally he gave up coitus; then libido for men was - manifested. - - In the condition of irritable weakness of the ejaculatory centre, mere - touching of sympathetic men was sufficient to induce ejaculation. - - Patient is an only child. The circumstances of his family demand that - he marry. He justly hesitates to do this, thinks he is mentally - impotent, and asks for advice and help. - - He points out that his feeling for men must be eradicated in order to - help him. - - Patient’s appearance is, in all respects, masculine. His head is - slightly hydrocephalic and rhombic. Abundant growth of beard. Genitals - normal; cremasteric reflex cannot be excited. No manifestations of - neurasthenia. Neuropathic eyes. Pollutions infrequent. Erections occur - only as a result of contact with men. - - July 16, 1889, hypnotic suggestion, after Bernheim’s method, was - begun. It was first at the third sitting that deep lethargy was - induced. - - Suggestions: “You have no longer any desire for men. Only woman is - beautiful and desirable. You will love a woman, marry, be happy, and - make her happy. You are fully potent; you feel that already.” - - In daily hypnosis, which never goes beyond lethargy, the patient - accepts the suggestions. On July 24th, he announces that he has had - pleasure in coitus; and the male servants no longer interest him. At - the same time, he still finds men more beautiful than women. On August - 1, 1889, it was necessary to discontinue treatment. Result: Completely - potent; entire indifference for men, but also for women. - -The same treatment met with decided success in a case of psycho-sexual -hermaphroditism, reported by me in vol. i of the _Internat. Centralblatt -für die Physiol. u. Path. der Harn- und Sexualorgane_. - - Case 139. Mr. von X., aged 25, landed proprietor. He comes of a - neuropathic, passionate father. Father is said to have been normal - sexually. His mother was nervous, as were her two sisters. Maternal - grandmother was nervous, and his maternal grandfather was a _roué_, - much given to venery. Patient is like his mother, and an only child. - From birth he was weak, suffered much with migraine, and was nervous. - He passed through several illnesses. At fifteen he began masturbation, - without having been taught it. - - Until his seventeenth year he says he never had feeling for men, or, - in fact, any sexual inclination; but at this time desire for men - arose. He fell in love with a comrade. His friend returned his love. - They embraced and kissed and indulged in mutual onanism. Occasionally - patient practiced coitus inter femora viri. He abhorred pederasty. - Lascivious dreams were concerned only with men. In the circus and - theatre males alone interested him. The inclination was for those of - about twenty years. Handsome, tall forms were enticing to him. Given - these conditions, he was quite indifferent to other characteristics of - the men. In his sexual affairs with men his part was always that of a - man. - - After his eighteenth year the patient was always a source of anxiety - to his highly respected parents, for he then began a love-affair with - a male waiter, who fleeced him and made him an object of remark and - ridicule. He was taken home. He consorted with servants and hostlers. - He caused a scandal. He was sent away for travel. In London he got - into a “blackmailing scrape,” but succeeded in escaping to his home. - - He profited in no way by this bitter experience, and again showed - disgraceful inclinations toward men. Patient was sent to me to be - cured of his fatal peculiarity (December 12, 1888). Patient is a tall, - stately, robust, well-nourished young man, of masculine build; large, - well-formed genitals. Gait, voice, and attitude are masculine. He has - no pronounced masculine passions. He smokes but little, and only - cigarettes; drinks little, and is fond of confectionery. He loves - music, arts, æsthetics, flowers, and moves in ladies’ society by - preference. He wears a moustache, the face being otherwise cleanly - shaved. His garments are in nowise remarkable. He is a soft, _blasé_ - fellow, and a do-nothing. He lies abed mornings, and can scarcely be - made to rise before noon. He says he has never regarded his - inclination toward his own sex as abnormal. He looks upon it as - congenital; but, taught by his evil experiences, he wishes to be cured - of his perversion. He has little faith in his own will. He has tried - to help himself, but always begins to masturbate. This he finds - injurious, inasmuch as it causes slight neurasthenic symptoms. There - is no moral defect. The intelligence is a little below the average. - Careful education and aristocratic manners are apparent. The exquisite - neuropathic eye betrays the nervous constitution. The patient is not a - complete and hopeless urning. _He has hetero-sexual feelings, but his - sensual inclinations toward the opposite sex are manifested weakly and - infrequently._ When nineteen, he was first taken to a brothel by - friends. He experienced no horror feminæ, had efficient erections, and - some pleasure in coitus, but not the instinctive delight he - experienced while embracing men. - - Since then, patient asserts that he has had coitus six times, twice - _sua sponte_. He gives the assurance that he is always capable of it, - but he does it only _faute de mieux_, as he does masturbation, when - the sexual impulse troubles him, as a substitute for intercourse with - men. He has thought of the possibility of finding a sympathetic lady - and marrying her. He would regard marital cohabitation and abstinence - from intercourse with men as hard duties. - - Since there were rudiments of hetero-sexual feelings present, and the - case could not be looked upon as hopeless, it seemed that treatment - was indicated. The indications were clear enough, but there was no - support for them in the will of the indolent patient, so unconscious - of his own position. It lay near to seek support for the moral - influence in hypnosis. The fulfillment of this hope seemed doubtful, - because the famous Hansen had tried several times, in vain, to - hypnotize him. - - At the same time, by reason of the most important social interests of - the patient, it was necessary to make another attempt. To my great - surprise, Bernheim’s procedure induced immediately a condition of deep - lethargy, with possibility of post-hypnotic suggestion. - - At the second sitting somnambulism was induced by merely looking at - him. The patient is obnoxious to suggestions of all kinds; indeed, - contractures are induced by stroking him. He is awakened by counting - three. Awakened, patient has amnesia for all the events of the - hypnotic state. Hypnosis is induced every second or third day for the - communication of hypnotic suggestions. At the same time, moral and - hydro=therapeutic measures are employed. - - The hypnotic suggestions were as follow:— - - 1. I abhor onanism, because it makes me sick and miserable. - - 2. I no longer have inclination toward men; for love of men is against - religion, nature, and law. - - 3. I feel an inclination toward women; for woman is lovely and - desirable, and created for man. - - During the sittings the patient always repeats these suggestions. - After the fourth sitting it was noticeable that, when taken into - society, he paid court to ladies. Shortly after that, when a famous - prima-donna sang, he was all enthusiasm for her. Some days later the - patient sought the address of a brothel. - - At the same time, he preferred the society of young gentlemen; but the - most careful watching failed to reveal anything suspicious. - - February 17th. Patient asks to be allowed to indulge in coitus, and is - very well satisfied with his experience with one of the _demi-monde_. - - March 16th. Up to this time, hypnosis twice a week. The patient always - passes into deep somnambulism by simply being looked at, and, at - request, repeats the suggestions. He is obnoxious to all kinds of - post-hypnotic suggestion, and, in the waking state, knows not the - least of the influences exerted on him in the hypnotic state. In the - hypnotic condition he always gives the assurance that he is free from - onanism and sexual feeling for men. Since he gives the same answers in - hypnosis,—_e.g._, that on such and such a date he practiced onanism - for the last time, and that he is too much under the will of the - physician to be able to lie,—his assertions deserve belief; the more, - since he looks well and is free from all neurasthenic symptoms, and, - in the society of men, not the slightest suspicion rests on him. An - open, free, and manly bearing is developed. - - Moreover, since, of his own will, he now and then indulges in coitus - with pleasure, and occasional pollutions are induced by lascivious - dreams which concern women, there can be no doubt of the favorable - change of his vita sexualis; and it is presumable that the hypnotic - suggestions have developed into auto-suggestive inclinations, which - direct his feelings, thoughts, and will. Probably the patient will - always remain a natura frigida; but he more often speaks of marriage, - and of his intention to win a wife as soon as he has become acquainted - with a sympathetic lady. - - In July, 1889, I received a letter from his father, which told me of - his good health and conduct. - - On May 24, 1890, by chance, I met my former patient, while on a - journey. His bright, healthful appearance allowed the most favorable - opinion of his condition. He told me that he still had sympathetic - feeling for some men, but never anything like love. He occasionally - had pleasurable coitus with women, and now thought of marriage. - - I hypnotized him, in the former manner, to try him, and asked for the - commands I had given him. In a deep condition of somnambulism, and in - the same tone of voice as formerly, the patient repeated the - suggestions he had received in December, 1888,—an excellent example of - the possible duration and power of post-hypnotic suggestion. - - Case 140. _Psychical Hermaphroditism; Improvement with Hypnotic - Treatment._—Mr. von K., aged 23; of distinguished family; well endowed - mentally; scrofulous as a child. His father is said to have been - dissipated. His father’s brother is said to have been subject to - contrary sexuality. - - The patient states that, when only seven years old, he had a peculiar - inclination for male persons. It was particularly coachmen and - servants having moustaches for whom he showed partiality at that time. - He experienced a peculiar delightful sensation when he pressed himself - against such persons. - - The patient entered the cadet corps early, and there he was seduced - into mutual onanism, and also learned imitatio coitus inter femora - viri. At the age of seventeen he had coitus with a prostitute for the - first time. He performed the act perfectly, but had not the slightest - pleasure in it; and he learned that this kind of gratification - amounted to nothing, or that he must be different from other young - men. - - Nevertheless, he often had coitus, and contracted gonorrhœa. After - this he experienced an increasing aversion for the female sex, and - indulged in coitus less and less frequently; in fact, only when, with - intense libido, he could not gain opportunity for intercourse with - men. His inclination for men predominated more and more, and he was - attracted exclusively by those handsomely formed, and having as little - beard as possible. He descended to the most revolting - practices,—coitus buccalis, active and passive pederasty. - - The patient was deeply ashamed of such depravity, and was constantly - endeavoring to get into better ways by means of coitus with women. But - he came to the despairing conclusion that his moral strength was - insufficient, that he was indifferent about intercourse with women, or - that it was repugnant to him; and that he was created for sexual - intercourse with persons of his own sex. In fact, he had never dreamed - of women, but always of men; and that at a time, too, when he had no - suspicion of the difference between the sexes. - - The patient comes for consultation, because he sees that he is - jeopardizing the happiness of his whole life, and recognizes the - unnaturalness and immorality of his sexual life. He does not regard - his condition as hopeless; for he has no horror of women, and three - weeks ago he had successful coitus with one, though it was devoid of - all pleasure and mental satisfaction. He has no doubt that he was - really created to love men; but, owing to acquired neurasthenia, in - the sexual act with a man he experiences no such pleasure as formerly. - He had given up his position as an officer, because the soldiers - excited him so sexually that he feared he might compromise himself. - - The patient is devoid of degenerative signs. His appearance is - perfectly masculine, and his genitals are normal. Examination of the - semen revealed abundance of spermatozoa. The penis is large and well - developed; the growth of hair ad genitalia, as well as on the rest of - the body, is abundant. The patient has masculine tastes, but has never - been partial to drinking and smoking. A neuropathic eye is all that - points to a nervous constitution. - - In his sexual acts with men, he states that, as a rule, he has felt as - a man, only now and then as a woman. - - An attempt at hypnosis leads to lethargy, with cataleptic condition of - the muscles, and the opportunity is used to impart suitable - suggestions. - - After the fourth sitting he expressed himself as satisfied, and - wondered that men made no impression on him. He wished to try his - fortune with women, but was afraid that he was impotent. - - After the sixth sitting, without advice, he attempted coitus cum - muliere. His libido was very great, but inter actum this and erection - left him. - - After the ninth sitting the patient was forced to discontinue - treatment, owing to business that called him home. He was satisfied, - in that he felt indifferent and capable of resistance to men. He felt - sure that he would not relapse into his former vices. At the same - time, he had not the slightest interest in the female sex. - - Case 141. Mr. X., aged 31, chemist, comes of a neuropathic family, and - from childhood has been nervous, emotional, and apprehensive, and - afflicted with migraine. He remembers distinctly that, when a very - small boy, he had a lustful feeling at the sight of the half-naked - persons in the work-shop at his father’s house, and felt drawn to - them. When he began school, he felt in the same way toward his - companions. At the age of eleven, without teaching, he began to - masturbate, during which he thought of his comrades. Later there were - enthusiastic friendships. His vita sexualis gained the upper hand. As - he grew up, women also interested him, but his chief interest was in - men of the higher circles of society. He felt that this inclination - was abnormal, and sought the acquaintance of puellis; he often had - coitus, but never with any real pleasure. Thus he became more and more - given to contrary sexuality, practiced mutual masturbation and coitus - inter femora viri, and occasionally gave himself up to passive - pederasty; but he soon abandoned this, on account of the pain it - caused him. - - He asserts that he feels perfectly masculine, and has never had female - inclinations. Skeleton and attitude perfectly masculine; strabismus; - abundant beard; genitals entirely normal. No aversion to the female - sex. Occasional coitus with puellis, but without satisfaction. The - patient feels exceedingly unhappy, and clearly recognizes his abnormal - position; at any price, he wishes to be freed from his homo-sexual - inclination, and made capable of marriage. “It is terrible to have to - act a farce constantly.” At the first attempt at hypnosis, after - Bernheim’s method, the patient passes into a state of deep lethargy. - He proves to be very susceptible to suggestion, and suitable - suggestions are imparted. After the fourth sitting, he states, with - gratitude, that men become indifferent, and he begins to have pleasure - in coitus; but he did not feel mentally satisfied, owing to the fact - that he was limited to puellæ publicæ. After the fourteenth sitting he - declared that he required no more treatment. He was in love with a - young lady, and thought of marrying her. He asked for her hand, and - was refused. Soon after, while he was on a journey in Italy, men - interested him again. He had a relapse, and asked for further - treatment. A few sittings re-established the _status quo ante_. - - Case 142. _Psychical Hermaphroditism; Successful Treatment by Hypnotic - Suggestion._—Mr. von Z., aged 29. He asserts that he comes of healthy - grandparents; of a healthy father, but of a nervous mother. He is an - only child, and was petted by his mother. At the age of eight he was - powerfully excited sexually by a male servant, who showed him - pornographic pictures and his penis. - - When twelve years old, Z. fell in love with his tutor. On going to - sleep, the naked form of this man appeared before him. He thought of - himself as in a female _rôle_ in relation to him, and thought to marry - him some time. - - At the age of thirteen, at a private ball, his fancy was excited by a - young governess, and, at fifteen, he fell in love with a young lady. - He remained very excitable sensually; but, thereafter, exclusively so - to men pleasing to him. Masturbation was not practiced. - - At the age of twenty the patient became neurasthenic (ex - abstinentia?). He now attempted coitus, but was not successful. On the - other hand, he had intense desire on an occasion when he saw a naked - man in a steam-bath. The latter noticed his excitement, approached - him, and performed masturbation on him, giving the patient intense - delight. He felt powerfully attracted to this man, and, thereafter, - allowed him to repeat the act. In the meantime, there were attempts at - coitus with females, which always ended in a fiasco. The patient was - much troubled by this, and consulted physicians, who explained his - impotence as due to nervousness, and thought that it would soon pass - off. - - Until his twenty-fifth year his sexual indulgence consisted of - masturbation by the beloved man about once a month. At this time he - last felt attracted to a woman. It was to a young peasant-girl. She - would not accede to his wishes. Since his lover was also unattainable, - the patient began to masturbate alone. With this, his neurasthenia - increased. For this reason he was unable to finish his studies; he - became shy, dysthymic, abulic, and now vainly tried cures at various - hydropathic establishments. On account of continued severe - (cerebro-spinal) neurasthenia, the patient came to me for advice, in - the latter part of February, 1890. - - A tall, slim man, of aristocratic and decidedly masculine manners. - Neuropathic appearance; large ears, the lobes of which run into and - lose themselves in the skin of the cheeks. Genitals perfectly normal. - The usual picture of cerebro-spinal neurasthenia of moderate degree. - Great depression; complaint of being dissatisfied with life, even to - tædium vitæ; he is pained by his sexual anomaly, especially because he - is urged by his family to marry. - - He is interested in women only mentally, not physically. Sexually, his - only interest is in men of distinction. His dreams have never been - about persons of the opposite sex, but of those of his own sex. In - these lascivious dreams he has always seen himself in the _rôle_ of a - woman. - - The most refined woman has never been able to induce erection or even - libido in him. - - His sexual intercourse with men has consisted of passive or mutual - masturbation. He had practiced solitary onanism only infrequently and - _faute de mieux_. During the last five months he had abstained, and - had had no male intercourse since August, 1889. - - An attempt at hypnosis, after Bernheim’s method, failed; prolonged - stroking of the brow induced deep lethargy, with catalepsy. - - This method is used, in order to carry out suggestive treatment of - this patient, who is so worthy of compassion. The hypnotic state is - always the same; he cannot be brought into a state of somnambulism. - - At the third sitting the patient is given the suggestions: ever - despise onanism and male love; find women beautiful, and dream of - them. - - After the sixth sitting (March 10th) a moral transformation takes - place in his mind. The patient becomes quieter, feels more free, and - dreams now and then of women, and no longer of men, finding that the - latter have become indifferent to him. He gratefully states that he - has no more inclination to masturbation. He approaches women, but he - notices that they have not the least attraction for him. - - On March 19th, business called the patient home; so that the treatment - had to be discontinued. - - On May 17, 1890, the patient returned for treatment. He asserted that - he had not masturbated in the interval, and that he had resisted his - inclination to men. Too, he had not dreamed of men, but twice of - women, though only platonically. His cerebral asthenia (ex - abstinentia?) had increased. He apparently suffers for the want of - mental and sensual satisfaction of his vita sexualis; for homo-sexual - love and masturbation have become impossible for him, and intercourse - with women is denied him. The patient is thus painfully depressed to - the extent of tædium vitæ. - - He is now subjected to anti-neurasthenic treatment (hydro-therapeutic - and electro-therapeutic), and the treatment by hypnosis is resumed. - Only after ten weeks of painstaking treatment did the neurasthenic - symptoms disappear. Progressing parallel with this, there was a change - of his mental personality. - - The patient was gratified to note that he grew stronger; that his - sexual life no longer played a dominating part. Though he felt more - drawn toward men than women, yet he easily resisted homo-sexual - desires. His former _boudoir_ became a work-room; instead of to - adornment and frivolous reading, he gave himself to walks in the - mountains and forests. On account of the danger of a fiasco, the - initiative in hetero-sexual attempts was left to the patient. - - It was not until the fourteenth week of treatment that the patient - made an attempt. It was perfectly successful. The patient became - happy, and sound in body and mind, and expressed the best hope of his - future, even having thoughts of marriage. - - He experienced increasing pleasure in normal sexual intercourse; he - occasionally had lascivious dreams of women, and no longer dreamed of - men. - - The patient stopped treatment at the end of September. He felt - perfectly normal in hetero-sexual intercourse, devoid of neurasthenia, - and had thoughts of marriage. Yet he freely confessed that he still - always had erections at the sight of a naked, handsome man; though he - could easily resist the desires that arose, and in dreams had - exclusively “_relations avec la femme_.” - - In April, 1891, I again saw the patient, and he was in the best of - health. He regarded his vita sexualis as perfectly normal; for he had - coitus regularly with pleasure and full virility, dreamed only of - women, and had no inclination to masturbation. Yet he made the - interesting confession that frequently, post coitum, he still had a - temporary “_gout pour l’homme_,” which he could easily control. He - thought he was lastingly cured, and was occupied with thoughts of - marriage. - - Case 143. _Congenital Contrary Sexual Feeling. Successful Removal of - Homo-Sexual Feelings by Suggestions._—L., doctor of philosophy, aged - 34, German, consulted me, in the spring of 1888, on account of - perversion of his vita sexualis, and asked whether he could not be - freed from it by means of hypnotic treatment. - - Patient came of a healthy mother, in whose family, for generations, - there had been neither insanity nor nervous disease. He, like his only - brother, is much like his father mentally. His brother is very - sensual, and also psychically abnormal, and given to over-indulgence - in drink. - - His father was a neuropathic, eccentric man. Nothing is known of any - abnormal sexual manifestations in him, though, like all his brothers, - he had a tendency to over-indulgence in alcohol. - - This vice seems to have been inherited from his mother (grandmother of - patient), who was a notorious drinker. The father of this woman - (great-grandfather of patient) was also a great drinker. No other - ancestral history was obtainable. - - Patient states that from childhood he was nervous and easily excited. - He learned very easily, and had a talent for languages. He was always - interested in art, particularly in music and poetry. His education was - excellent, and given at home. When he was thirteen, his father told - him that he should never touch his genitals, for it was wrong to do - so, and to do it might bring unhappiness. - - Occasionally his father showed him pictures of syphilitic diseased - conditions, etc., in an anatomical museum, and the patient was - disgusted and frightened. He believed that his later fear of sexual - intercourse with women was partly nourished by this early erroneous - teaching. - - However, the patient seeks the principal cause of his sexual - perversion in a defect of organization. When a small boy, he had a - silly enthusiasm for companions. He also remembers that, at that time, - he had a desire only for girlish games, and preferred the society of - girls. When a boy, he had a passion for crocheting and embroidering. - At fourteen he was still without any sexual knowledge, and fell into - the hands of a pederast. He ran away, frightened, when he learned what - was to be done with him. When fifteen, a sympathetic companion was - accustomed to lay his head in the patient’s lap. This gave the patient - a peculiar pleasurable feeling, but he knew no explanation of it. At - sixteen he had the first erections—at the sight of men. - - At twenty he first learned that his sexual condition was perverse, and - recognized the fact that what he had taken for friendship was love. He - was much frightened at the discovery, and much pained. His sympathies - were directed toward young men of the upper class that were handsomely - formed and of pleasing appearance. - - The society of ladies had no effect on him. He was never attracted by - the charms of the opposite sex. In his fifteenth year he had a sensual - dream, in which he thought a girl of elegant figure sat opposite him, - on a sofa. - - In the theatre it was only the art of the actresses that he admired; - the actors excited his real interest. - - Drinking and smoking had always been very repugnant to him. Hunting - and gymnastics, and other masculine occupations, had no interest for - him. He did not enter the army, because his general physical weakness - precluded it. - - The patient has but little sexual desire. He has never had any impulse - to satisfy himself with persons of his own sex. Some years ago, when - he first tried to embrace a man lovingly, he had powerful erection and - became greatly excited; but he was able to control himself and to - repel his lover. Thereafter he always avoided such attempts. It was - only seldom that he became powerfully excited sexually, and even then - he was not driven to satisfy himself. He was never given to onanism. - During the establishment of puberty, the patient had frequent dreams - with pollutions, but these were not induced by erotic fancies of any - kind. - - Some years ago, for a long time, ejaculation was always induced by the - embrace of a sympathetic man, but this condition of irritable weakness - disappeared. As years passed, the patient, who had always had a desire - for marriage and a family, became anxious on account of the conviction - that the inclination toward females, for which he had hoped, would - never come. It became more and more clear to him that he was abnormal, - and he began to have fears about his virility and his future happiness - in life. - - In order to test the matter, he sought a brothel. He found a - prostitute of beautiful form; he had the best will to satisfy himself - that he was virile; the woman did all she could, but in vain. There - was no erection, and he withdrew, ashamed. New attempts, under the - most favorable circumstances, were likewise failures, though the - patient brought his imagination to his aid, and thought himself to be - embracing a man instead of a woman. - - He now realized that his ideal—to consummate marriage—was impossible. - He felt himself very unfortunate, and dissatisfied with life. Besides, - it forced itself upon him that morally he was lowered, because he - could not overcome his inclination for his own sex, and his friendship - for respectable men of his circle was degraded by sexual feelings. In - his consultation with me, the patient was unending in the description - of his painful situation. His ideal was marriage. He longed for it, - for purely ethical reasons. He thought of it as something holy; but - the begetting of children, the sexual act, was very repugnant to him. - At the same time, he saw that he could not really marry without being - potent. Would not hypnotic suggestion exercise a favorable influence - on his sexual life? He had not the energy of a man of normal sexual - condition. He seemed to himself to be all wrong. He would endure - all—to be poor and miserable—if he could but have a normal sexual - inclination. - - When the patient was gently told of the congenital and deep - constitutional significance of his sexual anomaly, and shown that, - therefore, the creation of a normal sexual condition was doubtful, he - thought that he would be satisfied to remain in his condition. But he - wished to know whether it were not possible to eradicate his - inclination for men, without attempting to create an equivalent for - women; and if, in hypnosis, it could not be suggested to him that, in - the future, men be a matter of indifference to him, and that, in - intercourse with his friends, he no longer be excited sexually. Such a - result would elevate very much his moral feeling, and make him - satisfied and unembarrassed in social relations with his friends. - - The possibility of such suggestive removal of feelings by hypnosis - could not be gainsaid, though he was in doubt as to whether he could - be hypnotized or not, since the hypnoscope had proved to have no - effect upon him. - - Out of pity and scientific interest, I decided to make an immediate - attempt at hypnosis, after Bernheim’s method. - - The patient passed easily into a condition of deep lethargy, and, in a - drawling voice, repeated the following suggestion: “I feel that, from - this time, I am sexually indifferent to men; and, that a man is as - sexually indifferent to me as a woman.” - - When I counted three,—having suggested previously that he awake at - three,—the patient came to himself, as if out of a deep sleep, and - performed immediately the post-hypnotic suggestion to open the door of - the stove. He said that he had not lost consciousness entirely, that - he had felt as one paralyzed and without will, and that he had felt a - peculiar creeping sensation in all his limbs. - - After five days the patient came again. In manner he was a different - person, and he said, joyfully, that he felt like another man. Energy - and will-power—the loss of which he had felt so keenly—had returned. - He felt, now, entirely unembarrassed toward men, and had a new joy in - living. - - The following seven days he was hypnotized. Hypnosis is no longer as - deep as at first, though the suggestion is always accepted and - repeated. However, he is quite profoundly influenced; for, the - suggestion given, he sleeps on, in a state of lethargy, for ten - minutes, and has to be awakened by suggestion. This always occurs as - if from a deep sleep,—slowly, and through a stage of somnolence. - - After the eighth sitting the patient found himself well and happy, and - in possession of full self-confidence. He had the feeling and the - evidence that men had no influence on him. - - He thought he could dispense with hypnotic treatment, and gratefully - took his leave, with the promise that, should the influence of the - suggestion fade, he would come again. Since then, I have heard nothing - more of this interesting patient, and I have reason to hope that he - remains improved. - - The patient is, in all respects, of masculine appearance; beard - abundant. Physically, with the exception of slight neurasthenic - symptoms, he presents nothing remarkable. Genitals normal. (Personal - case. _Internat. Centralblatt_, etc., Bd. i, Heft 1.) - - Case 144. X., aged 33; single; tall. Mentally, of small endowment; - comes of tainted family. Paternal grandfather died at thirty-four with - a mental disease, which is said to have developed as a result of - onanism and spermatorrhœa. His father and brother suffered with - disturbances of the sexual functions. There was insanity in the - mother’s family; other branches of the family were noted for their - irritable and eccentric character. - - The patient has too small a head, a retreating brow, abnormal ears, - sparse growth of hair, and a hernia, which is probably congenital. - Genitals large, and normally developed. - - Great impressionability; neuropathic constitution; occasional tædium - vitæ. For several years, peculiar, imperative ideas: that he is a - locomotive; a horse; a velocipede; and, that he must act accordingly. - From his earliest youth, contrary sexual feeling (congenital). Horror - feminæ; sexual inclination toward boys; satisfaction by sensual - contact, and, _faute de mieux_, masturbation. One day he had an affair - with a boy dressed in gray, which made a deep impression on him. Since - then, while masturbating, the image of the boy comes into his mind; - and he cannot see gray clothes without having powerful erections. On - the advice of physicians whom he consulted, he attempted coitus with - women, but was cold and impotent, notwithstanding the assistance of - memory-pictures of the boy dressed in gray; and he finally gave up the - efforts. - - March 27th, first hypnotic sitting. Small result. He resists, and says - his fancy keeps him from going to sleep. - - In a further series of sittings he declares that he experiences - unfavorable effects,—is more excited, and troubled by imperative ideas - and the desire to masturbate. He makes fun of the physician and - hypnotism, and offers much resistance, with the expression that - hypnotism is good for nothing, and only makes people crazy. - - However, gradually it became possible to induce somnambulism. After - twenty-five sittings the patient confessed that he was better, and - that he was less troubled with imperative ideas and onanism. The - sittings were repeated every week or two. The patient felt mentally - and morally well, ceased to masturbate, but, at the end of treatment, - was indifferent toward the opposite sex (Dr. Ladame, _Revue de - l’hypnotisme_, September 1, 1889). - -In the two foregoing cases there was successful suggestive removal of -homo-sexual feelings,—a result which, as Case 143 shows, means a great -improvement for such unfortunate individuals, in that it protects them -from shame and the law. An entirely different and phenomenal result is -presented by the following case, reported by Dr. v. Schrenk-Notzing in -the _Wiener internat. klin. Rundschau_, October 6, 1889, No. 40, which -is a case of effemination. It discloses a new method of treatment of -urnings; but it is necessary to guard against illusions. Only where -hypnosis can be deepened to somnambulism, are decided and lasting -results to be expected:— - - Case 145. _Congenital Contrary Sexual Instinct Improved by Hypnotic - Suggestion._—R., official, aged 28. January 20, 1888, he sought - medical advice. He is the brother of the patient who is the subject of - Case 135, and, therefore, of a badly tainted family (_v. supra_). - Toward the end of treatment, he confessed that he was the author of - the autobiography which was published as Case 83 in the fifth edition - of this work, and it is here reproduced:— - - “In brief, my abnormality consists of this, that in sexual relations I - feel myself to be completely feminine. Since my earliest youth, in my - sexual acts and fancies, I have always had before my eyes only images - of masculine beings and masculine genitals. - - “Until I went to the University, I found nothing in this (I had never - spoken with others about my fancies, but rather, while at the - Gymnasium, lived a silent and retired life). - - “While at the University, it struck me that female persons made not - the slightest impression on me. Since then, in houses of prostitution, - etc., I have attempted coitus, or only to obtain an erection, with - women, but always in vain. - - “Erection ceased immediately, as soon as I was in a room alone with a - woman. At first I considered it impotence, though, at the same time, I - was so excited sexually that I had to masturbate several times during - the day in order to sleep. - - “Quite different, however, has been the development of my feelings - toward the masculine sex, and it has grown stronger every year. At - first they expressed themselves in extraordinary, enthusiastic - friendship for certain persons, under whose windows at night I would - wait for hours; whom in all possible ways I would try to meet on the - streets, and with whom I sought to come in contact. I wrote such - persons the most passionate letters, in which, however, I was shy in - expressing my feelings too plainly. Later, after my twentieth year, I - came to understand the essential nature of my inclinations, - particularly from the sensual pleasure I experienced as soon as I came - in direct contact with any of these friends. These persons were all - finely built men, with dark hair and eyes. I have never had my - feelings excited by boys. Real pederasty is absolutely - incomprehensible to me. About this time (twenty-second to twenty-third - year) the circle of my beloved friends grew more and more extensive. - Now I can scarcely see a handsome man on the street without having the - wish to possess him excited in me. The fact is, I especially love - persons of the lower classes, whose powerful forms attract - me,—soldiers, policemen, car-drivers, etc.,—_i.e._, all that wear - uniforms. If one of these returns my look, I feel a kind of thrill go - through my whole body. I am especially excitable in the evening, and - merely the heavy tread of a soldier is alone sufficient to induce the - most powerful erections. I take a very peculiar pleasure in following - such persons and looking at them. As soon as I learn that they are - married, or that they consort with girls, my excitement very - frequently ceases. - - “A few months ago I became able to control my inclinations to such an - extent that they were not directly noticeable. About this time I - followed a soldier who seemed likely to acquiesce in my desire, and - spoke to him. For money he was ready for anything. At once I was - filled with a most violent longing to embrace and kiss him, and the - danger of being noticed did not deter me from doing it. He had - scarcely grasped my genitals when ejaculation followed. With this - meeting, I had finally attained the long-desired goal of my life. I - knew that my whole nature would find its happiness and satisfaction in - it, and from this time I gave myself up entirely to the effort to find - a person whom I could love, and from whom I should never part. For my - acts I do not experience the slightest twinge of conscience. - - “To be sure, in quiet moments, I very well appreciate the difference - between my way of thinking and the way of the world; as a lawyer, too, - I naturally recognize the dangers of a relation of the kind I desire; - but, as long as my entire nature does not change, I shall not be able - to give up the opportunities offered me. Nevertheless, I should be - willing to undergo any cure to be freed from my abnormal condition. - - “I recognize my feminine feeling, among other things, in the fact that - any sensual idea in connection with a woman must be forced, and seems - unnatural to me. I am also sure that my respect for a woman—I move - much in the society of ladies, and enjoy it—would change immediately - to repugnance, were I to notice any sensual inclination in her toward - me. In my dreams and sensual fancies of men, I always think of myself - in such positions with them that their faces are always toward mine. - My greatest delight would be to have a powerful man, undressed, take - me in his arms with a force I could not resist. In such situations I - always think of myself in a passive _rôle_, and have to force my - feelings, in order to think of myself in any other position. In this, - I am truly feminine. Great as my desire may be to approach certain - persons, my struggle is as great not to allow this to be noticed. - Moustaches, abundance of hair, and even dirt, seem to be especially - enticing. It is hardly necessary to say that, to me, my condition, - with reference to society, is absolutely desperate; and, if I had not - the hope of finding a being that would understand me, life would be - scarcely endurable. I feel that sexual commerce with a man is the only - means of successfully combating my impulse to onanism. Though this has - a very bad effect on me, I cannot keep myself from it constantly, - because, as I have often found, I will be even more weakened by - pollutions at night and persistent erections during the day. - - “Up to this time I have truly loved but two men. Both were officers, - remarkably endowed mentally, handsomely and gracefully formed, and of - dark skin and eyes. I became acquainted with the first at the - University. I was madly in love with him, and suffered unspeakably on - account of his indifference. I spent nights under his window, simply - to be near him. When he was officially transferred, I was in despair. - - “Soon after, I became acquainted with an officer that resembled him, - who likewise enchained me at first sight. I sought every opportunity - to meet him, spent the day in the streets, and at places where I hoped - to get a sight of him. I knew how the blood came into my face when, - unsuspected, I saw him. When I saw him friendly with others, I could - scarcely contain myself for jealousy. When I sat near him, I was - impelled to touch him. I could scarcely conceal my excitement when I - touched his knee or thigh. I never ventured, however, to express my - feelings to him; for, from his conduct, I was convinced that he would - not understand them or share them. - - “I am twenty-seven years old, of medium height, and well-developed, - and would be considered handsome. My chest is somewhat narrow, hands - and feet small, and voice weak. Mentally, I think I am well endowed; - for I passed the State examination with distinction, speak several - languages, and am a good painter. - - “In my calling I pass for one that is industrious and conscientious. - My acquaintances think me cold and peculiar. I do not smoke, do not - play games, and cannot sing or whistle. My gait, like my voice, is - somewhat affected. I have much taste for elegance, love adornment, - sweetmeats, and perfumes, and prefer the society of ladies.” - - From Dr. von Schrenk’s notes of the case, it is learned, further, that - social and criminal deterrents, on the one hand, and uncontrollable - desire for his own sex, on the other, caused violent mental struggles, - and made life unendurable. For this reason the patient confided in the - physician. January 22, 1889, hypnotic treatment, with suggestion, - after the method of Nancy, was begun with the patient. Gradually it - became possible to induce somnambulism. - - The suggestions were made with reference to indifference to men, and - ability to resist them, and to increase of interest in women; - masturbation was thus forbidden, and women substituted for men in - lascivious dreams. After a few sittings pleasure at sight of women was - induced. At the seventh sitting successful coitus was suggested; this - was fulfilled. - - During the next three months the patient remained, under the influence - of occasional hypnotic suggestions, in the full possession of normal - sexual functions. April 22, 1889, there was a relapse, induced by a - companion. At the next sitting, remorse and shame. As expiation, - coitus with a woman in the presence of his seducer. - - The patient complained that coitus with women below him in station did - not satisfy his æsthetic feelings. He hoped to find satisfaction in a - happy marriage. After forty-five sittings (May 2, 1889) the patient - considered himself cured. Treatment ceased. He became engaged to a - young lady some weeks later, and presented himself again, after six - months, as a happy bridegroom. He thought that, in his happiness with - his wife, he had a sure preventive against relapse. - - The author emphasizes the fact that the hypnotic treatment had no - injurious collateral effect, and leaves undecided the question as to - whether the cure is permanent or not, with R.’s very bad heredity. But - he expresses the conviction that, in case of relapse, renewed hypnotic - treatment would not be contra-indicated. - -Since the incredible result of this case interested me exceedingly, as -did its further course, I wrote to the author, requesting information -concerning his patient. - -Dr. v. Schrenk very kindly placed at my disposal the following letter, -which he had received from the patient in January, 1890:— - - “By means of suggestive treatment given me by Baron Schrenk, for the - first time I became possessed of the psychical condition that - permitted me to have intercourse with a woman, which, up to that time, - in spite of repeated efforts, I had been unable to do successfully. - - “Since my æsthetic needs were unsatisfied by intercourse with - prostitutes, I thought to find my real salvation in matrimony. The - earlier friendly inclination toward a lady known in my youth offered - me the opportunity, the more because I believed that she, of all - others, would be in a position to awaken feelings for the opposite sex - which were absolutely foreign to me. Her character,—_i.e._, our - harmony,—is in such accord with my inclinations that I am fully - convinced that I shall also find complete psychical satisfaction. This - conviction has not changed during the eight months of my engagement. - - “I intend to be married in about four weeks. - - “As far as my position with respect of my own sex is concerned, my - power of resistance—and this is the lasting positive result of this - treatment—is absolutely changed in degree. While previously it was - impossible for me to overcome an intense sexual excitation when I saw - a finely formed car-driver, to-day, in the company of my former - lovers, I am without sexual excitement. At the same time, I must add - that now, as formerly, their society has a certain attraction for me, - though it is not to be compared with my earlier passion. - - “On the other hand, I have refused repeated persuasions to indulge in - sexual intercourse with men, without expending much force in - resistance,—persuasions which formerly I should have been unable to - resist. I may say, indeed, that it is a feeling of compassion for my - former lovers, that have proved their passionate devotion to me, which - keeps me from directly repulsing them. My action seems to be due to a - feeling of duty, rather than to inner need. - - “Since the conclusion of treatment, I have not consorted with - prostitutes. This circumstance, and the numerous letters and - persuasions from my former lover, may well be the reason why, in the - eight months that have elapsed, I have allowed him to persuade me to - sexual intercourse on three or four occasions. At these times I have - always been conscious of being completely master of myself, as - compared with my earlier passionate condition in like situations, as - the violent reproaches of my friend convinced me. _I always feel a - certain unconquerable repugnance, which cannot be based on moral - grounds, but which, I believe, must be attributed to the treatment._ I - no longer feel a love for him in the former sense. Besides, since the - treatment, I have sought no opportunities for sexual intercourse with - men, and I feel no need of it. But, formerly, not a day passed on - which I did not feel impelled to it, so that at times I was unable to - think of anything else. Awake or dreaming, ideas of sexual content are - very infrequent. - - “I may express the belief that my marriage, that is to take place in a - few weeks, and the much desired change of place that is bound to it, - will entirely remove the residuum of my earlier condition. I conclude - these lines with the honest assurance that, subjectively, I am another - man, and that this change has restored the mental equilibrium that was - previously wanting.” - -The foregoing words, which Dr. v. Schrenk completes with the verbal -statement of the patient that he had not practiced onanism again, are a -brilliant proof of the lasting effect of post-hypnotic suggestion. I -consider the hetero-sexual instinct of the patient to be the artificial -creation of his excellent physician; and the patient himself seems to -recognize this, in that he speaks of a repugnance which “does not rest -on moral grounds, but which depends on the treatment.” - -The further fate of this interesting patient may be learned from the -following letter, kindly submitted by Dr. v. Schrenk:— - - “Honored Sir: Having been home some days from my wedding-journey, I - wish to send you a short report of my present condition. During the - week before my wedding I was in great excitement, because I feared - that I should be unable to perform certain duties. The impelling - thoughts of my friend, who wished another meeting with me, at any - price, had no effect on me. We had not seen each other since I heard - from you last. [Receipt of the professor’s letter.] However, I was - much troubled with the thought that my marriage must be unhappy. Now, - however, I have no anxiety. To be sure, on the first night, success - was difficult,—to induce sexual excitation in myself,—but on the - following night, and since, the influences needed for a normal man, I - believe, would have been sufficient for me. I am also convinced that - the harmony between us, which, of course, is mentally of long - standing, will become more and more complete. A relapse to the former - condition seems impossible. It is, perhaps, significant for my present - condition, that I one night dreamed of my former lover, and that the - dream was not sensual, and did not excite me sensually. - - “I am satisfied with my present circumstances. I am, of course, well - aware that my present inclinations are far from being of a degree - equal to what they formerly were. I believe, however, that they will - daily grow stronger. Already my former life is incomprehensible, and I - cannot understand why I did not earlier think to overcome the abnormal - sexual instinct by normal sexual indulgence. A relapse would now be - possible only with an entire change of my mental life; and, in a word, - it seems impossible. - - “Your obedient servant, ——d.” - -From a letter of Dr. v. Schrenk’s, of December 7th, I extract the -following:— - - “In this case the cure seems to be of longer duration than I expected; - for, on speaking with the patient, some months ago, he said that he - was perfectly happy in marriage, and, as I hear, he expects soon the - happiness of a father.” - - Dr. v. Schrenk has reported in the _Wiener internationalen klinischen - Rundschau_, 1891, No. 26, later and very interesting facts concerning - his patient, which, therapeutically, are very satisfactory. - - - - - IV. SPECIAL PATHOLOGY. - - THE MANIFESTATIONS OF ABNORMAL SEXUAL LIFE IN THE VARIOUS FORMS AND - STATES OF MENTAL DISTURBANCE. - - - ARREST OF MENTAL DEVELOPMENT. - -Sexual life in idiots is, in general, but slightly developed. It is -wanting entirely in idiots of high grade. In such instances the genitals -are frequently small and deformed, and menstruation is late or does not -occur at all. There is impotence, or sterility, as the case may be. Even -in idiots of low grade, sexuality is not prominent. In infrequent cases -it is manifested with a certain periodicity, and then with greater -intensity. It may then be expressed impulsively, and be violently -satisfied. Perversions of the sexual instinct do not occur at the lowest -levels of mental development. - -When the desire for sexual satisfaction is opposed in these cases, great -passion is excited, with danger of murderous assault on the persons -attacked. It is to be expected that idiots should not exercise choice, -and they attempt to satisfy the sexual instinct on their nearest -relatives. - - Thus Marc-Ideler reports the case of an idiot who attempted to rape - his sister, and had almost strangled her when he was discovered. - - Friedreich reports an analogous case (_Friedreich’s Blätter_, 1858, p. - 50). - - I have repeatedly had occasion to give opinions in cases of attempts - to rape little girls. - - Giraud (_Annal. méd. psych._, 1885, Nr. 1) also reports a case of this - kind. Consciousness of the significance of the act is always wanting; - an instinctive knowledge that such obscene acts are not publicly - permitted is often present, and causes the attempted sexual act to be - undertaken in a deserted place. - -In imbeciles the sexual instinct is usually developed as in normal -individuals. The moral inhibitory ideas are cloudy, and, therefore, the -sexual impulse is more or less openly manifested. For this reason -imbeciles are sources of disturbance in society. Abnormal intensity and -perversion of the sexual instinct are infrequent. - -The most frequent manner of satisfaction of the sexual desire is -onanism. The weak-minded seldom make sexual attacks on adults of the -opposite sex. - -Sexual satisfaction with animals is frequently attempted. The great -majority of cases of injury (sexual) to animals must be attributed to -imbeciles. Children are quite often their victims. - - Emminghaus (Maschka’s Handb. iv., p. 234) draws attention to the - frequency of open manifestation of sexual instinct, which comprises - open masturbation, exhibition of the genitals, attacks on children and - those of the same sex, and sodomy. - -Giraud (_Annal. méd. psychol._, 1855, Nr. 1) has reported a whole series -of immoral attacks on children:— - - 1. H., aged 17, imbecile, enticed a little girl into a barn, by giving - her nuts. There he exposed her genitals and showed his own, making - movements of coitus on the child’s abdomen. He had no idea of the - moral significance of the act. - - 2. L., aged 21; imbecile; degenerate. While he was watching cattle, - his sister of eleven years, with a playmate of eight years, came and - told him how some unknown man had attempted to do them violence. L. - led the children to a deserted house and attempted coitus with the - younger child, but let her go because no emission occurred, and - because the child cried out. On the way home he promised to marry her - if she would not say anything. At the trial he thought that by - marriage he could right the wrong he had done.[119] - - 3. G., aged 21, microcephalic, imbecile, has masturbated since his - sixth year, and practiced active and passive pederasty. He has - repeatedly tried to perform pederasty with boys, and attacked little - girls. He was absolutely without an understanding of his acts. His - sexual desire was manifested periodically and intensely, as in - animals.[120] - - 4. B., aged 21; imbecile. While alone in a forest with his sister of - nineteen, he demanded that she allow coitus. She refused. He - threatened to strangle her, and stabbed her with a knife. The - frightened girl fondled his penis, and he then left her and quietly - went on with his work. B. has a deformed, microcephalic skull, and has - no sense of the significance of his act. - -Emminghaus (_op. cit._, p. 234) reports the case of an exhibitionist:— - - Case 146. A man, aged 40, married, had for sixteen years been - accustomed to exhibit himself in parks, at dusk, to little girls and - servants, and drew their attention to himself by whistling. After - having been frequently punished for it, he avoided the places, but he - carried on his practice elsewhere. Hydrocephalus. Mental weakness of - slight degree. Mild sentence passed. - - Case 147. X., of tainted family; imbecile; defective and perverted in - intellect, feeling, and will. For help and protection he was brought - before an officer. It was complained that he had repeatedly exposed - his genitals to servant-girls, and had shown himself at windows with - the upper portion of his body naked. No other manifestations of sexual - instinct. No onanism reported. (Sander, _Archiv f. Psych._, i, p. - 655.) - - Case 148. _Pederasty with a Child._—On April 8, 1884, at ten o’clock - A.M., while X. was sitting on the street, holding a boy of eighteen - months on her lap, a certain Vallario approached and took the child - from X., saying he was going to take it for a walk. He went the - distance of half a kilometre, and returned, saying that the child had - fallen from his arms, and thus injured its anus. The anus was torn, - and blood was pouring from it. At the place where the deed was done, - traces of semen were found. V. confessed his horrible crime, and, at - his final trial, he acted so strangely that an examination of his - mental condition was made. He had impressed the prison attendants as - being an imbecile. V., aged 45, mason, defective morally and - intellectually, is dolicho-microcephalic; has narrow, deformed facial - bones, and the halves of the face and the ears are asymmetrical; the - brow is low and retreating; genitals normal. V. shows general - diminution of cutaneous sensibility, is imbecile, and has no ideas. He - lives in the present, has no ambition, and does nothing of his own - will. He has no desires and no emotional feeling. He has never had - coitus. Nothing more could be ascertained about his vita sexualis. - Proofs of intellectual and moral idiocy, due to microcephaly; the - crime is referred to a perverse, uncontrollable sexual impulse. Sent - to an asylum. (Virgilio, _il Manicomio_, V. year, No. 3.) - -A case mentioned by L. Meyer (_Arch. f. Psych._, Bd. i, p. 103) shows -how female imbeciles may indulge in shameless prostitution and -immorality.[121] - - - STATES OF ACQUIRED MENTAL WEAKNESS. - -The numerous anomalies of the vita sexualis in senile dementia have been -described in the section on “General Pathology.” In other conditions of -acquired mental weakness,—those due to apoplexy; trauma capitis; to the -secondary stages of psychoses; or to inflammatory processes in the -cortex (lues, paretic dementia),—perversions of the sexual instinct seem -to be infrequent; and here the immoral sexual acts seem to depend on -abnormally increased or uninhibited sexual feeling, which, in itself, is -not abnormal. - - - (1) _Dementia Consecutive to Psychoses._ - -Casper (_Klin. Novellen_, Fall 31) reports a case that belongs here. It -is that of a physician, aged 33, who attempted rape on a child. He was -weakened mentally, as a result of hypochondriacal melancholia. He -excused his deed in a very silly way, and had no appreciation of the -moral and criminal meaning of the act, which was apparently the result -of a sexual impulse that could not be controlled on account of his -mental weakness. - -Case 21, in Liman’s _Zweifelhafte Geisteszuständen_, is an analogous -case (dementia after melancholia; offense against morals by exhibition). - - - (2) _Dementia After Apoplexy._ - - Case 149. B., aged 52. He passed through a cerebral attack, and was no - longer able to carry on his business as a merchant. - - One day, in the absence of his wife, he locked two girls in the house, - gave them liquors to drink, and then carried out sexual acts with the - children. He commanded them to say nothing, and went to his business. - The medical expert established mental weakness, resulting from - repeated apoplexies. B., who, up to this time, had been wellbehaved, - says he committed the criminal act because of an uncontrollable and - incomprehensible impulse; and that, when he came to himself, he was - ashamed, and sent the girls away. Since his apoplectic attack, B. had - been weak-minded, incapable of business, and hemiplegic; but, soon - after arrest, he made an unskillful attempt at suicide. He often cried - childishly. His moral and intellectual energy in opposing his sensual - impulses was certainly much weakened. No sentence. (Giraud, _Ann. méd. - Psychol._ March, 1881.) - - - (3) _Dementia After Injury of Head._ - - Case 150. K., when fourteen years old, was injured on the head by a - horse. The skull was fractured in several places, and several pieces - of bone required removal. - - From that time K. was weak mentally, passionate, and ill-tempered. - Gradually he developed an inordinate and truly beastly sensuality, - which drove him to the most immoral acts. One day he raped a girl of - twelve, and strangled her for fear of discovery. Arrested, he - confessed. The medical experts declared him responsible, and he was - executed. - - The autopsy revealed ossification of almost all the sutures, - remarkable asymmetry of the halves of the skull, and evidences of - healed fractures. The affected hemisphere had bands of cicatricial - tissue running through it, and was one-third smaller than the other. - (_Friedreich’s Blätter_, 1885, Heft 6.) - - - (4) _Acquired Mental Weakness, Probably Resulting from Lues._ - - Case 151. X., officer, had repeatedly committed immoral acts with - little girls; among other things, he had induced them to perform - manustupration on him, had exposed his genitals, and handled theirs. - - X., formerly healthy, and of blameless life, was infected with - syphilis in 1867. In 1879 paralysis of the left abducens occurred. - Thereafter mental weakness was noticed, with a change of his - disposition and character. Headache, occasional incoherence of speech, - failure of power of thought and logic, occasional inequality of - pupils, and paresis of the right facial muscles, were observed. - - X., aged 37, shows no trace of lues when examined. The paralysis of - the left abducens is still present. The left eye is amblyopic. He is - mentally weak. Concerning the trial that was before him, he said it - was nothing but a harmless misunderstanding. Indications of aphasia. - Weakness of memory, particularly for recent events. Superficial - emotional reaction; rapid exhaustion of memory and ability to speak. - Proved: that the ethical defect and the perverse sexual impulse are - the symptoms of an abnormal condition of brain induced by lues. - - Suspension of criminal proceedings. (Personal case. _Jahrbücher für - Psychiatrie._) - -(5) _Paretic Dementia._ - -Here the sexual life is usually abnormally affected; in the incipient -stages of the disease, as well as in episodical states of excitement, it -is intensified, and sometimes perverse. In the final stages libido and -sexual power usually become _nil_. - -Just as in the prodromal stage of the senile forms, one sees here, in -connection with more or less evident losses in the moral and -intellectual spheres, expressions of an apparently intensified sexual -instinct (obscene talk, openness in intercourse with the opposite sex, -thoughts of marriage, frequenting of brothels, etc.), which is -characteristic of the clouding of consciousness. - -Seduction, abduction, and public scandal are here the order of the day. -At first there is still some appreciation of the circumstances, though -the cynicism of the acts is striking enough. As the mental weakness -increases, such patients become criminal by reason of exhibition, -masturbation in the streets, and attempts at immoral acts with children. - -If conditions of mental excitement come on, attempts at rape are -committed, or, at least, grossly immoral acts,—the patient attacks women -on the street, appears in public in very imperfect dress; or, -half-clothed, tries to force his way into strange houses, to cohabit -with the wife of an acquaintance, or to marry the daughter on the spot. - - Numerous cases belonging to this category are cited by Tardieu - (“Attentats aux moeurs”); Mendel (“Progressive Paralyse der Irren,” - 1880, p. 123); Westphal (_Arch. f. Psych._, vii, p. 622); and a case - by Petrucci (_Annal. méd. Psychol._, 1875) shows that bigamy may also - occur here. - - The brutal disregard of consequences with which the patients in the - advanced stages attempt to satisfy their sexual instinct, is - characteristic. - - In a case reported by Legrand (“La folie,” p. 519), the father of a - family was found masturbating in the open street. After the act he - consumed his semen. - - A patient seen by me, an officer, of a prominent family, in broad - daylight, made attacks on little girls at a watering-place. - - A similar case is reported by Dr. Régis (“De la dynamie ou exaltation - fonctionnelle au début de la paral. gén.,” 1878). - - Cases reported by Tarnowsky (_op. cit._, p. 82) show that also - pederasty and bestiality may occur in the prodromal stages and course - of this malady. - -_Epilepsy._—Epilepsy is allied to the acquired states of mental weakness -because it often leads to them, and then all the possibilities of -reckless satisfaction of the sexual impulse that have been mentioned may -occur. Moreover, in many epileptics the sexual instinct is very intense. -For the most part, it is satisfied by masturbation, now and then by -attacks on children, and by pederasty. Perversion of the instinct with -perverse sexual acts seems to be infrequent. - -Much more important are the numerous cases in literature in which -epileptics, who, during intervals, present no signs of active sexual -impulse, but manifest it in connection with epileptic attacks, or during -the time of equivalent or post-epileptic exceptional mental states. -These cases have scarcely yet been studied clinically, and forensically -not at all; but they deserve careful study. In this way certain cases of -violence and rape would be understood, and legal murders prevented. - -From the following facts, it will certainly be clear that the cerebral -changes which accompany the epileptic outbreak may induce an abnormal -excitation of the sexual instinct. Besides, in the exceptional mental -states of epileptics, they are unable to resist their impulses, by -reason of the disturbance of consciousness. - - For years I have known a young epileptic, of bad heredity, who, always - after frequent epileptic seizures, attacks his mother, and tries to - violate her.[122] After a time he comes to himself, and has no memory - of his acts. In the intervals he is very strict in morals, and has but - slight sexual inclination. - - Some years ago I became acquainted with a young peasant, who, during - epileptic attacks, masturbated shamelessly, but during the intervals - was above reproach. - - Simon (“Crimes et délits,” p. 220) mentions an epileptic girl of - twenty-three, well educated, and of the best morals, who, in attacks - of vertigo, would shout out obscene words, then raise her dress, make - lascivious movements, and try to tear open her under-garments. - - Kiernan (_Alienist and Neurologist_, January, 1884) reports the case - of an epileptic who always had, as an aura, the vision of a beautiful - woman in lascivious attitudes, which induced ejaculation. After some - years, with treatment with potassium bromide, the vision was changed - to that of a devil attacking him with a pitchfork. The instant this - reached him, he became unconscious. - - The same author speaks of a very respectable man who had, two or three - times a year, epileptic attacks of furor and dysthymia, with impulses - to pederasty, which lasted a week or two; and of a lady who, with - epilepsy that came on during the climacterium, had sexual desire for - boys. - - Case 152. W., of good heredity, previously healthy; before and after, - sound mentally, quiet, kind, temperate. On April 18, 1877, he had no - appetite. On the 14th, in the presence of his wife and children, he - demanded coitus, first of his wife’s friend, who was present, then of - his wife. Taken away, he had an epileptoid attack; after this he - became wildly maniacal and destructive, threw hot water on those that - tried to approach him, and threw a child in the stove. Then he soon - became quiet, but for some days remained confused, and finally came to - himself with no memory of the events of his attack. (Kowalewsky, - _Jahrbücher f. Psych._, 1879.) - - Another case, examined by Casper (_Klin. Novellen_, p. 267), may be - attributed to epilepsy (larvated). A respectable man attacked four - women, one after another, in the open street (once before two - witnesses), and violated one of them, “notwithstanding that his young, - pretty, and healthy wife” lived hard by. - -The epileptic significance of the sexual acts in the following cases is -unequivocal:— - - Case 153. L., official, aged 40; a kind husband and father. During - four years he has offended public morals twenty-five times, for which - he has had to endure long imprisonment. - - In the first seven complaints he was accused of exposing his genitals - to girls from eleven to thirteen years old, while riding by them, and - calling their attention by obscene words. While in confinement, he had - exposed his genitals at a window which opened on a popular street. - - L.’s father was insane; his brother was once met on the street wearing - only a shirt. During his military service L. had had two attacks of - severe fainting. Since 1859 he had suffered with peculiar attacks of - vertigo, at such times becoming weak, tremulous, and deathly pale; it - grew dark before his eyes, and he saw bright stars, and was forced to - get support in order to keep upright. After violent attacks, great - weakness, profuse sweating. - - Since 1861 he had been very irritable, which, respected though he was - as an official, caused him much trouble in his work. His wife noticed - the change in him. He had days when he would run about the house as if - insane, holding his head between his hands, striking the wall, and - complaining of headache. In 1864 he fell to the ground four times, - lying there stiff, with eyes open. Confused states of consciousness - were also proved to have occurred. - - L. declared that he had not the slightest remembrance of the crime of - which he was accused. Observation showed further and more violent - attacks of epileptic vertigo. L. was not sentenced. In 1875 paretic - dementia developed with a rapidly fatal result. (Westphal, _Arch. f. - Psych._, vii, p. 113.) - - Case 154. A rich man of twenty-six had lived for a year with a girl - with whom he was very much in love. He cohabited infrequently, and was - never perverse. - - Twice during the year, after excessive indulgence in alcohol, he had - had epileptic attacks. One evening after dinner, where he had taken - much wine, he hurried to the house of his mistress, and into her - sleeping-apartment, although the servant told him she was not at home. - From there he hastened into a room where a boy of fourteen was - sleeping, and began to violate him. At the cry of the child, whose - prepuce and hand he had injured, the servant hurried to them. He left - the boy and attacked the maid; after that he went to bed and slept - twelve hours. When he awoke, he had an indistinct remembrance of - intoxication and coitus. Thereafter there were repeated epileptic - attacks. (Tarnowsky, _op. cit._, p. 52.) - - Case 155. X., of high social position, led a dissolute life for some - time, and had epileptic attacks. He became engaged. On his - wedding-day, shortly before the ceremony, he appeared, on his - brother’s arm, before the assembled guests. When he came before his - bride, he exposed his genitals and began to masturbate. He was at once - taken to an expert in mental disease. On the way he constantly - masturbated, and for some days was actuated by this impulse, which - gradually decreased in intensity. After this paroxysm the patient had - only a confused memory of the events, and could give no explanation of - his acts. (Tarnowsky, _op. cit._, p. 53.) - - Case 156. Z., aged 27; very bad heredity; epileptic. He violated a - girl of eleven, and then killed her. He lied about the deed. Absence - of memory, _i.e._, mental confusion at the time of the crime, was not - proved. (Pugliese, _Arch. di Psich._, viii, p. 622.) - - Case 157. V., aged 60, physician, violated children. Sentenced to - imprisonment for two years. Dr. Marandon later proved the existence of - epileptoid attacks of apprehensiveness, dementia, erotic and - hypochondriacal delusions, and occasional attacks of fear. - (Lacassagne, _Lyon. méd._, 1887, No. 51.) - - Case 158. On August 4, 1878, H., aged 15, was picking gooseberries - with several little girls and boys as her companions. Suddenly she - threw L., aged 10, to the ground and exposed her, and ordered A., aged - 8, and O., aged 5, to bring about conjunctio membrorum with the girl; - and they obeyed. - - H. had a good character. For five years she had been subject to - irritability, headache, vertigo, and epileptic attacks. Her mental and - physical development had been arrested. She had not menstruated, but - she manifested menstrual molimena. Her mother is suspected to be - epileptic. For three months H., after seizures, had frequently done - strange things, and afterward had no memory of them. - - H. seems to have been deflowered. Mental defect is not apparent. She - said she had no memory of the act of which she was accused. According - to her mother’s testimony, she had an epileptic attack on the morning - of August 4th, and she had been, on that account, told by her mother - not to leave the house. (Pürkauer, _Friedreich’s Blätter f. ger. - Med._, 1879.) - - Case 159. _Immoral Acts of an Epileptic in States of Abnormal - Unconsciousness._—T., revenue-collector; aged 52; married. He is - accused of having practiced immorality with boys for about seventeen - years, by practicing masturbation on them, and by inducing them to - carry out the act on himself. The accused, a respected officer, is - overcome by the terrible crime attributed to him, and declares that he - knows nothing of the deeds of which he is accused. His mental - integrity is questionable. His family physician, who has known him - twenty years, emphasizes his peculiar, retiring disposition and his - mercurial moods. His wife asserts that T. once tried to throw her in - the water, and that he sometimes had outbreaks in which he tore off - his clothing, and tried to throw himself out of windows. T. knew - nothing of these attacks. Other witnesses testified to strange changes - of mood and peculiarities of character. A physician reports the - observation of occasional attacks of vertigo and convulsions in him. - - T.’s grandmother was insane; his father was affected with chronic - alcoholism, and of late years had had epileptiform attacks. The - father’s brother was insane, and had killed a relative while in a - delirious state. Another uncle of T. had killed himself. Of T.’s three - children, one was weak-minded, another cross-eyed, and the third was - subject to convulsions. The accused asserted that he had occasional - attacks in which consciousness was so reduced that he did not know - what he was about. These attacks were ushered in by an aura-like pain - in the back of his neck. He was then impelled to go out in the air. He - did not know where he went. His wife had perfectly satisfied him - sexually. For eighteen years he had had chronic eczema (actual) of the - scrotum, which had often caused him to have extraordinary sexual - excitement. The opinions of the six experts were contradictory - (sane,—attacks of larvated epilepsy); the jury disagreed, so that he - was dismissed. Dr. Legrand du Saulle, who was called as an expert - witness, found that, until his twenty-second year, T. had urinated in - bed from ten to eighteen times a year. After that time the enuresis - nocturna had ceased; but, from that time, states of mental confusion, - lasting from an hour to a day, had occurred occasionally, and they - left the patient without any memory of them. Soon again T. was - arrested for public immorality, and sentenced to imprisonment for - fifteen months. In prison he grew sick, and apparently much weaker - mentally. For this reason he was pardoned, but the mental weakness - increased. T. was noticed to have repeated epileptoid convulsions - (tonic convulsion with tremor and loss of consciousness). (Auzouy, - _Annal. méd. psychol._, 1874, Nov.; Legrand du Saulle, “Étude méd. - légale,” etc., p. 99.) - -The following case of immoral acts with children, observed by the author -and reported in _Friedreich’s Blätter_, will serve to conclude this -group,[123] so important in its legal bearings. It is the more -important, in that a state of unconsciousness was established at the -time of the act, and because, for allied reasons, the facts related in -Latin show how a complicated and refined act becomes possible in such a -state of unconsciousness. - - Case 160. P., aged 49; married; hospital beneficiary. He was accused - of having committed the following terrible acts with two girls—D., - aged ten, and G., aged nine,—whom he had taken to his work-shop on May - 25, 1883. - - D. testifies: “I was in the meadow with G. and my sister J., aged - three. P. called us into his shop and fastened the door. Tum nos - exosculabatur, linguam in os meum demittere tentabat faciemque mihi - lambebat; sustulit me in gremium, bracas aperuit, vestes meas - sublevavit, digitis me in genitalibus titillabat et membro femina mea - fricabat ita ut humida fierem. When I cried, he gave me twelve - kreuzers, and threatened to shoot me if I told on him. At last he - tried to persuade me to come again the next day.” - - G. testified: “P. nates et genitalia D. æ exosculatus, iisdem me - conatibus aggressus est. Deinde filiolum quoque tres annos natum in - manus acceptum osculatus est nudatumque parti suæ virili appressit. - Postea quæ nobis essent nomina interrogavit ac censuit, genitalia D. æ - meis multo esse majora. Quin etiam nos impulit, ut membrum suum - intueremur, manibus comprehenderemus et videremus, quantopere id esset - erectum.” - - At his examination, May 29th, P. said he had but an indistinct - recollection of having fondled, caressed, and made presents to a - little girl a short time before. If he had done anything more, it must - have been in an irresponsible condition. Besides, he had suffered for - years with weakness in his head, as result of an injury. On June 22d - he knew nothing of the events of May 25th, and nothing of his - examination on May 29th. This amnesia was shown, also, on - cross-examination. - - P. comes of a family affected with cerebral disease; a brother was - epileptic. P. was formerly a drinker. Years before, he had actually - suffered an injury to his head. Since then, from time to time, he has - had attacks of mental disturbance, introduced by moroseness, - irritability, tendency to alcoholic excesses, apprehension, and - delusions of persecution sufficient to induce threats and deeds of - violence. At the same time, he would have auditory hyperæsthesia, - vertigo, headache, and cerebral congestion,—all this, with great - mental confusion and amnesia for the whole period of the attack, which - would sometimes last for weeks. - - During the intervals he was subject to headache, which started from - the seat of injury on the head (a small scar in the skin over the - right temple), which was painful on pressure. With exacerbation of the - headache, he became very irritable, morose to an extent that inclined - him to suicide, and mentally like one drunk. In 1879, while in such a - state, he made an impulsive attempt at suicide, of which he afterward - had no memory. Soon after this, being sent to hospital, he gave the - impression of being epileptic, and, for a long time, was treated with - pot. bromide. At the end of 1879 he was taken to the infirmary, no - actual epileptic attack having been observed. - - During his lucid intervals he was a virtuous, industrious, - good-natured man, and had never shown any sexual excitement; and, - until this time, never sexual inclinations, even during his mental - confusion. Moreover, until lately, he had lived with his wife. At the - time of the criminal act, he had shown signs of an approaching attack, - and had asked the physician to prescribe pot. bromide. - - P. asserted that, since the injury to his head, he had been intolerant - of heat and alcohol, which immediately brought on headache and - confusion. The medical examination proved the truth of his assertions - about mental weakness, irritability, and poor sleep. - - If pressure were made at the seat of the trauma, P. became congested, - irritable, confused, and trembled all over; he appeared excited; - consciousness was disturbed, and remained so for hours. - - At times, when he is free from the sensations that start from the - scar, he seems kind, free, willing, and open, though he is mentally - weak and cloudy. P. was not sentenced. (_Vide Friedreich’s Blätter_ - for full report.) - - - PERIODICAL INSANITY. - -Just as in cases of non-periodical mania, an abnormal intensity or a -noticeable prominence of the sexual sphere is very often manifested in -the periodical attacks (_v. infra_, “Mania”). - -The following case, reported by Servaes (_Arch. f. Psych._), shows that -it then may also be perverted:— - - Case 161. Catharine W., aged 16; she has not yet menstruated; - previously healthy. - - Seven weeks before admission (December 3, 1872), melancholic - depression and irritability. November 27th, maniacal outbreak, lasting - two days; thereafter, melancholic. December 6th, normal condition. - - December 24th (twenty-eight days after the first maniacal attack), - silent, shy, depressed. December 27th, exaltation (jolly, laughing, - etc.), with violent love for an attendant (female). December 31st, - suddenly melancholic catalepsy, which disappeared after two hours. - January 20, 1873, new attack like the previous one. A similar one on - February 18th, with traces of menses. The patient had no memory - whatever for what occurred in the paroxysms, and blushed scarlet with - astonishment and shame when told about them. - - Thereafter there were abortive attacks, which entirely disappeared, to - give place to the normal mental condition in June. - -In a case reported by Gock (_Arch. f. Psych._, v), which was probably -circular insanity, in a man of very bad heredity, during the stage of -exaltation there was manifestation of sexual feeling for men. In this -case, however, the patient thought himself a girl, and it is -questionable whether the sexual inclination was induced by the delusion -or by a contrary sexual instinct. - -In connection with these cases of abnormal manifestation of the sexual -instinct are those which, as a symptom of mania, manifest an abnormal -and frequently a perverse sexual instinct in an impulsive way, analogous -to dipsomania, which forms the nucleus of the psychical disturbance, -while in the intervals the sexual instinct is neither intense nor -perverse. - -Quite a pure case of such periodical psychopathia sexualis, connected -with the process of menstruation, is the following, reported by Anjel -(_Arch. f. Psych._, xv, H. 2):— - - Case 162. A quiet lady, near the climacteric. Very bad heredity. In - her youth, attacks of petit mal. Always eccentric, quick-tempered; - very moral; childless marriage. - - Several years ago, after a violent emotional disturbance, a - hystero-epileptic attack, with post-epileptic insanity of several - weeks’ duration. Thereafter there was sleeplessness for several - months. Following this, there was always menstrual insomnia, and the - impulse to embrace and kiss boys of ten, and fondle their genitals. - During this excitement there was no desire for coitus; certainly not - for intercourse with adults. - - The patient often speaks openly of this impulse, and asks to be - watched, as she is not to be trusted. In the intervals she anxiously - avoids all talk of it, is very modest, and in nowise passionate - sexually. - - With reference to the still imperfectly-known cases of periodical - psychopathia sexualis of this kind, Tarnowsky (_op. cit._, p. 38) has - made valuable contributions, though his cases were not all of a - periodic nature; and one of the cases, taken from a work of the - author’s, is not rightly understood (Case 8, p. 37), since sodomy was - only subsidiary, and the abnormal intense libido sexualis was not - periodic. - - Tarnowsky reports cases where married, cultured men, the fathers of - families, were, from time to time, compelled to perform the most - terrible sexual acts, while during the intervals they were sexually - normal, abhorred their paroxysmal sexual acts, and shuddered before - the expectation of their repetition. - - If a new paroxysm came on, the normal sexual instinct disappeared; a - state of mental excitement arose with insomnia, and thoughts and - impulses to commit the perverse sexual acts, with anxious confusion - and an increasing impulse to the abhorred indulgence. In this state - the act was a relief, because it ended the condition. The analogy with - dipsomania is complete. - -For other cases (of periodical pederasty), _vide_ Tarnowsky, _op. cit._, -p. 41. The case there reported, on page 46, belongs in the category of -epilepsy. - -The following case, reported by Anjel (_Arch. f. Psych._, xv, H. 2), is -one of the most typical of the convulsive-like occurrence of sexual -excitement:— - - Case 163. A gentleman of high social position, aged 45; generally - respected and beloved; heredity good; very moral; married fifteen - years. Previously normal sexually; the father of several healthy - children, and living in happy matrimony. Eight years ago he suffered a - violent fright. For some weeks thereafter he had a feeling of - apprehension and cardiac attacks. Then came attacks, at intervals of - several months or a year, of what the patient called his “moral - catarrh.” He became sleepless. After three days, loss of appetite, - increasing irritability, strange appearance; fixed stare, staring into - space; paleness, changing with redness; tremor of the fingers; red, - shining eyes, with peculiar glassy expression; and violent, quick - manner of speech. There was a desire for girls of from five to ten - years, even for his own daughters. He would beg his wife to guard the - children. For days at a time, while in this state, he would shut - himself in his room. Previously he was compelled to pass school-girls - on the street, and he found a peculiar pleasure in exposing his - genitals before them, by acting as if about to urinate. - - For fear of exposure, he shuts himself in his room, full of desire, - incapable of movement, and torn by feelings of fear. Consciousness - seems to be undisturbed. The attacks last from eight to fourteen days. - The cause of their return is not clear. Improvement is sudden; there - is great desire for sleep, and, after this is satisfied, he is again - well. In the interval there is nothing abnormal. The author assumes an - epileptic foundation, and considers the attacks to be the psychical - equivalents of epileptic convulsions (!). - -_Mania._—With the general excitation that here exists in the psychical -organ, the sexual sphere is likewise often implicated. In maniacal -individuals of the female sex, this is the rule. In certain cases, it -may be questionable whether the instinct, which, in itself, is not -intensified, is simply recklessly manifested, or whether it is present -in actual abnormal intensity. For the most part, the latter is the true -assumption,—certainly so where sexual delusions and their religious -equivalents are constantly expressed. In accordance with the degrees of -intensity of the disease, the intensified instinct is expressed in -different forms. - -In simple maniacal exaltation in men, courting, frivolity, and -lasciviousness in speech, and frequenting of brothels, are observed; in -women, inclination for the society of men, personal adornment, perfumes, -talk of marriage and scandals, suspicion of the virtue of other women; -or there is manifested the religious equivalent,—pilgrimages, missionary -work, desire to go into a cloister or to become the servant of a priest; -and in this case there is much talk about innocence and virginity. - -At the height of mania there may be seen invitations to coitus, -exhibition, obscenity, great excitation at sight of women, tendency to -smear the person with saliva, urine, and even fæces; religio-sexual -delusions,—to be under the protection of the Holy Ghost, to have given -birth to Christ, etc.; open onanism, and pelvic movements of coitus. - -In maniacal men care must be taken to prevent shameless masturbation and -sexual attacks on women. - - - SATYRIASIS AND NYMPHOMANIA. - -States of mental excitement, in which an abnormal intense sexual impulse -is prominent, are called satyriasis (in males) and nymphomania (in -women), or uteromania. - -Moreau considers these cases peculiar to themselves, but he is certainly -in error. The sexual complexus of symptoms is always but the partial -manifestation of a general psychosis (mania, hallucinatory insanity?). - -The essential element of the state of sexual excitement is a condition -of psychical hyperæsthesia with involvement of the sexual sphere. The -imagination calls up only sexual images, which may lead to -hallucinations, illusions, and true hallucinatory delirium. - -The most indifferent ideas excite sensual association, and the lustful -coloring of the ideas and apperceptions is very much intensified. - -The abnormal state of consciousness implicates the whole course of -feeling and desire, and is accompanied by general physical excitement -like that that accompanies coitus (v. “Physiology”). Often the genitals -are in a constant state of turgor (priapism in males). - -The man affected with this sexual passion seeks to satisfy his desire at -any price, and, therefore, becomes very dangerous to women. _Faute de -mieux_, he practices onanism or sodomy. The nymphomaniacal woman seeks -men by exhibition, or to attract them by her sensual conduct; at the -sight of men she is intensely excited sexually, and satisfies herself by -masturbation, or by pelvic movements of coitus. - -Satyriasis is infrequent. Nymphomania is more frequently observed, and -not seldom in the climacteric. It may occur in senility. -Abstinence,[124] with constant excitation of the sexual sphere as a -result of psychical or peripheral irritation (pruritus pudendi, oxyuris, -etc.), may cause these conditions, but probably only in those -predisposed. - -The assertion that it may also result from poisoning by cantharides -seems to depend upon confounding it with priapism. The primary lustful -feeling that accompanies priapism due to cantharides soon becomes -painful. Satyriasis and nymphomania are acute abnormal psycho-sexual -states. - -There are also cases that, not without reason, might be called chronic -satyriasis or nymphomania. To these belong the men who, for the most -part as a result of abusus veneris, or more particularly of -masturbation, suffer with neurasthenia sexualis, and at the same time -have intense libido sexualis. The imagination, as in acute cases, is in -a state of excitement, and the mind full of obscene images; so that the -most elevated ideas are besmirched with the most cynical images and -thoughts. - -The thought and desire of such men are solely directed to the sexual -sphere; and since their flesh is weak, led on by their fancy, they come -to indulge in the grossest perversions of the sexual act. - -Analogous cases in women may be called chronic nymphomania. They -naturally lead to prostitution. Legrand du Saulle (“La folie,” p. 510) -reports interesting cases which apparently are pure. - -_Melancholia._—The thoughts and feelings of melancholiacs are not -favorable for the excitation of sexual desires. At the same time, these -patients sometimes masturbate. In my experience such cases have always -been hereditarily predisposed and previously given to onanism. The act -did not seem to be so much due to a lustful desire as to be induced by -habit, _ennui_, anxiety, and the impulse to change temporarily the -painful mental condition. - -_Hysteria._—In this neurosis the sexual life is very frequently -abnormal; indeed, always in predisposed individuals. All the possible -anomalies of the sexual function may occur here, with sudden changes and -peculiar activity; and, on an hereditary degenerate basis and in moral -imbecility, they may appear in the most perverse forms. The abnormal -change and inversion of the sexual feeling are never without effect upon -the patient’s disposition. - -The following case, reported by Giraud, is one of this nature worthy of -repetition:— - - Case 164. Marian L., of Bordeaux. At night, while the household was - asleep under the influence of narcotics she had administered, she had - given the children of the house to her lover for sexual enjoyment, and - had looked on at the immoral acts. It was found that L. was hysterical - (hemianæsthesia and convulsive attacks), but before her illness she - had been a moral, trustworthy person. Since her illness she had become - a shameless prostitute, and lost all moral sense. - -In the hysterical the sexual sphere is often abnormally excited. This -excitement may be intermittent (menstrual?). Shameless prostitution, -even in married women, may result. In a milder form the sexual impulse -expresses itself in onanism, going about in a room naked, smearing the -person with urine and other things, or wearing male attire, etc. - -Schüle (_Klin. Psychiatrie_, 1886, p. 237) finds very frequently an -abnormally intense sexual impulse “which disposes girls, and even women -living in happy marriage, to become Messalinas.” - -The author cited knows cases in which, on the wedding-journey, attempts -at flight with men, who had been accidentally met, were made; and -respected wives who entered into _liaisons_, and sacrificed everything -to their insatiable impulse. - -In hysterical insanity the abnormally intense sexual impulse may express -itself in delusions of jealousy, unfounded accusations against men for -immoral acts,[125] hallucinations of coitus,[126] etc. - -Occasionally frigidity may occur, with absence of lustful feeling,—due, -for the most part, to genital anæsthesia. - -_Paranoia._—Abnormal manifestations in the sexual sphere, in the various -forms of paranoia, are not infrequent. Many of these cases are developed -on sexual abuse (masturbatic paranoia) or sexual excitement; and, -according to experience, in individuals psychically degenerate, with -other functional signs of degeneracy, the sexual sphere is, for the most -part, deeply implicated. - -In paranoia religiosa and erotica the abnormally intense and, under -certain circumstances, perverse sexual instinct is most clearly -manifested. In the first variety, however, the condition of sexual -excitation is expressed not so much in a direct method of satisfaction -of the sexual desires as (there are exceptions) in platonic love,—in -enthusiastic admiration of a person of the opposite sex who is pleasing -æsthetically. Under certain circumstances, the enthusiasm is for a -fanciful person, a portrait, or a statue. - -A love for the opposite sex that is weak and purely mental, too, often -has its basis in weakness of the genitals due to long-continued -masturbation; and, under the guise of virtuous admiration of a beloved -person, great lasciviousness and sexual perversion are often concealed. -Episodically, especially in women, violent sexual excitement may occur -as a nymphomania. - -For the most part, paranoia religiosa rests upon sexuality which -manifests itself in a sexual impulse that is abnormally early and -intense. The libido finds satisfaction in masturbation or religious -enthusiasm, the object of which may be a certain minister, saint, etc. - -The psycho-pathological relations between the sexual and religious -domains have been described in detail on p. 8 _et seq._ - -Apart from masturbation, sexual crimes are relatively frequent in -religious paranoia. - -Marc’s work (p. 160) contains a remarkable example of religious -insanity. - -Giraud (_Annal. méd. psychol._) has reported a case of rape of a little -girl by a religious paranoiac, aged 43, who was temporarily erotic. -Here, also, belongs a case of incest (Liman, _Vierteljahrsschr. f. ger. -Med._). - - Case 165. M. impregnated his daughter. His wife, mother of eighteen - children, and herself pregnant by her husband, lodged the complaint. - M. had had religious paranoia for two years. “It was revealed to me - that I should beget the Eternal Son with my daughter. Then a man of - flesh and blood would arise by my faith, who would be eighteen hundred - years old. He would be a bridge between the Old and New Testaments.” - This command, which he deemed divine, was the cause of his insane act. - -Sexual acts that have a pathological motive sometimes occur in -persecutory paranoia. - - Case 166. A married woman of thirty had, by means of money and - sweetmeats, enticed a boy of five, who played near her, handled his - genitals, and then attempted coitus. She was a teacher, who had been - betrayed and then cast off. Previously moral, for some time she had - given herself to prostitution. The explanation of her immoral change - was given, when it was found that she had various delusions of - persecution, and thought she was under the secret influence of her - seducer, who impelled her to sexual acts. She also believed that the - boy had been put in her way by her seducer. Coarse sensuality as a - motive for her crime came less into consideration, as it would have - been easy for her to satisfy sexual desire in a natural way. (Küssner, - _Berl. klin. Wochenschrift._) - -Cullerre (“Perversions sexuelles chez les persécutés,” in _Annal. -médico-psychol._, March, 1886) has reported similar cases,—the case of a -patient who, suffering with paranoia sexualis persecutoria, tried to -violate his sister, giving as a reason that the impulse was given him by -Bonapartists. - -In another case a captain, suffering with delusions of persecution by -electro-magnetism, was driven to pederasty,—a thing he abhorred. In a -similar case the persecutor impelled to onanism and pederasty. - - - - - V. PATHOLOGICAL SEXUALITY IN ITS LEGAL ASPECTS. - - -The laws of all civilized nations punish those who commit perverse -sexual acts. Inasmuch as the preservation of chastity and morals is one -of the most important reasons for the existence of the commonwealth, the -state cannot be too careful, as a protector of morality, in the struggle -against sensuality. This contest is unequal; because only a certain -number of the sexual crimes can be legally combated, and the infractions -of the laws by so powerful a natural instinct can be but little -influenced by punishment. It also lies in the nature of the sexual -crimes, that but a part of them ever reach the knowledge of the -authorities. Public sentiment, in that it looks upon them as -disgraceful, lends much aid. - -Criminal statistics prove the sad fact that sexual crimes are -progressively increasing in our modern civilization.[127] This is -particularly the case with immoral acts with children under the age of -fourteen. The moralist sees in these sad facts nothing but the decay of -general morality, and in some instances comes to the conclusion that the -present mildness of the laws punishing sexual crimes, in comparison with -their severity in past centuries, is in part responsible for this. - -The medical investigator is driven to the conclusion that this -manifestation of modern social life stands in relation to the -predominating nervousness of later generations, in that it begets -defective individuals, excites the sexual instinct, leads to sexual -abuse, and, with continuance of lasciviousness associated with -diminished sexual power, induces perverse sexual acts. - -It will be clearly seen, from what follows, how such an opinion is -justified, especially with respect of the increasing number of sexual -crimes committed on children. It is at once evident, from what has gone -before, that neuropathic, and even psychopathic, states are largely -determinate for the commission of sexual crimes. Here nothing less than -the responsibility of many of the men who commit such crimes is called -in question. - -Psychiatry cannot be denied the credit of having recognized and proved -the psycho-pathological significance of numerous monstrous, paradoxical -sexual acts. Law and Jurisprudence have thus far given but little -attention to the facts resulting from investigations in psychopathology. -Law is, in this, opposed to Medicine, and is constantly in danger of -passing judgment on individuals who, in the light of science, are not -responsible for their acts. - -Owing to this superficial treatment of acts that deeply concern the -interests and welfare of society, it becomes very easy for justice to -treat a delinquent, who is as dangerous to society as a murderer or a -wild beast, as a criminal, and, after punishment, release him to prey on -society again; on the other hand, scientific investigation shows that a -man mentally and sexually degenerate _ab origine_, and therefore -irresponsible, must be removed from society for life, but not as a -punishment. - -A judge who considers only the crime, and not its perpetrator, is always -in danger of injuring not only important interests of society (general -morality and safety), but also those of the individual (honor). - -In no domain of criminal law is co-operation of judge and medical expert -so much to be desired as in that of sexual delinquencies; and here only -anthropological and clinical investigation can afford light and -knowledge. The nature of the act can never, in itself, determine a -decision as to whether it lies within the limits of mental pathology, or -within the bounds of mental physiology. The perverse act does not -indicate perversion of instinct. At any rate, the most monstrous and -perverse sexual acts have been committed by persons of sound mind. The -perversion of feeling must be shown to be pathological. This proof is to -be obtained by learning the conditions attending its development, and by -proving the existence of a general neuropathic or psychopathic -condition. - -The _species facti_ is important; but it allows, however, only -presumptions, since the same sexual act, according as it is committed by -an epileptic, paralytic, or a man of sound mind, takes on other features -and peculiarities, in accordance with the manner in which it is done. - -Periodical recurrence of the act under identical circumstances, and an -impulsive manner in carrying it out, give rise to weighty presumptions -that it is of pathological significance. The decision, however, must -follow after referring the act to its psychological motive -(abnormalities of thought and feeling), and after showing this -elementary anomaly to be but one symptom of a general neuropathic -condition,—either an arrest of mental development, or a condition of -psychical degeneration, or a psychosis. - -The cases discussed in the portion of this work devoted to general and -special pathology will certainly be useful to the medical expert, in -assisting him to discover the motive of the act. To obtain the facts -necessary to allow a decision of the question whether immorality or -abnormality occasioned the act, a medico-legal examination is -required,—an examination which is made according to the rules of -science; which takes account of both the past history of the individual -and the present condition,—the anthropological and clinical data. - -The proof of the existence of an original, congenital anomaly of the -sexual sphere is important, and points to the need of an examination in -the direction of a condition of psychical degeneration. An acquired -perversity, to be pathological, must be found to depend upon a -neuropathic or psychopathic state. - -Practically, paretic dementia and epilepsy must first come to mind. The -decision concerning responsibility will depend on the demonstration of -the existence of a psychopathic state in the individual convicted of a -sexual crime. - -This is indispensable, to avoid the danger of covering simple immorality -with the cloak of disease. - -Psychopathic states may lead to crimes against morality, and at the same -time remove the conditions necessary to the existence of responsibility, -under the following circumstances:— - -1. To oppose the normal or intensified sexual desire, there may be no -moral or legal notions, owing to (_a_) the fact that they may never have -been developed (states of congenital mental weakness); or to (_b_) the -fact that they have been lost (states of acquired mental weakness). - -2. When the sexual desire is increased (states of psychical exaltation) -and consciousness simultaneously clouded, the mental mechanism is too -much disturbed to allow the opposing ideas, virtually present, to exert -their influence. - -3. When the sexual instinct is perverse (states of psychical -degeneration). It may, at the same time, be intensified. - -Cases of sexual delinquency that occur outside of states of mental -defect, degeneration, or disease, can never be excused on the ground of -irresponsibility. - -In many cases, instead of an abnormal psychical condition, a neurosis -(local or general) is found. Inasmuch as the transitions from a neurosis -to a psychosis are easy, and elementary psychical disturbances are -frequent in the former, and constant in profound perversion of the -sexual life, the neurotic affection—_e.g._, impotence, irritable -weakness, etc.—exerts an influence on the motive of the incriminating -act; and a just judge, notwithstanding the lack of legal -irresponsibility due to mental defect or disease, will recognize the -circumstances which ameliorate the heinousness of the crime. - -For various reasons the practical jurist will, in all cases of sexual -crimes, call medical experts to make a psychiatric examination. - -To be sure, his own conscience and judgment must be the guides when -necessity makes them his only reliance. Under the following -circumstances _indices_ are given which point to a pathological -condition:— - -The accused is senile. The sexual crime is committed openly, with -remarkable cynicism. The manner of obtaining sexual satisfaction is -silly (exhibition), or cruel (mutilation or murder), or perverse -(necrophilia, etc.). - -From what experience teaches, it may be said that, among the sexual acts -that occur, rape, mutilation, pederasty, _amor lesbicus_, and bestiality -may have a psycho-pathological basis. - -In case of lust-murder,—in as far as it goes beyond murder itself,—and -likewise in case of mutilation of corpses, psychopathic conditions are -probable. - -Exhibition and mutual masturbation make pathological states seem very -probable. Masturbation of another and passive onanism may occur in -connection with senile dementia and contrary sexual feeling, but also -with mere sensuality. - -Cunnilingus and fellare (penem in os mulieris arrigere) have not thus -far been shown to depend upon psycho-pathological conditions. - -These horrible sexual acts seem to be committed only by sensual men who -have become satiated or impotent from excessive indulgence in a normal -way. Pædicatio mulierum does not seem to be psychopathic, but rather a -practice of married men of low morality, who wish to prevent pregnancy; -and of satiated cynics in non-marital sexual indulgence. - -The practical importance of the subject makes it necessary that the -sexual acts threatened with punishment as sexual crimes be considered by -jurists from the stand-point of the medico-legal expert. Thus there is -an advantage gained, in that the psycho-pathological acts, according to -circumstances, are placed in the right light by comparison with -analogous acts that fall within the domain of physiological psychology. - - - 1. OFFENSE AGAINST MORALITY IN THE FORM OF EXHIBITION. - - (Austrian Statutes, § 516; Abridgment, § 195. German Statutes, § 183.) - -In man’s present condition of civilization, modesty is a characteristic -and motive so firmly fixed by centuries of education that presumption of -a psycho-pathological element necessarily arises when public decency is -coarsely offended. - -The presumption is justifiable that an individual who in this way has -offended public decency and his own self-respect was incapable of moral -feeling (idiots); or that it has been lost (states of acquired mental -weakness); or that he has acted while in a clouded state of -consciousness (transitory insanity, states of partial consciousness). - -A very distinctive act which belongs here is that of _exhibition_ -(exposure). The cases thus far recorded are exclusively those of men who -ostentatiously expose their genitals to persons of the opposite sex, in -some instances following them, without, however, becoming aggressive. - -The silly manner of this sexual activity, or really sexual -demonstration, points to intellectual and moral weakness; or, at least, -to temporary inhibition of the intellectual and moral functions, with -excitation of libido dependent upon a decided disturbance of -consciousness (abnormal unconsciousness, mental confusion); and, at the -same time, the virility of these individuals is called in question. Thus -there are various categories of exhibitionists. - -The first category includes states of mental weakness in which, owing to -the causative cerebral (or spinal) disease, consciousness is clouded, -and the ethical and intellectual functions are interfered with; and in -which there can be no opposition made to a sexual desire that has either -always been intense, or that has been intensified by the -disease-process. At the same time, impotence exists, and no longer -permits expression of the sexual instinct in violent acts (rape), but -only in acts that are silly. - -The majority of reported cases[128] fall in this category. They are -those of individuals afflicted with senile dementia, paretic dementia, -or mental defects due to alcoholism, epilepsy, etc. - - Case 167. Z., high official, aged 60; widower; father of a family. He - had excited offense in that, during fourteen days, he had repeatedly - exposed his genitals at his window, to a girl of eight years who lived - opposite him. After a few months, under like circumstances, this man - repeated his indecent act. At his examination he acknowledged the - depravity of his action, and could give no excuse for it. Death, a - year later, due to cerebral disease. (Lasègue, _op. cit._) - - Case 168. Z., aged 78; seaman. He had repeatedly exhibited his - genitals on children’s play-grounds, and in the neighborhood of girls’ - schools. This was the only way in which he was active sexually. He was - married, and the father of ten children. Twelve years before, he had - suffered a severe head-injury, since which he had had a deep scar, - which indented the bone. Pressure on this scar caused pain; at the - same time his face would flush, his expression become fixed, and he - would grow somnolent, with convulsive movements in the right upper - extremity (apparently epileptoid state in connection with cortical - disease). Besides, there was senile dementia and advanced senium. It - is not reported whether the exhibition coincided with epileptoid - attacks or not. Senile dementia proved; pardoned. (Dr. Schuchardt, - _op. cit._) - -Pelanda (_op. cit._) has reported a number of cases of this kind:— - - 1. Paralytic, aged 60. At the age of fifty-eight he began to exhibit - himself to women and children. In the asylum at Verona, for a long - time thereafter, he was lascivious and also attempted _fellatio_. - - 2. A drinker, aged 66, suffering with folie circulaire. His exhibition - was first noticed in church during divine service. His brother was - likewise an exhibitionist. - - 3. A drinker, predisposed, aged 49. He was always very excitable - sexually; in an asylum on account of chronic alcoholism. He exhibited - himself whenever he saw a woman. - - 4. A man, aged 64; married; father of fourteen children. Great - predisposition. Rachitic, microcephalic head. For years he had been an - exhibitionist, in spite of repeated punishment. - - Case 169. X., merchant, born in 1833; single. He had repeatedly - exhibited himself to children, or even urinated at the same time; - once, under these circumstances, he had kissed a little girl, driving - her away. Twenty years previously X. had had a severe attack of mental - disease, lasting two years, in which he is said to have had an - apoplectic attack. Later, after loss of his fortune, he gave himself - to drink, and of late years had often appeared absent-minded. His - condition was that of alcoholism, senium præcox, and mental weakness. - Penis small; phimosis; testicles atrophic. Proof of mental disease; - pardoned. (Dr. Schuchardt, _op. cit._) - -Such cases recall the lasciviousness of youthful, sexuallyexcited -persons that are still more or less boyish; but also that of many mature -cynics of low morality, who find pleasure in defiling the walls of -public closets, etc., with drawings of male and female genitals,—a kind -of ideal exhibition which, however, is still widely separated from -actual exhibition. - -Another category of exhibitionists is made up of epileptics. This -category is essentially to be distinguished from the foregoing, in that -a conscious motive for the exhibition is wanting; and it appears much -more like an impulsive act which, without any consideration of external -circumstances, is performed as if it were an abnormal organic necessity. - -At the time of the act there is always a state of imperfect -consciousness; and thus is explained the fact that the unfortunate -individual, without consciousness of the meaning of his act, or, at -least, without cynicism, does it in obedience to a blind impulse. On -regaining consciousness, he regrets and abhors it if there is not -permanent mental weakness. - -The prime motive in this state of imperfect consciousness, as with other -impulsive acts, is a feeling of apprehensive oppression. If a sexual -feeling become associated with it, then the ideas are given a certain -direction in the sense of a corresponding (sexual) act. - -How sexual ideas very easily arise temporarily in epileptics may be -understood from the discussion under “Epilepsy.” - -If, however, such an association has once been formed; if a particular -act has taken place in an attack,—it is the more easily repeated in -every subsequent attack; for, so to speak, a known tract has been -established in the path of motivity. - -The feeling of anxiety, with the state of imperfect consciousness, -causes the associated sexual impulse to appear as a command,—an inner -force, which is acted upon in a purely impulsive manner and in a state -of absolute irresponsibility. - - Case 170. K., a subordinate official, aged 29; of neuropathic family; - living in happy marriage, and the father of one child. He has - repeatedly, especially at dusk, exhibited himself to servant-girls. K. - is tall, slim, pale, nervous, and hasty in manner. _There is imperfect - memory of the crimes._ Since childhood there have been frequent severe - congestive attacks, with intense flushing of the face, a rapid, tense - pulse, and a fixed, absent stare. At the same time there were, now and - then, confusion and vertigo. In this (epileptic) exceptional state K. - would answer only after repeated questioning, and then _it was as if - he were waking from a dream_. K. states that he has always felt - excited and restless for some hours before his criminal acts, and - experienced a feeling of fear, with oppression, and congestion of the - head. In this condition he had often been giddy, and experienced an - indistinct feeling of sexual excitement. At the height of such states - he had left the house, without any purpose in view, and exposed his - genitals anywhere. When he had reached home again, he had had but a - dreamy remembrance of what had occurred, and felt very weak and - depressed. It is also remarkable that, while exhibiting his genitals, - he had used lighted matches to make them visible. The opinion was to - the effect that the criminal acts depended upon epilepsy, and were - imperative impulses; but he was, nevertheless, sentenced, with the - assumption of extenuating circumstances. (Dr. Schuchardt, _op. cit._). - - Case 171. L., aged 39; single; tailor. His father was probably a - drinker; he had two epileptic brothers, one of whom was insane. The - patient himself has slight epileptic attacks, and from time to time - states of imperfect consciousness, in which he runs about aimlessly, - and thereafter does not know where he has been. He was considered a - moral man, but he is now accused of having exhibited and played with - his genitals in a strange house five or six times. His memory of these - acts was very imperfect. - - On account of repeated desertion from the army (probably likewise in - epileptic states of imperfect consciousness), L. had been severely - punished. In imprisonment he became insane with “epileptic insanity,” - was sent to the Charité, and from there discharged “cured.” As far as - the criminal acts were concerned, cynicism and wantonness could be - excluded. That they were committed in a state of imperfect - consciousness is probable from the fact, among other things, that to - the policeman who arrested him, the “imbecile,” who was then in a - cloudy state of consciousness, was in a remarkable mental state. - (Liman, _Vierteljahrsschrift f. ger. Med._, N. F. xxxviii, H. 2.) - - Case 172. L., aged 37. From October 15th to November 2d, he had many - times given offense, by exhibiting himself to girls in daylight on the - open street, and even in schools, into which he forced himself. It - happened occasionally that he wanted the girls to perform - manustupration or allow coitus, and, when refused, he performed - masturbation before them. In G., in a public-house, he rapped on the - window, with his penis exposed, so that the children and servant-girl - in the kitchen were forced to see it. - - After his arrest it was ascertained that since 1876 L. had very - frequently caused trouble by exhibitions, but had always escaped - punishment, owing to the demonstration of mental disease by - physicians. On the other hand, he had been punished for desertion and - theft in the army, and, later, once, as a civilian, for stealing - cigars. L. had repeatedly been in asylums on account of insanity - (attacks of insanity). Besides, he was often remarkable on account of - his changeable, quarrelsome character, occasional excitement, and - inconstancy. - - L.’s brother died of paralysis. He himself presents no degenerative - signs; no epileptic antecedents. During the time of observation he is - neither insane nor mentally weakened. He behaves himself very well, - and expresses great regret for his sexual crimes. About himself he - states that, though no drinker, he occasionally has an impulse to - drink. Soon after beginning, congestion of the head, vertigo, - restlessness, anxiety, and oppression come on. He then passes into a - dreamy state. An irresistible impulse now forces him to expose - himself; and he then experiences a feeling of relief and breathes more - easily. When he has once exposed himself, he knows nothing more of - what he does. As precursors of such attacks, he had often, a short - time before, had flames before the eyes, and vertigo. For the time of - his clouded state of consciousness, he had but a clouded, dreamy - memory. - - It was only after a time that sexual ideas and impulses had become - associated with these apprehensive, cloudy states of consciousness. - Years ago, in such states, without motive and with great danger, he - had deserted; once he had jumped from a third-story window; on another - occasion he had left a good position to wander about aimlessly in a - neighboring country, where he was at once arrested for exhibition. - - When, outside of his abnormal periods, L. once became intoxicated, - there was no exhibition. In the lucid state his sexual feeling and - intercourse are perfectly normal. (Dr. Hotzen, _Friedreich’s Blätter_, - 1890, H. 6). For other instances, _vide_ Cases 153, 155. - -A clinical group that very nearly approaches the epileptic -exhibitionists is made up of certain neurasthenic individuals, in whom, -likewise, there may occur attacks (epileptoid?) of imperfect -consciousness[129] in connection with a feeling of apprehensive -oppression; and with this sexual impulses may be associated, resulting -in acts of exhibition having an impulsive character. - - Case 173. Dr. S., academic teacher, had aroused public indignation by - being seen repeatedly running about in the Zoological Garden at - Berlin, before ladies and children, with his genitals hanging out. S. - admitted this, but denied all thought or consciousness of causing - public offense, and excused himself by saying that his running about - with exposed genitals afforded him relief from nervous excitement. - Mother’s father was insane, and died by suicide; his mother was - constitutionally neuropathic, a somnambulist, and had been temporarily - insane. The culprit was neuropathic, had been a somnambulist, and had - had continuous aversion to sexual intercourse with females. In his - youth he practiced onanism. He was a neurasthenic man, shy, torpid, - and easily became embarrassed and confused. He was sexually always - much excited. Frequently he dreamed that he was running about with - exposed genitals, or that, dressed only in a shirt, he hung from a - fence with his head downward, so that the shirt fell down, exposing - his erected penis. His dreams would induce pollution, and he would - then have rest for a few days or an entire week. - - Also, in his waking state, the impulse would often come upon him, just - as in his dreams, to run about with exposed genitals. As he was about - to expose himself, he would become very hot, and then he would run - aimlessly about. The member would become moist with secretion, but - pollution was never induced. Finally, when it had become flaccid, he - would put it up, and then come to himself, glad if no one had seen - him. In such conditions of excitement he seemed to be in a dream; as - if intoxicated. He had never had the intention to offend women. S. was - not epileptic. His declarations had the impress of truth. He had - actually never followed or spoken to women while in this condition. - Frivolity and coarseness were excluded. In agreement with Westphal, - the author regards S. as belonging “to a class of individuals of - peculiar hypochondriacal tendencies, in whom the attention is - constantly directed, in an abnormal way, to certain bodily sensations - and processes; who brood over these, connecting all kinds of peculiar - conceptions with them, at last making use of quite as strange means to - combat the bodily sensations and ideas.” At least, S.’s act was due to - pathological sensation and idea, and S. was in a condition of - pathological disturbance of mental action at the time of the - commission of his acts. In the case of this exhibitionist, the manner - of satisfaction of the sexual instinct may be considered as peculiar - to the individual. (Liman, _Vierteljahrsschrift für gerichtel. Med._, - N. F. xxxviii, Heft 2.) - - Case 174. X., aged 38; married; father of one child. Always sullen and - silent. Suffers frequently with headache. Very neurasthenic, though - not insane. He is troubled much at night by pollutions. He has - repeatedly followed shop-girls, for whom he had lain in wait, exposing - and handling his genitals. In one case he even followed a girl into a - shop. (Trochon, _Arch. de l’anthropologie criminelle_, iii, p. 256.) - -In the following case the exhibition seems subsidiary to the impulsive -desire to satisfy sudden, intense libido, by means of masturbation:— - - Case 175. R., coachman, aged 49, Vienna; married since 1866; - childless. Father neuropathic and given to sexual excesses; died of - cerebral disease. He presents no degenerative signs. - - At the age of twenty-nine he suffered a severe concussion by falling - from a height. Up to that time the vita sexualis had been normal. - Since that time, every three or four months, he has been seized with - very painful sexual excitement, accompanied by an intense desire to - masturbate. A feeling of weariness and discomfort, with a desire for - alcoholic indulgence, precedes this. In the intervals he is sexually - cold, and has but very infrequent desire for his wife, who, moreover, - for five years has been sick, and incapable of cohabitation. He gives - the assurance that, as a young man, he never masturbated, and that, in - the intervals between his attacks, he has never thought of satisfying - himself sexually in this way. - - The impulse to masturbation during the attack is always excited by - certain feminine charms,—short cloak, pretty foot and ankle, elegant - appearance. Age makes no difference; even little girls excite him. The - impulse is sudden and unconquerable. R. describes the situation and - act as characteristically impulsive. He had often tried to resist it; - but then he would grow hot, terribly frightened, his head would burn, - and he would seem to be in a fog; but he never lost consciousness. At - the same time he would have violent, darting pain in the testicles and - spermatic cords. He regretted it, but had to confess that the impulse - was stronger than his will. In such a situation it forced him to - masturbate, no matter where he might be. After ejaculation he would - become calm, and regain his self-control. He regarded it as a terrible - affliction. Defense shows that R. has been punished six times for - similar offenses—exhibition and masturbation in the open street. - - On November 4, 1889, R., while in his worst condition, happened to be - in the street as a crowd of school-girls went by. This awakened his - unconquerable impulse. There was not time to run to a closet, he was - so excited. There was immediate exhibition, masturbation in front of a - house,—great scandal and immediate arrest. R. is not weak-minded, and - has no ethical defect. He bemoans his fate, deeply regrets his act, - and fears new attacks. He regards his condition as abnormal,—as a fate - against which he is powerless. - - He thinks himself still virile. Penis abnormally large. Cremasteric - reflex present; patellar reflex increased. Weakness of the sphincter - of the bladder, that has existed for some years. Various neurasthenic - difficulties. - - The opinion showed that R. was subject to the influence of abnormal - conditions, and had acted impulsively. Patient was sent to an asylum, - from which he was discharged after a few months. - -In the foregoing case the important point, clinically, lies not in the -neurosis that is present, but rather in the impulsive character of the -act (exhibition dependent on masturbation). - -With the enumeration of the categories of imbeciles, of mentally -weakened individuals, and of the exhibitionists that are in a neurotic -(epileptic or neurasthenic) state of imperfect consciousness, apparently -the clinical and forensic side of this phenomenon is still unexhausted; -in addition to these, there is another class, the representatives of -which, owing to deep hereditary taint (hereditary degenerative -neurosis?), are impelled to periodical and very impulsive exhibition. - -With reference to these conditions of psychopathia sexualis periodica -(comp. “Periodical Insanity”), in which the accidentally-awakened -impulse to exhibition is but a partial manifestation of a clinical -whole, like dipsomania periodica, Magnan, from whom I borrow the -following instructive cases, justly lays the greatest stress upon the -impulsive, periodical feature of these abnormal impulses; and no less -upon the fact that they are often accompanied by terrible anxiety, -which, after the realization of the impulse, gives place to a feeling of -relief. - -These facts, and no less, the clinical picture of degeneracy that, for -the most part, is referable to injurious conditions that are hereditary, -or that exercise an injurious effect on the development of brain in -early years (rachitis, etc.), are, medicolegally, of decisive importance -[with reference to the question of responsibility]. - - Case 176. G., aged 29, waiter in a _café_. In 1888, while standing - under a church-door, he exhibited himself to several girls working - opposite. He confessed the act, and also that, many times, in the same - place and at the same time of day, he had been guilty of the same - crime, having been punished for it, the year before, with imprisonment - for one month. - - G. has very nervous parents. His father is mentally unstable and very - irascible. His mother is at times insane, and suffers with severe - nervous disease. - - G. has always had nervous twitching of the face, and constant - alternation of causeless depression, with tædium vitæ, and periods of - elation. At the ages of ten and fifteen, for slight cause, he wished - to commit suicide. When excited, he has similar twitching of the - extremities. He presents constant general analgesia. In prison he was - at first beside himself with shame about the disgrace he had brought - on his family, and said he was the worst of men, deserving the - severest punishment. - - Until his nineteenth year G. had satisfied himself with solitary and - mutual masturbation, and, on one occasion, he had practiced onanism - with a girl. From that time, working in a _café_, the female customers - had excited him so intensely that ejaculation was often induced. He - suffered with almost constant priapism, and, as his wife stated, in - spite of coitus, it often disturbed his rest at night. For seven years - he had repeatedly exhibited himself at his window, and also exposed - himself naked to female neighbors living opposite. - - In 1883 he married out of desire. Marital intercourse did not satisfy - his needs. At times his sexual excitement was so intense that he had - headache, and seemed confused, like one drunk, strange, and incapable - of work. - - Case 177. B., aged 27; of neuropathic mother and alcoholic father. He - has one brother who is a drinker; and an hysterical sister. - - After his eleventh year, onanism, solitary or mutual. After his - fifteenth year, impulses to exhibition. He attempted it at a - street-urinal; he felt pleasure in it, but also immediately twinges of - conscience. If he attempted to oppose his impulse thereafter, he - became apprehensive, and had a feeling of oppression in his chest. - When a soldier, he was often impelled to expose himself, under various - pretexts, to his comrades. - - After his seventeenth year he had sexual congress with women. It gave - him great pleasure to show himself naked before them. He continued his - exhibition on the street. Since he could but infrequently count on - female spectators at urinals, he changed his place to churches. In - order to exhibit himself at such places, he always had to strengthen - his courage by drinking. Under the influence of spirits, the impulse, - at other times controllable with difficulty, became irresistible. He - was not sentenced. He lost his position, and then drank more. Not long - after, he was again arrested for exhibition and masturbation in a - church. - - Case 178. X., aged 35; barber’s assistant. Repeatedly punished for - offense against decency, he is again arrested; for, during three - weeks, he had been hanging around girls’ schools, trying to attract - the attention of the pupils, and, when he had succeeded in this, had - exhibited himself. Occasionally he had promised them money, with the - words, “Habeo mentulam pulcherrimam, venite ad me ut eam lambatis.” At - his examination X. confessed everything, but did not know how it had - come about. He was the most reasonable of men in other respects, but - had the impulse to commit this crime, and could not overcome it. - - In 1879, when in the army, he was once out on leave, and had run - around exhibiting himself to children: imprisonment for a year. The - same crime in 1881. He chased the crying children, and “stared” at - them: imprisonment of one year and three months. Two days after his - discharge, he said to two little girls: “If you want to see my tail, - come with me to this (market) booth.” He denied these words, and - claimed drunkenness: imprisonment for three months. - - In 1883, renewed exhibition; during the act he said nothing. At his - examination he stated that, since a severe illness, eight years - previously, he had suffered with such excitations: imprisonment for - one month. - - In 1884, exhibition before girls in a church-yard; again in 1885. He - declared: “I understand my crime, but it is like a disease. When it - comes over me, I cannot keep from such acts. It sometimes happens - that, for quite a long time, I am free from these inclinations.” - Imprisonment for six months. - - Discharged on August 12, 1885, he had a relapse on August 15. The same - excuse was given. This time he underwent medical examination. The - examination revealed no mental disturbance. Sentenced to three years. - After discharge, a series of new exhibitions. On this occasion, - examination revealed the following:— - - His father suffered with chronic alcoholism, and is said to have been - guilty of the same crime. Mother and sister nervously ill, and the - whole family of excitable temperament. - - _From his seventh to his eighteenth year X. suffered with epileptic - convulsions._ First cohabitation at sixteen; later, gonorrhœa and, it - is stated, syphilis. After that, normal sexual intercourse until his - twenty-first year. At that time he often had to pass a play-ground, - and he occasionally had to urinate there; and it happened that the - children looked at him, out of curiosity. - - He noticed, occasionally, that this looking at him caused him sexual - excitement, and induced erection, and even ejaculation. He now found - more pleasure in this kind of sexual gratification, and became - indifferent about coitus, satisfying himself only in this manner. He - felt that all his thought was ruled by this, and he dreamed only of - exhibitions, with pollutions. His attempts to control his impulse - became more and more ineffectual. It came over him with such force - that he noticed nothing around him, and saw and heard nothing, and was - like one “devoid of reason,”—like “a bull trying to butt his head - through a wall.” - - X. has an abnormally broad head. Small penis; the left testicle - deformed. Patellar reflex absent. Symptoms of neurasthenia, especially - cerebral. Frequent pollutions. For the most part, his dreams are about - normal coitus, only infrequently about exhibition before little girls. - - With reference to his sexual acts, he states that the impulse to seek - and approach little girls is primary; only when he has succeeded in - attracting their attention to his exposed genitals do erection and - ejaculation occur. He does not lose consciousness in the act. After it - he is troubled about his deed, and, if undiscovered, says to himself, - “Once more I have escaped the authorities.” - - In prison he did not have the impulse; there, he was troubled only - with dreams and pollutions. In freedom he had daily sought opportunity - to satisfy himself with exhibition. He would give ten years of his - life to be free from the thing; “this life of constant anxiety, this - alternation between freedom and imprisonment, is unendurable.” - - The opinion assumed a congenital (?) perversity of the sexual - instinct, with unmistakable hereditary taint, neuropathic - constitution, asymmetry of cranium, and defective development of the - genitals. - - It is also worthy of remark _that the exhibition began when the - epilepsy ceased; so that one might think of a vicarious phenomenon_. - - The sexual perversity developed, with predisposition, through - accidental association of ideas of sexual content (children looking at - him while urinating) with an act that, in itself, was purposeless. - - The patient was not sentenced, but sent to an asylum. (Dr. Freyer, - _Zeitschr. f. Medicinalbeamte_, 3 Jahrg., No. 8.) - - Case 179. At 9 o’clock at night, in the spring of 1891, a lady, in - great trepidation, came to the policeman in the city park of X., with - the statement that a man, absolutely naked in front, had approached - her from the bushes, and she had run away, frightened. The officer - went at once to the place indicated, and found a man, who exposed - ventrem et genitalia nuda. He attempted to escape, but was overtaken - and arrested. He stated that he had been sexually excited by alcohol, - and had been on the point of going to a prostitute. On his way through - the park, however, he recalled the fact that exhibition gave him much - greater pleasure than was afforded him by coitus, in which he seldom, - and only _faute de mieux_, indulged. After drawing up his shirt, he - posted himself in the bushes, and, when two women came up the path, he - approached them with exposed genitals. In such exhibition he had a - pleasurable feeling of warmth, and the blood mounted to his head. - - The accused works in a manufactory, and his employer states that he is - faithful, saving, sober, and intelligent. - - In 1886 B. had been punished because he had twice exhibited himself - publicly,—once in broad daylight, and once at night, under a lamp. - - B., aged 37, single, makes a peculiar impression, owing to his - dandified dress and affected manner. His eyes have a neuropathic, - languishing expression; around his mouth plays a smile of - self-satisfaction. He is said to come of healthy parents. A sister of - his father, and one of his mother, were insane. Others of their - relatives were thought religiously eccentric. - - B. has never had any severe illness. From childhood he was eccentric - and imaginative. He loved romances about knights and others, was - entirely absorbed by them, and even went so far as to identify himself - in fancy with the heroes. He always thought himself a little better - than others, and thought much of elegant dress and ornament; and when - he strutted about on Sundays, he imagined himself a high official. - - B. has never had epileptic symptoms. In youth, moderate indulgence in - masturbation; later, moderate indulgence in coitus. Previously, never - any perverse sexual feelings or impulses. Retired manner of life; in - leisure hours, reading (popular novels, heroic tales, Dumas, and - others). B. was no drinker. Exceptionally he made himself a kind of - punch, by which he was always excited sexually. - - For some years, with marked decrease of libido, after such alcoholic - indulgence, he had had “accursedly silly thoughts,” and developed the - desire genitalia adspectui feminarum publice exhibere. - - If he got into this state, he felt warm, his heart beat violently, - blood rushed to his head, and he could then no longer resist his - impulse. He heard and saw nothing more, and was absolutely absorbed in - his lust. Afterward he had often pounded his crazy head with his - fists, and firmly resolved never to do such a thing again; but the - crazy ideas had always returned. - - In his exhibition his penis became only half-erected, and ejaculation - never occurred; even in coitus it was always tardy. In exhibition he - was satisfied with genitalia sua adspicere, and he had the lustful - thought that this sight must be very pleasant to women, since he liked - so much to see genitalia feminarum. He was capable of coitus only when - the puella showed herself very partial to him; without this, he - preferred rather to pay and go without doing anything. In his dreams - he exhibited himself to young, voluptuous women. - - The medico-legal opinion recognized the hereditary psychopathic - character of the culprit, and the perverse, impulsive desire to - perform the incriminating acts; and pointed out, further, the - remarkable fact that in B., who was otherwise sober and saving, the - impulses to indulge in alcohol depended on abnormal conditions that - recurred periodically, and forced him to indulge. That, during his - attacks, B. was in an exceptional psychical state, in a kind of mental - confusion, and absolutely absorbed in his perverse sexual fancy, is - clearly shown by the _species facti_. Thus is explained the fact that - he became aware of the approach of the police only when it was too - late to try to escape. In this hereditary and degenerate impulsive - exhibitionism, it is interesting to note how the perverse sexual - impulse is awakened from its latency by the influence of alcohol. - -A forensically important variety of exhibition, which, clinically, -certainly rests upon a similar neurotic and degenerate foundation, and -which expresses itself in a peculiar act, conditioned by violent libido -(hyperæsthesia sexualis), associated with diminished virility, is made -up of the so-called _frotteurs_. - -The three following cases, borrowed from Magnan (_op. cit._), are -typical:— - - Case 180. D., aged 44, hereditarily predisposed, drinker, and - suffering with lead poisoning. Until the last year he had masturbated - much, and often drawn pornographic pictures, and shown them to his - acquaintances. He had repeatedly dressed himself as a woman in secret. - For two years, since becoming impotent, he had felt desire, while in - crowds at dusk, mentulam denudare eamque ad nates mulieris crassissimæ - terere. Once, when discovered in the act, he had been sentenced to - imprisonment for four months. - - His wife kept a milk-shop. Iterum iterumque sibi temperare non potuit - quin genitalia in ollam lacte completam mergeret. In the act he felt - lustful pleasure, “as if touched with velvet.” He was cynical enough - to use this milk for himself and the customers. During imprisonment - alcoholic persecutory insanity developed in him. - - Case 181. M., aged 31; married six years; father of four children; - badly predisposed; subject to melancholia at times. Three years - before, he was discovered by his wife with a silk dress on, - masturbating. One day he was discovered, in a store, in the act of - _frottage_ on a lady. He was very repentant, and asked to be severely - punished for his irresistible impulse. - - Case 182. G., aged 33; badly predisposed hereditarily. At an - omnibus-station he was discovered in the act of _frottage_ with his - penis on a lady. Deep repentance; but he stated that at the sight of a - noticeable posteriora of a lady, he was irresistibly impelled to - practice _frottage_, and that he became confused and knew not what he - did. Sent to an asylum. - - Case 183. A _frotteur_. Z., born in 1850; of blameless life - previously; of good family; private official. He is well-to-do - financially; untainted. After a short married life he became a - widower, in 1873. For some time he had attracted attention in - churches, because he crowded up behind women, both old and young - indifferently, and toyed with their tournures. He was watched, and one - day he was arrested in the act. Z. was terribly frightened, and in - despair about his situation; and, in making a full confession, he - begged for pardon, for nothing but suicide remained for him. - - For two years he had been subject to the unhappy impulse to go in - crowds of people,—in churches, at box-offices of theatres, etc,—and - press up behind females and manipulate the prominent portion of their - dresses, having orgasm and ejaculation during the act. - - Z. states that he was never given to masturbation, and had never been - in any way perverse sexually. Since the early death of his wife, he - had gratified his great sexual desire in temporary love-affairs, - having always had an aversion for prostitutes and brothels. The - impulse to _frottage_ had suddenly seized him, two years before, while - he happened to be in church. Though he was conscious that it was - wrong, he could not help yielding to it immediately. Since then he had - been excitable to the posteriora of females, and had been actually - impelled to seek opportunity for _frottage_. The only thing on women - that excited him was the tournure; every other part of the body and - attire was a matter of indifference to him; and it made no difference - to him whether the woman was old or young, beautiful or ugly. Since - this began, he had had no more inclination for natural gratification. - Of late _frottage_ scenes had appeared in his dreams. During his acts - he was fully conscious of his situation and the act, and tried to - perform it in such a way as to attract as little attention as - possible. After his act he was always ashamed of what he had done. - - The medical examination revealed no sign of mental disease or mental - weakness, but symptoms of neurasthenia sexualis,—ex abstinentia - libidinosi (?),—which was also proved by the circumstance that even - simple touching of the fetich with the unexposed genitals sufficed to - induce ejaculation. Apparently Z., weakened sexually and distrusting - his virility, and yet libidinous, had come to practice _frottage_ by - having the sight of posteriora feminæ fall together accidentally with - sexual excitement; and this associative combination of a perception - with a feeling permitted the former to attain the significance of a - fetich. - -As an act which offends public morals, and which is, therefore, -punishable, the violation of statues—a whole series of cases of which -Moreau (_op. cit._) has collected from ancient and modern times—may be -enumerated here. They are, unfortunately, given too much like anecdotes -to allow satisfactory judgment of them. They always give the impression -of being pathological,—like the story of a young man (related by -Lucianus and St. Clemens, of Alexandria) who made use of a Venus of -Praxiteles for the gratification of his lust; and the case of Clisyphus, -who violated the statue of a goddess in the Temple of Samos, after -having placed a piece of meat on a certain part. In modern times, the -_Journal L’événement_ of March 4, 1877, relates the story of a gardener -who fell in love with a statue of the Venus of Milo, and was discovered -attempting coitus with it. At any rate, these cases stand in etiological -relation with abnormally intense libido and defective virility or -courage, or lack of opportunity for normal sexual gratification. - -The same thing, must be assumed in the case of the so-called -_voyeurs_,[130]—_i.e._, men who are so cynical that they seek to get -sight of coitus, in order to assist their virility; or who seek to have -orgasm and ejaculation at the sight of an excited woman. Concerning this -moral aberration, which, for various reasons, cannot be further -described here, it will suffice to refer to Coffignon’s book, “La -Corruption à Paris.” The revelations, in the domain of sexual -perversity, and also perversion, which this book makes, are horrible. - - - 2. RAPE AND LUST-MURDER. - - (Austrian Statutes, § 125, 127; Austrian Abridgment, § 192; German - Statutes, § 177.) - -By the term rape, the jurist understands coitus, outside of the marriage -relation, with an adult, enforced by means of threats or violence; or -with an adult in a condition of defenselessness or unconsciousness; or -with a girl under the age of fourteen years. Immissio penis, or, at -least, conjunctio membrorum (Schütze), is necessary to establish the -fact. To-day, rape on children is remarkably frequent. Hofmann (“Ger. -Med.,” i, p. 155) and Tardieu (“Attentats”) report horrible cases. - -The latter establishes the fact that, from 1851 to 1875 inclusive, -22,017 cases of rape came before the courts in France, and, of these, -17,657 were committed on children. - -The crime of rape presumes a temporary, powerful excitation of sexual -desire, induced by excess in alcohol, or by some other condition. It is -highly improbable that a man morally intact would commit this most -brutal crime. Lombroso (Goltdammer’s _Arch._) considers the majority of -men who commit rape to be degenerate, particularly when the crime is -done on children or old women. He asserts that, in many such men, he has -found actual signs of degeneracy. - -It is a fact that rape is very often the act of degenerate male -imbeciles,[131] where, under some circumstances, the bond of blood is -not respected. - -Cases as a result of mania, satyriasis, and epilepsy, have occurred, and -are to be kept in mind. - -The crime of rape may follow the murder of the victim.[132] There may be -unintentional murder, murder to destroy the only witness of the crime, -or murder out of lust (_v. supra_). Only for cases of the latter kind -should the term _lust-murder_[133] be used. - -The motives of lust-murder have been previously considered. The cases -given in illustration are characteristic of the manner of the deed. The -presumption of a murder out of lust is always given when injuries of the -genitals are found, the character and extent of which are such as could -not be explained by merely a brutal attempt at coitus; and, still more, -when the body has been opened, or parts (intestines, genitals) torn out, -and are wanting.[134] - -Lust-murders dependent upon psychopathic conditions are never committed -with accomplices. - - Case 184. _Weak-mindedness, Epilepsy. Attempt at Rape; Murder._—On the - evening of May 27, 1888, an eight-year-old boy, Blasius, was playing - with other children in the neighborhood of the village of S. An - unknown man came along and enticed the boy into the woods. The next - day the boy’s body was found in a ravine, with the abdomen slit open, - an incised wound in the cardiac region, and two stab-wounds in the - neck. - - Since, on May 21st, a man, answering to the description given of the - murderer by the children, had attempted to treat a six-year-old girl - in a similar manner, and had only accidentally been detected, it was - presumed to be a case of lust-murder. It was proved that the body was - found in a heap, with only the shirt and jacket on; also, that there - was a long incision in the scrotum. - - Suspicion fell upon a peasant, E.; but, on confrontation with the - children, it was not possible to identify him with the stranger who - had enticed the boy into the woods. Besides, with the help of his - sister, he proved an alibi. The untiring efforts of the officers - brought new evidence to light, and finally E. confessed. He had - enticed the girl into the woods, thrown her down, exposed her - genitals, and was about to abuse her; but, as she had an eruption on - her head, and was crying loudly, his desire cooled, and he fled. - - After he enticed the boy into the woods, with the pretext of showing - him a bird’s nest, he was taken with a desire to abuse him. Since the - boy refused to take off his trousers, he did it for him; and when the - boy began to cry out, he stabbed him twice in the neck. Then he made - an incision, just above the pubes, in imitation of female genitals, in - order to use it to satisfy his lust. But, since the body grew cold - immediately, he lost his desire, and, cleaning his knife and hands - near the body, he fled. When he saw the boy dead, he was filled with - fear, and his limbs became weak. - - During his examination E. looked apathetically at a garland. He had - acted in a state of mental weakness. He could not understand how he - came to do such a thing. He must have been beside himself; for he - often became senseless, so that he would almost fall down. Previous - employers report that he had periods when he was devoid of thought and - confused, doing no work all day, and avoiding others. His father - states that E. learned with difficulty, was unskillful at work, and - often so obstinate that one did not think to punish him. At such times - he would not eat, and occasionally ran away and remained all day. At - such times he also seemed quite lost in thought, screwed his face up, - and said senseless things. When quite a boy, he still sometimes wet - the bed, and often came home from school with wet or soiled clothing. - He was very restless in sleep, so that no one could sleep beside him. - He had never had playmates. He had never been cruel, bad, or immoral. - - His mother gave similar testimony; and further, that, in his fifth - year, E. first had convulsions, and once lost the power of speech for - seven days. Sometime about his seventh year he once had convulsions - for forty days, and was also dropsical. Later, too, he was often - seized in sleep, and he often then talked in his sleep; and mornings, - after such nights, the bed was found wet. - - At times it was impossible to do anything with him. Since his mother - did not know whether it was due to viciousness or disease, she did not - venture to punish him. - - Since his convulsions, in his seventh year, he had failed so in mind - that he could not learn even the common prayers; and he also became - very irascible. - - Neighbors, persons prominent in the community, and teachers, state - that E. was peculiar, weak-minded, and irascible; that at times he was - very strange, and apparently in an exceptional mental state. - - The examinations of the medical experts gave the following results:— - - E. is tall, slim, and poorly nourished. His head measures 53 - centimetres in circumference. The cranium is rhombic, and in the - occipital region flattened. - - His expression is devoid of intelligence; his glance is fixed, - expressionless; his attitude is careless, and his body is bent - forward. Movements are slow and heavy. Genitals normally developed. - E.’s whole appearance points to torpidity and mental weakness. - - There are no signs of degenerative marks, no abnormality of the - vegetative organs, and no disturbances of motility or sensibility. He - comes of a perfectly healthy family. He knows nothing of convulsions - or of wetting his bed at night, but he states that, of late years, he - has had attacks of vertigo and loss of mind. - - At first, in circumlocution, he denies the murder. Later, in great - contrition, before the examining judge, he confessed all, and gave a - clear motive for his crime. He had never had such a thought before. - - He has been given to onanism for years; he even practiced it twice - daily. He states that, for want of courage, he had never ventured to - ask coitus of a woman, though in dreams such scenes exclusively passed - before him. Neither in dreams nor in the waking state had he ever had - perverse instincts; particularly no sadistic or contrary sexual - feelings. Too, the sight of the slaughter of animals had never - interested him. When he enticed the girl into the woods, his desire - was to satisfy his lust with her; but how it happened that he tried - such a thing with a boy, he could not explain. He thought he must have - been out of his mind at that time. The night after the murder he could - not sleep on account of fear; he had twice confessed already, to ease - his conscience. He was only afraid of being hung. This should not be - done, as he had done the deed in a weak-minded condition. - - He could not tell why he had cut open the boy’s abdomen. It had not - occurred to him to handle the intestines, smell them, etc. He stated - that, after the attempt on the girl in the day-time, and in the night, - after the murder of the boy, he had convulsions. At the time of his - crime he was indeed conscious, but he had not thought at all of what - he did. - - He suffered much with headache; could not endure heat, thirst, or - alcohol; there were times when he was perfectly confused. The test of - his intelligence showed a high grade of weak-mindedness. - - The opinion (Dr. Kautzner, of Graz) showed the imbecility and neurosis - of the accused, and made it probable that his crime, for which he had - only a general recollection, had been committed in an exceptional - (præ-epileptic) mental state, conditioned by the neurosis. Under all - circumstances, E. was considered dangerous, and probably would require - commitment to an asylum for life. - - - 3. BODILY INJURY, INJURY TO PROPERTY, AND TORTURE OF ANIMALS DEPENDENT - ON SADISM.[135] - - (Austrian, § 152, 411; German, § 223 [bodily injury]. Austrian, § 85, - 468; German, § 303 [injury to property]. Austrian Police Regulations; - German Statutes, § 360 [torture of animals].) - -Aside from lust-murder, described in the foregoing section, as milder -expressions of sadistic desires, impulses to stab, flagellate, or defile -females, to flagellate boys, to maltreat animals, etc., also occur. - -The deep degenerative significance of such cases is clearly demonstrated -by the series of examples given under “General Pathology.” Such mentally -degenerate individuals, should they be unable to control their perverse -impulses, could only be objects of care in asylums. - - - 4. BODILY INJURY, ROBBERY, AND THEFT DEPENDENT ON FETICHISM. - - (Austrian, § 190; German, § 249 [robbery]. Austrian, § 171, 460; German, - § 242 [theft].) - -It is seen from the section on fetichism, under “General Pathology,” -that pathological fetichism may become the cause of crimes. There are -now recognized, as such, hair-despoiling (Cases 78, 79, 80); robbery or -theft of female linen, handkerchiefs, aprons (Cases 82, 83, 85, 86), -shoes (Cases 68, 87, 88), and silks (Case 93). It cannot be doubted that -such individuals are subjects of deep mental taint. But, for the -assumption of an absence of mental freedom and consequent -irresponsibility, it must be proved that there was an irresistible -impulse, which, either owing to the strength of the impulse itself, or -to the existence of mental weakness, made control of the punishable, -perverse impulsion impossible. Such crimes and the peculiar manner in -which they are performed,—in which they differ very much from common -robbery and theft,—always demand a medico-legal examination. But that -the act _per se_ does not, by any means, necessarily arise from -psycho-pathological conditions is shown by the infrequent cases of -hair-despoiling[136] simply for the purpose of gain. - - - 5. VIOLATION OF INDIVIDUALS UNDER THE AGE OF FOURTEEN. - - (Austrian Statutes, § 128, 132; Austrian Abridgment, § 189, 191^3; - German Statutes, § 174, 176^3) - -By violation of sexually immature individuals, the jurist understands -all the possible immoral acts with persons under fourteen years of age -that are not comprehended in the term rape. The term violation, in the -legal sense of the word, comprehends the most horrible perversions and -acts, which are possible only to a man who is controlled by lust and -morally weak, and, as is usually the case, lacking in sexual power. - -A common feature of these crimes, committed on persons that are more or -less children, is that they are unmanly, childish, and often silly. It -is a fact that such acts, with exceptions in pathological cases, like -those of imbeciles, paretics, and senile dements, are almost exclusively -committed by young men who lack courage or have no faith in their -virility; or by _roués_ who have, to some extent, lost their virility. -It is psychologically incomprehensible that an adult of full virility, -and mentally sound, should indulge in sexual abuses with children. - -The imagination of debauchees, in actively or passively picturing the -immoral acts, is exceedingly lively; and that the following enumeration -of the sexual acts of this kind known to law exhausts all the -possibilities is questionable. Most frequently the abuse consists of -sexual handling (under some circumstances, flagellation[137]), active -manustupration, or seducing children by inducing them to perform -onanism, or lustful handling, on the seducer. Less frequent acts are -cunnilingus, irrumare on boys or girls, pædicatio puellarum, coitus -inter femora, and exhibition. - - In a case which Maschka reports (“Handb.,” iii, p. 174), a young man - had naked girls, from eight to twelve years old, dance about in his - room, and urinate before him, until he ejaculated. Not infrequently - boys are abused by sensual women, who undertake to bring about - conjunctio membrorum with them, in order to satisfy themselves by - means of friction or onanism.[138] - - Tardieu saw one of the most disgusting examples. A servant, in company - with her lover, masturbated children intrusted to them, performed - cunnilingus with a girl of seven, and introduced parsnips and potatoes - into her vagina, and put similar things into the rectum of a baby of - two years! - - Case 185. Z., aged 62; deeply tainted, masturbator. He states he has - never had coitus, but has frequently practiced fellatio. He is in an - asylum, on account of paranoia. It had been his greatest pleasure to - entice girls, aged from ten to fourteen years, and practice - cunnilingus and other vile acts with them. In these acts he had orgasm - and ejaculation. Masturbation did not give him the same satisfaction, - and induced ejaculation only with difficulty. _Faute de mieux_ he also - practiced fellatio with men; occasionally an exhibitionist. Phimosis; - asymmetrical cranium. (Pelanda, _Arch. di Psichiatria_, x. fascic. 3, - 4.) - - Case 186. X., priest, aged 40. He was accused of enticing girls, aged - from ten to thirteen, undressing and fondling them lustfully, and - finally masturbating. He is tainted, and has been an onanist from - childhood; morally imbecile; always very excitable sexually. Head - somewhat small. Penis unusually large; indications of hypospadiasis. - (Pelanda, _loc. cit._) - - Case 187. K., aged 23; laborer. He was accused and convicted of - repeatedly enticing boys, and now and then girls, to an out-of-the-way - place, and practicing abuses with them (mutual masturbation, fellatio - puerorum, fondling of the genitals of the girls). - - K. is an imbecile, and physically deformed, being scarcely 1.5 metres - tall; cranium rachitic and hydrocephalic; teeth bad,—furrowed, - defective, and irregular. Large lips, idiotic expression, stuttering - speech, and an awkward attitude complete the picture of - psycho-physical degeneration. K. behaves like a child discovered in - some mischievous act. Scarcely any growth of beard. Genitals well and - normally developed. He has a superficial consciousness of having done - something improper, but he is unconscious of the moral, social, and - legal significance of his crimes. - - K. comes of a drunken father, and a mother who became insane from the - abuse of her husband, and died in an asylum. In his babyhood the boy - was almost blinded by corneal ulcers, and, after his sixth year, he - grew up with an almoner, and later with difficulty earned his living - as an organ-grinder. His brother is good for nothing, and the culprit - himself was considered a surly, quarrelsome, evil, moody, irritable - man. The opinion emphasized the intellectual, moral, and physical - defect of the culprit. - -Unfortunately it must be admitted that the most revolting of these -crimes are done by sane individuals who, by reason of satiety in normal -sexual indulgence, lasciviousness, and brutality, and not seldom during -intoxication, forget that they are human beings. - -A great number of these cases, however, certainly depend upon -pathological states. This is particularly true where old men become the -seducers of children.[139] - -I agree with Kirn, who, under all circumstances, in cases of this kind, -holds a mental examination to be always necessary; since, frequently -enough, a re-awakened, perverse, abnormally intense, and uncontrollable -sexual desire is shown to be one of the manifestations of a senile -dementia. - - - 6. UNNATURAL ABUSE—SODOMY.[140] - - (Austrian Statutes, § 129; Abridgment, § 190; German Statutes, § 175.) - - - (a) _Violation of Animals—Bestiality._[141] - -Violation of animals, monstrous and revolting as it seems to mankind, is -by no means always due to psycho-pathological conditions. Low morality -and great sexual desire, with lack of opportunity of natural indulgence, -are the principal motives of this unnatural means of sexual -satisfaction, which is resorted to by women as well as by men. - - To Polak we owe the knowledge that in Persia bestiality is frequently - practiced because of the delusion that it cures gonorrhœa; just as in - Europe an idea is still prevalent that intercourse with children heals - venereal disease. - - Experience teaches that bestiality with cows and horses is none too - infrequent. Occasionally the acts may be undertaken with goats, - bitches, and, as a case of Tardieu’s and one by Schauenstein show - (Lehrb., p. 125), with hens. - - The action of Frederick the Great, in the case of a cavalryman who had - committed bestiality with a mare, is well known: “The fellow is a - beast, and shall be reduced to the infantry.” - - The intercourse of females with beasts is limited to dogs. A monstrous - example of the moral depravity in large cities is related by Maschka - (“Handb.,” iii),—the case of a Parisian female who showed herself in - the sexual act with a trained bull-dog, to a secret circle of _roués_, - at 10 francs a head. - -There has been, heretofore, but little legal consideration of the mental -condition in those given to violation of animals. In several cases known -to the writer, the individuals were weak-minded. In Schauenstein’s case -there was insanity. - -The following case of bestiality is one that was certainly conditioned -by disease. He was an epileptic. In this case the desire for animals -appeared as an equivalent of the normal sexual desire:— - - Case 188. X., peasant, aged 40; Greek-Catholic. Father and mother were - hard drinkers. Since his fifth year patient has had epileptic - convulsions,—_i.e._, he falls down unconscious, lies still two or - three minutes, and then gets up and runs wildly about with staring - eyes. Sexuality was first manifested at seventeen. The patient had - inclinations neither for women nor for men, but for animals (birds, - horses, etc.). He had intercourse with hens and ducks, and later with - horses and cows. Never any onanism. - - The patient paints pictures of saints; is of very limited - intelligence. For years, religious paranoia, with states of ecstasy. - He has an “unspeakable” love for the Virgin, for whom he would - sacrifice his life. Taken to hospital, he proves to be free from - infirmity and signs of degeneration. - - He had always had an aversion for women. In a single attempt at coitus - with a woman he was impotent, but with animals he was always potent. - He is ashamed before women; coitus with women he regards almost as a - sin. (Kowalewsky, _Jahrb. f. Psychiatrie_, vii, Heft 3.) - - Case 189. On the afternoon of September 23, 1889, W., aged 16, - shoemaker’s apprentice, caught a goose in a neighbor’s garden, and - committed bestiality on the fowl until the neighbor approached. On - being accused by the neighbor, W. said, “Is there anything wrong with - the goose?” and then went away. At his examination he confessed the - act, but excused himself on the ground of temporary loss of mind. - Since a severe illness, in his twelfth year, he several times a month - had attacks, with heat in his head, in which he was intensely excited - sexually, could not help himself, and did not know what he did. He had - done the act in such an attack. He answered for himself in the same - way at the trial, and stated that he knew nothing of the _species - facti_ except from the statements of the neighbor. His father states - that W., who comes of a healthy family, has always been sickly since - an attack of scarlatina in his fifth year, and that, at the age of - twelve, he had a febrile cerebral disease. W. had a good reputation, - learned well in school, and, later, helped his father in his work. He - was not given to masturbation. - - The medical examination revealed no intellectual or moral defect. The - physical examination revealed normal genitals; penis relatively - greatly developed; marked exaggeration of the patellar reflexes. In - other respects, negative result. - - The history of the condition at the time of the deed was not to be - depended upon. There was no history of previous attacks of mental - disturbance, and there were none during the six weeks of observation. - There was no perversion of the vita sexualis. The medical opinion - allowed the possibility that some organic cause (cerebral congestion), - dependent upon cerebral disease, may have exercised an influence at - the time of the commission of the criminal act. (From the opinion of - Dr. Fritsch, of Vienna.) - - Case 190. _Impulsive Sodomy._—A., aged 16; gardener’s boy; born out of - wedlock; father, unknown; mother, deeply tainted, hystero-epileptic. - A. has a deformed, asymmetrical cranium, and deformity and asymmetry - of the bones of the face; the whole skeleton is also deformed, - asymmetrical, and small. From childhood he was a masturbator; always - morose, apathetic, and fond of solitude; very irritable, and - pathological in his emotional reaction. He is imbecile, probably much - reduced physically by masturbation, and neurasthenic. Besides, he - presents hysteropathic symptoms (limitation of the visual field, - dyschromatopsia; diminution of the senses of smell, taste, and hearing - on the right side; anæsthesia of the right testicle, clavus, etc.). - - A. is convicted of having committed masturbation and sodomy on dogs - and rabbits. When twelve years old he saw how boys masturbated a dog. - He imitated it, and thereafter he could not keep from abusing dogs, - cats, and rabbits in this vile manner. Much more frequently, however, - he committed sodomy on female rabbits,—the only animal that had a - charm for him. At dusk he was accustomed to repair to his master’s - rabbit-pen, in order to gratify his vile desire. Rabbits with torn - rectums were repeatedly found. The act of bestiality was always done - in the same manner. There were actual attacks which came on every - eight weeks, always in the evening, and always in the same way. A. - would become very uncomfortable, and have a feeling as if some one - were pounding his head. He felt as if losing his reason. He struggled - against the imperative idea of committing sodomy with the rabbits, and - thus had an increasing feeling of fear and intensification of - headache, until it became unbearable. At the height of the attack - there was sound of bells, cold perspiration, trembling of the knees, - and, finally, loss of resistive power, and impulsive performance of - the perverse act. As soon as this was done, he lost all anxiety; the - nervous cycle was completed, and he was again master of himself, - deeply ashamed of the deed, and fearful of the return of an attack. A. - states that, in such a condition, if called upon to choose between a - woman and a female rabbit, he could make choice only of the latter. In - the intervals, of all domestic animals, he is partial only to rabbits. - In his exceptional states simple caressing or kissing, etc., of the - rabbit suffices, as a rule, to afford him sexual satisfaction; but - sometimes he has, when doing this, such furor sexualis that he is - forced to wildly perform sodomy on the animal. - - The acts of bestiality mentioned are the only acts which afford him - sexual satisfaction, and they constitute the only manner in which he - is capable of sexual indulgence. A. states that, in the act, he never - had a lustful feeling, but satisfaction, inasmuch as he was thus freed - from the painful condition into which he was brought by the imperative - impulse. - - The medical evidence easily proved that this human monster was a - psychically degenerate, irresponsible invalid, and not a criminal. - (Boeteau, _La France médicale_, 38th year, No. 38.) - -The following case seems to be devoid of a psychopathic basis:— - - Case 191. _Sodomy._—In a provincial town a man was caught in - intercourse with a hen. He was thirty years old, and of high social - position. The chickens had been dying one after another, and the man - causing it had been searched for a long time. To the question of the - judge, as to the reason for such an act, the accused said that his - genitals were so small that coitus with women was impossible. Medical - examination showed that the genitals were actually extremely small. - The man was mentally entirely sound. - - There were no statements concerning any abnormalities at the time of - puberty, etc. (Gyurkovechky, “Männl. Impotenz,” 1889, p. 82.) - - - (b) _With Persons of the Same Sex—Pederasty; Sodomy in its Strict - Sense._ - -German law takes cognizance of unnatural sexual relations only between -men; Austrian, between those of the same sex; and, therefore, unnatural -relations between women are punishable. - -Among the immoralities between men, pederasty (immissio penis in anum) -claims the principal interest. Indeed, the jurist thought only of this -perversity of sexual activity; and, according to the opinions of -distinguished interpreters of the law (Oppenhoff, “Stgsb.,” Berlin, -1872, p. 324, and Rudolf and Stenglein, “D. Strafgesb. f. d. Deutsche -Reich,” 1881, p. 423), immissio penis in corpus vivum belongs to the -criminal act covered by § 175. - -According to this interpretation, legal punishment would not follow -other improper acts between male persons, _so long as they were not -complicated with offense to public decency, with force, or undertaken -with boys under the age of fourteen_. Of late this interpretation has -again been abandoned, and the crime of unnatural abuse between men has -been assumed when merely acts _similar to cohabitation_ were -performed.[142] - -The study of contrary sexual instinct has placed male love of males in a -very different light from that in which it, and particularly pederasty, -stood at the time the statutes were framed. The fact that there is no -doubt about the pathological basis of many cases of contrary sexual -instinct shows that pederasty may also be the act of an irresponsible -person, and makes it necessary, in court, to examine not merely the -deed, but also the mental condition of the perpetrator. - -The principles laid down previously must also be adhered to here. Not -the deed, but only an anthropological and clinical judgment of the -perpetrator can permit a decision as to whether we have to do with a -perversity deserving punishment, or with an abnormal perversion of the -mental and sexual life, which, under certain circumstances, excludes -punishment. The next legal question to settle is whether the contrary -sexual feeling is congenital or acquired; and, in the latter case, -whether it is abnormal perversion or moral perversity. - -Congenital contrary sexual instinct occurs only in predisposed (tainted) -individuals, as a partial manifestation of a defect evidenced by -anatomical or functional abnormalities, or both. The case becomes -clearer, and the diagnosis more certain, if the individual, in character -and disposition, seems to correspond entirely with his sexual -peculiarity; and if the inclination toward persons of the opposite sex -is entirely wanting, and horror of sexual intercourse with them is felt; -and if the individual, in the impulses to satisfy the contrary sexual -instinct, shows other anomalies of the sexual sphere, such as more -pronounced degeneration in the form of periodicity of the impulse and -impulsive conduct, and is a neuropathic and psychopathic person. - -Another question concerns the mental condition of the urning. If this be -such as to remove the possibility of moral responsibility, then the -pederast is not a criminal, but an irresponsible insane person. This -condition in congenital urnings is apparently less frequent than -another. As a rule, these cases present elementary psychical -disturbances, which do not remove responsibility. But this does not -settle the question of the responsibility of the urning. The sexual -instinct is one of the most powerful organic needs. There is no law that -looks upon its satisfaction outside of marriage as punishable in itself; -if the urning feels perversely, it is not his fault, but the fault of a -condition natural to him. His sexual instinct may be æsthetically very -repugnant, but, from his stand-point, it is natural. And, too, in the -majority of these unfortunates, the perverse sexual instinct is -abnormally intense, and their consciousness recognizes it as nothing -unnatural. Thus they fail to have moral and æsthetic ideas to assist -them in resisting the instinct. Innumerable normally constituted men are -in a position to overcome the desire for satisfaction of their libido -without suffering from it in health. Many neuropathic individuals,—and -urnings are almost always neuropathic,—on the contrary, become nervously -ill when they do not satisfy the sexual desire, either as Nature prompts -or in a way that is for them perverse. - -The majority of urnings are in a painful situation. On the one hand, -there is an impulse toward persons of their own sex that is abnormally -intense, the satisfaction of which has a good effect, and is natural to -them; on the other, is public sentiment which stigmatizes their acts, -and the law which threatens them with punishment. Before them lies -mental despair,—even insanity and suicide,—at the very least, nervous -disease; behind them, shame, loss of position, etc. It cannot be doubted -that, under these circumstances, states of necessity and compulsion may -be created by the unfortunate natural disposition and constitution. -Society and the law should understand these facts. The former must pity, -and not despise, such unfortunates; the latter must cease to punish -them,—at least, while they remain within the limits which are set for -the activity of their sexual instinct. - - As a confirmation of these opinions and demands concerning these - step-children of Nature, it is permissible to reproduce here the - memorial of an urning to the author. The writer of the following lines - is a man of high position in London:— - - “You have no idea what a constant struggle we all—particularly those - of us that have the most mind and finest feelings—have to endure, and - how we suffer under the prevailing false ideas about us and our - so-called immorality. - - “Your opinion that the phenomenon under consideration is primarily due - to a congenital ‘pathological’ disposition will, perhaps, make it - possible to overcome existing prejudices, and awaken pity for poor, - ‘abnormal’ men, instead of the present repugnance and contempt. Much - as I believe that the opinion expressed by you is exceedingly - beneficial to us, I am still compelled, in the interest of science, to - repudiate the word ‘pathological’; and you will permit me to express a - few thoughts with respect of it. - - “Under all circumstances the phenomenon is anomalous; but the word - ‘pathological’ conveys another meaning, which I cannot think suits - this phenomenon; at least, as I have had occasion to observe it in - very many cases. I will allow, _a priori_, that, among urnings, a far - higher proportion of cases of insanity, of nervous exhaustion, etc., - may be observed than in other normal men. Does this increased - nervousness necessarily depend upon the character of urningism, or is - it not, in the majority of cases, to be ascribed to the effect of the - laws and the prejudices of society, which prohibit the indulgence of - their sexual desires, depending on a congenital peculiarity, while - others are not thus restrained? - - “The youthful urning, when he feels the first sexual promptings and - näively expresses them to his comrades, soon finds that he is not - understood; he shrinks into himself. If he tell his parents or teacher - what moves him, that which is as natural to him as swimming is to a - fish is described as wrong and sinful, and he is told it must be - fought and overcome at any price. Then an inner conflict begins, a - powerful repression of sexual inclinations; and the more the natural - satisfaction of desire is repressed, the more lively the fancy - becomes, and paints the very pictures that the wish is to banish. The - more energetic the character that carries on this inner conflict, the - more the whole nervous system must suffer. Such a powerful repression - of an instinct so deeply implanted in us, in my opinion, develops the - abnormal symptoms which are observed in many urnings; but this does - not necessarily follow from the urning’s disposition. - - “Some continue the conflict for a longer or shorter time, and thus - injure themselves; others at last come to the knowledge that the - powerful instinct born in them cannot possibly be sinful, and, - therefore, they cease to try to do the impossible,—the repression of - the instinct. Then, however, begin constant suffering and excitement. - When a normal man seeks satisfaction of sexual inclination, he knows - how to find it easily; it is not so with the urning. He sees men that - attract him, but he dares not say—nay, not even betray by a look—what - his feelings are. He thinks that he alone of all the world has such - abnormal feelings. Naturally he seeks the society of young men; but he - does not venture to confide in them. Thus he comes to provide himself - with a satisfaction that he cannot otherwise obtain. Onanism is - practiced inordinately, and followed by all the evil results of that - vice. When, after a time, the nervous system has been injured, the - abnormality is again not the result of urningism, but it is produced - by the onanism to which the urning resorts, as a result of the public - sentiment that denies him opportunity to satisfy the sexual instinct - that is natural to him. - - “Or, let us suppose the urning has had the rare fortune to soon find a - person like himself; or, that he has been introduced by an experienced - friend to the events of the world of urnings. Then he is spared much - of the inner conflict; but, at the same time, fearful cares and - anxieties follow his footsteps. Now he knows that he is not the only - one in the world that has such abnormal feelings; he opens his eyes - and wonders that he meets so many of his kind in all social circles - and in all callings; he also learns that, in the world of urnings, as - in the other, there is prostitution, and that men as well as women can - be bought. Thus there is no longer any want of opportunity for sexual - satisfaction. But here how differently the experience is gained from - that obtained in the normal manner of sexual indulgence! - - “Let us consider the happiest case. After longing all one’s life, the - friend of like feeling is found. But he cannot be approached openly, - as a lover approaches the girl he loves. In constant fear, both must - conceal their relations; nay, even intimacy that might easily excite - suspicion—especially should they not be of like age, or should they - belong to different classes—must be kept from the world. Thus, even in - this relation, is forged a chain of anxiety and fear that the secret - will be betrayed or discovered, which leaves them no joy in the - indulgence. The slightest thing that would not affect others makes - them tremble with fear that suspicion might be excited and the secret - discovered, and destroy social position and business. Could this - constant anxiety and care be endured without leaving a trace, without - exerting an influence on the entire nervous system? - - “Another less fortunate man does not find a friend of like feeling, - but falls into the hands of a handsome man, who sought him until the - secret was discovered. Now the most refined blackmail is extorted. The - unfortunate, persecuted man, brought to the alternative of paying or - of losing his social position, and bringing disgrace on himself and - his family, pays; and the more he gives, the more voracious the - vampire becomes; until at last there remains nothing but absolute - financial ruin or dishonor. Who can wonder that nerves are not equal - to such a terrible struggle! - - “They give way; insanity comes on; and the miserable man at last finds - the rest in an asylum that he could not find in the world. Another, in - the same situation, driven to despair, finds relief in suicide. It - cannot be known how many of the suicides of young men are to be - attributed to this combination of circumstances. - - “I do not think that I am in error when I declare that at least - one-half of the suicides of young men are due to such conditions. Even - in those cases where urnings are not persecuted by a heartless - villain, but where a happy relation between two men exists, discovery, - or even the fear of it, very often leads to suicide. How many - officers, how many soldiers, having such relations with their - subordinates or companions, in the moment when they have believed - themselves discovered, have sought to escape the threatened disgrace - by means of a bullet! And it is the same in all callings. - - “Therefore, if it must be admitted that, among urnings, more mental - abnormalities and more insanity are actually observed than among other - men, yet this does not prove that the mental disturbance is a - necessary accompaniment of the urning’s condition, and that the latter - induces the former. - - “According to my firm conviction, by far the greater number of cases - of mental disturbance or abnormal disposition observed in urnings are - not to be attributed to the sexual anomaly; but they are caused by the - existing notions concerning urnings, and the resulting laws, and - dominant public sentiment concerning the anomaly. Any one with an - adequate idea of the mental and moral suffering, of the anxiety and - care, that the urning must endure; of the constant hypocrisy and - secrecy he must practice, in order to conceal his inner instinct; of - the difficulties that meet him in satisfying his natural desire,—can - only be surprised that more insanity and nervous disturbance does not - occur in urnings. The greater part of these abnormal states would not - be developed, if the urning, like another, could find a simple and - easy way in which to satisfy his sexual desire,—if he were not forever - troubled by these anxieties!” - -_De lege lata_, as far as the urning is concerned, the paragraph with -reference to pederasty must not be applied without the proof of actual -pederasty; and psychical and somatic abnormalities must be examined by -experts with respect of an estimate in the individual of the question of -guilt. - -_De lege ferenda_, the urnings wish a repeal of the paragraphs. The -jurist could not consent to this, if he were to remember that pederasty -is much more frequently a disgusting vice than the result of physical -and mental infirmity; and that, moreover, many urnings, though driven to -sexual acts with their own sex, are yet in nowise compelled to indulge -in pederasty,—a sexual act which, under all circumstances, must stand as -cynical, disgusting, and, when passive, as certainly injurious. Whether -for reasons of expediency (difficulty of fixing the guilt, encouragement -of blackmail, etc.), it would not be opportune to strike from the -statutes the legal punishment of the male-loving man, and to protect -youth by the use of the paragraphs concerning sexual abuses, is a future -question for jurists. - -What has been said concerning congenital contrary sexuality and its -relation to the law is also applicable to the acquired abnormality. The -accompanying neurosis or psychosis should have much diagnostic and -forensic weight with reference to the question of guilt. - -It only remains to describe acquired non-pathological pederasty,—one of -the saddest pages in the history of human delinquencies:— - - - CULTIVATED PEDERASTY.[143] - -The motives that bring to pederasty a man originally normal sexually and -of sound mind are various. It is used temporarily as a means of sexual -satisfaction _faute de mieux_,—as in infrequent cases of -bestiality,—where abstinence from normal sexual indulgence is a -necessity.[144] It thus occurs on ship-board during long voyages, in -prisons, in baths, etc. It is highly probable that, among men subjected -to such conditions, there are single individuals of low morals and great -sensuality, or actual urnings, who seduce the others. Lust, imitation, -and desire further their purpose. - -The strength of the sexual instinct is most markedly shown by the fact -that such circumstances are sufficient to overcome repugnance for the -unnatural act. - -Another category of pederasts is made up of old _roues_ that have become -supersatiated in normal sexual indulgence, and who find in pederasty a -means of exciting sensual pleasure, the act being a new method of -stimulation. Thus they temporarily renew their power, that has been -psychically and physically reduced to so low a state. The new sexual -situation makes them, so to speak, relatively potent, and makes pleasure -possible that is no longer possible in normal intercourse. In time power -to indulge in pederasty is also lost. The individual may thus finally be -reduced to passive pederasty as a stimulus to make possible temporary -active pederasty; just as, occasionally, flagellation or looking on at -obscene acts (Maschka’s case of mutilation of animals) is resorted to -for the same purpose. - -The termination of sexual activity expresses itself in all kinds of -abuse of children,—cunnilingus, fellare, and other enormities. - -This kind of pederasts is the most dangerous, since they deal mostly -with boys, and ruin them in body and soul. - - In reference to this, the experiences of Tarnowsky (_op. cit._, p. 53 - _et seq._), gathered from the society of St. Petersburg, are terrible. - The places where pederasty is cultivated are Institutes. Old _roués_ - and urnings play the _rôle_ of seducers. At first it is difficult for - the person to carry out the disgusting act. Fancy is made to assist by - calling up the image of a woman. Gradually, with practice, the - unnatural act becomes easy, and at last the individual, like one - injured by masturbation, becomes relatively impotent for women, and - lustful enough to find pleasure in the perverse act. Such individuals, - under certain circumstances, give themselves for money. - - As Tardieu, Hofmann, Simon, and Taylor show, such individuals are not - infrequently found in large cities. From numerous statements made to - me by urnings, it is learned that actual prostitution and houses of - prostitution for male-loving men exist in large cities. The arts of - coquetry used by these male prostitutes are noteworthy,—ornament, - perfumes, feminine styles of dress, etc., to attract pederasts and - urnings. This imitation of feminine peculiarities is spontaneous and - unconscious in congenital cases, and in many acquired cases of - (abnormal) contrary sexual instinct. - -The following lines are of interest to the psychologist, and offer the -officers of the law important facts concerning the social life and -practice of pederasts:— - - Coffignon, “La Corruption à Paris,” p. 327, divides active pederasts - into “_amateurs_,” “_entreteneurs_,” and “_souteneurs_.” - - The “_amateurs_” (“_rivettes_”) are debauched persons, but also - frequently congenitally perverse sexually, of position and fortune, - who are forced to guard themselves against detection in the - gratification of their homo-sexual desires. For this purpose they - visit brothels, lodging-houses, or the private houses of female - prostitutes, who are usually on good terms with male prostitutes. Thus - they escape blackmail. - - Some of these “_amateurs_” are cunning enough to indulge their vile - desires in public places. They thus run the risk of arrest, but, in a - large city, little risk of blackmail. Danger is said to add to their - secret pleasure. - - The “_entreteneurs_” are old sinners who, even with the danger of - falling into the hands of blackmailers, cannot deny themselves the - pleasure of keeping a (male) mistress. - - The “_souteneurs_” are pederasts that have been punished, who keep - their “_jesus_,” whom they send out to entice customers (“_faire - chanter les rivettes_”), and who then, at the right moment, if - possible, appear for the purpose of plucking the victim. - - Not infrequently they live together in bands, the members, in - accordance with individual desire, living together as husbands and - wives. In such bands there are formal marriages, betrothals, banquets, - and introductions of brides and grooms into their apartments. - - These “_souteneurs_” attach their “_jesus_” to themselves. - - The passive pederasts are “_petits jesus_,” “_jesus_,” or “_aunts_.” - - The “_petits jesus_” are lost, depraved children, whom accident places - in the hands of active pederasts, who seduce them, and reveal to them - the horrible means of earning a livelihood, either as “_entretenus_” - or as male street-walkers, with or without “_souteneurs_.” - - The most suitable and promising “_petits jesus_” are given into the - hands of persons who instruct these children in the art of female - dress and manner. Gradually they then seek to emancipate themselves - from their teachers and masters, in order to become “_femmes - entretenues_”; and not infrequently by means of anonymous denunciation - of their “_souteneurs_” to the police. - - It is the object of the “_souteneur_” and the “_petit jesus_” to make - the latter appear young, as long as possible, by means of all the arts - of the toilet. - - The limit of age is about twenty-five years; then they all become - “_jesus_” and “_femmes entretenues_” and are then sustained by several - “_souteneurs_.” The “_jesus_” fall into three categories: “_filles - gallantes_,” _i.e._, those that have fallen again into the hands of a - “_souteneur_”; “_pierreuses_” (ordinary street-walkers, like their - female colleagues); and “_domestics_.” - - The “_domestics_” hire out to active pederasts, either to gratify - their desires or to obtain “_petits jesus_” for them. - - A sub-group of these “_domestics_” is formed by such of them as enter - the service of “_petits jesus_” as “_femmes de chambre_.” The - principal object of these “_domestics_” is to use their positions to - obtain compromising knowledge, with which they later practice - blackmail, and thus assure themselves ease in their old age. - - The most horrible class of active pederasts is made up of the - “_aunts_,”—_i.e._, the “_souteneurs_” of (male) prostitutes,—who, - though normal sexually, are morally depraved, and practice pederasty - (passive) only for gain, or for the purpose of blackmail. - - The wealthy “_amateurs_” have their reunions and places of meeting, - where the passive ones appear in female attire, and horrible orgies - take place. The waiters, musicians, etc., at such gatherings, are all - pederasts. The “_filles gallantes_” do not venture, except during the - carnival, to show themselves on the street in female dress; but they - know how to lend to their appearance something indicative of their - calling, by means of style of dress, etc. They entice by means of - gesture, peculiar movements of the hands, etc., and lead their victims - to hotels, baths, or brothels. - - What the author says of blackmail is generally known. There are cases - where pederasts have allowed their entire fortune to be wrung from - them. - -The following notice from a Berlin (National?) newspaper, of February, -1884, which fell into my hands by accident, seems suited to show -something of the life and customs of urnings:— - - “_The Woman-Haters’ Ball._—Almost every social element of Berlin has - its social reunions,—the fat, the bald-headed, the young,—and why not - the woman-haters? This species of men, so interesting psychologically - and none too edifying, had a great ball to-day. ‘Grand Vienna - Mask-Ball,’—so ran the notice. The sale of tickets was very rigorous; - they wish to be very exclusive. Their rendezvous was a well-known - dance-hall. We enter the hall about midnight. The graceful dancing is - to the strains of a fine orchestra. Thick tobacco-smoke, veiling the - gas-lights, does not allow the details of the moving mass to become - obvious; only during the pause between the dances can we obtain a - closer view. The masks are by far in the majority; black dress-coats - and ball-gowns are seen only now and then. - - “But what is that? The lady in rose-tarletan, that just now passed us, - has a lighted cigar in the corner of her mouth, and puffs like a - trooper; and she also wears a small, blonde beard, lightly painted - out. And yet she is talking with a very _décolleté_ ‘angel’ in - _tricots_, who stands there, with bare arms folded behind her, - likewise smoking. The two voices are masculine, and the conversation - is likewise very masculine; it is about the ‘d— tobacco, that permits - no air.’ Two men in female attire. A conventional clown stands there, - against a pillar, in soft conversation with a ballet-dancer, with his - arm around her faultless waist. She has a blonde ‘Titus-head,’ - sharp-cut profile, and apparently a voluptuous form. The brilliant - ear-rings, the necklace with a medallion, the full, round shoulders - and arms, do not permit a doubt of her ‘genuineness,’ until, with a - sudden movement, she disengages herself from the embracing arm, and, - yawning, moves away, saying, in a deep bass, ‘Emile, you are too - tiresome to-day!’ The ballet-dancer is also a male! - - “Suspicious now, we look about further. We almost suspect that here - the world is topsy-turvy; for here goes, or, rather, trips, a man—no, - no man at all, even though he wears a carefully trained moustache. The - well-curled hair; the powdered and painted face with the blackened - eyebrows; the golden ear-rings; the bouquet of flowers reaching from - the left shoulder to the breast, ornamenting the elegant black gown; - the golden bracelets on the wrists; the elegant fan in the - white-gloved hand,—all these things are anything but masculine. And - how he toys with the fan! How he dances and turns, and trips and - lisps! And yet kindly Nature made this doll a man. He is a salesman in - a great millinery store, and the ballet-dancer mentioned is his - ‘colleague.’ - - “At a little corner-table there seems to be a great social circle. - Several elderly gentlemen press around a group of _décolleté_ ladies, - who sit over a glass of wine and—in the spirit of fun—make jokes that - are none too delicate. Who are these three ladies? ‘Ladies!’ laughs my - knowing friend. ‘Well, the one on the right, with the brown hair and - the short, fancy dress, is called “Butterrieke,” and he is a - hair-dresser; the second one—the blonde in a singer’s costume, with - the necklace of pearls—is known here by the name of “Miss Ella of the - tight-rope,” and he is a ladies’ tailor; and the third,—that is the - widely-celebrated “Lottie.” - - “But that person cannot possibly be a man? That waist, that bust, - those classic arms, the whole air and person are markedly feminine! - - “I am told that ‘Lottie’ was once a book-keeper. To-day she, or, - rather, he, is exclusively ‘Lottie,’ and takes pleasure in deceiving - men about his sex as long as possible. ‘Lottie’ is singing a song that - would hardly do for a drawing-room, in a high voice, acquired by years - of practice, which many a soprano might envy. ‘Lottie’ has also - ‘worked’ as a female comedian. Now the quondam book-keeper has so - entered into the female _rôle_ that he appears on the street in female - attire almost exclusively, and, as the people with whom he lodges - state, uses an embroidered night-dress. - - “On closer examination of the assembly, to my astonishment, I discover - acquaintances on all hands: my shoemaker, whom I should have taken for - anything but a woman-hater—he is a ‘troubadour,’ with sword and plume; - and his ‘Leonora,’ in the costume of a bride, is accustomed to place - my favorite brand of cigars before me in a certain cigar-store. - ‘Leonora,’ who, during an intermission, removes her gloves, I - recognize with certainty by her large, blue hands. Right! There is my - haberdasher, also; he moves about in a questionable costume as - Bacchus, and is the swain of a repugnantly bedecked Diana, who works - as a waiter in a beer-restaurant. The real ‘ladies’ of the ball cannot - be described here. They associate only with one another, and avoid the - woman-hating men; and the latter are exclusive, and amuse themselves, - absolutely ignoring the charms of the women.” - -These facts deserve the careful attention of the police, who should be -placed in a position to cope with male prostitution, as they now do with -that of women. - -Male prostitution is certainly much more dangerous to society than that -of females; it is the darkest stain on the history of humanity. - -From the statements of a high police official of Berlin, I learn that -the police of Berlin are conversant with the male _demi-monde_ of the -German Capital, and do all they can to suppress blackmail among -pederasts,—a practice which often does not stop short of murder. - -The foregoing facts justify the wish that the law-maker of the future -may, for reasons of utility, at least, abandon the prosecution of -pederasty. - -With reference to this point, it is worthy of note that the French Code -does not punish it so long as it does not become an offense to public -decency. Probably for politico-legal reasons, the new Italian Penal Code -passes over the crime of unnatural abuse in silence, as do the statutes -of Holland and, as far as I know, Belgium and Spain. - -In how far such cultivated pederasts are to be regarded as mentally and -morally sound may remain an open question. The majority of them suffer -with genital neuroses. At least, in these cases, there are the stages of -transition to acquired pathological contrary sexual instinct. The -responsibility of these individuals, who are certainly much lower than -the women who prostitute themselves, in general cannot be questioned. - -The various categories of male-loving men, with respect of the manner of -sexual indulgence, may be thus characterized in general:— - -The congenital urning becomes a pederast only exceptionally, and -eventually resorts to it after having practiced and exhausted all the -possible immoral acts with males. Passive pederasty is for him the -ideally and practically adequate form of the sexual act. He practices -active pederasty only to please another. The most important point here -is the congenital and unchangeable perversion of the sexual instinct. - -It is otherwise with the pederast by cultivation. He has once acted -normally sexually, or, at least, had normal inclinations, and -occasionally has intercourse with the opposite sex. His sexual -perversity is neither congenital nor unchangeable. He begins with -pederasty and ends in other perverse sexual acts, induced by weakness of -the centres for erection and ejaculation. At the height of his power, -his sexual desire is not for passive, but for active pederasty. He -yields himself to passive pederasty only to please another; for money, -in the _rôle_ of a male prostitute; or as a means, when virility is -declining, to make active pederasty still occasionally possible. - -A horrible act, that must be alluded to, in conclusion, is pædicatio -mulierum,[145] and even uxorum. Sensual individuals sometimes do it with -hardened prostitutes, or even with their wives. Tardieu gives examples -where men, usually practicing coitus, sometimes indulged in pederasty -with their wives. Occasionally fear of a repetition of pregnancy may -induce the man to perform, and the woman to tolerate, the act. - - Case 192. _Imputation of pederasty that was not proved._ _Résumé_ from - the legal proceedings:— - - On May 30, 1888, Dr. S., chemist, of H., in an anonymous letter, was - accused by his step-father of having immoral relations with G., aged - 19, the son of a butcher. Dr. S. received the letter, and, astounded - by its contents, hastened to his lawyer, who promised to proceed - discreetly in the matter, and to ascertain from the authorities - whether he would be publicly prosecuted. - - On the next morning, G., who lived in the house of Dr. S., was - arrested. At the time he was sick with gonorrhœa and orchitis. Dr. S. - tried to induce the authorities to release G., and advised caution, - but he was refused. In his statement to the judge, S. said that he - became acquainted with G. on the street, three years previously, and - then saw no more of him until the fall of 1887, when he met him in his - father’s shop. After November G. supplied Dr. S.’s kitchen with - meat,—coming in the evening to get the order, and bringing the meats - the next morning. Thus S. gradually became well acquainted with G., - and came to have a very friendly feeling for him. When S. fell ill and - was, for the most part, confined to his bed until the middle of May, - 1888, G. gave him so much attention that S. and his wife were much - attracted to him on account of his harmless, child-like, and happy - disposition. Dr. S. showed and explained to him his collection of - curiosities, and they spent the evenings pleasantly together, the wife - also being usually present; besides, S. and G. experimented in making - sausages, jelly, etc. In February, 1888, G. fell ill with gonorrhœa. - Dr. S., being his friend, and having studied medicine for several - terms, took care of G., procured medicine for him, etc. In May, G. - being still sick, and, for several reasons, inclined to leave home, S. - and his wife took him into their own home to care for him. S. denied - the truth of all the suspicions that had been raised by this relation, - and defended himself by pointing to his life of previous - respectability, his education, and to the fact that G., at the time, - was suffering with a disgusting, contagious disease, and that he - himself had a painful affection (nephritic calculus, with occasional - attacks of colic). - - Opposed to this statement of Dr. S.’s must be mentioned the facts that - were brought out in court, and which led to conviction in the first - trial. - - The relation of S. to G. had, by reason of its obviousness, given - cause for remark by private individuals, as well as by those in public - houses. G. spent almost all his evenings with S.’s family, and, - finally, came to be quite at home there. They took walks together. - Once, while out on such a walk, S. said to G. that he was a pretty - fellow, and that he (S.) was very fond of him. On the same occasion, - there was also talk of sexual matters, and also of pederasty. S. said - he touched on these subjects only to warn G. With reference to the - intercourse at home, it was proved that occasionally S., while sitting - on a sofa, embraced G., and kissed him. This happened in the presence - of the wife, as well as of the servant-girls. When G. was ill with - gonorrhœa, S. instructed him in the method of using a syringe, and, at - the time, took the penis in his hand. G. testified that S., in answer - to his question why he was so fond of him, said, “I don’t know, - myself.” When, one day, G. remained away, S., with tears in his eyes, - complained of it to him when he returned. S. also told him that his - marriage was unhappy, and, in tears, begged G. not to leave him; that - he must take the place of his wife. - - From all this resulted the just accusation, that the relation between - the culprits had a sexual direction. The fact that all was open and - known to everybody, according to the complaint, did not speak for the - harmlessness of the relation, but more for the intensity of the - passion of S. The spotless life of the accused was allowed, as well as - his honesty and gentleness. The probability of an unhappy marriage, - and that S. was of a very sensual nature, was shown. - - During the course of the trial, G. was repeatedly examined by the - medical experts. He is scarcely of medium size, pale, and of powerful - frame; penis and testicles are very perfectly developed (large). - - In consonance with the accusation, it was found that the anus was - pathologically changed, in that there were no wrinkles in the skin - about it and the sphincter was relaxed; and it was presumed that these - changes pointed to the probability of passive pederasty. - - The conviction was based on these facts. The judgment passed - recognized that the relation that existed between the culprits did not - necessarily point to unnatural abuses, any more than did the physical - conditions found on the person of G. - - However, by reason of the combination of the two facts, the court was - convinced of the guilt of both culprits, and held it proved: “That the - abnormal condition of G.’s anus had been caused by the frequently - repeated introduction of the penis of S., and that G. voluntarily - permitted the performance of this immoral act on himself.” - - Thus the conditions of § 175, R. St. G. B., seemed to be covered. In - passing sentence, there was consideration of S.’s education, which - made him appear to be G.’s seducer; in G.’s case, this fact and his - youth were given weight; and the previous respectability of both was - held in view. Thus Dr. S. was sentenced to imprisonment for eight - months, and G. for four months. - - The culprits appealed to the Supreme Court at Leipzig, and prepared - themselves, in case the appeal should be denied, to collect evidence - sufficient to call for a new trial. - - They subjected themselves to examination and observation by - distinguished experts. The latter declared that G.’s anus presented no - signs of indulgence in passive pederasty. - - Since it seemed of importance to those interested to make clear the - psychological aspect of the case, which was not touched on at the - trial, the author was intrusted with the examination and observation - of Dr. S. and G. - - _Results of the Personal Examination, from December 11 to 13, 1888, in - Graz._—Dr. S., aged 37; two years married, without children. - Ex-Director of the City Laboratory of H. He comes of a father who is - said to have been nervous, owing to great activity; who had an - apoplectic attack in his fifty-seventh year, and died, at the age of - sixty-seven, of another attack of apoplexy. His mother is living, and - is described as a strong person, who has been nervous for years. Her - mother reached quite an old age, and is said to have died of a - cerebellar tumor. A brother of the mother’s father is said to have - been a drinker. The paternal grandfather died early, of softening of - the brain. - - Dr. S. has two brothers, who are in perfect health. - - He states that he is of nervous temperament, and has been of strong - constitution. After articular rheumatism, which he had in his - fourteenth year, he suffered with great nervousness for some months. - Thereafter he often suffered with rheumatic pains, palpitation, and - shortness of breath. These symptoms gradually disappeared with - sea-bathing. Seven years ago he had gonorrhœa. This disease became - chronic, and for a long time caused bladder-difficulty. - - In 1887 he had his first attack of renal colic, and he had such - attacks repeatedly during the winter of 1887 and 1888, until May 16, - 1888, when quite a large renal calculus was passed. Since then his - condition had been quite satisfactory. While suffering with stone, - during coitus, at the moment of ejaculation, he felt severe pain in - the urethra, and the same pain on urinating. - - With reference to his life, S. states that he attended the Gymnasium - until he was fourteen, but after that, owing to the results of his - severe illness, he studied privately. He then spent four years in a - drug-store, and then studied medicine for six semesters at the - University, serving, in the war of 1870, as a voluntary hospital - assistant. Since he had no certificate of graduation from the - Gymnasium, he gave up the study of medicine, and obtained the degree - of doctor of philosophy. Then he served in the Museum of Minerals in - K., and later as assistant in the Mineralogical Institute of H. - Thereafter he made special studies in the chemistry of food-stuffs, - and five years ago became Director of the City Laboratory. - - He makes all these statements in a prompt, precise manner, and does - not think long about his answers; so that one is more and more led to - think that he is a man who loves and speaks the truth,—the more, - since, on the following day, his statements are identical. With - reference to his vita sexualis, Dr. S., in a modest, delicate, and - open way, states that, in his eleventh year, he began to have a - knowledge of the difference of the sexes, and for some time, until his - fourteenth year, was given to onanism. He first had coitus at - eighteen, and thereafter indulged moderately. His sensual desire had - never been very great, but, until lately, the sexual act had been - normal in every way, and accompanied by gratifying pleasurable feeling - and full virility. Since his marriage, two years ago, he had cohabited - with his wife exclusively. He had married his wife out of love, and - still loved her, having coitus with her at least several times a week. - The wife, who was also at hand, confirmed these statements. - - All cross-questioning with reference to a perversion of sexual feeling - toward men Dr. S. answered repeatedly in the negative, to repeated - examination, and that without contradiction or any thought of the - answers. Even when, in order to trap him, he is told that the proof of - a perverse sexual instinct would be of avail in the trial, he sticks - to his statements. One gains the important impression that S. has not - the slightest knowledge of the facts of male-love. Thus it is learned - that his lascivious dreams have never been about men; that he is - interested only in female nudity; that he liked to dance with ladies, - etc. No traces of any kind of sexual inclination for his own sex can - be discovered in S. With reference to his relations with G., Dr. S. - expresses himself exactly as he did at his examination before the - court. In explanation of his partiality for G., he can only say that - he is nervous, and a man of feeling and great sensibility, and very - sensitive to friendliness. During his illness he had felt very - lonesome and depressed; his wife had frequently been with her parents; - and thus it had happened that he had become friendly with G., who was - so gentle and kind. He still had a weakness for him, and felt - remarkably quiet and contented while in his society. - - He had had two such close friendships previously: when he was yet a - student, with a corps-brother, a Dr. A. whom he also embraced and - kissed; later, with a Baron M. When it happened that he could not see - him for a few days, he became depressed, and even cried. - - He also had a similar feeling and attachment for animals. Thus he had - a poodle that died a short time ago, mourned like a member of the - family; and he had often kissed the animal. (On relating this, the - tears came to his eyes.) His brother confirmed these statements, with - the remark, with reference to his brother’s remarkable friendship for - A. and M., that in these instances there was not the slightest - suspicion of sexual coloring or relation. Too, the most careful and - detailed examination of Dr. S. gave not the slightest reason for such - a presumption. - - He states that he never had the slightest sensual feeling for G., to - say nothing of erection or sensual desire. His partiality for G., - which bordered on jealousy, S. explained as due merely to his - sentimental temperament and his inordinate friendship. G. was still as - dear to him as if he were his son. - - It is worthy of note that S. stated that when G. told him about his - love-adventures with girls, it had hurt him only because G. was in - danger of injuring himself and ruining his health by dissipation. He - had never felt hurt himself by this. If he knew a good girl for G. he - would be glad to rejoice with him, and do all he could to promote - their marriage. - - S. states that it was first in the course of his legal examination - that he saw how he had been careless in his intercourse with G., by - causing gossip. His openness he explained as due to the innocence of - the friendship. - - It is worthy of note that S.’s wife never noticed anything suspicious - in the intercourse between her husband and G., though the most simple - wife would instinctively notice anything of that nature. Mrs. S. had - also made no opposition to receiving G. into the house. On this point - she remarked that the guest-chamber in which G. lay ill, was on the - second floor, while the living apartments were on the fourth; and, - further, that S. never associated alone with G. as long as he was in - the house. She states that she is convinced of her husband’s - innocence, and that she loves him as before. - - Dr. S. states freely that formerly he had often kissed G., and talked - with him about sexual matters. G. was much given to women, and in - friendship he had often warned him about sexual dissipation, - particularly when G., as often happened, did not look well. He had - once said that G. was a handsome fellow; it was in a perfectly - harmless relation. - - The kissing of G. had been due to inordinate friendship, when G. had - shown him some particular attention, or pleased him especially. In the - act he had never had any sexual feeling. Too, when he had now and then - dreamed of G., it was in a perfectly harmless way. - - It appeared of great importance to the author to form also an opinion - of G.’s personality. On December 12th, the desired opportunity was - given, and G. was carefully examined. - - G. is a young man, aged 20, of delicate build, whose development - corresponds with his years; and he appears to be neuropathic and - sensual. The genitals are normal and well developed. The author thinks - he may be permitted to pass over the condition of the anus, as he does - not feel called upon to pass judgment upon it. With prolonged - association with G., one gets the impression that he is a harmless, - kind, and artless man, who is light-minded, but not morally depraved. - Nothing in his dress or manner indicates perverse sexual feeling. - There cannot be the slightest suspicion that he is a male courtesan. - - When G. is introduced _in medias res_, he states that S. and he, - feeling their innocence, had told the matter as it actually was, and - on this the whole trial had been based. - - At first, S.’s friendship, and especially the kissing, had seemed - remarkable, even to him. Later he had convinced himself that it was - merely friendship, and had then thought no more about it. - - G. had looked upon S. as a father-like friend; for he was so - unselfish, and loved him so. - - The expression “handsome fellow” was made when G. had a love-affair, - and when S. expressed his fears about a happy future for G. At that - time S. had comforted him, and said that his (G.’s) appearance was - pleasing, and that he would make an eligible match. - - Once S. had complained to him (G.) that his wife was inclined to - drink, and burst into tears. G. was touched by his friend’s - unhappiness. On this occasion S. had kissed him, and begged for his - friendship, and asked him to visit him frequently. - - S. had never spontaneously directed the conversation to sexual - matters. G. once asked what pederasty was, of which he had heard much - while in England; and S. had explained it to him. - - G. acknowledges that he is sensual. At the age of twelve he had been - made acquainted with sexual matters by school-mates. He had never - masturbated, had first had coitus at the age of eighteen, and had - since visited brothels frequently. He had never felt any inclination - for his own sex, and had never experienced any sexual excitement when - S. kissed him. He had always had pleasure in coitus normally - performed. His lascivious dreams had always been of women. With - indignation, and pointing to his descent from a healthy and - respectable family, he repels the insinuation of having been given to - passive pederasty. Until the gossip about them came to his ears, he - had been innocent and devoid of suspicion. The anal anomalies he tries - to explain in the same way that he did at the trial. Auto-masturbation - in ano he denies. - - It should be noted that Mr. J. S. claims to be no less astonished by - the charge against his brother of male-love than those more closely - associated with him. Yet he could not understand what attached his - brother to G.; and all the explanations which S. made to him - concerning his relation to G. were vain. - - The author took the trouble to observe Dr. S. and G., in a natural - way, while they were dining, in company with S.’s brother and Mrs. S., - in Graz. This observation revealed not the slightest sign of improper - friendship. - - The general impression which Dr. S. made on me was that of a nervous, - sanguine, somewhat overstrained individual, but, at the same time, - kind, open-hearted, and very emotional. - - Dr. S. is physically strong, somewhat corpulent, with a symmetrical, - brachycephalic cranium. The genitals are well developed; the penis - somewhat bellied; the prepuce somewhat hypertrophied. - - _Opinion._—Pederasty is, unfortunately, not infrequent among mankind - to-day; but still, occurring among the peoples of Europe, it is an - unusual, perverse, and even monstrous manner of sexual gratification. - It presumes a congenital or acquired perversion of the sexual - instinct, and, at the same time, defect of moral sense that is either - original or acquired, as a result of pathological influences. - - Medico-legal science is thoroughly conversant with the physical and - psychical conditions from which this aberration of the sexual instinct - arises; and in the concrete and doubtful case it seems requisite to - ascertain whether these empirical, subjective conditions necessary for - pederasty are present. Too, it is essential to distinguish between - active and passive pederasty. - - Active pederasty occurs:— - - I. As a _non-pathological_ phenomenon:— - - 1. As a means of sexual gratification, in case of great sexual desire, - with enforced abstinence from natural sexual intercourse. - - 2. In old debauchees, who have become satiated with normal sexual - intercourse, and more or less impotent, and also morally depraved; and - who resort to pederasty, in order to excite their lust with this new - stimulus, and aid their virility, that has sunk so low psychically and - physically. - - 3. Traditionally, among certain barbarous races that are devoid of - morality. - - II. As a _pathological_ phenomenon:— - - 1. Upon the basis of congenital contrary sexual instinct, with - repugnance for sexual intercourse with women, or even absolute - incapability of it. But, as even Casper knew, pederasty, under such - conditions, is very infrequent. The so-called urning satisfies himself - with a man by means of passive or mutual onanism, or by means of - coitus-like acts (_e.g._, coitus inter femora); and he resorts to - pederasty only very exceptionally, as a result of intense sexual - desire, or with a low or lowered moral sense, out of desire to please - another. - - 2. On the basis of acquired contrary sexual instinct:— - - (_a_) As a result of long years of onanism, which finally causes - impotence for women with continuance of intense sexual desire. - - (_b_) As a result of severe mental disease (senile dementia, - brain-softening of the insane, etc.), in which, as experience teaches, - an inversion of the sexual instinct may take place. - - Passive pederasty occurs:— - - I. As a _non-pathological_ phenomenon:— - - 1. In individuals of the lowest class, who, having had the misfortune - to be seduced in boyhood by debauchees, endured pain and disgust for - the sake of money, and became depraved morally, so that, in more - mature years, they have fallen so low that they take pleasure in being - male prostitutes. - - 2. Under circumstances analogous to those of I, 1,—as a remuneration - to another for having allowed active pederasty. - - II. As a _pathological_ phenomenon:— - - 1. In individuals affected with contrary sexual instinct, with - endurance of pain and disgust, as a return to men for the bestowal of - sexual favors. - - 2. In urnings who feel toward men like women, out of desire and lust. - In such female-men there is horror feminæ and absolute incapability - for sexual intercourse with women. Character and inclinations are - feminine. - - The empirical facts that have been gathered by legal medicine and - psychiatry are all included in this classification. Before the court - of medical science, it would be necessary to prove that a man belonged - to one of the above categories in order to carry the conviction that - he was a pederast. - - In the life and character of Dr. S., one searches in vain for signs - which place him in one of the categories of active pederasts which - science has established. He is neither one forced to sexual - abstinence, nor one made impotent for women by debauchery; neither is - he congenitally male-loving, nor alienated from women by masturbation, - and attracted to men through continuance of sexual desire; and, - finally, he is not sexually perverse as a result of severe mental - disease. - - In fact, the general conditions necessary for the occurrence of - pederasty are wanting in him,—moral imbecility or moral depravity, on - the one hand, and inordinate sexual desire, on the other. - - It is likewise impossible to classify the accomplice, G., in any of - the empirical categories of passive pederasty; for he possesses - neither the peculiarities of the male prostitute nor the clinical - marks of effemination; and he has not the anthropological and clinical - stigmata of the female-man. He is, in fact, the very opposite of all - this. - - In order to make a pederastic relation between the two plausible - medico-scientifically, it would be requisite for Dr. S. to present the - antecedents and marks of the active pederasts of I, 2, and G., those - of the passive pederasts of II, 1 or 2. - - The assumption lying at the basis of the verdict is, from a - psychological stand-point, legally untenable. - - With the same right, every man might be considered a pederast. It - remains to consider whether the explanations given by Dr. S. and G. of - their remarkable friendship are psychologically valid. - - Psychologically it is not without parallel that so sentimental and - eccentric a man as S.—without any sexual excitement whatever—should - entertain a transcendental friendship. It suffices to recall the - friendship of school-girls, the self-sacrificing friendship of - sentimental young persons in general, and the partiality which this - sensitive man sometimes showed even for domestic animals,—where no one - would think of sodomy. With S.’s mental character, extraordinary - friendship for the youth G. may be easily comprehended. The openness - of this friendship permits the conclusion that it was innocent, much - rather than that it depended upon sensual passion. - - The defendants succeeded in obtaining a new trial. The new trial took - place on March 7, 1890. There was much evidence presented in favor of - the accused. - - The previous moral life of S. was generally acknowledged. The Sister - of Charity who cared for G. in S.’s house, never noticed anything - suspicious in the intercourse between S. and G. S.’s former friends - testified to his morality, his deep friendship, and his habit of - kissing them on meeting or leaving them. The anal abnormalities - previously found on G. were no longer present. Experts called by the - court allowed the possibility that they had been due simply to digital - manipulations; their diagnostic value in any case was contested by the - experts called by the defense. - - The court recognized that the imputed crime had not been proved, and - exonerated the defendants. - - - LESBIAN LOVE.[146] - -Where the sexual intercourse is between adults, its legal importance is -very slight; it could come into consideration only in Austria. In -connection with urningism, this phenomenon is of anthropological and -clinical value. The relation is the same, _mutatis mutandis_, as between -men. Lesbian love does not seem to approach urningism in frequency. The -majority of female urnings do not act in obedience to an innate impulse, -but they are developed under conditions analogous to those which produce -the urning by cultivation. - -These “forbidden friendships” flourish especially in penal institutions -for females. - - Kraussold (_op. cit._) reports: “The female prisoners often have such - friendships, which, when possible, extend to mutual manustupration. - - “But temporary manual gratification is not the only purpose of such - friendships. They are made to be enduring,—entered into - systematically, so to speak,—and intense jealousy and a passion for - love are developed which could scarcely be surpassed between persons - of opposite sex. When the friend of one prisoner is merely smiled at - by another, there are often the most violent scenes of jealousy, and - even beatings. - - “When the violent prisoner has been put in irons, in accordance with - the prison-regulations, she says ‘she has had a child by her friend.’” - -We are indebted to Parent-Duchatelet (“De la prostitution,” 1857, vol. -i, p. 159) for interesting communications concerning Lesbian love. - - According to this experienced author, repugnance for the most - disgusting and perverse acts (coitus in axilla, inter mammæ, etc.) - which men perform on prostitutes is not infrequently responsible for - driving these unfortunate creatures to Lesbian love. From his - statements it is seen that it is essentially prostitutes of great - sensuality who, unsatisfied with intercourse with impotent or perverse - men, and impelled by their disgusting practices, come to indulge in - it. - - Besides these, there are prostitutes who let themselves be known as - given to tribadism; persons who have been in prisons for years, and in - these hot-beds of Lesbian love, ex abstinentia, acquired this vice. - - It is interesting to know that prostitutes hate those who practice - tribadism,—just as men abhor pederasts; but female prisoners do not - regard the vice as indecent. - - Parent mentions the case of a prostitute who, while intoxicated, tried - to force another to Lesbian love. The latter became so enraged that - she denounced the indecent woman to the police. Taxil (_op. cit._ p. - 166, 170) reports similar instances. - - Mantegazza (“Anthropol. culturhistorische Studien,” p. 97) also finds - that sexual intercourse between women has especially the significance - of a vice which arises on the basis of unsatisfied hyperæsthesia - sexualis. - - In many cases of this kind, however, aside from congenital contrary - sexual instinct, one gains the impression that, just as in men (_vide - supra_), the cultivated vice gradually leads to acquired contrary - sexual instinct, with repugnance for sexual intercourse with the - opposite sex. - - At least Parent’s cases were probably of this nature. The - correspondence with the lover was quite as sentimental and exaggerated - in tone as it is between lovers of the opposite sex; unfaithfulness - and separation broke the heart of the one abandoned; jealousy was - unbridled, and led to bloody revenge. The following cases of Lesbian - love, by Mantegazza, are certainly pathological, and possibly examples - of congenital contrary sexual instinct:— - - 1. On July 5, 1777, a woman was brought before a court in London, who, - dressed as a man, had been married to three different women. She was - recognized as a woman, and sentenced to imprisonment for six months. - - 2. In 1773, another woman, dressed as a man, courted a girl, and asked - for her hand; but the trick did not succeed. - - 3. Two women lived together as man and wife for thirty years. On her - death-bed the “husband” confessed her secret to those about her. - - Coffignon (_op. cit._, p. 301) makes later statements worthy of - notice. - - He reports that this vice is, of late, quite the fashion,—partly owing - to novels on the subject, and partly as a result of excessive work on - sewing-machines, the sleeping of female servants in the same bed, - seduction in schools by depraved pupils, or seduction of daughters by - perverse servants. - - The author declares that this vice (“saphism”) is met more frequently - among ladies of the aristocracy and prostitutes. - - He does not differentiate physiological and pathological cases, nor, - among the latter, the acquired and congenital cases. The details of a - few cases, which are certainly pathological, correspond exactly with - the facts that are known about men of contrary sexuality. - - The saphists have their places of meeting, recognize each other by - peculiar glances, carriage, etc. Saphistic pairs like to dress and - ornament themselves alike, etc. They are then called “_petites sœurs_” - (little sisters). - - - 7. NECROPHILIA.[147] - - (Austrian Statutes, § 306.) - -This horrible kind of sexual indulgence is so monstrous that the -presumption of a psychopathic state is, under all circumstances, -justified; and Maschka’s recommendation, that the mental condition of -the perpetrator should always be investigated, is well founded. In any -case, an abnormal and decidedly perverse sensuality is required to -overcome the natural repugnance which man has for a corpse, and permit a -feeling of pleasure to be experienced in sexual congress with a cadaver. - -Unfortunately, in the majority of the cases reported, the mental -condition was not examined; so that the question whether necrophilia is -compatible with mental soundness must remain open. But any one having -knowledge of the horrible aberrations of the sexual instinct would not -venture, without further consideration, to answer the question in the -negative. - - - 8. INCEST. - - (Austrian Statutes, § 132; Abridgment, § 189; German Statutes, § 174.) - -The preservation of the moral purity of family life is a product of -civilization;[148] and feelings of intense displeasure arise in an -ethically intact man at thought of lustful feeling toward a member of -the same family. Only great sensuality and defective ideas of laws and -morals can lead to incest. - -Both conditions may, in tainted families, be operative. Drinking and a -state of intoxication in men; weak-mindedness which does not allow the -development of the feeling of shame, and which, under certain -circumstances, is associated with eroticism in females,—these facilitate -the occurrence of incestuous acts. External conditions which facilitate -their occurrence are due to defective separation of the sexes among the -lower classes. - -As a decidedly pathological phenomenon, the author has found incest in -states of congenital and acquired mental weakness, and infrequently in -cases of epilepsy and paranoia. - -In many of the cases, probably a majority, it is not possible, however, -to find a pathological basis for the act which so deeply wounds not only -the tie of blood, but also the feeling of a civilized people. But in -many of the cases reported in literature, to the honor of humanity, the -presumption of a psychopathic basis is possible. - - In the Feldtmann case (Marc-Ideler, vol. i, p. 18), where a father - constantly made immoral attacks on his adult daughter, and finally - killed her, the unnatural father was weak-minded and, besides, - probably subject to periodical mental disease. In another case of - incest between father and daughter (_loc. cit._, p. 247), the latter, - at least, was weak-minded. Lombroso (_Archiv. di Psichiatria_, viii, - p. 519) reports the case of a peasant, aged 42, who practiced incest - with his daughters, aged, respectively, 22, 19, and 11; he even forced - the youngest to prostitute herself, and then visited her in a brothel. - The medico-legal examination showed predisposition, intellectual and - moral imbecility, and alcoholism. - - There was no mental examination in the case reported by Schürmeyer - (_Deutsche Zeitschr. für Staatsarzneikunde_, xxii, H. 1), in which a - mother laid her son of five and a half years on herself, and practiced - abuse with him; and in that given by Lafarque (_Journ. Méd. de - Bordeaux_, 1874), where a girl, aged 17, laid her brother, aged 13, - upon herself, brought about membrorum conjunctionem, and performed - masturbation on him. - - The following cases are those of tainted individuals: Magnan (_Ann. - méd.-psych._, 1885) mentions an unmarried woman, aged 29, who, though - indifferent toward other children or even men, suffered frightfully in - the presence of her nephew, and could scarcely control her impulse to - cohabit with him. This sexual peculiarity continued only as long as - the nephew was quite young. - - Legrand (_Ann. méd.-psych._, May, 1876) mentions a girl, aged 15, who - seduced her brother into all manner of sexual excesses on her person; - and when, after two years of this incestuous practice, her brother - died, she attempted to murder a relative. In the same article there is - the case of a married woman, aged 36, who hung her open breast out of - a window, and indulged in abuse with her brother, aged 18; and also - the case of a mother, aged 39, who practiced incest with her son, with - whom she was madly in love, became pregnant by him, and induced - abortion. - -Through Casper we know that depraved mothers in large cities sometimes -treat their little daughters in a most horrible fashion, in order to -prepare them for the sexual use of debauchees. This crime belongs -elsewhere. - - - 9. IMMORAL ACTS WITH PERSONS IN THE CARE OF OTHERS; SEDUCTION - (AUSTRIAN). - - (Austrian Statutes, § 131; Abridgment, § 188; German Statutes, § 173). - -Allied to incest, but still less repugnant to moral sensibility, are -those cases in which persons seduce those entrusted to them for care or -education, and who are more or less dependent upon them, to commit or -suffer vicious practices. Such acts, which especially deserve legal -punishment, seem only exceptionally to have psychopathic significance. - - - - - INDEX. - - - Abuse, unnatural, 404 - - Acts for self-humiliation, 134 - - Æsthetics and sexuality, 10 - - Amor lesbicus, 428 - - Anæsthesia sexualis, acquired, 47 - congenital, 42 - - Androgyny, 304 - - Areas, erogenous, 31 - - Attraction, sexual, 16 - - - Baudelaire, 122 - - Binet, 18, 19, 21, 121 - - Bondage, sexual, 141 - - Bote, 202 - - Boys, whipping of (sadistic), 82 - - Brunn, 19 - - - Cæsars, 58 - - Capitals as breeding-places of sensuality, 7 - - Christianity, influence of, 4, 6 - contrasted with Mohammedanism, 5 - - Cohabitation, 32 - - Contrary sexual instinct, 185 - causes of, 188 - degrees of, 187 - - Corpses, mutilation of, 67 - - Cruelty, passively endured, 89 - and love, 9 - and lust, 9 - sources of, 86 - - - Decadence, moral, 6 - - Defemination, 197 - - Defilement of women, 79 - - Delirium acutum, 54 - - Dementia and psychopathia sexualis, 361 - paretic, and psychopathia sexualis, 363 - - Descartes, 162 - - Diagnosis of contrary sexuality, 319 - - Durga, 57 - - - Effemination, 279 - - Ejaculation centre, 31 - affections of, 36 - - Epilepsy and psychopathia sexualis, 364 - - Equus eroticus, 111 - - Erection centre, 24 - affections of, 35 - - Esquirol, 220, 221 - - Eviration, 197 - - Exhibition, 382 - - Eyes, neuropathic, 21 - - - Family life, 6 - - Fetichism, 17 - and crime, 401 - of apron, 170 - of feathers, 182 - of female attire, 167 - of female person, 157 - of foot and shoe, 123, 176 - of furs, 181 - of hair, 20 - of hand, 158 - of handkerchief, 171 - of glove, 175 - of material, 180 - of odors, 21 - of silk, 183 - of velvet, 180 - of voice, 22 - religious, 17 - - Fiction and sexual perversion, 123 - - Flagellation, 28, 152 - and masochism, 99 - differentiation of, 100 - for reflex effect, 99 - heroines of, 29 - - Flagellum salutis, 29 - - Friendship and love, 19 - - Frigiditas uxoris, 46 - - Frottage, 394 - - - Gley, 226 - - Griesinger, 224 - - Gynandry, 304 - - - Hair, as a fetich, 20 - - Hair-despoilers, 162, 164, 165 - - Herodotus, 200 - - Hermaphroditism, psychical, 230 - cases of, 232–255 - - Hippocrates, 201 - - Homo-sexuality, 185, 255 - acquired, 188 - causes of, 188 - congenital, 222 - degrees of, I, 191; II, 197; III, 202; IV, 216 - explanation of, 227 - - Holder, 202 - - Hyperæsthesia sexualis, 48 - cases of, 51–55 - - Hypnosis, therapeutics, 322–357 - - Hysteria, 375 - - - Idiocy and psychopathia sexualis, 358 - - Imbecility and contrary sexuality, 359 - - Ink, throwing of, 80 - - Insanity, and contrary sexuality, 358 - periodical, 372 - - Incest, 431 - - - Japanese women, 3 - - Juvenal, 31 - - - Kiernan, 227 - - Kiernan’s explanation of sadism, 152 - - Kleist, 88 - - - Ladame’s case, 344 - - Libido sexualis, 24–32 - - Love and cruelty, 9 - and friendship, 19 - and religion, 8 - fetichism of, 19 - Lesbian, 428 - of man and woman compared, 15 - platonic, 11, 12 - true, 11 - youthful, 11 - - Lust and cruelty, 10, 57 - and battle, 58, 60 - and murder, 62, 397 - and the passive endurance of cruelty, 90 - and plunder, 58 - - Lupercal, 31 - - Lydston, 162, 227 - - - Magnan, 20, 227 - - Mania, 373 - - Mantegazza, 7, 227 - - Marschalls Gilles de Rays, 58 - - Maudsley, 1 - - Masoch, Sacher-, 89 - - Masochism, 89 - and flagellation, 99 - and sadism, 148 - explanation of, 139 - in women, 137 - larvated, 123 - rudimentary, 101 - symbolic, 115 - - Melancholia, 374 - - Messalinas, 88 - - Metamorphosis sexualis paranoica, 216 - transition to, 202 - - Modesty, origin of, 2, 15 - in women, 15 - - Mohammedan women, 5 - - Morality, progress in, 5 - - Morals, decadence of, and pathology, 6 - - Mujerados, 201 - - - Necrophilia, 430 - - Nervi erigentes, 24 - - Neuroses, cerebral, 36 - sexual, 34 - spinal, 35 - - Nymphomania, 373 - - - Olfactory fetichism, 21 - hallucinations and sexuality, 28 - sense and sexual sense, 26 - - - Paradoxia sexualis, 37 - - Paræsthesia sexualis, 56 - - Paranoia, 376 - - Pathological sexuality in its legal aspects, 378 - - Pathology, general, 34 - special, 358 - - Pederasty, 408 - cultivated, 414 - false imputation of, 420 - - Penthesilia, 88 - - Perfumes as a fetich, 21, 26 - - Physiology, 23 - - Priapism, 35 - - Prognosis of contrary sexuality, 319 - - Psychology, sexual, 1 - - Psychopathia sexualis periodica, 371 - - Puberty, its psychological importance, 7 - relation to poetry, 7 - to religious feeling, 7 - - Pueblo Indians, 201 - - - Rape, 397 - - Religion and sensuality, 8 - - Reversal of sexual feeling, 191 - - Robbery, 401 - - Rousseau, 119 - - - Sacher-Masoch, 89 - - Sade, Marquis de, 57, 71 - - Sadism, 57, 401 - and masochism, 148 - atavistic, 152 - cases of, 62–67 - in women, 87 - physiological relations of, 59 - symbolic, 81 - with animals, 84 - with other objects, 82 - - Satyriasis, 373 - - Schema of sexual neuroses, 34 - - Schopenhauer, 41 - - Scythians, insanity of the, 200 - - Schrenk-Notzing’s case, 351 - - Senile libido, 40, 41 - - Sensuality, 5 - religious equivalent of, 8 - - Servants, immoral acts of, with children, 432 - - Sexuality, source of ethical feeling, 1 - and the social feeling, 1 - simple reversal of, 191 - - Sexual attraction, 16 - bondage, 141 - desire, physiology of, 23 - instinct in childhood, 37 - in old age, 38 - promptings, first, 7 - satisfaction in received cruelty and abuse, 91 - selection, 2 - - Shoe-fetichism, 123 - cases of, 124–134 - - Silk-fetichism, 183 - - Siva, 57 - - Sodomy, 404 - - Spanking, dangers of, 28 - - Stefanowsky, 123 - - Sterility, 13 - - Sulphuric acid, throwing of, 80 - - Suggestion, hypnotic, 322–357 - - - Theft, 401 - - Torture of animals, 401 - - Therapy of contrary sexuality, 321 - - - Ulrichs, 227 - - Urning, memorial of one, 410 - - Urnings, 255 - cases of, 257–279 - laws concerning, 413 - - - Vampirism, 87 - - Vanity, 16 - - Velvet-fetichism, 180 - - Violation of children, 402 - - Viraginity, 279 - - Virility, loss of, 12 - - Voice as a fetich, 22 - - - Westermarck, 15, 16, 20 - - Westphal, 224 - - Whitechapel murderer, 64 - - Woman, elevation of, 3 - in Old Testament and Gospels, 4 - position of, 2 - sexual appetite of, 15 - _rôle_ of, 13 - - Woman-haters’ ball, 417 - - Women, defilement of, 79 - injury of, 70 - masochism in, 137 - - - Zones, erogenous, 31 - ------ - -Footnote 1: - - “Meanwhile, until Philosophy shall at last unite and maintain the - world, Hunger and Love impel it onward.” - -Footnote 2: - - Hartmann’s philosophical view of love, in the “Philosophy of the - Unconscious,” p. 583, Berlin, 1869, is the following: “Love causes - more pain than pleasure. Pleasure is illusory. Reason would cause love - to be avoided if it were not for the fatal sexual instinct; therefore, - it would be best for a man to have himself castrated.” The same - opinion, minus the consequence, is also expressed by Schopenhauer - (“Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung,” 3. Aufl., Bd. ii, p. 586 u. - ff.). - -Footnote 3: - - “No physical or moral misery, no suffering, however corrupt it may be, - should frighten him who has devoted himself to a knowledge of man and - the sacred ministry of medicine; in that he is obliged to see all - things, let him be permitted to say all things.” - -Footnote 4: - - The Latin is left untranslated. - -Footnote 5: - - The works of Moll and von Schrenck-Notzing have since appeared.—TRANS. - -Footnote 6: - - Die Suggestions-Therapie, etc., F. Enke, Stuttgart, 1892. - -Footnote 7: - - Comp. Lombroso, “The Criminal.” - -Footnote 8: - - Comp. Westermarck, “History of Human Marriage.” McMillan & Co., 1891. - -Footnote 9: - - This generally entertained idea, also held by many historians, - requires some limitation, in that the symbolic and sacramental - character of marriage was first made clear and unequivocal by the - Council of Trent, even though there was ever in the spirit of - Christianity that which would free woman and raise her from the - inferior position occupied by her in the ancient world and the Old - Testament. - - That this took place so late may well be due in part to the traditions - of Genesis of the secondary creation of woman from the rib of man, and - of her part in the Fall, and the consequent curse: “Thy will shall be - to thy husband.” Since the Fall, for which the Old Testament made - woman responsible, became the corner-stone of the fabric of - churchteachings, the wife’s social position could but remain inferior - until the spirit of Christianity had gained a victory over tradition - and scholasticism. - - It is remarkable that, with the exception of the interdiction of - putting away a wife (Matt. xix, 9), the gospels contain nothing - favoring woman. Gentleness toward the adulteress and the repentant - Magdalene does not affect the position of the wife in itself. The - Epistles of Paul specifically declare that the position of woman shall - not be altered (II Corinth. xi, 3–12; Ephes. v, 22: “Wives, submit - yourselves unto your husbands;” and 33, “And the wife _see_ that she - reverence her husband”). - - Passages in Tertullian show how the Fathers of the Church were - prejudiced against woman by Eve’s guilt: “Woman, thou shouldst forever - go in sorrow and rags, thy eyes filled with tears! Thou hast brought - man to the ground!” St. Hieronymus has nothing good to say of woman. - He says, “Woman is a door for the devil, a way to evil, the sting of - the scorpion.” (“De cultu feminarum,” i, 1.) - - Canonical Law declares: “Only man was created in the image of God, not - woman; therefore, woman should serve him and be his maid!” - - The Provincial Council of Macon, in the sixth century, earnestly - debated the question whether woman had a soul. - - The effect of these ideas in the Church on the peoples embracing - Christianity was direct. Among the Germans, after the acceptance of - the new faith, for the foregoing reason, the weregild for a wife—the - simple expression of her value—decreased (J. Falke, “Die ritterliche - Gesellschaft,” p. 49. Berlin, 1862). Concerning the value of each sex - among the Jews, _vide_ Leviticus, xxvii, 3 and 4. - - Moreover, polygamy, which is expressly recognized in the Old Testament - (Deut. xxi, 15), is nowhere explicitly interdicted in the New - Testament. Christian princes (_e.g._, the Marovingian kings, Clotar I, - Childebert I, Pepin I, and many of the royal Franks) lived in - polygamy; and at that time the Church made no opposition to it - (Weinhold, “Die deutschen Frauen im Mittelalter,” ii, p. 15). Comp. - also Unger, “Die Ehe,” etc., and the excellent work by Louis Bridel, - “La femme et le droit,” Paris, 1884. - -Footnote 10: - - Comp. Friedländer “Sittengeschichte Roms.” Wiedemeister, “Der - Cäsarenwahnsinn.” Suetonius. Moreau, “Des aberrations du sens - génésique.” - -Footnote 11: - - These statements, however, are opposed to Friedreich (“Hdb. d. - gerichtsärztl Praxis,” i, p. 271, 1843), and also Lombroso (_op. - cit._, p. 42), according to whom pederasty is very frequent among the - uncivilized Americans. - -Footnote 12: - - Comp. Friedreich, “gerichtl. Psychologie,” p. 389, who has collected - numerous examples. Thus the nun Blanbekin was always troubled with the - thought about what had become of the part lost at the circumcision of - Christ. Veronica Juliani, canonized by Pope Pius II, in memory of the - divine lion, took an actual lion in her bed and kissed it, and let it - suck from her breast; and even secreted a few drops of milk for it. - St. Catherine, of Genoa, often burned with such inward fire that, in - order to cool herself, she would lie down on the ground and cry “Love, - love, I can endure it no longer!” At the same time she felt a peculiar - inclination for her confessor. One day she lifted his hand to her nose - and smelled an odor which penetrated to her heart, “a heavenly - perfume, so delightful that it would wake the dead.” St. Armelle and - St. Elizabeth were troubled with a similar longing for the child - Jesus. The temptations of St. Anthony, of Padua, are well known. An - old prayer is significant: “O, that I had found thee, Holy Emanuel; O, - that I had thee in my bed to bring delight to body and soul. Come and - be mine, and my heart shall be thy resting-place.” - -Footnote 13: - - Comp. Friedreich, “Diagnostik der psych. Krankheiten,” p. 347 _u. - ff._; Neumann, “Lehrb. d. Psychiatrie,” p. 80. - -Footnote 14: - - The relation of this trio finds its expression not only in the events - of real life, as above indicated, but also in romance, and even in the - sculpture of degenerate eras. As an example we may point to the group - of St. Theresa, by Bernini, who “sinks in an hysterical faint on a - marble cloud, with an amorous angel plunging the arrow (of divine - love) into her heart” (Lübke). - -Footnote 15: - - A Russian religious sect. - -Footnote 16: - - Westermarck (_op. cit._, p. 211), after a careful review of the - evidence, says: “These facts appear to prove that the feeling of - shame, far from being the original cause of man’s covering his body, - is, on the contrary, a result of this custom; and that the covering, - if not used as a protection from climate, owes its origin, at least in - a great many cases, to the desire of men and women to make themselves - attractive.”—TRANS. - -Footnote 17: - - This is not literally the case. “It is expressly stated, of the women - of several savage peoples, that they are less desirous of - self-decoration than the men.”—Westermarck, _op. cit._, p. 184. And - the same writer (p. 182) says that “it is a common notion that women - are by nature vainer and more addicted to dressing and decorating - themselves than men. This certainly does not hold good for savage and - barbarous peoples in general.”—TRANS. - -Footnote 18: - - Comp. Max Müller, who derives the word fetich etymologically from - _factitious_ (artificial, an insignificant thing). - -Footnote 19: - - Deutsches Montagsblatt, Berlin, August 20, 1888. - -Footnote 20: - - Magnan’s “spinal cérébral postérieur,” who finds pleasure in every - woman, and on whom every woman looks with favor, has only desire to - satisfy his lust. Purchased or forced love is not real love - (Mantegazza). The one who originated the saying, “Sublata lucerna - nullum discrimen inter feminas,” must have been a cynic indeed. Power - in a man to perform love’s act is no proof that this makes possible - the greatest pleasure of love. There are, indeed, urnings who are - potent for women,—men who do not love their wives, but who are still - able to perform the marital “duty.” In most cases of this kind, - indeed, there is no lustful pleasure; it is essentially a kind of - onanistic act, for the most part made possible by means of help of - imagination that calls up another beloved person. By this deception - sensual pleasure can be induced, but this rudimentary psychical - satisfaction is the result of a mental trick, just as in solitary - onanism, where fancy has to assist in order to induce sensual - pleasure. As a rule, the degree of orgasm necessary as a means to the - attainment of lustful pleasure seems attainable only when the - imagination intervenes. Where mental impediments exist (indifference, - repugnance, disgust, fear of infection or pregnancy, etc.), sensual - pleasure seems usually wanting. - -Footnote 21: - - “The important part played by the hair of the head as a stimulant of - sexual passion appears in a curious way from Mr. Sibree’s account of - King Radàma’s attempt to introduce European customs among the Hovas - of Madagascar. As soon as he had adopted the military tactics of the - English, he ordered that all his officers and soldiers should have - their hair cut, but this command produced so great a disturbance - among the women of the capital that they assembled in great numbers - to protest against the king’s order, and could not be quieted until - they were surrounded by troops, and their leaders cruelly - speared.”—Westermarck, _op. cit._ - - Here male hair was a physiological fetich of females. It represents a - relation of the sexes that civilization has gradually reversed. While - in civilized society woman exercises her ingenuity to increase her - attractiveness, among savages it is the men who are anxious to - increase their physical charms. This reversal of the primitive - relation is a very interesting fact, and is probably to be explained - by the transference of the “liberty of choice” from woman to man which - civilization has gradually induced. Westermarck (_op. cit._, p. 185) - says: “It should be noted that it is, as a rule, the man only that - runs the risk of being obliged to lead a single life. Hence it is - obvious that, to the best of his ability, he must endeavor to be taken - into favor by making himself as attractive as possible. In civilized - Europe, on the other hand, the opposite occurs. Here it is the woman - that has the greatest difficulty in getting married, and she is also - the vainer of the two.”—TRANS. - -Footnote 22: - - The olfactory centre is presumed by Ferrier (“Functions of the Brain”) - to be in the region of the _gyrus uncinatus_. Zuckerkandl (“Ueber das - Riechcentrum,” 1887), from researches in comparative anatomy, - concludes that the olfactory centre has its seat in Ammon’s horn. - -Footnote 23: - - Comp. Laycock, who (“Nervous Diseases of Women,” 1840) found that in - women the love for musk and similar perfumes was related to sexual - excitement. - -Footnote 24: - - Also in the insanity of gestation.—TRANS. - -Footnote 25: - - The following case, reported by Binet, seems to be in opposition to - this idea. Unfortunately nothing is said concerning the mental - characteristics of the person. In any event, it is certainly - confirmatory of the relations existing between the olfactory and - sexual senses:— - - D., a medical student, was seated on a bench in a public park, reading - a book (on pathology). Suddenly a violent erection disturbed him. He - looked up and noticed that a lady, redolent with perfume, had taken a - seat upon the other end of the bench. D. could attribute the erection - to nothing but the unconscious olfactory impression made upon him. - -Footnote 26: - - Meibomius, “De flagiorum usu in re medica,” London, 1765; Boileau, - “The History of the Flagellants,” London, 1783. - -Footnote 27: - - Comp. Roubaud, “Traité de l’impuissance et de la stérilité.” Paris, - 1878. - -Footnote 28: - - Literature: Parent-Duchatelet, Prostitution dans la ville de Paris, - 1837.—Rosenbaum, Entstehung der Syphilis, Halle, 1839; also, Die - Lustseuche im Alterthum, Halle, 1839.—Descuret, La médecine des - passions, Paris, 1860.—Casper, Klin. Novellen, 1863.—Bastian, Der - Mensch in der Geschichte.—Friedländer, Sittengeschichte - Roms.—Wiedemeister, Cäsarenwahnsinn.—Scherr, Deutsche Cultur- und - Sittenge- schichte, Bd. i, Cap. 9.—Tardieu, Des attentats aux mœurs., - 7 édit., 1878.—Emminghaus, Psychopathol., pp. 98, 225, 230, - 232.—Schüle, Handbuch der Geisteskrankheiten, p. 114.—Marc, Die - Geisteskrankheiten, übers v. Ideler, ii, p. 128.—v. Krafft, Lehrb. der - Psychiatrie, 4 Aufl., i, p. 90; Lehrb. d. ger. Psychopathol., 2 Aufl., - p. 234; Archiv f. Psychiatrie, vii, 2.—Moreau, Des aberrations du sens - génésique, Paris, 1880.—Kirn, Allg. Zeitschr. f. Psychiatrie, xxxix, - Heft 2 u. 3.—Lombroso, Geschlechtstrieb u. Verbrechen in ihren - gegenseitigen Beziehungen (Goltdammer’s Archiv, Bd. xxx.).—Tarnowsky, - Die krankhaften Erscheinungen des Geschlechtssinns, Berlin, - 1886.—Ball, La Folie érotique, Paris, 1888.—Serieux, Recherches - cliniques sur les anomalies de l’instinct sexuel, Paris, - 1888.—Hammond, Sexual Impotence. - -Footnote 29: - - _Vide_ Ultzmann, Genito-Urinary Neuroses in the Male (published by The - F. A. Davis Co., Philadelphia), for discussion of peripheral neuroses. - -Footnote 30: - - An interesting example of how an imperative conception of non-sexual - content can exert an influence is related by Magnan (_Ann. méd. - psych._, 1885): Student, aged 21, strongly predisposed hereditarily, - previously a masturbator, constantly struggles with the number 13 as - an imperative conception. As soon as he attempts coitus the imperative - idea inhibits erection and makes the act impossible. - -Footnote 31: - - Louyer-Villermay speaks of masturbation in a girl of 3 or 4 years, and - Moreau (“Aberrations du sens génésique,” 2 édit., p. 209) of the same - in one of 2 years. See, further, Maudsley, “Physiology and Pathology - of Mind;” Hirschsprung (Kopenhagen), Berlin, klin. Wochenschr., 1866, - Nr. 38; Lombroso, “The Criminal,” Cases 10, 19, and 21. - -Footnote 32: - - Comp. Kirn, Zeitschr. f. Psych., Bd. xxxix. Legrand du Saulle, Annal. - d’hyg., 1868, Oct. - -Footnote 33: - - The translator has lately seen a case of this kind that illustrates - the lack of care taken by our criminal courts. A very infirm man, aged - 55 to 60, under favoring circumstances, made an unsuccessful sexual - assault on a girl aged about 18. At his trial he made full confession, - and explained his act as due to ordinary sinfulness. He was the father - of a family and living with his wife, and up to that time blameless - sexually. He was sentenced to five years of hard labor! He was - incapable of almost the lightest work. Conversation with him while in - jail showed at once that he was well advanced in senile dementia. - Legal question concerning his mental condition was not raised,—because - he confessed, probably! - -Footnote 34: - - Cases, _vide_ Laségue: “Les exhibitionistes,” Union médicale, 1877, - May 1st. - -Footnote 35: - - Legrand du Saulle, La folie devant les tribunaux, p. 530. - -Footnote 36: - - Kirn, Maschka’s Handb. d. ger. Med., pp. 373, 374; Allg. Zeitschrift - f. Psychiatrie, Bd. xxxix, p. 220. - -Footnote 37: - - Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung, 1859, B. ii, p. 461 _et seq._ - -Footnote 38: - - “Ueber männliche Sterilität,” Wiener med. Presse, 1878, Nr. 1. “Ueber - Potentia generandi et coeundi,” Wiener Klinik, 1885, Heft 1, S. 5. - Translated under the title of Genito-Urinary Neuroses, etc. The F. A. - Davis Company, Philadelphia. - -Footnote 39: - - In individuals in whom intense sexual hyperæsthesia is associated with - acquired irritable weakness of the sexual apparatus, it is possible - that simply at the sight of a pleasing female figure, without - peripheral irritation of the genitals, not only the mechanism of - erection, but also that of ejaculation, may be excited to action from - the psycho-sexual centre. For such individuals, all that is necessary - to induce orgasm, or even ejaculation, is to imagine themselves in a - sexual situation with a female that sits opposite them in - railway-coupé or drawing-room. Hammond (_op. cit._, p. 40) describes - several cases of this kind that came to him for treatment for - impotence that followed; and he mentions that these individuals used - the term “ideal coitus” for the act. Dr. Moll, of Berlin, told me of a - similar case; and in this instance the same designation was chosen for - the act. - -Footnote 40: - - So named from the notorious Marquis de Sade, whose obscene novels - treated of lust and cruelty. In French literature the expression - “Sadism” has been applied to this perversion. - -Footnote 41: - - U. A. Novalis, in his “Fragments”; Görres, “Christliche Mystik,” Bd. - iii, p. 460. - -Footnote 42: - - Comp. also Alfred deMusset’s famous verses to the Andalusian girl:— - - “Qu’elle est superbe en son désordre—quand elle tombe les seins nus— - Qu’on la voit, béante, se tordre—dans un baiser de rage et mordre— - En hurlant des mots inconnus!” - -Footnote 43: - - During the excitement of battle the idea of lust forces its way into - consciousness. Comp. the description of a battle by a soldier, by - Grillparzer:— - - “And as the signal rang out, the armies met, breast to breast—lust of - the gods!—here, there, the murderous steel slays enemy, friend. Given - and taken—death and life—with wavering change—wildly raging in - frenzy.” - -Footnote 44: - - Schulz (Wiener Med. Wochenschrift, No. 49, 1869) reports a remarkable - case of a man, aged 28, who could perform coitus with his wife only - after working himself into an artificial fit of anger. - -Footnote 45: - - Concerning analogous acts in rutting animals, _vide_ Lombroso, “The - Criminal.” - -Footnote 46: - - Among animals it is always the male who pursues the female with - proffers of love. Playful or actual flight of the female is not - infrequently observed; and then the relation is like that between the - beast of prey and the victim. - -Footnote 47: - - The conquest of woman takes place to-day in the social form of - courting, in seduction and deception. From the history of civilization - and anthropology we know that there have been times, as there are - savages to-day that practice it, where brutal force, robbery, or even - blows that made a woman powerless, were made use of to obtain love’s - desire. It is possible that tendencies to such outbreaks of sadism are - atavistic. - -Footnote 48: - - In the Jahrbücher für Psychologie, ii, p. 128, Schäfer (Jena) refers - to the reports of two cases by A. Payer. In the first case states of - great sexual excitement were induced by the sight of battles or of - paintings of them; in the second, by cruel torturing of small animals - (_vide_ Case 24). It is added: “The pleasure of battle and murder is - so predominantly an attribute of the male sex throughout the animal - kingdom, that there can be no question about the close relation - existing between this side of the masculine character and male - sexuality. I believe, too, that by unprejudiced observation I can show - that, in men who are absolutely normal mentally and physically, the - first indefinite and incomprehensible precursors of sexual excitement - may be induced by reading exciting scenes of the chase and - war,—_i.e._, they give rise to unconscious longings for a kind of - satisfaction in warlike games (wrestling), in which, also, the - fundamental sexual impulse to the most perfect and intense contact - with a companion is expressed, with the more or less clearly defined - secondary thought of conquest.” - -Footnote 49: - - It sometimes happens that an accidental sight of blood, etc., is what - first excites the preformed psychical mechanism of the sadistic - individual, and awakens the instinct. - -Footnote 50: - - Comp. Metzger’s ger. Arzneiw., herausgegeben von Remer, p. 539; - Klein’s Annalen, x, p. 176, xviii, p. 311; Heinroth, System der psych, - ger. Med., p. 270; Neuer Pitaval, 1855, 23, Th. (Fall Blaize Ferrage). - -Footnote 51: - - Comp. Spitzka, The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, December, - 1888; Kiernan, The Medical Standard, November, December, 1888. - -Footnote 52: - - Simon (Crimes et Délits, p. 209) mentions an experience of - Lacassagne’s, to whom a respectable man said that he was never - intensely excited sexually except when a spectator at a funeral. - -Footnote 53: - - Taxil (_op. cit._) gives more detailed accounts of this sexual - monster, which must have been a case of habitual satyriasis, - accompanied by perverse sexual instinct. Sade was so cynical that he - actually sought to idealize his cruel lasciviousness, and become the - apostle of a theory based upon it. He became so bad (among other - things he made an invited company of ladies and gentlemen erotic by - causing to be served to them chocolate bon-bons which contained - cantharides) that he was committed to the insane asylum at Charenton. - During the revolution of 1790, he escaped. Then he wrote obscene - novels filled with lust, cruelty, and the most obscene scenes. When - Bonaparte became Consul, Sade made him a present of his novels - magnificently bound. The Consul had the works destroyed, and the - author committed to Charenton again, where he died, at the age of - sixty-four. - -Footnote 54: - - Comp. Krauss, Psychologie des Verbrechens, 1884, p. 188; Dr. Hofer, - Annalen der Staatsarzneikunde, 6 Jahrgang, Heft 2; Schmidt’s - Jahrbücher, Bd. lix, p. 94. - -Footnote 55: - - According to newspaper reports, in December, 1890, several similar - attacks were made in Mainz. A young fellow between fourteen and - sixteen years old pressed against women and girls and stabbed them in - the legs with a sharp-pointed instrument. He was arrested, and seemed - to be insane. Further details of the case are not known. - -Footnote 56: - - Leo Taxil (La Corruption, Paris, Noiret, p. 223) makes the same - statements. There are also men who demand introductio linguæ - meretricis in anum. - -Footnote 57: - - Leo Taxil (_op. cit._, p. 234) relates that in Parisian brothels - instruments are kept ready which look like knouts, but which are - merely tubes filled with air, such as clowns use in circuses. Sadistic - men use them to create for themselves the illusion that they are - whipping women. - -Footnote 58: - - The legend is especially spread throughout the Balkan peninsula. Among - the Greeks it has its origin in the myth of the _lamiæ_ and - _marmolykes_,—blood-sucking women. Goethe made use of this in his - “Bride of Corinth.” The verses referring to vampirism, “suck thy - heart’s blood,” etc., can be thoroughly understood only when compared - with their ancient sources. - -Footnote 59: - - In the latest literature we find the matter treated, but particularly - in Sacher-Masoch’s novels, which are hereafter to be alluded to, and - in Ernest von Wildenbruch’s “Brunhilde,” Rachilde’s “La Marquise de - Sade,” etc. - -Footnote 60: - - So named from the writer, Sacher-Masoch, whose romances and novels - have as their particular object the description of this perversion. - -Footnote 61: - - Comp., _supra_, Introduction, p. 28. - -Footnote 62: - - The author’s “Neue Forschungen auf d. Gebiet d. Psychopathia - Sexualis,” Stuttgart, 1891, which is, for the most part, incorporated - in this edition of “Psychopathia Sexualis.” - -Footnote 63: - - This difference of courage in the face of events in nature, on the one - hand, and in the face of personal conflict, on the other, is certainly - remarkable (comp. Case 44), even though it is the only indication of - effemination mentioned in this case. - -Footnote 64: - - Transactions of the Colorado State Medical Society, quoted in the - Alienist and Neurologist, 1883, p. 345. - -Footnote 65: - - “To be at the feet of an imperious mistress; to obey her orders; to be - compelled to sue her for pardon,—these things are my most intense - delight.” - -Footnote 66: - - “Never daring to express my desire, I at least gave it rein under - circumstances that served to preserve in me the idea of it.” - -Footnote 67: - - “What Rousseau loves in women is not only the frowning brow, the - threatening hand, the angry glance, the imperious attitude, but it is - also the emotional state of which these are the objective translation; - he loves the fierce, disdainful woman who crushes him at her feet with - the weight of her royal displeasure.” - -Footnote 68: - - However, the domain of masochism must be sharply differentiated from - the principal subject of that work, which is, that love contains an - element of suffering. Unrequited love has always been described as - “sweet, but sorrowful;” and poets have spoken of “blissful pain” or - “painful bliss.” This must not, as it is by Z., be confounded with the - manifestations of masochism, any more than the characterization of an - unyielding lover as “cruel” should be. It is remarkable, however, that - Hamerling (“Amor und Psyche,” iv, Gesang) uses perfect masochistic - pictures, flagellation, etc., to express this feeling. - -Footnote 69: - - The desire to be trod upon also occurs in religious enthusiasts (comp. - Turgenjew, “Sonderbare Geschichten”). - -Footnote 70: - - In this story the writer describes a man whose greatest pleasure lies - in being treated like a slave by a beautiful woman, whom he loves. - Besides numerous scenes in which the man is whipped by the woman, - there are others in which he is trod upon by her. It is this act that - forms the principal means of excitement in the case above described. - -Footnote 71: - - In Continental hotels the guests are accustomed to put their shoes in - the corridors at night, to be cleaned. - -Footnote 72: - - However, against the theory that foot- and shoe-fetichism is a - manifestation of (latent) masochism, Dr. Moll (_op. cit._, p. 136) - raises the objection that it is still unexplained why the fetichist so - often prefers boots with high heels, then boots and shoes of a - particular kind—buttoned or laced. To this objection it may be - remarked that, in the first place, the high heels characterize the - shoes as feminine; and, in the second place, that in spite of the - sexual character of his inclination, the fetichist demands all kinds - of æsthetic qualities in his fetich (comp. Case 90). - -Footnote 73: - - There is apparently a connection between foot-fetichism and the fact - that certain persons of this kind, whom coitus does not satisfy, or - who are unable to perform it, find a substitute for it in tritus - membri inter pedes mulieris. - -Footnote 74: - - Analogy with the excesses of religious enthusiasm is found even here. - The religious enthusiast, Antoinette Bouvignon de la Porte, mixed her - food with fæces to punish herself (Zimmermann, _op. cit._, p. 124). - The beatified Marie Alacoque, to “mortify” herself, licked up with her - tongue the dejections of patients, and sucked their toes covered with - sores. - -Footnote 75: - - The laws of the early Middle Ages gave the husband the right to kill - the wife; those of the later Middle Ages, the right to beat her. The - latter right was used freely, even by those of high standing (comp. - Schultze, Das höfische Leben zur Zeit des Minnesangs, Bd. i, p. 163 - _et seq._). Yet, by the side of this, the paradoxical chivalry of the - Middle Ages stands unexplained. - -Footnote 76: - - Comp. Lady Milford’s words in Schiller’s “Kabale und Liebe”: “We women - can only choose between ruling and serving; but the highest pleasure - power affords is but a miserable substitute, if the greater joy of - being the slaves of a man we love is denied us!” - -Footnote 77: - - Anthony and Cleopatra, v. 2. - -Footnote 78: - - Comp. the author’s article, “über geschlechtliche Hörigkeit und - Masochismus,” in the Psychiatrischen Jahrbücher, Bd. x, p. 169 _et - seq._, where this subject is treated in detail, and particularly from - the forensic stand-point. - -Footnote 79: - - The expressions “slave” and “slavery,” though often used - metaphorically under such circumstances, are avoided here because they - are the favorite expressions of masochism, from which this “bondage” - must be strictly differentiated. - - The expression “bondage” is not to be construed to mean J. S. Mill’s - “Bondage of Woman.” What Mill designates with this expression are laws - and customs, social and historical facts. Here, however, we always - speak of facts having peculiar individual motives that even conflict - with prevalent customs and laws. - -Footnote 80: - - Perhaps the most important element is, that by the habit of submission - a kind of mechanical obedience, without consciousness of its motives, - which operates with automatic certainty, may be established, having no - opposing motives to contend with, because it lies beyond the threshold - of consciousness; and it may be used by the dominant individual like - an inanimate instrument. - -Footnote 81: - - Sexual bondage, of course, plays a _rôle_ in all literatures. Indeed, - for the poet, the extraordinary manifestations of the sexual life that - are not perverse form a rich and open field. The most celebrated - description of masculine “bondage” is that by Abbé Prévost, “Mano - Lescault.” An excellent description of feminine “bondage” is that of - “Leone Leoni,” by George Sand. But first of all comes Kleist’s - “Käthchen von Heilbronn,” who himself called it the counterpart of - (sadistic) “Penthesilea.” Halm’s “Griseldis” and many other similar - poems also belong here. - -Footnote 82: - - Cases may occur in which the sexual bondage is expressed in the same - acts that are common in masochism. When rough men whip their wives, - and the latter suffer for love, without, however, having a desire for - blows, we have a pseudo form of bondage that may simulate masochism. - -Footnote 83: - - It is very interesting, and dependent upon the nature of bondage and - masochism, which essentially correspond in external effects, that to - illustrate the former certain playful, metaphorical expressions are in - general use; such as “slavery,” “to bear chains,” “bound,” “to hold - the whip over,” “to harness to the triumphal car,” “to lie at the - feet,” “hen-pecked,” etc.,—all things which, literally carried out, - form the objects of the masochist’s desire. Such similes are - frequently used in daily life and have become trite. They are derived - from the language of poetry. Poetry has always recognized, within the - general idea of the passion of love, the element of dependence in the - lover, who practices self-sacrifice spontaneously or of necessity. The - facts of “bondage” have also always presented themselves to the - poetical imagination. When the poet chooses such expressions as those - mentioned, to picture the dependence of the lover in striking similes, - _he proceeds exactly as does the masochist_, who, to intensify the - idea of his dependence (his ultimate aim), creates such situations in - reality. In ancient poetry, the expression “domina” is used to signify - the loved one, with a preference for the simile of “casting in chains” - (_e.g._, Horace, Od. iv, 11). From antiquity through all the centuries - to our own times (comp. Grillparzer, “Ottokar,” Act v: “To rule is - sweet, almost as sweet as to obey”), the poetry of love is filled with - similar phrases and similes. The history of the word “mistress” is - also interesting. But poetry reacts on life. It is probable that the - courtly chivalry of the Middle Ages arose in this way. In its - reverence for women as “mistresses” in society and in individual - love-relations; its transference of the relations of feudalism and - vassalage to the relation between the knight and his lady; its - submission to all feminine whims; its love-tests and vows; its duty of - obedience to every command of the lady,—in all this, chivalry appears - as a systematic, poetical development of the “bondage” of love. - Certain extreme manifestations, like the deeds and suffering of Ulrich - von Lichtenstein or Pierre Vidal in the service of their ladies; or - the practice of the fraternity of the “Galois” in France, whose - members sought martyrdom in love and subjected themselves to all kinds - of suffering,—these clearly have a masochistic character, and - demonstrate the natural transformation of one phenomenon into the - other. - -Footnote 84: - - If it be considered that, as shown above, “sexual bondage” is a - phenomenon observed much more frequently and in a more pronounced - degree in the female sex than in the male, the thought arises that - masochism (if not always, at least as a rule) is an inheritance of the - “bondage” of feminine experience. Thus it comes into a relation—though - distant—with contrary sexual instinct, as a transference to the male - of a perversion really belonging to the female. This conception of - masochism as a rudimentary contrary sexual instinct, as a partial - effemination, here affecting only the secondary sexual character of - the vita sexualis (a theory still more unconditionally expressed in - the sixth edition of this work) finds its support in the statements of - the subjects of Case 44 and Case 50, who present other features of - effemination, and give as their ideal a relatively old woman who seeks - and wins them; and, further, in the fact that the (potent) masochist - prefers the _rôle_ of succubus, as shown by statements referring to - this. - - It must, however, be emphasized that “bondage” also plays no - unimportant _rôle_ in the masculine vita sexualis, and that masochism - in man may also be explained without any such transference of feminine - elements. It must also be remembered here that masochism, as well as - its counterpart, sadism, occurs in irregular combination with contrary - sexual instinct. - -Footnote 85: - - Of course, both have to contend with opposing ethical and æsthetic - motives _in foro interno_. After these have been overcome and sadism - appears, it immediately comes in conflict with the law. This is not - the case with masochism; which accounts for the greater frequency of - masochistic acts. But the instinct of self-preservation and fear of - pain oppose the realization of the latter. The practical significance - of masochism lies only in its relations to psychical impotence; while - that of sadism lies beyond that, and is principally forensic. - -Footnote 86: - - Every attempt to explain the facts of either sadism or masochism, - owing to the close connection of the two phenomena demonstrated here, - must also be suited to explain the other perversion. An attempt to - offer an explanation of sadism, by J. G. Kiernan (Chicago) (_vide_ - “Psychological Aspects of the Sexual Appetite,” Alienist and - Neurologist, St. Louis, April, 1891) meets this requirement, and for - this reason may be briefly mentioned here. Kiernan, who has several - authorities in Anglo-American literature for his theory, starts from - the assumption of several naturalists (Dallinger, Drysdale, Rolph, - Cleukowsky) which conceives the so-called conjugation, a sexual act in - certain low forms of animal life, to be cannibalism, a devouring of - the partner in the act. He brings into immediate connection with this - the well-known facts that at the time of sexual union crabs tear limbs - from their bodies and spiders bite off the heads of the males, and - other sadistic acts performed by rutting animals with their consorts. - From this he passes to lust-murder and other lustful acts of cruelty - in man, and assumes that hunger and the sexual appetite are, in their - origin, identical; that the sexual cannibalism of lower forms of - animal life has an influence in higher forms and in man, and that - sadism is an example of atavism. - - This explanation of sadism would, of course, also explain masochism; - for if the origin of sexual intercourse is to be sought in - cannibalistic processes, then both the survival of one sex and the - destruction of the other would fulfill the purpose of nature, and thus - the instinctive desire to be the victim would be explained. But it - must be stated in objection that the basis of this reasoning is - insufficient. The extremely complicated process of conjugation in - lower organisms, into which science has really penetrated only during - the last few years, is by no means to be regarded as simply a - devouring of one individual by another (comp. Weismann, Die Bedeutung - der Sexuellen Fortpflanzung für die Selectionstheorie, p. 51, Jena, - 1886). - -Footnote 87: - - In Zola’s “Therese Raquin,” where the lover repeatedly kisses his - mistress’s boot, the case is quite different from that of shoe- and - boot-fetichists, who, at the sight of every boot worn by a lady, or - even alone, are thrown into sexual excitement, even to the extent of - ejaculation. - -Footnote 88: - - Though Binet (_op. cit._) declares that every sexual perversion, - without exception, depends upon such an “accident acting on a - predisposed subject” (where, under predisposition, only hyperæsthesia - in general is understood), yet such an assumption for other - perversions than fetichism is neither necessary nor satisfactory. For - example, it is not clear how the sight of another’s punishment could - excite sexually even a very excitable individual, if the physiological - relationship of lust and cruelty had not been developed into - _original_ sadism in an abnormally excitable individual. - -Footnote 89: - - When young husbands who have associated much with prostitutes feel - impotent in the face of the chastity of their young wives—a thing that - frequently occurs—the condition may be regarded as a kind of - (psychical) fetichism in a wider sense. One of my patients was never - potent with his beautiful and chaste young wife, because he was - accustomed to the lascivious methods of prostitutes. When he now and - then attempted coitus with puellis he was perfectly potent. Hammond - (_op. cit._) reports a very similar interesting case. Of course, in - such cases, a bad conscience and hypochondriacal fear of impotence - play an important part. - -Footnote 90: - - A kind of rudimentary sadism in L. and masochism in N. - -Footnote 91: - - Great sexual hyperæsthesia. Comp. note on p. 50. - -Footnote 92: - - This is also sexual hyperæsthesia. Any intense excitement affects the - sexual sphere (Binet’s “dynamogénie générale”). Concerning this, Dr. - Moll communicates the following case: “A similar thing is described by - Mr. E., aged 27; merchant. While at school, and afterward, he often - had ejaculation with pleasurable feeling when he was seized with a - feeling of intense anxiety. Besides, almost every other physical or - mental pain exerted a similar influence. E., as he states, has a - normal sexual instinct, but suffers with nervous impotence.” - -Footnote 93: - - Phila. Med. and Surg. Rep., Sept. 7, 1889. - -Footnote 94: - - This case was originally reported by Dr. A. R. Reynolds, Chicago - (Western Med. Reporter, Nov., 1888). - -Footnote 95: - - Moll (_op. cit._ p. 131) reports: “A man, X., becomes intensely - excited sexually whenever he sees a woman with the hair in a braid; - loose hair, no matter how beautiful, cannot produce this effect.” - - Of course, it is not justifiable to consider all hair-despoilers - fetichists, for in a few cases such acts are done for the purpose of - gain,—_i.e._, the stolen hair is not a fetich. - -Footnote 96: - - Magnan (Arch, de Neurologie, vol. xxxiii, No. 69, 1892) gives the - details of a case of sexual perversion in a degenerate individual, - where the elements of fetichism and sadism were combined, and _faute - de mieux_ the sadistic impulse found satisfaction in self-mutilation. - The perverse impulse began at the age of six; the sight of a boy or - girl with a delicate, white skin awakened in him sexual appetite, with - a desire to bite and eat a piece of the skin. While caressing a horse, - the impulse to bite the soft skin of its nostrils arose, and afterward - the memory of this became associated with the act of onanism. Later, - he began to prick himself with pins, knives, etc., while masturbating. - The desire to bite and eat skin was also provoked by the sight of - shining blades, like those of scissors. He was always able to resist - the impulse to attack young girls; but the struggle was hard, and for - eight months he hesitated before venting his passion on his own - person. He was finally arrested in the act of cutting a large piece of - skin from his arm with scissors. Asked the motive of his - self-mutilation, he stated that for several hours he had been - following a young girl who had a fine, white skin, and was burning - with desire to cut out a piece of it and eat it. On his person there - were many scars of previous mutilations. The impulse was devoid of - natural sexual desire. Chewing the piece of skin provoked - ejaculation.—TRANS. - -Footnote 97: - - The frequent changes of style of dress which fashion dictates may be - referred to a physiological law. The reaction of the nervous system to - a constant stimulus diminishes in proportion to the duration of the - action of the stimulus. Constant association with nudity removes its - power to excite sexually. Owing to this, the savage endeavors to - attract attention by changing his physical peculiarities; he dresses - his hair in some remarkable way, or paints his body; then he tattooes - his skin, or performs striking self-mutilation, such as - half-castration and circumcision (comp. Westermarck, _op. cit._, p. - 205). Finally, mutilation is replaced by movable appendages, upon - which ornaments are worn; and thus there is afforded opportunity for - _change_, in obedience to the unconscious physiological requirement, - which is called a “_taste_ for change.” Undoubtedly, woman’s desire - for changes of fashion is primarily dependent upon man’s desire to be - pleased; and her function in this direction has certainly been - transferred from him to her by civilization (comp. p. 16).—TRANS. - -Footnote 98: - - Comp: Goethe’s remarks about his adventure in Geneva (“Briefe aus der - Schweiz,” 1. Abtheil., Schluss). - -Footnote 99: - - The fact that the partly-veiled form is often more charming than when - it is perfectly nude, is, as far as object goes, similar, but quite - different psychically. This depends upon the effect of contrast and - expectation, which are common phenomena, and in no sense pathological. - -Footnote 100: - - On page 124 (_op. cit._) Dr. Moll writes concerning this impulse in - hetero-sexual individuals: “The passion for handkerchiefs may go so - far that the man is entirely under their control. A woman tells me: ‘I - know a certain gentleman, and when I see him at a distance I only need - to draw out my handkerchief so that it peeps out of my pocket, and I - am certain that he will follow me as a dog follows its master. Go - where I please, this gentleman will follow me. He may be riding in a - carriage or engaged in important business, and yet, when he sees my - handkerchief he drops everything in order to follow me,—_i.e._, my - handkerchief.’” - -Footnote 101: - - Garnier (Anomalies Sexuelles, Paris, pp. 508, 509) reports two cases - (Cases 222 and 223) that are apparently opposed to this assumption, - particularly the first, in which despair about the unfaithfulness of a - lover led the individual to submit to the seductions of men. But the - case itself clearly shows that this individual never found pleasure in - homo-sexual acts. In Case 223, the individual was effeminated _ab - origine_, or was at least a psychical hermaphrodite. - - Those who hold to the opinion that the origin of homo-sexual feelings - and instinct is found to be exclusively in defective education and - other psychological influences are entirely in error. - - An untainted male may be raised never so much like a female, and a - female like a male, but they will not become homo-sexual. The natural - disposition is the determining condition; not education and other - accidental circumstances, like seduction. There can be no thought of - contrary sexual instinct save when the person of the same sex exerts a - psycho-sexual influence on the individual, and thus brings about - libido and orgasm,—_i.e._, has a psychical attraction. Those cases are - quite different in which, _faute de mieux_, with great sensuality and - a defective æsthetic sense, the body of a person of the same sex is - used for an onanistic act (not for coitus in a psychical sense). - - In his excellent monograph, Moll shows very clearly and convincingly - the importance of original predisposition in contrast with exciting - causes (comp. _op. cit._, pp. 156–175). He knows “many cases where - early sexual intercourse with men was not capable of inducing - perversion.” Moll significantly says, further: “I know of such an - epidemic (of mutual onanism) in a Berlin school, where a person who is - now an actor shamelessly introduced mutual onanism. Though I now know - the names of very many urnings in Berlin, yet I could not ascertain, - even with anything like probability, that among all the scholars of - that school at that time there was one that had become an urning; but, - on the other hand, I have quite certain knowledge that many of those - scholars are now normal sexually, in feeling and intercourse.” - -Footnote 102: - - Comp, author’s Experimental Study in the Domain of Hypnotism, 1889. G. - P. Putnam’s Sons, New York. - -Footnote 103: - - Comp. Sprengel, “Apologie des Hippokrates,” Leipzig, 1792, p. 611; - Friedreich, “Literärgeschichte der psych. Krankheiten,” 1830, p. 31; - Lallemand, “Des pertes séminales,” Paris, 1836, i, p. 581; Nysten, - “Dictionn. de médecine,” xi édit., Paris, 1858, Art. “éviration et - Maladie des Scythes”; Marandon, “De la maladie des Scythes”; “Annal. - médico-psychol.,” 1877, Mars, p. 161; Hammond, American Journal of - Neurology and Psychiatry, August, 1882. - -Footnote 104: - - The following description of the “bote” is taken from Dr. J. G. - Kiernan’s article on “Responsibility in Sexual Perversion,” read - before the Chicago Medical Society, March 7, 1892: “In accordance with - the well-known physiological law, that too frequent excitation of a - nerve exhausts the reaction of that nerve to that excitant, sexual - excess exhausts the normal reaction, whence it occurs that abnormal - stimulus is required and the vice type of sexual perversion results. - Such vice types crop up among savages. Dr. A. B. Holder (N. Y. Med. - Jour., 1889) describes a sexual pervert called the ‘bote’ by the - Montana and the ‘burdach’ by the Washington Indians. Such a pervert is - found among all the tribes of the Northwest. Like all other sexual - perverts, these ‘botes’ can recognize each other. Dr. Holder has found - that the ‘bote’ wears the squaw dress, parts his hair like a squaw, - and assumes feminine speech and manners. Their features are often - masculine. In childhood feminine dress and manners are assumed, but - not until puberty do ‘bote’ practices result. These consist in taking - the male organ of the active party in the lips of the ‘bote,’ who - experiences the sexual orgasm at the same time. A ‘bote’ examined by - Dr. Holder was a splendidly formed fellow, of prepossessing face, in - perfect health, active in movement, and happy in disposition. By - offering payment, he induced him to submit himself, though with - considerable reluctance, to a thorough examination. He was five feet - eight inches high, weighed one hundred and fifty-eight pounds, and had - a frank, intelligent face,—being an Indian, of course beardless. He - was thirty-three years of age, and had worn woman’s dress for - twenty-eight years. His dress was the usual dress of the Indian - female, consisting of four articles,—a single dress or gown of half a - dozen yards of cloth, made loose with wide sleeves, and skirt reaching - to the ankles, the skirt and body of one piece, very much like the - ‘Mother Hubbard’ _negligée_ worn by ladies; a beaded belt loosely - confining this at the waist; stockings from government annuity goods, - and buckskin moccasins extending above the ankles. The hair, - twenty-four or twenty-six inches long, was parted in the centre and - allowed to hang loose in two masses behind the shoulders. Since among - the Sioux and some other tribes it is usual for men to wear their hair - in this way, it is well to observe that in this tribe (Absaroke) the - men usually wear the hair in long braids, and always part it on the - side and ‘roach’ the front. His skin was smooth and free from hair, - there being absolutely none on the legs, arms, or breast, or in the - arm-pits. This is of no special significance, as male and female - Indians are both free from hair on these parts of the body. The mammæ - were as rudimentary as those of the male. When he removed his dress he - threw his thighs together so as to completely conceal the organs, - whether male or female; such a movement is made by timid women under - examination,—a movement usually successful in the female, owing to the - non-projecting character of the genitals and to the rotundity of the - thighs; but not usually easy, for the reverse reasons, in the male. In - this the ‘bote’—either from the conformation of the thighs, which had - the feminine rotundity, or from skill acquired by habit—succeeded - completely. When he separated his thighs, male organs came into view, - in size perhaps not quite so large as the physique of the man would - indicate, but in position and shape altogether normal. The penis was - flaccid. The ‘bote’ in habits very closely resembles a class described - by Hippocrates among the Scythians of Caucasus, called by the Greeks - anandreis, a word strikingly similar in meaning to ‘bote.’”—TRANS. - -Footnote 105: - - Bibliography (besides works mentioned hereafter): Tardieu, Des - attentats aux moeurs, 7 édit., 1878, p. 210.—Hofmann, Lehrb. d. ger. - Med., 3 Aufl., pp. 172, 850.—Gley, Revue philosophique, 1884, Nr. - 1.—Magnan, Annal. med.-psychol., 1885, p. 458.—Shaw and Ferris, - Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1883, April.—Bernhardi, Der - Uranismus, Berlin (Volksbuchhandlung), 1882.—Chevalier, De l’inversion - de l’instinct sexual, Paris, 1885.—Ritti, Gaz. hebdom. de médecine et - de chirurg., 1878, 4. Januar.—Tamassia, Rivista sperim, 1878, pp. - 97–117.—Lombroso, Archiv. di Psichiatr., 1881.—Charcot et Magnan, - Archiv. de neurologie, 1882, Nr. 7, 12.—Moll, Die conträre - Sexualempfindung, Berlin, 1891 (numerous bibliographic - references).—Chevalier, Archives de l’anthropologie criminelle, vol. - v, No 27; vol. vi, No. 31.—Reuss, “Aberrations du sens générique,” - Annales d’hygiène publique, 1886.—Saury, Étude clinique sur la folie - héréditaire, 1886.—Brouardel, Gaz. des hôpiteaux, 1886 and - 1887.—Tilier, L’instinct sexuel chez l’homme et chez les animaux, - 1889.—Carlier, Les deux prostitutions, 1887.—Lacassagne, art. - “Pédérastie,” in the Diction. encyclopédique.—Vibert, art. - “Pédérastie,” in the Diction. méd. et de chirurgie. - -Footnote 106: - - Dr. Moll, of Berlin, called my attention to the fact that in Moritz’s - Magazin f. Erfahrungsseelenkunde, vol. viii, Berlin, 1791, there are - references to contrary sexual instinct in man. In fact, there two - biographies of men are reported who manifested an enthusiastic love - for persons of their own sex. In the second case, which is - particularly noteworthy, the patient himself explains his aberration - by the fact that, as a child, he was caressed only by grown persons, - and, as a boy of ten or twelve years, only by his school-fellows. - “This, and the want of association with persons of the opposite sex, - in me, caused the natural inclination toward the female sex to be - entirely diverted to the male sex. I am still quite indifferent to - women.” - - It cannot be determined whether such a case is one of congenital - (psycho-sexual hermaphroditism?) or acquired contrary sexual instinct. - The oldest case of contrary sexual instinct, that has thus far been - proved in Germany, is that of a woman who was married to another, and - gratified herself sexually with a leathern priapus. A case of - viraginity, historically and legally interesting, derived from the - legal proceedings, which took place early in the eighteenth century, - is reported by Dr. Müller (Alexandersbad), in Friedrich’s Blätter f. - ger. Medicin, 1891, part iv. - -Footnote 107: - - “Vindex, Inclusa, Vindicta, Formatrix, Ara spei, Gladius furens, - kritische Pfeile,” Leipzig (Otto u. Kadler), 1864–1880. - -Footnote 108: - - In male individuals: (1) Casper, Klin. Novellen, p. 36 (Lehrb. d. ger. - Med., 7 Aufl., p. 176); (2) Westphal, Archiv f. Psych., ii. p. 73; (3) - Schminke, _id._, iii, p. 225; (4) Scholz, Vierteljahrsschr. f. ger. - Med., xix; (5) Gock, Arch. f. Psych., v., p. 564; (6) Servaes, _id._, - vi, p. 484; (7) Westphal, _id._, vi, 620; (8, 9, 10) Stark, Zeitsch. - f. Psychiatrie, Bd. 31; (11) Liman (Casper’s Lehrb. der ger. Med., 6 - Aufl., p. 509), p. 291; (12) Legrand du Saulle, Annal. méd.-psychol., - 1876, May; (13) Sterz, Jahrb. f. Psychiatrie, iii, Heft 3; (14) Krueg, - Brain, 1884, Oct.; (15) Charcot et Magnan, Arch. de neurolog., 1882, - Nr. 9; (16, 17, 18) Kirn, Zeitschr. f. Psych., Bd. 39, p. 216; (19) - Rabow, Erlenmeyer’s Centralb., 1883, Nr. 8; (20) Blumer, Americ. - Journ. of Insanity, 1882, July; (21) Savage, Journal of Mental - Science, 1884, October; (22) Scholz, Vierteljahrsschr. f. ger. Med., - N. F. Bd. 43, Heft. 7; (23) Magnan, Ann. méd. psychol., 1885, p. 461; - (24) Chevalier, De l’inversion de l’instinct sexuel, Paris, 1885, p. - 129; (25) Morselli, La Riforma medica, iv, March; (26) Leonpacher, - Friedreich’s Blätter, 1888, H. 4; (27) Holländer, Allg. Wiener Med. - Zeitg., 1882; (28) Kreise, Erlenmeyer’s Centralblatt, 1888, Nr. 19; - (29, 30, 31, 32) v. Krafft, Psychopathia sexualis, 3 Aufl., Beob. 32, - 36, 42, 43; (33) Golenko, Russ. Archiv f. Psychiatrie, Bd. ix, H. 3 - (v. Rothe, Zeitschr. f. Psychiatrie); (34) v. Krafft, Internationales - Centralblatt f. d. Physiol, u. Pathologie der Harn-u. Sexualorgane, - Bd. 1, H. 1; (35) Cantarano, La Psichiatria, 1887, v., p. 195; (36) - Sérieux, Recherches cliniques sur les anomalies de l’instinct sexuel, - Paris, 1888, obs. 13; (37–42) Kiernan, The Medical Standard, 1888, 7 - cases; (43–46) Rabow, Zeitschr. f. klin. Medicin, Bd. xvii, Suppl.; - (47–51) v. Krafft, Neue Forschungen, Beob. (1, 3, 4, 5, 8); (52–61) v. - Krafft, Psychopath. Sexualis, 5 Aufl., Beob. 53, 61, 64, 66, 73, 75, - 78, 84, 85, 87; (62–65) v. Krafft, Neue Forschungen, 2 Aufl., Beob. 3, - 4, 5,6; (66, 67) Hammond, Sexual Impotence; (68–71) Garnier, Anomalies - sexuelles, 1889, Obs. 227, 228, 229, 230; (72) Müller, Friedreich’s - Blätter, 1891; (73–87) v. Krafft, Psychopathia Sexualis, 6 Aufl., - Beob. 78, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 93, 94,96, 97, 98, 101, 102. - - In female individuals: (1) Westphal, Arch. f. Psych., ii, p. 73; Gock, - _op. cit._, Nr. 1; (3) Wise, The Alienist and Neurologist, 1883, - January; (4) Cantarano, La Psichiatria, 1883, p. 201; (5) Sérieux, - _op. cit._, obs. 14; (6) Kiernan, _op. cit._ - -Footnote 109: - - Tarnowsky (_op. cit._, p. 34) records a case which shows that contrary - sexual feeling, as a concomitant manifestation with neurotic - degeneration, may also affect the descendants of parents having no - neurotic taint. In this instance, lues of the parents played a part, - as in a similar case of Scholz (Vierteljahrsschr. f. ger. Med.), in - which the perversion of the sexual desires stood in causal relation - with an arrest of psychical development, caused by traumatism. - -Footnote 110: - - This supposition is overthrown by the result of the post-mortem of my - case (118), where the brain-weight was 1150 grammes, and of Case 130, - where it was 1175 grammes. - -Footnote 111: - - That inversion of the sexual instinct is not infrequent is proved, - among other things, by the circumstance that it is frequently a - subject in novels. Chevalier (_op. cit._) points out in French - literature, besides the novels of Balzac, like “La Passion au Desert” - (treating of bestiality) and “Sarrazine” (treating of the love of a - woman for a eunuch), Diderot’s “La Religieuse” (a story of one given - to _amor lesbicus_); Balzac’s “La Fille aux Yeux d’Or” (_amor - lesbicus_); Th. Gautier’s “Mademoiselle de Maupin”; Feydeau’s “La - Comtesse de Chalis”; Flaubert’s “Salammbo,” etc. Belot’s “Mademoiselle - Giraud, Ma Femme” may also be mentioned (now translated into English). - It is interesting that the heroines of these (Lesbian) novels appear - in the character and _rôle_ of the husband of a lover of the same sex, - and that their love is extremely passionate. Moreover, the neuropathic - foundation of this sexual perversion does not escape the writers. This - theme is treated, in German literature, in “Fridolin’s heimliche Ehe,” - by Wilbrand; in “Brick and Brack Oder Licht in Schatten,” by Emerich - Graf Stadion. The oldest urning’s romance is probably that published - by Petronius at Rome, under the Empire, under the title Satyricon. - -Footnote 112: - - Comp. author’s work, “Ueber psychosexuales Zwitterthum,” in the - internationalen Centralblatt f. d. Physiologie u. Pathologie der Harn - und Sexualorgane, Bd. i, Heft 2. - -Footnote 113: - - This idea is supported by the statements of an unmarried urning which - Dr. Moll, of Berlin, kindly communicated to me. He could report a - number of cases of his acquaintance, in which married men at the same - time had “relations” with men. - -Footnote 114: - - Later it became known that a near relative died insane, and, further, - that eight of his parent’s children had died of acute or chronic - hydrocephalus at ages ranging from one to fifteen. - -Footnote 115: - - “Thou art like any flower, so sweet, so beautiful, so pure,” etc. - -Footnote 116: - - “Lowering like the heavens, frowns the world on me, - Yet blest or cursed will be the fate I meet. - With trusting heart, dear friend, I think of thee! - God keep thee, dear! it would have been too sweet! - God keep thee, dear! such happiness was not to be!” - -Footnote 117: - - Comp. the expert medical opinion of this case, by Dr. Birnbacher, in - Friedreich’s Blätter f. ger. Med., 1891, H. 1. - -Footnote 118: - - With reference to prophylaxis, the following words, which were written - to me by the subject of Case 88 of the sixth edition, are noteworthy: - “If it were only possible that—not as among the Spartans, where the - weaklings were allowed to perish for the sake of perfect selection, in - accordance with the Darwinian idea—our contrary sexual instincts might - be recognized early in youth; and if it were only possible that, at - this time of life, the worst of all diseases could be cured by - suggestion! Probably cure could be more easily effected in youth than - later.” - -Footnote 119: - - For numerous cases, _v._ Henke’s Zeitschr., xxiii.—Ergänzungsheft, p. - 147.—Combes, Annal. méd. psychol., 1866.—Liman, Zweifelh. - Geisteszustände, p. 389.—Casper-Liman, Lehrb., 7. Auflage, Fall - 295.—Bartels, Friedreich’s Blätter f. gerichtl. Med., 1890, Heft 1. - -Footnote 120: - - Other cases of pederasty, _v._ Casper, Klin. Novellen, Fall 5; Combes, - Annal. méd. psychol. - -Footnote 121: - - V. Sander, Vierteljahrsschr. f. ger. M., xviii, p. 31.—Casper, Klin. - Novellen, Fall 27. - -Footnote 122: - - Arndt (Lehrb. d. Psych., p. 410) especially emphasizes the passionate - element in epileptics: “I have known epilepsy that expressed itself in - a most sensual way toward the mother, and that that rested under a - suspicion on the part of fathers, concerning sexual intercourse with - the mothers.” But when Arndt declares that, wherever there is a - peculiarity of the sexual life, thought of an epileptic element should - come into consideration, he is in error. - -Footnote 123: - - Comp. also Liman, Zweifelhafte Geisteszustände, Fall 6.—Lasègue, - Exhibitionists, Union méd., 1877.—Ball and Chambert, Art. - Somnambulisme (Dict. des scienc. méd., 1881). - -Footnote 124: - - Comp. the interesting cases of Marc-Ideler, ii, p. 137.—Ideler, - “Grundriss der Seelenheilkunde,” ii, pp. 488–492. - -Footnote 125: - - _Vide_ Fall Merlac, in the author’s Lehrb. d. ger. Psychopathol., 2 - Aufl., p. 322.—Morel, Traité des malad. mentales, p. 687.—Legrand, La - folie, p. 337.—Process La Roncière, in Annal. d’hyg., 1. Serie, iv; 3. - Serie, xxii. - -Footnote 126: - - The incubus in the witch-trials of the Middle Ages depended on them. - -Footnote 127: - - Comp. Casper, Klin. Novellen.—Lombroso, Goltdammer’s Archiv, Bd. - xxx.—Oettingen, Moralstatistik, p. 494. - -Footnote 128: - - Lasègue, Union Médicale, 1877, May.—Laugier, Annal d’hygiène publ., - 1878, No. 106.—Pelanda, “Pornopaths,” Archivio di Psichiatria, - viii.—Schuchardt, Zeitschr. f. Medicinalbeamte, 1890, Heft 6. - -Footnote 129: - - Comp. v. Krafft, “Ueber transitorisches Irresein bei - Neurasthenischen,” Irrenfreund, 1883, No. 8. - -Footnote 130: - - Dr. Moll calls this perversion (?) mixoscopia (from μιξις, - cohabitation; and σκεπτειν, to look). His assumption that it is - related to masochism, in that there is a stimulus for the _voyeur_ in - suffering at seeing a woman in the possession of another, does not - seem to me to be justified. For further details, _vide_ Moll, “Die - conträre Sexualempfindung,” p. 137. - -Footnote 131: - - Annal. médico-psychol., 1849, p. 515; 1863, p. 57; 1864, p. 215; 1866, - p. 253. - -Footnote 132: - - Comp. the cases of Tardieu, Attentats, p. 182–192. - -Footnote 133: - - Comp. Haltzendorff, Psychologie des Mords. - -Footnote 134: - - Tardieu, Attentats, Case 51, p. 188. - -Footnote 135: - - Masochism may, under certain circumstances, attain forensic - importance. Modern criminal law no longer recognizes the principle, - “volenti non fit injuria”; and the present Austrian statute, in § 4, - says expressly: “Crimes may also be committed on persons who demand - their commission on themselves.” - - As Herbst (Handb. d. österr. Strafrechts., Wien, 1878, p. 72) remarks, - there are, nevertheless, crimes conditioned by the absence of assent - on the part of the injured individual, which cease to be such as soon - as the injured individual has given consent,—_e.g._, theft, rape. - - But Herbst also enumerates here the limitation of personal freedom - (?). - - Of late a decided change of views on this point has taken place. The - German criminal law regards the consent of a man to his own death of - such importance that a very different and much milder punishment is - inflicted under such circumstances (§ 216); and it is the same in - Austrian law (Austrian Abridgment, § 222). The so-called double - suicide of lovers was the act considered. In bodily injury and - deprivation of freedom, the consent of the victim must also receive - consideration at the hands of the judge. Certainly a knowledge of - masochism is of importance in making a judgment of the probability of - asserted consent. - -Footnote 136: - - According to Austrian law, this crime should fall under § 411, as - _slight_ bodily injury; according to the German criminal law, it is - bodily injury (comp. Liszt, p. 325). - -Footnote 137: - - Cases, _vide_ Friedreich’s Blätter f. ger. Anthropologie, iii, p. 77. - -Footnote 138: - - Cases, Maschka, Handb., iii, p. 175.—Casper, Vierteljahrsschr., 1852, - Bd. i.—Tardieu, Attentats. - -Footnote 139: - - Comp. Kirn, Allg. Zeitschr. f. Psych., 39, p. 217. - -Footnote 140: - - I follow the usual terminology in describing bestiality and pederasty - under the general term sodomy. In Genesis (chap. xix), whence this - word comes, it signifies exclusively the vice of pederasty. Later, - sodomy was often used synonymously with bestiality. The moral - theologians, like St. Alphons of Liguori, Gury, and others, have - always distinguished correctly, _i.e._, in the sense of Genesis, - between sodomia, _i.e._, concubitus cum persona ejusdem sexus, and - bestialitas, _i.e._, concubitus cum bestia (comp. Olfus, - Pastoralmedicin, p. 78). - - The jurists brought confusion into the terminology by establishing a - “Sodomia ratione sexus” and a “S. ratione generis.” Science, however, - should assert itself as _ansilla theologiæ_, and return to the correct - usage. - -Footnote 141: - - For interesting histories, _vide_ Krauss, Psychol. d. Verbrechens, p. - 180.—Maschka, Hdb. iii, p. 188.—Hofmann, Lehrb. d. ger. Med., p. - 180.—Rosenbaum, Die Lustseuche. - -Footnote 142: - - How difficult, unpleasant, and dangerous for the jurist judgment of - these “coitus-like” acts for the establishment of the objective fact - of the crime may be is well shown by an article on the - punishableness of male intercourse, in the Zeitschr. f. d. gesammte - Strafrechtswissenschaft., Bd. vii, Heft 1, as well as by a similar - one in Friedreich’s Blätter f. ger. Medicin, 1891, Heft 6. _Vide_, - further, Moll, Conträre Sexualempfindung, p. 223 _et seq._, and - Bernhardi, Der Uranismus, Berlin, 1882. - -Footnote 143: - - For interesting histories and notes, _v._ Krause, Psychol. des - Verbrechens, p. 174.—Tardieu, Attentats.—Maschka, Handb., iii, p. 174. - This vice seems to have come through Crete from Asia to Greece, and, - in the times of classic Hellas, to have been wide-spread. From there - it spread to Rome, where it flourished luxuriantly. In Persia and - China (where it is actually tolerated) it is wide-spread, as it also - is in Europe. (Comp. Tarnowsky _et al._) - -Footnote 144: - - Lombroso (Der Verbrecher, p. 20 _et seq._) shows that also, in case of - animals, intercourse with the same sex occurs where normal indulgence - is impossible. - -Footnote 145: - - Comp. Tardieu, Attentats, p. 198.—Martineau, Deutsche Med. Zeitung, - 1882, p. 9.—Virchow’s Jahrb., 1881, i, p. 533.—Coutagne, Lyon Médical, - Nos. 35, 36. - -Footnote 146: - - Comp. Mayer, Friedreich’s Blätter, 1875, p. 41.—Kraussold, Melancholie - und Schuld, 1884, p. 20.—Andronico, Archiv di psich. scienze penali ed - anthropol. crim., vol. iii, p. 145. - -Footnote 147: - - Comp. Maschka, Hdb., iii, p. 191 (good historical notes).—Legrand, La - folie, p. 521. - -Footnote 148: - - _Vide_ Westermarck, History of Human Marriage, chap. xiv. McMillan & - Co., 1891. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -_September, 1893._ - -[Illustration: CATALOGUE] - - OF THE - - MEDICAL - - PUBLICATIONS - - OF - THE F. A. DAVIS CO., Publishers, - Philadelphia, Pa. - - MAIN OFFICE—1914 and 1916 Cherry St., Philadelphia. - 117 W. Forty-Second Street, New York. - 9 Lakeside Building, 214–220 S. Clark Street, Chicago. - - F. J. REBMAN—11 Adam Street, Strand, London, W. C., Eng. - - _ORDER FROM NEAREST OFFICE. FOR SALE BY ALL BOOKSELLERS._ - - - SPECIAL NOTICE. - -Prices of books, as given in our catalogues and circulars, include full -prepayment of postage, freight, or express charges. Customers in Canada -and Mexico must pay the cost of duty, in addition, at point of -destination. - -N. 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Charges for registering (at purchaser’s expense), ten cents -for every four pounds, or less. - - ☞ INDEX ON PAGE 2. - - - - - INDEX TO CATALOGUE. - - - PAGE - - Annual of the Universal Medical Sciences 27, 28 - - - ANATOMY. - - Practical Anatomy—Boenning 4 - - Structure of the Central Nervous System—Edinger 8 - - Charts of the Nervo-Vascular System—Price and Eagleton 17 - - Synopsis of Human Anatomy—Young 26 - - - BACTERIOLOGY. - - Bacteriological Diagnosis—Eisenberg 8 - - - CLINICAL CHARTS, ETC. - - Improved Clinical Charts—Bashore 3 - - Symptom Register & Case Rec’d—Straub 25 - - - DOMESTIC HYGIENE, ETC. - - Cholera—Vought 15 - - The Daughter:t Her Health, Education, and Wedlock—Capp 7 - - Consumption:t How to Prevent it—Davis 5 - - Plain Talks on Avoided Subjects—Guernsey 9 - - Heredity, Health, and Personal Beauty—Shoemaker 22 - - - ELECTRICITY. - - Practical Electricity in Medicine and Surgery—Liebig and Rohé 12 - - Electricity in the Diseases of Women—Massey 13 - - International System of Electro-Therapeutics 11 - - - FEVER. - - Fever:t its Pathology and Treatment—Hare 10 - - Hay Fever—Sajous 15 - - - GYNECOLOGY. - - Lessons in Gynecology—Goodell 9 - - - HEART, LUNGS, KIDNEYS, ETC. - - Diseases of the Heart, Lungs, and Kidneys—Davis 7 - - Diseases of the Heart and Circulation in Children—Keating and 12 - Edwards - - Diabetes:t its Cause, Symptoms, and Treatment—Purdy 17 - - - HYGIENE. - - Climatology of Southern California—Remondino 18 - - Text-Book of Hygiene—Rohé 19 - - - MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS. - - Hand-Book of Materia Medica, Pharmacy, and Therapeutics—Bowen 4 - - Ointments and Oleates—Shoemaker 22 - - Materia Medica and Therapeutics—Shoemaker 21 - - International Pocket Medical Formulary—Witherstine 25 - - - MISCELLANEOUS. - - History of the Life of D. 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SHOEMAKER, A.M., M.D. Bright, original, and -readable. Articles by the best practical writers procurable. Every -article as brief as is consistent with the preservation of its -scientific value. Therapeutic Notes by the leaders of the medical -profession throughout the world. These and many other unique features -help to keep The Medical Bulletin in its present position as the leading -low-price Medical Monthly of the world. Subscribe now. - - TERMS: $1.00 a year in advance in United Stales, Canada, and Mexico. - Foreign Subscription Terms: England, 5s.; France, 6 fr.; Germany, 6 - marks; Japan, 1 yen; Australia, 5s.; Holland, 3 florins. - - - - - Bashore’s Improved Clinical Chart. - - - _For the Separate Plotting of Temperature, Pulse, and Respiration. - Designed for the Convenient, Accurate, and Permanent Daily Recording of - Cases in Hospital and Private Practice._ - - By HARVEY B. BASHORE, M.D. - -[Illustration: COPYRIGHTED, 1888, BY F. A. DAVIS.] - - 50 Charts, in Tablet Form. 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Thus he will always have -at hand a source of individual improvement and benefit in the practice -of his profession, the value of which can hardly be overestimated. - - - _BOENNING_ - - A Text-Book on Practical Anatomy. - - INCLUDING A SECTION ON SURGICAL ANATOMY. - -By HENRY C. BOENNING, M.D., Lecturer on Anatomy and Surgery in the -Philadelphia School of Anatomy; Demonstrator of Anatomy in the -Medico-Chirurgical College, etc., etc. - -Fully illustrated throughout with about 200 Wood-Engravings. In one -handsome Octavo volume, printed in extra-large, clear type, making it -specially desirable for use in the dissecting-room. Nearly 500 pages. -Substantially bound in Extra Cloth. Also in Oil-Cloth, for use in the -dissecting-room without soiling. - -Price, post-paid, in the United States, $2.50, net; Canada (duty paid), -$2.75, net; Great Britain, 14s.; France, 16 fr. 20. - -This work is fully illustrated throughout with clear and instructive -engravings. It is not as large as the usual text-books on anatomy, nor -yet so small as many of the ready remembrances, but it occupies the -middle ground, and will find an acceptable place with many -students.—_Columbus Med. Journal._ - -There is not an unnecessary word in this book of nearly five hundred -pages. As a typographical specimen it is elegant. Systematic, -comprehensive, and intensely practical, we heartily commend it to all -medical students and practitioners.—_Denver Med. Times._ - - - - - _BOWEN_ - - -Hand-Book of Materia Medica, Pharmacy, and Therapeutics. - -By _Cuthbert Bowen_, M.D., B.A., Editor of “Notes on Practice.” - -The second volume in the _Physicians’ and Students’ Ready Reference -Series_. One 12mo volume of 370 pages. Handsomely bound in Dark-Blue -Cloth. - -Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.40, net; in Great -Britain, 8s. 6d.; in France, 9 fr. 25. - -This excellent manual comprises in its 366 pages about as much sound and -valuable information on the subjects indicated in its title as could -well be crowded into the compass.—_St. Louis Medical and Surgical -Journal._ - - - - - _BURET_ - - -SYPHILIS In Ancient and Prehistoric Times. - -WITH A CHAPTER ON THE RATIONAL TREATMENT OF SYPHILIS IN THE NINETEENTH -CENTURY. - -By DR. F. BURET, Paris, France. Translated from the French, with the -author’s permission, with notes, by A. H. OHMANN-DUMESNIL, Professor of -Dermatology and Syphilology in the St. Louis College of Physicians and -Surgeons. - -_No. 12 in the Physicians’ and Students’ Ready-Reference Series._ 230 -pages. 12mo. Extra Dark-Blue Cloth. - -Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.25, net; in Great -Britain, 6s. 6d.; in France, 7 fr. 75. - -_This volume, which is one of a series of three (the other two, treating -of Syphilis in the Middle Ages and in modern times, now in active -preparation)_, gives the most complete history of Syphilis from -prehistoric times up to the Christian Era. - -The subject throughout is treated in a clear, concise manner, and -readers will find many things which are historically new. - -In order to give some idea of the contents of this first volume, the -following are cited as among the subjects treated:— - -In What does Syphilis Consist? Origin of the Word Syphilis. The Age of -Syphilis. Syphilis in Prehistoric Times. _Tchoang._—Syphilis Among the -Chinese 5000 Years Ago. _Kasa._—Syphilis in Japan in the Ninth Century -B.C. Syphilis Among the Ancient Egyptians, 1400 B.C. Syphilis Among the -Ancient Assyrians and Babylonians. Syphilis Among the Hebrews in -Biblical Times. _Upadansa._—Syphilis Among the Hindoos, 1000 B.C. -_Sukon._—Syphilis Among the Greeks. _Ficus._—Syphilis at Rome under the -Cæsars. Conclusion: Rational Treatment of Syphilis in the Nineteenth -Century. - - - _CAPP_ - - The Daughter: Her Health, Education, and Wedlock. - - HOMELY SUGGESTIONS TO MOTHERS AND DAUGHTERS. - -By WILLIAM M. CAPP, M.D., Philadelphia. This is just such a book as a -family physician would advise his lady patients to obtain and read. It -answers many questions which every busy practitioner of medicine has put -to him in the sick-room at a time when it is neither expedient nor wise -to impart the information sought. - -It is complete in one beautifully printed (large, clear type) 12mo -volume of 150 pages. - - Handsomely bound in Extra Cloth, price, post-paid, in the United - States and Canada, $1.00, net; Great Britain, 5s. 6d; France, 6 fr. - 20. - - In Paper Cover (Unabridged), 50 cts., net. - -In the 144 pages allotted to him he has compressed an amount of homely -wisdom on the physical, mental, and moral development of the female -child from birth to maturity which is to be found elsewhere in only the -great book of experience. It is, of course, a book for mothers, but is -one so void of offense in expression or ideas that it can safely be -recommended for all whose minds are sufficiently developed to appreciate -its teachings.—_Philadelphia Public Ledger._ - -Many delicate subjects are treated with skill and in a manner which -cannot strike any one as improper or bold. The absolute ignorance in -which most young girls are allowed to exist, even until adult life, is -often productive of much misery, both mental and physical. Quite a -number of books written by physicians for popular use have been prepared -in such a way that the professional man can read between the lines -strong bids for popular favor, etc. These objectionable features will -not be found in Dr. Capp’s _brochure_, and for this reason it is worthy -the confidence of physicians.—_Medical News._ - - - _CATHELL_ - - Book on the Physician Himself - - AND THINGS THAT CONCERN HIS REPUTATION AND SUCCESS. A NEW (TENTH) - EDITION, AUTHOR’S LAST REVISION. - -By D. W. CATHELL, M.D., Baltimore, Md. This is the author’s final -revision of one of the most useful, successful, and popular medical -books ever published. It has been wisely and carefully revised -throughout. The well-known charming style of the author is preserved -intact, while the practical value of the book is truly enhanced by the -addition of much of the author’s gathered wisdom not introduced into any -previous edition. The volume has been brought to perfection, as far as -human effort can achieve, and though enlarged to 350 _Royal Octavo -Pages_ the price has not been increased. - - Handsomely Bound in Extra Cloth, price, in the United States and Canada, - post-paid, $2.00, net; in Great Britain, 11s. 6d.; in France, 12 fr. 40. - -“The Physician Himself” interested me so much that I actually read it -through at one sitting. It is brimful of the very best advice possible -for medical men. I, for one, shall try to profit by it.—_Prof. William -Goodell, Philadelphia._ - -It is marked with good common sense and replete with excellent maxims -and suggestions for the guidance of medical men.—_The British Medical -Journal._ - -We advise our readers to buy it. It will give them food for thought and -show them how to and how not to achieve reputation and success.—_The -Medical Age._ - -We cannot too strongly commend it to the attention of every young -doctor. Many a lesson is pleasantly and gently taught in its pages which -cannot otherwise be learned unless by bitter experience.—_Canada Medical -Record._ - -Of course, one reason for its occult power is that it is written with -admirable grace and precision, besides presenting the ups and downs of a -physician’s life in such a natural and perfect way. The book will help -any one who will read it. It tells you how to begin practice; leads you -into medical ethics properly, and, carefully studied, the pages of this -book will be of great benefit to the young and old.—_Charlotte Medical -Journal._ - -This book is evidently the production of an unspoiled mind and the fruit -of a ripe career. I admire its pure tone and feel the value of its -practical points. How I wish I could have read such a guide at the -outset of my career!—_Prof. James Nevins Hyde, Chicago, Ill._ - -“The Physician Himself” is useful alike to the tyro and the sage—the -neophyte and the veteran. It is a _headlight_ in the splendor of whose -beams a multitude of our profession shall find their way to -success.—_Prof. J. M. Bodine, Dean University of Louisville._ - -We have read one of the former, and smaller, editions through very -carefully, and know of no work in medical literature more profitable for -perusal and possession.—_Denver Medical Times._ - -This book will do a world of good, a good that will be far-reaching and -constant, and the fact that it has reached its tenth edition proves -toward a higher and yet higher teaching, that “the elevation of the -profession” is a consistent and timely aim.—_Chicago Clinical Review._ - - _CLEVENGER_ - - Spinal Concussion. - - SURGICALLY CONSIDERED AS A CAUSE OF SPINAL INJURY, AND NEUROLOGICALLY - RESTRICTED TO A CERTAIN SYMPTOM GROUP, FOR WHICH IS SUGGESTED THE - DESIGNATION ERICHSEN’S DISEASE, AS ONE FORM OF THE TRAUMATIC NEUROSES. - -By S. V. CLEVENGER, M.D., Consulting Physician Reese and Alexian -Hospitals; Late Pathologist County Insane Asylum, Chicago, etc. - -Special features consist in a description of modern methods of diagnosis -by Electricity, a discussion of the controversy concerning hysteria, and -the author’s original pathological view that the lesion is one involving -the spinal sympathetic nervous system. - -_Every Physician and Lawyer should own this work._ - -In one handsome Royal Octavo Volume of nearly 400 pages, with thirty -Wood-Engravings. - - Price, post-paid, in United States and Canada, $2.50, net; in Great - Britain, 14s.; in France, 15 fr. - -This work really does, if we may be permitted to use a trite and -hackneyed expression, “fill a long-felt want.” The subject is treated in -all its bearings; electro-diagnosis receives a large share of attention, -and the chapter devoted to illustrative cases will be found to possess -especial importance.—_Medical Weekly Review._ - - - _COLTMAN_ - - THE CHINESE: Their Present and Future; Medical, Political, and Social. - -By ROBERT COLTMAN, JR., M.D., Surgeon in Charge of the Presbyterian -Hospital and Dispensary at Teng Chow Fu; Consulting Physician of the -American Southern Baptist Mission Society, etc. - -Beautifully printed in large, clear type, illustrated with Fifteen Fine -Engravings on Extra Plate Paper, from photographs of persons, places, -and objects characteristic of China. - -In one Royal Octavo volume of 212 Pages. Handsomely bound in Extra -Cloth, with Chinese Side Stamp in gold. - - Price, post-paid, in United States and Canada, $1.75, net; in Great - Britain, 10s.; in France, 12 fr. 20. - -The Chinaman is a source of absolute curiosity to the American, and -anything in regard to his relationship to the medical profession will -prove more than usually attractive to the average doctor. Such is the -case with the work before us. It is difficult to put it aside after one -has begun to read it.—_Memphis Med. Monthly._ - -Dr. Coltman has written a very readable book, illustrated with -reproductions of photographs taken by himself.—_Boston Med. and Surg. -Journal._ - -Attached to a number of hospitals and dispensaries, he has had ample -opportunity to observe the medical aspect of the Chinese. The most -prevalent diseases are such as affect the alimentary tract and eye -troubles. Renal troubles are also frequent. Skin diseases are abundant -and syphilis is far from infrequent. Erysipelas is rare and enteric -fever infrequent. Cholera appears in epidemics and is then frightfully -fatal. Leprosy, of course, is common, and the author states that it -cannot be contagious, as is supposed by many, or it would assume a -terrible prevalence in China, where lepers are permitted to go about -free. - -We will not further mention the subjects discussed in this excellent -book. The style of the author is very interesting and taking, and much -information is given in an entertaining manner. The political situation -is very intelligently handled in its various bearings. The -photo-engravings are handsome and well-executed, the book in general -being gotten up in a very artistic manner. We can heartily commend this -work not only to physicians, but to intelligent lay readers.—_St. Louis -Medical Review._ - - - _DAVIS_ - - CONSUMPTION: How to Prevent it and How to Live with it. - - ITS NATURE, CAUSES, PREVENTION, AND THE MODE OF LIFE, CLIMATE, EXERCISE, - FOOD, AND CLOTHING NECESSARY FOR ITS CURE. - -By N. S. DAVIS, JR., A.M., M.D., Professor of Principles and Practice of -Medicine, Chicago Medical College; Physician to Mercy Hospital, Chicago; -Member of the American Medical Association, etc. - -This plain, practical treatise thoroughly discusses the prevention of -Consumption, Hygiene for Consumptives, gives timely suggestions -concerning the different climates and the important part they play in -the treatment of this disease, etc., etc.,—all presented in such a -succinct and intelligible style as to make the perusal of the book a -pleasant pastime. - -12mo. 143 pages. Handsomely bound in Extra Cloth. - - Price, post-paid, in United States and Canada, 75 Cents, net; in Great - Britain, 4s.; in France, 5 fr. - -The questions of heredity, predisposition, prevention, and hygienic -treatment of consumption are simply and sensibly dealt with. The -chapters on how to live with tuberculosis are excellent.—_Indiana -Medical Journal._ - -The author is very thorough in his discussion of the subject, and the -practical hints which he gives are of real worth and value. His -directions are given in such a manner as to make life enjoyable to a -consumptive patient, and not a burden, as is too frequently the -case.—_Weekly Medical Review._ - - - _By the Same Author_ - - Diseases of the Lungs, Heart, and Kidneys. - -By N. S. DAVIS, JR., A.M., M.D. - -_The Nature, Pathological Anatomy, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and -Treatment_ of the diseases of these important organs are comprehensively -discussed in this conveniently arranged volume. Special and careful -attention is given to Treatment, while nothing else is slighted. _No. 14 -in the Physicians’ and Students’ Ready-Reference Series._ 12mo. 359 -pages. Extra Dark-Blue Cloth. - - Price, in United States and Canada, post-paid, $1.25, net; Great - Britain, 6s. 6d.; France, 7 fr. 75. - -The author evidently knows how to put “multum in parvo” without omitting -anything essential to a clear understanding of the subject -discussed.—_St. Louis Medical Era._ - -It requires close thought, carefully and judiciously applied, to write a -book as this one is written. A systematic treatise on the Diseases of -the Lungs, Heart, and Kidneys, and their co-ordinate relation and -sympathy, presenting many of the main points of dependence of one upon -the other. This Dr. Davis has succeeded in doing to a nice degree, -handing the student a book worthy of most serious study.—_Medical Free -Press._ - - - _DEMARQUAY_ - - On Oxygen. A Practical Investigation of the Clinical and Therapeutic - Value of the Gases in Medical and Surgical Practice, - - WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE VALUE AND AVAILABILITY OF OXYGEN, - NITROGEN, HYDROGEN, AND NITROGEN MONOXIDE. - -By J. N. DEMARQUAY, Surgeon to the Municipal Hospital, Paris, and of the -Council of State; Member of the Imperial Society of Surgery, etc. -Translated, with notes, additions, and omissions, by SAMUEL S. WALLIAN, -A.M., M.D., ex-President of the Medical Association of Northern New -York; Member of the New York County Medical Society, etc. - -Royal Octavo, 316 pages; illustrated with 21 Wood-Cuts. - - Price, post-paid, in United States and Canada, Cloth, $2.00, net; - Half-Russia, $3.00, net. In Great Britain, Cloth, 11s. 6d.; Half-Russia, - 17s. 6d. In France, Cloth, 12 fr. 40; Half-Russia, 18 fr. 60. - -This is a handsome volume of 300 pages, in large print, on good paper, -and nicely illustrated. Although nominally pleading for the use of -oxygen inhalations, the author shows in a philosophical manner how much -greater good physicians might do if they more fully appreciated the -value of fresh-air exercise and water, especially in diseases of the -lungs, kidneys, and skin. We commend its perusal to our readers.—_The -Canada Medical Record._ - - - _EISENBERG_ - - Bacteriological Diagnosis. - - TABULAR AIDS FOR USE IN PRACTICAL WORK. - -By JAMES EISENBERG, Ph.D., M.D., Vienna. Translated and augmented, with -the permission of the author, from the second German Edition, by NORVAL -H. PIERCE, M.D., Surgeon to the Out-Door Department of Michael Reese -Hospital; Assistant to Surgical Clinic, College of Physicians and -Surgeons, Chicago, Ill. - -Nearly 200 pages. In one Royal Octavo volume, handsomely bound in Cloth -and in Oil-Cloth (for laboratory use). - - Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.50, net; in Great - Britain, 8s. 6d.; in France, 9 fr. 35. - -This book is a novelty in Bacteriological Science. It is a work of great -importance to the teacher as well as to the student. It will be of -inestimable value to the private worker, and is designed throughout as a -practical guide in laboratory work. It is arranged in a tabular form, in -which are given the specific characteristics of the various -well-established bacteria, so that the worker may, at a glance, inform -himself as to the identity of a given organism. - -There is also an appendix, in which is given, in a concise and practical -form, the technique employed by the best laboratories in the cultivation -and staining of bacteria; the composition and preparation of the various -solid, semi-solid, and fluid media, together with their employment; a -complete list of stains and reagents, with formulæ for same; the methods -of microscopic examination of bacteria, etc., etc., etc. - - - _EDINGER_ - - Twelve Lectures on the Structure of the Central Nervous System. - - FOR PHYSICIANS AND STUDENTS. - -By DR. LUDWIG EDINGER, Frankfort-on-the-Main. Second Revised Edition. -With 133 Illustrations. Translated by WILLIS HALL VITTUM, M.D., St. -Paul, Minn. Edited by C. EUGENE RIGGS, A.M, M.D., Professor of Mental -and Nervous Diseases, University of Minnesota; Member of the American -Neurological Association. - -The illustrations are exactly the same as those used in the latest -German edition (with the German names translated into English), and are -very satisfactory to the Physician and Student using the book. - -The work is complete in one Royal Octavo Volume of about 250 pages, -bound in Extra Cloth. - - Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.75, net; in Great - Britain, 10s.; in France, 12 fr. 20. - -One of the most instructive and valuable works on the minute anatomy of -the human brain extant. It is written in the form of lectures, profusely -illustrated, and in clear language.—_The Pacific Record of Medicine and -Surgery._ - -Since the first works on anatomy, up to the present day, no work has -appeared on the subject of the general and minute anatomy of the central -nervous system so complete and exhaustive as this work of Dr. Ludwig -Edinger. Being himself an original worker, and having the benefits of -such masters as Stilling, Weigeit, Geilach, Meynert, and others, he has -succeeded in transforming the mazy wilderness of nerve-fibres and cells -into a district of well-marked pathways and centres, and by so doing has -made a pleasure out of an anatomical bugbear.—_The Southern Medical -Record._ - -Every point is clearly dwelt upon in the text, and where description -alone might leave a subject obscure clever drawings and diagrams are -introduced to render misconception of the author’s meaning impossible. -The book is eminently practical. It unravels the intricate entanglement -of different tracts and paths in a way that no other book has done so -explicitly or so concisely.—_Northwestern Lancet._ - - - _GOODELL_ - - LESSONS IN GYNECOLOGY. - -By WILLIAM GOODELL, A.M., M.D., etc., Professor of Clinical Gynecology -in the University of Pennsylvania. - -This exceedingly valuable work, from one of the most eminent specialists -and teachers in gynecology, embraces all the more important diseases and -the principal operations in the field of gynecology, and brings to bear -upon them all the extensive practical experience and wide reading of the -author. It is an indispensable guide to every practitioner who has to do -with the diseases peculiar to women. THIRD EDITION. With 112 -Illustrations. Thoroughly revised and greatly enlarged. Royal octavo, -578 pages. - - Price, in United States and Canada, Cloth, $5.00; Full Sheep, $6.00. - Discount, 20 per cent., making it, net, Cloth, $4.00; Sheep, $4.80. - Postage, 27 cents extra. Great Britain, Cloth, 22s. 6d.; Sheep, 28s., - post-paid. France, 30 fr. 80. - -It is too good a book to have been allowed to remain out of print, and -it has unquestionably been missed. The author has revised the work with -special care, adding to each lesson such fresh matter as the progress in -the art rendered necessary, and he has enlarged it by the insertion of -six new lessons.—_Amer. Jour. of Obstet._ - -Extended mention of the contents of the book is unnecessary; suffice it -to say that every important disease found in the female sex is taken up -and discussed in a common-sense kind of a way. We wish every physician -in America could read and carry out the suggestions of the chapter on -“the sexual relations as causes of uterine disorders—conjugal onanism -and kindred sins.” The department treating of nervous counterfeits of -uterine diseases is a most valuable one.—_Kansas City Medical Index._ - - - _GUERNSEY_ - - Plain Talks on Avoided Subjects. - -By HENRY N. GUERNSEY, M.D., formerly Professor of Materia Medica and -Institutes in the Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia; author of -Guernsey’s “Obstetrics,” including the Disorders Peculiar to Women and -Young Children; Lectures on Materia Medica, etc. The following Table of -Contents shows the scope of the book: - -CONTENTS.—Chapter I. Introductory. II. The Infant. III. Childhood. IV. -Adolescence of the Male. V. Adolescence of the Female. VI. Marriage: The -Husband. VII. The Wife. VIII. Husband and Wife. IX. To the Unfortunate. -X. Origin of the Sexes. In one neat 16mo volume, bound in Extra Cloth. - - Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.00; Great Britain, - 6s.; France, 6 fr. 20. - - - _KEATING_ - - Record-Book of Medical Examinations - - FOR LIFE-INSURANCE. - -Designed by JOHN M. KEATING, M.D. - -This record-book is small, compact, complete, and embraces all the -principal points that are required by the different companies. It is -made in two sizes, viz.: No. 1, covering one hundred (100) examinations, -and No. 2, covering two hundred (200) examinations. The size of the book -is 7 x 3¾ inches, and can be conveniently carried in the pocket. - - U. S. and Great - Canada. Britain. France. - No. 1. For 100 Examinations, in Cloth, $ .50, net 3s. 6d. 3 fr. 60 - No. 2. For 200 Examinations, in Full - Leather, with Side Flap, 1.00, net 6s. 6 fr. 20 - - - _HARE_ - - Epilepsy: Its Pathology and Treatment. - - BEING AN ESSAY TO WHICH WAS AWARDED A PRIZE OF FOUR THOUSAND FRANCS BY - THE ACADEMIE ROYALE DE MEDECINE DE BELGIQUE, DECEMBER 31, 1889. - -By HOBART AMORY HARE, M.D., B.Sc., Professor of Materia Medica and -Therapeutics in the Jefferson Medical College, Phila.; Physician to St. -Agnes’ Hospital and to the Children’s Dispensary of the Children’s -Hospital; Laureate of the Royal Academy of Medicine in Belgium, of the -Medical Society of London, etc.; Member of the Association of American -Physicians. - -_No. 7 in the Physicians’ and Students’ Ready-Reference Series._ 12mo. -228 pages. Neatly bound in Dark-Blue Cloth. - - Price, post-paid, in United States and Canada, $1.25, net; Great - Britain, 6s. 6d.; France, 7 fr. 75. - -The task of preparing the work must have been most laborious, but we -think that Dr. Hare will be repaid for his efforts by a wide -appreciation of the work by the profession; for the book will be -instructive to those who have not kept abreast with the recent -literature upon this subject. Indeed, the work is a sort of dictionary -of epilepsy—a reference guide-book upon the subject.—_Alienist and -Neurologist._ - -It is representative of the most advanced views of the profession, and -the subject is pruned of the vast amount of superstition and nonsense -that generally obtains in connection with epilepsy.—_Medical Age._ - -Every physician who would get at the gist of all that is worth knowing -on epilepsy, and who would avoid useless research among the mass of -literary nonsense which pervades all medical libraries, should get this -work.—_The Sanitarian._ - - - _By the Same Author_ - - Fever: Its Pathology and Treatment. - - BEING THE BOYLSTON PRIZE ESSAY OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY FOR 1890. - CONTAINING DIRECTIONS AND THE LATEST INFORMATION CONCERNING THE USE OF - THE SO-CALLED ANTIPYRETICS IN FEVER AND PAIN. - -By HOBART AMORY HARE, M.D., B.Sc., etc., etc. - -_No. 10 in the Physicians’ and Students’ Ready-Reference Series._ 12mo. -Neatly bound in Dark-Blue Cloth. - -Illustrated with more than 25 new plates of tracings of various fever -cases, showing beautifully and accurately the action of the -Antipyretics. The work also contains 35 carefully prepared statistical -tables of 249 cases showing the untoward effects of the antipyretics. - - Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.25, net; in Great - Britain, 6s. 6d.; France, 7 fr. 75. - -The author has done an able piece of work in showing the facts as far as -they are known concerning the action of antipyrin, antifebrin, -phenacetin, thallin, and salicylic acid. The reader will certainly find -the work one of the most interesting of its excellent group, the -_Physicians’ and Students’ Ready-Reference Series_.—_The Dosimetric -Medical Review._ - - - _IVINS_ - - Diseases of the Nose and Throat. - - A TEXT-BOOK FOR STUDENTS AND PRACTITIONERS. - -By HORACE F. IVINS, M.D., Lecturer on Laryngology and Otology in the -Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia; Laryngological Editor of “The -Journal of Ophthalmology, Otology, and Laryngology”; Member of the -American Institute of Homœopathy, of the Homœopathic Medical Society of -the State of Pennsylvania, etc. - -ROYAL OCTAVO, 507 PAGES. WITH 129 ILLUSTRATIONS, CHIEFLY ORIGINAL, -including Eighteen (18) colored figures from Drawings and Photographs of -Anatomical Dissections, etc. - - Price, in United States, Extra Cloth, $4.00, net; Half-Russia, $5.00, - net. Canada (duty paid), Cloth, $4.40, net; Half-Russia, $5.50, net. - Great Britain, Cloth, 22s. 6d.; Sheep or Half-Russia, 28s. France, - Cloth, 24 fr. 60; Half-Russia, 30 fr. 30. - - - _HUIDEKOPER_ - - Age of the Domestic Animals. - - BEING A COMPLETE TREATISE ON THE DENTITION OF THE HORSE, OX, SHEEP, HOG, - AND DOG, AND ON THE VARIOUS OTHER MEANS OF DETERMINING THE AGE OF THESE - ANIMALS. - -By RUSH SHIPPEN HUIDEKOPER, M.D., Veterinarian (Alfort, France); -Professor of Sanitary Medicine and Veterinary Jurisprudence, American -Veterinary College, New York; Late Dean of the Veterinary Department, -University of Pennsylvania. - -Royal Octavo, 225 pages, bound in Extra Cloth. Illustrated with 200 -Engravings. - - Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.75, net; in Great - Britain, 10s.; in France, 12 fr. 20. - -This work presents a careful study of all that has been written on the -subject from the earliest Italian writers. The author has drawn much -valuable material from the ablest English, French, and German writers, -and has given his own deductions and opinions, whether they agree or -disagree with such investigators as Bracy Clark, Simonds (in English), -Girard, Chauveau, Leyh, Le Coque, Goubaux, and Barrier (in German and -French). - - The literary execution of the book is very satisfactory, the text is - profusely illustrated, and the student will find abundant means in the - cuts for familiarizing himself with the various aspects presented by - the incisive arches during the different stages of life. Illustrations - do not always illustrate; these do.—_Amer. Vet. Review._ - - Although written primarily for the veterinarian, this book will be of - interest to the dentist, physiologist, anatomist, and physician. Its - wealth of illustration and careful preparation are alike - commendable.—_Chicago Med. Recorder._ - - It is profusely illustrated with 200 engravings, and the text forms a - study well worth the price of the book to every dental - practitioner.—_Ohio Journal of Dental Sciences._ - - - International System of Electro-Therapeutics. - - FOR STUDENTS, GENERAL PRACTITIONERS, AND SPECIALISTS. - -Chief Editor, HORATIO R. BIGELOW, M.D., Permanent Member of the American -Medical Association; Fellow of the British Gynæcological Society; Fellow -of the American Electro-Therapeutic Association; Member of the -Philadelphia Obstetrical Society; Member of the Société -d’Electro-Thérapie; Author of “Gynæcological Electro-Therapeutics” and -“Familiar Talks on Electricity and Batteries,” etc. Assisted by upward -of Thirty Eminent Specialists in Europe and America as Associate -Editors. - -The character of this work is such that the publishers confidently -expect it will stand unrivalled, and be the _vade mecum_ of the -profession, as well as the standard text-book in all the colleges upon -this important branch of medical science. - -It will be handsomely and clearly printed, thoroughly illustrated with -engravings, colored drawings, and plates where these will elucidate the -text, and at the close of the volume there will be a full reference -index. - -COMPLETE IN ONE ROYAL OCTAVO VOLUME OF ABOUT 900 PAGES. - - Price, in United States, Extra Cloth, $5.50, net; Sheep, $6.50, net; - Half-Russia, $7.00, net. In Canada (duty paid), Cloth, $6.00, net; - Sheep, $7.25, net; Half-Russia, $7.75, net. In Great Britain, Cloth, - 32s.; Sheep, 37s. 6d.; Half-Russia, 40s. In France, Cloth, 34 fr. 70.; - Sheep, 40 fr. 45; Half-Russia, 43 fr. 30. - -WILL BE PUBLISHED IN OCTOBER, 1893. - - - Journal of Laryngology, Rhinology, and Otology. - - AN ANALYTICAL RECORD OF CURRENT LITERATURE RELATING TO THE THROAT, NOSE, - AND EAR. ISSUED ON THE FIRST OF EACH MONTH. - -Edited by DR. NORRIS WOLFENDEN, of London, and DR. JOHN MACINTYRE, of -Glasgow, with the active aid and co-operation of Drs. Dundas Grant, -Barclay J. Baron, and Hunter Mackenzie. Besides those specialists in -Europe and America who have so ably assisted in the collaboration of the -Journal, a number of new correspondents have undertaken to assist the -editors in keeping the Journal up to date, and furnishing it with -matters of interest. - - Price, 13s. or $3.00 per annum, Strictly in Advance. Single copies, 1s. - 3d. (30 Cents). Sample Copy, 25 Cents. - - - _KEATING and EDWARDS_ - - Diseases of the Heart and Circulation - - IN INFANCY AND ADOLESCENCE. WITH AN APPENDIX ENTITLED “CLINICAL STUDIES - ON THE PULSE IN CHILDHOOD.” - -By JOHN M. KEATING, M.D., Obstetrician to the Philadelphia Hospital, and -Lecturer on Diseases of Women and Children; Surgeon to the Maternity -Hospital; Physician to St. Joseph’s Hospital; Fellow of the College of -Physicians of Philadelphia, etc.; and WILLIAM A. EDWARDS, M.D., -Instructor in Clinical Medicine and Physician to the Medical Dispensary -in the University of Pennsylvania; Fellow of the College of Physicians: -formerly Assistant Pathologist to the Philadelphia Hospital, etc. - -Illustrated by Photographs and Wood-Engravings. About 225 pages. Octavo. -Bound in Cloth. - - Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.50, net; in Great - Britain, 8s. 6d.; in France, 9 fr. 35. - - Drs. Keating and Edwards have produced a work that will give material - aid to every doctor in his practice among children. The style of the - book is graphic and pleasing, the diagnostic points are explicit and - exact, and the therapeutical resources include the novelties of - medicine as well as the old and tried agents.—_Pittsburgh Med. - Review._ - - It is not a mere compilation, but a systematic treatise, and bears - evidence of considerable labor and observation on the part of the - authors. Two fine photographs of dissections exhibit mitral - stenosis and mitral regurgitation; there are also a number of - wood-cuts.—_Cleveland Medical Gazette._ - - - _LIEBIG and ROHÉ_ - - Practical Electricity in Medicine and Surgery. - -By G. A. LIEBIG, JR., PH.D., Assistant in Electricity, Johns Hopkins -University; Lecturer on Medical Electricity, College of Physicians and -Surgeons, Baltimore; Member of the American Institute of Electrical -Engineers, etc.; and GEORGE H. ROHÉ, M.D., Professor of Obstetrics and -Hygiene, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore; Visiting -Physician to Bay View and City Hospitals; Director of the Maryland -Maternité; Associate Editor “Annual of the Universal Medical Sciences,” -etc. - -Profusely illustrated by Wood-Engravings and Original Diagrams, and -published in one Royal Octavo volume of 383 pages, bound in Extra Cloth. - - Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $2.00, net; in Great - Britain, 11s. 6d.; in France, 12 fr. 40. - - Any physician, especially if he be a beginner in electro-therapeutics, - will be well repaid by a careful study of this work by Liebig and - Rohé. For a work on a special subject the price is low, and no one can - give a good excuse for remaining in ignorance of so important a - subject as electricity in medicine.—_Toledo Medical and Surgical - Reporter._ - - The entire work is thoroughly scientific and practical, and is really - what the authors have aimed to produce, “a trustworthy guide to the - application of electricity in the practice of medicine and - surgery.”—_New York Medical Times._ - - In its perusal, with each succeeding page, we have been more and more - impressed with the fact that here, at last, we have a treatise on - electricity in medicine and surgery which amply fulfills its purpose, - and which is sure of general adoption by reason of its thorough - excellence and superiority to other works intended to cover the same - field.—_Pharmaceutical Era._ - - - _MASSEY_ - - Electricity in the Diseases of Women. - - WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE APPLICATION OF STRONG CURRENTS. - -By G. BETTON MASSEY, M.D., Physician to the Gynæcological Department of -the Howard Hospital; late Electro-therapeutist to the Philadelphia -Orthopædic Hospital and Infirmary for Nervous Diseases, etc. SECOND -EDITION. Revised and Enlarged. With New and Original Wood-Engravings. -Handsomely bound in Dark-Blue Cloth. 240 pages. 12mo. _No. 5 in the -Physicians’ and Students’ Ready-Reference Series._ - -This work is presented to the profession as the most complete treatise -yet issued on the electrical treatment of the diseases of women, and is -destined to fill the increasing demand for clear and practical -instruction in the handling and use of strong currents after the recent -methods first advocated by Apostoli. The whole subject is treated from -the present stand-point of electric science _with new and original -illustrations_, the thorough studies of the author and his wide clinical -experience rendering him an authority upon electricity itself and its -therapeutic applications. The author has enhanced the practical value of -the work by including _the exact details_ of treatment and results in a -number of cases taken from his private and hospital practice. - - Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.50, net; in Great - Britain, 8s. 6d.; in France, 9 fr. 35. - - A new edition of this practical manual attests the utility of its - existence and the recognition of its merits. The directions are - simple, easy to follow and to put into practice; the ground is well - covered, and nothing is assumed, the entire book being the record of - experience.—_Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases._ - - It is only a few months since we noticed the first edition of this - little book; and it is only necessary to add now that we consider it - the best treatise on this subject we have seen, and that the - improvements introduced into this edition make it more valuable - still.—_Boston Medical and Surgical Journ._ - - The style is clear, but condensed. Useless details are omitted, the - reports of cases being pruned of all irrelevant material. The book is - an exceedingly valuable one, and represents an amount of study and - experience which is only appreciated after a careful reading.—_Medical - Record._ - - - Physicians’ Interpreter. - - IN FOUR LANGUAGES (ENGLISH, FRENCH, GERMAN, AND ITALIAN). SPECIALLY - ARRANGED FOR DIAGNOSIS BY M. VON V. - -The object of this little work is to meet a need often keenly felt by -the busy physician, namely, the need of some quick and reliable method -of communicating intelligibly with patients of those nationalities and -languages unfamiliar to the practitioner. The plan of the book is a -systematic arrangement of questions upon the various branches of -Practical Medicine, and each question is so worded that the only answer -required of the patient is merely Yes or No. The questions are all -numbered, and a complete Index renders them always available for quick -reference. The book is written by one who is well versed in English, -French, German, and Italian, being an excellent teacher in all those -languages, and who has also had considerable hospital experience. Bound -in Full Russia Leather, for carrying in the pocket. Size, 5 × 2¾ inches. -206 pages. - - Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.00, net; in Great - Britain, 6s.; in France, 6 fr. 20. - - Many other books of the same sort, with more extensive vocabularies, - have been published, but, from their size, and from their being - usually devoted to equivalents in English and one other language only, - they have not had the advantage which is pre-eminent in - this—convenience. It is handsomely printed, and bound in flexible red - leather in the form of a diary. It would scarcely make itself felt in - one’s hip-pocket, and would insure its bearer against any ordinary - conversational difficulty in dealing with foreign-speaking people, who - are constantly coming into our city hospitals.—_New York Medical - Journal._ - - This little volume is one of the most ingenious aids to the physician - which we have seen. We heartily commend the book to any one who, being - without a knowledge of the foreign languages, is obliged to treat - those who do not know our own language.—_St. Louis Courier of - Medicine._ - - - The Medical Bulletin Visiting-List or Physicians’ Call Record. - - ARRANGED UPON AN ORIGINAL AND CONVENIENT MONTHLY AND WEEKLY PLAN FOR THE - DAILY RECORDING OF PROFESSIONAL VISITS. - - - Frequent Rewriting of Names Unnecessary. - -This Visiting-List is arranged so that the names of patients need be -written but ONCE a month instead of FOUR times a month, as in the -old-style lists. By means of a new feature, a simple device consisting -of STUB OR HALF LEAVES IN THE FORM OF INSERTS, the first week’s visits -are recorded in the usual way, and the second week’s visits are begun by -simply turning over the half-leaf without the necessity of rewriting the -patients’ names. This very easily understood process is repeated until -the month is ended and the record has been kept complete in every detail -of VISIT, CHARGE, CREDIT, etc., and the labor and time of entering and -transferring names at least THREE times in the month has been saved. -There are no intricate rulings; not the least amount of time can be lost -in comprehending the plan, for it is acquired at a glance. - - THE THREE DIFFERENT STYLES MADE. - -The No. 1 Style of this List provides space for the DAILY record of -seventy different names each month for a year; for physicians who prefer -a List that will accommodate a larger practice we have made a No. 2 -Style, which provides space for the daily record of 105 different names -each month for a year, and for physicians who may prefer a Pocket -Record-Book of less thickness than either of these styles we have made a -No. 3 Style, in which “The Blanks for the Recording of Visits in” have -been made into removable sections. These sections are very thin, and are -made up so as to answer in full the demand of the largest practice, each -section providing ample space for the DAILY RECORD OF 210 DIFFERENT -NAMES for two months; or 105 different names daily each month for four -months; or seventy different names daily each month for six months. Six -sets of these sections go with each copy of NO. 3 STYLE. - - SPECIAL FEATURES NOT FOUND IN ANY OTHER LIST. - -In this NO. 3 STYLE the PRINTED MATTER, and such matter as the BLANK -FORMS FOR ADDRESSES OF PATIENTS, Obstetric Record, Vaccination Record, -Cash Account, Birth and Death Records, etc., are fastened permanently in -the back of the book. The addition of a removable section does not -increase the thickness more than an eighth of an inch. This brings the -book into such a small compass that no one can object to it on account -of its thickness, as its bulk is VERY MUCH LESS than that of any -visiting-list ever published. Every physician will at once understand -that as soon as a section is full it can be taken out, filed away, and -another inserted without the least inconvenience or trouble. _Extra or -additional sections will be furnished at any time for 15 cents each or -$1.75 per dozen._ This Visiting-List contains calendars, valuable -miscellaneous data, important tables, and other useful printed matter -usually placed in Physicians’ Visiting-Lists. - -Physicians of many years’ standing and with large practices pronounce it -THE BEST LIST THEY HAVE EVER SEEN. It is handsomely bound in fine, -strong leather, with flap, including a pocket for loose memoranda, etc., -and is furnished with a Dixon lead-pencil of excellent quality and -finish. It is compact and convenient for carrying in the pocket. Size, 4 -× 6⅞ inches. - - IN THREE STYLES. NET PRICES. - No. 1. Regular size, to accommodate 70 patients daily - each month for one year, $1.25 - No. 2. Large size, to accommodate 105 patients daily each - month for one year, $1.50 - No. 3. In which the “Blanks for Recording Visits in” are - in removable sections, $1.75 - Special Edition for Great Britain, without printed - matter, 4s. 6d. - - _N. B.—The Recording of Visits in this List may be Commenced at any - time during the Year._ - - - _MICHENER_ - - Hand-Book of Eclampsia; OR, NOTES AND CASES OF PUERPERAL CONVULSIONS. - -By E. MICHENER, M.D.; J. H. STUBBS, M.D.; R. B. EWING, M.D.; B. -THOMPSON, M.D.; S. STEBBINS, M.D. 16mo. Cloth. - - Price, 60 cents, net; in Great Britain, 4s. 6d.; in France, 4 fr. 20. - - - _NISSEN_ - - A MANUAL OF INSTRUCTION FOR GIVING - - Swedish Movement _and_ Massage Treatment - -By PROF. HARTVIG NISSEN, late Director of the Swedish Health Institute, -Washington, D.C.; late instructor in Physical Culture and Gymnastics at -the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.; Instructor of Swedish and -German Gymnastics at Harvard University’s Summer School, 1891, etc., -etc. - -This excellent little volume treats this very important subject in a -practical manner. Full instructions are given regarding the mode of -applying the Swedish Movement and Massage Treatment in various diseases -and conditions of the human system with the greatest degree of -effectiveness. This book is indispensable to every physician who wishes -to _know how_ to use these valuable handmaids of medicine. - -Illustrated with 29 Original Wood-Engravings. In one 12mo volume of 128 -Pages. Neatly bound in Cloth. - - Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.00, net; in Great - Britain, 6s.; in France, 6 fr. 20. - - The present volume is a modest account of the application of the - Swedish Movement and Massage Treatment, in which the technique of the - various procedures are clearly stated as well as illustrated in a very - excellent manner.—_North American Practitioner._ - - This manual is valuable to the practitioner, as it contains a terse - description of a subject but too little understood in this country.... - The book is got up very creditably.—_N. Y. Med. Journal._ - - - _SAJOUS_ - - HAY FEVER And Its Successful Treatment by Superficial Organic Alteration - of the Nasal Mucous Membrane. - -By CHARLES E. SAJOUS, M.D., formerly Lecturer on Rhinology and -Laryngology in Jefferson Medical College; Chief Editor of the Annual of -the Universal Medical Sciences, etc. With 13 Engravings on Wood. 103 -pages. 12mo. Bound in Cloth, Beveled Edges. - - Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.00, net; in Great - Britain, 6s.; in France, 6 fr. 20. - - - _STRAUB_ - - Symptom Register and Case Record. - -Designed by D. W. Straub, M.D. - -Giving in plain view, on one side of the sheet 7½ × 10½ inches, the -Clinical Record of the sick, including Date, Name, Residence, -Occupation, Symptoms, Inspection (Auscultation and Percussion), History, -Respiration, Pulse, Temperature, Diagnosis, Prognosis, Treatment -(special and general), and Remarks, all conveniently arranged, and with -ample room for recording, at each call, for four different calls, each -item named above, the whole forming a clinical history of individual -cases of great value to every Practitioner. - - Published in stiff Board Tablets of 50 sheets each, at 50 cts. net per - tablet, and in Book-form, flexible binding, with Alphabetical Marginal - Index, at 75 cts., net. - - - Physician’s All-Requisite Time- and Labor-Saving Account-Book. - - BEING A LEDGER AND ACCOUNT-BOOK FOR PHYSICIANS’ USE, MEETING ALL THE - REQUIREMENTS OF THE LAW AND COURTS. - -Designed by WILLIAM A. SEIBERT, M.D., of Easton, Pa. - -Probably no class of people lose more money through carelessly kept -accounts and overlooked or neglected bills than physicians. Often -detained at the bedside of the sick until late at night, or deprived of -even a modicum of rest, it is with great difficulty that he spares the -time or puts himself in condition to give the same care to his own -financial interests that a merchant, a lawyer, or even a farmer devotes. -It is then plainly apparent that a system of bookkeeping and accounts -that, without sacrificing accuracy, but, on the other hand, ensuring it, -at the same time relieves the keeping of a physician’s book of half -their complexity and two-thirds the labor, is a convenience which will -be eagerly welcomed by thousands of overworked physicians. Such a system -has at last been devised, and we take pleasure in offering it to the -profession in the form of The Physician’s All-Requisite Time- and -Labor-Saving Account-Book. - -There is no exaggeration in stating that this Account-Book and Ledger -reduces the labor of keeping your accounts more than one-half, and at -the same time secures the greatest degree of accuracy. We may mention a -few of the superior advantages of The Physician’s All-Requisite Time- -and Labor-Saving Account-Book, as follows:— - - =_First_=—Will meet all the requirements of the law and courts. - - =_Second_=—Self-explanatory; no cipher code. - - =_Third_=—Its completeness without sacrificing anything. - - =_Fourth_=—No posting; one entry only. - - =_Fifth_=—Universal; can be commenced at any time of the year, and can - be continued indefinitely until every account is filled. - - =_Sixth_=—Absolutely no waste of space. - - =_Seventh_=—One person must needs be sick every day of the year to - fill his account, or might be ten years about it and require no more - than the space for one account in this ledger. - - =_Eighth_=—Double the number and many times more than the number of - accounts in any similar book; the 300–page book contains space for - 900 accounts, and the 600–page book contains space for 1800 - accounts. - - =_Ninth_=—There are no smaller spaces. - - =_Tenth_=—Compact without sacrificing completeness; every account - complete on same page—a decided advantage and recommendation. - - =_Eleventh_=—Uniform size of leaves. - - =_Twelfth_=—The statement of the most complicated account is at once - before you at any time of month or year—in other words, the account - itself as it stands is its simplest statement. - - =_Thirteenth_=—No transferring of accounts, balances, etc. - -To all physicians desiring a quick, accurate, and comprehensive method -of keeping their accounts, we can safely say that no book as suitable as -this one has ever been devised. A descriptive circular showing the plan -of the book will be sent on application. - - _NET PRICES, SHIPPING EXPENSES PREPAID._ - Canada Great - In U.S. (duty paid). Britain. France. - - No. 1. 300 Pages, for 900 - Accounts per Year, Size - 10×12, Bound in ¾-Russia, - Raised Back Bands, Cloth - Sides, $5.00 $5.50 28s. 30 fr. 30. - - No. 2. 600 Pages, for 1800 - Accounts per Year, Size - 10×12, Bound in ¾-Russia, - Raised Back-Bands, Cloth - Sides, 8.00 8.80 42s. 49 fr. 40 - - - _PRICE and EAGLETON_ - - Three Charts of the Nervo-Vascular System. - - PART I.—THE NERVES. PART II.—THE ARTERIES. PART III.—THE VEINS. - -A New Edition, Revised and Perfected. Arranged by W. HENRY PRICE, M.D., -and S. POTTS EAGLETON, M.D. Endorsed by leading anatomists. Clearly and -beautifully printed upon extra durable paper. - - PART I. The Nerves.—Gives in a clear form not only the Cranial and - Spinal Nerves, showing the formation of the different Plexuses and - their branches, but also the complete distribution of the - SYMPATHETIC NERVES. - - PART II. The Arteries.—Gives a unique grouping of the Arterial system, - showing the divisions and subdivisions of all the vessels, beginning - from the heart and tracing their CONTINUOUS distribution to the - periphery, and showing at a glance the terminal branches of each - artery. - - PART III. The Veins.—Shows how the blood from the periphery of the - body is gradually collected by the larger veins, and these - coalescing forming still larger vessels, until they finally trace - themselves into the Right Auricle of the heart. - -It is therefore readily seen that “The Nervo-Vascular System of Charts” -offers the following superior advantages:— - -1. It is the only arrangement which combines the Three Systems, and yet -each is perfect and distinct in itself. - -2. It is the only instance of the Cranial, Spinal, and Sympathetic -Nervous Systems being represented on one chart. - -3. From its neat size and clear type, and being printed only upon one -side, it may be tacked up in any convenient place, and is always ready -for freshening up the memory and reviewing for examination. - - Price, post-paid, in United States and Canada, 50 cents, net, complete; - in Great Britain, 3s. 6d.; in France, 3 fr. 60. - - For the student of anatomy there can possibly be no more concise way - of acquiring a knowledge of the nerves, veins, and arteries of the - human system. It presents at a glance their trunks and branches in the - great divisions of the body. It will save a world of tedious reading, - and will impress itself on the mind as no ordinary _vade mecum_, even, - could. Its price is nominal and its value inestimable. No student - should be without it.—_Pacific Record of Medicine and Surgery._ - - These are three admirably arranged charts for the use of students, to - assist in memorizing their anatomical studies.—_Buffalo Med. and Surg. - Jour._ - - - _PURDY_ - - Diabetes: Its Cause, Symptoms _and_ Treatment - -By CHAS. W. PURDY, M.D. (Queen’s University), Honorary Fellow of the -Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Kingston; Member of the -College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario; Author of “Bright’s -Disease and Allied Affections of the Kidneys;” Member of the Association -of American Physicians; Member of the American Medical Association; -Member of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, etc. - -CONTENTS.—Section I. Historical, Geographical, and Climatological -Considerations of Diabetes Mellitus. II. Physiological and Pathological -Considerations of Diabetes Mellitus. III. Etiology of Diabetes Mellitus. -IV. Morbid Anatomy of Diabetes Mellitus. V. Symptomatology of Diabetes -Mellitus. VI. Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus. VII. Clinical -Illustrations of Diabetes Mellitus. VIII. Diabetes Insipidus; -Bibliography. - -12mo. Dark Blue Extra Cloth. Nearly 200 pages. - - _No. 8 in the Physicians’ and Students’ Ready-Reference Series._ - - Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.25, net; in Great - Britain, 6s. 6d.; in France, 7 fr. 75. - - This will prove a most entertaining as well as most interesting - treatise upon a disease which frequently falls to the lot of every - practitioner. The work has been written with a special view of - bringing out the features of the disease as it occurs in the - United States. The author has very judiciously arranged the little - volume, and it will offer many pleasant attractions to the - practitioner.—_Nashville Journal of Medicine and Surgery._ - - While many monographs have been published which have dealt with the - subject of diabetes, we know of none which so thoroughly considers its - relations to the geographical conditions which exist in the United - States, nor which is more complete in its summary of the - symptomatology and treatment of this affection. A number of tables, - showing the percentage of sugar in a very large number of alcoholic - beverages, adds very considerably to the value of the work.—_Medical - News._ - - - _REMONDINO_ - - History of Circumcision. - - FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE PRESENT. MORAL AND PHYSICAL REASONS FOR - ITS PERFORMANCE; WITH A HISTORY OF EUNUCHISM, HERMAPHRODISM, ETC., AND - OF THE DIFFERENT OPERATIONS PRACTICED UPON THE PREPUCE. - -By P. C. REMONDINO, M.D. (Jefferson), Member of the American Medical -Association; of the American Public Health Association; Vice-President -of California State Medical Society and of Southern California Medical -Society, etc. - -In one neat 12mo volume of 346 pages. Handsomely bound in Extra -Dark-Blue Cloth, and illustrated with two fine wood-engravings, showing -the two principal modes of Circumcision in ancient times. _No. 11 in the -Physicians’ and Students’ Ready-Reference Series._ - - Price, post-paid, in United States and Canada, $1.25, net; in Great - Britain, 6s. 6d.; in France, 7 fr. 75. - - A Popular Edition (unabridged), bound in Paper Covers, is also issued. - Price, 50 Cents, net; in Great Britain, 3s.; in France, 3 fr. 60. - -Every physician should read this book; he will there find, in a -condensed and systematized form, what there is known concerning -Circumcision. The book deals with simple facts, and it is not a -dissertation on theories. It deals, in plain, pointed language, with the -relation that the prepuce bears to physical degeneracy and disease, -bases all its utterances on what _has_ occurred and on what _is_ known. -The author has here gathered from every source the material for his -subject, and the deductions are unmistakable. - - This is a very full and readable book. To the reader who wishes to - know all about the antiquity of the operation, with the views pro and - con of the right of this appendage to exist, its advantages, dangers, - etc., this is the book.—_The Southern Clinic._ - - The operative chapter will be particularly useful and interesting to - physicians, as it contains a careful and impartial review of all the - operative procedures, from the most simple to the most elaborate, - paying particular attention to the subject of after-dressings. It is a - very interesting and instructive work, and should be read very - liberally by the profession.—_The Med. Brief._ - - The author’s views in regard to circumcision, its necessity, and its - results, are well founded, and its performance as a prophylactic - measure is well established.—_Columbus Med. Journal._ - - - _By the Same Author_ - - The Mediterranean Shores of America. - - SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA: ITS CLIMATIC, PHYSICAL, AND METEOROLOGICAL - CONDITIONS. - -By P. C. REMONDINO, M.D. (Jefferson), etc. - -Complete in one handsomely printed Octavo volume of nearly 175 pages, -with 45 appropriate illustrations and 2 finely executed maps of the -region, showing altitudes, ocean currents, etc. Bound in Extra Cloth. - - Price, post-paid, in United States and Canada, $1.25, net; in Great - Britain, 6s. 6d.; in France, 7 fr. 75. - - Cheaper Edition (unabridged), bound in Paper, post-paid, in United - States and Canada, 75 Cents, net; in Great Britain, 4s.; in France, - 5 fr. - -Italy, of the Old World, does not excel nor even approach this region in -point of salubrity of climate and all-around healthfulness of -environment. This book fully describes and discusses this wonderfully -charming country. The medical profession, who have long desired a -trustworthy treatise of true scientific value on this celebrated region, -will find in this volume a satisfactory response to this long-felt and -oft-expressed wish. - - - _ROHÉ_ - - Text-Book of Hygiene. - - A COMPREHENSIVE TREATISE ON THE PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF PREVENTIVE - MEDICINE FROM AN AMERICAN STAND-POINT. - -By GEORGE H. ROHÉ, M.D., Professor of Obstetrics and Hygiene in the -College of Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore; Member of the American -Public Health Association, etc. - -Every Sanitarian should have Rohé’s “Text-Book of Hygiene” as a work of -reference. - -Second Edition, thoroughly revised and largely rewritten, with many -illustrations and valuable tables. In one handsome Royal Octavo volume -of over 400 pages, bound in Extra Cloth. - - Price, post-paid, in United States, $2.50, net; Canada (duty paid), - $2.75, net; Great Britain, 14s.; France, 16 fr. 20. - - One prominent feature is that there are no superfluous words; every - sentence is direct to the point sought. It is, therefore, easy - reading, and conveys very much information in little space.—_The - Pacific Record of Medicine and Surgery._ - - It is unquestionably a work that should be in the hands of every - physician in the country, and medical students will find it a most - excellent and valuable text-book.—_The Southern Practitioner._ - - The first edition was rapidly exhausted, and the book justly became an - authority to physicians and sanitary officers, and a text-book very - generally adopted in the colleges throughout America. The second - edition is a great improvement over the first, all of the matter being - thoroughly revised, much of it being rewritten, and many additions - being made. The size of the book is increased one hundred pages. The - book has the original recommendation of being a handsomely-bound, - clearly-printed octavo volume, profusely illustrated with reliable - references for every branch of the subject matter.—_Medical Record._ - - The wonder is how Professor Rohé has made the book so readable and - entertaining with so much matter necessarily condensed. Altogether, - the manual is a good exponent of hygiene and sanitary science from the - present American stand-point, and will repay with pleasure and profit - any time that may be given to its perusal.—_University Medical - Magazine._ - - - _By the Same Author_ - - A Practical Manual of Diseases of the Skin. - -By GEORGE H. ROHÉ, M.D., Professor of Materia Medica, Therapeutics, and -Hygiene, and formerly Professor of Dermatology in the College of -Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore, etc., assisted by J. WILLIAMS LORD, -A.B., M.D., Lecturer on Dermatology and Bandaging in the College of -Physicians and Surgeons; Assistant Physician to the Skin Department in -the Dispensary of Johns Hopkins Hospital. - -In one neat 12mo volume of over 300 pages bound in Extra Dark-Blue -Cloth. _No. 13 in the Physicians’ and Students’ Ready-Reference Series._ - - Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.25, net; in Great - Britain, 6s. 6d.; in France, 7 fr. 75. - -The PRACTICAL character of this work makes it specially desirable for -the use of students and general practitioners. - -The nearly one hundred (100) reliable and carefully prepared Formulæ at -the end of the volume add not a little to its practical value. - -All the various forms of skin diseases, from Acne to Zoster -(alphabetically speaking), are succinctly yet amply treated of, and the -arrangement of the book, with its excellent index and unusually full -table of contents, goes to make up a truly satisfactory volume for ready -reference in daily practice. - - - _SENN_ - - Principles of Surgery. - -By N. SENN, M.D., PH.D., Professor of Practice of Surgery and Clinical -Surgery in Rush Medical College, Chicago, Ill.; Professor of Surgery in -the Chicago Polyclinic; Attending Surgeon to the Milwaukee Hospital; -Consulting Surgeon to the Milwaukee County Hospital and to the Milwaukee -County Insane Asylum. - -This work, by one of America’s greatest surgeons, is thoroughly -COMPLETE; its clearness and brevity of statement are among its -conspicuous merits. The author’s long, able, and conscientious -researches in every direction in this important field are a guarantee, -of unusual trustworthiness, that every branch of the subject is treated -authoritatively, and in such a manner as to bring the greatest gain in -knowledge to the practitioner and student. - -In one Royal Octavo volume, with 109 fine Wood-Engravings and 624 pages. - - United Canada Great - States. (duty paid). Britain. France. - Price, in Cloth, $4.50, net $5.00, net 24s. 6d. 27 fr. 20 - Price, in Sheep or - ½-Russia, 5.50, net 6.10, net 30s. 33 fr. 10 - - STEPHEN SMITH, M.D., Professor of Clinical Surgery Medical Department - University of the City of New York, writes: “There has long been great - need of a work on the principles of surgery which would fully - illustrate the present advanced state of knowledge of the various - subjects embraced in this volume. The work seems to me to meet this - want admirably.” - - FRANK J. LUTZ, M.D., St. Louis, Mo., says: “It seems incredible that - those who pretend to teach have done without such a guide before, and - I do not understand how our students succeeded in mastering the - principles of modern surgery by attempting to read our obsolete - text-books. American surgery should feel proud of the production, and - the present generation of surgeons owe you a debt of gratitude.” - - The work is systematic and compact, without a fact omitted or a - sentence too much, and it not only makes instructive but fascinating - reading. A conspicuous merit of Senn’s work is his method, his - persistent and tireless search through original investigations for - additions to knowledge, and the practical character of his - discoveries.—_The Review of Insanity and Nervous Diseases._ - - After perusing this work on several different occasions, we have come - to the conclusion that it is a remarkable work, by a man of unusual - ability.—_The Canada Medical Record._ - - The work is exceedingly practical, as the chapters on the treatment of - the various conditions considered are based on sound deductions, are - complete, and easily carried out by any painstaking surgeon.—_Medical - Record._ - - The book throughout is worthy of the highest praise. It should be - adopted as a text-book in all of our schools.—_University Medical - Magazine._ - - - _By the Same Author_ - - Tuberculosis of the Bones and Joints. - -By N. SENN, M.D., PH.D. - -Illustrated with upwards of One Hundred (100) Engravings and Plates, -many of them colored. Royal Octavo. Over 500 pages. - - United Canada Great - States. (duty paid). Britain. France. - Price, Extra Cloth, $4.00, net $4.40, net 22s. 6d. 24 fr. 60 - Price, Sheep or - ½-Russia, 5.00, net 5.50, net 28s. 30 fr. 30 - -To get an idea of the scope of the work read the following titles of -chapters: History. Proofs which Establish the Tubercular Nature of the -So-called Strumous Disease of Bones and Joints. Bacillus Tuberculosis. -Histology of Tubercle. Histogenesis of Tubercle. Caseation. Tubercular -Abscess. Topography of Bone and Joint Tuberculosis. Bone Tuberculosis. -Etiology of Bone Tuberculosis. Symptoms and Diagnosis of Tubercular Bone -Affections. Prognosis of Tubercular Disease of Bone. Treatment of -Tuberculosis of Bone. Tuberculosis of Joints. Special Points in the -Pathology of Synovial Tuberculosis. Etiology; Symptoms and Diagnosis, -Prognosis. Treatment of Tuberculosis of Joints. Local Treatment. -Tuberculin Treatment. Treatment of Tuberculosis of Joints by -Parenchymatous and Intra-articular Injections. Operative Treatment. -Resection. Atypical and Typical Resection. Immediate and Remote Results -of Resection. Amputation. Post-Operative Treatment. Tuberculosis of -Special Bones. Tuberculosis of the Bones of the Trunk. Tuberculosis of -Pelvic Bones, Scapula, Clavicle, Sternum, and Ribs. Tuberculosis of -Joints of Upper Extremity. Tuberculosis of Hip-Joint. Tuberculosis of -Knee-Joint. Tuberculosis of Ankle-Joint and Tarsus. - - All these subjects are handled in the author’s simple, direct, and - vigorous style, and always with the practical side of the question - kept in view, and leave nothing necessary or desirable untouched. - We know of no book of equal learning, thoroughness, and utility - upon the common and important class of cases composed under - Tuberculosis of Bones and Joints. The illustrations are numerous - and good, and the printing and other details of issuing a book - have been attended to with an enterprise and ambition creditable - to the publishers.—_Cleveland Medical Gazette._ - - - _SHOEMAKER_ - - Materia Medica and Therapeutics. - - WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE CLINICAL APPLICATION OF DRUGS. - -By JOHN V. SHOEMAKER, A.M., M.D., Professor of Materia Medica, -Pharmacology, Therapeutics, and Clinical Medicine, and Clinical -Professor of Diseases of the Skin in the Medico-Chirurgical College of -Philadelphia; Physician to the Medico-Chirurgical Hospital; Member of -the American Medical Association, of the Pennsylvania and Minnesota -State Medical Societies, the American Academy of Medicine, the British -Medical Association; Fellow of the Medical Society of London, etc. - -Second Edition. Thoroughly revised. In two volumes. Royal Octavo. Nearly -1100 pages. - -Volume I is devoted to pharmacy, general pharmacology, and therapeutics, -and remedial agents not properly classed with drugs. - -Volume II is wholly taken up with the consideration of drugs, each -remedy being studied from three points of view, viz.: the Preparations, -or Materia Medica; the Physiology and Toxicology, or Pharmacology; and, -lastly, its Therapy. Each volume is thoroughly and carefully indexed -with clinical and general indexes, and the second volume contains a most -valuable and exhaustive table of doses extending over several -double-column octavo pages. - -THE VOLUMES MAY BE PURCHASED SEPARATELY. - - VOL. I. - - United Canada Great - States. (duty paid). Britain. France. - Extra Cloth, $2.50, net $2.75, net 14s. 16 fr. 20 - Sheep, 3.25, net 3.60, net 18s. 20 fr. 20 - - - VOL. II. - - United Canada Great - States. (duty paid). Britain. France. - Extra Cloth, $3.50, net $4.00, net 19s. 22 fr. 40 - Sheep, 4.50, net 5.00, net 25s. 28 fr. 60 - -The well-known practical usefulness of this eminently standard work is -now greatly increased by the very recent and accurate information it -gives, from a clinical stand-point, concerning the new and useful drugs -introduced to the medical profession since the issue of the first -edition, two years ago; so that it is thoroughly abreast of the progress -of therapeutic science, and hence really indispensable to every student -and practitioner. - - REVIEWS OF THE FIRST EDITION. - - The value of the book lies in the fact that it contains all that is - authentic and trustworthy about the host of new remedies which have - deluged us in the last five years. The pages are remarkably free from - useless information. The author has done well in following the - alphabetical order.—_N. Y. Med. Record._ - - In perusing the pages devoted to the special consideration of drugs, - their pharmacology, physiological action, toxic action, and therapy, - one is constantly surprised at the amount of material compressed in so - limited a space. The book will prove a valuable addition to the - physician’s library.—_Occidental Med. Times._ - - It is a meritorious work, with many unique features. It is richly - illustrated by well-tried prescriptions showing the practical - application of the various drugs discussed. In short, this work makes - a pretty complete encyclopædia of the science of therapeutics, - conveniently arranged for handy reference.—_Med. World._ - - - _SHOEMAKER_ - - Heredity, Health, and Personal Beauty. - - INCLUDING THE SELECTION OF THE BEST COSMETICS FOR THE SKIN, HAIR, NAILS, - AND ALL PARTS RELATING TO THE BODY. - -By JOHN V. SHOEMAKER, A.M., M.D., Professor of Materia Medica, -Pharmacology, Therapeutics, and Clinical Medicine, and Clinical -Professor of Diseases of the Skin in the Medico-Chirurgical College of -Philadelphia; Physician to the Medico-Chirurgical Hospital, etc., etc. - -The health of the skin and hair, and how to promote them, are discussed; -the treatment of the nails; the subjects of ventilation, food, clothing, -warmth, bathing; the circulation of the blood, digestion, ventilation; -in fact, all that in daily life conduces to the well-being of the body -and refinement is duly enlarged upon. To these stores of popular -information is added a list of the best medicated soaps and toilet -soaps, and a whole chapter of the work is devoted to household remedies. -The work is largely suggestive, and gives wise and timely advice as to -when a physician should be consulted. _This is just the book to place on -the waiting-room table of every physician, and a work that will prove -useful in the hands of your patients._ - -Complete in one handsome Royal Octavo volume of 425 pages, beautifully -and clearly printed, and bound in Extra Cloth, Beveled Edges, with side -and back gilt stamps and in Half-Morocco Gilt Top. - - Price, in United States, post-paid, Cloth, $2.50; Half-Morocco, $3.50, - net. Canada (duty paid), Cloth, $2.75; Half-Morocco, $3.90, net. - Great Britain. Cloth. 14s.; Half-Morocco. 19s. 6d. France. Cloth. 15 - fr.; Half-Morocco, 22 fr. - -The book reads not like the fulfillment of a task, but like the -researches and observations of one thoroughly in love with his subject, -fully appreciating its importance, and writing for the pleasure he -experiences in it. The work is very comprehensive and complete in its -scope.—_Medical World._ - -The book before us is a most remarkable production and a most -entertaining one. The book is equally well adapted for the laity or the -profession. It tells us how to be healthy, happy, and as beautiful as -possible. We can’t review this book; it is different from anything we -have ever read. It runs like a novel, and will be perused until finished -with pleasure and profit. Buy it, read it, and be surprised, pleased, -and improved.—_The Southern Clinic._ - -This book is written primarily for the laity, but will prove of interest -to the physician as well. Though the author goes to some extent into -technicalities, he confines himself to the use of good, plain English, -and in that respect sets a notable example to many other writers on -similar subjects. Furthermore, the book is written from a thoroughly -American stand-point.—_Medical Record._ - -This is an exceedingly interesting book, both scientific and -practical in character, intended for both professional and lay -readers. The book is well written and presented in admirable form by -the publisher.—_Canadian Practitioner._ - - - _SHOEMAKER_ - - Ointments and Oleates: Especially in Diseases of the Skin. - -By JOHN V. SHOEMAKER, A.M., M.D., Professor of Materia Medica, -Pharmacology, Therapeutics, and Clinical Medicine, and Clinical -Professor of Diseases of the Skin in the Medico-Chirurgical College of -Philadelphia, etc., etc. - -The author concisely concludes his preface as follows: “The reader may -thus obtain a conspectus of the whole subject of inunction as it exists -to-day in the civilized world. In all cases the mode of preparation is -given, and the therapeutical application described seriatim, in so far -as may be done without needless repetition.” - -SECOND EDITION, revised and enlarged. 298 pages. 12mo. Neatly bound in -Dark-Blue Cloth. _No. 6 in the Physicians’ and Students’ Ready-Reference -Series._ - - Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.50, net; in Great - Britain, 8s. 6d.; in France, 9 fr. 35. - -It is invaluable as a ready reference when ointments or oleates are to -be used, and is serviceable to both druggist and physician.—_Canada -Medical Record._ - -To the physician who feels uncertain as to the best form in which to -prescribe medicines by way of the skin the book will prove valuable, -owing to the many prescriptions and formulæ which dot its pages, while -the copious index at the back materially aids in making the book a -useful one.—_Medical News._ - - - _SMITH_ - - Physiology of the Domestic Animals. - - A TEXT-BOOK FOR VETERINARY AND MEDICAL STUDENTS AND PRACTITIONERS. - -By ROBERT MEADE SMITH, A.M., M.D., Professor of Comparative Physiology -in University of Pennsylvania; Fellow of the College of Physicians and -Academy of the Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; of American Physiological -Society; of the American Society of Naturalists, etc. - -This new and important work, the most thoroughly complete in the English -language on this subject, treats of the physiology of the domestic -animals in a most comprehensive manner, especial prominence being given -to the subject of foods and fodders, and the character of the diet for -the herbivora under different conditions, with a full consideration of -their digestive peculiarities. Without being overburdened with details, -it forms a complete text-book of physiology adapted to the use of -students and practitioners of both veterinary and human medicine. This -work has already been adopted as the Text-Book on Physiology in the -Veterinary Colleges of the United States, Great Britain, and Canada. In -one Handsome Royal Octavo Volume of over 950 pages, profusely -illustrated with more than 400 Fine Wood-Engravings and many Colored -Plates. - - United Canada Great - States. (duty paid) Britain. France. - Price, Cloth $5.00, Net $5.50, Net 28s. 30 fr. 30 - Price, Sheep, 6.00, net 6.60, net 32s. 36 fr. 20 - -A. LIAUTARD, M.D., H.F.R.C., V.S., Professor of Anatomy, Operative -Surgery, and Sanitary Medicine in the American Veterinary College, New -York, writes:—“I have examined the work of Dr. R. M. Smith on the -‘Physiology of the Domestic Animals,’ and consider it one of the best -additions to veterinary literature that we have had for some time.” - -E. M. READING, A.M., M.D., Professor of Physiology in the Chicago -Veterinary College, writes:—“I have carefully examined the ‘Smith’s -Physiology,’ published by you, and like it. It is comprehensive, -exhaustive, and complete, and is especially adapted to those who desire -to obtain a full knowledge of the principles of physiology, and are not -satisfied with a mere smattering of the cardinal points.” - - -Dr. Smith’s presentment of his subject is as brief as the status of the -science permits, and to this much-desired conciseness he has added an -equally welcome clearness of statement. The illustrations in the work -are exceedingly good, and must prove a valuable aid to the full -understanding of the text—_Journal of Comparative Medicine and Surgery._ - -Veterinary practitioners and graduates will read it with pleasure. -Veterinary students will readily acquire needed knowledge from its -pages, and veterinary schools, which would be well equipped for the work -they aim to perform, cannot ignore it as their text-book in -physiology.—_American Veterinary Review._ - -Altogether, Professor Smith’s “Physiology of the Domestic Animals” is a -happy production, and will be hailed with delight in both the human -medical and veterinary medical worlds. It should find its place, -besides, in all agricultural libraries.—PAUL PAQUIN, M.D., V.S., in the -_Weekly Medical Review_. - -The author has judiciously made the nutritive functions the strong point -of the work, and has devoted special attention to the subject of foods -and digestion. In looking through other sections of the work, it appears -to us that a just proportion of space is assigned to each, in view of -their relative importance to the practitioner.—_London Lancet._ - - - _SOZINSKEY_ - - Medical Symbolism. Historical Studies in the Arts of Healing and - Hygiene. - -By THOMAS S. SOZINSKEY, M.D., Ph.D., Author of “The Culture of Beauty,” -“The Care and Culture of Children,” etc. - -12mo. Nearly 200 pages. Neatly bound in Dark-Blue Cloth. Appropriately -illustrated with upward of thirty (30) new Wood-Engravings. _No. 9 in -the Physicians’ and Students’ Ready-Reference Series._ - - Price, post-paid, in United States and Canada, $1.00, net; Great - Britain, 6s.; France, 6 fr. 20. - -He who has not time to more fully study the more extended records of the -past, will highly prize this little book. Its interesting discourse upon -the past is full of suggestive thought.—_American Lancet._ - -Like an oasis in a dry and dusty desert of medical literature, through -which we wearily stagger, is this work devoted to medical symbolism and -mythology. As the author aptly quotes: “What some light braines may -esteem as foolish toyes, deeper judgments can and will value as sound -and serious matter.”—_Canadian Practitioner._ - -In the volume before us we have an admirable and successful attempt to -set forth in order those medical symbols which have come down to us, and -to explain on historical grounds their significance. An astonishing -amount of information is contained within the covers of the book, and -every page of the work bears token of the painstaking genius and erudite -mind of the now unhappily deceased author.—_London Lancet._ - - - _STEWART_ - - Obstetric Synopsis. - -By JOHN S. STEWART, M.D., formerly Demonstrator of Obstetrics and Chief -Assistant in the Gynæcological Clinic of the Medico-Chirurgical College -of Philadelphia: with an introductory note by WILLIAM S. STEWART, A.M., -M.D., Professor of Obstetrics and Gynæcology in the Medico-Chirurgical -College of Philadelphia. - -By students this work will be found particularly useful. It is based -upon the teachings of such well-known authors as Playfair, Parvin, Lusk, -Galabin, and Cazeaux and Tarnier, and contains much new and important -matter of great value to both student and practitioner. - -With 42 Illustrations. 202 pages. 12mo. Handsomely bound in Dark-Blue -Cloth. _No. 1 in the Physicians’ and Students’ Ready-Reference Series._ - - Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.00, net; in Great - Britain, 6s.; France, 6 fr. 20. - -DELASKIE MILLER, M.D., Professor of Obstetrics, Rush Medical College, -Chicago, Ill., says:—“I have examined the ‘Obstetric Synopsis,’ by John -S. Stewart, M.D., and it gives me pleasure to characterize the work as -systematic, concise, perspicuous, and authentic. Among manuals it is one -of the best.” - - -It is well written, excellently illustrated, and fully up to date in -every respect. Here we find all the essentials of Obstetrics in a -nutshell, Anatomy, Embryology, Physiology, Pregnancy, Labor, Puerperal -State, and Obstetric Operations all being carefully and accurately -described.—_Buffalo Medical and Surgical Journal._ - -It is clear and concise. The chapter on the development of the ovum is -especially satisfactory. The judicious use of bold-faced type for -headings and italics for important statements gives the book a pleasing -typographical appearance.—_Medical Record._ - -This volume is done with a masterly hand. The scheme is an excellent -one. The whole is freely and most admirably illustrated with well-drawn, -new engravings, and the book is of a very convenient size.—_St. Louis -Medical and Surgical Journal._ - - - _ULTZMANN_ - - The Neuroses of the Genito-Urinary System in the Male. - - WITH STERILITY AND IMPOTENCE. - -By DR. R. ULTZMANN, Professor of Genito-Urinary Diseases in the -University of Vienna. Translated, with the author’s permission, by -GARDNER W. ALLEN, M.D., Surgeon in the Genito-Urinary Department, Boston -Dispensary. - -Full and complete, yet terse and concise, it handles the subject with -such a vigor of touch, such a clearness of detail and description, and -such a directness to the result, that no medical man who once takes it -up will be content to lay it down until its perusal is complete,—nor -will one reading be enough. - -Professor Ultzmann has approached the subject from a somewhat different -point of view from most surgeons, and this gives a peculiar value to the -work. It is believed, moreover, that there is no convenient hand-book in -English treating in a broad manner the Genito-Urinary Neuroses. - -SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS.—First Part—I. Chemical Changes in the Urine in -Cases of Neuroses. II. Neuroses of the Urinary and of the Sexual Organs, -classified as: (1) Sensory Neuroses; (2) Motor Neuroses; (3) Secretory -Neuroses. Second Part—Sterility and Impotence. The treatment in all -cases is described clearly and minutely. - -Illustrated. 12mo. Handsomely bound in Dark-Blue Cloth. _No. 4 in the -Physicians’ and Students’ Ready-Reference Series._ - - Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.00, net; in Great - Britain, 6s.; in France, 6 fr. 20. - -This book is to be highly recommended, owing to its clearness and -brevity. Altogether, we do not know of any book of the same size which -contains so much useful information in such a short space.—_Medical -News._ - -Its scope is large, not being confined to the one -condition,—neurasthenia,—but embracing all of the neuroses, motor and -sensory, of the genito-urinary organs in the male. No one who has read -after Dr. Ultzmann need be reminded of his delightful manner of -presenting his thoughts, which ever sparkle with originality and -appositeness.—_Weekly Med. Review._ - -It engenders sound pathological teaching, and will aid in no small -degree in throwing light on the management of many of the difficult and -more refractory cases of the classes to which these essays especially -refer.—_The Medical Age._ - - - _VOUGHT_ - - A Chapter on Cholera for Lay Readers. - - HISTORY, SYMPTOMS, PREVENTION, AND TREATMENT OF THE DISEASE. - -By WALTER VOUGHT, Ph.B., M D., Medical Director and Physician-in-Charge -of the Fire Island Quarantine Station, Port of New York; Fellow of the -New York Academy of Medicine, etc. - -Illustrated. 12mo. 106 pages. Flexible Cloth. - - Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, 75 cents, net; Great - Britain, 4s.; France, 5 fr. - -By complying with and conforming to (and this is perfectly practicable) -the instructions so clearly, fully, and yet briefly given in this little -volume, absolute security against the disease is assured. - -It is written by so experienced and competent an authority—one who has -had actual hand-to-hand conflict with an extensive epidemic—and in such -a clear, succinct style, as to be easily comprehended and made available -by every individual and household. - -The following CONDENSED TABLE OF CONTENTS shows the scope and -completeness of the work: Definition; History of Cholera; Cholera in -America; Causes of the Disease; The Disease in Human Beings; The Germ in -the Body; The Disease in Epidemic Form; Symptoms; The Diagnosis of the -Disease; Prognosis; Treatment; Prevention; Method of Handling an -Outbreak of Cholera on Shipboard; Quarantine; Disinfection. - -A very thorough and conveniently arranged index adds greatly to the -practical usefulness of the book. - - - _WITHERSTINE_ - - The International Pocket Medical Formulary - - ARRANGED THERAPEUTICALLY. - -By C. SUMNER WITHERSTINE, M.S., M.D., Associate Editor of the “Annual of -the Universal Medical Sciences”; Visiting Physician of the Home for the -Aged, Germantown, Philadelphia; Late House-Surgeon Charity Hospital, New -York. - -More than 1800 formulæ from several hundred well-known authorities. With -an Appendix containing a Posological Table, the newer remedies included; -Important Incompatibles; Tables on Dentition and the Pulse; Table of -Drops in a Fluidrachm and Doses of Laudanum graduated for age; Formulæ -and Doses of Hypodermatic Medication, including the newer remedies; Uses -of the Hypodermatic Syringe; Formulæ and Doses for Inhalations, Nasal -Douches, Gargles, and Eye-Washes; Formulæ for Suppositories; Use of the -Thermometer in Disease; Poisons, Antidotes and Treatment; Directions for -Post-Mortem and Medico-Legal Examinations; Treatment of Asphyxia, -Sun-stroke, etc.; Antiemetic Remedies and Disinfectants; Obstetrical -Table; Directions for Ligations of Arteries; Urinary Analysis; Table of -Eruptive Fevers; Motor Points for Electrical Treatment, etc. - -This work, the best and most complete of its kind, contains about 275 -printed pages, besides extra blank leaves judiciously distributed -throughout the book, affording a place to record and index favorite -formulæ. Elegantly printed, with red lines, edges, and borders; with -illustrations. Bound in leather, with side-flap. - -The alphabetical arrangement of the diseases and a thumb-letter index -render reference rapid and easy. - -As a _student_, the physician needs it for study, collateral reading, -and, for recording the favorite prescriptions of his professors, in -lecture and clinic; as a _recent graduate_, he needs it as a reference -hand-book for daily use in prescribing; as an _old practitioner_, he -needs it to refresh his memory on old remedies and combinations, and for -information concerning newer remedies and more modern approved plans of -treatment. - -No live, progressive medical man can afford to be without it. - - Price, post-paid, in United States and Canada, $2.00, net; Great - Britain, 11s. 6d.; France, 12 fr. 40. - - - _YOUNG_ - - Synopsis of Human Anatomy. - - BEING A COMPLETE COMPEND OF ANATOMY, INCLUDING THE ANATOMY OF THE - VISCERA, AND NUMEROUS TABLES. - -By JAMES K. YOUNG, M.D., Instructor in Orthopædic Surgery and Assistant -Demonstrator of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania; Attending -Orthopædic Surgeon, Out-Patient Department, University Hospital, etc. - -While the author has prepared this work especially for students, -sufficient descriptive matter has been added to render it extremely -valuable to the busy practitioner, particularly the sections on the -Viscera, Special Senses, and Surgical Anatomy. - -The work includes a complete account of Osteology, Articulations, and -Ligaments, Muscles, Fascias, Vascular and Nervous Systems, Alimentary, -Vocal, and Respiratory and Genito-Urinary Apparatus, the Organs of -Special Sense, and Surgical Anatomy. - -In addition to a most carefully and accurately prepared text, wherever -possible, the value of the work has been enhanced by tables to -facilitate and minimize the labor of students in acquiring a thorough -knowledge of this important subject. The section on the teeth has also -been especially prepared to meet the requirements of students of -dentistry. - -Illustrated with 76 Wood-Engravings. 390 pages. 12mo. Bound in Extra -Dark-Blue Cloth. _No. 3 in the Physicians’ and Students’ Ready-Reference -Series._ - - Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.40, net; in Great - Britain, 8s. 6d; in France, 9 fr. 25. - - Every unnecessary word has been excluded, out of regard to the very - limited time at the medical student’s disposal. It is also good as a - reference-book, as it presents the facts about which he wishes to - refresh his memory in the briefest manner consistent with - clearness.—_New York Medical Journal._ - - As a companion to the dissecting table, and a convenient reference for - the practitioner, it has a definite field of usefulness.—_Pittsburgh - Medical Review._ - - The book is much more satisfactory than the “remembrances” in vogue, - and yet is not too cumbersome to be carried around and read at odd - moments—a property which the student will readily appreciate.—_Weekly - Medical Review._ - - - The Universal Medical Journal - - (_Formerly THE SATELLITE_). - - A MONTHLY MAGAZINE OF THE PROGRESS OF EVERY BRANCH OF MEDICINE IN ALL - PARTS OF THE WORLD. - -Edited by CHARLES E. SAJOUS, M.D., Editor-in-Chief of THE ANNUAL OF THE -UNIVERSAL MEDICAL SCIENCES, and C. SUMNER WITHERSTINE, M.S., M.D., -Associate Editor. - - Subscription Price, in the United States of America, $2.00 per year; in - other countries of the Postal Union, 8s. 6d. or 10 fr. 50c. - -Subscribers to THE ANNUAL OF THE UNIVERSAL MEDICAL SCIENCES will now -receive THE UNIVERSAL MEDICAL JOURNAL _free_, as formerly they did THE -SATELLITE. THE UNIVERSAL MEDICAL JOURNAL contains 32 pages of Text, -Original Articles (a New Feature), Clinical Notes, and Correspondence by -eminent foreign and American physicians, etc. _The Best Time to -Subscribe is—Now!_ It is improved in appearance, matter, style, size. - - - Annual of the Universal Medical Sciences. - - A YEARLY REPORT OF THE PROGRESS OF THE GENERAL SANITARY SCIENCES - THROUGHOUT THE WORLD. - - - Issue of 1893 Ready in June, 1893. - -Edited by CHARLES E. SAJOUS, M.D., formerly Lecturer on Laryngology and -Rhinology in Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, etc., and Seventy -Associate Editors, assisted by over Two Hundred Corresponding Editors -and Collaborators in America, Europe, Asia, and Africa. IN FIVE ROYAL -OCTAVO VOLUMES OF ABOUT 500 PAGES EACH, bound in Cloth and Half-Russia, -Magnificently Illustrated with Chromo-Lithographs, Engravings, Maps, -Charts, and Diagrams. Being intended to enable any physician to possess, -at a moderate cost, a complete Contemporary History of Universal -Medicine, edited by many of America’s and Europe’s ablest teachers, and -superior in every detail of print, paper, binding, etc. - -SOLD ONLY BY SUBSCRIPTION, OR SENT DIRECT ON RECEIPT OF PRICE, SHIPPING -EXPENSES PREPAID. - - Subscription Price per Year (including the “UNIVERSAL MEDICAL JOURNAL” - for one year): In U. S., 5 vols., Cloth, $15.00; Half-Russia, $20.00. - Canada (duty paid), Cloth, $16.50; Half-Russia, $22.00. Great Britain, - Cloth, £4 7s.; Half-Russia, £5 15s. France, Cloth, 93 fr. 95; - Half-Russia, 124 fr. 35. - -The UNIVERSAL MEDICAL JOURNAL is a Monthly Magazine of the Progress of -Every Branch of Medicine in All Parts of the World, Edited by the Chief -Editor of the ANNUAL and C. SUMNER WITHERSTINE, M.S., M.D., Associate -Editor. Supplied to subscribers to the ANNUAL free of charge; to all -others, $2.00 per year in advance. - - EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE “ANNUAL OF THE UNIVERSAL MEDICAL SCIENCES.” - - CONTRIBUTORS TO SERIES 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892. - - EDITOR-IN-CHIEF, CHARLES E. SAJOUS, M.D., PHILADELPHIA. - - - SENIOR ASSOCIATE EDITORS. - - AGNEW, D. Hayes, M.D., LL.D., Philadelphia, series of 1888, 1889. - - BALDY, J. M., M.D., Philadelphia, 1891, 1892. - - BARTON, J. M., A.M., M.D., Philadelphia, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892. - - BARUCH, Simon, M.D., New York, 1892. - - BIRDSALL, W. R., M.D., New York, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892. - - BOOTH, J. A., M.D., New York, 1892. - - BROWN, F. W., M.D., Detroit, 1890, 1891, 1882. - - BRUEN, Edward T., M.D., Philadelphia, 1889. - - BRUSH, Edward N., M.D., Philadelphia, 1889, 1890, 1891. - - CATTELL, H. W., M.D., Philadelphia, 1892. - - COHEN, J. Solis-, M.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892. - - COHEN, S. Solis-, M.D., Philadelphia, 1892. - - CONNER, P. S., M.D., LL.D., Cincinnati, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892. - - CURRIER, A. F., A.B., M.D., New York, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892. - - DAVIDSON, C. C., M.D., Philadelphia, 1888. - - DAVIS, N. S., A.M., M.D., LL.D., Chicago, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, - 1892. - - DELAFIELD, Francis, M.D., New York, 1888. - - DELAVAN, D. Bryson, M.D., New York, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892. - - DOLLEY, C. S., M.D., Philadelphia, 1892. - - DRAPER, F. Winthrop, A.M., M.D., New York, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, - 1892. - - DUDLEY, Edward C., M.D., Chicago, 1888. - - ERNST, Harold C., A.M., M.D., Boston, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892. - - FORBES, William S., M.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889, 1890. - - GARRETSON, J. E., M.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889. - - GASTON, J. McFadden, M.D., Atlanta, 1890, 1891, 1892. - - GIHON, Albert L., A.M., M.D., Brooklyn, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892. - - GOODELL, William, M.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889, 1890. - - GRAY, Landon Carter, M.D., New York, 1890, 1891, 1892. - - GRIFFITH, J. P. Crozer, M.D., Philadelphia, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892. - - GUILFORD, S. H., D.D.S., Ph.D., Philadelphia, 1888. - - GUITERAS, John, M.D., Ph.D., Charleston, 1888, 1889. - - HAMILTON, John B., M.D., LL.D., Washington, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891. - - HARE, Hobart Amory, M.D., B.Sc., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, - 1892. - - HENRY, Frederick P., M.D., Philadelphia, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892. - - HOLLAND, J. W., M.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889. - - HOLT, L. Emmett, M.D., New York, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892. - - HOOPER, Franklin H., M.D., Boston, 1890, 1891, 1892. - - HOWELL, W. H., Ph.D., M.D., Ann Arbor, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892. - - HUN, Henry, M.D., Albany, 1889, 1890. - - INGALS, E. Fletcher, A.M., M.D., Chicago, 1889, 1890, 1891. - - JAGGARD, W. W., A.M., M.D., Chicago, 1890. - - JOHNSTON, Christopher, M.D., Baltimore, 1888, 1889. - - JOHNSTON, W. W., M.D., Washington, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892. - - KEATING, John M., M.D., Philadelphia, 1889. - - KELSEY, Charles B., M.D., New York, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892. - - KEYES, Edward L., A.M., M.D., New York, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892. - - KNAPP, Philip Coombs, M.D., Boston, 1891, 1892. - - KYLE, D. Braden, M.D., Philadelphia, 1892. - - LAPLACE, Ernest, A.M., M.D., Philadelphia, 1890, 1891, 1892. - - LEE, John G., M.D., Philadelphia, 1888. - - LEIDY, Joseph, M.D., LL.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891. - - LONGSTRETH, Morris, M.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889, 1890. - - LOOMIS, Alfred L., M.D., LL.D., New York, 1888, 1889. - - LYMAN, Henry M., A.M., M.D., Chicago, 1888. - - MCGUIRE, Hunter, M.D., LL.D., Richmond, 1888. - - MANTON, Walter P., M.D., F.R.M.S., Detroit, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, - 1892. - - MARTIN, H. Newell, M.D., M.A., Dr.Sc., F.R.S., Baltimore, 1888, 1889. - - MATAS, Rudolph, M.D., New Orleans, 1890, 1891, 1892. - - MEARS, J. Ewing, M.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891. - - MILLS, Charles K., M.D., Philadelphia, 1888. - - MINOT, Chas. Sedgwick, M.D., Boston, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892. - - MONTGOMERY, E. E., M.D., Philadelphia, 1891, 1892. - - MORTON, Thos. G., M.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889. - - MUNDE, Paul F., M.D., New York, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892. - - O’DWYER, Joseph, M.D., New York, 1892. - - OLIVER, Charles A., A.M., M.D., Philadelphia, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892. - - PACKARD, John H., A.M., M.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, - 1892. - - PARISH, Win. H., M.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1892. - - PARVIN, Theophilus, M.D., LL.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889. - - PEIRCE, C. N., D.D.S., Philadelphia, 1888. - - PEPPER, William, M.D., LL.D., Philadelphia, 1888. - - RANNEY, Ambrose L., M.D., New York, 1888, 1889, 1890. - - RICHARDSON, W. L., M.D., Boston, 1888, 1889. - - ROCKWELL, A. D., A.M., M.D., New York, 1891, 1892. - - ROHÉ, Geo. H., M.D., Baltimore, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892. - - SAJOUS, Chas. E., M.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892. - - SAYRE, Lewis A., M.D., New York, 1890, 1891, 1892. - - SEGUIN, E. C., M.D., Providence, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891. - - SENN, Nicholas, M.D., Ph.D., Milwaukee, 1888, 1889. - - SHAKSPEARE, E. O., M.D., Philadelphia, 1888. - - SHATTUCK, F. C., M.D., Boston, 1890. - - SMITH, Allen J., A.M., M.D., Philadelphia, 1890, 1891, 1892. - - SMITH, J. Lewis, M.D., New York, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892. - - SPITZKA, E. C., M.D., New York, 1888. - - STARR, Louis, M.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892. - - STIMSON, Lewis A., M.D., New York, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892. - - STURGIS, F. R., M.D., New York, 1888. - - SUDDUTH, F. X., A.M., M.D., F.R.M.S., Minneapolis, 1888, 1889, 1890, - 1891, 1892. - - THOMSON, William, M.D., Philadelphia, 1888. - - THOMSON, Win. H., M.D., New York, 1888. - - TIFFANY, L. McLane, A.M., M.D., Baltimore, 1890, 1891, 1892. - - TURNBULL, Chas. S., M.D., Ph.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, - 1892. - - TYSON, James, M.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889, 1890. - - VAN HARLINGEN, Arthur, M.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, - 1892. - - VANDER VEER, Albert, M.D., Ph.D., Albany, 1890. - - VICKERY, H. F., M.D., Boston, 1892. - - WHITE, J. William, M.D., Philadelphia, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892. - - WHITTAKER, Jas. T., M.D., Cincinnati, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892. - - WHITTIER, E. N., M.D., Boston, 1890, 1891, 1892. - - WILSON, James C., A.M., M.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, - 1892. - - WIRGMAN, Chas., M.D., Philadelphia, 1888. - - WITHERSTINE, C. Sumner, M.S., M.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889, 1890, - 1891, 1892. - - WYMAN, Walter, M.D., Washington, 1892. - - YOUNG, Jas. K., M.D., Philadelphia, 1891, 1892. - - JUNIOR ASSOCIATE EDITORS. - - BALDY, J. M., M.D., Philadelphia, 1890. - - BLISS, Arthur Ames, A.M., M.D., Philadelphia, 1890, 1891, 1892. - - CATTELL, H. W., M.D., Philadelphia, 1890, 1891. - - CERNA, D., M.D., Ph.D., Philadelphia, 1891, 1892. - - CLARK, J. Payson, M.D., Boston, 1890, 1891, 1892. - - CRANDALL, F. M., M.D., New York, 1891, 1892. - - COHEN, Solomon Solis-, A.M., M.D., Philadelphia, 1890, 1891. - - CRYER, H. M., M.D., Philadelphia, 1889. - - DEALE, Henry B., M.D., Washington, 1891. - - DOLLEY, C. S., M.D., Philadelphia, 1889, 1890, 1891. - - DOLLINGER, Julius, M.D., Philadelphia, 1889. - - DORLAND, W. A., M.D., Philadelphia, 1891, 1892. - - ESHNER, A. A., M.D., Philadelphia, 1892. - - FREEMAN, Leonard, M.D., Cincinnati, 1891, 1892. - - FULLER, Eugene, M.D., New York, 1892. - - GOODELL, W. Constantine, M.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889, 1890. - - GOULD, Geo. M., M.D., Philadelphia, 1889, 1890. - - GREENE, E. M., M.D., Boston, 1891, 1892. - - GRIFFITH, J. P. Crozer, M.D., Philadelphia, 1888. - - HOAG, Junius, M.D., Chicago, 1888. - - HOWELL, W. H., Ph.D., B.A., Baltimore, 1888, 1889. - - HUNT, William, M.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889. - - JACKSON, Henry, M.D., Boston, 1891, 1892. - - KIRK, Edward C., D.D.S., Philadelphia, 1888. - - LLOYD, James Hendrie, M.D., Philadelphia, 1888. - - MCCARTHY, N. I., Philadelphia, 1892. - - MCDONALD, Willis G., M.D., Albany, 1890. - - PENROSE, Chas. B., M.D., Philadelphia, 1890. - - POWELL, W. M., M.D., Atlantic City, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892. - - QUIMBY, Chas. E., M.D., New York, 1889. - - RAU, Leonard S., M.D., New York, 1892. - - SAYRE, R. H., M.D., New York, 1890, 1891, 1892. - - SMITH, Allen J., A.M., M.D., Philadelphia, 1889, 1890. - - STENGEL, Alfred, M.D., Philadelphia, 1892. - - VICKERY, H. F., M.D., Boston, 1891, 1892. - - WARFIELD, Ridgely B., M.D., Baltimore, 1891, 1892. - - WARNER, F. M., M.D., New York, 1891, 1892. - - WEED, Charles L., A.M., M.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889. - - WELLS, Brooks H., M.D., New York, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891. - - WOLFF, Lawrence, M.D., Philadelphia, 1890. - - WYMAN, Walter, A.M., M.D., Washington, 1891. - - ASSISTANTS TO ASSOCIATE EDITORS. - - BARUCH, S., M.D., New York, 1888. - - BEATTY, Franklin T., M.D., Philadelphia, 1888. - - BROWN, Dillon, M.D., New York, 1888. - - BUECHLER, A. F., M.D., New York, 1888. - - BURR, Chas. W., M.D., Philadelphia, 1891. - - COHEN, Solomon Solis-, M.D., Philadelphia, 1889. - - COOKE, B. G., M.D., New York, 1888. - - COOLIDGE, Algernon, Jr., M.D., Boston, 1890. - - CURRIER, A. F., M.D., New York, 1888. - - DANIELS, F. H., A.M., M.D., New York, 1888. - - DEALE, Henry B., M.D., Washington, 1890, 1891, 1892. - - ESHNER, A. A., M.D., Philadelphia, 1891. - - GOULD, George M., M.D. Philadelphia, 1888. - - GRANDIN, Egbert H., M.D., New York, 1888, 1889. - - GREENE, E. M., M.D., Boston, 1890. - - GUITERAS, G. M., M.D., Washington, 1890. - - HANCE, I. H., A.M., M.D., New York, 1891, 1892. - - KLINGENSCHMIDT, C. H. A., M.D., Washington, 1890. - - KRAMER, S. P., M.D., Cincinnati. 1892. - - MARTIN, Edward, M.D., Philadelphia, 1891, 1892. - - MCKEE, E. S., M.D., Cincinnati, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892. - - MYERS, F. H., M.D., New York, 1888. - - PACKARD, F. A., M.D., Philadelphia, 1890. - - PRITCHARD, W. B., M.D., New York, 1891, 1892. - - SANGREE, E. B., A.M., M.D., Philadelphia, 1890, 1892. - - SEARS, G. G., M.D., Boston, 1890. - - SHULTZ, R. C., M.D., New York, 1891, 1892. - - SOUWERS, Geo. F., M.D., Philadelphia, 1888. - - TAYLOR, H. L., M.D., Cincinnati, 1889, 1890. - - VANSANT, Eugene L., M.D., Philadelphia, 1888. - - VICKERY, H. F., M.D., Boston, 1890. - - WARNER, F. M., M.D., New York, 1888, 1889, 1890. - - WELLS, Brooks H., M.D., New York, 1888. - - WENDT, E. C., M.D., New York, 1888. - - WESTCOTT, Thompson S., M.D., Philadelphia, 1892. - - WILDER, W. H., M.D., Cincinnati, 1889. - - WILSON, C. Meigs., M.D., Philadelphia, 1889. - - WILSON, W. R., M.D., Philadelphia, 1891, 1892. - - - THE BIOGRAPHY OF A GREAT SURGEON. - - HISTORY OF THE - - Life of D. HAYES AGNEW, M.D., LL.D. - -By J. HOWE ADAMS, M.D. - -This fascinating life history of one of the world’s greatest surgeons is -_now ready_. - -Dr. J. Howe Adams, the author, has been for many years a member of Dr. -Agnew’s family, has had the valuable aid of Mrs. Agnew, and also access -to documents and papers of unusual value and interest that would have -been denied to most writers; so that the biography here presented is -written, as it were, from the inside, and thus made doubly interesting -and valuable as the narrative of the career of an eminent physician, -surgeon, and benefactor of mankind. Royal Octavo, 376 pages, handsomely -printed, with Portraits and other illustrations. - - Price, in United States, Extra Cloth, $2.50 net: Half-Morocco, Gilt Top, - $3.50 net, post-paid. In Canada (duty paid), Cloth, $2.75 net; - Half-Morocco, $3.90 net. Great Britain, Cloth, 14s.; Half-Morocco, 19s. - 6d. France, Cloth, 15 fr.; Half-Morocco, 22 fr. - - SOLD ONLY BY SUBSCRIPTION, OR SENT DIRECT ON RECEIPT OF PRICE, SHIPPING - EXPENSES PREPAID. - - - THE ONLY COMPLETE AND EXHAUSTIVE EXPOSITION OF THE SUBJECT. - - Psychopathia Sexualis, - - WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO CONTRARY SEXUAL INSTINCT: A MEDICO-LEGAL - STUDY OF SEXUAL INSANITY. - -By DR. R. VON KRAFFT-EBING, Professor of Psychiatry and Neurology, -University of Vienna. Authorized Translation of the Seventh Enlarged and -Revised German Edition, by CHARLES GILBERT CHADDOCK, M.D., Professor of -Nervous and Mental Diseases, Marion-Sims College of Medicine, St. Louis; -Fellow of the Chicago Academy of Medicine; Corresponding Member of the -Detroit Academy of Medicine; Associate Member of the American -Medico-Psychological Association, etc. - -Professor von Krafft-Ebing’s study of the psychopathology of the sexual -life easily supersedes all previous attempts to treat this important -subject scientifically, and it is sure to commend itself to members of -the medical and legal professions as a scientific explanation of many -social and criminal enigmas to which no work in English offers a -solution. - -GENERAL SCHEME OF THE BOOK.—I. Fragment of a Psychology of the Sexual -Life; the Sexual Instinct; Sensuality and Morality; True Love, etc. II. -Physiological Facts; Sexual Maturity; Control of the Sexual Instinct, -etc. III. General Pathology; Importance of Pathological Manifestations; -Sexual Perversion. IV. Special Pathology; Abnormal Sexual Manifestations -in Mental Diseases; Insanity. V. Pathological Sexuality Before the -Criminal Court; Frequency of Sexual Crimes; Increase; Loss of -Responsibility. - -One Royal Octavo Volume. 432 pages. - - United Canada Great - States (duty paid). Britain. France. - Cloth, $3.00, net $3.30, net 17s. 6d. 18 fr. 60 - Sheep, 4.00, net 4.40, net 22s. 6d. 24 fr. 60 - - SOLD ONLY BY SUBSCRIPTION, OR SENT DIRECT ON RECEIPT OF PRICE, SHIPPING - EXPENSES PREPAID. - - - _RANNEY_ - - Lectures on Nervous Diseases. - - FROM THE STAND-POINT OF CEREBRAL AND SPINAL LOCALIZATION, AND THE LATER - METHODS EMPLOYED IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF THESE AFFECTIONS. - -By AMBROSE L. RANNEY, A.M., M.D., Professor of the Anatomy and -Physiology of the Nervous System in the New York Post-Graduate Medical -School and Hospital; Professor of Nervous and Mental Diseases in the -Medical Department of the University of Vermont, etc.; Author of “The -Applied Anatomy of the Nervous System,” “Practical Medical Anatomy,” -etc., etc. - -It is now generally conceded that the nervous system controls all of the -physical functions to a greater or less extent, and also that most of -the symptoms encountered at the bedside can be explained and interpreted -from the stand-point of nervous physiology. - -Profusely illustrated with original diagrams and sketches in color by -the author, carefully selected wood-engravings, and reproduced -photographs of typical cases. One handsome royal octavo volume of 780 -pages. - - SOLD ONLY BY SUBSCRIPTION, OR SENT DIRECT ON RECEIPT OF PRICE, SHIPPING - EXPENSES PREPAID. - - Price, in United States, Cloth, $5.50; Sheep, $6.50; Half-Russia, $7.00. - Canada (duty paid), Cloth, $6.05; Sheep, $7.15; Half-Russia, $7.70. - Great Britain, Cloth, 32s.; Sheep, 37s. 6d.; Half-Russia, 40s. France, - Cloth, 34 fr. 70; Sheep, 40 fr. 45; Half-Russia, 43 fr. 30. - - We are glad to note that Dr. Ranney has published in book form his - admirable lectures on nervous diseases. His book contains over seven - hundred large pages, and is profusely illustrated with original - diagrams and sketches in colors, and with many carefully selected - wood-cuts and reproduced photographs of typical cases. A large amount - of valuable information, not a little of which has but recently - appeared in medical literature, is presented in compact form, and thus - made easily accessible. In our opinion, Dr. Ranney’s book ought to - meet with a cordial reception at the hands of the medical profession, - for, even though the author’s views may be sometimes open to question, - it cannot be disputed that his work bears evidence of scientific - method and honest opinion.—_American Journal of Insanity._ - - - STANTON’S - - Practical and Scientific Physiognomy; - - OR - - How to Read Faces. - -By MARY OLMSTED STANTON. Copiously illustrated. Two large Royal Octavo -volumes. 1220 pages. - -The author, MRS. MARY O. STANTON, has given over twenty years to the -preparation of this work. Her style is easy, and, by her happy method of -illustration of every point, the book reads like a novel and memorizes -itself. To physicians the diagnostic information conveyed is invaluable. -To the general reader each page opens a new train of ideas. 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} - div.titlepage {text-align: center; page-break-before: always; - page-break-after: always; } - div.titlepage p {text-align: center; text-indent: 0em; font-weight: bold; - line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 3em; } - .ph2 { text-indent: 0em; font-weight: bold; font-size: x-large; margin: .75em auto; - page-break-before: always; } - .x-ebookmaker p.dropcap:first-letter { float: left; } - </style> - </head> - <body> - -<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Psychopathia sexualis, by R. von Krafft-Ebing</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<table style='min-width:0; padding:0; margin-left:0; border-collapse:collapse'> - <tr><td>Title:</td><td>Psychopathia sexualis</td></tr> - <tr><td></td><td>With especial reference to contrary sexual instinct: a medico-legal study</td></tr> -</table> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: R. von Krafft-Ebing</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Translator: Charles Gilbert Chaddock</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: March 26, 2021 [eBook #64931]</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Richard Tonsing and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</div> - -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS ***</div> - -<div class='tnotes covernote'> - -<p class='c000'><strong>Transcriber’s Note:</strong></p> - -<p class='c000'>The cover image was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.</p> - -</div> - -<div class='titlepage'> - -<div> - <h1 class='c001'><span class='sc'>Psychopathia Sexualis</span>,<br /> <span class='xsmall'>WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO</span><br /> <span class='xlarge'>Contrary Sexual Instinct:</span><br /> <span class='large'>A MEDICO-LEGAL STUDY.</span></h1> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><span class='large'>By Dr. R. von KRAFFT-EBING,</span></div> - <div><span class='xsmall'>Professor of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of Vienna.</span></div> - <div class='c003'>AUTHORIZED TRANSLATION</div> - <div><span class='xsmall'>OF THE</span></div> - <div>SEVENTH ENLARGED AND REVISED GERMAN EDITION,</div> - <div><span class='xsmall'>BY</span></div> - <div><span class='large'>CHARLES GILBERT CHADDOCK, M.D.,</span></div> - <div><span class='xsmall'>Professor of Nervous and Mental Diseases, Marion-Sims College of Medicine, St. Louis; Fellow of the Chicago Academy of Medicine; Corresponding Member of the Detroit Academy of Medicine; Associate Member of the American Medico-Psychological Association, etc.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='figcenter id001'> -<img src='images/title.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div><span class='small'>PHILADELPHIA AND LONDON:</span></div> - <div>THE F. A. DAVIS CO., PUBLISHERS.</div> - <div>1893.</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c004'> - <div>Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1892, by</div> - <div>THE F. A. DAVIS COMPANY,</div> - <div>In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C., U. S. A.</div> - <div>All rights reserved.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c005'> - <div>Philadelphia, Pa., U. S. A.:</div> - <div>The Medical Bulletin Printing House,</div> - <div>1916 Cherry Street.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_iii'>iii</span> - <h2 class='c006'>PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.</h2> -</div> - -<p class='c007'>Very few ever fully appreciate the powerful influence which -sexuality exercises over feeling, thought, and conduct, both in -the individual and in society. Schiller, in his poem, “<span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Die Weltweisen</span>,” -recognizes it with the words:—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“<span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Einstweilen bis den Bau der Welt</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Philosophie zusammenhält,</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Erhält sie das Getriebe</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Durch Hunger und durch Liebe.</span>”<a id='r1' /><a href='#f1' class='c009'><sup>[1]</sup></a></div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>It is remarkable that the sexual life has received but a -very subordinate consideration on the part of philosophers.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Schopenhauer (“The World as Will and Idea”) thought -it strange that love had been thus far a subject for the poet -alone, and that, with the exception of superficial treatment by -Plato, Rousseau, and Kant, it had been foreign to philosophers.</p> - -<p class='c010'>What Schopenhauer and, after him, the Philosopher of the -Unconscious, E. v. Hartmann, philosophized concerning the sexual -relations is so imperfect, and in its consequences so distasteful, -that, aside from the treatment in the works of Michelet -(“L’amour”) and Mantegazza (“Physiology of Love”), which -are to be considered more as brilliant discussions than as scientific -treatises, the empirical psychology and metaphysics of the -sexual side of human existence rest upon a foundation which is -scientifically almost puerile.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The poets may be better psychologists than the psychologists -and philosophers; but they are men of feeling rather than -of understanding, and at least one-sided in their consideration of -the subject. They cannot see the deep shadow behind the light -and sunny warmth of that from which they draw their inspiration. -The poetry of all times and nations would furnish inexhaustible -material for a monograph on the psychology of love; -but the great problem can be solved only with the help of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_iv'>iv</span>Science, and especially with the aid of Medicine, which studies -the psychological subject at its anatomical and physiological -source, and views it from all sides.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Perhaps it will be possible for medical science to gain a -stand-point of philosophical knowledge midway between the -despairing views of philosophers like Schopenhauer and Hartmann<a id='r2' /><a href='#f2' class='c009'><sup>[2]</sup></a> -and the gay, <i><span lang="fem" xml:lang="fem">näive</span></i> views of the poets.</p> - -<p class='c010'>It is not the intention of the author to lay the foundation -of a psychology of the sexual life, though without doubt psychopathology -would furnish many important sources of knowledge -to psychology.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The purpose of this treatise is a description of the pathological -manifestations of the sexual life and an attempt to -refer them to their underlying conditions. The task is a difficult -one, and, in spite of years of experience as alienist and -medical jurist, I am well aware that what I can offer must be -incomplete.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The importance of the subject for the welfare of society, -especially forensically, demands, however, that it should be examined -scientifically. Only he who, as a medico-legal expert, -has been in a position where he has been compelled to pass -judgment upon his fellow-men, where life, freedom, and honor -were at stake, and realized painfully the incompleteness of our -knowledge concerning the pathology of the sexual life, can -fully understand the significance of an attempt to gain definite -views concerning it.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Even at the present time, in the domain of sexual criminality, -the most erroneous opinions are expressed and the most -unjust sentences pronounced, influencing laws and public opinion.</p> - -<p class='c010'>He who makes the psychopathology of sexual life the -object of scientific study sees himself placed on a dark side of -human life and misery, in the shadows of which the godlike -<span class='pageno' id='Page_v'>v</span>creations of the poet become hideous masks, and morals and -æsthetics seem out of place in the “image of God.”</p> - -<p class='c010'>It is the sad province of Medicine, and especially of Psychiatry, -to constantly regard the reverse side of life,—human -weakness and misery.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Perhaps in this difficult calling some consolation may be -gained, and extended to the moralist, if it be possible to refer -to morbid conditions much that offends ethical and æsthetic -feeling. Thus Medicine undertakes to save the honor of mankind -before the Court of Morality, and individuals from judges -and their fellow-men. The duty and right of medical science -in these studies belong to it by reason of the high aim of all -human inquiry after truth.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The author would take to himself the words of Tardieu -<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">(“Des attentats aux moeurs”): “Aucune misère physique ou -morale, aucune plaie, quelque corrompue qu’elle soit, ne doit -effrayer celui qui s’est voué a la science de l’homme et le ministère -sacré du médecin, en l’obligeant à tout voir, lui permet -aussi de tout dire.”</span><a id='r3' /><a href='#f3' class='c009'><sup>[3]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'>The following pages are addressed to earnest investigators -in the domain of natural science and jurisprudence. In order -that unqualified persons should not become readers, the author -saw himself compelled to choose a title understood only by the -learned, and also, where possible, to express himself in <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">terminis -technicis</span></i>. It seemed necessary also to give certain particularly -revolting portions in Latin<a id='r4' /><a href='#f4' class='c009'><sup>[4]</sup></a> rather than in German.</p> - -<p class='c010'>It is hoped that this attempt to present to physician and -jurist facts from an important sphere of life will receive kindly -acceptance and fill an actual hiatus in literature; for, with the -exception of certain single descriptions and cases, the literature -presents only the writings of Moreau and Tarnowsky, which -cover but a portion of the field.<a id='r5' /><a href='#f5' class='c009'><sup>[5]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_vii'>vii</span> - <h2 class='c006'>TRANSLATOR’S PREFACE.</h2> -</div> - -<p class='c007'>The distinguished author of “Psychopathia Sexualis” -speaks for himself and his work in its preface; but there are -not wanting others to speak for him.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Dr. A. von Schrenck-Notzing, of Munich, writes<a id='r6' /><a href='#f6' class='c009'><sup>[6]</sup></a>:—</p> - -<p class='c010'>“It may be questioned whether it is justifiable to discuss -the anomalies of the sexual instinct apart, instead of treating -of them in their proper place in psychiatry. As a rule, they -are certainly only symptoms of a constitutional malady, or of a -weakened state of the brain, which manifest themselves in the -various forms of sexual perversion.</p> - -<p class='c010'>“Moreover, attention has been directed to the baneful influence -possibly exerted by such publications as ‘Psychopathia -Sexualis.’ To be sure, the appearance of seven editions of -that work could not be accounted for were its circulation confined -to scientific readers. Therefore, it cannot be denied that -a pornographic interest on the part of the public is accountable -for a part of the wide circulation of the book. But, in spite of -this disadvantage, the injury done by implanting knowledge of -sexual pathology in unqualified persons is not to be compared -with the good accomplished. History shows that uranism was -very wide-spread long before the appearance of ‘Psychopathia -Sexualis.’ The courts have constantly to deal with sexual -crimes in which the responsibility of the accused comes in -question.</p> - -<p class='c010'>“For the physician himself, sexual anomalies, treated as -they are in a distant manner in text-books on psychiatry, are -in greater part a <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">terra incognita</span></i>. Exact knowledge of the -causes and conditions of development of sexual aberrations, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_viii'>viii</span>and of the influence on them of hereditary constitution, education, -the impressions of every-day life, and modern refined civilization, -is the prerequisite for a rational prophylaxis of sexual -aberrations, and for a correct sexual education. Without careful -study of the circumstances which attend the <em>development</em> of -sexual anomalies, we should never be in a position to use effectual -therapeusis. The majority of these unfortunates—Krafft-Ebing -calls them Nature’s step-children—are devoid of insight -into their malady; like insane patients destitute of understanding -of the ethical development of man, they are happy in their -abnormal instinctive tendency. For this reason, in spite of the -great prevalence of uranism, very few of its subjects seek medical -treatment. While the terminal forms of sexual aberrations -end in asylums for the insane, the doubtful cases, in which -incompleteness of development or apparent viciousness render -correct diagnosis difficult, make up the majority. But a thorough -knowledge of the aberrations of the sexual instinct is absolutely -indispensable to the jurist. The reasons given are thus sufficiently -important to demonstrate the need of a hand-book on -‘psychopathia sexualis.’”</p> - -<p class='c010'>These words also hold true for English-speaking physicians -and jurists,—who can scarcely fail to welcome the translation -of a work so systematic and comprehensive as “Psychopathia -Sexualis”; a work conceived and executed in the highest scientific -and humane spirit; a work which not only broadens and -systematizes our knowledge of psycho-sexual phenomena, but also -demonstrates, in the results of hypnotic suggestion, how important -mental therapeusis must ultimately become in the hands of -the physician; a work which is a trustworthy guide in the -study of the concrete case of sexual crime, and a philosophical -treatise on the inter-relations of sexual criminality, disease, and -criminal anthropology.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The difficulties of translation have not been slight; but -minor errors cannot destroy the author’s meaning.</p> - -<p class='c010'>For much encouragement in the work of translation my -gratitude to Dr. James G. Kiernan and Dr. G. Frank Lydston, -of Chicago, both well-known investigators in this domain of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_ix'>ix</span>psychopathology, is here expressed; and to Dr. William A. -Stone, Assistant Superintendent at the Michigan Asylum, Kalamazoo, -I am greatly indebted for assistance in the preparation -of the manuscript.</p> - -<div class='c011'><span class='sc'>Charles Gilbert Chaddock.</span></div> - -<div class='lg-container-l'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><span class='sc'>St. Louis, Mo.</span>,</div> - <div class='line in6'>November, 1892.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_xi'>xi</span> - <h2 class='c006'>TABLE OF CONTENTS.</h2> -</div> - -<table class='table0' summary='TABLE OF CONTENTS'> - <tr> - <th class='c012'></th> - <th class='c013'> </th> - <th class='c014'><span class='small'>PAGE</span></th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'>I.</td> - <td class='c013'><span class='sc'>Fragment of a Psychology of the Sexual Life</span>,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_1'>1</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Power of the sexual instinct,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_1'>1</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Sexuality as the foundation of ethical feeling,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_1'>1</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Love as a passion,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_2'>2</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>History of development of sexuality,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_2'>2</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Modesty,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_2'>2</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Christianity,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_4'>4</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Monogamy,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_4'>4</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Woman’s place in Islam,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_5'>5</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Sensuality and morality,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_5'>5</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Decadence of sexual morality,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_6'>6</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Development of sexual feelings in the individual; puberty,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_7'>7</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Sensuality and religious enthusiasm,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_9'>9</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Relations between the spheres of religion and sexuality,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_9'>9</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Sensuality and art,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_10'>10</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Idealizing tendency of first love,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_11'>11</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>True love,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_11'>11</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Sentimentality,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_11'>11</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Platonic love,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_12'>12</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Love and friendship,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_12'>12</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Difference between male and female love,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_13'>13</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Celibacy,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_14'>14</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Unfaithfulness,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_15'>15</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Marriage,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_15'>15</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Desire for adornment,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_16'>16</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Facts of physiological fetichism,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_17'>17</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Religious and erotic fetichism,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_17'>17</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Eyes, odors, voices, and mental qualities as fetiches,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_21'>21</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Hair, hand, and foot of woman as fetiches,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_22'>22</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'>II.</td> - <td class='c013'><span class='sc'>Physiology</span>,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_23'>23</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Sexual maturity,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_23'>23</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Duration of sexual instinct,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_23'>23</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xii'>xii</span> </td> - <td class='c013'>Sexual sense,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_24'>24</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Localization (?),</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_24'>24</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Physiological development of sexuality,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_24'>24</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Erection; erection-centre,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_24'>24</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Sexuality and the olfactory sense,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_26'>26</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Flagellation an excitant of sexual desire,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_28'>28</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Sects of flagellants,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_28'>28</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Paullini’s “Flagellum Salutis,”</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_29'>29</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Erogenous zones,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_31'>31</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Control of the sexual instinct,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_32'>32</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Cohabitation,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_32'>32</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Ejaculation,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_33'>33</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'>III.</td> - <td class='c013'><span class='sc'>General Pathology</span>,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_34'>34</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Frequency and importance of pathological manifestations,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_34'>34</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Schema of the sexual neuroses,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_34'>34</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Spinal neuroses,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_35'>35</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Cerebral neuroses,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_36'>36</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Paradoxia sexualis,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_37'>37</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Anæsthesia sexualis (congenital),</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_42'>42</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Anæsthesia sexualis (acquired),</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_47'>47</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Hyperæsthesia sexualis,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_48'>48</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Paræsthesia sexualis,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_56'>56</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Perversion and perversity,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_56'>56</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Sadism,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_57'>57</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>An attempt to explain sadism,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_57'>57</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Sadistic lust-murder,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_62'>62</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Anthropophagy,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_64'>64</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Violation of corpses,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_67'>67</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Injury of women,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_70'>70</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Defilement of women,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_79'>79</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Symbolic sadism,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_81'>81</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Sadism with any object,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_82'>82</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Whipping of boys,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_82'>82</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Sadistic acts with animals,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_84'>84</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Sadism in woman,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_87'>87</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Masochism,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_89'>89</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Relation of passive flagellation to masochism,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_101'>101</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xiii'>xiii</span> </td> - <td class='c013'>Ideal masochism,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_115'>115</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Symbolic masochism,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_116'>116</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Rousseau,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_119'>119</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Larvated masochism,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_123'>123</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Feminine masochism,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_137'>137</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>An attempt to explain masochism,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_139'>139</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Masochism and sadism,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_148'>148</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Fetichism,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_152'>152</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Part of the female body as a fetich,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_157'>157</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Female attire as a fetich,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_167'>167</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Special materials as fetiches,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_180'>180</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Contrary sexual instinct, or homo-sexuality,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_185'>185</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Acquired homo-sexuality,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_188'>188</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Simple reversal of sexual feeling,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_191'>191</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Eviration and defemination,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_197'>197</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Transition to metamorphosis sexualis paranoica,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_202'>202</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Metamorphosis sexualis paranoica,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_216'>216</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Congenital homo-sexuality,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_222'>222</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Psychical hermaphroditism,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_230'>230</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Urnings,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_255'>255</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Effemination and viraginity,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_279'>279</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Androgyny and gynandry,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_304'>304</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of contrary sexuality,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_319'>319</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'>IV.</td> - <td class='c013'><span class='sc'>Special Pathology</span>,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_358'>358</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Pathological sexuality in the various forms of mental disease,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_358'>358</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Imbecility,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_359'>359</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Dementia,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_361'>361</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Paretic dementia,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_363'>363</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Epilepsy,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_364'>364</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Periodical insanity,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_370'>370</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Psychopathia sexualis periodica,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_371'>371</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Mania,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_372'>372</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Satyriasis and nymphomania,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_373'>373</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Melancholia,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_374'>374</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Hysteria,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_375'>375</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Paranoia,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_376'>376</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xiv'>xiv</span>V.</td> - <td class='c013'><span class='sc'>Pathological Sexuality in its Legal Aspects</span>,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_378'>378</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Dangers to society from sexual crimes,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_378'>378</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Increase of sexual crimes,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_378'>378</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Causes,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_378'>378</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Defective appreciation of such crimes by jurists,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_379'>379</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Conditions necessary to remove legal responsibility,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_381'>381</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Exhibition,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_382'>382</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Violation of statues,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_396'>396</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Rape and lust-murder,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_397'>397</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Bodily injury, injury to property, and torture of animals dependent on sadism,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_401'>401</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Fetichism,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_401'>401</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Violation of children,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_402'>402</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Sodomy,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_404'>404</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Pederasty,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_408'>408</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Cultivated pederasty,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_414'>414</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Social life of pederasts,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_415'>415</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Ball of the woman-haters,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_417'>417</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Pædicatio mulierum,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_420'>420</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Lesbian love,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_428'>428</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Necrophilia,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_430'>430</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Incest,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_431'>431</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c012'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Immoral acts with persons in the care of others,</td> - <td class='c014'><a href='#Page_432'>432</a></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_1'>1</span> - <h2 class='c006'>I. A FRAGMENT<br /> <span class='small'>OF A</span><br /> PSYCHOLOGY OF THE SEXUAL LIFE.</h2> -</div> - -<p class='c007'>The propagation of the human species is not committed -to accident or to the caprice of the individual, but made secure -in a natural instinct, which, with all-conquering force and -might, demands fulfillment. In the gratification of this natural -impulse are found not only sensual pleasure and sources of -physical well-being, but also higher feelings of satisfaction in -perpetuating the single, perishable existence, by the transmission -of mental and physical attributes to a new being. In coarse, -sensual love, in the lustful impulse to satisfy this natural instinct, -man stands on a level with the animal; but it is given to him -to raise himself to a height where this natural instinct no -longer makes him a slave: higher, nobler feelings are awakened, -which, notwithstanding their sensual origin, expand into a -world of beauty, sublimity, and morality.</p> - -<p class='c010'>On this height man overcomes his natural instinct, and -from an inexhaustible spring draws material and inspiration -for higher enjoyment, for more earnest work, and the attainment -of the ideal. Maudsley (<cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Deutsche Klinik</span></cite>, 1873, 2, 3) rightly -calls the sexual feeling the foundation for the development of -the social feeling. “Were man to be robbed of the instinct -of procreation and all that arises from it mentally, nearly all -poetry and, perhaps, the entire moral sense as well, would be -torn from his life.”</p> - -<p class='c010'>Sexuality is the most powerful factor in individual and -social existence; the strongest incentive to the exertion of -strength and acquisition of property, to the foundation of a -home, and to the awakening of altruistic feelings, first for a -person of the opposite sex, then for the offspring, and, in a -wider sense, for all humanity.</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_2'>2</span>Thus all ethics and, perhaps, a good part of æsthetics -and religion depend upon the existence of sexual feeling.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Though the sexual life leads to the highest virtues, even to -the sacrifice of the ego, yet in its sensual force lies also the danger -that it may degenerate into powerful passions and develop the -grossest vices.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Love as an unbridled passion is like a fire that burns -and consumes everything; like an abyss that swallows all,—honor, -fortune, well-being.</p> - -<p class='c010'>It seems of high psychological interest to trace the developmental -phases through which, in the course of the evolution -of human culture to the morality and civilization of to-day, the -sexual life has passed.<a id='r7' /><a href='#f7' class='c009'><sup>[7]</sup></a> On primitive ground the satisfaction -of the sexual appetite of man seems like that of the animal. -Openness in the sexual act is not shunned; man and woman -are not ashamed to go naked. To-day we see savages in this -condition (comp. Ploss, “Das Weib,” p. 196, 1884); as, for -example, the Australians, the Polynesians, and the Malays of -the Philippines. The female is the common property of the -males, the temporary booty of the strongest, who strive for the -possession of the most beautiful of the opposite sex, thus carrying -out instinctively a kind of sexual selection.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Woman is a movable thing, a ware, an object of bargain -and sale and gift; a thing to satisfy lust and to work.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The appearance of a feeling of shame before others in -the manifestation and satisfaction of the natural instinct, and -modesty in the intercourse of the sexes, form the beginning of -morality in the sexual life. From this arose the effort to conceal -the genitals (“And they knew that they were naked”) -and the secret performance of the sexual act.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The development of this degree of culture is favored by -the rigors of climate and the necessity for complete protection -of the body thus entailed. Thus in part the fact is explained -that among northern races modesty may be proved anthropologically -earlier than among southern races.</p> - -<p class='c010'>A further stage in the development of culture in sexual -<span class='pageno' id='Page_3'>3</span>life is marked when the female ceases to be a movable thing. -She becomes a person; and if still for a long time placed far -below the male socially, yet the idea that the right of disposal -of herself and her favors belongs to her is developed.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Thus she becomes the object of the male’s wooing. To -the barbarous sensual feeling of sexual desire the beginnings of -ethical feeling are added. The instinct is intellectualized. Property -in women ceases to exist. Individuals of the opposite sexes -feel themselves drawn toward each other by mental and physical -qualities, and show love for each other only. At this stage -woman has a feeling that her charms belong only to the man -of her choice, and wishes to conceal them from others. Thus, -by the side of modesty, the foundations of chastity and faithfulness—as -long as the bond of love lasts—are laid.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Woman attains this degree of social elevation earlier -when, at the transition from nomadic life to a state of fixed -habitation, man obtains a house and home, and the necessity -arises for him to possess in woman a companion for the household,—a -housewife.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Among the nations of the East, the Egyptians, the Israelites, -and the Greeks, and among those of the West, the Germans, -early attained this stage of culture. Among all these races, at -this stage of advancement, the esteem in which virginity, -chastity, modesty, and sexual faithfulness are held is in marked -contrast with other nations which offer the female of the house -to the guest for his sexual enjoyment.<a id='r8' /><a href='#f8' class='c009'><sup>[8]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'>That this stage in the culture of sexual morality is quite -high and makes its appearance much later than other developmental -forms of culture—as, for example, æsthetics—is seen -from the condition of the Japanese, with whom it is the custom -to marry a woman only after she has lived for a year in the -tea-houses (which correspond with European houses of prostitution), -and to whom the nakedness of women is nothing shocking. -At all events, among the Japanese every unmarried woman -can prostitute herself without lessening her value as a future -wife,—a proof that with this remarkable people woman possesses -<span class='pageno' id='Page_4'>4</span>no ethical worth, but is valued in marriage only as a means of -enjoyment, procreation, and work.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Christianity gave the most powerful impulse to the moral -elevation of the sexual relations by raising woman to social -equality with man and elevating the bond of love between -man and woman to a religio-moral institution.<a id='r9' /><a href='#f9' class='c009'><sup>[9]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'>The fact that in higher civilization human love must be -monogamous and rest on a lasting contract was thus recognized. -If nature does no more than provide for procreation, a commonwealth -(family or state) cannot exist without a guaranty that -the offspring shall flourish physically, morally, and intellectually. -Christendom gained both mental and material superiority over -<span class='pageno' id='Page_5'>5</span>the polygamous races, especially Islam, through the equalization -of woman and man, and by establishing monogamous marriage -and securing it by legal, religious, and moral ties.</p> - -<p class='c010'>If Mohammed was actuated by a desire to raise woman -from her place as a slave and means of sensual gratification to -a higher social and matrimonial plane, nevertheless, in the -Mohammedan world woman remained far below man, to whom -alone divorce was allowed and also made very easy.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Islam kept woman from any participation in public life -under all circumstances, and thus hindered her intellectual and -moral development. In consequence of this the Mohammedan -woman has ever remained essentially a means of sensual gratification -and procreation; while, on the other hand, the virtues -and capabilities of the Christian woman, as housewife, educator -of children, and equal companion of man, have been allowed -to unfold in all their beauty. Islam, with its polygamy and -harem-life, is glaringly contrasted with the monogamy and -family life of the Christian world.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The same contrast is apparent in a comparison of the two -religions with reference to the conception of the hereafter. The -picture of eternity seen by the faith of the Christian is that of a -paradise freed from all earthly sensuality, promising the purest -of intellectual happiness; the fancy of the Mussulman fills the -future life with the delights of a harem full of houris.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In spite of all the aids which religion, law, education, and -morality give civilized man in the bridling of his passions, he is -always in danger of sinking from the clear height of pure, chaste -love into the mire of common sensuality.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In order to maintain one’s self on such a height, a constant -struggle between natural impulses and morals, between -sensuality and morality, is required. Only characters endowed -with strong wills are able to completely emancipate themselves -from sensuality and share in that pure love from which spring -the noblest joys of human life.</p> - -<p class='c010'>It is yet questionable whether, in the course of the later -centuries, mankind has advanced in morality. It is certain, -however, that the race has become more modest; and this phenomenon -<span class='pageno' id='Page_6'>6</span>of civilization—this hiding of the animal propensities—is, -at least, a concession that vice makes to virtue.</p> - -<p class='c010'>From a reading of Scherr’s works (“History of German -Civilization”) one would certainly gain the impression that, in -comparison with those of the Middle Ages, our own ideas of -morals have become refined, even when it must also be allowed -that in many instances finer manners, without greater morality, -have taken the place of earlier obscenity and coarseness of -expression.</p> - -<p class='c010'>When widely separated periods of history are compared, no -doubt is left that public morality, in spite of occasional temporary -retrogression, makes continuous progress, and that Christianity is -one of the most powerful of the forces favoring moral progress.</p> - -<p class='c010'>To-day we are far beyond the sexual conditions which, as -shown in the sodomitic worship of the gods, in the life of the -people, and in the laws and religious practices, existed among the -ancient Greeks,—to say nothing of the worship of Phallus and -Priapus among the Athenians and Babylonians, of the bacchanals -of ancient Rome, and the prominent place prostitutes took among -these peoples. In the slow and often imperceptible progress -which human morality makes there are variations or fluctuations, -just as in the individual sexuality manifests an ebb and flow.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Periods of moral decadence in the life of a people are -always contemporaneous with times of effeminacy, sensuality, -and luxury. These conditions can only be conceived as occurring -with increased demands upon the nervous system, which -must meet these requirements. As a result of increase of -nervousness, there is increase of sensuality, and, since this leads -to excesses among the masses, it undermines the foundation of -society,—the morality and purity of family life. When this is -destroyed by excesses, unfaithfulness, and luxury, then the destruction -of the state is inevitably compassed in material, moral, -and political ruin. Warning examples of this character are -presented by Rome, Greece, and France under Louis XIV -and XV.<a id='r10' /><a href='#f10' class='c009'><sup>[10]</sup></a> In such times of political and moral destruction -<span class='pageno' id='Page_7'>7</span>monstrous perversions of the sexual life were frequent, which, -however, may in part be referred to psycho-pathological or, -at least, neuro-pathological conditions existing in the people.</p> - -<p class='c010'>It is shown by the history of Babylon, Nineveh, Rome, -and also by the “mysteries” of life in modern Capitals, that -large cities are the breeding-places of nervousness and degenerate -sensuality. The fact which may be learned from reading -Ploss’s work is remarkable, viz., that perversion of the sexual -instinct (save among the Aleutians, and in the form of masturbation -among the females of the East and the Nama Hottentots) -does not occur in uncivilized or half-civilized races.<a id='r11' /><a href='#f11' class='c009'><sup>[11]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'>The study of the sexual life in the individual must begin -at its development at puberty, and follow it through its different -phases to the extinction of sexual feelings. In his “Physiology -of Love,” Mantegazza describes the longings and impulses of -awakening sexual life, of which presentiments, indefinite feelings, -and impulses have existed long before the epoch of -puberty. This epoch is, physiologically, the most important. -In the abundant increase of feelings and ideas which it engenders -is manifested the significance of the sexual factor in -mental life.</p> - -<p class='c010'>These impulses, at first vague and incomprehensible, arising -from the sensations which are awakened by organs which were -previously undeveloped, are accompanied by a powerful excitation -of the emotions. The psychological reaction of the sexual -impulse at puberty expresses itself in a multitude of manifestations -which have in common only the mental condition of emotion -and the impulse to express in some way, or render objective, -the strange emotionality. Religion and poetry lie close to it, -which, after the time of sexual development is past and these -originally incomprehensible feelings and impulses have cleared -up, receive powerful incentives from the sexual sphere. He -who doubts this has only to think how often religious enthusiasm -occurs at the time of puberty; how frequent sexual episodes are -<span class='pageno' id='Page_8'>8</span>in the lives of the saints;<a id='r12' /><a href='#f12' class='c009'><sup>[12]</sup></a> how powerfully sensuality expresses -itself in the histories of religious fanatics; and in what revolting -scenes, true orgies, the religious festivals of antiquity, no less -than the “meetings” of certain sects in modern times, express -themselves,—to say nothing of the lustful mysteries which characterized -the cults of the ancients. On the other hand, we see -that unsatisfied sensuality very frequently finds an equivalent in -religious enthusiasm.<a id='r13' /><a href='#f13' class='c009'><sup>[13]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'>This relation between religious and sexual feeling is also -shown on the basis of unequivocal psycho-pathological states. -It suffices to recall how intense sensuality makes itself manifest -in the clinical histories of many religious maniacs; the motley -mixture of religious and sexual delusions that is so frequently -observed in psychoses (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">e.g.</span></i>, in maniacal women, who think they -are or will be the Mother of God), but particularly in masturbatic -insanity; and, finally, the sensual, cruel self-punishments, -injuries, self-castrations, and even self-crucifixions resulting from -abnormal sexual-religious feeling.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Any attempt to explain the relations between religion and love has -difficulties to encounter. Many analogies present themselves. The feeling -of sexual attraction and religious feeling (considered as a psychological -fact) consist of two elements.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In religion the primary element is a feeling of dependence,—a fact -which Schleiermacher recognized long before the later studies in anthropology -and ethnography, founded on the observation of primitive conditions, -had led to the same conclusion. It is only at a higher stage of culture -that the second and essentially ethical element—love of God—enters -<span class='pageno' id='Page_9'>9</span>into religious feeling. In the place of the evil spirits of the primitive -peoples came the two-faced—now kind, now angry—creations of the more -complicated mythologies, until, finally, the God of love, as the giver of -eternal happiness, is reverenced, whether this be hoped for from Jehovah, -as a blessing on earth; from Allah, as a physical blessing in Paradise; -from Christ, as eternal bliss in heaven; or as the Nirvana of the Buddhists.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In sexual desire, love, the expectation of unbounded happiness is the -primary element. The feeling of dependence is of secondary development. -The nucleus of this feeling exists in both parties, but it may remain -undeveloped in one. As a rule, owing to her passive part in -procreation and social conditions, it is more pronounced in woman; but -exceptionally this is true of men having minds that approach the feminine -type.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In both the religious and sexual spheres love is mystical, transcendental. -In sexual love the real purpose of the instinct, the propagation -of the species, does not enter into consciousness; and the strength -of the desire is greater than any that consciousness of purpose could -create. In religion, however, the good sought and the object of devotion -are of such nature that they cannot become a part of empirical knowledge. -Therefore, both mental processes give unlimited range to the imagination.</p> - -<p class='c015'>But both have an immortal object, in as far as the bliss which the -sexual sentiment creates in fancy seems incomparable and infinite in contrast -with all other pleasurable feelings; and the same is true of the -promised blessings of faith, which are conceived to be eternal and supreme.</p> - -<p class='c015'>From the correspondence between the two states of consciousness, -with reference to the commanding importance of their objects, it -follows that they both often attain an intensity that is irresistible, and -which overcomes all opposing motives. Owing to their similarity in that -their objects cannot be attained, it follows that both easily degenerate -into silly enthusiasm, in which the intensity of feeling far surpasses the -clearness and constancy of the ideas. In both cases, in this enthusiasm, -with the expectation of a happiness that cannot be attained, the necessity -of unconditional submission plays a part.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Owing to the correspondence in many points between these two -emotional states, it is clear that when they are very intense the one may -take the place of the other; or one may appear by the side of the other, -since every intensification of one element of mental life also intensifies its -associations. The constant emotion thus calls into consciousness now -one and now the other of the two series of ideas with which it is connected. -Either of these mental states may become transformed into the -impulse to cruelty (actively exercised or passively suffered).</p> - -<p class='c015'>In the religious life this is expressed by sacrifice. Primarily this is -done with the idea that the victim is materially enjoyed by the deity; -then, in reverence, as a sign of submission, as a tribute; and, finally, with -the belief that sins and transgressions against the deity are thus atoned -<span class='pageno' id='Page_10'>10</span>for and blessing obtained. If, however, the offering consist of self-punishment, -which occurs in all religions, in individuals of very excitable religious -nature, it serves not only as a symbol of submission and as an -equivalent in the exchange of present pain for future bliss, but everything -that is thought to come from the deity, all that happens in obedience to -divine mandate or to the honor of the godhead, is felt directly as pleasure. -Thus religious enthusiasm leads to ecstasy, to a condition in which consciousness -is so preoccupied with feelings of mental pleasure that the -concept of suffering endured can only be apperceived without its painful -quality.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The exaltation of religious enthusiasm may lead actively to pleasure -in the sacrifice of another, if pity be overcompensated by feelings of -religious pleasure.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Sadism, and particularly masochism (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">v. infra</span></i>), show that in the -sphere of the sexual life there may be similar phenomena. Thus the -well-established relations between religion, lust, and cruelty<a id='r14' /><a href='#f14' class='c009'><sup>[14]</sup></a> may be -comprehended in the following formula: States of religious and sexual -excitement, at the acme of their development, may correspond in the -amount and quality of excitement, and, therefore, under favoring circumstances, -one may take the place of the other. Both, in pathological -conditions, may become transformed into cruelty.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The sexual factor proves to be no less influential in awakening -æsthetic feelings. What would poetry and art be without a -sexual foundation? In (sensual) love is gained that warmth of -fancy without which a true creation of art is impossible; and in -the fire of sensual feelings its glow and warmth are preserved. -It may thus be understood why great poets and artists have -sensual natures.</p> - -<p class='c010'>This world of ideals reveals itself with the inception of the -processes of sexual development. He who, at this period of life, -cannot become enthusiastic for all that is great, noble, and -beautiful, remains a Philistine all his life. At this epoch does -not the least of natural poets forge verses?</p> - -<p class='c010'>At the limits of physiological reaction there are events -which take place at the time of puberty in which these obscure -feelings of longing express themselves in paroxysms of despair -<span class='pageno' id='Page_11'>11</span>of self and the world, which may go on to <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tædium vitæ</span></i>, and are -often accompanied by a desire to do harm to others (weak -analogies of a psychological connection between lust and -cruelty).</p> - -<p class='c010'>Youthful love has a romantic, idealistic character. It -elevates the beloved object to apotheosis. In its inception it is -platonic, and turns to forms of poetry and romance. With the -awakening of sensuality there is danger that this idealizing -power may be brought to bear upon persons of the opposite sex -who are mentally, physically, and socially of inferior station. -Thus there may occur <em>méssalliances</em>, seductions, and errors, with -the whole tragedy of a passionate love that comes in conflict with -the dictates of social position and prospects, and sometimes -terminates in suicide or double suicide.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Over-sensual love can never be lasting and true. For this -reason the first love is, as a rule, very fleeting; because it is nothing -else than the flare of a passion, the flame of a fire of straw.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Only the love that rests upon a recognition of the social -qualities of the beloved person, only a love which is willing not -only to enjoy present pleasures, but to bear suffering for the -beloved object and sacrifice all, is true love. The love of a -strongly constituted man shrinks before no difficulties or dangers -in order to gain and keep possession of its object.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Love expresses itself in acts of heroism and daring. Such -love is in danger, under certain circumstances, of becoming -criminal, if moral principles be weak. Jealousy is an ugly spot -in this love. The love of a weakly constituted man is sentimental. -It sometimes leads to suicide when it is not returned -or meets with obstacles, while, under like conditions, the strongly -constituted man may become a criminal.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Sentimental love is in danger of becoming a caricature, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">i.e.</span></i>, -when the sensual element is weak (the Knight of Toggenburg, -Don Quixote, many minnesingers and troubadours of the Middle -Ages).</p> - -<p class='c010'>Such love is flat and soft, and may be even silly; but the -true expression of this powerful feeling awakens appropriate -pity, respect, or sorrow in the hearts of others.</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_12'>12</span>Frequently this weak love expresses itself in equivalents—in -poetry, which, however, under such circumstances, is effeminate; -in æsthetics which are overdrawn; in religion, in which -it gives itself up to mysteries and religious enthusiasm; or, -where there is a more powerful sensual foundation, founds sects -or expresses itself in religious insanity. The immature love -of the age of puberty has something of all this in it. Of all the -poems and rhymes written at this time of life, they only are -readable that are the product of poets divinely endowed.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Notwithstanding all the ethics which love requires in order -to develop into its true and pure form, its strongest root is still -sensuality. Platonic love is an impossibility, a self-deception, a -false designation for related feelings.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In as far as love rests upon sensual desire, it is only conceivable -in a normal way as existing between individuals of -opposite sex and capable of sexual intercourse. If these conditions -are wanting or destroyed, then, in the place of love, -comes friendship.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i> which the retention of sexual functions plays in -the case of a man, both in originating and retaining the feeling -of self-respect, is remarkable. In the deterioration of manliness -and self-confidence which the onanist, in his weakened nervous -state, and the man that has become impotent, present, may be -estimated the significance of this factor.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Gyurkovechky (männl. Impotenz. Vienna, 1889) says, very justly, -that old and young men essentially differ mentally, on account of the condition -of their virility, and that impotence has a detrimental effect upon -the feeling of well-being, mental freshness, activity, self-confidence, and the -play of fancy. This loss becomes the more important the younger a man -is when he loses his virility and the more sensually he was constituted.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Under such circumstances a sudden loss of virility may induce severe -melancholia, and even lead to suicide. For such natures life without love -is unbearable.</p> - -<p class='c015'>But, also, in cases where the reaction is not so deep, the man bereft -of his virility is morose and spiteful, egotistic, jealous, contrary, listless, -has but little self-respect or sense of honor, and is cowardly. Analogies -are seen in the Skopzens,<a id='r15' /><a href='#f15' class='c009'><sup>[15]</sup></a> who, after their castration, change for the -worse.</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_13'>13</span>The loss of virility is still more noticeable in certain weakly constituted -individuals, where it expresses itself in formal effemination (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">v. -infra</span></i>).</p> - -<p class='c010'>In a woman who has become a matron the condition is of -much less importance psychologically, though it is noticeable. -If the past period of sexual life has been satisfactory, if children -delight the heart of the aging mother, then she is scarcely -conscious of the change of her personality.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The situation is different, however, where sterility or circumstances -have kept a woman from the performance of her natural -functions and denied her that happiness.</p> - -<p class='c010'>These facts place in a clear light the differences which exist -between man and woman in the psychology of the sexual life, -and in all the sexual functions and desires.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Undoubtedly man has a much more intense sexual appetite -than woman. As a result of a powerful natural instinct, at a -certain age, a man is drawn toward a woman. He loves sensually, -and is influenced in his choice by physical beauty. In -accordance with the nature of this powerful impulse, he is -aggressive and violent in his wooing. At the same time, this -demand of nature does not constitute all of his mental existence. -When his longing is satisfied, love temporarily retreats behind -other vital and social interests.</p> - -<p class='c010'>With a woman it is quite otherwise. If she is normally -developed mentally, and well bred, her sexual desire is small. -If this were not so the whole world would become a brothel -and marriage and a family impossible. It is certain that the -man that avoids women and the woman that seeks men are -abnormal.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Woman is wooed for her favor. She remains passive. -This lies in her sexual organization, and is not founded merely -on the dictates of good breeding.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Nevertheless, the sexual sphere occupies a much larger place -in the consciousness of woman than in that of man. The need -of love in her is greater than in man, and is continual, not intermittent; -but this love is rather more spiritual than sensual. -While a man loves a woman first as wife and then as mother of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_14'>14</span>his children, a woman is primarily conscious of a man as the -father of her children and then as husband. In the choice of a -life-companion a woman is influenced much more by the mental -than the physical qualities of a man. When she has become -a mother she divides her love between child and husband. -Sensuality disappears in the mother’s love. Thereafter, in -marital intercourse, the wife finds less sensual satisfaction than -proof of the love of her husband.</p> - -<p class='c010'>A woman loves with her whole soul. To her love is life; -to a man it is the joy of life. To him misfortune in love is a -wound; but it costs a woman her life, or at least her happiness. -A psychological question worthy of consideration is whether a -woman can truly love twice in her life. Certainly the mental -inclination of woman is monogamous, while in man it is -polygamous.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The weakness of men in comparison with women lies in the -great intensity of their sexual desires. Man becomes dependent -upon woman, and the more, the weaker and more sensual he -becomes; and this just in proportion as he becomes neuropathic. -Thus may be understood the fact that, in times of effeminateness -and luxury, sensuality flourishes luxuriantly. Then arises the -danger to society that mistresses and their dependents may rule -the state and compass its ruin (the mistresses of the courts of -Louis XIV and XV; the prostitutes of ancient Greece).</p> - -<p class='c010'>The biographies of many statesmen of ancient and modern -times show that they were the instruments of women, owing to -their great sensuality, which had its foundation in their neuropathic -constitutions. The fact that the Catholic Church enjoins -celibacy upon its priests, in order to emancipate them from -sensuality and preserve them entirely for the purpose of their -calling, is an example of discerning psychological knowledge -of mankind; but it is unfortunate that the priests, living in -celibacy, lose the elevating effect which love and matrimony -exert upon the development of character.</p> - -<p class='c010'>From the fact that man by nature plays the aggressive -<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i> in sexual life, he is in danger of overstepping the limits -which morality and law have set. The unfaithfulness of a wife, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_15'>15</span>in comparison with that of a husband, is morally much more -weighty, and should be more severely punished legally. The -unfaithful wife dishonors not only herself, but also her husband -and her family, not to speak of the possibility of <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pater incertus</span></i>. -Natural instinct and social position favor unfaithfulness on the -part of a husband, while the wife is afforded much protection. -In the case of an unmarried woman, sexual intercourse is something -quite different from what it is in an unmarried man. Of -a single man society demands decency; of a woman, also -chastity. In the cultivated social life of to-day, woman, occupying -a sexual position and concerning herself in the interests of -society, can only be thought of as a wife.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The aim and ideal of woman, even when she is sunken in -the mire of vice, is, and remains, marriage. Woman, as Mantegazza -justly remarks, desires not only satisfaction of her sexual -feeling, but also protection and support for herself and her children. -A man of right feeling, no matter how sensual he may -be, demands a wife that has been, and is, chaste. The emblem -and ornament of a woman seeking this, her only worthy purpose -in life, is modesty. Mantegazza finely characterizes modesty -as “one of the forms of psychical self-respect” in woman. This -is not the place for anthropological and historical consideration -of this, the most beautiful attribute of woman. Probably, -feminine modesty is an hereditarily evolved product of the -development of civilization.<a id='r16' /><a href='#f16' class='c009'><sup>[16]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'>In remarkable contrast with it, there is occasional exposition -of physical charms, conventionally sanctioned by the law -of fashion, in which even the most discreet maiden allows herself -to indulge in the ball-room. The reasons which lead to -this display are evident. Fortunately the modest girl is as little -conscious of them as of the reason for the occasionally recurring -mode of making certain portions of the body more prominent -(panniers); to say nothing of corsets, etc.</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_16'>16</span>In all times, and among all races, women show a desire to -adorn themselves and be charming.<a id='r17' /><a href='#f17' class='c009'><sup>[17]</sup></a> In the animal kingdom -nature has distinguished the male with the greater beauty. Men -designate women as the beautiful sex. This gallantry clearly -arises from the sensual desire of men. As long as this personal -adornment has a purpose only in itself, or the true psychological -reason of the desire to please remains unknown to the woman, -nothing can be said against it. When it is done with knowledge, -the effort is called flirting.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Under all circumstances a dandified man is ridiculous. We -are accustomed to this slight weakness in a woman, and find no -fault with it, so long as it is but a subordinate manifestation. -When it has become the all-absorbing aim, the French apply to -it the word coquetry.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Woman far surpasses man in the natural psychology of -love, partly because, through heredity and education, her native -element is love; and partly because she has finer feelings (Mantegazza). -Even in a man of the very highest breeding, it cannot -be found objectionable that he recognizes woman as a means of -satisfying his natural instinct. But it becomes his duty to belong -only to the woman of his choice. In a civilized state this -becomes a binding social obligation,—marriage; and, inasmuch -as the wife requires for herself and children protection and support, -it becomes a marriage right.</p> - -<p class='c015'>It is of great importance psychologically, and, for certain pathological -manifestations to be later described, indispensable, to examine the psychological -events which draw a man and a woman together and unite them; -so that, of all other persons of the same sex, only the beloved one seems -desirable.</p> - -<p class='c015'>If one could demonstrate design in the processes of nature,—adaptation -cannot be denied them,—the fact of fascination by a single person of -the opposite sex, with indifference toward all others, as it occurs between -true and happy lovers, would appear as a wonderful creative provision to -insure monogamous unions for the promotion of their object.</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_17'>17</span>To the scientific observer, however, this love, or “harmony of souls,” -this “heart-bond,” does not, by any means, appear as a “soul-mystery;” -but, in the majority of cases, it may be referred to certain physical or -mental peculiarities, as the case may be, by which the attractiveness of -the beloved person is exerted.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Thus we speak of what is called <em>fetich</em> and <em>fetichism</em>. In the -term <em>fetich</em> we are wont to comprehend objects, or parts, or simply peculiarities -of objects, which, by virtue of associative relations to an intense -feeling, or to a personality or idea that awakens deep interest, exert a -kind of charm (“<i><span lang="pt" xml:lang="pt">fetisso</span></i>,” Portuguese), or, at least, owing to peculiar -individual coloring, produce a very deep impression which does not belong -to the external sign (symbol, fetich) in itself.<a id='r18' /><a href='#f18' class='c009'><sup>[18]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c015'>The individual valuation of the fetich, which may go to the extent -of an unreasoning enthusiasm in the individual affected, is called fetichism. -This interesting psychological phenomenon is explicable by an empirical -law of association,—the relation of a particular to a general concept,—in -which, however, the essential thing is the pleasurable emotional coloring -of the particular concept peculiar to the individual. It is most common -in two related mental spheres,—those of religious and erotic feelings and -ideas. Religious fetichism differs in relation and significance from sexual -fetichism, for it found, and still finds, its original motive in the delusion -that the object of the fetichism, or the idol, possesses divine attributes, -and that it is not simply a symbol; or peculiar wonder-working (relics) -or protective (amulet) virtues are superstitiously ascribed to the fetich.</p> - -<p class='c015'>It is otherwise with erotic fetichism, which finds its psychological -motive in fetiches which consist of physical or mental qualities of a -person, or even merely of objects which a person has used. These -always awaken intense associative ideas of the personality as a whole, -and, moreover, are always colored with a lively feeling of sexual pleasure. -Analogies with religious fetichism are always discernible; for, under -certain circumstances, in the latter, the most insignificant objects (bones, -nails, hair, etc.) become fetiches, and are associated with pleasurable -feelings which may reach the intensity of ecstasy.</p> - -<p class='c010'>With respect of the development of physiological love, it is -probable that its nucleus is always to be found in an individual -fetich (charm) which a person of one sex exercises over a person -of the opposite sex.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The case is the simplest where the sight of a person of the -opposite sex occurs simultaneously with sensual excitement, and -the latter is thus increased.</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_18'>18</span>Emotional and visual impressions are brought into associative -connection, and this association is strengthened in proportion -as the recurring emotion awakens the visual memory-picture, -or the latter (another meeting) renews sexual excitement, which -may possibly reach the intensity of orgasm and pollution (dream-picture). -In this case the whole physical personality has the -effect of a fetich.</p> - -<p class='c010'>As Binet and others show, merely parts of the whole, -simply peculiarities, either physical or mental, may affect the -person of the opposite sex as a fetich, when the perception -of them is associated with (accidental) sexual excitement (or -induces it).</p> - -<p class='c010'>It is well known from experience that accident determines -this mental association, that the objects of the fetich may be -individually very diverse, and that thus the most peculiar sympathies -(and antipathies) arise.</p> - -<p class='c010'>These physiological facts of fetichism explain the individual -sympathies between husband and wife; the preference of a -certain person to all others of the same sex. Since the fetich -represents a symbol that is purely individual, it is clear that its -effect must be individual. Since it is colored by the most intense -pleasurable feeling, it follows that possible faults in the beloved -object are overlooked (“Love is blind”), and an exaltation of it -is induced that to others is incomprehensible, and even silly -under some circumstances. Thus it is clear why lovers are not -understood by their unaffected fellow-men; and why they deify -their idols, develop a true cult of devotion, and invests them -with attributes which objectively they do not possess. Thus we -may understand why love appears sometimes more like a passion, -sometimes as a formal, exceptional mental state, in which the -unattainable seems attainable, the ugly beautiful, the profane -sacred, and every other interest, every duty, disappears.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Tarde (<cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Archives de l’anthropologie criminelle</span></cite>, v year, No. -30) rightfully emphasizes the fact that the fetich may vary with -nations as well as with individuals, but that the general ideal -of beauty remains the same among civilized people of the same -era.</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_19'>19</span>Binet deserves great credit for having studied and analyzed -in detail the fetichism of love. The particular sympathies all -spring from it. Thus one is attracted to slender, another to -plump beauties, to blondes or brunettes. For one a peculiar -expression of the eyes; for another a peculiar tone of the voice, -or a particular (even an artificial) odor (perfume); or the hand, -the foot, the ear, etc., may be the individual fetich (charm),—the -beginning of a complicated chain of mental processes which, -as a whole, represent love, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">i.e.</span></i>, the longing to possess, physically -and mentally, the beloved object.</p> - -<p class='c010'>This fact is important, as showing a condition for the origin -of a fetichism that falls within physiological limits. The fetich -may constantly retain its significance without being pathological; -but this is possible only when the particular concept is developed -to a general concept; when the resulting love comes to take as -its object the whole mental and physical personality.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Normal love can be nothing but a synthesis, a generalization. -Ludwig Brunn,<a id='r19' /><a href='#f19' class='c009'><sup>[19]</sup></a> under the heading, “The Fetichism of -Love,” cleverly says:—</p> - -<p class='c010'>“Thus normal love appears to us as a symphony of tones -of all kinds. It results from the most various stimuli. It is -likewise polytheistic. Fetichism recognizes only the tone of -a single instrument; it results from a certain stimulus; it is -monotheistic.”</p> - -<p class='c010'>On slight reflection any one will see that real love (this -word is only too often abused) can be spoken of only when the -whole person is both physically and mentally the object of -adoration. Love must always have a sensual element, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">i.e.</span></i>, the -desire to possess the beloved object, to be united with it and -fulfill the laws of nature. But when merely the body of the -person of the opposite sex is the object of love, when satisfaction -of sensual pleasure is the sole object, without desire to possess -the soul and enjoy mutual communion, love is not genuine, no -more than that of platonic lovers, who love only the soul and -avoid sensual pleasure (many cases of contrary sexuality). For -the former merely the body, for the latter simply the soul, is a -<span class='pageno' id='Page_20'>20</span>fetich, and the love fetichism. Such cases certainly represent -transitions to pathological fetichism. This assumption is even -more justified when, as a further criterion of real love, mental<a id='r20' /><a href='#f20' class='c009'><sup>[20]</sup></a> -satisfaction must be given by the sexual act.</p> - -<p class='c010'>There remains to be mentioned, within the physiological -phenomena of fetichism, the fact that among the many things -that may become fetiches there are certain ones that gain such -significance for a majority of persons.</p> - -<p class='c010'>As such for a man may be mentioned the hair, the hand, -the foot of a woman, the expression of her eyes. Certain ones -of these gain a remarkable significance in the pathology of -fetichism. These facts clearly play a <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i> in the feminine mind, -either consciously or unconsciously.</p> - -<p class='c010'>One of the greatest cares of women is the cultivation of the -hair, to which often an unreasonable amount of time and money -is devoted. How a mother cares for her little daughter’s hair! -What a part the hair-dresser plays! Falling of the hair would -cause despair in a young lady. I recall a proud lady who -became insane over it, and died by suicide. Young ladies like -to talk of coiffures, and are envious of beautiful hair.<a id='r21' /><a href='#f21' class='c009'><sup>[21]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_21'>21</span>Beautiful hair is a powerful fetich with many men. In -the legend of the Loreley, who lured men to destruction, the -golden hair, which she combs with a golden comb, appears as a -fetich. Frequently the hand and foot possess an attractiveness -no less powerful, when, indeed, often (though by no means invariably) -masochistic and sadistic feelings aid in determining -the peculiar kind of fetich.</p> - -<p class='c010'>By a transference through association of ideas, the gloves -or shoes may obtain the significance of a fetich.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Brunn (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>) justly points out that among the customs -of the Middle Ages drinking from the shoe of a beautiful woman -(still to be found in Poland) played a remarkable part in gallantry -and homage. The shoe also plays an important <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i> in -the legend of Aschenbrödel.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The expression of the eyes is particularly important as a -means of kindling the sparks of love. A neuropathic eye frequently -affects persons of both sexes as a fetich. “Madame, vos -beaux yeux me font mourir d’amour” (Molière).</p> - -<p class='c010'>There is superfluity of examples showing that odors of the -body may become fetiches.</p> - -<p class='c010'>This fact is also taken advantage of in the <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ars amandi</span></i> of -woman, either consciously or unconsciously. Ruth sought to -attract Boaz by perfuming herself. The <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">demi-monde</span></i> of ancient -and modern times is noted for its use of perfume. Jäger, in -his “Discovery of the Soul,” calls attention to many olfactory -sympathies.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Cases are known where men have married ugly women -simply because their personal odors were exceedingly pleasing.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Binet makes it probable that the voice may also become a -fetich. He relates a case in point of Dumas, who used it in his -<span class='pageno' id='Page_22'>22</span>novel, “La Maison du Vent.” It was the case of a wife who -fell in love with a tenor’s voice, and thus became untrue to her -husband. Belot’s romance, “Les Baigneuses de Trouville,” -speaks in favor of this assumption. Binet thinks that many -marriages with singers are due to the fetich of their voices. He -also calls attention to the interesting fact that among singing-birds -the voice has the same sexual significance as odors among -quadrupeds. The birds allure by their song, and the male that -sings most beautifully flies at night to his charmed mate.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The pathological facts of masochism and sadism show that -mental peculiarities may also act as fetiches in a wider sense.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Thus the fact of idiosyncrasies is explained, and the old -saying, “<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">De gustibus non est disputandum</span></i>,” retains its force.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_23'>23</span> - <h2 class='c006'>II. PHYSIOLOGY.</h2> -</div> - -<p class='c007'>During the time of the physiological processes in the reproductive -glands, desires arise in the consciousness of the individual which have for -their purpose the perpetuation of the species (sexual instinct).</p> - -<p class='c010'>Sexual desire during the years of sexual maturity is a physiological -law. The duration of the physiological processes in the sexual organs, -as well as the strength of the sexual desire manifested, vary, both in individuals -and in races. Race, climate, heredity, and social circumstances -have a very decided influence upon it. The greater sensuality of southern -races as compared with the sexual needs of those of the North is well -known. Sexual development in the inhabitants of tropical climes takes -place much earlier than in those of more northern regions. In women -of northern countries ovulation, recognizable in the development of the -body and the occurrence of a periodical flow of blood from the genitals -(menstruation), usually begins about the thirteenth or fifteenth year; in -men puberty, recognizable in the deepening of the voice, the appearance -of hair on the face and the mons veneris, and the occasional occurrence -of pollutions, etc., takes place about the fifteenth year. In the inhabitants -of tropical countries, however, sexual development takes place -several years earlier in women,—sometimes as early as the eighth year.</p> - -<p class='c010'>It is worthy of remark that girls who live in cities develop about -a year earlier than girls living in the country, and that the larger the -town the earlier, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ceteris paribus</span></i>, the development takes place.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Heredity, however, has no small influence on libido and sexual -power. Thus there are families in which, with great physical strength -and longevity, great libido and virility are preserved until a great age, -while in other families the vita sexualis develops late and is early -extinguished.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In women the time of the activity of the reproductive glands is -shorter than in men, in whom the sexual function may last until a great -age. Ovulation ceases about thirty years after puberty. This period of -cessation of activity of the ovaries is called the change of life (climacterium). -This biological phase does not represent merely a cessation of -function and final atrophy of the reproductive organs, but also a transformation -of the whole organism. In Middle Europe the sexual maturity -of men begins about the eighteenth year, and their virility reaches its -acme at forty. After that age it slowly declines.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The potentia generandi ceases usually at the age of sixty-two, but -potentia cœundi may be present even in old age. The existence of the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_24'>24</span>sexual instinct is continuous during the time of sexual life, but it varies in -intensity. Under physiological conditions it is never intermittent (periodical), -as in animals. In men it manifests an organic variation of intensity -in consonance with the collection and expenditure of semen; in women -the increase of sexual desire coincides with the process of ovulation, and -in such a way that libido sexualis is greater after the menstrual period.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Sexual instinct—as emotion, idea, and impulse—is a function of the -cerebral cortex. Thus far no definite region of the cortex has been -proved to be exclusively the seat of sexual sensations and impulses.<a id='r22' /><a href='#f22' class='c009'><sup>[22]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'>Owing to the close relations which exist between the sexual instinct -and the olfactory sense, it is to be presumed that the sexual and olfactory -centres lie close together in the cerebral cortex. The development of the -sexual life has its beginning in the organic sensations which arise from -the developing reproductive glands. These excite the attention of the -individual. Readings and the experiences of every-day life (which, unfortunately, -to-day are too early and too frequently suggestive) convert -these notions into clear ideas. These become accentuated by organic sensations -which are pleasurable. With this accentuation of erotic ideas by -lustful feelings, an impulse to induce these (sexual desire) is developed.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Thus there is established a mutual dependence between the cerebral -cortex (as the place of origin of sensations and ideas) and the reproductive -organs. The latter, by reason of physiological processes (hyperæmia, -secretion of semen, ovulation), give rise to sexual ideas, images, -and impulses.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The cerebral cortex, by means of apperceived or reproduced sensual -ideas, reacts on the reproductive organs, inducing hyperæmia, secretion -of semen, erection, ejaculation. This results by means of centres for -vasomotor innervation and ejaculation, which are situated in the lumbar -portion of the cord and lie close together. Both are reflex centres.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The erection-centre (Goltz, Eckhard) is an intermediate station -placed between the brain and the genital apparatus. The nervous paths -which connect it with the brain probably run through the pedunculi -cerebri and the pons. This centre may be excited by central (psychical -and organic) stimuli, by direct irritation of the nerve-tract in the pedunculis -cerebri, pons, or cervical portion of the cord, as well as by peripheral -irritation of the sensory nerves (penis, clitoris, and annexa). It is -not directly subordinated to the will.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The excitation of this centre is conveyed to the corpora cavernosa -by means of nerves (nervi erigentes—Eckhard) running in the first three -sacral nerves.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The action of the nervi erigentes, which renders erection possible, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_25'>25</span>is an inhibitory one. They inhibit the ganglionic nervous mechanism in -the corpora cavernosa upon the action of which the smooth muscle-fibres -of the corpora cavernosa are dependent (Kölliker and Kohlrausch). -Under the influence of the action of the nervi erigentes these fibres of the -corpora cavernosa become relaxed and their spaces fill with blood. Simultaneously, -as a result of the dilatation of the capillary net-work of the -corpora cavernosa, pressure is exerted upon the veins of the penis and -the return of blood is impeded. This effect is aided by contraction of -the bulbo cavernosus and ischio cavernosus muscles, which are inserted -by means of an aponeurosis on the dorsal surface of the penis.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The erection-centre is under the influence of both exciting and inhibitory -innervation arising in the cerebrum. Ideas and sense-perceptions -of sexual content have an exciting effect. Also, according to -observations made on men that have been hung, it is evident that the -erection-centre may be excited by excitation of the tract in the spinal -cord. Observations on the insane and those suffering with cerebral disease -show that this is also possible as a result of organic irritation in the -cerebral cortex (psycho-sexual centre?). Spinal diseases (tabes, especially -myelitis) affecting the lumbar portion of the cord, in their earlier stages, -may directly excite the erection-centre.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Reflex excitation of the centre is possible and frequent in the following -ways: by irritation of the (peripheral) sensory nerves of the -genitals and surrounding parts by friction; by irritation of the urethra -(gonorrhœa), of the rectum (hæmorrhoids, oxyuris), of the bladder -(distension with urine, especially in the morning, irritation of calculi); -by distension of the vesicular seminales with semen; by hyperæmia of -the genitals, occasioned by lying on the back, and thus inducing pressure -of the intestines upon the blood-vessels of the pelvis.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The erection-centre may also be excited by irritation of the nervous -ganglia which are so abundant in the prostatic tissue (prostatitis, introduction -of catheter, etc.).</p> - -<p class='c010'>The experiment of Goltz, according to whom, when (in dogs) the -lumbar portion of the cord is severed, erection is more easily induced, -shows that the erection-centre is also subject to inhibitory influences from -the brain.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In men the fact that the will and emotions (fear of unsuccessful -coitus, surprise inter actum sexualem, etc.) may inhibit the occurrence -of erection, and cause it, when present, to disappear, also indicates this.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The duration of erection is dependent upon the duration of its exciting -causes (sensory stimuli), the absence of inhibitory influences, the -nervous energy of the centre, and the early or late occurrence of ejaculation -(<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">v. infra</span></i>).</p> - -<p class='c010'>The central and highest portion of the sexual mechanism is the -cerebral cortex. It is justifiable to presume that there is a definite region -of the cortex (cerebral centre) which gives rise to sexual feelings, ideas, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_26'>26</span>and impulses, and is the place of origin of the psycho-somatic processes -which we designate as sexual life, sexual instinct, and sexual desire. This -centre is excitable to both central and peripheral stimuli.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Central stimuli, in the form of organic excitation, may be due to -diseases of the cerebral cortex. Physiologically they consist of psychical -stimuli (memory and sensory perceptions).</p> - -<p class='c010'>Under physiological conditions these stimuli are essentially visual -perceptions and memory-pictures (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">i.e.</span></i>, lascivious stories) and also tactile -impressions (touch, pressure of the hand, kiss, etc.).</p> - -<p class='c010'>Within physiological limits auditory and olfactory perceptions certainly -play but a very subordinate <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i>. Under pathological conditions -(<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">v. infra</span></i>) the latter have a very decided influence in inducing sexual -excitement.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Among animals the influence of olfactory perceptions on the sexual -sense is unmistakable. Althaus (<span lang="de" xml:lang="de">“Beiträge zur Physiol. und Pathol. des -Olfactorius.” <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Archiv für Psych.</span></cite>, xii, H 1</span>) declares that the sense of -smell is important with reference to the reproduction of the species. He -shows that animals of opposite sexes are drawn to each other by means -of olfactory perceptions, and that almost all animals, at the time of rutting, -emit a very strong odor from their genitals. An experiment by -Schiff is confirmatory of this. He extirpated the olfactory nerves in -puppies, and found that, as the animals grew, the male was unable to -distinguish the female. On the other hand, an experiment by Mantegazza -(“Hygiene of Love”), who removed the eyes of rabbits and found -that the defect constituted no obstacle to procreation, shows how important -in animals the olfactory sense is for the vita sexualis.</p> - -<p class='c010'>It is also remarkable that many animals (musk-ox, civet-cat, -beaver) possess glands on their sexual organs, which secrete materials -having a very strong odor.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Althaus also shows that in man there are certain relations existing -between the olfactory and sexual senses. He mentions Cloquet (“Osphrésiologie,” -Paris, 1826), who calls attention to the sensual pleasure excited -by the odors of flowers, and tells how Richelieu lived in an atmosphere -loaded with the heaviest perfumes, in order to excite his sexual functions.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Zippe (<cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Wien. Med. Wochenschrift</span></cite>, 1879, Nr. 24), in connection with -a case of kleptomania in an onanist, likewise establishes such relations, -and cites Hildebrand as authority, who in his popular physiology says: -“It cannot be doubted that the olfactory sense stands in remote connection -with the sexual apparatus. Odors of flowers often occasion pleasurable -sensual feelings, and when one remembers the passage in the ‘Song -of Solomon,’ ‘And my hands dropped with myrrh and my fingers with -sweet-smelling myrrh upon the handles of the lock,’ one finds that it did -not escape Solomon’s observation. In the Orient the pleasant perfumes -are esteemed for their relation to the sexual organs, and the women’s -apartments of the Sultan are filled with the perfumes of flowers.”</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_27'>27</span>Most, professor in Rostock (comp. Zippe), relates: “I learned from -a sensual young peasant that he had excited many a chaste girl sexually, -and easily gained his end, by carrying his handkerchief in his axilla for a -time, while dancing, and then wiping his partner’s perspiring face with it.”</p> - -<p class='c010'>The case of Henry III shows that contact with a person’s perspiration -may be the exciting cause of passionate love. At the betrothal -feast of the King of Navarre and Margaret of Valois, he accidentally -dried his face with a garment of Maria of Cleves, which was moist with -her perspiration. Although she was the bride of the Prince of Condé, -Henry conceived immediately such a passionate love for her that he -could not resist it, and made her, as history shows, very unhappy. An -analogous instance is related of Henry IV, whose passion for the beautiful -Gabriel is said to have originated at the instant when, at a ball, he -wiped his brow with her handkerchief.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Professor Jäger, the “discoverer of the soul,” refers to the same -thing in his well-known book (2d ed., 1880, chap. xv, p. 173); for he -regards the sweat as important in the production of sexual effects and -as being especially seductive.</p> - -<p class='c010'>One learns from reading the work of Ploss (“Das Weib”) that -attempts to attract a person of the opposite sex by means of the perspiration -may be discerned in many forms in popular psychology.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In reference to this, a custom which holds among the natives of the -Philippine Islands when they become engaged, as reported by Jäger, is -remarkable. When it becomes necessary for the engaged pair to separate, -they exchange articles of wearing-apparel, by means of which each becomes -assured of faithfulness. These objects are carefully preserved, -covered with kisses, and smelled.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The love of certain libertines and sensual women for perfumes<a id='r23' /><a href='#f23' class='c009'><sup>[23]</sup></a> -indicates a relation between the olfactory and sexual senses.</p> - -<p class='c010'>A case mentioned by Heschl (<cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Wiener Zeitschrift f. pract. Heilkunde</span></cite>, -March 22, 1861) is remarkable, where the absence of both olfactory -lobes was accompanied by imperfectly developed genitals. It was -the case of a man aged 45, in all respects well developed, with the exception -of the testicles, which were not larger than beans and contained no -seminal canals, and the larynx, which seemed to be of feminine dimensions. -Every trace of olfactory nerves was wanting, and the trigona -olfactoria and the furrow on the under surface of the anterior lobes -were absent. The perforations of the ethmoid plate were sparingly -present, and occupied by nerveless processes of the dura instead of by -nerves. In the mucous membrane of the nose there was also an absence -of nerves. Finally, the clearly-defined relation of the olfactory and sexual -senses in mental diseases is worthy of notice, in that in the psychoses of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_28'>28</span>both sexes dependent on masturbation, as well as in insanity due to -disease of the sexual organs of the female, or during the climacteric<a id='r24' /><a href='#f24' class='c009'><sup>[24]</sup></a>, -olfactory hallucinations are especially frequent, while in cases where a -sexual cause is wanting they are very infrequent.</p> - -<p class='c010'>I am inclined to doubt<a id='r25' /><a href='#f25' class='c009'><sup>[25]</sup></a> that olfactory impressions in man, under normal -conditions, as in animals, play an important <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i> in the excitation of -the sexual centre. On account of the importance of this <em>consensus</em> for the -understanding of pathological cases, it is necessary here to thoroughly -consider the relations existing between the olfactory and sexual senses.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The sexual sphere of the cerebral cortex may be excited, in the -sense of an excitation of sexual concepts and impulses, by processes in -the generative organs. This is possible as a result of all conditions -which also excite the erection-centre by means of centripetal influence -(stimulus resulting from distension of the seminal vesicles; enlarged -Graafian follicle; any sensory stimulus, however produced, about the -genitals; hyperæmia and turgescence of the genitals, especially of the -erectile tissue of the corpus cavernosum of the penis and clitoris, as a -result of luxurious, sedentary life; plethora abdominalis, high external -temperature, warm beds, clothing; taking of cantharides, pepper, and -other spices).</p> - -<p class='c010'>Libido sexualis may also be induced by stimulation of the gluteal -region (castigation, whipping).<a id='r26' /><a href='#f26' class='c009'><sup>[26]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'>This fact is not unimportant for the understanding of certain pathological -manifestations. It sometimes happens that in boys the first -excitation of the sexual instinct is caused by a spanking, and they are -thus incited to masturbation. This should be remembered by those who -have the care of children.</p> - -<p class='c010'>On account of the dangers to which this form of punishment of -children gives rise, it would be better if parents, teachers, and nurses -were to avoid it entirely.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Passive flagellation may excite sensuality, as is shown by the sects -of flagellants, so wide-spread in the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries. -They were accustomed to whip themselves, partly as atonement and -partly to kill the flesh (in accordance with the principle of chastity -<span class='pageno' id='Page_29'>29</span>promulgated by the Church,—<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">i.e.</span></i>, the emancipation of the soul from -sensuality).</p> - -<p class='c010'>These sects were at first favored by the Church; but, since sensuality -was only excited the more by flagellation, and the fact became apparent -in unpleasant occurrences, the Church was finally compelled to -oppose it. The following facts from the lives of the two heroines of -flagellation, Maria Magdalena of Pazzi and Elizabeth of Genton, clearly -show the significance of flagellation as a sexual excitant. The former, a -child of distinguished parents, was a Carmelite nun in Florence (about -1580), and, by her flagellations, and, still more, through the results of -them, she became quite celebrated, and is mentioned in the Annals. It -was her greatest delight to have the prioress bind her hands behind her -and have her whipped on the naked loins in the presence of the assembled -sisters.</p> - -<p class='c010'>But the whippings, continued from her earliest youth, quite destroyed -her nervous system, and perhaps no other heroine of flagellation -had so many hallucinations (“Entzückungen”). While being whipped her -thoughts were of love. The inner fire threatened to consume her, and she -frequently cried, “Enough! Fan no longer the flame that consumes me. -This is not the death I long for; it comes with all too much pleasure and -delight.” Thus it continued. But the spirit of impurity wove the most -sensual, lascivious fancies, and she was several times near losing her -chastity.</p> - -<p class='c010'>It was the same with Elizabeth of Genton. As a result of whipping -she actually passed into a state of bacchanalian madness. As a rule, she -rested when, excited by unusual flagellation, she believed herself united -with her “ideal.” This condition was so exquisitely pleasant to her that -she would frequently cry out, “O love, O eternal love, O love, O you -creatures! cry out with me, love, love!”</p> - -<p class='c010'>It is known, on the authority of Taxil (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>, p. 175), that rakes -sometimes have themselves flagellated, or pricked until blood flows, just -before the sexual act, in order to stimulate their diminished sexual power.</p> - -<p class='c010'>These facts find an interesting confirmation in the following experiences, -taken from Paullini’s “Flagellum Salutis” (1st ed., 1698; reproduction, -Stuttgart, 1847):—</p> - -<p class='c010'>“There are some nations, viz., the Persians and Russians, where the -women regard blows as a peculiar sign of love and favor. Strangely -enough, the Russian women are never more pleased and delighted than -when they receive hard blows from their husbands, as John Barclay -relates in a remarkable narrative. A German, named Jordan, went to -Russia, and, pleased with the country, he settled there and took a Russian -wife, whom he loved dearly and to whom he was always kind in everything. -But she always wore an expression of dissatisfaction, and went -about with sighs and downcast eyes. The husband asked the reason, for -he could not understand what was wrong. ‘Aye,’ she said, ‘though you -<span class='pageno' id='Page_30'>30</span>love me you do not show me any sign of it.’ He embraced her and -begged to be told what he had carelessly and unconsciously done to hurt -her feelings, and to be forgiven, for he would never do it again. ‘I want -nothing,’ was the answer, ‘but what is customary in our country,—the -whip, the real sign of love.’ Jordan observed the custom and accustomed -himself to it, and then his wife began to love him dearly. Similar stories -are told by Peter Petrius, of Erlesund, with the addition that the -husbands, immediately after the wedding, among other indispensable -household articles, provide themselves with whips.”</p> - -<p class='c010'>On page 73 of this remarkable book, the author says further: “The -celebrated Count of Mirindula, John Picus, relates of one of his intimate -acquaintances that he was an insatiable fellow, but so lazy and incapable -of love that he was practically impotent until he had been roughly -handled. The more he tried to satisfy his desire, the heavier the blows -he needed, and he could not attain his desire until he had been whipped -until the blood came. For this purpose he had a suitable whip made, -which was placed in vinegar the day before using it. He would give this -to his companion and on bended knees beg her not to spare him, but to -strike blows with it, the heavier the better. The good count thought -this singular man found the pleasure of love in this punishment. While -in other respects he was not a bad man, he understood and hated his -weakness. Coelius Rhodigin relates a similar story, as does also the -celebrated jurist, Andreas Tiraquell. In the time of the skillful physician, -Otten Brunfelsen, there lived in Munich, then the Capital of the Bavarian -Electorate, a debauchee who could never perform his [sexual] duties -without a severe preparatory beating. Thomas Barthelin also knew a -Venetian who had to be beaten and driven before he could have intercourse,—just -as Cupid himself moved reluctantly driven by his followers -with sprays of hyacinth. A few years ago there was in Lübeck a cheesemonger, -living on Mill Street, who, on a complaint to the authorities of -unfaithfulness, was ordered to leave the city. The prostitute with whom -he had been went to the judges and begged in his behalf, telling how difficult -all intercourse had become for him. He could do nothing until he -had been mercilessly beaten. At first the fellow, from shame and to avoid -disgrace, would not confess, but after earnest questioning he could not -deny it. There is said to have been a man in the Netherlands who was -similarly incapable, and could do nothing without blows. On the decree -of the authorities, however, he was not only removed from his position, -but also properly punished. A credible friend, a physician in an important -city of the kingdom, told me, on July 14th, last year, how a -woman of bad character had told a companion, who had been in the hospital -a short time before, that she, with another woman of like character, -had been sent to the woods by a man who followed them there, cut rods -for them, and then exposed his nates, commanding them to belabor him -well. This they did. It is easy to conclude what he then did with them. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_31'>31</span>Not only men have been excited and inflamed to lasciviousness, but also -women, that they too might experience greater intensity of pleasure. -For this reason the Roman woman had herself whipped and beaten by -the <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lupercis</span></i>. Thus Juvenal writes:—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in10'>“‘<span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Steriles moriuntur, et illis</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Turgida non prodest condita psycido Lyde:</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nec prodest agili palmas præbere Luperco.</span>’”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>In men, as well as in women, erection and orgasm, or even ejaculation, -may be induced by irritation of various other regions of the skin -and mucous membrane. These “erogenous” zones in woman are, while -she is a virgin, the clitoris, and, after defloration, the vagina and cervix -uteri.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In woman the nipple particularly seems to possess this quality. -Titillatio hujus regionis plays an important part in the <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ars erotica</span></i>. In -his “Topographical Anatomy,” 1865, Bd. i, p. 552, Hyrtl cites Val. Hildebrandt, -who observed a peculiar anomaly of the sexual instinct in a girl, -which he called <em>suctusstupratio</em>. She had her mammæ sucked by her -lover, and finally, by gradually drawing on her nipples, she became able -to suck them herself,—an act that gave her most intense pleasure. Hyrtl -also calls attention to the fact that cows sometimes suck the milk from -their own udders. L. Brunn (<cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Zeitg. f. Literatur</span></cite>, etc., d. Hamburg. Correspondent, -1889, Nr. 21), in an interesting article on “Sensuality and -Love of Kin,” points out how zealously the nursing mother gives herself -to nursing the babe, “for love of the weak, undeveloped, helpless being.”</p> - -<p class='c010'>It is easy to assume that, by the side of the ethical motives, the fact -that the sucking may be attended by feelings of physical pleasure plays a -part. The remark of Brunn, which is correct in itself, but one-sided, that, -according to Houzeau’s experience, among the majority of animals it is -only during the time of nursing that the relations between mother and -offspring are close, and thereafter indifferent, also speaks in favor of this -assumption.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Bastian found the same thing (blunting of the feeling for the offspring -after weaning) among savages.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Under pathological conditions, as is shown by Chambard, among -others, in his thesis for the doctorate, other portions of the body (in -hysterical persons) about the mammæ and genitals may attain the significance -of “erogenous” zones.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In man, physiologically, the only “erogenous” zone is the glans -penis, and, perhaps, the skin of the external genitals.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Under pathological conditions the anus may become an “erogenous” -area. Thus anal auto-masturbation, which seems to be only too frequent, -and passive pederasty would be explained. (Comp. Gamier, “Anomalies -sexuelles,” Paris, p. 514; F. Moll, “Conträre Sexualempfindung,” p. 163.)</p> - -<p class='c010'>The psycho-physiological process comprehended in the idea of sexual -<span class='pageno' id='Page_32'>32</span>instinct is composed of (1) concepts awakened centrally or peripherally; -(2) the pleasurable feelings associated with them.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The longing for sexual satisfaction (libido sexualis) arises from -them. This desire grows stronger constantly, in proportion as the excitation -of the cerebral sphere accentuates the feeling of pleasure by -appropriate concepts and activity of the imagination; and the pleasurable -sensations are increased to lustful feeling by excitation of the erection -centre and the consequent hyperæmia of the genitals (entrance of liquor -prostaticus into the urethra, etc.).</p> - -<p class='c010'>If circumstances are favorable for the performance of the sexual act -satisfactorily, the constantly-increasing desire is complied with; if, however, -conditions are unfavorable, inhibitory concepts occur, overcome the -sexual longing, and prevent the sexual act.</p> - -<p class='c010'>To civilized man cultivation of a readiness with ideas which inhibit -sexual desire is necessary and distinctive. The moral freedom of the -individual, and the decision whether, under certain circumstances, excess, -and even crime, be committed or not, depend, on the one hand, upon the -strength of the instinctive concepts and the accompanying organic sensations; -on the other, upon the power of the inhibitory concepts. Constitution -and, especially, organic influences have a marked effect upon -the instinctive impulses; education and cultivation of self-control have a -decisive influence on the opposing concepts.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The exciting and inhibitory powers are variable quantities. Over-indulgence -in alcohol in this respect is very fatal, since it awakens -and increases libido sexualis, while at the same time it reduces moral -resistance.</p> - -<h3 class='c016'><span class='sc'>The Act of Cohabitation.</span><a id='r27' /><a href='#f27' class='c009'><sup>[27]</sup></a></h3> - -<p class='c017'>The essential condition for the man is sufficient erection. Anjel -(<cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Arch. für Psych.</span></cite>, viii, H. 2) calls attention to the fact that in sexual -excitement the erection centre is not alone influenced,—the nervous excitement -is distributed to the entire vasomotor system of nerves. The -proof of this is the turgescence of the organs in the sexual act, injection -of the conjunctiva, prominence of the eyes, dilatation of the pupils, and -cardiac palpitation (resulting from paralysis of the vasomotor nerves of -the heart, which arise from the cervical sympathetic, and the consequent -dilatation of the cardiac arteries, and the increased stimulation of the -cardiac ganglia induced by the consequent hyperæmia of the cardiac -walls). The sexual act is accompanied by a pleasurable feeling, which, in -the male, is conditioned by the passage of semen through the <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ductus -ejaculatorii</span></i> to the urethra, caused by sensory stimulation of the genitals. -The pleasurable sensation occurs earlier in the male than in the female, -grows rapidly in intensity until the moment of commencement of ejaculation, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_33'>33</span>reaching its height in the instant of free emission, and disappears -quickly <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">post ejaculationem</span></i>.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In the female the pleasurable feeling occurs later and comes on more -slowly, and generally outlasts the act of ejaculation.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The distinctive event in coitus is ejaculation. This function is dependent -on a centre (genito-spinal), which Budge has shown to be situated -at the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra. It is a reflex centre. The -stimulus that excites it is the ejection of sperma from the vesiculæ seminales -into the pars membranacea urethræ, which follows reflexly from -stimulation of the glans penis. As soon as the collection of semen, with -ever-increasing pleasurable sensation, has reached a sufficient amount to -be effectual as a stimulus of the ejaculation-centre, the centre acts. The -reflex motor path lies in the fourth and fifth lumbar nerves. The action -consists of a convulsive excitation of the bulbo-cavernosus muscle (innervated -by the third and fourth sacral nerves), which forces the semen out.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In the female as well, at the height of sexual and pleasurable excitement, -a reflex movement occurs. It is induced by stimulation of the -sensory genital nerves, and consists of a peristaltic movement in the tubes -and uterus as far down as the portio vaginalis, which presses out the -mucous secretions of the tubes and uterus. Inhibition of the ejaculation -centre is possible as a result of cortical influence (want of desire in coitus, -emotions in general; influence of the will, in a measure).</p> - -<p class='c010'>Under normal conditions, with the completion of the sexual act, -libido sexualis and erection disappear, and the psychical and sexual -excitement gives place to a comfortable feeling of lassitude.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_34'>34</span> - <h2 class='c006'>III. GENERAL PATHOLOGY.<a id='r28' /><a href='#f28' class='c009'><sup>[28]</sup></a></h2> -</div> -<h3 class='c016'>(NEUROLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL.)</h3> - -<p class='c007'>Abnormality of the sexual functions proves to be especially -frequent in civilized races. This fact is explained in part by the -frequent abuse of the sexual organs, and in part by the circumstance -that such functional anomalies are often the signs of an -abnormal constitution of the central nervous system, which is, for -the most part, hereditary (“functional signs of degeneration”).</p> - -<p class='c010'>Since the generative organs stand in important functional -connection with the entire nervous system, and especially with -its psychical and somatic functions, it is easy to understand the -frequency of general neuroses and psychoses arising in sexual -(functional or organic) disturbances.</p> - -<table class='table1' summary=''> - <tr><th class='c018' colspan='3'><span class='sc'>Schema of the Sexual Neuroses.</span></th></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='brt c019' rowspan='7'>I. <span class='sc'>Peripheral.</span><a id='r29' /><a href='#f29' class='c009'><sup>[29]</sup></a></td> - <td class='brt c019' rowspan='3'>1. Sensory.</td> - <td class='c019'><em>a.</em> Anæsthesia.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - - - <td class='c019'><em>b.</em> Hyperæsthesia.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - - - <td class='c019'><em>c.</em> Neuralgia.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - - <td class='brt c019' rowspan='2'>2. Secretory.</td> - <td class='c019'><em>a.</em> Aspermia.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - - - <td class='c019'><em>b.</em> Polyspermia.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - - <td class='brt c019' rowspan='2'>3. Motor.</td> - <td class='c019'><em>a.</em> Pollutions (spasm).</td> - </tr> - <tr> - - - <td class='c019'><em>b.</em> Spermatorrhœa (paralysis).</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='brt c019' rowspan='2'>II. <span class='sc'>Spinal.</span></td> - <td class='c019' colspan='2'>1. Affections of the erection centre.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - - <td class='c019' colspan='2'>2. Affections of the ejaculation centre.</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='brt c019' rowspan='4'>III. <span class='sc'>Cerebral.</span></td> - <td class='c019' colspan='2'>1. Paradoxia.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - - <td class='c019' colspan='2'>2. Anæsthesia.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - - <td class='c019' colspan='2'>3. Hyperæsthesia.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - - <td class='c019' colspan='2'>4. Paræsthesia.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_35'>35</span> - <h3 class='c016'>II. SPINAL NEUROSES.</h3> -</div> - -<h4 class='c020'><em>1. Affections of the Erection Centre.</em></h4> - -<p class='c017'>(a) <em>Irritation</em> (priapism) arises reflexly from peripheral sensory -irritants (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">e.g.</span></i>, gonorrhœa); directly, from organic irritation of the nerve-tracts -from the brain to the erection centre (spinal disease in the lower -cervical and upper dorsal regions), or of the centre itself (certain poisons); -or from psychical irritation. In the latter case satyriasis exists, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">i.e.</span></i>, abnormal -duration of erection, with libido sexualis. In simply reflex or -direct organic irritation, libido sexualis may be wanting, and the priapism -be accompanied by unpleasant feelings.</p> - -<p class='c010'>(b) <em>Paralysis</em> from destruction of the centre or of the nerve-tracts -(nervi erigentes), in diseases of the spinal cord (paralytic impotence). -A milder form is that of lessened excitability of the centre, resulting -from overstimulation (in sexual excesses, especially in onanism), or from -alcoholic intoxication, abuse of bromides, etc. It may be accompanied -by cerebral anæsthesia, and often with anæsthesia of the external genitals. -Cerebral hyperæsthesia is here more frequent (increased libido sexualis, -lust). A peculiar form of diminished excitability is shown in those -cases where the centre responds only to certain stimuli. Thus there are -men for whom sexual contact with their virtuous wives does not supply -the necessary stimulus for the excitation of an erection, but in whom it -occurs when the act is attempted with a prostitute, or in the form of -some unnatural sexual act. As far as psychical stimuli are here concerned, -they may be inadequate (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">v. infra</span></i>, paræsthesia and perversion of -sexual instinct).</p> - -<p class='c010'>(c) <em>Inhibition.</em> The erection centre may become functionally incapable -as a result of cerebral influence. This inhibitory influence is an -emotion (disgust, fear of contagion), or an idea<a id='r30' /><a href='#f30' class='c009'><sup>[30]</sup></a> of impotence. There -are many men in the first condition who have an unconquerable loathing -for their wives, or fear of infection, or are suffering with perverse sexual -feelings. In the latter condition are neuropathic individuals (neurasthenics, -hypochondriacs), frequently weakened sexually (masturbators), -who have reason, or think they have, to mistrust their sexual power. -This idea acts as an inhibitory concept, and makes the act with the person -concerned of the opposite sex temporarily or absolutely impossible.</p> - -<p class='c010'>(d) <em>Irritable weakness.</em> In this condition there is abnormal impressionability -of the centre, but accompanied by rapid diminution of its -energy. There may be functional disturbance of the centre itself, or weakness -of the innervation through the nervi erigentes; or there may be -<span class='pageno' id='Page_36'>36</span>weakness of the ischio-cavernosus muscle. Cases in which the erection -is ineffectual, on account of abnormally early ejaculation, form a transition -to the following anomalies:—</p> - -<h4 class='c020'><em>2. Affections of the Ejaculation Centre.</em></h4> - -<p class='c017'>(a) <em>Abnormally easy ejaculation</em> from absence of cerebral inhibition, -resulting from excessive psychical excitement or irritable weakness -of the centre. In this case, under certain circumstances, the simple conception -of a lascivious situation is sufficient to set the centre in action -(high degree of spinal neurasthenia, usually resulting from sexual abuse). -A third possibility is hyperæsthesia of the urethra, by virtue of which, -when the semen enters it, an immediate and excessive reflex action of -the ejaculation centre is induced. In such a case, simple proximity to -the female genitals may be sufficient to induce ejaculation (<em>ante portam</em>).</p> - -<p class='c010'>In case of hyperæsthesia of the urethra as a cause, the ejaculation -may be accompanied by painful, instead of pleasurable, sensations. -Usually, in cases where there is hyperæsthesia of the urethra, there -is, at the same time, irritable weakness of the centre. Both functional -disturbances are important in the production of pollutio nimia and diurna.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The accompanying pleasurable feeling may be pathologically absent. -This occurs in defective men and women (anæsthesia, aspermia?), -and, further, as a result of disease (neurasthenia, hysteria); or (in prostitutes) -it follows overstimulation and the blunting thus induced. The -intensity of the pleasurable feeling depends on the degree of psychical -and motor excitement accompanying the sexual act. Under pathological -conditions this may become so pronounced that the movements of coitus -take on the character of involuntary convulsive movements, and even -pass into general convulsions.</p> - -<p class='c010'>(b) <em>Abnormally difficult ejaculation.</em> It is occasioned by inexcitability -of the centre (absence of libido, paralysis of the centre: organic, -from disease of brain or spinal cord; functional, from sexual abuses, -marasmus, diabetes, morphinism), and, in this case, for the most part, -in connection with anæsthesia of the genitals and paralysis of the -erection centre. Or it is the result of a lesion of the reflex arc, or -of peripheral anæsthesia (urethra), or of aspermia. The ejaculation -occurs not at all, or tardily, in the course of the sexual act, or only -afterward, in the form of a pollution.</p> - -<h3 class='c016'>III. CEREBRAL NEUROSES.</h3> - -<p class='c017'>1. <em>Paradoxia</em>, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">i.e.</span></i>, sexual excitement occurring independently -of the period of the physiological processes in the -generative organs.</p> - -<p class='c010'>2. <em>Anæsthesia</em> (absence of sexual instinct). Here all -<span class='pageno' id='Page_37'>37</span>organic impulses arising in the sexual organs, as well as all -concepts, and visual, auditory, and olfactory sense-impressions, -fail to excite the individual sexually. This is physiological in -childhood and old age.</p> - -<p class='c010'>3. <em>Hyperæsthesia</em> (increased desire, satyriasis). In this -state there is an abnormally increased impressionability of -the vita sexualis to organic, psychical, and sensory stimuli -(abnormally intense libido, lustfulness, lasciviousness). The -stimulus may be central (nymphomania, satyriasis) or peripheral, -functional or organic.</p> - -<p class='c010'>4. <em>Paræsthesia</em>, (perversion of the sexual instinct, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">i.e.</span></i>, -excitability of the sexual functions to inadequate stimuli).</p> - -<p class='c010'>These cerebral anomalies fall within the domain of psychopathology. -The spinal and peripheral anomalies may occur -in combination with them, but these affect persons, as a rule, -that are free from mental disease. They may occur in various -combinations, and become the cause of sexual crimes. For this -reason, they demand consideration in the following description. -However, the cerebral anomalies claim the principal interest, -since they very frequently lead to the commission of perverse -and even criminal acts.</p> - -<h4 class='c020'><span class='sc'>A. Paradoxia. Sexual Instinct Manifesting itself Independently of Physiological Processes.</span></h4> - -<h5 class='c020'><em>1. Sexual Instinct Manifested in Childhood.</em></h5> - -<p class='c017'>Every physician conversant with nervous affections and -diseases incident to childhood is aware of the fact that manifestation -of sexual instinct may occur in very young children. -The observations of Ultzmann concerning masturbation in -childhood<a id='r31' /><a href='#f31' class='c009'><sup>[31]</sup></a> are worthy of attention in relation to it. It is -necessary here to differentiate between the numerous cases -where, as a result of phimosis, balanitis, or oxyuris in rectum -or vagina, young children have itching of the genitals, and experience -a kind of pleasurable sensation from manipulations -<span class='pageno' id='Page_38'>38</span>thus induced, and thus come to practice masturbation; and -those cases in which sexual ideas and impulses occur in the -child as a result of cerebral processes without peripheral causes. -It is only in this latter class of cases that we have to do with -the early manifestation of sexual instinct. In such cases it may -always be regarded as an accompanying symptom of a neuro-psychopathic -constitutional condition. A case of Marc’s (“Die -Geisteskrankheiten,” etc., von Ideler, i, p. 66) illustrates very -well these conditions. The subject was a girl of eight years, -of respectable family, who was devoid of all child-like and moral -feelings, and had masturbated from her fourth year; at the -same time she consorted with boys of the age of ten or twelve. -She had thought of killing her parents, that she might become -her own mistress and give herself up to pleasure with men. In -these cases of early manifestation of libido the children come also -to masturbate; and, since they are greatly predisposed constitutionally, -they frequently sink into dementia, or become subjects -of severe degenerative neuroses or psychoses.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Lombroso (<i><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">Archiv di Psichiatria</span></i>, iv, p. 22) has collected a number -of cases of children affected with very decided hereditary taint, which -belong in this category. One was that of a girl who masturbated shamelessly -and almost constantly at the age of three. Another girl began at -the age of eight, and continued to practice masturbation when married, -and even during pregnancy. She was pregnant twelve times. Five of -the children died early, four were hydrocephalic, and two boys began to -masturbate,—one at the age of seven, the other at the age of four.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Zambaco (<cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">L’Encéphale</span></cite>, 1882, Nr. 1, 2) tells the disgusting story of -two sisters affected with premature and perverse sexual desire. The elder, -R., masturbated at the age of seven, practiced lewdness with boys, stole -wherever she could, seduced her four-year-old sister into masturbation, and -at the age of ten was given up to the practice of the most revolting vices. -Even <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ferrum candens ad clitoridem</span></i> had no effect in overcoming the -practice, and she masturbated with the cassock of a priest while he was -exhorting her to reformation.</p> - -<h5 class='c020'><em>2. Re-awakening of Sexual Instinct in Old Age.</em><a id='r32' /><a href='#f32' class='c009'><sup>[32]</sup></a></h5> - -<p class='c017'>There are infrequent cases in which the sexual instinct persists -until a great age. “Senectus non quidem annis sed viribus -<span class='pageno' id='Page_39'>39</span>magis æstimatur” (Zittmann). Oesterlen (Maschka, Handb., -iii, p. 18) mentions the case of a man aged 83, who was sentenced -to three years’ imprisonment by a Wurtemberg court on account -of sexual misdemeanors. Unfortunately nothing is said of the -nature of the crime or of the mental condition of the criminal.<a id='r33' /><a href='#f33' class='c009'><sup>[33]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'>The manifestation of sexual instinct in old age is not in -itself pathological; but presumption of pathological conditions -must necessarily be entertained when the individual is decrepit -and his sexual life has already long become extinct; and when -the impulse, in a man whose sexual needs were in his early -life, perhaps, not very marked, manifests itself with greater -strength, and strives for even perverse satisfaction in a shameless -and impulsive manner. In such cases there is at once -suggested a presumption of pathological conditions. Medical -science recognizes the fact that such an impulse depends upon -the morbid alterations of the brain which lead to senile dementia. -This abnormal manifestation of sexual life may be the precursor -of senile dementia, and make its appearance even long before -there are any well-defined manifestations of intellectual weakness. -The attentive and experienced observer will always be -able to detect in this prodromal stage an alteration of character -<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">in pejus</span></i>, and a deterioration of the moral sense accompanying -the peculiar sexual manifestation.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The libido of those passing into senile dementia is at first -expressed in lascivious speech and gesture. The next objects -of the attempts of these senile subjects of brain atrophy and -psychical degeneration are children. This sad and dangerous -fact is explained by the better opportunity they have of falling -in with children, but more especially by a feeling of imperfect -sexual power. Defective sexual power and greatly diminished -moral sense explain the additional fact of the perversity of the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_40'>40</span>sexual acts of these aged men. They are the equivalents of the -impossible physiological act.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The annals of legal medicine distinguish, as such, exhibition -of the genitals,<a id='r34' /><a href='#f34' class='c009'><sup>[34]</sup></a> lustful handling of the genitals of children,<a id='r35' /><a href='#f35' class='c009'><sup>[35]</sup></a> -inducing them to perform manustupration of the seducer, and -performing masturbation<a id='r36' /><a href='#f36' class='c009'><sup>[36]</sup></a> or flagellation on the victim.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In this stage the intellect may still be sufficiently intact to -allow avoidance of publicity and discovery, while the moral sense -is too far gone to allow consideration of the moral significance -of the act and resistance to the impulse. With the progress of -dementia, these acts are more and more shamelessly committed. -Then care on account of defective sexual power disappears, and -adults also become the objects of the senile passion; but the -defective sexual power necessitates equivalents for coitus. Not -infrequently sodomy results, and, as Tarnowsky (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>, p. 77) -points out, in the sexual act performed with geese, chickens, -etc., the sight of the dying animal and its death-struggles at the -time of coitus afford complete satisfaction. The perverse sexual -acts with adults are quite as horrible, and may be explained -psychologically in the same way.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Case 49, in the author’s “Text-Book of Legal Psychopathology,” -second ed., p. 161, demonstrates how enormously -increased sexual lust may be during the course of senile -dementia. Quum senex libidinosus germanam suam filiam -æmulatione motus necaret et adspectu pectoris sciosi puellæ -moribundæ delectaretur.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Erotic delirium and states of satyriasis may occur, in the -course of the malady, with or without maniacal episodes, as -the following case shows:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 1. J. René, always given to indulgence in sensuality and sexual -pleasures, but always with regard for decorum, has shown, since his -seventy-sixth year, a progressive loss of intelligence and increasing perversion -of his moral sense. Previously bright and outwardly moral, he -now wasted his property in concourse with prostitutes, frequented brothels -<span class='pageno' id='Page_41'>41</span>only, asked every woman on the street to marry him or allow coitus, and -thus became so publicly obnoxious that it was necessary to place him in -an asylum. There the sexual excitement increased to a veritable satyriasis, -which lasted until he died. He masturbated continuously, even -before others; took delight only in obscene ideas; thought the men about -him were women, and followed them with indecent proposals (Legrand du -Saulle, “La Folie,” p. 533).</p> - -<p class='c015'>Moreover, women previously moral, when affected with senile dementia, -may manifest similar conditions of great sexual excitement -(nymphomania, furor uterinus).</p> - -<p class='c010'>It may be seen from a reading of Schopenhauer,<a id='r37' /><a href='#f37' class='c009'><sup>[37]</sup></a> that, as -a result of senile dementia, the abnormally excited and perverse -instinct may be directed exclusively to persons of the same sex -(<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">v. infra</span></i>). The manner of the satisfaction is here passive -pederasty, or, as I ascertained in the following case, mutual -masturbation:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 2. Mr. X., aged 80, of high social position, from a family having -hereditary taint. He was always very sensual and a cynic, of uncontrollable -temper, and, according to his own confession, as a young man, -preferred masturbation to coitus. However, he never showed signs of -contrary sexual instinct, and kept mistresses, raising a child by one. At -the age of forty-eight he married, out of inclination, and begat six children, -and never gave his wife cause for complaint. I could obtain but an -incomplete history of his family. It was certain that his brother was -suspected of love for men, and that a nephew became insane as a result -of excessive masturbation.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient, always peculiar and quick-tempered, for years has been -growing more extreme in character. He has become exceedingly suspicious, -and slight opposition to his wishes induces attacks of anger -which may become actual raving, and in which he may raise his hand -against his wife. For a year there have been unmistakable signs of incipient -senile dementia. The patient has become forgetful, localizes past -events incorrectly, and has false ideas of time. For fourteen months it -has been noticed that he manifests affection for certain male servants, -especially for a gardener’s boy. Otherwise rude and overbearing to -servants, he surfeits his favorite with favors and presents, and commands -his family and his house officials to treat the boy with the greatest -respect. The aged patient awaits the hour of rendezvous in true sexual -excitement. He sends his family away, that he may be with his favorite -undisturbed, and remains shut up with him for hours; and when the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_42'>42</span>doors are opened again, he is found lying on the bed exhausted. Besides -this object of his passion, the patient had intercourse episodically with -other servants. It is certain that he enticed them, asked them for kisses, -exhibited himself, allowed manipulation ad genitalia, and practiced mutual -masturbation. By these practices absolute demoralization was brought -about. The family was powerless; for any opposition caused violent -outbreaks of anger and even threats against his relatives. The patient -was completely without appreciation of his perverse sexual acts; and -therefore the only course left to the afflicted family was to remove all -authority from his hands and place him in an asylum. No erotic inclination -toward the opposite sex was observed, though the patient occupied a -sleeping-apartment with his wife. With reference to the perverse sexuality -and the defective moral sense of this unfortunate man, it is worthy -of note that he questioned the servants of his daughter-in-law as to -whether she had a lover.</p> - -<h4 class='c020'><span class='sc'>B. Anæsthesia Sexualis (Absence of Sexual Feeling).</span></h4> - -<h5 class='c020'><em>1. As a Congenital Anomaly.</em></h5> - -<p class='c017'>Only those cases can be regarded as unquestionable examples -of absence of sexual instinct dependent on cerebral causes, -in which, in spite of generative organs normally developed and -the performance of their functions (secretion of semen, menstruation), -the corresponding emotions of sexual life are absolutely -wanting. These functionally sexless individuals are seldom seen, -and are, indeed, always persons having degenerative defects, -and in whom other functional cerebral disturbances, states of -psychical degeneration, and even anatomical signs of degeneration, -are observed. Legrand du Saulle describes a classical case -that falls under this head (<cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Annales médico-psychol.</span></cite>, May, 1876).</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 3. D., aged 33, had a mother who suffered with insanity of -persecution. The mother’s father also suffered with persecutory insanity, -and committed suicide. Her mother was insane, and this woman’s mother -became insane in the puerperal state. Three of her mother’s children -died in babyhood, and those that lived longer had an abnormal character. -As early as his thirteenth year, D. was troubled with the thought of becoming -insane. At fourteen he attempted suicide. Later, vagabondage, -and, as a soldier, repeated insubordination and crazy pranks. His intelligence -was very limited; no sign of degeneration, genitals normal. At -seventeen or eighteen he had emissions of semen, had never masturbated -or had sexual feeling, and never had sought intercourse with women.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 4. P., aged 36, common laborer, was received at my clinic in -<span class='pageno' id='Page_43'>43</span>the beginning of November on account of spastic spinal paralysis. He -declares he comes of a healthy family. A stutterer from his youth. -Cranium microcephalic (cf. 53 cm.). Patient somewhat imbecile. He was -never sociable, never had a sexual emotion. The sight of a woman never -had anything enticing for him. He never had a desire to masturbate. -Erections frequent, but only on waking in the morning with a full bladder, -and without a trace of sexual feeling. Pollutions very infrequent,—about -once a year, in sleep,—and usually while dreaming that he is concerned -with a female. These dreams, however, as his dreams in general, are not -markedly erotic. He says the act of pollution is not accompanied by any -pleasurable sensation. Patient does not feel this absence of sexual sensations. -He gives the assurance that his brother, aged 34, is in exactly the -same sexual condition as himself, and he makes it seem probable that a -sister, aged 21, is in a similar state. A younger brother, he says, is normal -sexually. The examination of his genitals reveals nothing abnormal -besides phimosis.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Hammond (“Sexual Impotence”), even with his wide experience, -reports only the following three cases of anæsthesia -sexualis:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 5. Mr. W., aged 33; strong, healthy, with normal genitals. He -had never experienced libido, and had vainly sought to awaken his defective -sexual instinct by means of obscene stories and intercourse with -prostitutes. On the occasion of such attempts he experienced only disgust, -with even a feeling of nausea, and became nervously and mentally -exhausted. Only once, when he forced the situation, did he have a transitory -erection. W. had never masturbated, and had had pollutions about -once every two months from his seventeenth year. Important interests -demanded that he marry. He had no <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">horror feminæ</span></i>, and longed for a -home and a wife, but felt that he was incapable of the sexual act. He -died, unmarried, in the American civil war.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 6. X., aged 27; genitals normal; never felt libido. Mechanical -or thermic stimuli easily induced erection, but instead of libido sexualis -there was regularly a desire for alcoholic indulgence. Such excesses also -induced erections, and he then sometimes masturbated. He had a disinclination -for women and a loathing of coitus. If, with an erection, he -made an attempt at coitus, it disappeared at once. Death in coma during -an attack of cerebral hyperæmia.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 7. Mrs. O., normally developed, healthy, menstruated regularly; -aged 35, fifteen years married. She never experienced libido, and -never had any erotic excitement in sexual intercourse with her husband. -She was not averse to coitus, and sometimes seemed to experience pleasure -in it, but she never had a wish for repetition of cohabitation.</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_44'>44</span>In connection with such pure cases of anæsthesia there -should be considered other cases in which the mental side of -the vita sexualis is a blank leaf in the life of the individual, -but where elementary sexual sensations manifest themselves at -least in masturbation (comp. the transitional Case 6). According -to Magnan’s ingenious classification, which, however, is not -strictly correct and somewhat too dogmatic, in such cases the -sexual life is so limited as to be designated spinal. Possibly in -some such cases there exists virtually a mental side of the vita -sexualis, but it is very weak, and undermined by masturbation -before it attains development. These represent the transitional -cases from the congenital to the acquired (psychical) anæsthesia -sexualis. This danger threatens many masturbators of vicious -constitution. It is psychologically interesting that when the -sexual element is early vitiated, then an ethical defect is manifested.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The two following cases, previously published by me in -the <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Archiv für Psychiatrie</span></cite>, vii, are given here as illustrations -worthy of consideration:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 8. F. J., aged 19, student; mother was nervous, sister epileptic. -At the age of four, acute brain affection, lasting two weeks. As a child -he was not affectionate, and was cold toward his parents; as a student he -was peculiar, retiring, preoccupied with self, and given to much reading. -Well endowed mentally. Masturbation from fifteenth year. Eccentric -after puberty, with continual alternation between religious enthusiasm and -materialism,—now studying theology, now natural sciences. At the university -his fellow-students took him for a fool. He read Jean Paul almost -exclusively, and wasted his time. Absolute absence of sexual feeling -toward the opposite sex. Once he indulged in intercourse, experienced -no sexual feeling in the act, found coitus absurd, and did not repeat it. -Without any emotional cause whatever, he often had a thought of suicide. -He made it the subject of a philosophical dissertation, in which he contended -that it was, like masturbation, a justifiable act. After repeated experiments, -which he made on himself with various poisons, he attempted -suicide with fifty-seven grains of opium; but he was saved, and sent to an -asylum.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Patient is destitute of moral and social feelings. His writings disclose -incredible frivolity and vulgarity. His knowledge is of a wide -range, but his logic is peculiarly distorted. There is no trace of emotionality. -He treats everything (even the sublime) with incomparable cynicism -<span class='pageno' id='Page_45'>45</span>and irony. He pleads for the justification of suicide with false -philosophical premises and conclusions, and, as one would speak of the -most indifferent affair, he declares that he intends to accomplish it. He -regrets that his penknife has been taken from him. If he had it he would -open his veins as Seneca did,—in the bath. A short time before a friend -had given him, instead of a poison as he supposed, a cathartic. Instead -of having been a means to send him to the other world, it had sent him -to the water-closet. Only the Great Operator could eradicate his foolish -and fatal idea by removing his senses, etc.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient has a large, rhombic, distorted skull, the left half of the -forehead being flatter than the right. The occiput is very straight. Ears -far back, widely projecting, and the external meatus forms a narrow slit. -Genitals very lax; testicles unusually soft and small.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Now and then the patient suffers with onomatomania. He is compelled -to think of the most useless problems and give up to an interminable -distressing and worrying thought; and is so fatigued after it -that he is no longer capable of any rational thought. After some months -the patient was sent home unimproved. There he spent his time in -reading and frivolities, and busied himself with the thought of founding -a new Christianity, because Christ had been subject to grand delusions -and had deceived the world with wonders (!). After remaining at home -some years the sudden occurrence of a maniacal outbreak brought him -again to the asylum. He presented a mixture of primordial delirium of -persecution (devil, anti-christ, persecution, poisoning, persecutory voices) -and delusions of grandeur (Christ, redemption of the world), with impulsive, -incoherent actions. After five months there was a remission of -this intercurrent acute mental disease, and the patient returned to the -level of his original intellectual peculiarity and moral defect.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 9. E., aged 30, journeyman-painter, was arrested while trying -to cut off the scrotum of a boy he had caught in the woods. He gave as -a motive for this act that he wished to cut into it in order that the world -should not multiply. Often in his youth, with like purpose, he had cut -into his own genitals.</p> - -<p class='c015'>It is impossible to learn anything of his ancestry. From his childhood -he was mentally abnormal, violent, never lively, very irritable, -irascible, selfish, and weak-minded. He hated women, loved solitude, and -read much. He sometimes laughed to himself and did silly things. Of -late years his hatred of women had increased, especially of those that -were pregnant, they being responsible for the misery of the world. He -also hated children, and cursed his father. He entertained communistic -ideas, and berated the rich and the ministry, and God, who had allowed -him to come into the world so poor. He declared that it would be better -to castrate all children than to allow others to come into the world that -could only be fated to endure poverty and misery. He had always had -the intention, from his fifteenth year, to castrate himself, in order to have -<span class='pageno' id='Page_46'>46</span>no part in increasing unhappiness and adding to the number of men. He -hated the female sex because it was a means of procreation. Only twice -in his life had he allowed women to practice manustupration on him, and, -with the exception of this, he had never had anything to do with them. -Occasionally he had sexual desire, but never for a natural satisfaction of -it. When nature did not help him, he occasionally helped himself by -means of masturbation.</p> - -<p class='c015'>He is a powerful, muscular man. The formation of the genitals presents -no abnormality. On the scrotum and penis are numerous scars, -which resulted from his attempts at self-emasculation, but which, he -asserts, were not carried out on account of pain. Genu valgum of right -limb. No evidence of onanism could be discovered. He is moody, -defiant, irritable. Social feelings are absolutely foreign to him. With -the exception of imperfect sleep and frequent headaches, there are no -functional disturbances.</p> - -<p class='c010'>From cases of this kind, depending on cerebral causes, -there must be distinguished others where the absence of function -arises from an absence or malformation of the generative -organs, as in certain hermaphrodites, idiots, and cretins. A -case belonging here is found in Maschka’s hand-book.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 10. Complainant pleads for divorce on account of impotence -of her husband, who has never had intercourse with her. She is thirty-one -years old, and a virgin. The husband is somewhat weak mentally, -physically strong; the genitals well developed. He declares that he has -never had a complete erection or a flow of semen, and says that he is -totally indifferent about intercourse with women.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Ultzmann’s<a id='r38' /><a href='#f38' class='c009'><sup>[38]</sup></a> observations show that anæsthesia sexualis is -not caused by aspermia simply. He shows that even in congenital -aspermia the vita sexualis and sexual power may be -entirely satisfying; an additional proof that defective libido <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ab -origine</span></i> is to be sought for in cerebral conditions.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">naturæ frigidas</span></i> of Zacchias are examples of a milder -form of anæsthesia. They are met more frequently among -women than among men. The characteristic signs of this -anomaly are: slight inclination to sexual intercourse, or pronounced -disinclination to coitus without sexual equivalent, and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_47'>47</span>failure of corresponding psychical, pleasurable excitation during -coitus, which is indulged in simply from sense of duty. I have -often had occasion to hear complaints from husbands about this. -In such cases the wives have always proved to be neuropathic -<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ab origine</span></i>. Some were at the same time hysterical.</p> - -<h5 class='c020'><em>2. Acquired Anæsthesia.</em></h5> - -<p class='c017'>Acquired diminution of sexual instinct, extending through -all degrees to extinction, may depend on various causes. These -may be organic and functional, psychical and somatic, central -and peripheral. The diminution of libido, as age advances, and -its temporary disappearance after the sexual act, are physiological. -The variations with reference to the duration of the -sexual instinct are dependent upon individual factors. Education -and manner of life have a great influence upon the intensity -of the vita sexualis. Intense mental activity (hard study), physical -exertion, emotional depression, and sexual continence decidedly -diminish sexual inclination. Continence at first induces -increase, but sooner or later, according to constitutional conditions, -the activity of the generative organs decreases, and with -it libido. At all events, in a person sexually mature, a close -connection exists between the activity of the generative glands -and the degree of libido. That this relation is not determinate -is shown by the cases of sensual women, who, after the climacterium, -continue to have sexual intercourse, and may manifest -states of sexual excitement (cerebral). Also in eunuchs -it is seen that libido may long outlast the production of -semen.</p> - -<p class='c010'>On the other hand, however, experience teaches that libido -is essentially conditioned by the function of the generative -glands, and that the facts mentioned are exceptional manifestations. -As peripheral causes of diminution or extinction of libido, -may be mentioned castration, degeneration of the sexual glands, -marasmus, sexual excesses in the form of coitus and masturbation, -and alcoholism [cocainism]. In the same way, the disappearance -of libido in general disturbances of nutrition (diabetes, -morphinism, etc.) may be explained. Finally, the atrophy of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_48'>48</span>the testicles should be remembered, which has sometimes been -observed to follow focal lesions of the brain (cerebellum).</p> - -<p class='c010'>A diminution of the vita sexualis, from degeneration of the -tracts of the cord and genito-spinal centre, occurs in diseases of -the spinal cord and brain. A central interference with the -sexual instinct may be organically induced by cortical disease -(dementia paralytica in its advanced stages); functionally, by -hysteria (central anæsthesia?) and emotional insanity (melancholia, -hypochondria).</p> - -<h4 class='c020'><span class='sc'>C. Hyperæsthesia (Abnormally Increased Sexual Desire).</span></h4> - -<p class='c017'>Pathology has no easy task, in the single case, when it has -to decide whether the impulse to sexual satisfaction has reached -a pathological degree. Emminghaus (“Psychopathologie,” p. -225) declares that the immediate re-awakening of desire after -satisfaction, with its occupation of the entire attention, and no -less the excitation of libido by the sight of persons and things -which in themselves should have but an indifferent sexual -effect, are decidedly abnormal. In general, sexual instinct and -its corresponding needs are in proportion to physical strength -and age. Sexual desire rapidly increases after puberty, until -it reaches a marked degree; is strongest from the twentieth to -the fortieth year, and then slowly decreases. Married life seems -to preserve and control the instinct. Sexual intercourse with -many persons increases the desire.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Since woman has less sexual need than man, a predominating -sexual desire in her arouses a suspicion of its pathological -significance; and the more, when this finds expression in desire -for adornment, coquetry, or male society, which, passing beyond -the limits set by good breeding and manners, becomes quite -noticeable.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The constitution, in both sexes, is of the greatest significance. -An abnormally strong sexual instinct is frequently -accompanied by a neuropathic constitution; and such individuals -pass a great part of their lives heavily burdened with the weight -of this constitutional anomaly of their sexual life. The power -of the sexual impulse in such cases may at times rise to the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_49'>49</span>importance of an organic necessity, and really endanger the -freedom of the will. The want of satisfaction of this impulsive -desire may, under such conditions, induce a condition allied -to actual rutting, or a psychical condition, accompanied by -emotions of fear, in which the individual gives up to the -impulse, and responsibility becomes doubtful. If the individual -does not give up to his powerful impulse, he is in danger, by -reason of his enforced abstinence, of ruining his nervous system -by inducing a neurasthenia, or seriously increasing such a condition -if it be already present. In normally constituted individuals, -too, the sexual instinct is an inconstant quantity. -Aside from the temporary indifference following satisfaction, -and the diminution of sexual desire in long-continued continence -after a certain reactionary stage of sexual desire is -overcome, the manner of life has a great influence. Those -living in large cities, who are constantly reminded of sexual -things and incited to sexual enjoyment, certainly have more -sexual desire than those living in the country. A dissipated, -luxurious, sedentary manner of life, preponderance of animal -food, and the consumption of spirits, spices, etc., have a stimulating -influence on the sexual life. In woman the sexual -inclination is post-menstrually increased. At this time, in -neuropathic women, the excitement may reach a pathological -degree.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The great libido of consumptives is remarkable. Hofmann -tells of a consumptive peasant who satisfied his wife sexually -on the evening before his death.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The sexual acts are coitus (eventually rape) and, <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">faute -de mieux</span></i>, masturbation; and, with defective moral sense, -pederasty or bestiality. If sexual power is diminished or extinct, -with excessive sexual desire, all manner of perversity of -sexual acts becomes possible.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Excessive libido may be peripherally or centrally induced. -The former manner of origin is the more infrequent. Pruritus -and eczema of the genitals may cause it; and likewise certain -substances, like cantharides, which powerfully stimulate sexual -desire. Not infrequently, in women at the climacteric, sexual -<span class='pageno' id='Page_50'>50</span>excitement occurs, occasioned by pruritus; and also in cases -where there is neuropathic taint. Magnan (<cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Annales médico-psychol.</span></cite>, -1885, p. 157) reports the case of a lady who was -afflicted mornings with attacks of frightful erethismus genitalis, -and the case of a man, aged 55, who was tormented at night -by unbearable priapism. In each case there was a neurosis.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The central origin of sexual excitement is of frequent -occurrence<a id='r39' /><a href='#f39' class='c009'><sup>[39]</sup></a> in persons having neurotic taint or hysteria, and -in conditions of psychical exaltation. Here, where the cortex -and the psycho-sexual centre are in a condition of hyperæsthesia -(abnormal excitability of the imagination, increased ease -of association), not only visual and tactile impressions, but -also auditory and olfactory sensations, may be sufficient to call -up lascivious concepts.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Magnan (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>) reports the case of a young woman who had an -increasing sexual desire from puberty, and satisfied it by masturbation. -Gradually she grew to become sexually excited at the sight of any man -pleasing to her; and, since she was unable to control herself, she would -sometimes shut herself up in a room until the storm had passed. At last -she gave herself up to men of her choice, that she might get rest from -her tormenting desire; but neither coitus nor masturbation brought relief, -and she went to an asylum.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The case of a mother of five children is added, who, in despair about -her inordinate sexual impulse, attempted suicide, and then sought an -asylum. There her condition improved, but she never trusted herself to -leave it.</p> - -<p class='c010'>There are several illustrative cases in men and women in -the author’s article, “On Certain Anomalies of Sexual Instinct,” -Cases 6 and 7 (<cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Archiv für Psychiatrie</span></cite>, vii, 2); Cases 3 and 5 are -given here.</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_51'>51</span>Case 11. On the afternoon of July 7, 1874, Clemens, engineer, being -on his way, on business, from Trieste to Vienna, left the train at the town -of Bruck, and, passing through the town to the neighboring village of -St. Ruprecht, attempted a rape on an old woman, aged 70, whom he found -alone in a house. He was seized by the neighbors and arrested by the -local police. At his hearing he declared that he had tried to find the -pound, in order to satisfy his sexual desire with a bitch. He said that he -often suffered with such sexual excitement. He did not deny his act, -but excused it as the result of disease. The heat, the motion of the cars, -and anxiety about his family, to which he wished to go, had confused -him and made him ill. Shame and remorse were not shown. His conduct -was open, his mien gay; eyes red and bright, head hot, tongue coated; -pulse full, soft, beating over 100; fingers somewhat tremulous. The statements -of the accused were precise, but hurried; his glance uncertain, and -with an unmistakable expression of lasciviousness. To the medical expert -summoned to examine him, he gave the impression of one suffering with -disease,—as if he were in the beginning of alcoholic insanity.</p> - -<p class='c015'>C. is forty-five years old, married, father of one child. He does not -know what diseases his parents or other members of his family have had. -In childhood he was weak and neuropathic. At the age of five his head -was injured by a blow with a hoe. A scar one-half cm. broad by one cm. -long, situated on the right parietal and frontal bones, dates from that -injury. The bone is here somewhat depressed. The overlying skin is -united to the bone. Pressure at this point causes pain, which radiates -along the lower branch of the trigeminus. This spot is also frequently -spontaneously painful. In his youth he had frequent attacks of “fainting”; -before puberty, pneumonia, rheumatism, and intestinal catarrh. -At the age of seven he experienced a peculiar inclination for men,—<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">i.e.</span></i>, for -a certain superior. Whenever he saw this man he had a peculiar feeling -in his heart; kissed the ground he walked on. At ten he fell in love with -a certain deputy. Later he had an enthusiasm for men, though it was -entirely platonic. He began to masturbate at the age of fourteen; first -intercourse at seventeen. Then the earlier manifestations of contrary -sexual feeling disappeared entirely. At that time he passed through a -peculiar acute psychopathic condition, which he described as a kind of -clairvoyance. From fifteen, hæmorrhoids, with symptoms of plethora -abdominalis. When he had profuse hæmorrhoidal hæmorrhage, which -occurred usually every three or four weeks, he was better. At other -times he was constantly in a condition of painful sexual excitement, which -he satisfied partly by means of onanism and partly by coitus. Every -woman he met excited him; even when he was among female relatives he -was impelled to make indecent proposals. Sometimes it was possible for -him to master his desire; sometimes he was driven to indecent acts. If, -after these, he was kicked out-of-doors, it seemed perfectly right to him; -for he thought that he needed such correction and support against his -<span class='pageno' id='Page_52'>52</span>powerful impulse, which was a burden to him. No periodicity in this -sexual excitement was recognizable.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Until 1861 he committed excesses in venery and was several times -infected with gonorrhœa and chancres. In 1861, marriage. He was -sexually satisfied, but became a burden to his wife on account of his great -sensuality. In 1864 he passed through an attack of mania in the hospital -at Fiume, and in the same year he again fell ill, and was taken to the -insane asylum at Ybbs, where he remained until 1867. There he suffered -with recurrent mania accompanied by great sexual excitement. He says -that intestinal catarrh and anxiety were the cause of his illness at that -time.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Thereafter he was well, but he suffered much on account of his -excessive sexual desire. If he were absent from his wife but a short time, -the impulse became so powerful that man or animal was indifferent to him -for the satisfaction of his lust. In summer these impulses were much -stronger, and were always accompanied by abdominal plethora. Something -that he remembered in medical reading, made him think that in his -case the ganglionic system was more powerful than the cerebral. In -October, 1873, on account of business, he had to leave his wife. From -that time until Easter, with the exception of occasional masturbation, -there was no sexual indulgence. After that he made use of women and -bitches. From the middle of June until July 7, he had no opportunity -for sexual indulgence. He felt nervously excited, relaxed, and as if he -were going crazy. Of late he had slept badly. A longing for his wife, -who lived in Vienna, drove him to leave his business. He obtained leave -of absence. The heat and the noise of the train confused him, and he -could no longer hold out against his sexual excitement and the pressure -of blood in his abdomen. Everything danced before his eyes. He left -the car at Bruck, and was absolutely confused, not knowing where he -went; and for a moment the thought came to him to throw himself in the -water; all was like a mist before his eyes. Then he saw a woman, exposed -his genitals, and tried to embrace her. She cried for help, and thus he -was arrested.</p> - -<p class='c015'>After the attempt it suddenly became clear to him what he had -done. He openly confessed his crime, which he remembered in all its -details, but which seemed to him to be something abnormal. He could -not help it. For some days after this, C. suffered with headache and -congestions, and was now and then excited and restless, and slept badly. -His mental functions are undisturbed, but he is, nevertheless, a congenitally -peculiar man, with a character weak and devoid of energy. The -facial expression has something lascivious and peculiar about it. He -suffers with hæmorrhoids. The genitals present nothing abnormal. -The cranium is narrow and retreating at the forehead. Body large and -well nourished. With the exception of diarrhœa, there is no disturbance -of the vegetative functions.</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_53'>53</span>Case 12. Mrs. E., aged 47. Uncle on father’s side was insane; -father was sanguine, and given to excess in venery. Patient’s brother -died of an acute cerebral affection. Patient from childhood has been nervous, -eccentric, and romantic; and while little more than a child manifested -excessive sexual desire, and at ten began sexual indulgence. At -nineteen, marriage. Unhappy married life; her husband, who was normal, -did not satisfy her, and until recent years she constantly had other friends -besides her husband. She was well aware of the immorality of her life, -but felt her powerlessness against her insatiable desire, which she sought -to keep, at least outwardly, a secret. Later she thought that she had -suffered with a “mania for men.” Patient has borne six children. Six -years ago she was thrown from a wagon and received a severe cerebral -concussion. Following this there was melancholia, with delusions of -persecution, which sent her to the asylum. She is approaching the -climacterium, and of late the menses have been profuse and too frequent. -Since this period she is pleased to note that the previously powerful -sexual impulse has declined. Proper behavior. Slight degree of -descensus uteri and prolapsus ani.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Hyperæsthesia sexualis may be continuously present with -exacerbations, or it may be intermittent or periodic. In the -latter case it is a cerebral neurosis <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per se</span></i> (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vide</span></i> “Special -Pathology”), or an accompanying symptom of a condition of -general psychical excitement (mania; episodically in dementia -paralytica, dementia senilis, etc.).</p> - -<p class='c010'>Lentz has published a remarkable case of intermittent -satyriasis (<cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Bulletin de la société de méd. légale de Belgique</span></cite>, -Nr. 21):—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 13. For three years the generally respected farmer D., married, -aged 35, has manifested states of sexual excitement, with increasing frequency -and severity, which, during the past year, have become true -paroxysms of satyriasis. It was impossible to discover hereditary or -other organic cause. D. was compelled, at times when his sexual excitement -was excessive, to perform the sexual act from ten to fifteen -times in twenty-four hours, without deriving any feeling of satisfaction. -Gradually he developed a condition of general nervous hyper-irritability -(<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">éréthisme général</span></i>) with increased emotional irritability to the extent of -pathological outbreaks of anger, and impulse to over-indulgence in alcohol, -which induced symptoms of alcoholism. His attacks of satyriasis -became so violent that consciousness was interfered with, and the patient -raged about in blind impulse to sexual acts. He demanded that his wife -give herself to other men or to animals in his presence; that she allow -copulation with him, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">presentibus filiabus</span></i>, because this would afford him -<span class='pageno' id='Page_54'>54</span>greater enjoyment. Memory for the events at the height of these attacks, -in which the extreme irritability even led to outbreaks of maniacal rage, -was entirely wanting. D. himself thought that he must have had moments -in which he no longer had control of his senses, and without satisfaction -from his wife would have been compelled to seize the next best female. -After an attack of violent emotion, these attacks of sexual excitement -suddenly disappeared entirely.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The two following cases show how powerful, dangerous, -and painful sexual hyperæsthesia may become in those afflicted -with this anomaly:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 14. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hyperæsthesia Sexualis</span></i>—<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Delirium Acutum ex Abstinentia.</span></i>—On -May 29, 1882, F., aged 29, single, shoemaker, was received at the -clinic. Father was of passionate temper; mother neuropathic, and had -an insane brother. Patient had never been seriously ill previously, and -was not a drinker, but had always been sexually very passionate. Five -days before, he was taken acutely ill mentally. He made two attempts -at rape in broad daylight, before witnesses, and when arrested talked -in delirium only of obscene things, and masturbated without stint, and -for three days had been raving mad. On admission he presented the -picture of a severe acute delirium, with violent motor symptoms of irritation, -and fever. Under treatment with ergotin a cure was effected.</p> - -<p class='c015'>On January 5, 1888, second admission, in a state of violent mania. -On January 4, he had become morose, irritable, whining, and sleepless; -and then, after vain assaults on women, had manifested symptoms of -increasing angry excitement.</p> - -<p class='c015'>On January 6, progress of the condition to severe acute delirium -(great disturbance of consciousness, jactation, grinding of the teeth, -grimacing, and other motor symptoms of irritation; temperature as high -as 40.7° C.); impulsive masturbation. Recovery was complete by January -11, under energetic treatment with ergotin.</p> - -<p class='c015'>After his recovery the patient gives an interesting account of the -cause of his illness. Always very passionate sexually; first coitus at -the age of sixteen. Continence caused headache, great psychical irritability, -lassitude, great loss of pleasure in work, and sleeplessness. Since -he had few opportunities in the country to satisfy his desire, he had -recourse to masturbation. It was necessary for him to masturbate once -or twice daily. No coitus in two months. Increasing sexual excitement; -could think of nothing save means for the gratification of his impulse. -Masturbation was not sufficient to banish the constantly increasing -torment <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ex abstinentia</span></i>. During the last four days violent impulse to -coitus; increasing sleeplessness and irritability. There was only a summary -recollection of the height of the illness. Patient recovered in -<span class='pageno' id='Page_55'>55</span>December. A very respectable man; he considers his inordinate desire -decidedly pathological, and is anxious about his future.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 15. On July 11, 1884, R., aged 33, servant, was admitted suffering -with paranoia persecutoria and neurasthenia sexualis. Mother was -neuropathic; father died of spinal disease. From childhood he had an -intense sexual desire, of which he became conscious as early as his sixth -year. From this age, masturbation; from fifteenth year, <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">faute de mieux</span></i>, -pederasty; occasionally, sodomitic indulgences. Later, abusus coitus in -marriage cum uxore. Now and then even perverse impulse to commit -cunnilingus and to administer cantharides to his wife, because her libido -did not equal his own. His wife died after a short period of married life. -Patient’s circumstances became straightened, and he had no means to -indulge himself sexually. Then masturbation again; employment of -lingua canis to induce ejaculation. At times, priapism and conditions -approaching satyriasis. He was then driven to masturbate, in order not -to become stuporous. Beneficial diminution of the libido nimia, with the -gradually predominating sexual neurasthenia and hypochondria.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The following case, valuable for an understanding of -many Messalinas, some of whom are historically celebrated, is a -classical example of pure hyperæsthesia sexualis, which I take -from Trelat’s “Folie lucide”:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 16. Mrs. V. has suffered with a passion for men since her -earliest youth. Of good family, well bred, of pleasant disposition, exceedingly -modest, she was, as a little girl, a terror to her family, because -she could scarcely be alone with a person of the opposite sex, no matter -whether it was with child or man of any age, without exposing herself -immediately and demanding satisfaction for her sexual passion, even going -so far as to lay hold of him. An attempt was made to cure her by -marriage. She loved her husband passionately, but even with him she -could not keep from demanding coitus of every one with whom she could -be alone, no matter whether it was servant, laborer, or school-boy.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Nothing could cure her of this impulse. Even when she became a -grandmother, she was still a Messalina. One day she locked a twelve-year-old -boy in her room and tried to seduce him. The boy defended himself -and escaped. She was severely punished by his brother. All was in vain. -She was put in a cloister. There she was an example of morality, and -gave not the slightest cause for blame. Immediately after her return the -scandal began again. The family banished her, and set aside money to -support her. She earned by her own hand-work enough to buy herself -lovers. Any one seeing this neatly dressed matron, of good manners and -amiable disposition, would never suspect how recklessly passionate she -still was at the age of sixty-five. On January 7, 1854, her family, in -<span class='pageno' id='Page_56'>56</span>despair at new scandals, placed her in an asylum. She lived there until -May, 1858, when she died of apoplexia cerebri, in her seventy-third year. -Her conduct in the asylum was exemplary. Left to herself, and under -favorable conditions, her sexual impulses manifested themselves shortly -before her death. With the exception of this, during an observation of -four years by physicians of the asylum, she never showed a sign of -mental abnormality.</p> - -<h4 class='c020'><span class='sc'>D. Paræsthesia of Sexual Feeling (Perversion of the Sexual Instinct).</span></h4> - -<p class='c017'>In this condition there is perverse emotional coloring of -the sexual ideas. Ideas physiologically and psychologically accompanied -by feelings of disgust, give rise to pleasurable sexual -feelings; and the abnormal association finds expression in -passionate, uncontrollable emotion. The practical results are -perverse acts (perversion of the sexual instinct). This is more -easily the case if the pleasurable feelings, increased to passionate -intensity, inhibit any opposing ideas with corresponding feelings -of disgust; or the influence of such opposing concepts may be -impossible on account of the absence or loss of all ideas of -morality, æsthetics, and law. This loss, however, is only too -frequently found where the spring of ethical ideas and feelings -(a normal sexual instinct) has been poisoned from the beginning.</p> - -<p class='c010'>With opportunity for the natural satisfaction of the sexual -instinct, every expression of it that does not correspond with the -purpose of nature,—<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">i.e.</span></i>, propagation,—must be regarded as perverse. -The perverse sexual acts resulting from paræsthesia are -of the greatest importance clinically, socially, and forensically; -and, therefore, they must here receive careful consideration; all -æsthetic and polite disgust must be overcome.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Perversion of the sexual instinct, as will be seen from what -follows, is not to be confounded with perversity in the sexual -act; since the latter may be induced by conditions which are -not psychopathology. The concrete perverse act, monstrous as -it may be, is not decisive. In order to differentiate between -disease (perversion) and vice (perversity), one must investigate -the whole personality of the individual and the original impulse -<span class='pageno' id='Page_57'>57</span>leading to the perverse act. Therein will be found the key of -diagnosis (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">v. infra</span></i>).</p> - -<p class='c010'>Paræsthesia may occur in combination with hyperæsthesia. -This association seems to be frequent clinically. Sexual acts -are then confidently to be expected. The perverse direction of -sexual activity may be toward sexual satisfaction with the -opposite or the same sex. Thus two great groups of perversions -of the sexual life may be distinguished.</p> - -<div class='section ph3'> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><em>1. Sexual Inclination toward Persons of the Opposite Sex, with Perverse Activity of the Instinct.</em></div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - -<p class='c010'>1. <em>Association of Active Cruelty and Violence with Lust</em>—<em>Sadism.</em><a id='r40' /><a href='#f40' class='c009'><sup>[40]</sup></a>—That -lust and cruelty frequently occur together is -a fact that has long been recognized and not infrequently -observed. Writers of all kinds have called attention to this -phenomenon.<a id='r41' /><a href='#f41' class='c009'><sup>[41]</sup></a> The not infrequent cases where individuals of -very excitable sexual natures bite or scratch the companion in -intercourse fall within physiological limits.<a id='r42' /><a href='#f42' class='c009'><sup>[42]</sup></a> The older authors -have called attention to the relation between lust and cruelty.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Blumröder (“Ueber Irresein,” Leipzig, 1836, p. 51) saw a man who -had several wounds bitten into the pectoral muscle, which a woman, in -great sexual excitement, had given him at the acme of lustful feeling -during coitus. Blumröder (<span lang="de" xml:lang="de">“Ueber Lust und Schmerz,” Friedreich’s -<cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Magazin für Seelenkunde</span></cite>, 1830, ii, 5</span>) calls especial attention to the psychological -connection between lust and murder. In relation to this, he -especially refers to the Indian myths of Siva and Durga (Death and -Lust); to human sacrifice with sensual mysteries; and to sexual instinct -at puberty with a lustful impulse to suicide, with whipping, pinching, and -pricking of the genitals, in the blind impulse to satisfy sexual desire. -Lombroso (“Verzeni e Agnoletti,” Rome, 1874) also cites numerous examples -of the occurrence of a desire to murder with greatly increased lust.</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_58'>58</span>On the other hand, when murderous lust has been excited, -lust itself often follows. Lombroso (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>) alludes to the fact, -mentioned by Mantegazza, that, with fear of being plundered -by bandits, there was always a dread of brutal lust.<a id='r43' /><a href='#f43' class='c009'><sup>[43]</sup></a> These -examples form transitions to the pronounced pathological cases.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The examples of the degenerate Cæsars (Nero, Tiberius) are also -instructive. They took delight in having youths and maidens slaughtered -before their eyes. Not less so is the history of that monster, Marschalls -Gilles de Rays (Jacob, “Curiosités de l’histoire de France,” Paris, 1858), -who was executed in 1440, on account of mutilation and murder, which he -had practiced for eight years on more than eight hundred children. As -the monster confessed it, it was from reading Suetonius and the descriptions -of the orgies of Tiberius, Caracalla, etc., that the idea was gained -of locking children in his castles, torturing them, and then killing them. -This inhuman wretch confessed that in the commission of these acts he -enjoyed inexpressible pleasure. He had two assistants. The bodies of -the unfortunate children were burned, and only a number of heads of -particularly beautiful children were preserved—as memorials.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In an attempt to explain the association of lust and cruelty, -it is necessary to return to a consideration of the quasi-physiological -cases, in which, at the moment of most intense lust, very -excitable individuals, who are otherwise normal, commit such -acts as biting and scratching, which are usually the result of -anger. It must further be remembered that love and anger are -not only the most intense emotions, but also the only two forms -of active (sthenic) emotion. Both seek their object, try to -possess themselves of it, and naturally exhaust themselves in a -physical effect on it; both throw the psycho-motor sphere into -the most intense excitement, and thus, by means of this excitation, -reach their normal expression.</p> - -<p class='c010'>From this stand-point it is clear how lust impels to acts -that otherwise are expressive of anger.<a id='r44' /><a href='#f44' class='c009'><sup>[44]</sup></a> The one, like the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_59'>59</span>other, is a state of exaltation, an intense excitation of the whole -psycho-motor sphere. Thus there arises an impulse to react -on the object that induces the stimulus, in every possible way, -and with the greatest intensity. Just as maniacal exaltation -easily passes to furibund destructiveness, exaltation of the -sexual emotion often induces an impulse to expend itself in -senseless and apparently harmful acts. To a certain extent -these are psychical accompaniments; but it is not simply an -unconscious excitation of innervation of muscles (which also -sometimes occurs as blind violence); it is a true hyperbulia, a -desire to exert the most intense effect on the individual giving -rise to the stimulus. The most intense means, however, is the -infliction of pain.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Through such cases of infliction of pain, during the most -intense emotion of lust, we approach the cases in which a -real injury, wound, or death, is inflicted on the victim.<a id='r45' /><a href='#f45' class='c009'><sup>[45]</sup></a> In these -cases, the impulse to cruelty, which may accompany the emotion -of lust, becomes unbounded in a psychopathic individual; and, -at the same time, owing to defect of moral feeling, all normal -inhibitory ideas are absent or weakened. Such monstrous, -sadistic acts have, however, in men, in whom they are much -more frequent than in women, another source in physiological -conditions. In the intercourse of the sexes, the active or aggressive -<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i> belongs to man; woman remains passive, defensive.<a id='r46' /><a href='#f46' class='c009'><sup>[46]</sup></a> -It affords a man great pleasure to win a woman, to conquer -her; and in the <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ars amandi</span></i>, the modesty of a woman who -keeps herself on the defensive until the moment of surrender, -is an element of great psychological significance and importance. -Under normal conditions a man meets obstacles -which it is his part to overcome, and for which nature has -given him an aggressive character. This aggressive character, -however, under pathological conditions, may likewise -be excessively developed, and express itself in an impulse -<span class='pageno' id='Page_60'>60</span>to subdue absolutely the object of desire, even to destroy or -kill it.<a id='r47' /><a href='#f47' class='c009'><sup>[47]</sup></a><a id='r48' /><a href='#f48' class='c009'><sup>[48]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'>If both these constituent elements occur together,—the -abnormally intensified impulse to a violent reaction toward the -object of the stimulus, and the abnormally intensified desire to -conquer the woman,—then the most violent outbreaks of sadism -occur.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Sadism is thus nothing else than an excessive and monstrous -pathological intensification of phenomena,—possible, -too, in normal conditions in rudimental forms,—which accompany -the psychical vita sexualis, particularly in males. It is, -of course, not at all necessary, and not even the rule, that the -sadistic individual should be conscious of his instinct. What -he feels is, as a rule, only the impulse to cruel and violent -treatment of the opposite sex, and the coloring of the idea of -such acts with lustful feelings. Thus arises a powerful impulse -to commit the imagined deeds. When the actual motive of -this instinct is not comprehended by the individual, the sadistic -acts have the character of impulsive deeds.</p> - -<p class='c010'>When the association of lust and cruelty is present, not -only does the lustful emotion awaken the impulse to cruelty, -but <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vice versâ</span></i>; cruel ideas and acts cause sexual excitement, -and in this way are used by perverse individuals.<a id='r49' /><a href='#f49' class='c009'><sup>[49]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_61'>61</span>A differentiation of original and acquired cases of sadism -is scarcely possible. Many individuals, tainted <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ab origine</span></i>, for a -long time do everything to conquer the perverse instinct. If -they are potent, at first they are able to lead a normal vita -sexualis, often with the assistance of subjective ideas of a perverse -nature. Later, after the opposing motives of an ethical -and æsthetic kind have been gradually overcome, and after the -constantly repeated experience that the natural act does not -bring complete satisfaction, the abnormal instinct bursts forth. -Owing to this late expression, in acts, of an originally perverse -disposition, the appearances are those of an acquired perversion. -As a rule, it may be safely assumed that this psychopathic state -exists <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ab origine</span></i>.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Sadistic acts vary in monstrousness with variation in -the power of the perverse instinct over the individual afflicted, -and with variation in the strength of opposing ideas that may be -present, which almost always are more or less weakened by -original ethical defect, hereditary degeneracy, or moral insanity. -Thus there arises a long series of forms which begins with -capital crime and ends with silly acts which afford the perverse -desires of the sadistic individual merely symbolic satisfaction.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Sadistic acts may be further differentiated with reference -to their nature: either as they are indulged in after consummated -coitus by which the libido nimia remains unsatisfied; -or, with diminished virility, as they are used to stimulate the -diminished power; or, finally, where virility is absolutely wanting, -as they become an equivalent for the impossible coitus, for -the induction of ejaculation. In the last two cases, notwithstanding -the impotence, there is still intense libido; or there -was, at least, intense libido in the individual at the time when -the sadistic acts became habitual. Sexual hyperæsthesia is -always to be regarded as the basis of sadistic inclinations. The -impotence which occurs so frequently in the psychopathic and -neuropathic individuals here considered, as a result of excesses -indulged in from early youth, is usually dependent upon spinal -weakness. Often, too, there is a kind of psychical impotence, -induced by concentration of thought on the perverse act with -<span class='pageno' id='Page_62'>62</span>simultaneous fading of the idea of normal satisfaction. No -matter what the external form of the act may be, the mentally -perverse predisposition and instinct of the individual are -essential to an understanding of it.</p> - -<p class='c010'>(a) <em>Lust-Murder</em><a id='r50' /><a href='#f50' class='c009'><sup>[50]</sup></a> (<em>Lust Potentiated as Cruelty, Murderous -Lust Extending to Anthropophagy</em>).—The most horrible example, -and one which most pointedly shows the connection -between lust and a desire to kill, is the case of Andreas Bichel, -which Feuerbach published in his “aktenmässige Darstellung -merkwürdiger Verbrechen.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>B. puellas stupratas necavit et dissecuit. With reference to one of -his victims, at his examination he expressed himself as follows: “I opened -her breast and with a knife cut through the fleshy parts of the body. -Then I arranged the body as a butcher does a beef, and hacked it with an -axe into pieces of a size to fit the hole which I had prepared up in the -mountain for burying it. I may say that while opening the body I was -so greedy that I trembled, and could have cut out a piece and eaten it.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>Lombroso, too (<span lang="de" xml:lang="de">“Geschlechtstrieb und Verbrechen in ihren gegenseitigen -Beziehungen.” Goltdammer’s <em>Archiv</em>, Bd. xxx</span>), mentions cases -falling in the same category. A certain Phillipe indulged in choking -prostitutes, post-actum, and said: “I am fond of women, but it is sport -for me to choke them after having enjoyed them.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>A certain Grassi (Lombroso, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>, p. 12) was one night seized -with sexual desire for a relative. Irritated by her remonstrance, he -stabbed her several times in the abdomen with a knife, and also stabbed -her father and uncle who attempted to hold him back. Immediately -thereafter he hastened to visit a prostitute in order to cool his sexual -passion in her arms. But this was not sufficient. He then murdered his -father and slaughtered several oxen in the stable.</p> - -<p class='c010'>It cannot be doubted, from what has gone before, that a -great number of so-called lust-murders depend upon a combination -of hyperæsthesia and paræsthesia sexualis. As a result -of this perverse coloring of the feelings, further acts of -bestiality with the body may result,—<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">e.g.</span></i>, cutting it up and -wallowing in the intestines. The case of Bichel points to this -possibility.</p> - -<p class='c010'>A modern example is that of Menesclou (<cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Annales -<span class='pageno' id='Page_63'>63</span>d’hygiène publique</span></cite>), who was examined by Lasègue, Brouardel, -and Motet, declared to be mentally sound, and executed.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 17. A four-year-old girl was missing from her parents’ home, -April 15, 1880. On April 16th, Menesclou, one of the occupants of the -house, was arrested. The forearm of the child was found in his pocket, -and the head and entrails, in a half-burned condition, were taken from the -stove. Parts of the body were found in the water-closet. The genitals -could not be found. M., when asked their whereabouts, became embarrassed. -The circumstances, as well as an obscene poem found on his -person, left no doubt that he had violated the child and then murdered -her. M. expressed no remorse, asserting that his deed was an accident. -His intelligence is limited. He presents no anatomical signs of degeneration; -is somewhat deaf, and scrofulous.</p> - -<p class='c015'>M., aged 20; convulsions at the age of nine months. Later, he suffered -from poor sleep (enuresis nocturna); was nervous, and developed -tardily and imperfectly. From the time of puberty he was irritable, -showed evil inclinations; was lazy; could not be taught, and in all trades -proved, to be of no use. He grew no better even in the House of Correction. -He was made a marine, but there, too, he proved useless. When -he returned home he stole from his parents, and spent his time in bad -company. He did not run after women, but gave himself up passionately -to masturbation, and occasionally indulged in sodomy with bitches. His -mother suffered with mania menstrualis periodica. An uncle was insane, -and another an inebriate. The examination of M.’s brain showed morbid -changes of the frontal lobes, of the first and second temporal convolutions, -and of a part of the occipital convolutions.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 18. Alton, a clerk in England, goes out of town for a walk. -He lures a child into a thicket, and returns after a time to his office, where -he makes this entry in his note-book: “Killed to-day a young girl; it was -fine and hot.” The child was missed, searched for, and found cut into -pieces. Many parts, and among them the genitals, could not be found. -A. did not show the slightest trace of emotion, and gave no explanation -of the motive or circumstances of his horrible deed. He was a psychopathic -individual, and occasionally subject to states of depression with -tædium vitæ. His father had had one attack of acute mania. A near -relative suffered from mania with homicidal impulses. A. was executed.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In such cases it may even happen that appetite for the flesh -of the murdered victim arises, and, in consequence of this perverse -coloring of the idea, parts of the body may be eaten.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 19. Leger, vine-dresser, aged 24. From youth moody, silent, -shy of people. He starts out in search of a situation. He wanders about -eight days in the forest, there catches a girl twelve years old, violates her, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_64'>64</span>mutilates her genitals, tears out her heart, eats of it, drinks the blood, -and buries the remains. Arrested, at first he lied, but finally confessed -his crime with cynical cold-bloodedness. He listened to his sentence of -death with indifference, and was executed. At the post-mortem examination, -Esquirol found morbid adhesions between the cerebral membranes -and the brain (Gorget, “Darstellung der Prozesse Leger, Feldtmann,” -etc., Darmstadt, 1827).</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 20. Tirsch, hospital beneficiary of Prag, aged 55, always silent, -peculiar, coarse, very irritable, grumbling, revengeful, was sentenced to -twenty years’ imprisonment, on account of violating a girl ten years old. -He had attracted attention on account of outbursts of anger from insignificant -causes, and also on account of tædium vitæ. In 1864, on account -of the refusal of an offer of marriage which he made to a widow, he developed -a hatred toward women, and on July 8th he went about with the -intention of killing one of this hated sex. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vetulam occurentem in silvam -allexit, coitum poposcit, renitentem prostravit, jugulum feminæ compressit -“furore captus.” Cadaver virga betulæ desecta verberare voluit neque -tamen id perfecit, quia conscientia sua hæc fieri vetuit, cultello mammae -et genitalia desecta domi cocta proximis diebus cum globis comedit.</span> On -September 12th, when he was arrested, the remains of this meal were found. -He gave as the motive of this act “inner impulse.” He himself wished to -be executed because he had always been persecuted. In confinement -there were great emotional irritability and occasional outbursts of fury, -preceded by refusal of food, which made isolation, lasting several days, -necessary. It was authoritatively established that the most of his earlier -excesses were coincident with outbreaks of excitement and fury (Maschka, -<cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Prager Vierteljahrsschrift</span></cite>, 1866, i, p. 79).</p> - -<p class='c010'>The Whitechapel murderer, who still eludes the vigilance -of the police, probably belongs in this category of psycho-sexual -monsters.<a id='r51' /><a href='#f51' class='c009'><sup>[51]</sup></a> The constant absence of uterus, ovaries, and labia, -in the victims (ten) of this modern Bluebeard, allows the presumption -that he seeks and finds still further satisfaction in -anthropophagy.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In other cases of lust-murder, for physical and mental -reasons (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vide supra</span></i>), violation is omitted, and the sadistic crime -alone becomes the equivalent of coitus. The prototype of such -cases is the following one of Verzeni. The life of his victim -hung on the rapid or retarded occurrence of ejaculation. Since -<span class='pageno' id='Page_65'>65</span>this remarkable case presents all the peculiarities which modern -science knows concerning the relation of lust to lust-murder -with anthropophagy, and especially since it was carefully studied, -it receives detailed description here:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 21. Vincenz Verzeni, born in 1849; since January 11, 1872, -in prison; is accused (1) of an attempt to strangle his nurse Marianne, -four years ago, while she lay sick in bed; (2) of a similar attempt on -a married woman, Arsuffi, aged 27; (3) of an attempt to strangle a -married woman, Gala, by grasping her throat while kneeling on her body; -(4) on suspicion of the following murders:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>In December a fourteen-year-old girl, Johanna Motta, set out for a -neighboring village between seven and eight o’clock in the morning. -Since she did not return, her master set out to find her, and discovered -her body near the village, lying by a path in the fields. The corpse was -frightfully mutilated with numerous wounds. The intestines and genitals -had been torn from the opened body, and were found near by. The nakedness -of the body and erosions on the thighs made it seem probable that -there had been an attempt at rape; the mouth filled with earth pointed to -suffocation. In the neighborhood of the body, under a pile of straw, -were found a portion of flesh torn from the right calf, and pieces of -clothing. The perpetrator of the deed remained undiscovered.</p> - -<p class='c015'>On August 28, 1871, a married woman, Frigeni, aged 28, set out in -the fields early in the morning. Since she did not return by eight o’clock, -her husband started out to fetch her. He found her a corpse, lying naked -in the field, with the mark of a thong around her neck, with which she -had been strangled, and with numerous wounds. The abdomen had been -slit open, and the intestines were hanging out.</p> - -<p class='c015'>On August 29, at noon, as Maria Previtali, aged 19, went through a -field, she was followed by her cousin, Verzeni. He dragged her into a -field of grain, threw her to the ground, and began to choke her. As he let -go of her for a moment to ascertain whether there were any one near, the -girl got up and, by her supplicating entreaty, induced Verzeni to let her -go, after he had pressed her hands together for some time.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Verzeni was brought before a court. He is twenty-two years old. -His cranium is of more than average size, but asymmetrical. The right -frontal bone is narrower and lower than the left, the right frontal prominence -being less developed, and the right ear smaller than the left (by -1 centimetre in length and 3 centimetres in breadth); both ears are -defective in the inferior half of the helix; the right temporal artery is -somewhat atheromatous. Bull-necked; enormous development of the -zygomæ and inferior maxilla; penis greatly developed, frænum wanting; -slight divergent alternating strabismus (insufficiency of the internal rectus -muscle, and myopia). Lombroso concludes, from these signs of degeneration, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_66'>66</span>that there is a congenital arrest of development of the right frontal -lobe. As seemed probable, Verzeni has a bad ancestry,—two uncles are -cretins; a third, microcephalic, beardless, one testicle wanting, the other -atrophic. The father shows traces of pellagrous degeneration, and had an -attack of hypochondria pellagrosa. A cousin suffered from cerebral -hyperæmia; another is a confirmed thief.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Verzeni’s family is bigoted and low-minded. He himself has ordinary -intelligence; knows how to defend himself well; seeks to prove an -alibi and cast suspicion on others. There is nothing in his past that -points to mental disease, but his character is peculiar. He is silent and -inclined to be solitary. In prison he is cynical. He masturbates, and -makes every effort to gain sight of women.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Verzeni finally confessed his deeds and their motive. The commission -of them gave him an indescribably pleasant (lustful) feeling, -which was accompanied by erection and ejaculation. As soon as he had -grasped his victim by the neck, sexual sensations were experienced. It -was entirely the same to him, with reference to these sensations, whether -the women were old, young, ugly, or beautiful. Usually, simply choking -them had satisfied him, and he then had allowed his victims to live; in -the two cases mentioned, the sexual satisfaction was delayed, and he had -continued to choke them until they died. His satisfaction in this garroting -was greater than in masturbation. The abrasions of the skin on -Motta’s thighs were produced by his teeth, while sucking her blood in -most intense lustful pleasure. He had torn out a piece of flesh from her -calf and taken it with him to roast at home; but on the way he hid it -under the straw-stack, for fear his mother would suspect him. He also -carried pieces of the clothing and intestines some distance, because it -gave him great pleasure to smell and touch them. The strength which -he possessed in these moments of intense lustful pleasure, was enormous. -He had never been a fool; while committing his deeds he saw nothing -around him (apparently as a result of intense sexual excitement, annihilation -of apperception—instinctive action). After such acts he was always -very happy, enjoying a feeling of great satisfaction. He had never had -pangs of conscience. It had never occurred to him to touch the genitals -of the martyred women, or to violate his victims. It had satisfied him -to throttle them and suck their blood. These statements of this modern -vampire seem to rest on truth. Normal sexual impulses seem to have -remained foreign to him. Two sweethearts that he had, he was satisfied -to look at; it was very strange to him that he had no inclinations to -strangle them or press their hands; but he had not had the same pleasure -with them as with his victims. There was no trace of moral sense,—remorse -and the like.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Verzeni said himself that it would be a good thing if he were to be -kept in prison, because with freedom he could not resist his impulses. -Verzeni was sentenced to imprisonment for life (Lombroso, “Verzeni e -<span class='pageno' id='Page_67'>67</span>Agnoletti,” Rome, 1873). The confessions which Verzeni made after, his -sentence, are interesting:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I had an unspeakable delight in strangling women, experiencing -during the act erections and real sexual pleasure. It was even a pleasure -only to smell female clothing. The feeling of pleasure while strangling -them was much greater than that which I experienced while masturbating. -I took great delight in drinking Motta’s blood. It also gave me -the greatest pleasure to pull the hair-pins out of the hair of my victims.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I took the clothing and intestines, because of the pleasure it gave -me to smell and touch them. At last my mother came to suspect me, -because she noticed spots of semen on my shirt after each murder or -attempt at one. I am not crazy, but in the moment of strangling my -victims I saw nothing else. After the commission of the deeds I was -satisfied and felt well. It never occurred to me to touch or look at the -genitals or such things. It satisfied me to seize the women by the neck -and suck their blood. To this very day I am ignorant of how a woman -is formed. During the strangling and after it, I pressed myself on the -entire body without thinking of one part more than another.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>Verzeni arrived at his perverse acts entirely independently, after -having noticed, when he was twelve years old, that he experienced a -peculiar feeling of pleasure while wringing the necks of chickens. After -this he had often killed great numbers of them, and then said that a -weasel had been in the hen-coop (Lombroso, Goltdammer’s <em>Archiv</em>, Bd. -xxx, p. 13).</p> - -<p class='c010'>Lombroso mentions an analogous case (Goldtdammer’s -<em>Archiv</em>) which occurred in Vittoria (Spain):—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 22. A certain Gruyo, aged 41, with a blameless past life, -having been three times married, strangled six women in the course of -ten years. They were almost all public prostitutes and quite old. After -the strangling he tore out their intestines and kidneys per vaginam. -Some of his victims he violated before killing, others, on account of the -occurrence of impotence, he did not. He set about his horrible deeds -with such care that he remained undetected for ten years.</p> - -<p class='c010'>(b) <em>Mutilation of Corpses.</em>—Following the preceding horrible -group of perversions of the sexual instinct, which arise -from hyperæsthesia and paræsthesia sexualis with retained -virility, come naturally the necrophiles; for in these cases, -just as with lustful murderers and analogous cases, an idea -which in itself awakens a feeling of horror, and before which a -healthy person would shudder, is accompanied by lustful feelings, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_68'>68</span>and thus leads to the impulse to indulge in acts of -necrophilia.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The cases of mutilation of bodies mentioned in literature -seem to be pathological; but, with the exception of the celebrated -one of Sergeant Bertrand (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">v. infra</span></i>), they come far from -being described and observed with exactness. In certain cases -there may be nothing more than the possibility that unbridled -desire sees in the idea of death no obstacle to its satisfaction. -The seventh case mentioned by Moreau is perhaps such a one:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>A man, aged 23, attempted to rape a woman, aged 53. Struggling, -he killed her and then violated her, threw her in the water, and fished her -out again for renewed violation. The murderer was executed. The -meninges of the anterior lobes were thickened and adherent to the cortex.</p> - -<p class='c015'>French writers have recorded numerous examples of necrophilia. -Two cases concerned monks, where they were performing the watch for -the dead. In a third case the subject was an idiot, who also suffered from -periodical mania, and after commission of rape was sent to an insane -asylum, and there mutilated female bodies in the mortuary.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In other cases, however, there is undoubtedly direct preference -of a corpse to the living woman. When no other act of -cruelty—cutting into pieces, etc.—is practiced on the cadaver, -it is probable that the lifeless condition itself forms the stimulus -for the perverse individual. It is possible that the corpse—a -human form absolutely without will—satisfies an abnormal -desire, in that the object of desire is seen to be capable of -absolute subjugation, without possibility of resistance.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Brierre de Boismont (<cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Gazette médicale</span></cite>, July 21, 1859) relates the -history of a corpse-violator who, after bribing the watchman, had gained -entrance to the corpse of a girl of sixteen, who belonged to a family of -high social position. At night a noise was heard in the death-chamber, -as if a piece of furniture had fallen over. The mother of the dead girl -effected an entrance, and saw a man dressed in his night-shirt springing -from the bed where the body lay. It was at first thought that the man -was a thief, but the real explanation was soon discovered. It was afterward -ascertained that the culprit, a man of good family, had often violated -the bodies of young women. He was sentenced to imprisonment for life.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The story of a prelate, reported by Taxil (“La prostitution -contemporaine,” p. 171), is of great interest as an example of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_69'>69</span>necrophilia. From time to time he would visit houses of prostitution -in Paris and order a prostitute, dressed in white like a -corpse, to be laid out on a bed. At the appointed hour he would -appear in the room, which, in the meantime, had been elaborately -prepared as a room of mourning; then he would act as if reading -a mass for the soul, and finally throw himself on the girl, -who, during the whole time, was compelled to play the <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i> of a -corpse.<a id='r52' /><a href='#f52' class='c009'><sup>[52]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'>The cases in which the perpetrator injures and cuts up the -corpse are clearer. Such cases come next to those of lust-murder, -in that, in these individuals, cruelty, or at least an -impulse to attack the female body, is connected with lust. It is -possible that a remnant of moral sense deters from the cruel act -on a living woman, and possibly the fancy passes beyond lust-murder -and rests on its result, the corpse. Here, also, it is -possible that the idea of defenselessness of the body plays a -<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i>.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 23. Sergeant Bertrand, a man of delicate physical constitution -and of peculiar character; from childhood silent and inclined to solitude.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The details of the health of his family are not satisfactorily known; -but the occurrence of mental diseases in his ancestry is ascertained. It is -said that while he was a child he was affected with destructive impulses, -which he himself could not explain. He would break whatever was at -hand. In early childhood, without teaching, he learned to masturbate. -At nine he began to feel inclinations toward persons of the opposite sex. -At thirteen the impulse to sexual intercourse became powerfully awakened -in him. He now masturbated excessively. When he did this his fancy -always created a room filled with women. He would imagine that he -carried out the sexual act with them, and then killed them. Immediately -thereafter he would think of them as corpses, and of how he defiled them. -Occasionally, in such situations, the thought of carrying out a similar act -with male corpses would come up, but it was always attended with a -feeling of disgust.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In time he felt the impulse to carry out such acts with actual corpses. -For want of human bodies, he obtained those of animals. He would cut -open the abdomen, tear out the entrails, and masturbate during the act. -He declares that in this way he experienced inexpressible pleasure. In -<span class='pageno' id='Page_70'>70</span>1846 these bodies no longer satisfied him. He now killed dogs, and proceeded -with them as before. Toward the end of 1846 he first felt the -desire to make use of human bodies. At first he had a horror of it. In -1847, being by accident in a grave-yard, he ran across the grave of a newly-buried -corpse. Then this impulse, with headache and palpitation of the -heart, became so powerful that, although there were people near by, and -he was in danger of detection, he dug up the body. In the absence of a -convenient instrument for cutting it up, he satisfied himself by hacking it -with a shovel.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In 1847 and 1848, during two weeks, as reported, the impulse, accompanied -by violent headache, to commit brutalities on corpses, actuated -him. Amidst the greatest dangers and difficulties, he satisfied this impulse -some fifteen times. He dug up the bodies with his hands, in nowise -sensible, in his excitement, to the injuries he thus inflicted on himself. -When he had obtained the body, he cut it up with a sword or pocket-knife, -tore out the entrails, and then masturbated. The sex of the bodies is said -to have been a matter of indifference to him, though it was ascertained that -this modern vampire had dug up more female than male corpses. During -these acts he declares himself to have been in an indescribable state of -sexual excitement. After having cut them up, he had sometimes reinterred -the bodies.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In July, 1848, he accidentally came across the body of a girl of -sixteen. Then, for the first time, he experienced a desire to carry out -coitus on a cadaver. “I covered it with kisses and pressed it wildly to -my heart. All that one could enjoy with a living woman is nothing in -comparison with the pleasure I experienced. After I had enjoyed it for -about a quarter of an hour, I cut the body up, as usual, and tore out the -entrails. Then I buried the cadaver again.” Only after this, as B. declares, -had he felt the impulse to use the bodies sexually before cutting -them up, and thereafter he had done it in three instances. The actual -motive of the exhuming of the bodies, however, was then, as before, to -cut them up; and the enjoyment in so doing was greater than in using -the bodies sexually. The latter act had always been nothing more than -an episode of the principal one, and had never quieted his desires; therefore, -he had always cut up the body afterward or mutilated another body. -The medico-legal examiners gave an opinion of “monomania.” Court-martial -sentence to one year’s imprisonment. (<span lang="co" xml:lang="co">Michéa, <cite>Union méd.</cite>, 1849; -Lunier, <cite>Annal. méd.-psychol.</cite>, 1849, p. 153; Tardieu, “Attentats aux -moeurs,” 1878, p. 114; Legrand, “La folie devant les tribun.,” p. 524.</span>)</p> - -<p class='c010'>(c) <em>Injury of Women</em> (<em>Stabbing, Flagellation, etc.</em>).—Following -lust-murder and violation of corpses, come cases closely -allied to the former, in which injury of the victim of lust and -sight of the victim’s blood are a delight and pleasure for degenerate -<span class='pageno' id='Page_71'>71</span>men. The notorious Marquis de Sade,<a id='r53' /><a href='#f53' class='c009'><sup>[53]</sup></a> after whom the combination -of lust and cruelty has been named, was such a monster. -Coitus only excited him when he could prick the object of his -desire until the blood came. His greatest pleasure was to injure -prostitutes and then bind their wounds.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Here also belongs the case of a captain mentioned by -Brierre de Boismont, who always compelled the object of his -affection to place leeches ad pudenda before coitus, which was -very frequent. Finally this woman became very anæmic and, -as a result of this, insane.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The following case, borrowed from my own clientele, very -clearly shows the connection between lust and cruelty, with -desire to shed and see blood:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 24. Mr. X., aged 25; father syphilitic, died of paretic dementia; -mother hysterical and neurasthenic. He is a weak individual, -constitutionally neuropathic, and presents several anatomical signs of -degeneration. When a child, hypochondria and imperative conceptions; -later, constant alternation of exaltation and depression. While yet a -child of ten, the patient felt a peculiar lustful desire to see blood -flow from his fingers. Thereafter he often cut or pricked himself in -the fingers, and took great delight in it. Very early, erections were -added to this, and also if he saw the blood of others; for example, when -he saw a servant-girl cut her finger it gave him an intense lustful feeling. -From this time his vita sexualis became more and more powerful. -Without any teaching he began to masturbate, and always during the -act there were memory-pictures of bleeding girls. It now no longer -sufficed him to see his own blood flow; he longed to see the blood of -young females, especially those that were attractive to him. Often he -could scarcely overcome the impulse to injure two cousins and a certain -servant. But also young women that were in themselves not attractive -induced this impulse when they excited him by some peculiarity of dress -or adornment, especially coral jewelry. It was necessary for him to -<span class='pageno' id='Page_72'>72</span>overcome these desires; but in his imagination bloody thoughts were -constantly present, and induced lustful excitement. There was an inner -relation existing between both thoughts and feelings. Often there -were other cruel fancies. He imagined himself in the <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i> of a tyrant -who had the people shot in crowds with grape-shot. He was compelled -to fancy a scene as it would be if enemies were to take a city and -mutilate, torture, kill, and rape the young women. In times of quiet this -patient, who had a mild disposition and was not morally defective, was -shamed and horrified by such cruel, lustful fancies, and they always -became immediately latent as soon as his sexual excitement had been -satisfied by masturbation.</p> - -<p class='c015'>After a few years the patient became neurasthenic. Then simple -imaginary representation of blood and scenes of blood was sufficient -to induce ejaculation. In order to free himself from his vice and his -cruel imagination, he began to indulge in sexual intercourse with females. -Coitus was possible, but only when the patient called up the idea that -the girl’s fingers were bleeding. Without the assistance of this idea no -erection was possible. The cruel thought of cutting was limited to the -woman’s hand. At times of greatest sexual excitement, simply the sight -of the hand of an attractive woman was sufficient to induce violent erections. -Frightened by the popular stories about the injurious results of -onanism, he abstained and fell into a condition of severe general neurasthenia, -with hypochondriacal dysthymia and tædium vitæ. Careful and -watchful medical treatment cured the patient after a few months. He has -remained mentally well three years; but now, as before, he is very sensual, -though it is very seldom that he is troubled by his earlier bloody ideas. -X. has given up masturbation entirely. He finds satisfaction in natural -sexual indulgence, is virile, and it is no longer necessary for him to call -up ideas of blood.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The following case, reported by Tarnowsky (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>, p. -61), shows that such lustful, cruel impulses may be simply -episodical, and occur in certain exceptional states of mind -in neurotic individuals:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 25. Z., physician; neuropathic constitution, reacting badly -to alcohol. Under ordinary circumstances capable of normal coitus, as -soon as he has indulged in wine he finds that his increased libido is no -longer satisfied by simple coitus. In this condition he is compelled to -prick the nates puellæ or to make stabs with the lancet, to see blood, -and feel the entrance of the blade into the living body, in order to have -ejaculation and experience complete satiety of his lust.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The majority of those afflicted with this form of the perversion -seem insensible to the normal stimulus of woman. In the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_73'>73</span>first case (24), the assistance of the idea of blood was necessary -in order to obtain erection. The following case is that of a man -who, by masturbation, etc., in early youth, had diminished his -power of erection so that the sadistic act took the place of coitus:</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 26. <em>The girl-stabber of Bozen</em> (reported by Demme, “Buch -der Verbrechen,” Bd. ii, p. 341). In 1829, H., aged 30, soldier, became -the subject of legal investigation. At different times and in different -places, he had wounded girls with bread-knives or pocket-knives, by stabbing -them in the abdomen, probably in the region of the genitals. He -gave, as a motive for these acts, heightened sexual impulse, increasing to -the intensity of fury, which found satisfaction only in the thought and -act of stabbing persons of the female sex. This impulse would pursue -him for days at a time. He would then pass into a confused mental -state, which would clear away only when the impulse had been satisfied -by the deed. In the act of stabbing he had a satisfaction like that of -completed coitus, which was increased by the sight of the blood that ran -from the knife. In his tenth year the sexual instinct became powerfully -manifest. At first he gave himself up to masturbation, and felt physically -and mentally weakened by it. Before he became a girl-stabber he had -satisfied his sexual lust in violation of immature girls, by causing them -to practice masturbation on him, and by sodomy. Gradually the thought -came to him of how pleasurable it would be to stab a young and pretty -girl in the region of the genitals, and take delight in the sight of the -blood running from the knife.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Among his effects were found copies of objects of art and obscene -pictures, painted by himself, of Mary’s conception, and of the “congealed -thought of God” in the lap of the Virgin. He was considered a peculiar, -very irritable man, shy of people, given to women, moody, and glum. -He was apparently a person<a id='r54' /><a href='#f54' class='c009'><sup>[54]</sup></a> that had become impotent through earlier -sexual excesses, and who was thus predisposed, by the continuance of -intense libido sexualis, and heredity, to perversion of the sexual life.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 27. In the “sixties” the inhabitants of Leipzig were frightened -by a man who was accustomed to attack young girls on the street and -stab them in the upper-arm with a dagger. Finally arrested, he was -recognized as a sadist, who, at the instant of stabbing, had an ejaculation, -and with whom the wounding of the girls was an equivalent for -coitus. (Wharton, “A Treatise on Mental Unsoundness,” § 623. Philadelphia, -1873.)<a id='r55' /><a href='#f55' class='c009'><sup>[55]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_74'>74</span>Impotence exists, likewise, in the next three cases. It -may be psychical, however, in that the principal tone of the vita -sexualis lies in the sadistic inclination, and the normal elements -are distorted:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 28. <em>The girl-cutter of Augsburg</em> (reported by Demme, “Buch -der Verbrechen,” vii, p. 281). Bartle, wine-merchant. He was subject -to lively sexual excitement at the age of fourteen, though decidedly -opposed to its satisfaction by coitus, his aversion going so far as disgust -for the female sex. At that time he already had the idea to cut girls, -and thus satisfy his sexual desire. He refrained from it, however, on -account of lack of opportunity and courage. He practiced masturbation, -and now and then had pollutions with erotic dreams of girls that had -been cut. At the age of nineteen he first cut a girl. During the act he -had a seminal emission, and experienced intense pleasure. From that -time the impulse became constantly more powerful. He chose only -young and pretty girls, and, as a rule, asked them before the deed -whether they were still single. The ejaculation or sexual satisfaction -occurred only when he was sure that he had actually wounded the girls. -After such an act he always felt tired and bad, and was also troubled -with qualms of conscience. Until thirty-two years old he carried on this -process of cutting, but always with care not to wound the girls dangerously. -From that time until his thirty-sixth year he was able to -control his impulse. Then he sought to satisfy himself by simply pressing -the girls on the arm or neck; but this gave rise to erections and not -to ejaculation. Then he sought to attain his object by pricking the girls -with a knife in its sheath; but this did not suffice. Finally, he stabbed -with the open knife and had complete success, for he thought that a girl -when stabbed bled more and had more pain than one that was merely, -cut. In his thirty-seventh year he was detected and arrested. In his -dwelling was found a collection of daggers, sword-canes, and knives. -He said that the mere sight of these weapons, and still more the grasping -of them, gave him an intense feeling of sensual pleasure, with violent -excitement. According to his confession he had injured, in all, fifty girls. -His external appearance was rather pleasing. He lived in very good -circumstances, but was peculiar and shy.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 29. J. H., aged 25, in 1883 came for consultation concerning -severe neurasthenia and hypochondria. Patient confesses that he has -practiced onanism since his fourteenth year, infrequently up to his -eighteenth year; but since that time he has been unable to resist the -impulse. Up to that time he had no opportunity to approach females, -for he had been anxiously cared for and never left alone, on account of -his invalidism. He had had no real desire for this unknown pleasure; -but he accidentally learned what it was when one of his mother’s maids -<span class='pageno' id='Page_75'>75</span>cut her hand severely on a pane of glass she had broken while washing -windows. While helping to stop the blood he could not keep from sucking -up the blood that flowed from the wound, and in the act he experienced -extreme erotic excitement, with complete orgasm and ejaculation.</p> - -<p class='c015'>From this time, in every possible way, he sought to see, and if -possible to taste, the fresh blood of females. That of young girls was -preferred by him. He spared no pains or expense to obtain this pleasure. -At first he availed himself of a young servant who allowed her finger to -be pricked with a needle or lancet at his request. When his mother -discovered this, she discharged the girl. Then he was driven to prostitutes -as a substitute, with success frequently enough, though with some -difficulty. In the intervals he practiced onanism and manustupration -per feminam, which, however, never afforded him complete satisfaction, -but, on the contrary, caused listlessness and self-reproach. On account -of his nervous difficulties he visited many sanitariums, and he was twice -a voluntary patient in institutions. He used hydrotherapy, electricity, -and strengthening cures, without particular success. For a time it was -possible, by means of cold sitz-baths, monobromate of camphor, and -bromides, to diminish his sexual excitability and onanistic impulse. -However, when the patient felt himself free again, he would immediately -fall into his old passions and spare no pains or money in order to satisfy -his sexual desire in the abnormal manner described.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 30 (communicated by Dr. A. Moll, Berlin). L. T., aged 21; -merchant in a Rhenish city. He belongs to a family in which there are -several nervous and psychopathic members. A sister suffers with hysteria -and melancholia.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient was always of quiet disposition and timid. At school -he frequently kept apart from other pupils, particularly when they -talked about girls. In the presence of ladies he thought every expression -he made was an offense against decency. Thus, for example, he -thought it very improper, in the presence of ladies, married or unmarried, -to speak of going to bed, rising, etc. In the elementary classes the -patient learned well. Later he became more indolent and did not make -good progress.</p> - -<p class='c015'>August 17, 1890, the patient visited Dr. Moll on account of abnormal -symptoms of a sexual kind. He did this on the advice of a physician, -X., a relative, in whom he had previously confided. The patient -conveys the impression of being very apprehensive and shy, and in -answer to questions says that he is very timorous, and that particularly -in the presence of others all his self-confidence and assurance leave him. -Dr. X. confirmed this statement.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The beginning of his sexual life the patient was able to refer to -his seventh year. At that age he frequently played with his genitals, -and was often punished for it. In this onanism, in which he said he had -erection, he constantly thought of whipping a woman on the naked -<span class='pageno' id='Page_76'>76</span>nates with a rod until the skin raised in weals. “It delighted me,” -said the patient, “when I thought that she was a <em>proud</em>, beautiful lady, -and that I performed the act in the presence of others, especially women, -particularly with the idea <em>that she might feel the power I had over her</em>. -For this reason I early sought reading about punishment, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">e.g.</span></i>, about the -abuse of Roman slaves. However, I had erections only when the conceived -abuse consisted of blows delivered on the back or nates. At first -I thought this kind of excitement would disappear in time, and said -nothing about it to any one.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>Masturbation, early indulged in, the patient continued to practice, -and always with the same thought. After his thirteenth or fourteenth -year he had ejaculation with the act. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Decimum septimum annum agens -primum feminam adiit coëundi causa neque coitum perficere potuit libidine -et erectione deficientibus. Mox autem iterum apud alteram coitum conatus -est nullo succesu. Tum feminam per vim verberavit. Tantopere erat -excitatus ut mulierem dolore clamantem atque lamentantem verberare -non desierit.</span> He never thought of any legal punishment for his acts, -and, in fact, escaped it. In this procedure erection, orgasm, and -ejaculation occurred. The patient performed the act in such a way that -he took the woman between his knees, with the penis in contact with -her body, but without emissio penis in vaginam, which seemed entirely -superfluous to him.</p> - -<p class='c015'>But the patient afterward experienced such a feeling of shame about -the beating, and was overcome with such great depression, that he often -contemplated suicide. In the following three years he still visited -women occasionally. But he never again asked one to allow him to beat -her. He sought to obtain erection by thinking of the beating; but this -was without result, and manustupration by the woman did not induce -erection. Finally, after an unsuccessful attempt of this kind, the patient -determined to give his confidence to a physician.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient made several other statements concerning his vita -sexualis. His abnormal sexual desire had troubled him by its intensity. -He went to sleep with sexual thoughts; they troubled him through the -night and were still with him when he awoke. He was never safe for any -length of time from the impulsion of the abnormal ideas that excited -him; to which, indeed, he gave himself up willingly, and from which he -could free himself for a short time only by onanism.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In response to my question, the patient stated that any other -means of punishment of women than beating the back, and nates particularly, -had no charm for him. Neither binding them, walking on them, nor -striking them, gives him such pleasure. This is to be emphasized the -more, since the whipping given the woman affords him sexual pleasures -because its effect on her is “humiliating, mortifying,” and because she -should “feel that she is completely in his power.” Too, it would give -the patient no pleasure to beat a woman on any other part of her body -<span class='pageno' id='Page_77'>77</span>than those mentioned, or to cause her pain in any other way than by -blows. Multum minorem ei affert voluptatem si nates suæ a muliere -verberantur; tamen ea res sæpe ejaculationem seminis effecit, sed hæc -fieri putat erectione deficienti. Inter verbera autem penem in vaginam -immittendo nullam voluptatem se habere ratus qualibet parte corporis -feminæ pene tacte semen ejaculat. <em>Just as in beating the woman his -pleasure lay in humiliating her, so with the relations reversed he was -sexually excited by the fact that the beating humiliated him and he felt -himself to be completely in the woman’s power.</em> No other personal humiliation -than a beating on his nates could excite him. To allow himself to -be bound or walked on by a woman is repugnant to him.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient’s dreams, as far as they were of an erotic nature, were -directed in the same way as his sexual inclinations while awake; actual -ejaculation also often took place in dreams. Whether the perverse sexual -thoughts first occurred in dreams or the waking state, the patient is not -able to state, owing to the fact that his memory goes back so far,—to his -seventh year. But he thinks that these thoughts first occurred to him -while awake. In his dreams it frequently seemed to him that he was -striking a man, which also caused ejaculation. In the waking state it -excited him but <em>very little</em> to think of striking a man. The nude form of -a man had <em>no attraction whatever</em> for him, while the nude form of a woman -had a decided charm for him, though his libido found its real satisfaction -only when the acts previously described took place; and, as he states, he -feels no desire for coitus in vaginam.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The treatment of the patient is directed to the attainment of normal -coitus with normal desire, where possible; for it may be assumed that, -with success in making his sexual life normal, the patient’s shyness and -apprehensiveness, which cause him great annoyance, may be much easier -removed. The treatment followed by me (Dr. Moll) during three months -and a half was as follows:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>1. The patient, who had a great desire to be cured, was most -strictly forbidden to give himself up to the perverse thoughts. Of course, -I did not give him the foolish advice not to think of blows at all. The -patient could not follow such advice, since the thoughts come to him -without any act of his own, even when he accidentally reads the word -“blow” (schlagen). I forbade him only ever to voluntarily give himself -to such thoughts. I advised him more particularly to do everything in -order to turn his ideas in another direction.</p> - -<p class='c015'>2. I allowed him, commanded him even, to think of nude women, -because many nude females interested him, even though, as he thought, -they did not excite him sexually.</p> - -<p class='c015'>3. I sought, by means of hypnosis—which was hard to induce—and -suggestion, to fortify the patient in this as far as possible. All -attempts at coitus were forbidden in order to save the patient from a -discouraging result.</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_78'>78</span>Within two months and a half this treatment led to the result that, -as the patient stated, the perverse ideas occurred much less frequently -and were constantly retreating to the background; indeed, according to -the patient’s statement, erections occurred with the thoughts of nude -women, became more frequent, and often induced him to masturbate with -the thought of coitus without the occurrence of any idea of blows. -Erotic dreams occurred but infrequently. These were concerned sometimes -with normal coitus, sometimes with blows.</p> - -<p class='c015'>After two months and a half of the treatment I advised the patient -to attempt coitus. Since then he has tried four times. I advised him to -choose always a woman who pleased him, and sought to increase his -sexual excitement before coitus by means of tincture of cantharides. -The four attempts, the last of which took place on November 29, 1890, -resulted as follows: At the first, prolonged manipulation of the penis by -the woman was necessary in order to induce erection. Then immisio in -vaginam and ejaculation with orgasm took place. During the whole act -there occurred no thought of beating the woman or being beaten, but the -woman in herself excited him sufficiently for the performance of coitus. -At the second attempt the result was better and more quickly attained; -manipulation ad genitalia by the woman was not long required. In the -third attempt coitus was attained only after the patient had thought of -beating for a long time, and had thus induced erection; but beating was -not indulged in. At the fourth attempt coitus was attained without -any thought of beating and without any manipulation ad genitalia.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Of course, the case described cannot yet be regarded in any way as -cured. Though the patient were able to perform coitus in a normal or -nearly normal way, that does not mean that he will always be able to -do it in the future; moreover, the thought of beating still affords him -great pleasure, even though it occurs much less frequently than formerly. -Yet there is a possibility that the abnormal desire, which -has been weakened, will remain weakened in the future, and perhaps -disappear.</p> - -<p class='c010'>This carefully observed case is, for several reasons, particularly -interesting. It discloses clearly one of the hidden roots -of sadism,—the impulse to complete subjugation of the woman, -which here became consciously entertained. This is the more -remarkable since it occurred in an individual decidedly timid, -and in other respects modest and even apprehensive. The case -also shows clearly that powerful libido, which even impels the -individual to overcome all obstacles, may be present, while at -the same time coitus is not desired, because the principal intensity -of feeling is, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ab origine</span></i>, connected with the cruel part of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_79'>79</span>the sadistic (lustful and cruel) circle of ideas. This case also -contains weak elements of masochism (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">v. infra</span></i>).</p> - -<p class='c010'>Cases are by no means infrequent in which men with -perverse inclinations induce prostitutes, by paying them high -prices, to allow themselves to be whipped and even wounded -by them. Works on prostitution contain reports of them (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vide</span></i> -Coffignon, “<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">La Corruption à Paris</span>,” etc.).</p> - -<p class='c010'>(d) <em>Defilement of Women.</em>—The perverse sadistic impulse, -to injure women and put contempt and humiliation upon them, -is also expressed in the desire to defile them with disgusting or, -at least, foul things.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The following case, published by Arndt (<cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Vierteljahrsschr. -f. ger. Medicin</span></cite>, N. F. xvii, H. 1), belongs here:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 31. A., medical student at Greifswald, accusatus quod iterum -iterumque puellis honestis parentibus natis in publico genitalia sua e -bracis dependentia plane nudata quæ antia summo amiculo (overcoat) -tecta erant, ostenderat. Nonnunquam puellas fugientes secutus easque -ad se attractas urina oblivit. Hæc luce clara facta sunt; nunquam aliquid -hæc faciens locutus est.</p> - -<p class='c015'>A. is twenty-three years old, powerfully built, neat in dress, and -decent in manners. Indication of cranium progeneum; chronic pneumonia -of the apex of the right lung; emphysema. Pulse, 60; in excitement, -not more than 70 to 80. Genitals normal. Complaints of occasional -disturbances of digestion and hardness of the abdomen, vertigo; -excessive excitement of the sexual desires, which early led to onanism. -The sexual desire has never been directed toward a natural method of -satisfaction. Complaints of occasional attacks of depression, or thoughts -of deprecation of self, and of perverse impulses, for which he could find -no motive; such as laughing at serious things, throwing his money in the -water, and running about in the pouring rain. The father of the culprit -is of a nervous temperament; his mother is subject to nervous headache. -A brother suffered with epileptic convulsions.</p> - -<p class='c015'>From his youth the culprit presented a nervous temperament, -was inclined to convulsions and attacks of syncope, and when he was -severely scolded would fall into a state of momentary stiffness. In 1869 -he studied medicine in Berlin. In 1870 he went to the war as a hospital-assistant. -His letters at this time betray a peculiar torpidity and weakness. -On his return home, in 1871, his emotional irritability was noticed -by those about him. Thereafter frequent complaints of bodily ailments; -unpleasantness resulting from a love affair. In November, 1871, he -pursued his studies diligently in Greifswald. He was considered very -<span class='pageno' id='Page_80'>80</span>gentlemanly. In confinement he is quiet, calm, and sometimes self-absorbed. -His acts he attributes to painful sexual excitement, which of -late had become excessive. He declared that he had been fully conscious -of his perverse acts, and had afterward been ashamed of them. He -had not experienced actual sexual satisfaction in their commission. He -obtained no correct insight into his position. He considered himself a -kind of martyr,—fallen a victim to an evil power. Presumption of -irresponsibility, as a result of absence of free will.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The impulse to defile occurs also, paradoxically, in the -aged, when there is a re-appearance of sexual instinct, which, -under such circumstances, is so often expressed in perverse -acts. Thus Tarnowsky reports (p. 76) the following case:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 32. I knew such a patient, who had a woman dressed in a -<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">décolleté</span></i> ball-dress lie down on a low sofa in a brightly lighted room. Ipse -apud januam alius cubiculi obscurati constitit adspiciendo aliquantulum -feminam, excitatus in eam insiluit excrementa in sinus ejus deposuit. -Hæc faciens ejaculationem quandam se sentire confessus est.</p> - -<p class='c010'>An officer of Vienna informs me that men, by means of -large sums of money, induce prostitutes to suffer ut illi viri in -ora earum spuerent et fæces et urinas in ora explerent.<a id='r56' /><a href='#f56' class='c009'><sup>[56]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'>The following case by Dr. Pascal (“Igiene dell’amore”) -seems also to belong here:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 33. A man had an inamorata. His relation with her was that -he had her allow him to blacken her hands with coal or soot, and then she -had to sit before a mirror in such a way that he could see her hands -in it. While conversing with her, which was often for a long time, he -looked constantly at her mirrored hands, and finally, after a time, he -would take his leave, fully satisfied.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The following case, communicated by a physician, may be -of interest in relation to this subject:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>An officer was known in a brothel in K. only by the name of “Oil.” -“Oil” induced erection and ejaculation only by having puell. publ. nudam -step into a tub filled with oil, while he rubbed the oil all over her body.</p> - -<p class='c010'>These acts lead to the presumption that certain cases -of injury of females (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">e.g.</span></i>, sprinkling with sulphuric acid, ink, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_81'>81</span>etc.) depend upon a perverse sexual impulse; at least, here it is -a kind of injury, and those injured are always females, and the -perpetrators males. At least in the future, in crimes of this kind, -pains should be taken to examine the vita sexualis of the -culprits.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The case of Bachmann, given below, throws a clear light -on the sexual nature of such crimes; for, in this case, the -sexual motive in the deed is proven.</p> - -<p class='c010'>(e) <em>Other Attacks on Females</em>—<em>Symbolic Sadism.</em>—The -foregoing groups do not exhaust the forms in which the sadistic -impulse toward women is expressed. If the impulse is not -overmastering, or there is yet sufficient moral resistance, it -may happen that the perverse inclination is satisfied by an act -that is apparently quite senseless and silly, but which has a -symbolic meaning for the perpetrator. This seems to be the -meaning of the two following cases:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 34. (Dr. Pascal, “Igiene dell’amore.”) A man was accustomed -to go, on a certain day once a month, to an inamorata and cut her “bang.” -This gave him the greatest pleasure. He made no other demands on -the girl.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 35. A man in Vienna regularly visits several prostitutes only -to lather their faces and then to remove the lather with a razor, as if he -were shaving them. He never hurts the girls, but becomes sexually -excited and ejaculates during the procedure.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The significance of the following cases, in which a sadistic -comedy is played, is clearer:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 36. A man always announces to a puella publica his intended -visits. She must stand at the window, awaiting him, with her face done -up, and, on his entrance into the room, complain of severe toothache. -He is sorry for her, asks particularly about the pain, takes the cloth off -and puts it on again; but he never has coitus, and finds his satisfaction -simply in this act.<a id='r57' /><a href='#f57' class='c009'><sup>[57]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'>The following case, which, unfortunately, was not carefully -examined scientifically, is peculiar to itself:—</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_82'>82</span>In an examination before a criminal court in Vienna, the following -facts were brought to light: Count N., accompanied by a young -girl, appeared in the public garden of an hotel, and, by his actions there, -gave public offense. He demanded of his companion that she kneel down -before him and implore him with folded hands. Then she was compelled -to lick his boots. Finally, he demanded of her, publicly, “an unheard-of -thing” (osculum ad nates, or the like), and only desisted after she had -sworn to do it at home.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In this case, the most remarkable thing was the desire of -the perverse individual to humiliate the woman before witnesses -(comp. the fancies of sadists, Case 29); further, that the desire -to humiliate the woman came entirely into the foreground, and -acts of a purely symbolic nature were undertaken. Of course, -with these, in this imperfectly-observed case, acts of cruelty -were probable.</p> - -<p class='c010'>(f) <em>Sadism with Other Objects</em>—<em>Whipping of Boys.</em>—Besides -the sadistic acts with females described, others occur -with other living, sensitive objects,—children and animals. -There may be a full consciousness that the impulse is really -directed toward women, and that only <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">faute de mieux</span></i> the next -attainable objects (pupils) are abused. But the condition of the -perpetrator may be such that the impulse to cruel acts enters -consciousness accompanied only by lustful excitement, while its -real object (which alone can explain the lustful coloring of such -acts) remains in the dark.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The first alternative suffices as an explanation of the cases -which Dr. Albert describes (Friedreich’s <i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Blätter f. ger. Med.</span></i>, -p. 77, 1859),—cases in which lustful teachers whipped their -pupils on the naked nates without cause. We must think of -the second alternative, the sadistic impulse with unconsciousness -of its object, when boys are immediately excited sexually at the -sight of punishment of their companions, and are thus determined -in their later vita sexualis, as in the following cases:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 37. K., aged 37, merchant, applied to me in the fall of 1889 -for advice concerning an anomaly of his vita sexualis, which made him -fear invalidism and impossibility of future happiness in marriage.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Patient came of a nervous family. As a child he was delicate, weak, -and nervous. Healthy except for measles; he later became strong.</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_83'>83</span>At the age of eight, while at school, he saw how the teacher punished -the boys taking their heads between his thighs and spanking -them with a ferule. This sight caused the patient lustful excitement. -“Without any idea of the danger and enormity of onanism,” he satisfied -himself with it, and from that time often masturbated, during which he -always called up the memory-picture of a boy being punished.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Thus it continued until his twentieth year. Then he learned the -significance of onanism, was terribly frightened, and tried to overcome -his impulse to masturbate; but he fell into the practice of psychical -onanism, which he regarded as innocuous and morally defensible, and -for which he made use of the memory-pictures of boys being whipped, -previously mentioned.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Patient now became neurasthenic, suffered with pollutions, and -tried to cure himself by visiting brothels; but he could not induce erection. -Then he sought to obtain normal sexual feelings by means of social -intercourse with ladies; but he recognized that he was entirely insensible -to the charms of the fair sex.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient is an intelligent man, normally developed, and of -æsthetic taste. There is no inclination to persons of his own sex. My -advice consisted of means to combat the neurasthenia and pollutions; -interdiction of psychical and manual onanism; avoidance of all sexual -excitants; and, possibly, hypnotic treatment to ultimately induce a return -of the vita sexualis to its normal condition.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 38. Abortive sadism. N., student, came under observation -in December, 1890. He had practiced masturbation from early youth. -According to his statements, he became sexually excited when he saw his -father whip the children, and, later, when he saw the teacher whip his -companions. When a spectator of such scenes, he always experienced -lustful feelings. He could not say exactly when this first occurred, but -it may have been at about the age of six. He could not tell exactly when -he began to masturbate, but he stated with certainty that his sexual -instinct was first awakened by the punishment of others, and thus he unconsciously -came to practice onanism. The patient remembered clearly -that from the age of four to the age of eight he was frequently spanked, -and that this caused him pain, never lustful pleasure.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Since he did not always have opportunity to see others whipped, he -began to <em>imagine</em> how others were punished. This excited his lust, and -he would then masturbate. Whenever he could, he managed to see others -punished at school. Now and then he also felt desire to whip others. At -the age of twelve he induced a comrade to allow him to whip him. He -found great sexual pleasure in it. When, however, his companion beat -him in return, he experienced nothing but pain.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The impulse to beat others was never very strong. The patient experienced -more satisfaction in filling his imagination with scenes of whipping. -He never indulged in any other sadistic acts, and never had any -<span class='pageno' id='Page_84'>84</span>desire to see blood, etc. Until his fifteenth year his sexual indulgence -consisted of onanism, indulged in after such fancies. After that (dancing -lessons, association with girls), the early fancies disappeared almost entirely, -and were accompanied by but weak lustful feelings; so that the -patient gave them up entirely. In their place came thoughts of coitus -in a natural way, without anything sadistic.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient indulged in coitus for the first time “on account of -his health.” He then tried to abstain from onanism, but was not successful, -though he often indulged in coitus, and with more pleasure than he -had in onanism. He wished to be freed from onanism as something -vicious. He had coitus once a month, but masturbated once or twice -every night. He was normal sexually, with the exception of the onanism. -There was no neurasthenia; genitals normal.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 39. P., aged 15, of high social position, came of an hysterical -mother, whose brother and father died in an asylum. Two children of the -family died, in early childhood, of convulsions. The patient is talented, -virtuous, and quiet; but at times he is very disobedient, stubborn, and -passionate. He has epilepsy, and practices onanism. One day it was -learned that P., with money, induced a comrade of fourteen, B., to allow -himself to be pinched on the arm, back, and thigh. When B. cried, P. -became excited and struck at B. with his right hand, while with his left -he made manipulations in the left pocket of his trousers. P. confessed -that to maltreat his friend, of whom he was very fond, gave him peculiar -delight; and that ejaculation while hurting his friend gave him much -more pleasure than when he masturbated alone, (<em>v.</em> Gyurkovechky, -“Pathol. und Therapie der männl. Impotenz.,” p. 80, 1889.)</p> - -<p class='c010'>That in all these cases of sadistic abuse of boys there can -be no thought of a combination of sadism and contrary sexual -instinct, as often occurs (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">v. infra</span></i>) in individuals of contrary -sexuality, is shown—aside from the absence of all positive signs -of it—by a study of the next group, where, in association with -the object of injury,—animals,—the instinct for women is seen -to appear repeatedly.</p> - -<p class='c010'>(g) <em>Sadistic Acts with Animals.</em>—In numerous cases, sadistically -perverse men that are afraid of criminal acts with human -beings, or that care only for the sight of the suffering of a sensitive -being, make use of the sight of dying animals, or torture -animals, to stimulate or excite their lust.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The case of a man in Vienna, which is reported by Hofmann in -his “Text-Book of Legal Medicine,” is noteworthy in relation to this. -According to the evidence of several prostitutes, before the sexual act he -<span class='pageno' id='Page_85'>85</span>was accustomed to excite himself by torturing chickens and pigeons and -other birds, and, therefore, was called “Hendlmann” (chicken).</p> - -<p class='c015'>For the elucidation of such cases the observation of Lombroso is -of value, according to whom two men had ejaculation when they killed -chickens or pigeons, or wrung their necks.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The same author, in his “Uomo delinquente,” p. 201, speaks of a -poet of some reputation, who became powerfully excited sexually -whenever he saw calves slaughtered, and also at the sight of bloody -flesh.</p> - -<p class='c015'>According to Mantegazza (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>, p. 114), among degenerate Chinamen, -a horrible sport consists of committing sodomy with geese, and -cutting their necks off <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">tempoire ejaculationis</span></i>!</p> - -<p class='c015'>Mantegazza (“Fisiologia del piacere,” 5th ed., pp. 394, 395) mentions -the case of a man who once saw chickens killed, and from that -time had a desire to wallow in their warm, steaming entrails, because he -experienced a feeling of lust while doing it.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Thus, in these and similar cases, the vita sexualis is so -constituted <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ab origine</span></i> that the sight of blood, death, etc., excites -lustful feeling. It is so in the following case:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 40. C. L., aged 42, engineer, married, father of two children; -from a neuropathic family; father irascible, a drinker; mother hysterical, -subject to eclamptic attacks. The patient remembers that in childhood -he took particular pleasure in witnessing the slaughtering of domestic -animals, especially swine. He thus experienced lustful pleasure and -ejaculation. Later he visited slaughter-houses, in order to delight in the -sight of flowing blood and the death throes of the animals. When he -could find opportunity, he killed the animals himself, which always afforded -him a vicarious feeling of sexual pleasure.</p> - -<p class='c015'>At the time of full maturity he first attained to a knowledge of his -abnormality. The patient was not exactly opposed in inclination to -women, but close contact with them seemed to him repugnant. On the -advice of a physician, at twenty-five he married a woman who pleased -him, in the hope of freeing himself of his abnormal condition. Although -he was very partial to his wife, it was only seldom, and after great trouble -and exertion of his imagination, that he could perform coitus with her; -nevertheless, he begat two children. In 1866 he was in the war in -Bohemia. His letters written at that time to his wife, were composed in -an exalted, enthusiastic tone. He was killed in the battle of Königgrätz.</p> - -<p class='c010'>If, in this case, the capability of normal coitus was much -impaired by the predominance of perverse ideas, in the next it -seems to have been entirely repressed:—</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_86'>86</span>Case 41. (Dr. Pascal, “Igiene dell’ amore.”) A gentleman visited -prostitutes, had them purchase a living fowl or rabbit, and required them -to torture the animal. He had in mind the head and tearing out the -eyes and entrails. If he found a girl who would consent, and go about -it right cruelly, he was delighted, and paid her and went his way without -asking anything more or touching her.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The last two sections show that the suffering of any living -being may become a source of perverse sexual enjoyment to -sadistically constituted persons, and that there may be sadism -with almost any [living] object. However, it would be erroneous -and an exaggeration to try to explain by sadistic perversion -all the remarkable and surprising acts of cruelty that occur; -and, in the innumerable cruelties, as they here and there occur -in history or in certain psychological manifestations among the -people at the present time, it would be erroneous to assume -sadism as a motive.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Cruelty arises from various sources, and is natural to primitive -man. Compassion, in contrast with it, is a secondary -manifestation, and acquired late. The instinct to fight and -destroy, so important an endowment in prehistoric conditions, -is long afterward operative; and, in the ideas engendered by -civilization, like that of “the criminal,” it finds new objects, -even though its original object—“the enemy”—still exists. -That not simply the death, but also torture, of the conquered is -demanded, is in part explained by the sense of power, which -satisfies itself in this way; and in part by the insatiableness of -the impulse of vengeance. Thus all cruelty and all historical -enormities may be explained without recourse to sadism (which -may often have been in operation, but which cannot be assumed, -since it is relatively an infrequent perversion).</p> - -<p class='c010'>At the same time, there is still another powerful psychical -element to take into consideration, which explains the attraction -that is still exerted by executions, etc.; and that is, the pleasure -there is in intense and unusual impressions and rare sights, in -contrast with which, in coarse and blunted beings, pity is silent.</p> - -<p class='c010'>But undoubtedly there are individuals for whom, in spite -of, or even by reason of, their lively compassion, all that is connected -<span class='pageno' id='Page_87'>87</span>with death and suffering has a mysterious attraction; -who, with inward opposition, and yet following a dark impulse, -occupy themselves with such things, or at least with pictures and -notices of them. Still, this is not sadism, as long as no sexual -element enters into consciousness; and yet it is possible that, in -unconscious life, slender threads connect such manifestations -with the hidden depths of sadism.</p> - -<p class='c010'>(h) <em>Sadism in Woman.</em>—That sadism—a perversion, as -we have seen, frequent in men—is much less frequent in women, -is easily explained. In the first place, sadism, in which the -need of subjugation of the opposite sex forms a constituent -element, in accordance with its nature, represents a pathological -intensification of the masculine sexual character; in the second -place, the obstacles which oppose the expression of this monstrous -impulse are, of course, much greater for a woman than -for a man. Yet sadism occurs in women; and it can only be -explained by the primary constituent element,—the general -hyper-excitation of the motor sphere. Only two cases have thus -far been scientifically studied.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 42. A married man presented himself with numerous scars -of cuts on his arms. He told their origin as follows: When he wished -to approach his wife, who was young and somewhat “nervous,” he first -had to make a cut in his arm. Then she would suck the wound, and -during the act become violently excited sexually.</p> - -<p class='c010'>This case recalls the wide-spread legend of the vampires, -the origin of which may perhaps be referred to such sadistic -facts.<a id='r58' /><a href='#f58' class='c009'><sup>[58]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'>In a second case of feminine sadism, for which I am -indebted to Dr. Moll, of Berlin, by the side of the perverse impulse, -as so frequently occurs, there is anæsthesia for the normal -activities of the sexual life; and here there are also traces -of masochism (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">v. infra</span></i>).</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_88'>88</span>Case 43. Mrs. H., of H., aged 26, comes of a nervous family, in -which nervous or mental diseases are said not to have occurred; but the -patient herself presents signs of hysteria and neurasthenia. Although -eight years married, and the mother of a child, Mrs. H. never had desire -to perform coitus. Very strictly educated as a young girl, until her marriage -she remained almost innocent of any knowledge of sexual matters. -She has menstruated regularly since her fifteenth year. There does not -seem to be any essential abnormality of the genitals. To the patient -coitus is not only not a pleasure, but even an unpleasant act; and repugnance -to it has constantly increased. The patient cannot understand -how any one can call such an act the greatest delight of love, which, to -her, is something far higher and unconnected with such a sensual impulse. -At the same time, it should be mentioned that the patient really loves her -husband. In kissing him, too, she experiences a decided pleasure, which -she cannot exactly describe. But she cannot conceive how the genitals -can have anything to do with love. In other respects Mrs. H. is a -decidedly intelligent woman, of feminine character.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Si oscula dat conjugi, magnum voluptatem percipit in mordendo -eum. Gratissimum ei esset conjugem mordere eo modo ut sanguis fluat. -Contenta esset, si loco coitus morderetur a conjuge ipsæque eum mordere -liceret. Tamen eam pœniteret, si morsu magnum dolorem faceret. (Dr. -Moll.)</p> - -<p class='c010'>In other cases of sadism which history and literature afford, -we are compelled to think of a reversal of the feminine sexual -character,—a partial viraginity,—in order to explain the -sadistic acts.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In history there are examples of famous women who, -to some extent, had sadistic instincts. These Messalinas are -particularly characterized by their thirst for power, lust, and -cruelty. Among them are Valeria Messalina herself, and -Catherine de Medici, the instigator of the Massacre of St. -Bartholomew, whose greatest pleasure was found in having the -ladies of her court whipped before her eyes, etc.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The gifted Henry von Kleist, who was undoubtedly mentally -abnormal, gives a masterly portrayal of complete feminine -sadism in his “Penthesilea.” In scene xxii, Kleist describes his -heroine with Achilles, whom she had been pursuing in the fire -of love, betrayed into her hands, as, overcome with lustful, -murderous fury, she tears him in pieces and sets her dogs on -him: “She strikes, tearing the armor from his body; they set -<span class='pageno' id='Page_89'>89</span>their teeth in his white breast,—she and her dogs, the rivals, -Oxus and Sphynx,—they on the right side, she on the left; and -as I approached blood dripped from her hands and mouth.” -And later, when Penthesilea becomes satiated: “Did I kiss him -to death? No. Did I not kiss him? Torn in pieces? Then -it was a mistake; kissing rhymes with biting, and one who -loves with the whole heart might easily mistake the one for the -other.”<a id='r59' /><a href='#f59' class='c009'><sup>[59]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'>2. <em>The Association of Passively Endured Cruelty and -Violence, with Lust—Masochism.</em><a id='r60' /><a href='#f60' class='c009'><sup>[60]</sup></a>—Masochism is the opposite of -sadism. While the latter is the desire to cause pain and use force, -the former is the wish to suffer pain and be subjected to force.</p> - -<p class='c010'>By masochism I understand a peculiar perversion of the -psychical vita sexualis, in which the individual affected, in -sexual feeling and thought, is controlled by the idea of being -completely and unconditionally subject to the will of a person -of the opposite sex; of being treated by this person as by a -master,—humiliated and abused. This idea is colored by lustful -feeling; the individual affected lives in fancies, in which he creates -situations of this kind, and often attempts to realize them. By -this perversion his sexual instinct is not infrequently made -more or less insensible to the normal stimulus of the opposite -sex,—incapable of a normal vita sexualis,—psychically impotent. -But this psychical impotence does not in any way depend -upon a <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">horror sexus alterius</span></i>, but upon the fact that this perverse -instinct finds an adequate satisfaction differing from the -normal,—in woman, to be sure, but not in coitus.</p> - -<p class='c010'>But cases also occur, in which, with the perverse impulse, -there is also sensibility, in a measure, to normal stimuli, and -intercourse under normal conditions takes place. In other -cases the impotence is not purely psychical, but physical, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">i.e.</span></i>, -spinal; for this perversion, like almost all other perversions of -the sexual instinct, is developed only on the basis of a psychopathic -<span class='pageno' id='Page_90'>90</span>and, for the most part, hereditarily predisposed individuality; -and, as a rule, such individuals give themselves up -to excesses, particularly masturbation, to which the difficulty -of attaining what their fancy creates, drives them again and -again.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The number of cases of undoubted masochism thus far -observed is very large. Whether masochism occurs associated -with normal sexual instincts, or exclusively controls the individual; -whether, and to what extent, the individual subject to -this perversion strives to realize his peculiar fancies or not; -whether he has thus more or less diminished his virility or not,—depends -upon the degree of intensity of the perversion in the -single case, and upon the strength of the opposing ethical and -æsthetic motives, as well as the relative power of the physical -and mental organization, of the affected individual. The essential -thing, from the psychopathic point of view, and the common -element in all these cases, is <em>the fact that the sexual instinct is -directed to ideas of subjugation and abuse by the opposite sex</em>.</p> - -<p class='c010'>What has been said with reference to the impulsive character -(indistinctness of motive) of the resulting acts, and with -reference to the original (congenital) nature of the perversion -in sadism, is also true in masochism.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In masochism there is also a gradation of the acts from the -most repulsive and monstrous to the silliest, in accordance with -the degree of intensity of the perverse instinct, and the power of -the remnants of moral and æsthetic motives that oppose it. The -ultimate consequences of masochism, however, are opposed by -the instinct of self-preservation, and, therefore, murder and -serious injury, which may be committed in sadistic excitement, -have here, as far as known, no passive equivalent in reality; but -the perverse desires of masochistic individuals may, in imagination, -attain these extreme consequences (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">v. infra</span></i>, Case 54).</p> - -<p class='c010'>Moreover, the acts to which masochists give themselves up, -are performed in some cases in connection with coitus, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">i.e.</span></i>, as -preparatory measures; in others, as substitutes for coitus when -that is impossible. Here, too, this depends only upon the condition -of sexual power, which has been diminished for the most -<span class='pageno' id='Page_91'>91</span>part physically and mentally by the activity of the sexual ideas -in the perverse direction, and not upon the nature of the act -itself.</p> - -<p class='c010'>(<em>a</em>) <em>The Desire for Abuse and Humiliation as a Means of -Sexual Satisfaction.</em>—The following detailed autobiography of -a masochist, gives an exhaustive description of a typical case of -this remarkable perversion:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 44. I come of a neuropathic family, in which, with all kinds -of peculiarities of character and manner of life, there are several abnormalities -of a sexual nature. My imagination has always been very lively, -and was very early directed to sexual matters. As far as I can remember, -I was much given to onanism long before puberty. Even at that time my -thoughts were, for hours at a time, directed to intercourse with females. -But the relations in which I placed myself with the opposite sex were -entirely peculiar. I fancied that I was a prisoner and absolutely in a -woman’s power, and that this woman used her power to hurt and abuse -me in every way possible. In this, whipping and blows played an important -part in my fancy, and there were many other acts and situations -which all expressed the condition of vassalage and subjection. I saw myself -constantly kneeling before my ideal, trod upon, loaded with chains, -and imprisoned. Severe punishments of all kinds were inflicted on me, to -test my obedience and please my mistress. The more severely I was -humiliated and abused, the more I indulged in these thoughts. (At the -same time I developed a great preference for velvet and fur, which I -liked to touch and smooth, and which likewise excited me sexually.)</p> - -<p class='c015'>I remember well that when a child I received many actual whippings -at the hands of females. They never caused me any other feeling -than pain and shame; never have I thought to connect such realities -with my fancies. A threat to punish me severely and correct me agitated -me painfully; but in my fancy I assumed a desire on the part of my -“mistress” to enjoy my suffering and humiliation, which entranced me. -Too, I have never brought into relation with my fancies the acts and -orders of the females that have taken care of me. I was early able to -discover the truth about the relation of the sexes; but this knowledge -made no impression on me. The idea of sensual pleasure remained connected -with the fancies with which it was originally associated. I also -had the desire to touch females, to embrace and kiss them, but I looked -for the greatest delight only in their maltreatment, and in situations in -which they would cause me to feel their power. I soon came to realize -that I differed from other men, and preferred to be alone and absorbed -in my dreams. In my boyhood, real girls and women had but little interest -for me; for I saw no possibility of having them act in the way I -desired. On lonely paths in the forest I whipped myself with branches -<span class='pageno' id='Page_92'>92</span>that had fallen from the trees, and allowed my imagination to play in -the habitual way. I reveled in the sight of pictures of commanding -women, particularly if, like queens, they wore furs. I read everything -related to my cherished ideas. “Rousseau’s Confessions,” which then -fell into my hands, was a great discovery. I found a condition described -that resembled mine in essentials. I was still more astonished at the -similarity of my ideas to those I read of in the writings of Sacher-Masoch. -I devoured them all with avidity, though the blood-curdling scenes often -far outdid my imagination, and then excited my aversion. Later, in -order to supply new food for my fancy, I began to write descriptions of -erotic scenes to my taste, and to make drawings of situations which, up -to this time, I had painted only in imagination. In this, reality was -entirely an indifferent matter to me. In the presence of a woman I was -devoid of every sensual feeling; at most, at the sight of a feminine foot, -there would come a fleeting wish to be trod upon by it.</p> - -<p class='c015'>This indifference, however, was only in relation to pure sensuality. -In late boyhood and early youth I was subject to an enthusiastic partiality -for young girls of my acquaintance, with all the extravagances -common to this youthful enthusiasm. But it never occurred to me to -connect the world of my sensual thoughts with these pure ideals. I -never had to overcome such a thought; one never came to me. This is -the more remarkable, since to me my lustful fancies seemed very strange -and unattainable in reality, but in no wise vile or obnoxious. This, too, -was a kind of poetry with me; but it was divided into two worlds,—on -the one hand was my heart, or, rather, my æsthetically excited fancy; -on the other, my sensually inflamed imagination. While my “elevated” -feeling always had a certain young girl for its object, at other times I -saw myself at the feet of a mature woman, who treated me as previously -described. I never placed any lady of my acquaintance in this rôle. -In dreams the two spheres of my erotic ideas occurred alternately, -but never combined. Only the images of the sensual sphere induced -pollutions.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In my nineteenth year I allowed myself, with outward reluctance, -but with inward desire, to be taken by friends to visit prostitutes. But -there I experienced nothing but repugnance and aversion, and left as -soon as possible, without having felt the faintest trace of sensual excitement. -Later, on my own initiative, I repeated the attempt, in order to -convince myself as to whether I was impotent or not; for I was much troubled -by my unexpected failure in the first instance. The result was -always the same,—I felt no excitement at all, and had not the slightest -erection. In the first place, it was not possible for me to regard a real -woman as an object of sensual gratification; and, furthermore, I could -not renounce the conditions and situations which were the principal things -<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">in sexualibus</span></i> for me, and about which nothing could induce me to speak -a word. Imissio penis—the act to be undertaken by me—seemed to me -<span class='pageno' id='Page_93'>93</span>absolutely senseless and unclean. Again, in the second place, there was -also my repugnance for common women, and fear of infection.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In the meantime, in secret, my sexual life went on in the old fashion. -Whenever my old fancies came to mind, violent erection occurred, and I -provoked ejaculations almost daily. I began to suffer with all kinds of -nervous troubles, and now regarded myself as impotent, in spite of powerful -erections and intense desire when I was alone. Nevertheless, from -time to time I continued my experiments with prostitutes. In time I -overcame my timidity, and in part my aversion to contact with common -women; but I remained absolutely cold.</p> - -<p class='c015'>After I had, with advancing years, overcome to some extent my -shyness and my inclination to indulge in dreams, in my sexual thought -there was an approach to the normal, as I began to direct my interest to -real persons. I was even successful in directing sensual thoughts to -women of my acquaintance, without carrying over any of my peculiar ideas -from the other sphere. Thus I had some affairs with respectable girls. -Embracing and kissing occurred; desire was excited, but not the power,—at -least, it was too weak to allow me to think that under normal circumstances -I should be virile. Of course, the attention I gave to the excitation -of my sexual power was not calculated to favor this. Thus, always -greatly ashamed, I broke off the relations.</p> - -<p class='c015'>With this, my old habit continued. I was still a great onanist, even -though with lessened power. But my fancy no longer satisfied me entirely. -I now began to follow both respectable women and others on the -street; in winter, particularly those wearing velvet and furs. I often -followed prostitutes to their homes, and had them perform manustupration. -I always thought I should find more real pleasure in that than in -my fancies; but it was always less. When the woman took off her -garments, my interest followed them. The empty clothing has never -attracted me very strongly, but more than the nude female. The real -object of my interest was the attired woman. In this, velvet and furs -play the most important part; but also all other articles of attire -attracted me, and particularly the form as brought out by lacing and -padding. I had scarcely any other interest in the nude female form than -an æsthetic one. I have always had a very great interest in the shoes -of women, particularly in slippers with high heels, which is always connected -with the thought of being trod upon, or of submissively kissing -the foot.</p> - -<p class='c015'>At last I overcame the last vestige of my shyness, and one day, to -realize my dreams, had myself whipped, trod upon, etc., by a prostitute. -The result was a <em>great disappointment</em>. What was done to me I felt to -be rough, repugnant, and silly. The blows caused me nothing but pain; -the situation, repugnance and shame. Nevertheless, I induced an ejaculation -mechanically, with which, with the help of my imagination, I transformed -the real situation into that for which I longed. This—the really -<span class='pageno' id='Page_94'>94</span>desired situation—differed from the actual essentially in that I created -in imagination a woman who abused me with the same pleasure that I -experienced in her maltreatment of me.</p> - -<p class='c015'>All my sexual fancies were erected on the assumption in the woman -of a tyrannical, cruel disposition, to which I wished to be subject. The -act expressing the relation was a secondary matter to me. After the -first attempt at an impossible realization, it was perfectly clear to me -toward what my longing was directed. To be sure, in my lustful dreams, -I had often passed beyond all ideas of abuse, and conceived a commanding -woman, with an imperious mien, a word of command, a kiss on the -foot, etc; but now I fully realized what it was that attracted me, and -that flagellation was only the strongest means of expressing the principle, -and in itself secondary.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In spite of this disappointment, after the first step, I did not -abandon my efforts to realize my erotic ideas. I was confident that, -when once accustomed to the new reality, my fancy would find food in it -for more intense activity. For my purpose I sought the most suitable -women, and instructed them carefully in a complicated comedy. In this -I occasionally found that the way had been prepared for me by predecessors -of like disposition. The value of these comedies, for the effect -of my fancy on my sensuality, remained problematical. What these acts -and scenes did for me, in the way of intensifying the subsidiary circumstances -of the desired situation, caused a diminution of the intensity of -the principal element, which my unaided fancy, without the consciousness -of planned, coarse deception, could more easily bring up before -me. My physical sensations, under the various punishments, were changeable. -The more perfect the self-deception, the more perfectly the pain -was felt as pleasure.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Or, more correctly, the punishment was then conceived as a symbolic -act. From this arose the illusion of the desired situation, which -was then accompanied by an intense psychical feeling of pleasure. The -lustful feeling then spread out over the whole body in lustful physical -sensations, and thus the perception of the painful quality of the punishment -was overcome. The process in the moral punishments—the humiliations -to which I subjected myself—was similar, but simpler; because it -was confined to the mental sphere. These were also attended with -pleasurable feeling when the self-deception succeeded. It was seldom, -however, that it succeeded well, and never perfectly; there always -remained a disturbing element in consciousness. Therefore, in the -intervals, I returned to solitary onanism. Moreover, in the other case, -the conclusion of the act was usually an ejaculation provoked by onanism; -often an ejaculation without the aid of mechanical means.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Thus I went on for many years, with diminishing power, but with -slightly diminished desire, and with the power of my peculiar sexual -idea over me unchanged. And at present the condition of my vita sexualis -<span class='pageno' id='Page_95'>95</span>is the same. Coitus, which I have never performed, still seems to -me a strange and unclean act. I learned about it from descriptions of -sexual dissipations. My own sexual ideas seem natural, and do not in -the least offend my sensitive taste. Their realization, as previously mentioned, -for various reasons, leaves me unsatisfied. I am pleased with -pretty girls and women of respectability, but for a long time I have -ceased to approach them. I have never attained, not even partially, a -direct, actual realization of my sexual fancy. As often as I have come -into close relation with females, I have felt the woman’s will to be -beneath mine, never <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vice versâ</span></i>. I have never met a woman manifesting -a desire of mastery in sexual things. Women who wish to rule in the -household and exercise petticoat sovereignty are entirely different from -my erotic ideals.</p> - -<p class='c015'>My whole personality presents many abnormalities besides the -perversion of my vita sexualis; my neuropathic condition is expressed -in many mental and physical symptoms. Besides, I think I recognize -in myself an original abnormality of character in the nature of a resemblance -to the feminine type; at least, I regard as of this nature my -great weakness of will, and my great lack of courage in the presence of -men and animals, which is in contrast with my coolness in the face of -peril. My external appearance is entirely masculine.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The author of this autobiography also made me the -following communication:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I always sought to find out whether the peculiar ideas that ruled -me sexually were entertained by other men. Since the first stories -about it accidentally came to my ears, I have sought everywhere to learn -of it. Since it is really a process of inner consciousness, it is, of course, -not easy to identify it, and it cannot always be done with certainty; but -I assume the existence of masochism where I find perverse sexual acts -that cannot be explained except by this dominating idea. I look upon -this anomaly as wide-spread.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I have heard numerous stories about it from prostitutes here in -Berlin, and in Vienna; and I thus learned how numerous my fellow-sufferers -are. I am always careful not to describe my own experiences, -or ask whether they know of such; but I allow these persons to relate -their experiences just as they will.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Simple flagellation is so common that almost every prostitute is -familiar with it; but cases of real masochism are very frequent. The -men subject to this perversion submit themselves to the most refined -cruelties. In this they always act the same farce with the instructed -prostitutes,—humiliating subjection of the man, treading upon him, commands, -threats, and scoldings that have been committed to memory; -then flagellation, blows on various portions of the body, and all kinds of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_96'>96</span>punishment, pricking with needles, etc. The scenes often end with coitus, -but more frequently with ejaculation without it. Twice prostitutes have -shown me heavy iron chains with handcuffs, which their patrons had -made for them to put on them; and the dried peas, on which they -kneeled; the seat set with needles, on which they sat at command; and -many other similar things. Often the perverted man wishes the woman -to tie his penis so tightly as to cause pain; to prick it with needles, -make cuts in it with a knife, or beat it with a stick. Even the act of -hanging is indulged in, it being cut short at just the right moment. -Others have themselves scratched with a knife or dagger, but in the act -the woman must threaten them with death. In all these things the -symbolism of subjection is the most important factor. The woman is -usually called ‘mistress’; the man, ‘slave.’</p> - -<p class='c015'>“A man of high social standing, dressed as a servant, sat on the -box of a carriage and drove his mistress about. Here there may have -been a conscious imitation of the ‘Venus in Furs.’ It seems to me that -the writings of Sacher-Masoch have done much to develop this perversion -in those predisposed. It is peculiar that the inexplicable enthusiasm for -furs is so frequently combined with this perversion. It, as well as that -for velvet, has been peculiar to me from my earliest youth.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“All these comedies with prostitutes are for masochists only troublesome -substitutes. Whether there is such a thing as a realization of -masochistic dreams in love relations or not, I do not know. If it occur, -it is certainly very infrequent; for this taste in women (sadism in women, -as described by Sacher-Masoch) is very difficult to find; and, too, the -expression of sexual abnormalities finds greater obstacles in the modesty -of women, etc., than in men. I myself have never noticed the slightest -indications of anything of this kind, and have never been able to attempt -an actual realization of my fancies. Once a man confidingly told me of -his masochistic perversion, and said he had found his ideal.”</p> - -<p class='c010'>The two following cases are similar to the foregoing:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 45. Mr. Z., aged 29, technicist, came for consultation because -of a fear of tabes. Father was nervous and died tabetic. Father’s -sister was insane. Several relatives are very nervous and peculiar. On -closer examination the patient is found to have sexual, spinal, and cerebral -asthenia. He presents no symptoms of tabes dorsalis, nor does he give -a history of them. Questions concerning abuse of the sexual organs -bring out a confession of masturbation practiced since youth. In the -course of the examination the following interesting psycho-sexual anomalies -came out: At the age of five the vita sexualis began with the -impulse to whip himself, as well as with the desire to see others whipped. -In this he never thought of individuals as of one sex or the other. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Faute -de mieux</span></i> he practiced flagellation on himself and, in time, this induced -<span class='pageno' id='Page_97'>97</span>ejaculation. Long before this he had begun to satisfy himself with masturbation, -and always during the act reveled in imaginary scenes of -whipping. After growing up he twice visited brothels to have himself -flogged by prostitutes. For this purpose he chose the prettiest girl he -could find; but he was disappointed, and did not even have an erection, -to say nothing of ejaculation. He recognized that the flagellation was -subsidiary, and that the idea of subjection to the woman’s will was the -important thing. He realized this on the second trial. When he had -the “thought of subjection,” he was perfectly successful. In time, by -straining his imagination with masochistic ideas, he performed coitus -without flagellation; but he found little satisfaction in it; so that he performed -sexual intercourse in a masochistic way. He found pleasure in -masochistic scenes, in the sense of his original desire for flagellation, -only when he was flagellated <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ad podicem</span></i>, or, at least, only when he called -up such a situation in imagination. At times of great excitability it was -even sufficient if a pretty girl told stories of such scenes. He would thus -have an orgasm, and usually ejaculation.</p> - -<p class='c015'>A very effectual fetichistic idea was early associated with this. He -noticed that he was attracted and satisfied only by women wearing high -heels and short jackets (“Hungarian fashion”). He does not know how -he arrived at this fetichistic idea. Boys’ legs with high heels also -pleased him, but this charm was purely æsthetic, without any sensual -coloring; and he said he had never noticed anything homo-sexual in himself. -The patient referred his fetichism to his partiality for calves (legs). -He is charmed by ladies’ calves only when elegant shoes are on the -feet. Nude legs—feminine nudity in general—do not in the least affect -him sexually. A subordinate fetichistic idea for the patient is the masculine -ear. It is a lustful pleasure for him to pet the ears of handsome -men, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">i.e.</span></i>, men having beautiful ears. With men this pleasure is slight, -but with women it gives him great enjoyment.</p> - -<p class='c015'>He also has a weakness for cats. He thinks them simply beautiful; -and their movements are very attractive to him. The sight of a cat can -raise him from a feeling of the deepest depression. Cats seem to him -sacred; he sees something divine in them! He does not know the -reason for this idiosyncrasy.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Of late he has also frequently had sadistic ideas about punishing -boys. In these imaginary flagellations both men and women play a part, -but particularly the latter; and then his enjoyment is much more intense.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient finds that, with that which he recognizes and feels -as masochism, there is something else which he prefers to designate -“pageism.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>While his masochistic fancies and acts are entirely of a coarse, -sensual nature, his “pageism” consists of the idea of being a page to a -beautiful girl. He conceives her as perfectly chaste, but piquant; his relation -to her, that of a slave, but perfectly chaste,—a purely platonic -<span class='pageno' id='Page_98'>98</span>submission. This reveling in the idea of serving such a “beautiful creature” -as a page, is colored by a pleasurable feeling; but this is in no way -sexual. He experienced in it an exquisite feeling of moral satisfaction, -in contrast with the sensually-colored masochism; and, therefore, he -could but regard it as something of a different nature.</p> - -<p class='c015'>At first sight there was nothing remarkable in the patient’s appearance; -but his pelvis is abnormally broad, the ilia are flat, and the pelvis, -as a whole, tilted and decidedly feminine. Eyes, neuropathic. He also -mentions that he often has itching and lustful irritation at the anus, and -that there (“erogenous” area), <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ope digiti</span></i>, he can satisfy himself.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient is troubled about his future. Help would be possible -for him if he could but excite in himself an interest in women, but his -will and imagination were too weak for that.</p> - -<p class='c010'>What the patient designates as “pageism” does not differ -in any way from masochism, as may be seen when it is compared -with the following cases of symbolic masochism, and -others; and, further, upon the consideration that in this perversion -coitus is avoided as an inadequate act; and from the -fact that in such cases there is often a fantastic exaltation of -the perverse ideal:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 46. X, writer, aged 28, predisposed. Sexually hyperæsthetic -from childhood. At the age of six he had dreams of being whipped -ad nates by a woman. After them he would awake in intense lustful -excitement; and thus he came to practice onanism. When eight years -old he once asked the cook to whip him. From his tenth year, neurasthenia. -Until his twenty-fifth year he had dreams of flagellation, or -similar waking fancies, and indulged in onanism. Three years ago he -had an impulse to have himself whipped by a puella. The patient was -undeceived, for neither erection nor ejaculation occurred. At twenty-seven, -another effort, with the thought to enforce erection and ejaculation. -This was finally made possible by the following artifice: While -coitus was attempted, the puella had to tell him how she had mercilessly -flogged other impotent men, and threaten him with the same. Besides -this, it was necessary for him to fancy that he was bound, entirely -in the woman’s power, helpless, and most painfully beaten by her. Occasionally, -in order to become potent, it was necessary to have himself -actually bound. Thus coitus was possible. Pollutions were accompanied -by lustful feeling only when he (infrequently) dreamed that he was -abused, or that he looked on while a puella whipped others. He never -had an intense, lustful pleasure in coitus. The only things in women that -interest him are the hands. Powerful women with big fists are his -preference. At the same time, his desire for flagellation is only ideal; for -<span class='pageno' id='Page_99'>99</span>with his great cutaneous sensitiveness, at the most, a few strokes are -sufficient. Blows from men were repugnant to him. He wishes to -marry. From the impossibility of asking a decent woman to perform -flagellation, and the doubt about being potent with such a woman, -spring his embarrassment and desire to recover.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In the foregoing three cases, for the most part, passive -flagellation serves the individual subject to this perversion of -masochism as an expression of the desired situation of subjection -to the woman. The same means is needed by a large number -of masochists. But passive flagellation is a process which, as is -known, has a tendency to induce erection reflexly by irritation -of the nerves of the nates.<a id='r61' /><a href='#f61' class='c009'><sup>[61]</sup></a> This effect of flagellation is used -by weakened debauchees to help their diminished power; and -this perversity—not perversion—is very common. It is, therefore, -necessary to ascertain in what relation the passive flagellation -of the masochists stands to these dissipated individuals who -are not psychically perverse, but physically weakened.</p> - -<p class='c010'>It is not difficult to show that masochism is something -essentially different from flagellation, and more comprehensive; -that flagellation is rather a by-play,—one of the many means -used for the purpose of masochistic gratification in the sense of -subjection to the woman. For the masochist the principal -thing is subjection to the woman; the punishment is only the -expression of this relation,—the most intense effect of it he -can bring upon himself. For him the act has only a symbolic -value, and is a means to the end of mental satisfaction of his -peculiar desires. The essential thing is the desire for ill-treatment, -as a sign of this subjection. Besides flagellation, and -often without it, there are many other things which serve to -express this subjection; as is shown by the following series of -cases. This fact establishes a presumption of the existence of -an original anomaly of sexual feeling,—a paræsthesia sexualis. -On the other hand, the individual that is weakened and not a -subject of masochism, and who has himself flagellated, desires -only a mechanical irritation of his spinal centre.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Whether, in a given case, it is simple (reflex) flagellation -<span class='pageno' id='Page_100'>100</span>or masochism, is made clear by the individual’s statements, and -often by the secondary circumstances. The determination depends -upon the following facts:—</p> - -<p class='c010'>In the <em>first</em> place, the impulse to passive flagellation exists -<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ab origine</span></i> in the masochist. The desire is felt before there -has been any experience of the reflex effect, often first in -dreams; as, for example, in Case 48. <em>Secondly</em>, with the masochist, -as a rule, the flagellation is only one of many and various -punishments which come into his mind as fancies and are often -realized. In these other punishments, and the frequent acts -expressing purely symbolic humiliations, which occur by the -side of flagellation, there can, of course, be no thought of a -reflex physical irritative effect. <em>Thirdly</em>, it is significant that, -in the masochist, when the desired flagellation is carried out, it -need have no aphrodisiac effect at all. Very often, indeed, -there is a more or less perfect disappointment; in fact, always, -if the masochist is not successful in his desire to create, by -means of the pre-arranged programme, the illusion of the desired -situation (to be in the woman’s power), so that the woman -ordered to carry out the act seems to be nothing more than the -executive agent of his own will. If one cannot tickle one’s -self, no more can one feel one’s self subject to a woman -directed by one’s own will. In reference to this important point, -compare the three foregoing cases and Case 50.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Between masochism and simple (reflex) flagellation, there -is a relation somewhat analogous to that existing between contrary -sexual instinct and acquired pederasty. It does not lessen -the value of this opinion that, in the masochist, the flagellation -may also have the known reflex effect; or that a whipping -received in childhood may have aroused lust for the first time, -and thus simultaneously excited the latent masochistically-constituted -vita sexualis. In this event, the case must be characterized -by the conditions mentioned above, under the heads of “<em>secondly</em>” -and “<em>thirdly</em>,” in order to be masochistic. If the details of the -origin of the case are not known, other circumstances, such as -those mentioned above under “<em>secondly</em>,” would make it clearly -masochistic. This is illustrated in the two following cases:—</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_101'>101</span>Case 47. A patient of Tarnowsky’s had a person in his confidence -rent a house during his attacks, and instruct its <em>personnel</em> (three prostitutes) -in what was to be done with him. He would come there, and -was there undressed, manustuprated, and flagellated, as ordered. He pretended -to offer resistance, and begged for mercy; then, as ordered, he -was allowed to eat and sleep. But in spite of protest he was kept -there, and beaten if he did not submit. Thus the affair would go on -for some days. When the attack was over, he was dismissed; and he returned -to his wife and children, who had no suspicion of his disease. -The attacks occurred once or twice a year. (Tarnowsky, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>)</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 48. X., aged 34, greatly predisposed, suffers with contrary -sexual instinct. For various reasons he had no opportunity to satisfy -himself with men, in spite of great sexual desire. Occasionally he -dreamed that a woman whipped him, and then had a pollution.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Through this dream he came to have prostitutes beat him as a substitute -for love with men. Occasionally he would obtain a prostitute, -undress himself completely (while she was not to take off a thing), and -have her tread upon him, whip, and beat him. Qua re summa libidine -affectus pedem feminæ lambit quod solum eum libidinosum facere potest: -tum ejaculationem assequitur. Then disgust at the morally-debasing -situation occurred, and he retired as quickly as possible.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Cases occur, however, in which passive flagellation alone -constitutes the entire content of the masochistic fancies, without -other ideas of humiliation, etc., and without any clear consciousness -of the real nature of this expression of submission. -Such cases are difficult to differentiate from those of simple -reflex flagellation. A knowledge of the primary origin of the -desire, before any experience of reflex stimuli (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">v. supra</span></i>, under -“<em>first</em>”), is the only thing that makes the differential diagnosis -certain; taken with the circumstance that genuine masochists -are perverse in their youth, and that the realization of their -desires usually comes late, or undeceives them (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">v. supra</span></i>, under -“<em>thirdly</em>”); for the whole thing, for the most part, belongs to -the sphere of the imagination.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The following case is of this nature:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 49. <em>Autobiography.</em>—In January, 1891, I received the following -letter from a gentleman in Hungary: “In depression and despair of a -life that shuts me out from all that makes human happiness, I come to -you with the last gleam of hope of rescue from a condition which, if it -continue, can end only tragically.</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_102'>102</span>“I am thirty years old, and come of a mother who suffered with -periodical insanity. As early as my fourteenth year abnormal sexual -tendencies were noticeable in me. It always gave me a certain lustful -pleasure to be whipped by boys of my own age, particularly when I was -taken over the knee and spanked. It particularly delighted me when -this was done by handsome young persons or boys having well formed -legs and closely-fitting trousers. By means of such ideas I also came to -masturbate; and I practiced onanism quite frequently,—almost daily, -and, in fact, in absolute ignorance of the terrible results of the vice. -Thus it continued until my eighteenth year, when, thus far absolutely -unsuspecting, I was made aware of the vicious results of the practice.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“From this time began the terrible struggle with the desire to give -it up, which I only too often abandoned. The fancies mentioned did not -leave me; I longed to be whipped by handsome young persons aged from -twenty to twenty-two years, wearing tight trousers. My fancy was filled -especially with young soldiers and hussars. At times I was able to repress -my imagination and avoid onanism; but I then had pollutions with -dreams of the same nature.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“After my twentieth year, to my astonishment, the sexual inclination -toward women, which I had noticed in comrades of my own -age, and the occurrence of which I expected in myself, did not appear. -I was cold toward women, and embarrassed in their presence. At the -same time, feminine nudity was not unpleasant; on the contrary, there -was something attractive about it, but my sensuality was not excited.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I twice attempted coitus; I was not troubled about being in bed -with the girl, but rather kissed and embraced her with pleasure, and even -had traces of erection, but that was all. Since then I have had no hope, -and occasionally returned to onanism, which I had avoided for some -months previously. Nevertheless, I cultivated social intercourse with -ladies, and particularly young girls; and I was esteemed in society, and -liked for my graceful dancing. I was always hoping that in this way -my unhappy tendency would be overcome successfully, but in vain; it -grew constantly stronger. Thus I have lived hours of wretchedness; -and the ghost of suicide has passed before me. I once confided in a -physician in Pesth, but he had only the usual remedies for persons suffering -with sexual weakness,—cold baths, quieting medicines, intercourse -with women, etc.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I tried everything in vain, until by accident a book on contrary -sexual instinct fell into my hands, and gave me the last ray of hope. I -have a respected position as a merchant, and appreciate thoroughly the -joys of family life; and I have an opportunity to marry, under the most -favorable circumstances, a young girl whom I love, and who loves me. -But I feel the cruel impossibility of this step. I suffer terribly in thinking -about these repulsive abnormalities. My only hope lies in a cure by -means of hypnosis. May it not be in vain!”</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_103'>103</span>Pity and a scientific interest induced me to invite the writer of the -preceding lines to come to see me. Early in February Mr. D. came. -He was distinguished, pleasing, and masculine in appearance. Examination -of the case showed it to be one of masochism. He distinctly -remembered that, when he once saw fellow-pupils whipped by the teacher, -it gave him a feeling of lustful pleasure. He cannot remember that he -was ever whipped by a teacher. His masochism had been an <em>absolutely -primary manifestation</em>, and incomprehensible to him. Only gradually -and <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">faute de mieux</span></i> had he come to practice onanism, during which ideas -of flagellation, in which he played the passive <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i>, filled his mind. He -had never had desire to be whipped by the teacher; he always wished to -be flogged by fellow-pupils and well-grown young persons. Since maturity -he had never been able to induce himself to satisfy his masochistic -inclinations.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In intercourse with puellis he had repeatedly had the thought to -have himself whipped by them; but since this was not accompanied by -sensual feeling, it was not carried out. The patient declares that his inclinations -toward persons of his own sex are purely masochistic. In -other respects he finds nothing interesting in men. Until his eighteenth -year the patient had also sadistic tendencies. He was enthusiastic about -the position of the pedagogue and wanted to be a teacher in order to be -able to flog boys. <em>This ideal sadism later disappeared entirely.</em> The -patient complains that he feels alone in the world, like a pariah, and that -he is different from other men. But his libido toward women had much -diminished, possibly as a result of his masturbation. He had no erection -at the sight of feminine charms, but the sight of a riding-whip or a -cane excited him powerfully sexually. When he attempted coitus, no -masochistic ideas occurred. Such ideas arose, however, whenever he -saw attractive young men. He believed that if he were freed from his -ideas of flagellation, he would be helped; for his sensuality would then -direct itself in a normal path.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient has neuropathic eyes, but is free from all degenerative -signs. In the direction of hereditary taint, it is noteworthy that his -maternal grandfather was peculiar, and shot himself while in a psychopathic -condition. The patient feels well, save for slight neurasthenic -troubles. Patellar reflex increased. The genitals are perfectly normal. -His dreams with pollutions are exclusively about flagellation by young -persons, particularly soldiers with tight trousers.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The principles of treatment laid down were: 1. Removal of the -symptoms of neurasthenia. 2. Suggestive treatment looking to (<em>a</em>) -avoidance of onanism; (<em>b</em>) indifference toward his own sex and the -disappearance of thoughts of flagellation, both while awake and asleep; -(<em>c</em>) libido exclusively toward persons of the opposite sex, the occurrence -of erections at sight of beautiful women, complete power with women, -and dreams of women exclusively. At the first sitting, by means of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_104'>104</span>Bernheim’s method, the patient passed quickly into a state of deep -lethargy. At the second sitting (February 5) a cataleptic condition -of the muscles was induced. Sittings almost daily. It was seen that -stroking the brow induced deeper hypnosis with catalepsy, which, however, -did not go beyond deep lethargy. Suggestion was begun in the -third sitting.</p> - -<p class='c015'>February 10. The patient says that he has no longer any interest -in men, but a growing interest in women. He begins to dream of -women.</p> - -<p class='c015'>February 13. He feels himself free from masochism during the -day, and canes and whipping do not interest him any more. At night he -still has “weak” dreams of flagellation concerning men, but without -lustful feeling or pollution. A short time ago he had had a dream that -was entirely strange, and without erotic coloring, to the effect that he -whipped himself.</p> - -<p class='c015'>February 19. The patient attempted coitus with a puella pleasing -to him. Erection was incomplete, and ejaculation did not occur; so he -gave up the attempt. The patient finds that his libido toward women is -still very slight. He was not discouraged by his failure, and expected -ultimate success; for he felt free from his abnormal tendencies, and like -another man. On February 20, unfortunately, the patient had to discontinue -treatment, being called home by duties there.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The fact that traces of sadism (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">v. infra</span></i>), were simultaneously -present, lends certainty to the diagnosis of this rudimentary case -as one of masochism. The purely psychical character of this latter -perversion is unquestionable. At the same time, the case is -combined with incompletely developed contrary sexual instinct, -an association not infrequent in masochists and sadists.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In contrast with this case of rudimentary masochism, in -which there is some difficulty of diagnosis, follows a typical -case of masochism, in which the whole circle of ideas peculiar -to this perversion appears completely developed. This case, in -which there is a detailed personal description of the whole psychical -state, is different from Case 44 only in that here there is no -thought of a realization of the perverse fancies; and that, notwithstanding -the perversion of the vita sexualis, normal stimuli -are so far effectual that sexual intercourse is possible under -normal conditions.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 50. I am thirty-five years old, mentally and physically normal. -Among all my relatives, in the direct as well as in the lateral line, I know -<span class='pageno' id='Page_105'>105</span>of no case of mental disease. My father, who, at my birth, was thirty -years old, as far as I know, had a preference for voluptuous, large women.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Even in my early childhood I loved to revel in ideas about the -absolute mastery of one man over others. The thought of slavery had -something exciting in it for me, and alike whether from the stand-point -of master or servant. That one man could possess, sell, or whip another, -caused me intense excitement; and in reading “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” -(which I read at about the beginning of puberty), I had erections. Particularly -exciting for me was the thought of a man’s being hitched up -before a wagon in which another man sat with a whip, driving and whipping -him. Until my twentieth year these ideas were purely objective and -sexless,—<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">i.e.</span></i>, the one in subjugation in my fancy was another (not -myself), and the master was not necessarily a woman. These ideas were, -therefore, without effect on my sexual instinct,—<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">i.e.</span></i>, on the way in which -it was expressed. Though these ideas caused erections, yet I have never -masturbated in my life; and from my nineteenth year I had coitus without -the help of these ideas and without any relation to them. I always -had a great preference for elderly, voluptuous, large women, though I -did not scorn younger ones.</p> - -<p class='c015'>After my twenty-first year my ideas became objective, and it -became an essential thing that the “mistress” should be a woman over -forty years old, tall, and powerful. <em>From this time I was always, in my -fancies, the subject</em>; the “mistress” was a rough woman, who made use -of me in every way, also sexually; who harnessed me before a carriage, -and made me take her for a drive; whom I must follow like a dog; at -whose feet I must lie naked, and be punished—<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">i.e.</span></i>, whipped—by her. -This was the constant element in my ideas, around which all others were -grouped. In these fancies I always found endless pleasure, which caused -erection, but never ejaculation. As a result of the induced sexual excitement, -I would immediately seek a woman, preferably one corresponding -exteriorly with my ideal, and have coitus with her without any actual -imitation of my fancies, and sometimes also without any thought of them -during the act. At the same time, I also had inclination toward women -of a different kind, and had coitus with them without being impelled to -it by my fancy.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Notwithstanding all this, my life was not exceedingly abnormal -sexually; yet these ideas were certain to occur periodically, and they have -remained essentially unchanged. With growing sexual desire, the intervals -constantly grew shorter. At the present time the ideas come every -two or three weeks. If I have had coitus, the occurrence of the fancies -is perhaps postponed. I have never attempted to realize my very definite -and characteristic ideas,—<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">i.e.</span></i>, to connect them with the objective world,—but -I have contented myself with reveling in the thoughts; because I -was convinced that my ideal would not allow even an approach to realization. -The thought of a comedy with paid prostitutes always seemed to -<span class='pageno' id='Page_106'>106</span>me silly and purposeless; for a person hired by me could never take the -place in my imagination of a “cruel mistress.” I doubt whether there -are sadistically constituted women like Sacher-Masoch’s heroines. But, -if there were such women, and I had the fortune (!) to find one, still, in a -world of reality, intercourse with her would always seem only like a -farce to me. Indeed, I can say that, were I to become the slave of a -Messalina, I believe that, owing to the other necessary renunciations, -my desired manner of life would soon pall on me, and in my lucid -intervals I should try to obtain my freedom at all hazards.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Yet I have found a way in which to induce, in a certain sense, a -realization. After my sexual desire has been intensely excited by reveling -in my fancy, I go to a prostitute and there call up before my mind’s -eye, with great intensity, some scene of the kind mentioned, in which I -play the principal <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i>. After thinking of such a situation for about -half an hour, with a constantly resulting erection, I perform coitus with -increased lustful pleasure and strong ejaculation. After the latter, the -vision fades away. Ashamed, I depart as quickly as possible, and try -not to think of the affair. Then, for about two weeks, I have no more -such ideas; indeed, after a particularly satisfactory coitus, it may happen -that, until the next attack, I have no sympathy whatever with masochistic -ideas. But the next attack is sure to come sooner or later. I must, -however, state that I also have coitus without being prepared by such -ideas, especially, too, with women that are acquainted with me and my -position, and in whose presence I abhor such fancies. <em>Under the latter -circumstances, however, I am not always potent, while, with masochistic -ideas, my virility is perfect.</em> It does not seem superfluous to add that -otherwise, in my thought and feeling, I am very æsthetic, and despise -anything like maltreatment of a human being. Finally, I will not leave -unmentioned the fact that the form of address is of importance. In my -fancies it is essential that the “mistress” address me in the second person -(<i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Du</span></i>), while I must address her in the third (<i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Sie</span></i>). This circumstance -of being thus familiarly addressed (<i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Du</span></i>) by a person so inclined, -as the expression of absolute mastery, has, from my youth, given me -lustful pleasure, and does to-day.</p> - -<p class='c015'>I had the fortune to find a wife who is in everything, but especially -sexually, attractive to me; though, as I scarcely need say, she in no way -resembles my masochistic ideal. She is gentle, but proud; for without -the latter characteristic I cannot conceive such a thing as sexual charm. -The first few months of married life were normal sexually; the masochistic -attacks did not occur, and I had almost lost all thought of masochism. -Then came the first confinement and the necessary abstinence. -Punctually, then, with the occurrence of libido, came the masochistic -fancies again, which, in spite of my great love for my wife, necessitated -coitus with another, with the accompaniment of masochistic ideas. It -is here worthy of note that <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">coitus maritalis</span></i>, which was later resumed, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_107'>107</span>did not prove sufficient to banish the masochistic ideas, as masochistic -coitus always does. As for the essential element in masochism, I am -of the opinion that the ideas,—<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">i.e.</span></i>, the mental element,—are the end -and aim.</p> - -<p class='c015'>If the realization of the masochistic ideas (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">i.e.</span></i>, passive flagellation, -etc.) be the desired end, then it is in opposition with the fact that the -majority of masochists never attempt realization; or, when this is -attempted, great disappointment occurs, or at least the desired satisfaction -is not obtained.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Thus the reveling in imagination is the principal thing; and, in fact, -this gives an unspeakable delight that takes its subject beyond external -things, beyond all troubles and cares.</p> - -<p class='c015'>It is an astonishing fact that there is an author, who, instead of -keeping them to himself, as others do, discloses his imaginary ideals to -the world in novels and romances. In “Venus in Furs,” we find those -that are like us in feeling,—word for word, line for line, are expressed -the ideas so familiar to us, which we believe to be our own exclusive -discovery.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Until then I did not think it possible that there could be, in any -other brain than mine, the lustful thought of being harnessed to a plow -and made to work like a draught-horse.</p> - -<p class='c015'>And the ill-temper of the mistress to be served at the toilet and -bath; the imprisonment,—ah, how familiar such ideas are to us from -childhood!</p> - -<p class='c015'>Therefore, perhaps by reason of this open disclosure of things that -should be secret, the reading of this book shocks masochists, undeceives -them, and exerts a curative influence.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Finally, I should mention that, according to my experience, the -number of masochists, especially in large cities, seems to be quite large. -The only sources of such information are—since men do not reveal -these things—words of prostitutes; and, since they agree on the essential -points, it may be concluded that certain facts are proved.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Thus there is the fact that every experienced prostitute is accustomed -to keep some suitable instrument (usually a whip) for flagellation; -but it must be remembered that there are men who have themselves -whipped simply to increase their sexual pleasure; who, in contrast with -masochists, regard flagellation as a means to an end.</p> - -<p class='c015'>On the other hand, almost all prostitutes agree that there are -many men who like to play “slave,”—<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">i.e.</span></i>, like to be so called, and have -themselves scolded and trod upon and beaten. As has been said, the -number of masochists is larger than has yet been dreamed.</p> - -<p class='c015'>As you can imagine, reading the “New Investigations”<a id='r62' /><a href='#f62' class='c009'><sup>[62]</sup></a> made a -<span class='pageno' id='Page_108'>108</span>great impression on me. I should like to have faith in a cure, in a logical -cure, so to speak, in accordance with the motto: “Tout comprendre c’est -tout guérir.” (To understand all is to cure all.)</p> - -<p class='c015'>Of course the word <em>cure</em> is to be taken with some limitation, and -there must be a distinction made between general feelings and concrete -ideas. The former can never be overcome; they come like a stroke of -lightning, are there, and one does not know whence or how.</p> - -<p class='c015'>But this practice of masochism in imagination, by means of concrete, -associated ideas, can be avoided, or at least restricted.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Now the thing is changed. I say to myself: What! you busy your -mind with things which not only the æsthetic sense of others, but also -your own, disapproves? You regard that as beautiful and desirable -which, in your own judgment, is at once ugly, coarse, silly, and impossible? -You long for a situation which in reality you can never obtain? -This opposing idea has an immediate inhibitory and undeceiving effect, -and takes the edge off the fancy. Too, since reading the “New Investigations” -(early this year), I have actually not reveled in my -fancy once, though the masochistic tendency has occurred with regularity.</p> - -<p class='c015'>I must also confess that, in spite of its marked pathological character, -masochism is not only incapable of destroying my pleasure in life, -but it does not in the least affect my outward life. When not in a masochistic -state, as far as feeling and action are concerned, I am a perfectly -normal man. During the activity of the masochistic tendencies there is, -of course, a great revolution in my feeling, but my outward manner of -life suffers no change; I have a calling that makes it necessary for me to -move much in public, and I pursue it in the masochistic condition as -well as ever.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The author of the foregoing lines also sends me the following -notes:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>1. Masochism, according to my experience, is, under all circumstances, -congenital, and never acquired by the individual. I know positively -that I was never spanked; that my masochistic ideas were manifested -from my earliest youth; and that, as long as I have been capable -of thinking, I have had such thoughts. If the origin of them had -been the result of a particular event, especially of a beating, I should -certainly not have forgotten it. It is characteristic that the ideas were -present before there was any libido. At that time the ideas were absolutely -sexless. I remember that, when a boy, it affected (not to say -excited) me intensely when an older boy addressed me in the second -person (<i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Du</span></i>), while I spoke to him in the third (<i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Sie</span></i>). I would keep up a -conversation with him, and have the exchange of address take place as -often as possible. Later, when I had become more mature sexually, such -<span class='pageno' id='Page_109'>109</span>things affected me only when they occurred with a married woman, and -one relatively old.</p> - -<p class='c015'>2. Physically and mentally I am in all respects masculine. I have -a superabundant growth of beard, and my whole body is very hairy. In -my relations to the female sex that are not masochistic, the dominating -position of the man is an indispensable condition, and any attempt to -change it would meet with my energetic opposition. I am energetic, if -not over-courageous; but the want of courage is not manifest when my -pride is injured. I am not sensitive to events in nature (thunder-storms, -storms at sea, etc.).<a id='r63' /><a href='#f63' class='c009'><sup>[63]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c015'>Too, my masochistic tendencies have nothing feminine or effeminate -about them (?). To be sure, in these the inclination to be sought and -desired by the woman is dominant; but the general relation desired -with her is not that in which a woman stands to a man, but that of the -slave to the master, the domestic animal to its owner. If one regards -the ultimate aim of masochism without prejudice, it must be acknowledged -that its ideal is the position of a dog or horse. Both are owned -by masters, and punished by them; and the masters are responsible to no -one. Just this unlimited power of life and death, as exercised over -slaves and domestic animals, is the end and aim of all masochistic ideas.</p> - -<p class='c015'>3. The foundation of all masochistic ideas is libido; and as this ebbs -and flows, so do the masochistic fancies. On the other hand, as soon as -the ideas are present, they greatly intensify the libido. I am by no -means excessively sensual naturally. However, when the masochistic -ideas occur, I am impelled to coitus at any cost (for the most part I am -driven to the lowest women); and if these impulses are not soon obeyed, -libido soon becomes almost satyriasis. One is almost justified in looking -upon this as a <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">circulus vitiosus</span></i>.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Libido occurs either in the course of time, or as the result of especial -excitement (also of a kind that is not masochistic,—<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">e.g.</span></i>, kissing). -In spite of its manner of origin, this libido, by virtue of the masochistic -ideas it engenders, is soon transformed into a masochistic and impure -libido.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Moreover, there is no doubt that external, accidental impressions, -particularly loitering in the streets of a large city, greatly intensify the -desire. The sight of beautiful and imposing female forms, <em>in nature</em> as -well as in art, is exciting. For those subject to masochism,—at least -during the attacks,—the whole external world becomes masochistic. -The box on the ear administered by the teacher to the pupil and the crack -of the driver’s whip make deep impressions on the masochist, while they -leave him indifferent or annoy him when he is not in the masochistic state.</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_110'>110</span>4. An example of masochistic ideas follows: “She” is a peasant -woman,—a rough, tall, large-boned woman of forty or fifty years. She is -the possessor of a small, remote farm, which she works with the help of -her slave alone. The work begins before sunrise. At four o’clock in -the morning she opens the shed where she has kept me shut up over -night, and wakens me, as I lie on the ground, with a kick; then she leads -me out and harnesses me to a milk-cart bound for town. She leads me -by a halter, and urges me along. On the road she gets on the heavily-loaded -wagon, and sleeps until the destination is reached. There, in the -open market-place of the town, still harnessed to the wagon, I lie down -on the bare ground to rest. Those passing knock against me or step on -me, without giving me any attention. After the stock is sold, we start -homeward. After a short rest the work begins again, always under -the direction of the mistress, who holds me by the halter and urges me -on. At seven or eight o’clock at night I am put up to rest, and sleep -until the next morning, when the same thing begins again. Work and -blows, blows and work; no pleasure, no recreation, day in and day out!</p> - -<p class='c015'>Another time I fancy myself in the <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i> of a paid lover of an -elderly female <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">roué</span></i>, who makes use of me, sexually, in the most reckless -manner; and in this direction makes the most shameful demands on me. -If I do not submit to these willingly, I am beaten and punished; and, at -the same time, she despises me unspeakably; gives me the lowest housework -to do; and on every occasion shows me how low an opinion she -has of my manhood.</p> - -<p class='c015'>I cannot clothe the character of masochism in any better formula -than the following: A real masochist, without reflection, prefers the -kick of a low woman to the embrace of a Venus.</p> - -<p class='c015'>5. In reading Sacher-Masoch, it struck me that in masochists, now -and then, there was also an undercurrent of sadistic feeling. Too, I -have now and then discovered in myself sporadic feelings of sadism. -I must remark, however, that the sadistic feelings are not so marked as -the masochistic; and that, aside from the fact that they are infrequently -accessory, the sadistic fancies never leave the sphere of abstract feeling, -and, above all, never take the form of concrete, connected ideas (like -those above mentioned). The effect on libido, however, is the same with -both.</p> - -<p class='c010'>If this case is remarkable on account of the complete development -of the psychical state that constitutes masochism, the -following one is noteworthy because of the great extravagance -of the acts resulting from the perversion. The case is also particularly -suited to make clear the reason for the subjection and -humiliation at the hands of the woman, and the peculiar sexual -coloring of the resulting situations:—</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_111'>111</span>Case 51. <em>Masochism.</em>—Mr. Z., official, aged 50; tall, muscular, -healthy. He is said to come of healthy parentage, but his father was -thirty years older than his mother. A sister, two years older than Z., -suffers with delusions of persecution. There is nothing remarkable in -Z.’s external appearance. Skeleton entirely masculine; abundant beard, -but no hair on trunk. He characterizes himself as a man of sanguine -temperament, whom no one can depress; though irascible and quick-tempered, -he is quick to regret outbursts.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Z. says he has never masturbated. From his youth there have been -nightly pollutions, in which girls play a part; but the sexual act, never. -For example, he dreams that a pleasing woman lies heavily on him, or -that, as he lies sleeping on the grass, she playfully walks up his back. -Z. had always been averse to coitus with a woman. This act seemed -animal to him. Nevertheless, he was drawn to women. It was only in -the society of beautiful women and girls that he felt well and in his place. -He was very gallant without being forward.</p> - -<p class='c015'>A voluptuous woman of beautiful form, and particularly with a -pretty foot, when seated, had the power to throw him into intense excitement. -He was impelled to offer himself as a chair, in order “to -offer so much devotion.” A kick, a box on the ear from her, would be -heaven to him. He had a horror at the thought of coitus with her. -He felt the need to serve the woman. He thought how ladies liked to -ride. He reveled in the thought of how fine it would be to be wearied -by the burden of a beautiful woman, in order to give her pleasure. He -painted the situation in all colors; thought of the beautiful foot armed -with spurs, the beautiful legs, and the soft, full thighs. Every beautiful -mature woman, every pretty female foot, always excited his imagination; -but he never betrayed the peculiar feelings that seemed to him -abnormal, and was able to control himself. But he felt no need to fight -against them; on the contrary, it would have hurt him had he been compelled -to give up the feelings that had become so dear to him.</p> - -<p class='c015'>At the age of thirty-two Z. happened to make the acquaintance of -an attractive woman, aged twenty-seven, who had been separated from -her husband, and whom he found in need. He took her, and worked for -her, without any selfish motive, for months. One evening she impatiently -demanded sexual satisfaction from him, and almost used violence. Coitus -was successful. Z. took the woman, lived with her, and indulged in -coitus moderately; but coitus was more a burden than a pleasure; erections -became weak, and he could no longer satisfy the woman. She -finally declared that she would not have intercourse with him, because he -only excited without satisfying her. Though he loved the woman very -much, he could not give up his peculiar fancies. After this he lived -with her only in friendly relations, and deeply regretted that he could -not serve her in the way she desired.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Fear of how she would receive his propositions, and a feeling of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_112'>112</span>shame, kept him from confessing. He found a substitute in his dreams. -Thus, for example, he dreamed that he was a proud, fiery steed, ridden -by a beautiful lady. He, felt her weight, the bit he had to obey, the pressure -of the thighs on his flanks; he heard her beautiful, joyous voice. -The exertion threw him into a perspiration; the touch of the spurs -did the rest, and always induced pollution with great lustful pleasure. -At other times be dreamed that he was a small, weak horse. Then a -large, heavy woman came and mounted the horse, and set off on a long -journey in the mountains. Recklessly, and without mercy, she allowed -the poor animal to feel her weight; she made herself comfortable -on his back; while he threatened to give out under her, she had the -greatest enjoyment, and with calm mind enjoyed the beautiful scenery. -Under the influence of such dreams, seven years ago Z. overcame his -reluctance, in order to experience such things in reality. He was successful -in creating suitable opportunity. He speaks of it as follows: “I -knew how to arrange it so that on an occasion she would, of her own -will, seat herself on my back. Then I endeavored to make this situation -as pleasant as possible, and easily made it so that on the next occasion -she said, spontaneously: ‘Come, give me a little ride!’ Swelling with -pride, and with both hands braced on a chair, I made my back horizontal, -and she mounted astride, after the manner of a man. I then did the best -I could to imitate the movements of a horse, and loved to have her treat -me like a horse, without any thought of <em>me</em>. She could beat, prick, -scold, or caress me, just as she felt inclined. I could carry on my back -persons weighing from sixty to eighty kilos, for half or three-quarters of -an hour, without interruption. At the end of this time I usually asked -for a rest. During this the intercourse between the mistress and me was -perfectly harmless and without any relation to what had preceded. After -about a quarter of an hour I was always rested, and placed myself at the -disposal of the mistress again. When time and circumstances allowed it, I -did this three or four times in succession. It sometimes happened that -I practiced it both in the morning and afternoon. After it I never felt -weary or had any uncomfortable feeling; but on such days I had very little -appetite. When possible, I liked best to bare my trunk, that I might feel -the rider more perfectly. The mistress had to be decent. I liked her -best in pretty shoes and stockings, with short, closed drawers, reaching -to the knee; with the upper portion of her person completely dressed, -and with hat and gloves.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>Mr. Z. further says that he has not performed coitus in seven years; -but he thinks he is potent. The riding was a perfect substitute for that -“animal act,” even when ejaculation was not induced.</p> - -<p class='c015'>For eight months Z. had determined to give up his masochistic play, -and had kept his determination. But he thought that if a woman only -half-way pretty were to address him directly, and say, “Come, I want -to ride you,” he would not be strong enough to withstand the temptation. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_113'>113</span>Z. wishes to know whether his abnormality is curable; whether -he is unworthy as a vicious man, or an invalid deserving pity.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The following case seems very similar:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 52. A man finds satisfaction in the following manner: Occasionally -he goes to a puella publica. Here he has a porcelain ring, like -those used in hanging curtains, put on his penis. Two cords are attached -to the ring and drawn backward between his legs and attached to the -bedstead. Then he tells the woman to beat him mercilessly with a whip -and cry “whoa” to him constantly, and treat and abuse him as if he -were an unruly horse. The more the woman spurs him on to pull, with -shouts and blows, the greater his sexual excitement becomes. Erection -occurs (probably mechanically favored by compression of the dorsal -vein of the penis, which, when the cords are strained, must be closed by -the pressure of the hard ring). With increasing erection, the whole -member is compressed by the ring, and finally ejaculation occurs, with -lustful feeling.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Even in the foregoing series of cases, with other things, -the act of being walked upon has played a <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i> as a means of -expressing the masochistic situations of humiliation and pain. -The exclusive and most extensive use of this means for perverse -excitation and satisfaction is shown in the following classical -case of masochism, which Hammond reports (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>, p. 28) -from an observation by Dr. Cox,<a id='r64' /><a href='#f64' class='c009'><sup>[64]</sup></a> of Colorado:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 53. X., a model husband, very moral, the father of several -children, has times—<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">i.e.</span></i>, attacks—in which he visits brothels, chooses -two or three of the largest girls, and shuts himself up with them. He -bares the upper portion of his body, lies down on the floor, crosses his -hands on his abdomen, closes his eyes, and then has the girls walk over -his naked breast, neck, and face, urging them at every step to press hard -on his flesh with the heels of their shoes. Sometimes he wants a heavier -girl, or some other act still more cruel than this procedure. After two -or three hours he has enough. He pays the girls with wine and money, -rubs his blue bruises, dresses himself, pays his bill, and goes back to his -business, only to give himself the same strange pleasure again after a -few weeks.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Occasionally it happens that he has one of the girls stand on his -breast; and the others then turn her around until his skin is torn and -bleeding from the turning of the heels of her shoes. Frequently one of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_114'>114</span>the girls has to stand on him in such a way that one shoe is over the -eyes, with its heel pressing on one eye, while the other rests across his -neck. In this position he endures the pressure of a person weighing -about one hundred and fifty pounds for four or five minutes. <em>The author -speaks of dozens of similar cases that are known to him.</em> Hammond -presumes, with reason, that this man had become impotent for intercourse -with women; that, in this strange procedure, he found an equivalent -for coitus; and that, when the heels drew blood, he had pleasant -sexual feelings, accompanied by ejaculation.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The ten cases of masochism thus far described, and the -numerous analogous cases mentioned by those who report them, -form a counterpart to the previously described group “<em>c</em>” of -sadism. Just as in sadism men excite and satisfy themselves by -maltreating women, so in masochism the same effect is sought -in the passive reception of similar abuse. But group “<em>a</em>” of the -sadists,—that of lust-murder,—strange as it may seem, is not -without its counterpart in masochism. In its extreme consequences, -masochism must lead to the desire to be killed by a -person of the opposite sex, in the same way that sadism has its -acme in active lust-murder. But the instinct of self-preservation -opposes such a result; so that the extreme is not actually carried -out. When, however, the whole structure of masochistic -ideas is purely psychical, in the imagination of such individuals, -even the extreme may be reached; as the following case -shows:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 54. A middle-aged man, married and the father of a family, -who has always led a normal vita sexualis, but who says he comes of a -very nervous family, makes the following communication: In his early -youth he was powerfully excited sexually at the sight of a woman -slaughtering an animal with a knife. From that time, for many years, -he had reveled in the lustfully-colored idea of being stabbed and cut -and even killed by women with knives. Later, after the beginning of -normal sexual intercourse, these ideas lost completely their perverse -stimulus for him.</p> - -<p class='c010'>This case should be compared with the statements made -under Case 44, according to which men find sexual pleasure in -being lightly pricked with knives in the hands of women, who, -at the same time, threaten them with death.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Such fancies, perhaps, give the key to an understanding of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_115'>115</span>the following strange case, for which I am indebted to a communication -from Dr. Körber, of Rankau:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 55. A lady makes me the following communication: While -still a young and innocent girl, she was married to a man of about thirty -years. On their wedding-night he forced a towel and soap into her -hands, and, without any other expression of love, wanted her to lather -his chin and neck (as if for shaving). The inexperienced young -wife did it, and was not a little astonished, during the first weeks -of married life, to learn its secrets in absolutely no other form. Her -husband always told her that it gave him the greatest delight to have -his face lathered by her. Later, after she had sought the advice of -friends, she induced her husband to perform coitus, and had three children -in the course of time (by him, she states with every assurance). The -husband is industrious and reliable, but a moody man, with little perseverance; -by occupation a merchant.</p> - -<p class='c010'>It may be inferred that this man conceived the act of being -shaved (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">i.e.</span></i>, the lathering as a preparatory measure) as a rudimentary, -symbolic realization of ideas of injury or death, or of -fancies about knives; like those the man previously mentioned -had had in his youth, and by means of which he had been -sexually excited and satisfied. The perfect sadistic counterpart -to this case, looked upon in this light, is offered by Case 35, -which is a case of symbolic sadism.</p> - -<p class='c010'>At any rate, there is a whole group of masochists who -satisfy themselves with the symbolic representations of situations -corresponding with their perversion; a group that corresponds -with group “<em>e</em>” of “symbolic” sadists, just as the previously -mentioned cases of masochism correspond with the groups “<em>c</em>” -and “<em>a</em>” of sadism. Thus, just as the perverse longings of the -masochist may, on the one hand, advance to “passive lust-murder” -(to be sure, only in imagination); so, on the other -hand, they may be satisfied with simple symbolic representations -of the desired situations, which otherwise are expressed in acts -of cruelty (this, of course, taken objectively, goes much further -than the idea of being murdered, but in fact not so far, owing -to the determining subjective conditions).</p> - -<p class='c010'>With Case 55, other similar cases should be here described, -in which the acts desired and planned by the masochist have a -<span class='pageno' id='Page_116'>116</span>purely symbolic character, and, to a certain extent, serve to indicate -the desired situation.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 56. (Pascal, “Igiene dell’ amore.”) Every three months a -man of about forty-five years would visit a certain prostitute, and pay -her ten francs for the following act. The puella had to undress him, tie -his hands and feet, bandage his eyes, and draw the curtains of the windows. -Then she would have her guest sit down on a sofa, and had to -leave him there alone. After half an hour she had to come back and unbind -him. Then the man would pay her and leave perfectly satisfied, to -repeat his visit in about three months.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In the dark this man seems to have extended this situation, -of being helpless in the hands of a woman, further in imagination. -The following case, in which again a complicated comedy, -in the sense of masochistic desires, is played, is still more peculiar:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 57. (Dr. Pascal, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ibid.</span></i>) A gentleman in Paris was accustomed -to call on certain evenings at a house where a woman, the owner, acceded -to his peculiar desire. He entered the <em>salon</em> in full-dress, and she, -likewise in evening <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">toilette</span></i>, had to receive him with a very haughty manner. -He addressed her as “Marquise,” and she had to call him “dear Count.” -Then he spoke of his good fortune in finding her alone, of his love for -her, and of a lover’s rendezvous. At this the lady had to feel insulted. -The pseudo-count grew bolder and bolder, and asked the pseudo-marquise -for a kiss on her shoulder. There is an angry scene; the bell is -rung; a servant, prepared for the occasion, appears, and throws the -count out of the house. He departs well satisfied, and pays the actors -in the farce handsomely.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In connection with this case of symbolic masochism, two -more are here given, in which the psychical perversion was entirely -confined to the sphere of thought and imagination, and no -realization was attempted. The first is that of an individual, -mentally and physically predisposed, bearing degenerative signs, -in whom mental and physical impotence occurred early:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 58. Mr. Z., aged 22, single, was brought to me by his father -for medical advice, because he was very nervous and apparently abnormal -sexually. Mother and maternal grandmother were insane. His -father begat him at a time when he was suffering severely nervously.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Patient is said to have been a very lively and talented child. At the -age of seven he was noticed to practice masturbation. After his ninth -<span class='pageno' id='Page_117'>117</span>year he became inattentive, forgetful, and did not progress in his studies, -constantly requiring help and protection. With difficulty he got through -the Gymnasium, and during his time of freedom had attracted attention -by his indolence, absent-mindedness, and various foolish acts.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Consultation was occasioned by an occurrence on the street, in -which Z. had forced himself on a young girl in a very impetuous manner, -and in great excitement had tried to have a conversation with her.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient gave as a reason, that, by conversing with a respectable -girl, he wished to excite himself so that he could be potent in coitus with -a prostitute!</p> - -<p class='c015'>His father characterizes him as a man of perfectly good disposition, -moral, but lazy, and dissatisfied with himself; as one often in despair -about his want of success in life; as indolent, and interested in nothing -but music, for which he possesses great talent.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient’s exterior—his plagiocephalic head; his large, prominent -ears; the deficient innervation of the right facialis about the mouth; -the neuropathic expression of the eyes—indicates a degenerate, neuropathic -individual.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Z. is tall, of powerful frame, and, in all respects, of masculine appearance. -Pelvis masculine; testicles well developed; penis remarkably -large; mons veneris with abundant hair. The right testicle hangs much -lower than the left; the cremasteric reflex is weak on both sides. The -patient is below the average intellectually. He feels his deficiency, -complains of his indolence, and asks to have his will strengthened. -His awkward, embarrassed manner, timid glances, and relaxed attitude, -point to masturbation. The patient confesses that from his seventh -year, until a year and a half ago, he practiced it, years at a time, from -eight to ten times daily. Until a few years ago, when he became neurasthenic -(cephalic pressure, loss of mental power, spinal irritation, etc.), -he says he always found great sensual pleasure in it. Since then this had -been lost, and the desire to masturbate had disappeared. He had constantly -grown more bashful and indolent, less energetic, and more -cowardly and apprehensive. He had lost interest in everything, and did -his business only from a sense of duty, feeling very low-spirited. He -had never thought of coitus, and, from his stand-point as an onanist, he -could not understand how others could find pleasure in it.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Investigations in the direction of contrary sexual instinct gave a -negative result. He says he never was drawn toward persons of his -own sex; he rather thinks that he has now and then had a weak inclination -for females. He asserts that he came to masturbate independently. -In his thirteenth year he first noticed ejaculations as a result of masturbatic -manipulations.</p> - -<p class='c015'>It was only after long persuasion that Z. consented to entirely -unveil his vita sexualis. As his statements, which follow, show, he may -be classified as a case of ideal masochism, with rudimentary sadism. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_118'>118</span>The patient distinctly remembers that, at the age of six, without any -cause, he had “ideas of violence.” He was compelled to imagine that a -servant-girl spread his legs apart and showed his genitals to another; -that she tried to throw him into cold or hot water, in order to cause him -pain. These “ideas of violence” were attended with lustful feeling, and -became the cause of masturbatic manipulations. Later the patient -called them up voluntarily, in order to incite himself to masturbation. -They also played a part in his dreams; but they never induced pollution, -apparently because the patient masturbated excessively during the day.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In time, to these masochistic “ideas of violence,” others of a sadistic -nature were added. At first they were scenes in which boys forcibly -practiced onanism on one another, or cut off the genitals. He often -imagined himself such a boy, now in an active, now in a passive, <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i>. -Later he busied himself with mental pictures of girls and women that -exhibited themselves to one another. He reveled in the thought, for -example, of a servant-girl spreading another girl’s legs apart and pulling -the genital hair; or in the thought of boys treating girls cruelly, and -pricking and pinching their genitals.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Such ideas also always induced sexual excitement, but he never -experienced any impulse to carry them out actively or to have them -performed on himself passive. It satisfied him to use them for masturbation. -Since a year and a half ago, with diminishing sexual imagination -and libido, these ideas and impulses had become infrequent, but their -content remained unchanged. The masochistic “ideas of violence” predominated -over the sadistic. Now, when he sees a lady, he has the -thought that she has sexual ideas like his own. In this way, in part, he -explains his embarrassment in social intercourse. Owing to the fact -that he had heard that he would get rid of his burdensome sexual ideas, -if he were to accustom himself to natural sexual indulgence, during the -last year and a half he has twice attempted coitus though he only -experienced repugnance, and was not confident of success. On both -occasions the attempt was a fiasco. The second time he made the -attempt, he felt such aversion that he pushed the girl away and fled.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The second case is the following one, placed at my disposal -by a colleague. Even though it be aphoristic, it seems particularly -suited to throw a clear light on the distinctive element of -masochism,—the consciousness of subjection, in its peculiar -psycho-sexual effect:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 59. <em>Masochism.</em>—Z., aged 27, artist. He is powerfully built, -of pleasing appearance, and is said to be free from hereditary taint. -Healthy in youth, since his twenty-third year he has been nervous and -inclined to be hypochondriacal. Though inclined to indulgence sexually, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_119'>119</span>he is not very virile. In spite of associations with females, his relations -with them are limited to innocent attentions. At the same time, his -desire to devote himself to women that are cold toward him is remarkable. -Since his twenty-fifth year he has noticed that females, no matter -how ugly, always excite him sexually, whenever he discovers anything -domineering in their character. An angry word from the lips of such a -woman is sufficient to give him the most violent erections. Thus, one -day, he sat in a <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">café</span></i> and heard the (ugly) female cashier scold the waiters -in a loud voice. This threw him into the most intense sexual excitement, -which soon induced ejaculation. Z. requires the women, with -whom he is to have sexual intercourse, to repulse and annoy him in -various ways. He thinks that only a woman like the heroines of Sacher-Masoch’s -romances could charm him.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Cases like this, in which the whole perversion of the vita -sexualis is confined to the sphere of imagination,—to the inner -world of thought and instinct,—and only accidentally comes to -the knowledge of others, do not seem to be infrequent. Their -<em>practical</em> significance, like that of masochism in general (which -has not the great forensic importance of sadism), is confined to -the psychical impotence to which such individuals, as a rule, -become subject; and to the intense impulse to solitary indulgence, -with adequate imaginary ideas, and its results.</p> - -<p class='c010'>That masochism is a perversion of uncommonly frequent -occurrence is sufficiently shown by the relatively large number -of cases that have thus far been studied scientifically, as well as -by the agreement of the various statements reported.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The works concerning prostitution in large cities also contain -numerous statements concerning this matter.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Léo Taxil (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>, p. 228) describes masochistic scenes in -Parisian brothels. The man affected with this perversion is -there also called “slave.”</p> - -<p class='c010'>Coffignon (“<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">La corruption à Paris</span>”) has a chapter in his -book entitled “<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Les Passionels</span>,” which contains contributions to -this subject.</p> - -<p class='c010'>It is interesting and worthy of mention, that one of the -most celebrated of men was subject to this perversion, and -describes it in his autobiography (though somewhat erroneously). -From “Jean Jacques Rousseau’s Confessions” it is evident that -he was affected with masochism.</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_120'>120</span>Rousseau, with reference to whose life and malady Möbius (“J. J. -Rousseau’s Krankengeschichte,” Leipzig, 1889) and Chatelain (“La folie -de J. J. Rousseau,” Neuchatel, 1890) may be consulted, tells, in his “Confessions” -(part i, book i), how Miss Lambercier, aged thirty, greatly impressed -him when he was eight years old and lived with her brother as -his pupil. Her solicitude, when he could not immediately answer a -question, and her threats to punish him if he did not learn well, made -the deepest impression on him. When, one day, he had blows at her -hands, with the feeling of pain and shame, he also experienced sensual -pleasure that incited a great desire to be whipped by her again. It was -only for fear of disturbing the lady, that Rousseau failed to make other -opportunities to experience this lustful, sensual feeling. One day, however, -he unintentionally gave cause for a whipping at Miss Lambercier’s -hands. This was the last; for Miss Lambercier must have noticed -something of the peculiar effect of the punishment; and from this time -on she did not allow the eight-year-old boy to sleep in her room. From -this time Rousseau felt a desire to have himself punished by ladies -pleasing to him, a la Lambercier; but he asserts that until his youth he -knew nothing of the relation of the sexes to each other. As is known, -Rousseau was first introduced to the real mysteries of love in his -thirtieth year, and lost his innocence through Madame de Warrens. -Until that time he had had only feelings and impulses attracting him to -woman, in the nature of passive flagellation and other masochistic ideas.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Rousseau describes, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">in extenso</span></i>, how he suffered, with his -great sexual desires, by reason of his peculiar sensuality, which -had undoubtedly been awakened by his whippings; for he -reveled in desire, and could not disclose his longings. It would -be erroneous, however, to suppose that Rousseau was concerned -merely with flagellation. Flagellation only awakened ideas of a -masochistic nature. At least, in these ideas lies the psychological -nucleus of his interesting study of self. The essential element -with Rousseau was the feeling of subjection to the woman. This -is clearly shown by the “Confessions,” in which he expressly -emphasizes that “<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Etre aux genoux d’une maitresse impérieuse, -obéir à ses ordres, avoir des pardons à lui demander,—etaient -pour moi de très douces jouissances.</span></i>”<a id='r65' /><a href='#f65' class='c009'><sup>[65]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'>This passage proves that the consciousness of subjection and -humiliation before the woman was the most important element.</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_121'>121</span>To be sure, Rousseau was himself in error in supposing -that this impulse to be humiliated before a woman had arisen -by association of ideas from the idea of flagellation:—</p> - -<p class='c010'>“<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">N’osant jamais déclarer mon goût, je l’amusais du moins -par des rapports qui m’en conservaient l’idée.</span>”<a id='r66' /><a href='#f66' class='c009'><sup>[66]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'>It is only in connection with the numerous cases of masochism, -the existence of which has now been established, and -among which there are so many that are in nowise connected -with flagellation, showing the primary and pure psychical character -of this instinct of subjection,—it is only in connection with -these cases that a complete insight into Rousseau’s case is obtained, -and the error detected into which he necessarily fell in -the analysis of his own condition.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Binet (<cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Revue Anthropologique</span></cite>, xxiv, p. 256), who analyzes -Rousseau’s case in detail, also justly calls attention to its -masochistic significance, when he says: “<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Ce qu’aime Rousseau -dans les femmes, ce n’est pas seulement le sourcil froncé, la -main levée, le regard sévère, l’attitude impérieuse, c’est aussi -l’état émotionnel, dont ces faits sont la traduction extérieure; -il aime la femme fière, dédaigneuse, l’écrasant à ses pieds du -poids de sa royale colère.</span>”<a id='r67' /><a href='#f67' class='c009'><sup>[67]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'>The solution of this enigmatical psychological fact Binet -finds in his assumption that it is an instance of fetichism, only -with the difference that the object of the fetichism—i.e., the -object of individual attraction (fetich)—is not a portion of the -body, like a hand or foot, but a mental peculiarity. This -enthusiasm he calls “<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">amour spiritualiste</span></i>,” in contrast with -“<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">amour plastique</span></i>,” as manifested in ordinary fetichism.</p> - -<p class='c010'>This deduction is acute, but it gives only a word with -which to designate a fact, not a solution of it. Whether an -explanation is possible will later occupy our attention.</p> - -<p class='c010'>There were also elements of masochism (and sadism) in the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_122'>122</span>celebrated, or notorious, French writer, C. P. Baudelaire, who -died insane.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Baudelaire came of an insane and eccentric family. From his youth -he was mentally abnormal. His vita sexualis was decidedly abnormal. -He had love-affairs with ugly, repulsive women,—negresses, dwarfs, -giantesses. About a very beautiful woman, he expressed the wish to see -her hung up by her hands, and to kiss her feet. This enthusiasm for the -naked foot also appears in one of his glowing poems as the equivalent of -sexual indulgence. He said women were animals who had to be shut up, -beaten, and fed well. The man displaying these masochistic and sadistic -inclinations died of paretic dementia. (Lombroso, “The Man of -Genius.”)</p> - -<p class='c010'>In scientific literature, the conditions that constitute masochism -have not received attention until recently. All there is -to mention is that Tarnowsky (“die Krankhaften Erscheinungen -des Geschlechtssinns,” Berlin, 1886) relates that he has known -happily married, intellectual men, who from time to time felt an -irresistible impulse to subject themselves to the coarsest, cynical -treatment,—to scoldings or blows from passive or active pederasts, -or prostitutes. It is worthy of remark that, in Tarnowsky’s -observation, in certain cases blows, even when they draw -blood, do not bring the result desired (virility, or at least ejaculation -during flagellation) by those given to passive flagellation. -“The individual must then be undressed by force, his -hands tied, fastened to a bench, etc., during which he fancies -that he makes opposition, scolds, and pretends to resist. Only -under such circumstances do the blows induce excitement that -leads to ejaculation.”</p> - -<p class='c010'>O. Zimmermann’s work, “Die Wonne des Leids,” Leipzig, -1885, also contributes much to this subject,<a id='r68' /><a href='#f68' class='c009'><sup>[68]</sup></a> taken from the -history and literature.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Of late the subject has been given much attention.</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_123'>123</span>A. Moll, in his work, “Die Conträre Sexualempfindung,” pp. -133 and 141 <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">et seq.</span></i>, Berlin, 1891, gives a number of cases of complete -masochism in individuals of contrary sexuality, and among -them the case of a man suffering with contrary sexual instinct, -who sent written instructions, containing twenty paragraphs, to -a man engaged for his purpose, who was to treat and abuse him -like a slave.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In June, 1891, Mr. Dimitri von Stefanowsky, Deputy Government -Attorney in Jaroslaw, Russia, informed me that, about -three years before, he had given his attention to the perversion -of the vita sexualis, designated “masochism” by me, and called -“passivism” by him; that a year and a half previously he had -prepared a paper on the subject for Professor von Kowalewsky -for the Russian <cite>Archives of Psychiatry</cite>; and that in November, -1888, he had read a paper on this subject, considered in -its legal and psychological aspects, before the Legal Society of -Moscow (printed in the <i><span lang="nl" xml:lang="nl">Juridischen Boten</span></i>, the organ of the -society, in numbers 6 to 8).</p> - -<p class='c010'>In later fiction the psycho-sexual perversion which forms -the subject of this study has been treated by Sacher-Masoch, -whose writings, already frequently alluded to, afford typical -pictures of the perverse mental life of men of this kind. Many -affected with this perversion refer directly to the writings of -Sacher-Masoch, as is seen from the foregoing cases, as typical -descriptions of their own psychical condition.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In “Nana,” Zola has a masochistic scene, and likewise in -“Eugène Rougon.” The latest “decadent” literature of -France and Germany is also largely concerned with the themes -of sadism and masochism. According to von Stefanowsky’s -statement, the modern Russian novel frequently treats the subject; -but the statements of the writer of travels, Johann Georg -Forster (1754–1794), show that this subject also played a <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i> in -Russian folk-songs.</p> - -<p class='c010'>(b) <em>Foot-and Shoe-Fetichists—Larvated Masochism.</em>—Following -the above-mentioned group of “symbolic” masochists, -who do not exactly desire abuse by women as the means of expression -of subjection, but all kinds of silly acts that can be -<span class='pageno' id='Page_124'>124</span>understood only through an acquaintance with the masochistic -circle of ideas, comes the very numerous class of foot- and shoe-fetichists.</p> - -<p class='c010'>By fetichists (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">v. infra</span></i>, 3) I understand individuals whose -sexual interest is confined exclusively to parts of the female body, -or to certain portions of female attire. One of the most frequent -forms of this fetichism is that in which the female foot or -shoe is the fetich, and becomes the exclusive object of sexual -feeling and desire. It is highly probable, and shown by a correct -classification of the observed cases, that the majority—and -perhaps all—of the cases of shoe-fetichism rest upon a basis of -more or less conscious masochistic desire for self-humiliation.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In Hammond’s case (Case 53) the satisfaction of a masochist -was found in being trod upon. In Cases 44 and 48, -they also had themselves trod upon; in Case 51, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">equus eroticus</span></i>, -the person loved a woman’s foot, etc. In the majority of cases -of masochism, the act of being trod upon with feet plays a -part<a id='r69' /><a href='#f69' class='c009'><sup>[69]</sup></a> as an easily accessible means of expressing the relation -of subjection.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Of the numerous established cases of shoe-fetichism, the -following one, reported by Dr. A. Moll, of Berlin, which corresponds -in many respects with Hammond’s case, but which is -described in more detail and more carefully observed, seems -especially suited to show the connection between masochism -and shoe-fetichism:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 60. O. L., aged 31, book-keeper in a city of Wurtemburg; -comes of a tainted family.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient is a large, powerful man, of ruddy appearance. In -general he is of a quiet temperament, but may become very violent on -occasion; he says himself that he is quarrelsome and inclined to assert -himself. L. is of a kindly disposition and generous; easily made to -weep. At school he passed for a talented pupil, with good powers of -comprehension. The patient at times has congestion of the head, but is -otherwise healthy, except that he is much depressed and melancholic as -a result of his sexual perversion, here to be described.</p> - -<p class='c015'>But little can be learned of any hereditary taint.</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_125'>125</span>The following facts concerning the development of his sexual life -are gathered from the patient’s own statements:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>In very early youth—in fact, when he was eight or nine years old—L. -had the desire to lick his teacher’s boots like a dog. L. thinks it possible -that this thought was excited in him by his once seeing a dog -actually do this, but he cannot state this with certainty; and it seems -much more certain to the patient that the first ideas of this kind came -in a waking state, not in dreams.</p> - -<p class='c015'>From his tenth to his fourteenth year he constantly sought to -touch the shoes of his fellow-pupils, and also those of little girls; but -for this purpose he always chose boys who had wealthy and prominent -parents. One of these, the son of a rich landed proprietor, had riding-boots; -in the boy’s absence L. took these in his hands, struck himself -with them, and pressed them against his face. L. did the same thing with -the elegant boots of an officer of dragoons.</p> - -<p class='c015'>After the beginning of puberty the desire was transferred exclusively -to the boots of females. Thus, while skating, the patient’s attention was -entirely occupied with putting on and taking off skates for ladies; but he -always chose only such women as were rich and prominent socially, wearing -elegant boots. In the street and everywhere L. constantly looked for -elegant boots. His love for them went so far that he often put in his -purse, and even in his mouth, the sand and mud that bore their imprints. -As a boy of fourteen L. visited brothels; and he often visited a <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">café -chantant</span></i> solely to excite himself with the sight of elegant boots (low shoes -were less attractive). In his school-books and on the walls of closets, -L. drew boots. In the theatre he saw nothing but the shoes of the ladies. -For hours at a time, in the street and on board steam-boats, L. would run -after ladies wearing elegant boots; and he thought with delight of how -he might get a chance to touch the boots. This peculiar love for boots -remains unchanged. <em>The thought to have himself trod upon by ladies in -their boots, or to kiss the boots, gives L. the most intense sensual delight.</em> -Before shoe-stores he will stand and stand, merely to look at the boots. -He is particularly excited by their elegance.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient prefers high-buttoned or laced boots with high heels; -but less elegant boots, even with low heels, also excite him, if their wearer -is a wealthy, distinguished, and proud lady.</p> - -<p class='c015'>At the age of twenty L. attempted coitus; but, “in spite of the -greatest efforts,” as he believes, he was not successful. During the -attempt the patient had no thought of shoes; on the contrary, he had -first sought to excite himself sexually with shoes, and he asserts that -too great excitement was to blame for his want of success in coitus. Up -to this time, being thirty-one years old, he has attempted coitus only four -or five times, and always in vain.</p> - -<p class='c015'>On one occasion the patient, already much to be pitied on account -of his disease, had the misfortune to contract syphilis. In reply to the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_126'>126</span>question as to what he regarded as the most lustful act, the patient said: -“<em>It is my greatest delight to lie naked on the floor and have myself trod -upon by girls wearing elegant boots</em>; but, of course, this is possible only -in brothels.” Moreover, according to the patient’s statements, these -sexual perversions of men are well known in many houses of prostitution,—a -proof that these are not so very infrequent. The prostitutes -call these men “boot-lovers.” But the patient has only very infrequently -had the lustful act actually performed, notwithstanding the fact -that it is most beautiful and pleasant to him. The patient has no -thoughts that impel to intercourse; at least, not in the sense of immissio -penis in vagina,—an act that affords him no pleasure whatever. -Indeed, he has gradually developed a fear of coitus, which may be -sufficiently explained by his numerous unsuccessful attempts; for the -patient says himself that his inability to complete coitus embarrassed -him exceedingly. The patient has never practiced real onanism. With -the exception of a few occasions on which the patient satisfied his -sexual desire by onanism with boots or in a similar way, he is innocent -of such satisfaction; for, in the excitement with boots, there is scarcely -ever anything more than erection; at most, only a slight discharge of -fluid takes place slowly, which the patient takes to be semen.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Simply a shoe, worn by no one, excites him when he sees it, but -not nearly as intensely as when it is worn by a woman. New shoes that -have not been worn excite him much less than those that have been -used; but they must be free from wear and look as new as possible. -Shoes of this kind excite him the most. As has been said, ladies’ boots -excite him when they are not on the feet. Under such circumstances, -in fancy, L. creates a lady for them; he presses them to his lips and on -his penis. He would “die with delight” if a proud, respectable lady -were to tread upon him with her shoes.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Aside from the previously mentioned characteristics of the women -(pride, wealth, social prominence), which, in connection with the elegance -of the boots, constitute an especial stimulus, the patient is by no means -indifferent to the physical charms of the female sex. He is enthusiastic -about beautiful women without thinking of boots, but this love is not -directed to sexual satisfaction. The bodily charms play a part even in -connection with the boots; a homely old woman, even wearing the most -elegant boots, cannot affect the patient. The rest of the attire and other -circumstances also play an essential <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i>, as is shown by the fact that -elegant boots worn by proud, distinguished women especially excite the -patient. A common servant-girl, in her working-dress, even in the most -elegant shoes, would not excite him. Men’s shoes and boots no longer -affect the patient; and he never in the slightest degree feels himself -attracted to men sexually.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Yet the patient has erections very easily. When he takes a child -in his lap, when he pats a dog or horse for some time, when he travels -<span class='pageno' id='Page_127'>127</span>on the cars, or when he rides,—erections occur. In the latter case he -thinks it is due to the shaking. He has erections every morning; and -he can induce erection in a very short time by thinking of the act with -boots that is so pleasing to him. Pollutions formerly occurred frequently -at night—about every three or four weeks; now they are more -infrequent, occurring once about every three months.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In his erotic dreams the patient is almost always sexually excited -by the same thoughts that excite him in the waking state. For some -time he thinks he has felt ejaculation during erection; but he draws this -conclusion only from feeling a little moisture at the end of the penis. -Books touching the sphere of the patient’s sexual ideas especially excite -him. Thus, in reading “Venus in Furs,”<a id='r70' /><a href='#f70' class='c009'><sup>[70]</sup></a> by Sacher-Masoch, he is so -excited “that the semen just <em>runs</em> away from him.” Moreover, with -L., this kind of ejaculation, while reading, is a decided satisfaction of -his sexual desire. My question, whether blows received from a woman’s -hand would also excite him, the patient thinks he would have to answer -in the affirmative. The patient has never made any such trial, but playful -taps had, at any rate, always been very pleasing to him.</p> - -<p class='c015'>It would afford the patient a particularly intense pleasure if he -were to be kicked by a woman, even without shoes, and with bare feet. -He does not think that the blows, as such, would cause the excitement, -but rather the thought of being maltreated by a woman; and this might -follow scolding as well as actual blows. Besides, blows and cross words -had an exciting effect only when they came from a proud and distinguished -lady. In general it is the <em>feeling of humiliation and slavish -subjection</em> that gives the patient lustful pleasure. “Were a lady,” the -patient tells me, “to command me to wait on her, even with distant coldness, -I should, nevertheless, feel sensual pleasure.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>To the question, whether with boots the feeling of humiliation came -over him, the patient answers: “I think that this general passion for self-humiliation -has been concentrated especially on ladies’ boots; for it is -symbolic of one’s being ‘unworthy to loosen the latchet of another’s -shoe’; and, besides, a subject kneels.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>Women’s stockings also have an exciting effect on the patient, but -only to a slight extent, and perhaps only through awakening an idea of -boots. The patient’s passion for ladies’ boots had constantly increased, -but of late years he thought he had noticed a diminution of it. He -seldom visits public women, and is also more capable of self-restraint. -Yet this passion still rules him absolutely, and every other pleasure is -spoiled by it. A pretty female boot could attract his glance from the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_128'>128</span>most beautiful landscape. At the present time he often goes about at -night in the corridors of hotels,<a id='r71' /><a href='#f71' class='c009'><sup>[71]</sup></a> seeking elegant ladies’ shoes, which he -kisses and presses against his face and neck, but principally against his -penis.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient, who is very well-to-do, a short time ago went voluntarily -to Italy, only with the thought of becoming the servant of a rich -and distinguished lady unacquainted with him; but the plan failed. The -patient, who came only for consultation, has not yet been treated -medically.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The foregoing history reaches almost to the present time, and in the -interval he has made me communications by letter concerning his condition. -It does not require an extensive commentary. It seems to me to -be one of the best cases to illustrate the relationship between shoe-fetichism -and masochism, as set forth by von Krafft-Ebing.<a id='r72' /><a href='#f72' class='c009'><sup>[72]</sup></a> The principal -charm for the patient, as he, without leading questions, always emphasizes, -is his subjection to a woman, who, in pride and position, must -be as far above him as possible.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Such cases, in which, within a fully-developed circle of -masochistic ideas, the foot and the shoe or boot of a woman, conceived -as a means of humiliation, have become the objects of -especial sexual interest, are numerous. Through numerous degrees -that are easily discriminated, they form the demonstrable -transition to other cases in which the masochistic inclinations -retreat more and more to the background, and little by little pass -beyond the threshold of consciousness; while the interest in -women’s shoes, apparently absolutely inexplicable, alone remains -in consciousness. The latter are the numerous cases of shoe-fetichism. -These very frequent cases of shoe-lovers, which, like -all cases of fetichism, possess forensic interest (theft of shoes), -occupy a position midway between masochism and fetichism. -The majority or all may be looked upon as instances of larvated -masochism (the motive remaining unconscious) in which <em>the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_129'>129</span>female foot or shoe, as the masochist’s fetich</em>, has acquired an -independent significance.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Next come two cases in which the female shoe possesses -a subordinate interest, but in which unmistakable masochistic -desires play an important part (comp. Case 44):—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 61. Mr. X. aged 25, parents healthy, never sick before, places -the following autobiography at my disposal: “I began to practice onanism -at the age of ten, without ever having any lustful thoughts during -the act. Yet at that time—I am sure of this—the sight and touch of -girls’ elegant boots had a peculiar charm for me; my greatest desire -was also to wear such shoes,—a wish that was occasionally fulfilled at masquerades. -But I was also troubled by a very different thought: <em>My ideal -was to see myself in a position of humiliation; I would gladly have been -a slave</em>, and whipped; in short, I wished to receive the treatment that one -finds described in many stories of slavery. I do not know whether the -reading of such stories gave rise to my wish, or whether it arose spontaneously.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Puberty began at the age of thirteen; with the occurrence of ejaculation -lustful pleasure increased, and I masturbated more frequently, -often two or three times a day. From my twelfth to my sixteenth year, -during the act of onanism, I always had the idea that I was forced to -wear girls’ boots. The sight of an elegant boot, on the foot of a girl -at all pretty, intoxicated me; I inhaled the odor of the leather with -avidity. In order to smell leather during the act of onanism, I bought -a pair of leathern cuffs, which I smelled while I masturbated. My enthusiasm -for ladies’ leathern shoes remains the same to-day; only, since -my seventeenth year, it has been coupled with the <em>wish to become a servant, -to blacken shoes for distinguished ladies, to put on and take off -their shoes for them, etc.</em></p> - -<p class='c015'>“My dreams at night are made up of shoe-scenes: either I stand -before the show-window of a shoe-store regarding the elegant ladies’ -shoes,—particularly buttoned shoes,—or I lie at a lady’s feet and smell and -lick her shoes. For about a year I have given up onanism and go ad -puellas; coitus takes place through intense thought of ladies’ buttoned -shoes; or, if necessary, I take the shoe of the puella to bed with me. I -have never suffered from my former onanism. I learn easily, have a good -memory, and have never had headache in my life. This much concerning -myself.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“A few words about my brother: I am thoroughly convinced that -he is also a shoe-fetichist. Of the many facts that demonstrate this to -me, it is only necessary to mention that it is a great pleasure for him to -have a certain cousin (a very beautiful girl) tread upon him. As for the -rest, I might undertake to tell whether a man who stands before a shoe-store, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_130'>130</span>and regards the shoes on exhibition, is a “foot-lover” or not. This -anomaly is uncommonly frequent. When in the circle of my acquaintance -I turn the conversation to the question of what woman’s charm is, -I very frequently hear it said that it is much more in attire than in -nudity; but every one is careful not to reveal his especial fetich. I -think an uncle of mine is also a shoe-fetichist.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case. 62. Reported by Mantegazza in his “Anthropological Studies,” -1886, p 110. X., American, of good family, mentally and morally well -constituted; from the beginning of puberty capable of being excited sexually -only by a woman’s shoe. Her body and naked or stockinged foot -made no impression on him; but the foot, when covered with the shoe, or a -shoe alone, induced erection and even ejaculation. Sight alone was sufficient -for him in the case of elegant shoes,—<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">i.e.</span></i>, shoes of black leather, -buttoning up the side, and having very high heels. His sexual desire -was powerfully excited by touching, kissing, or drawing on such shoes. -His enjoyment was increased by driving nails through the soles so that -their points would penetrate his feet while walking. This caused him -terrible pain, but he had real lustful feeling at the same time. His greatest -enjoyment was to kneel down before the elegantly-clad feet of ladies and -have them step on him. If the wearer were an ugly woman, the shoes -would not affect him, and his fancy would cool. If the patient had shoes -alone at his disposal, his fancy would create a beautiful woman wearing -them, and ejaculation would result. His nightly dreams were of the shoes -of beautiful women. He considered the exposure of ladies’ shoes in show-windows -immoral; while talk about the nature of woman seemed to him -harmless, but in bad taste. X. attempted coitus several times without -success; ejaculation never occurred.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In the following case the masochistic element is also plain -enough, as is also the sadistic (comp. “Torture of Animals,” -under “Sadism”):—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 63. A young, powerful man, aged 26. Nothing in the opposite -sex excites his sensual feeling except elegant shoes on the feet of a -handsome woman, especially when they are made of black leather and -have high heels. The shoes without the wearer are sufficient. It gives -him the greatest pleasure to see, touch, and kiss them. The feminine -foot, when bare or covered with a stocking, has no effect on him. Since -childhood he has had a weakness for ladies’ fine shoes.</p> - -<p class='c015'>X. is potent; during the sexual act the female must be elegantly -dressed and, above all, have on pretty shoes. At the height of sensual -excitement cruel thoughts about the shoes arise. He is forced to think -with delight of the death-agonies of the animal from which the leather -was taken. Sometimes he is impelled to take chickens and other animals -with him to Phryne, in order to have her tread on them with her pretty -<span class='pageno' id='Page_131'>131</span>shoes for his pleasure. He calls this “sacrificing to the feet of Venus.” -At other times he has the woman walk on him with her shoes on, the -harder the better.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Until the last year it was sufficient—since he did not take the slightest -sensual pleasure in women—to caress ladies’ shoes that pleased him, -thus attaining ejaculation and complete satisfaction. (Lombroso, <cite><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">Archiv -di Psichiatria</span></cite>, ix, fascic. iii.)</p> - -<p class='c010'>The following case reminds one of the third of this series, -on account of the interest in the nails of the shoes (as capable of -inflicting pain); and of the fourth, on account of the slight -accompanying sadistic element:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 64. X., aged 34, married; of neuropathic parentage; suffered -severely from convulsions as a child; remarkably precocious, but one-sided -in development (could read at age of three); nervous from childhood. At -the age of seven he manifested an inclination to handle shoes, especially -the nails of women’s shoes. The mere sight, but still more the touching, -of the shoe-nails and counting them, gave him indescribable pleasure.</p> - -<p class='c015'>At night he gave himself up to imagining how his cousins had -their measures taken for shoes; how he nailed horse-shoes on to one of -them or cut her feet off. In time the shoe-scenes came upon him during -the day, and involuntarily induced erection and ejaculation. Frequently -he took the shoes of female occupants of the house; and if he touched -them with his penis he had an ejaculation. For a long time, when a -student, it was possible for him to control his ideas and inclinations; but -there came a time when he was compelled to listen to female footsteps on -the pavements, which, like the sight of the nail-marks in ladies’ shoes, or -the sight of shoes in the windows of the shoe-shops, always gave him a -feeling of lustful pleasure. He married, and during the first months of -his married life was free from these desires.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Gradually he became hysteropathic and neurasthenic. At this stage -he began to have hysterical attacks when the shoemaker spoke to him of -nails in ladies’ shoes or of driving nails in the same. The reaction was -still greater if he chanced to see a pretty lady with shoes well beset with -nails. In order to induce ejaculation it was only necessary for him to cut -soles out of pasteboard and beset them with nails; or he would buy ladies’ -shoes, have them beset with nails in the store, and at home scrape them -on the ground, and finally touch the end of his penis with them. Moreover, -lustful shoe-visions occurred spontaneously, in which he satisfied -himself by masturbation.</p> - -<p class='c015'>X. is otherwise intelligent, skillful in his calling, but powerless in -combating his perverse inclinations. He presents phimosis; penis short, -expanded at the root, and incapable of complete erection. One day the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_132'>132</span>patient allowed himself to masturbate when excited by the sight of ladies’ -shoes beset with nails in the window of a shoe-shop, and thus became a -criminal. (Blanche, <cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Archiv. de Neurologie</span></cite>, 1882, Nr. 22.)</p> - -<p class='c010'>Reference may be made here to a case of contrary sexuality, -to be described later, in which the principal sexual interest -was in the boots of male servants. The desire was to be trod -upon by them.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 65. (Dr. Pascal, “Igiene dell’ amore.”) X., merchant, from -time to time (but particularly in bad weather) had the following desire: -He would accost some prostitute and ask her to go to a shoe-shop with -him, where he would buy her the handsomest pair of shoes of patent -leather, under the condition that she would put them on immediately. -After this took place, she had to go about in the street, walking in -manure and mud as much as possible, in order to soil the shoes. After -this, X. would lead the person to an hotel, and, almost before they had -reached a room, he would cast himself on her feet, feeling an extraordinary -pleasure in applying his lips to them. When he had cleansed the -shoes in this manner, he paid her and went his way.</p> - -<p class='c010'>From these cases it may be plainly seen that the shoe is the -fetich of the masochist, and apparently because of the relation -of the dressed female foot to the idea of being trod upon and -other acts of humiliation. When, therefore, in other cases of -shoe-fetichism, the female shoe appears alone as the excitant -of sexual desire, one is justified in presuming that masochistic -motives have remained latent. The idea of being trod upon, -etc., remains in the depths of unconscious life, and the idea of -the shoe alone, the means for such acts, rises into consciousness. -Cases that are otherwise wholly inexplicable are thus sufficiently -explained. Here one has to do with larvated masochism; and -this may always be assumed as the unconscious motive, when, -as occurs not exceptionally, the origin of the fetichism, from an -association of ideas on the occasion of some particular event, -can be proved, as in Cases 87 and 88.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Such cases of desire for ladies’ shoes, without conscious -motive and without demonstrable origin, are really innumerable.<a id='r73' /><a href='#f73' class='c009'><sup>[73]</sup></a> -Three cases are here given as examples:—</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_133'>133</span>Case 66. Minister, aged 50. From time to time he goes to houses -of prostitution and asks to rent a room. He enters it with a girl. Then -he lustfully regards her shoes, takes one off and kisses and bites it. -Finally, he puts it ad genitalia and ejaculat semen semineque ejaculato -axillas pectusque terit; then he comes out of his sensual ecstasy. He -begs the woman to allow him to keep the shoe for a few days, and always, -at the appointed time, returns it with thanks (Cantarano, <cite><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">La Psichiatria</span></cite>, -v, p. 205).</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 67. Student, Z., aged 23; comes of a tainted family. Sister -was insane; brother suffered with hysteria virilis. The patient, peculiar -from childhood, has frequent attacks of hypochondriacal depression, -tædium vitæ, and feels that he is persecuted. In a consultation on -account of mental trouble, I find him a very perverse, hereditarily predisposed -man, with neurasthenic and hypochondriacal symptoms. A -suspicion of masturbation is confirmed. Patient makes interesting disclosures -concerning his vita sexualis. At the age of ten he was powerfully -attracted by the foot of one of his comrades. At twelve he became -an enthusiast for ladies’ feet. It gave him a delightful sensation to revel -in the sight of them. At fourteen he began to masturbate, thinking, at -the same time, of the beautiful foot of a lady. From this time on he -was taken with the feet of his three-year-old sister. The feet of other -females that attracted him induced sexual excitement. Only women’s -feet—no other part of them—interested him. The thought of sexual -intercourse with women excited his disgust. He had never attempted -coitus. After his twelfth year he had no interest in the feet of male -individuals. The style of covering of the female foot is indifferent to -him; it is only necessary that the person seem to be sympathetic. The -thought of enjoying the feet of prostitutes was disgusting to him. For -years he had been in love with his sister’s feet. If he could but obtain -her shoes, the sight of them powerfully excited his sensuality. Kissing -or embracing his sister did not have this effect. His greatest delight -was to embrace and kiss the foot of a sympathetic woman, when ejaculation -would result with a lively pleasurable sensation. Often he was -impelled to touch his genitals with one of his sister’s shoes; but he had -been able, thus far, to master this impulse, especially for the reason that -for two years (owing to progressive irritable weakness of the genitals) -the simple sight of the foot had induced ejaculation. From his relatives -it is ascertained that the patient has a silly admiration for the feet of -his sister; so that she avoids him and seeks to hide her feet from him. -The patient looks upon his perverse sexual impulse as pathological, and -is painfully affected by the fact that his vile fancy has for its object his -sister’s foot. He avoided opportunity as much as he could, and sought -to help the matter by masturbation when, as in dreams accompanied by -pollution, ladies’ feet filled his imagination. However, when the impulse -became too powerful he could not avoid gaining a partial sight of his -<span class='pageno' id='Page_134'>134</span>sister’s foot. Immediately after ejaculation he would become angry -with himself at having been weak again. His partiality for his sister’s -foot had cost him many a sleepless night. He often wondered that he -could still love his sister. Although it seemed right to him that she -should conceal her feet from him, yet he was often irritated because -the concealment caused him to have pollutions. The patient gives -assurances of being moral in other respects, which are confirmed by his -relatives.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 68. S., New York, is accused of being a street-thief. Numerous -cases of insanity in his ancestry; father, brother, and sister mentally -abnormal. At seven years, violent cerebral concussion twice. At -thirteen, struck with a beam. At fourteen S. had violent attacks of -headache. Accompanying these attacks, or immediately after them, peculiar -impulse to take the shoes of female members of the family—as a -rule, those belonging to one member—and hide them in some out-of-the-way -corner. Taken to task, he would lie, or declare that he had no -memory of the affair. The passion for shoes was unconquerable, and -made its appearance every three or four months. On one occasion he -attempted to take the shoe from the foot of one of the servants, and on -another he stole his sister’s shoe from her sleeping-apartment. In the -spring two ladies had their shoes torn from their feet in the open street. -In August S. left his home early in the morning to go to his work as a -printer. A moment afterward he tore the shoe from a girl’s foot in -the open street, fled to his place of work, and there was arrested as a street-thief. -He declared that he did not know much of his act; that it had -come upon him like a stroke of lightning, at the sight of a shoe, that he -must possess himself of it, but for what purpose he did not know. He -had acted while in a state of unconsciousness. The shoe, as he correctly -indicated, was found in his coat. In confinement he was so much excited -mentally that an outbreak of insanity was feared. Discharged, he stole -his wife’s shoes while she slept. His moral character and habits of life -were blameless. He was an intelligent workman; but irregularity of -employment, that soon followed, made him confused and incapable of -work. Pardoned. (Nichols, <cite>Am. Journal of Insanity</cite>, 1859; Beck, -“Med. Jurisprudence,” vol. i, p. 732, 1860.)</p> - -<p class='c010'>Dr. Pascal (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>) has some similar cases, and many others -have been mentioned to me by colleagues and patients.</p> - -<p class='c010'>(c) <em>Disgusting Acts for the Purpose of Self-Humiliation -and Sexual Gratification</em>—<em>Larvated Masochism.</em>—There are -numerous established cases in which perverted men are thrown -into sexual excitement by the secretions, or even the excretions, -of women, and try to see and touch them. Probably in these -cases there is almost always an unconscious masochistic impulse,—pleasure -<span class='pageno' id='Page_135'>135</span>in the most extreme humiliation of self, and desire -to experience it.</p> - -<p class='c010'>This connection is made perfectly clear by the confessions -of those affected with this repugnant perversion. Case 88 of -the sixth edition—that of an individual affected with contrary -sexuality, which is later described—is here instructive. -The subject of this case not only revels in the thought of being -the slave of the beloved man, and refers on this point to Sacher-Masoch’s -“Venus in Furs,” sed etiam sibi fingit amatum poscere -ut crepidas sudore diffluentes olfaciat ejusque stercore -vescatur. Deinde narrat, quia non habeat, quæ confingat et -exoptet, eorum loco suas crepidas sudore infectas olfacere suoque -stercore vesci, inter quæ facta pene errecto se voluptate perturbari -semenque ejaculari.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The masochistic significance of a disgusting act in the following -case, communicated by a professional friend, is clear:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 69. H. v. G., landed proprietor; major; died in his sixtieth -year; came of a family in which irresponsibility, tendency to run in debt, -and defect of morals are hereditary. In his youth he was given to most -reckless dissipation (he was known as the leader of “naked balls”). He -was always of a cynical and brutal nature, though punctilious and exact -in his military service, which, on account of a disreputable affair that -was not made known, he had to leave, and he lived in private life seventeen -years. Untrammeled by the necessity to earn his living, he led everywhere -the life of a man-of-the-town, and was everywhere avoided on -account of his lascivious nature. His ostracism by the best society, -which, in spite of his independence, he noticed, caused him to prefer the -ordinary society of fakirs, artisans, and loafers. It cannot be ascertained -that he had sexual intercourse with men, but it is certain that in his -later years he arranged symposiums with mixed company and was known -as a <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">roué</span></i>. In the last few years of his life he was accustomed to hang -about new buildings in the evening, and of the women working there he -would ask the dirtiest to accompany him. It is certain that he had the -woman undress, and then he would suck her toes, his libido being excited -and satisfied by the act.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Cantarano also reports a case in <cite><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">La Psichiatria</span></cite>, v year, p. -207, in which, preceding the act, apparently from a similar -cause, there was biting and sucking of a woman’s toes in as -filthy a state as possible.</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_136'>136</span>Several cases have come to my knowledge in which, with -other masochistic acts (maltreatment, humiliation), such disgusting -desires were entertained; and the confessions of the individuals -left no doubt of their significance.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Such cases prepare the way to an understanding of others -which are absolutely incomprehensible without the connection -with the masochistic desire for humiliation.<a id='r74' /><a href='#f74' class='c009'><sup>[74]</sup></a> It is probable, however, -that this impulse, in its actual significance, remains unknown -to the perverted individual, and only the desire for disgusting -things rises into consciousness,—again larvated masochism.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Other cases of Cantarano’s (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">loc. cit.</span></i>) belong here: mictio -even defæcatio puellæ ad linguam viri ante actum; consumption -of confects smelling like fæces, in order to become potent; and -also the following case, likewise communicated to me by a -physician:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 70. A Russian prince, who was very decrepit, was accustomed -to have his mistress turn her back to him and defecate on his breast; this -being the only way in which he could excite the remnant of libido.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Another supported a mistress in unusually brilliant style, with the -condition that she eat marchpane exclusively. Ut libidinosus fiat et ejaculare -possit excrementa feminæ ore excipit. A Brazilian physician tells -me of several cases of defæcatio feminæ in os viri that have come to his -knowledge. Such cases occur everywhere, and are not at all infrequent. -All kinds of secretions—saliva, nasal mucus, and even aural cerumen—are -used in this way and swallowed with pleasure; and oscula ad -nates and even ad anum are indulged in. Dr. Moll (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>, p. 135) -reports the same thing of a man affected with contrary sexuality. The -perverse desire to practice cunnilingus, which is very wide-spread, probably -frequently has its root in masochistic impulses.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Palanda (<cite><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">Archivio di Psichiatria.</span></cite> x, fascicolo 3, 4) relates -the following case:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 71. W., aged 45, predisposed, was given to masturbation at -the age of eight. A decimo sexto anno libidines suas bibendo recentem -feminarum urinam satiavit. Tanta erat voluptas urinam bibentis ut nec -aliquid olfaceret nec saperet, hæc faciens. After drinking he always -<span class='pageno' id='Page_137'>137</span>experienced disgust and ill-feeling, and made firm resolutions to do it no -more in the future. Once he had the same pleasure in drinking the urine -of a nine-year-old boy, with whom he once practiced fellatio. The patient -suffers with epileptic insanity.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The cases described in this group form the complete counterpart -to group “<em>d</em>” of the sadists.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Still other older cases belong here, which Tardieu (“Étude médico-légale -sur les attentats aux mœurs,” p. 206) observed in senile individuals. -He describes as “Renifleurs” persons “qui in secretos locos nimirum -theatrorum pasticos convenientes quo complures feminæ ad micturiendum -festinant, per nares urinali odore excitati, illico se invicem polluunt.” -The “Stercoraires” that Taxil (“La prostitution contemporaine”) -mentions are, in relation to this subject, unique.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Finally, space is here given to the following case, reported -to me by a physician:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 72. A notary, known from his youth to those about him as -peculiar and misanthropic. During his school-days he was given to -masturbation. According to his own story, he excited his sexual desire -by spreading out on the cover of his bed pieces of toilet-paper that he -had used, induced erection by regarding and smelling them, and then -practiced masturbation. After his death, by the side of his bed, there -was found a large basket of such papers, with the dates marked on them. -Here there were probably fancies of the nature of the above-mentioned acts.</p> - -<p class='c010'>(d) <em>Masochism in Women.</em>—In woman voluntary subjection -to the opposite sex is a physiological phenomenon. Owing to -her passive <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i> in procreation and long-existent social conditions, -ideas of subjection are, in woman, normally connected -with the idea of sexual relations. So to speak, they form the -harmonics which determine the tone-quality of feminine feeling.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Any one conversant with the history of civilization knows -in what a state of absolute subjection woman was always kept -until a relatively high degree of civilization was reached;<a id='r75' /><a href='#f75' class='c009'><sup>[75]</sup></a> and -an attentive observer of life may still easily recognize how the -custom of unnumbered generations, in connection with the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_138'>138</span>passive <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i> with which woman has been endowed by Nature, -has given her an instinctive inclination to voluntary subordination -to man; he will notice that exaggeration of customary -gallantry is very distasteful to women, and that a deviation -from it in the direction of masterful behavior, though loudly -reprehended, is often accepted with secret satisfaction.<a id='r76' /><a href='#f76' class='c009'><sup>[76]</sup></a> Under -the veneer of polite society the instinct of feminine servitude is -everywhere discernible.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Thus it is easy to regard masochism in general as a pathological -growth of specific feminine mental elements,—as an -abnormal intensification of certain features of the psycho-sexual -character of woman,—and to seek its primary origin in that -sex (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">v. infra</span></i>, p. 145). It may, however, be held to be established -that, in woman, an inclination to subordination to man -(which may be regarded as an acquired, purposeful arrangement, -a phenomenon of adaptation to social requirements) is to -a certain extent a normal manifestation.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The reason that, under such circumstances, the “poetry” -of the symbolic act of subjection is not reached, lies partly in -the fact that man has not the vanity of that weakling who -would use blows to display his power (as the love-serving -knights did with the ladies of the Middle Ages), but prefers -to demonstrate his real advantages. The barbarian has his wife -plow for him, and the civilized lover speculates about her dowry; -she willingly endures both.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Cases of pathological increase of this instinct of subjection, in -the sense of feminine masochism, are probably frequent enough, -but custom represses their manifestation. Many young women -like nothing better than to kneel before their husbands or lovers. -Among all Slavs of the lower classes it is said that the wives -feel hurt if they are not beaten by their husbands. A Hungarian -officer informs me that peasant women of the Somogy’er -Comitates do not think they are loved by their husbands until -they have received the first box on the ear as a sign of love.</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_139'>139</span>It would probably be difficult for the physician to find -cases of feminine masochism. Subjective and objective restraints—modesty -and custom—naturally constitute, in women, -insurmountable obstacles to the expression of perverse sexual -instinct. Thus it happens that, up to the present time, but one -case of masochism in a woman has been scientifically established; -and this is accompanied by circumstances that obscure it.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 73. Miss v. X., Russian, aged 35; of greatly predisposed family. -For some years she has been in the initial stage of paranoia persecutoria. -This sprang from cerebro-spinal neurasthenia, the origin of which is found -to be sexual hyper-excitation. Since her twenty-fourth year she has been -given to masturbation. As a result of disappointment in an engagement -and intense sexual excitement, she began to practice masturbation and psychical -onanism. <em>Inclination toward persons of her own sex never occurred.</em> -The patient says: “At the age of six or eight I conceived a desire to be -whipped. Since I had never been whipped, and had never been present -when others were thus punished, I cannot understand how I came to -have this strange desire. I can only think that it is congenital. With -these ideas of being whipped I had a feeling of actual delight, and pictured -in my fancy how fine it would be to be whipped by one of my -female friends. I never had any thought of being whipped by a man. I -reveled in the idea, and never attempted any actual realization of my -fancies. These disappeared after my tenth year. Only when I read -“Rousseau’s Confessions,” at the age of thirty-four, did I understand -what my longing for whippings meant, and that my abnormal ideas were -like those of Rousseau. Since my tenth year I have never had any -more such fancies.”</p> - -<p class='c010'>On account of its original character and the reference to -Rousseau, this case may with certainty be called a case of -masochism. The fact that it is a female friend that is conceived -in imagination as whipping her, is explained by the circumstance -that the masochistic desire was here present in the mind -of a child before the psychical vita sexualis had developed and -the instinct for the male had been awakened. Contrary sexual -instinct is here expressly excluded.</p> - -<h5 class='c020'><span class='sc'>An Attempt to Explain Masochism.</span></h5> - -<p class='c017'>The facts of masochism are certainly among the most interesting -in the domain of psychopathology. An attempt to -<span class='pageno' id='Page_140'>140</span>explain them must first seek to distinguish in them the essential -from the unessential. The distinguishing characteristic in masochism -is certainly the unlimited subjection to the will of a person -of the opposite sex (in sadism, on the contrary, the unlimited -mastery of this person), with the awakening and accompaniment -of lustful sexual feelings to the degree of orgasm. From -all that has preceded it is clear that the particular manner in -which this relation of subjection or domination is expressed (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">v. -supra</span></i>), whether in simply symbolic acts, or whether there is -also a desire to suffer pain at the hands of a person of the opposite -sex, is a subordinate matter.</p> - -<p class='c010'>While sadism may be looked upon as a pathological intensification -of the masculine sexual character in its psychical -peculiarities, masochism rather represents a pathological degeneration -of the distinctive psychical peculiarities of woman. But -masculine masochism is undoubtedly frequent; and it is this that -most frequently comes under observation and almost exclusively -makes up the series of observed cases. The reason for this has -been previously stated (p. 139).</p> - -<p class='c010'>Two sources of masochism can be distinguished in the -sphere of normal phenomena. The first is, that in the state -of lustful excitement every impression made by the person -giving rise to the sexual stimulus, independently of the nature -of its action, is pleasing to the individual excited.</p> - -<p class='c010'>It is entirely physiological that playful taps and light blows -should be taken for caresses,</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“Like the lover’s pinch which hurts and is desired.”<a id='r77' /><a href='#f77' class='c009'><sup>[77]</sup></a></div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c021'>From here the step is not long to a state where the wish to experience -a very intense impression at the hands of the consort leads -to a desire for blows, etc., in cases of pathological intensification -of lust; for pain is always a ready means for producing an intense -bodily impression. Just as in sadism the sexual emotion leads -to a state of exaltation in which the excessive motor excitement -implicates neighboring nervous tracts; so in masochism an -ecstatic state arises, in which the rising flood of a single emotion -<span class='pageno' id='Page_141'>141</span>ravenously devours and covers with lust every impression coming -from the beloved person.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The second and, indeed, the most important source of -masochism is to be sought in a wide-spread phenomenon, which, -though it is extraordinary and abnormal, by no means lies -within the domain of sexual perversion.</p> - -<p class='c010'>I here refer to the very prevalent fact that in innumerable -instances, which occur in all varieties, one individual becomes -dependent on another of the opposite sex, in a very extraordinary -and remarkable manner,—even to the loss of all independent -will; a dependence which forces the party in subjection to -acts and suffering which greatly prejudice personal interest, and -often enough to offense against both morality and law.</p> - -<p class='c010'>This dependence, however, differs from the manifestations -of normal life only in the intensity of the sexual feeling that -here comes in play, and in the slight degree of will-power necessary -for the maintenance of its equilibrium. The difference is -one of intensity, not of quality, as in masochistic manifestations.</p> - -<p class='c010'>This dependence of one person upon another of the opposite -sex, that is abnormal but not perverse,—a phenomena possessing -great interest when regarded from a forensic stand-point,—I -designate “<em>sexual bondage</em>;”<a id='r78' /><a href='#f78' class='c009'><sup>[78]</sup></a> for the relations and circumstances -attending it have in all respects the character of bondage. -The will of the ruling individual dominates that of the person -in subjection, just as a master’s does his bondsman’s.<a id='r79' /><a href='#f79' class='c009'><sup>[79]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'>This “sexual bondage,” as has been said, is certainly an -abnormal phenomenon. It begins with the first deviation from -the normal. The degree of dependence of one person upon -another, or of two upon each other, resulting from individual -peculiarity in the intensity of motives that in themselves are -<span class='pageno' id='Page_142'>142</span>normal, constitutes the normal standard established by law and -custom. Sexual bondage is not a perverse manifestation, however; -the instinctive activities at work here are the same as -those that set in motion—even though it be with less violence—the -psychical vita sexualis which moves entirely within normal -limits.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Fear of losing the companion and the desire to keep him -always satisfied, amiable, and inclined to sexual intercourse, are -here the motives of the individual in subjection. An extraordinary -degree of love—which, particularly in woman, does not -always indicate an unusual degree of sensuality—and a weak -character are the simple elements of this extraordinary process.<a id='r80' /><a href='#f80' class='c009'><sup>[80]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'>The motive of the dominant individual is egoism, which -finds unlimited room for action.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The manifestations of sexual bondage are various in form, -and the cases are very numerous.<a id='r81' /><a href='#f81' class='c009'><sup>[81]</sup></a> At every step in life we find -men that have fallen into sexual bondage. Among married -men, hen-pecked husbands belong to this category, particularly -elderly men who marry young wives and try to overcome -the disparity of years and physical defects by unconditional -submission to the wife’s every whim; and unmarried men of -ripe maturity, who seek to better their last chance of love by -unlimited sacrifice, are also to be enumerated here. Here -belong, also, men of any age, who, seized by hot passion for a -woman, meet coldness and calculation, and have to capitulate -on hard conditions; men of loving natures who allow themselves -to be persuaded to marriage by notorious prostitutes; -men who, to run after adventuresses, leave everything and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_143'>143</span>jeopardise their future; husbands and fathers who leave wife -and child, to lay the income of a family at the feet of a harlot.</p> - -<p class='c010'>But, numerous as the examples of masculine “bondage” -are, every observer of life, who is at all unprejudiced, must -allow that they are far from equalling, in number and importance, -the cases of feminine “bondage.” This is easily explained. -For a man, love is almost always only an episode, -and he has many other and important interests; for a woman, -on the other hand, love is the principal thing in life, and, until -the birth of children, always her first interest. After this it is -still often her first thought, but always, at least, takes the -second place. But, what is still more important, the man ruled -by this impulse easily satisfies it in embraces for which he finds -unlimited opportunities. A woman in the upper classes of -society, if she have a husband, is bound to him alone; and -even in the lower classes there are still great obstacles to polyandry. -Therefore, <em>a woman’s husband means for her the whole -sex</em>, and his importance to her becomes very great. It must -also be considered that the normal relation established by law -and custom between husband and wife is far from being one of -equality. In itself it expresses a sufficient predominance of -woman’s dependence. The concessions she makes to her lover, -to retain the love which it would be almost impossible for her to -replace, only plunge her deeper in bondage; and this increases -the insatiable demands of husbands resolved to use their advantage -and traffic in woman’s readiness to sacrifice herself.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Here may be placed the fortune-hunter, who for money -allows himself to be enveloped in the easily created illusions of -a maiden; the seducer, and the man who compromises wives, -calculating on blackmail; the gilded army officer and the -musician with the lion’s mane, who know so well how to -stammer “Thee or death!” as a means to pay debts and -provide a life of ease. Here, too, belong the kitchen-soldier, -whose love the cook returns with love plus means to satisfy a -different appetite; the drinker, who consumes the savings of -the mistress he marries; and the man who with blows compels -the prostitute on whom he lives to earn a certain sum for him -<span class='pageno' id='Page_144'>144</span>daily. These are only a few of the innumerable forms of bondage -into which woman is forced by her greater need of love and -the difficulties of her position.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The subject of “sexual bondage” must here receive brief -consideration; for in it may be clearly seen the soil from which -the main root of masochism springs. The relationship of these -two phenomena of psychical sexual life is immediately apparent. -Bondage and masochism both consist of the unconditional subjection -of the individual affected with the abnormality to a -person of the opposite sex, and of domination of the former by -the latter.<a id='r82' /><a href='#f82' class='c009'><sup>[82]</sup></a> The two phenomena, however, must be strictly -differentiated; they are not different in degree, but in quality.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Sexual bondage is not a perversion and not pathological; -the elements from which it arises—love and weakness of will—are -not perverse; it is only their simultaneous activity that produces -the abnormal result which is so opposed to self-interest, -and often to custom and law. The motive, in obedience to -which the subordinated individual acts and endures tyranny, is -the normal instinct toward woman (or man); the satisfaction of -which is the price of bondage. The acts of the person in subjection, -by means of which the bondage is expressed, are performed -at the command of the ruling individual, to satisfy selfishness, -etc. For the subordinated individual they have no -independent purpose; they are only the means to an end,—to -obtain or retain possession of the ruling individual. Finally, -bondage is a result of love for a particular person; it first -appears when this love is awakened.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In masochism, which is decidedly abnormal and a perversion, -this is all very different. The motive of the acts and suffering -of the person in subjection is here the charm afforded by -the tyranny in itself. There may, at the same time, be a desire -for coitus with the dominant person; but the impulse is -directed to the acts which serve to express the tyranny, as the -immediate objects of gratification. These acts in which masochism -<span class='pageno' id='Page_145'>145</span>is expressed are, for the individual in subjection, not means -to an end, as in bondage, but the end in themselves. Finally, in -masochism the longing for subjection occurs <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">a priori</span></i>, before the -occurrence of an inclination to any particular object of love.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The connection between bondage and masochism may be -assumed by reason of the correspondence of the two phenomena -in the objective condition of dependence, notwithstanding the -difference in their motives; and the transformation of the abnormality -into the perversion probably takes place in the following -manner: Any one living for a long time in sexual bondage becomes -disposed to acquire a slight degree of masochism. Love -that willingly bears the tyranny of the loved one then becomes -an immediate love of tyranny. <em>When the idea of being tyrannized -over is long closely associated with the lustful thought of -the beloved person, the lustful emotion is finally connected with -the tyranny itself, and the transformation to perversion is completed.</em> -This is the manner in which masochism may be acquired -by cultivation.<a id='r83' /><a href='#f83' class='c009'><sup>[83]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_146'>146</span>Thus a mild degree of masochism may arise from “bondage,”—become -acquired; but genuine, complete, deep-rooted masochism, -with its feverish longing for subjection from the time of -earliest youth, is congenital.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The explanation of the origin of the infrequent perversion -of fully developed masochism is most probably to be found in -the assumption that it arises from the very frequent abnormality -of “sexual bondage”; in that now and then <em>this abnormality is -hereditarily transferred to a psychopathic individual in such a -way that it becomes transformed into a perversion</em>. It has been -previously shown how a slight displacement of the psychical -element under consideration may effect this transition.</p> - -<p class='c010'>This transformation of the abnormality into the perversion, -through hereditary transference, would take place very easily -where the psychopathic constitution of the descendant presented -the other factor of masochism,—<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">i.e.</span></i>, what has been previously -called its main root,—the tendency of sexually hyperæsthetic -natures to assimilate all impressions coming from the beloved -person with the sexual impression.</p> - -<p class='c010'>From these two elements,—from “sexual bondage” on the -one hand, and from the above-mentioned disposition to sexual -ecstasy, which apperceives even maltreatment with lustful emotion, -on the other,—the roots of which may be traced back to -the field of physiological facts, masochism arises on the basis -of psychopathic predisposition; in that its sexual hyperæsthesia -intensifies first all the physiological accessories of the vita -sexualis and, finally, only its abnormal accompaniments, to the -pathological degree of perversion.<a id='r84' /><a href='#f84' class='c009'><sup>[84]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_147'>147</span>At any rate, masochism, as a congenital sexual perversion, -constitutes a functional sign of degeneration in (almost exclusively) -hereditary taint; and this clinical deduction is confirmed -in my cases of masochism and sadism. It is easy to demonstrate -that the peculiar, psychically-anomalous direction of the -vita sexualis which masochism represents, is an original abnormality, -and not, so to speak, cultivated in a predisposed individual -by passive flagellation, through association of ideas, as -Rousseau and Binet suppose. This is shown by the numerous -cases of masochism—in fact, the majority—in which flagellation -never appears; in which the perverse impulse is directed exclusively -to purely symbolic acts expressing subjection without -any actual infliction of pain. This is demonstrated by the -whole series of cases, from Case 53, given here.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The same result—namely, that passive flagellation is not -the nucleus around which all the rest is gathered—is reached -when closer study is given to the cases in which passive flagellation -plays a <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i>, as in Case 44 and Case 50. Case 51 is -particularly instructive in relation to this; for in this instance -there can be no thought of a sexually-stimulating effect of -punishment received in youth. Moreover, in this case, connection -with an early experience is not possible; for the situation -constituting the object of principal sexual interest is absolutely -incapable of being carried out by a child.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Finally, the origin of masochism in purely psychical elements, -on confronting it with sadism (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">v. infra</span></i>), is convincingly -demonstrated. That passive flagellation occurs so frequently in -masochism is explained simply by the fact that it is the most -extreme means of expressing the relation of subjection.</p> - -<p class='c010'>I repeat that the decisive points, in the differentiation of -simple passive flagellation from flagellation dependent upon -masochistic desire, are that, in the former, the act is a means to -make coitus, or at least ejaculation, possible; and that, in the -latter, it is a means of gratification of masochistic desires.</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_148'>148</span>As we have already seen, masochists subject themselves to -all other kinds of maltreatment and suffering in which there -can be no question of reflex excitation of lust. Since such -cases are numerous, in such acts (and in flagellation in masochists, -having like significance) we must seek to ascertain in -what relation pain and lust stand to each other. From the -statement of a masochist it is as follows:—</p> - -<p class='c010'>The relation is not of such a nature that that which -causes physical pain is here simply perceived as physical pleasure; -but the person in a state of masochistic ecstasy feels no -pain; either because, by reason of his emotional state (like that -of the soldier in battle), the physical effect on his cutaneous -nerves is not apperceived; or because (as with religious martyrs -and enthusiasts), with the preoccupation of consciousness with -lustful emotion, the idea of maltreatment remains merely a -symbol, without its quality of pain.</p> - -<p class='c010'>To a certain extent there is over-compensation of physical -pain in psychical pleasure; and only the excess remains in consciousness -as psychical lust. This also undergoes an increase; -since, either through reflex spinal influence or through a peculiar -coloring in the sensorium of sensory impressions, a kind of -hallucination of bodily pleasure takes place, with a vague localization -of the objectively projected sensation.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In the self-torture of religious enthusiasts (fakirs, howling -dervishes, religious flagellants) there is an analogous state, only -with a difference in the quality of pleasurable feeling. Here the -conception of martyrdom is also apperceived without its pain; -for consciousness is filled with the pleasurably colored idea of -serving God, atoning for sins, deserving heaven, etc., through -martyrdom.</p> - -<h5 class='c020'><span class='sc'>Masochism and Sadism.</span></h5> - -<p class='c017'>The perfect counterpart of masochism is sadism. While -in the former there is a desire to suffer and be subjected to violence, -in the latter the wish is to inflict pain and use violence.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The parallelism is perfect. All the acts and situations -used by the sadist in the active <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i> become the object of the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_149'>149</span>desire of the masochist in the passive <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i>. In both perversions -these acts advance from purely symbolic acts to severe -maltreatment. Even murder, in which sadism reaches its acme, -finds, as is shown by Case 54,—of course, only in fancy,—its -passive counterpart. Under favoring conditions, both perversions -may occur with a normal vita sexualis; in both, the acts -in which they express themselves are preparatory for coitus or -substitutes for it.<a id='r85' /><a href='#f85' class='c009'><sup>[85]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'>But the analogy does not exist simply in external manifestation; -it also extends to the subjective character of both perversions. -Both are to be regarded as original psychopathies in -mentally abnormal individuals, who, in particular, are affected -with psychical hyperæsthesia sexualis, and, as a rule, also with -other abnormalities; and for each of these perversions two constituent -elements may be demonstrated, which have their roots -in psychical facts lying within physiological limits. For masochism, -as shown above, these elements lie in the fact (1) that -in the state of sexual emotion every impression produced by -the consort, independently of the manner of its production, is, -<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per se</span></i>, attended with lustful pleasure, which, where there is -hyperæsthesia sexualis, may go so far as to over-compensate all -painful sensation; and in the fact (2) that “sexual bondage,” -dependent on mental factors that are in themselves not perverse, -may, under pathological conditions, become a perverse, pleasurable -desire for subjection to the opposite sex, which—even if it -be quite unnecessary to assume its inheritance from the female -side—represents a pathological degeneration of the character -belonging to woman,—of the instinct of subordination, physiological -in woman.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In harmony with this, there are, likewise, two constituent -elements explanatory of sadism, the origin of which may also be -<span class='pageno' id='Page_150'>150</span>traced back within physiological limits. These are: the fact (1) -that in sexual emotion, to a certain extent, as an accompanying -psychical excitation, an impulse may arise to influence -the object of desire in every possible way and with the greatest -possible intensity, which, in individuals sexually hyperæsthetic, -may become an impulse to inflict pain; and the fact -(2) that, under pathological conditions, the man’s active <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i> -of winning woman may become an unlimited desire for subjugation.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Thus masochism and sadism represent perfect counterparts. -It is also in harmony with this that the individuals affected with -these perversions regard the opposite perversion in the other -sex as their ideal, as shown by Case 44 and Case 50, and also by -“Rousseau’s Confessions.”</p> - -<p class='c010'>But the contrast of masochism and sadism may also be used -to invalidate the assumption that the former has its origin in the -reflex effect of passive flagellation; and that all the rest is the -product of associations of related ideas, as Binet, in explanation -of Rousseau’s case, thinks, and as Rousseau himself believed.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In the active maltreatment forming the object of the -sadist’s sexual desire there is, in fact, no irritation of his -own sensory nerves by the act of maltreatment; so that there -can be no doubt of the purely psychical character of the origin -of this perversion. Sadism and masochism, however, are so -related to each other, and so correspond in all points with each -other, that the one allows, by analogy, a conclusion for the other; -and this is alone sufficient to establish the purely psychical -character of masochism.</p> - -<p class='c010'>According to the above-detailed contrast of all the elements -and phenomena of masochism and sadism, and as a <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">résumé</span></i> of -all observed cases, lust in the infliction of pain and lust in inflicted -pain appear but as two different sides of the same -psychical process, of which the primary and essential thing is -the consciousness of active or passive subjection, in which the -combination of cruelty and lustful pleasure has only a secondary -psychological significance. Acts of cruelty serve to express this -subjection; first, because they are the most extreme means for -<span class='pageno' id='Page_151'>151</span>the expression of this relation; and, again, because they represent -the most intense effect that one person, either with or without -coitus, can exert on another.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The cases in which sadism and masochism occur simultaneously -in one individual are interesting, but they present -some difficulties of explanation. Cases 49, 50, 58, etc., -are of this kind, and also particularly Case 30. From the -latter it is evident that it is especially the idea of subjection -that, both actively and passively, forms the nucleus of the -perverse desires. Traces of the same thing are also to be -observed, with more or less clearness, in many other cases. -At any rate, one of the two perversions is always markedly -predominant.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Owing to this marked predominance of one perversion, -and the later appearance of the other, in such cases it may -well be assumed that the predominating perversion is <em>original</em>, -and that the other has been <em>acquired</em> in the course of time. -The ideas of subjection and maltreatment, colored with lustful -pleasure, either in an active or passive sense, have become -deeply impressed in such an individual.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Occasionally the imagination is tempted to try the same -ideas in an inverted <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i>. There may even be realization of -this inversion. Such attempts in imagination and in acts, -however, are usually soon abandoned as inadequate for the -original inclination.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Masochism and sadism also occur in combination with contrary -sexual instinct, and, too, in association with all forms and -degrees of this perversion. The individual of contrary sexuality -may be a sadist as well as masochist (comp. Cases 48 and 49 and -numerous cases in the following series of cases of contrary -sexual instinct).</p> - -<p class='c010'>Wherever a sexual perversion has developed on the basis -of a neuropathic individuality, sexual hyperæsthesia, which may -always be assumed to be present, may induce the phenomena -of masochism and sadism—now of the one, now of both combined, -one arising from the other. Thus masochism and sadism -appear as the fundamental forms of psycho-sexual perversion, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_152'>152</span>which may make their appearance at any point in the domain -of sexual aberration.<a id='r86' /><a href='#f86' class='c009'><sup>[86]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'>3. <em>The Association of Lust with the Idea of Certain Portions -of the Female Person, or with Certain Articles of Female -Attire—Fetichism.</em>—In the considerations concerning the psychology -of the normal sexual life in the introduction to this -work (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vide</span></i> p. 17), it was shown that, within physiological limits, -the pronounced preference for a certain portion of the body of -persons of the opposite sex, particularly for a certain form of -this part, may attain great psycho-sexual importance. Indeed, -the especial power of attraction possessed by certain forms and -peculiarities for many men—in fact, the majority—may be -regarded as the real principle of individualization in love.</p> - -<p class='c010'>This preference for certain particular physical characteristics -in persons of the opposite sex,—by the side of which, likewise, -a marked preference for certain psychical characteristics may be -demonstrated,—following Binet (“<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du Fetischisme dans l’amour</span>,” -<cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Revue philosophique</span></cite>, 1887) and Lombroso (Introduction to -the Italian edition of the second edition of this work), I have -called “fetichism”; because this enthusiasm for certain portions -<span class='pageno' id='Page_153'>153</span>of the body (or even articles of attire) and the worship of them, -in obedience to sexual impulses, frequently call to mind the -reverence for relics, holy objects, etc., in religious cults. This -physiological fetichism has already been described in detail on -page 17 <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">et seq.</span></i></p> - -<p class='c010'>By the side of this physiological fetichism, however, there -is, in the psycho-sexual sphere, an undoubted pathological, erotic -fetichism, of which there is already a numerous series of cases -presenting phenomena having great clinical and psychiatric -interest, and, under certain circumstances, forensic importance. -This pathological fetichism does not confine itself to certain parts -of the body alone, but it is even extended to inanimate objects, -which, however, are almost always articles of female wearing-apparel, -and thus stand in close relation with the female person.</p> - -<p class='c010'>This pathological fetichism is connected, through gradual -transitions, with physiological fetichism; so that (at least in -body-fetichism) it is almost impossible to sharply define the -beginning of the perversion. Moreover, the whole field of -body-fetichism does not really extend beyond the limits of -things which normally stimulate the sexual instinct. Here the -abnormality consists only in the fact that the whole sexual -interest is concentrated on the impression made by a part of -the person of the opposite sex, so that all other impressions -fade and become more or less indifferent. Therefore, the body-fetichist -is not to be regarded as a <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">monstrum per excessum</span></i>, like -the sadist or masochist, but rather as a <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">monstrum per defectum</span></i>. -What stimulates him is not abnormal, but rather what does not -affect him,—the limitation of sexual interest that has taken -place in him. Of course, this limited sexual interest, within its -narrower limits, is usually expressed with a correspondingly -greater and abnormal intensity.</p> - -<p class='c010'>It would seem reasonable to assume, as the distinguishing -mark of pathological fetichism, the necessity for the presence of -the fetich as a <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">conditio sine qua non</span></i> for the possibility of performance -of coitus. But when the facts are more carefully -studied, it is seen that this limitation is really only indefinite. -There are numerous cases in which, even in the absence of the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_154'>154</span>fetich, coitus is possible, but it is incomplete and forced (often -with the help of fancies relating to the fetich), and particularly -unsatisfying and exhausting; and, too, closer study of the distinctive -subjective psychical conditions in these cases shows that -there are transitional states, passing, on the one hand, to mere -physiological preferences, and, on the other, to psychical impotence -in the absence of the fetich. It is therefore better, perhaps, -to seek the pathological criterion of body-fetichism in -purely subjective psychical states. The concentration of the -sexual interest on a certain portion of the body that has -no direct relation to sex (as have the mammæ and external -genitals)—a peculiarity to be emphasized—often leads body-fetichists -to such a condition that they do not regard coitus as -the real means of sexual gratification, but rather some form of -manipulation of that portion of the body that is effectual as a -fetich. This perverse instinct of body-fetichists may be taken -as the pathological criterion, no matter whether actual coitus is -also possible or not.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Fetichism of inanimate objects or articles of dress, however, -in all cases, may well be regarded as a pathological phenomenon; -since its objects fall without the circle of normal -sexual stimuli. But even here, in the phenomena, there is a -certain outward correspondence with processes of the normal -psychical vita sexualis; the inner connection and meaning of -pathological fetichism, however, are entirely different. In the -ecstatic love of a man mentally normal, a handkerchief or shoe, -a glove or letter, the flower “she gave,” or a lock of hair, etc., -may become the object of worship, but only because they represent -a mnemonic symbol of the beloved person—absent or dead—whose -whole personality is reproduced by them. The pathological -fetichist has no such relations. The fetich constitutes -the entire content of his idea. When he is possessed by it, -sexual excitement occurs, and the fetich makes itself felt.<a id='r87' /><a href='#f87' class='c009'><sup>[87]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'>According to all observations thus far made, pathological -<span class='pageno' id='Page_155'>155</span>fetichism seems to arise only on the basis of a psychopathic constitution -that is for the most part hereditary, or on the basis of -existent mental disease.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Thus it happens that it not infrequently appears combined -with the other (original) sexual perversions that arise on the -same basis. Not infrequently fetichism occurs in the most various -forms in combination with contrary sexuality, sadism, and masochism. -Indeed, certain forms of body-fetichism (hand- and -foot-fetichism) probably have a more or less distinct connection -with the latter two perversions (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">v. infra</span></i>).</p> - -<p class='c010'>But if fetichism also rests upon a congenital general psychopathic -disposition, yet this perversion is not, like those previously -considered, essentially of an original nature; it is not congenitally -perfect, as we may well assume sadism and masochism to -be. While in the sexual perversions thus far described we -have met only cases of a congenital nature, here we meet only -<em>acquired</em> cases. Aside from the fact that in fetichism the causative -circumstance of its acquirement is often demonstrable, here -the physiological conditions are wanting, which in sadism and -masochism, by means of sexual hyperæsthesia, are intensified to -perversions, and justify the assumption of congenital origin. In -fetichism, every case requires an event which affords the subject -of perversion. As has been said, it is, of course, physiological -in sexual life to be partial to one or another of woman’s peculiarities, -and to be enthusiastic about it; but concentration of -the entire sexual interest on such partial impressions is here the -essential thing; and for this concentration there must be a particular -reason in every individual affected. Therefore, we may -accept Binet’s conclusion that <em>in the life of every fetichist there -may be assumed to have been some event which determined the -association of lustful feeling with the single impression</em>. This -event is to be referred to the time of early youth, and, as a rule, -occurs in connection with the first awakening of the vita sexualis. -This first awakening is associated with some partial sexual impression -(since it is always something standing in some relation -to woman), and stamps it for life as the principal object of sexual -interest. The circumstances under which the association arises -<span class='pageno' id='Page_156'>156</span>are usually forgotten. It is only the result of the association -that is retained. The general predisposition to psychopathic -states and the sexual hyperæsthesia of such individuals are all -that is original here.<a id='r88' /><a href='#f88' class='c009'><sup>[88]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'>Like the other perversions thus far considered, erotic (pathological) -fetichism may also express itself in strange, unnatural, -and even criminal acts: gratification with the female person <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">loco -indebito</span></i>, theft and robbery of objects of fetichism, pollution of -such objects, etc. Here, too, it only depends upon the intensity -of the perverse impulse and the relative power of opposing -ethical motives, whether and to what extent such acts are performed. -These perverse acts of fetichists, like those of other -sexually perverse individuals, may either alone constitute the -entire external vita sexualis, or occur together with the normal -sexual act. This depends upon the condition of physical and -psychical sexual power, and the degree of excitability to normal -stimuli that has been retained. Where excitability is diminished, -not infrequently the sight or touch of the fetich serves as -a necessary preparatory act.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The great practical importance which attaches to the facts -of fetichism, in accordance with what has been said, lies in two -factors. First, pathological fetichism is not infrequently a cause -of <em>psychical impotence</em>.<a id='r89' /><a href='#f89' class='c009'><sup>[89]</sup></a> Since the object upon which the sexual -interest of the fetichist is concentrated stands, in itself, in no -immediate relation to the normal sexual act, it often happens -that the fetichist diminishes his excitability to normal stimuli -<span class='pageno' id='Page_157'>157</span>by his perversion, or, at least is capable of coitus only by means -of concentration of his fancy upon his fetich. In this perversion, -and in the difficulty of its adequate satisfaction, just as in -the other perversions of the sexual instinct, lie conditions favoring -psychical and physical onanism, which again reacts deleteriously -on the constitution and sexual power. This is -especially true in the case of youthful individuals, and particularly -in the case of those who, on account of opposing -ethical and æsthetic motives, shrink from the realization of -their perverse desires. Secondly, fetichism is of great forensic -importance. Just as sadism may extend to murder and the -infliction of bodily injury, fetichism may lead to theft and even -to robbery for the possession of the desired articles.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Erotic fetichism has for its object either a certain portion -of the body of a person of the opposite sex, or a certain article -or material of wearing-apparel of the opposite sex. (Only -cases of pathological fetichism in men have thus far been observed, -and therefore only portions of the female person and -attire are spoken of here.) In accordance with this, fetichists -fall into three groups.</p> - -<p class='c010'>(a) <em>The Fetich is a Part of the Female Body.</em>—Just as, in -physiological fetichism, the eyes, the hand, the foot, and the -hair of woman very frequently become fetiches, so, in the pathological -domain, the same portions of the body become the sole -objects of sexual interest. This exclusive concentration of -interest on these parts, by the side of which everything else -feminine fades, and all other sexual value of woman may sink -to <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nil</span></i>, so that, instead of coitus, strange manipulations of the -fetich become the object of desire,—this it is that makes these -cases pathological.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 74. (Binet, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>) X., aged 34, teacher in a Gymnasium. -In childhood he suffered with convulsions. At the age of ten he began -to masturbate, with lustful feelings, which were connected with very -strange ideas. He was particularly partial to women’s eyes; but since -he wished to imagine some form of coitus, and was absolutely innocent -in sexual matters, to avoid too great a separation from the eyes, he -evolved the idea of making the nostrils the seat of the female sexual -organs. Then his lively sexual desires were connected with this idea. He -<span class='pageno' id='Page_158'>158</span>sketched drawings representing correct Greek profiles of female heads, but -the nostrils were so large that immissio penis would have been possible.</p> - -<p class='c015'>One day, in an omnibus, he saw a girl in whom he thought he recognized -his ideal. He followed her to her home and immediately proposed -to her. Shown the door, he returned again and again, until -arrested. X. never had sexual intercourse.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Hand-fetichists are very numerous. The following case is -not really pathological. It is given here as a transitional case:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 75. B., of neuropathic family, very sensual, mentally intact. -At the sight of the hand of a beautiful young lady he is always charmed -and feels sexual excitement to the extent of ejaculation. It is his delight -to kiss and press such hands. As long as they are covered with -gloves he feels unhappy. By pretexts he tries to get hold of such hands. -He is indifferent to the foot. If the beautiful hands are ornamented with -rings, his lust is increased. Only the living hand, not its image, causes -him this lustful excitement. It is only when he is exhausted sexually -by frequent coitus that the hand loses its sexual charm. At first the -memory-picture of female hands disturbed him even while at work. -(Binet, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>)</p> - -<p class='c010'>Binet states that such cases of enthusiasm for the female -hand are numerous. Here it may be recalled that, according -to Case 24, a man may be partial to the female hand as a result -of sadistic impulses; and that, according to Case 46, the same -thing may be due to masochistic desires. Thus such cases have -more than one meaning. But this is by no means to say that -all, or even a majority, of the cases of hand-fetichism allow or -require a sadistic or masochistic explanation.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The following interesting case, that has been studied in -detail, shows that, in spite of the fact that at first a sadistic or -masochistic element seems to have exercised an influence, at the -time of the individual’s maturity and the complete development -of the perversion, the latter contained nothing of these elements. -Of course, it is possible that, in the course of time, these disappeared; -but here the assumption of the origin of the fetichism -in an accidental association meets every requirement:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 76. A case of <em>hand-fetichism</em>, communicated by Albert Moll. -P. L., aged 28, a merchant of Westphalia. Aside from the fact that the -patient’s father was remarkably moody and somewhat quick-tempered, -nothing of an hereditary nature could be proved in the family. At -<span class='pageno' id='Page_159'>159</span>school the patient was not very diligent; he was never able to concentrate -his attention on any one subject for any length of time; on the -other hand, from childhood he had a great inclination for music. His -temperament was always nervous.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In August, 1890, he came to me complaining of headache and -abdominal pain, which in every way gave the impression of being neurasthenic. -The patient also said he was destitute of energy. Only after -accurately directed questions did the patient make the following statements -concerning his sexual life. As far as he could remember, the -beginnings of sexual excitement occurred in his seventh year. Whenever -he saw a boy of his own age urinate and caught sight of his genitals, -he became lustfully excited. L. states with certainty that this -excitement was associated with very evident erections. Led astray by -another boy, L. learned to masturbate at the age of seven or eight. -“Being of a very excitable nature,” said L., “I practiced masturbation -very frequently until my eighteenth year, without gaining any clear idea -of the evil results or the meaning of the practice.” He was particularly -fond of practicing mutual onanism with some of his school-friends, but -it was by no means an indifferent matter who the other boy was; on the -contrary, only a few of his companions could satisfy him in this respect. -To the question as to what particularly caused him to prefer this or that -boy, L. replied that a <em>white, beautifully-formed hand</em> in his school-fellows -impelled him to practice mutual onanism with them. L. further remembered -that frequently, at the beginning of the gymnastic lesson, he -would exercise by himself on a bar standing apart. He did this for the -purpose of exciting himself as much as possible; and he was so successful -that, without using his hand and without ejaculation,—L. was still -too young,—he had lustful pleasure. Another early event which L. -remembers is interesting. One day his favorite companion, N., who -practiced mutual onanism with him, proposed that L. should try to get -hold of his (N.’s) penis, and he would do all he could to prevent it. L. -acquiesced. In this way the onanism way directly combined with a -struggle between both parties, in which N. was always overcome. The -struggle always finally ended in N.’s being compelled to allow L. to -practice onanism on him. L. assured me that this kind of masturbation -had given him, as well as N., especial pleasure.<a id='r90' /><a href='#f90' class='c009'><sup>[90]</sup></a> In this way L. continued -to practice masturbation very frequently until his eighteenth year. -Warned by a friend, he then began to struggle with all his might against -his evil habit. He became more and more successful, and finally, after -the first performance of coitus, he stopped the practice of onanism -entirely. But this was only accomplished in his twenty-second year. It -now seems incomprehensible to the patient—and he says he is filled with -disgust at the thought of it—how he could ever have found pleasure in -<span class='pageno' id='Page_160'>160</span>performing masturbation with other boys. Now, nothing could induce -him to touch another man’s genitals, the sight of which is even unpleasant -to him. He has lost all inclination for men, and feels attracted by -women exclusively.</p> - -<p class='c015'>It must be mentioned, however, that, though L. has a decided -inclination for the female sex, he presents an abnormal phenomenon.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The essential thing in woman that excites him is the sight of her -beautiful hands; L. is by far more impressed when he touches a beautiful -female hand than he would be were he to see its possessor in a state of -complete nudity. The extent to which L.’s preference for beautiful female -hands goes is shown by the following incident:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>L. knew a beautiful young lady possessed of every charm, but her -hands were quite large and not beautifully formed, and often they were -not as clean as L. could wish. For this reason it was not only impossible -for L. to conceive a deeper interest in the lady, but he was not able even -to touch her. L. believes that there is nothing more disgusting to him -than dirty finger-nails; this alone would make it impossible for him to -touch a woman who in all other respects was most beautiful. L. formerly, -as a substitute for coitus, had the puella perform genital manipulation -with her hand until ejaculation took place.</p> - -<p class='c015'>To the question as to what there was about a woman’s hand that -attracted him in particular, whether he saw in it a symbol of power, and -whether it gave him pleasure to be directly humiliated by a woman, the -patient answered that only the <em>beautiful form</em> of the hand charmed him; -that it afforded him no gratification to be humiliated by a woman; and -that he had never had any thought to regard the hand as the symbol or -instrument of a woman’s power. The preference for the hand is still -so great that the patient has greater pleasure when his genitals are -touched by it than when he performs coitus in vaginam. Yet, the -patient prefers to perform the latter, because it seems to him to be -natural, while the former seems abnormal. The touch of a beautiful -female hand on his body immediately causes him to have erection; he -thinks that kissing and other contacts do not exert nearly so strong an -influence. It is only of late years that the patient has performed coitus -frequently, but it has always been very difficult for him to determine to -do it. Too, in coitus, he did not find the complete satisfaction he sought. -However, when he finds himself near a woman whom he would like to -possess, sometimes, at mere sight of her, his sexual excitement becomes so -intense that ejaculation results. L. says expressly that during this he -does not intentionally touch or press his genitals; ejaculation under such -circumstances affords him much more pleasure than he experiences in -actual coitus.<a id='r91' /><a href='#f91' class='c009'><sup>[91]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c015'>To go back, the patient’s dreams were never about coitus. When -<span class='pageno' id='Page_161'>161</span>he had pollutions at night, they were almost always associated with other -thoughts than those that occur in the normal man. The patient’s dreams -are of events of his school-days. During his school-days, besides the -mutual onanism described, he had ejaculations whenever he became -anxiously excited. When, for example, the teacher dictated an extemporaneous -exercise, and L. was unable to follow in translation, ejaculation -often occurred.<a id='r92' /><a href='#f92' class='c009'><sup>[92]</sup></a> The pollutions that now occur occasionally, at night, -are only accompanied by dreams that have the same or a similar subject,—the -events at school just mentioned. On account of his unnatural feeling -and sensibility, the patient thinks he is incapable of loving a woman long.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Treatment of the patient’s perversion has not yet been possible.</p> - -<p class='c010'>This case of hand-fetichism certainly does not depend on -masochism or sadism, but is to be explained simply by early indulgence -in mutual onanism. There is here, also, quite as little -of contrary sexual instinct. Before the sexual appetite was -clearly conscious of its object, the hands of school-fellows were -used. As soon as the instinct for the opposite sex became evident, -the interest for the hand was transferred to woman.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In hand-fetichists, who, according to Binet, are so numerous, -it is possible that other associations lead to the same result.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Next to the hand-fetichists, naturally come the foot-fetichists. -While glove-fetichism, which belongs to the next group -of object-fetichism, seldom takes the place of hand-fetichism, we -find shoe- and boot-fetichism, of which there are innumerable -cases occurring everywhere, taking the place of enthusiasm for -the naked female foot. There are only here and there traces of -the latter enthusiasm, and these are scarcely pathological. It is -easy to see the reason for this. The female hand is usually seen -uncovered; the foot, covered. Thus the early associations -which determine the direction of the vita sexualis are naturally -connected with the naked hand, but with the covered foot.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Shoe-fetichism also finds its place in the following group -of dress-fetichism; however, on account of its demonstrable -<span class='pageno' id='Page_162'>162</span>masochistic character in the majority of cases, it has been, for -the most part, described already (p. 123 <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">et seq.</span></i>).</p> - -<p class='c010'>Besides the eyes, hand, and foot, the mouth and ears often -play the <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i> of a fetich. Among others, Moll (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>) mentions -such cases. (Comp. also Belot’s romance, “La Bouche de -Madame X.,” which, B. states, rests upon actual observation.)</p> - -<p class='c010'>The following remarkable case came under my personal -observation:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 77. A gentleman of very bad heredity consulted me concerning -impotence that was driving him almost to despair. While he was -young, his fetich was women of plump form. He married such a lady, -and was happy and potent with her. After a few months the lady fell -very ill, and lost much flesh. When, one day, he tried to resume his -marital duty, he was absolutely impotent, and remained so. If, however, -he attempted coitus with plump women, he was perfectly potent.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Even bodily defects may become fetiches.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Descartes, who himself (“Traité des Passions,” cxxxvi) expresses -some opinions concerning the origin of peculiar affections in associations -of ideas, was always partial to cross-eyed women, because the object of -his first love had such a defect. (Binet, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>)</p> - -<p class='c015'>Lydston (“A Lecture on Sexual Perversion,” Chicago, 1890<a id='r93' /><a href='#f93' class='c009'><sup>[93]</sup></a>) reports -the case of a man who had a love-affair with a woman whose right lower -extremity had been amputated. After separation from her, he searched -for other women with a like defect.<a id='r94' /><a href='#f94' class='c009'><sup>[94]</sup></a>—A negative fetich.</p> - -<p class='c010'>When the part of the female body forming the fetich is -capable of removal, like the hair, the most extravagant acts -may be performed. Therefore, hair-fetichists form an interesting -and forensically-important category. While such -admirers of female hair are probably not infrequent within -physiological limits, and possibly various senses (sight, smell, -and hearing, through crepitant sounds,—and certainly touch, -just as with velvet- and silk-fetichists, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">v. infra</span></i>) are thus excited -with an accompaniment of lustful feeling; yet, a series of -similar pathological cases has also been observed, in which the -hair-fetichism had become an overpowering impulse, and driven -<span class='pageno' id='Page_163'>163</span>the individuals to commit crimes.<a id='r95' /><a href='#f95' class='c009'><sup>[95]</sup></a>,<a id='r96' /><a href='#f96' class='c009'><sup>[96]</sup></a> These form the group of -hair-despoilers.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 78. <em>A hair-despoiler.</em> P., aged 40, artistic locksmith, single. -His father was temporarily insane, and his mother was very nervous. -He developed well, and was intelligent; but he was early affected with -<em>tics</em> and imperative ideas. He had never masturbated. He loved platonically, -and often busied himself with matrimonial plans. He had -coitus infrequently with prostitutes, but never felt satisfied with such -intercourse—rather, disgusted. Three years ago he was overtaken by -misfortune (financial ruin), and, besides, he had a febrile disease, with -delirium. These things had a very bad effect on his hereditarily-predisposed -nervous system. On August 28, 1889, P. was arrested at the -Trocadero, in Paris, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">in flagranti</span></i>, as he forcibly cut off a young girl’s -hair. He was arrested with the hair in his hand and a pair of shears in -his pocket. He excused himself on the ground of momentary mental -confusion and an unfortunate, irresistible passion; he confessed that he -had ten times cut off hair, which he took great delight in keeping at -home. On searching his home, sixty-five switches and tresses of hair -were found, assorted in packets. P. had already been once arrested, on -December 15, 1886, under similar circumstances, but was released for -lack of evidence.</p> - -<p class='c015'>P. states that, for the last three years, when he is alone in his room -at night, he feels ill, anxious, excited, and dizzy, and then is troubled by -the impulse to touch female hair. When it happened that he could actually -take a young girl’s hair in his hand, he felt intensely excited sexually, -and had erection and ejaculation without touching the girl in any -<span class='pageno' id='Page_164'>164</span>other way. On reaching home, he would feel ashamed of what had taken -place; but the wish to possess hair, always accompanied by great sensual -pleasure, became more and more powerful in him. He wondered that previously, -even in the most intimate intercourse with women, he had experienced -no such feeling. One evening he could not resist the impulse -to cut off a girl’s hair. With the hair in his hand, at home, the sensual -process was repeated. He was forced to rub his body with the hair and -envelop his genitals in it. Finally, quite exhausted, he grew ashamed, -and could not trust himself to go out for several days. After months of -rest he was again impelled to possess himself of female hair, indifferent as -to whose it might be. If he attained his end, he felt himself possessed by -a supernatural power and unable to give up his booty. If he could not -attain the object of his desire, he became greatly depressed, hurried home, -and there reveled in his collection of hair. He combed and fondled it, and -thus had intense orgasm, satisfying himself by masturbation. Hair exposed -in the cases of hair-dressers made no impression on him; it required -hair hanging down from a female head.</p> - -<p class='c015'>At the height of his act, he states, he is in such a state of excitement -that he has only imperfect apperception and subsequent memory of -what he does. When he touches the hair with the shears he has erection, -and, at the instant of cutting it off, ejaculation. Since his misfortune, -about three years ago, he states that he has had weakness of memory, is -easily exhausted mentally, and has been troubled by sleeplessness and -night-terrors. P. deeply regrets his crime.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Not only hair, but a number of hair-pins, ribbons, and other articles -of the feminine toilet, were found in his possession, which he had had -presented to him. He had always had an actual mania for collecting -such things, as well as newspapers, pieces of wood, and other worthless -trash, which he would never give up. He also had a strange and, to him, -inexplicable fear of passing a certain street; if he ever tried it, it made -him ill.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The opinion (medico-legal) showed him to be hereditarily predisposed, -and proved the imperative, impulsive, and decidedly involuntary -character of the criminal acts, which had the significance of an imperative -act, induced by an imperative idea, with an accompaniment of overpowering -abnormal sexual feeling. Pardon; asylum for insane. (Voisin, -Socquet, Motet, <cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Annales d’hygiène</span></cite>, April, 1890.)</p> - -<p class='c010'>Following this case, is a similar one which also deserves -attention; for it has been well studied, and may be called almost -classical; and, too, it places the fetich, as well as the original -associative awakening of the idea, in a clear light:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 79. <em>A hair-despoiler.</em> E., aged 25. Maternal aunt, epileptic; -brother had convulsions. E. says he was fairly healthy as a child, and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_165'>165</span>learned quite easily. At the age of fifteen he had a sensual feeling of -pleasure, with erection, at the sight of one of the village beauties combing -her hair. Until that time persons of the opposite sex had made no impression -on him. Two months later, in Paris, the sight of young girls with -their hair flowing down over their shoulders always excited him intensely. -One day he could not resist an opportunity to twist a young girl’s hair in -his fingers. For this he was arrested and sentenced to imprisonment for -three months. After that he served five years as a soldier. During this -time hair was not dangerous for him, though also not very accessible; but -he dreamed sometimes of female heads with the hair braided or flowing. -Occasional coitus with women, but without having their hair effective as -a fetich. Once more in Paris, he again dreamed as before, and became -greatly excited by female hair. He never dreamed about the whole form -of a woman, only of heads with braids of hair. His sexual excitement -due to this fetich had become so intense of late that he had resorted to -masturbation. The idea of touching female hair, or, better, of possessing -it to masturbate while handling it, grew more and more powerful. Of late, -when he had female hair in his fingers, ejaculation was induced. One -day he succeeded in cutting hair, about 25 centimetres long, from three -little girls in the street, and keeping it in his possession, when he was -arrested in a fourth attempt. Deep regret and shame. He was not sentenced. -Since spending some time in the asylum, he has so far improved -that female hair no longer excites him. Set at liberty, he thought of -going to his native place, where the women wear their hair done up. -(Magnan, <cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Archiv. de l’anthropol. criminelle</span></cite>, v, Nr. 28.)</p> - -<p class='c010'>A third case is the following, which is likewise suited to -illustrate the psychopathic nature of such phenomena; and the -remarkable means which induced a cure are worthy of note:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 80. <em>Hair-fetichism.</em> Mr. X., between thirty and forty years -old; from the higher class of society; single. He says that he comes of -a healthy family, but from childhood has been nervous, vacillating, and -peculiar; that since his eighth year he has been powerfully attracted -by female hair. This was particularly true in the case of young girls. -When he was nine years old, a girl of thirteen seduced him. He did not -understand it, and was not at all excited. A twelve-year-old sister of -this girl also courted, kissed, and hugged him. He allowed this quietly, -because this girl’s hair pleased him so well. When about ten years old, he -began to have sensual feelings at the sight of female hair that pleased him. -Gradually these feelings occurred spontaneously, and memory-pictures -of girls’ hair were always immediately associated with them. At the age -of eleven he was taught to masturbate by school-mates. The associative -connection of sexual feelings and a fetichistic idea was already established, -and always appeared when the patient indulged in evil practices with his -<span class='pageno' id='Page_166'>166</span>companions. With advancing years, the fetich grew more and more powerful. -Even false hair began to excite him, but he always preferred natural -hair. When he could touch or kiss it, he was perfectly happy. He -wrote essays and poems on the beauty of female hair; he sketched heads -of hair and masturbated. After his fourteenth year he became so powerfully -excited by his fetich that he had violent erections. In contrast with -his early taste while a boy, he was now charmed only by luxuriant, thick -black hair. He experienced intense desire to kiss such hair, particularly -to suck it. To touch such hair afforded him but little satisfaction; he -obtained much more pleasure in looking at it, but particularly in kissing -and sucking it. If this were impossible, he would become unhappy, even -to the extent of tædium vitæ. Then he would attempt to relieve himself, -imagining fantastic “hair-adventures” and masturbating. Not infrequently, -in the street and in crowds, he could not keep from imprinting -a kiss on ladies’ heads. He would then hurry home to masturbate. -Sometimes he could resist this impulse; but it was then necessary for -him, filled with feelings of fear, to run away as quickly as possible, in -order to escape the domination of his fetich. He was only once impelled -to cut off a girl’s hair in a crowd. In the act he was seized with -fear, and was not successful with his pocket-knife; and, by flight, he narrowly -escaped detection.</p> - -<p class='c015'>When he became mature, he attempted to satisfy himself in coitus -with puellis. He induced powerful erection by kissing the hair, but could -not induce ejaculation. Therefore, he was unsatisfied by coitus. At the -same time, his favorite idea was coitus with kissing of hair; but even -this did not satisfy him, because it did not induce ejaculation. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Faute -de mieux</span></i>, he once stole the combings of a lady’s hair, put it in his mouth, -and masturbated while calling its owner up in imagination. In the dark -a woman could not interest him, because he could not then see her hair. -Flowing hair also had no charm for him; nor did the hair about the -genitals. His erotic dreams were all about hair. Of late the patient -had become so excited that he had a kind of satyriasis. He was incapable -of business, and felt so unhappy that he sought to drown his sorrow -in alcohol. He drank large quantities, had alcoholic delirium, an attack -of alcoholic epilepsy, and required hospital treatment. After the intoxication -had passed away, under appropriate treatment, the sexual excitement -soon disappeared; and when the patient was discharged, he was -freed from his fetichistic idea, save for its occasional occurrence in -dreams. The physical examination showed normal genitals and no -degenerative signs whatever.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Such cases of hair-fetichism, which lead to attacks on -female hair, seem to occur everywhere, from time to time. In -November, 1890, according to reports in American newspapers, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_167'>167</span>several cities in the United States were troubled by such hair-despoilers.</p> - -<p class='c010'>(b) <em>The Fetich is an Article of Female Attire.</em>—The great -importance of adornment, ornament, and dress, in the normal -vita sexualis of man, is very generally recognized. Culture and -fashion<a id='r97' /><a href='#f97' class='c009'><sup>[97]</sup></a> have, to a certain extent, endowed woman with artificial -sexual characteristics, the removal of which, when woman -is seen unattired, in spite of the normal sensual effect of this -sight, may exert an opposite influence.<a id='r98' /><a href='#f98' class='c009'><sup>[98]</sup></a> It should not be overlooked -that female dress often shows a tendency to emphasize -and exaggerate certain sexual peculiarities,—secondary sexual -characteristics (bosom, waist, hips). In most individuals the -sexual instinct awakes long before there is any possibility or opportunity -of intimate intercourse, and the early desires of youth -are concerned with the ordinary appearance of the attired female -form. Thus it happens that not infrequently, at the beginning -of the vita sexualis, ideas of the persons exerting sexual charms -and ideas of their attire become associated. This association -may be lasting—the attired woman may be always preferred—if -the individuals dominated by this perversion do not in other -respects attain to a normal vita sexualis, and find gratification in -natural charms.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In psychopathic individuals, sexually hyperæsthetic, as a -result of this, it actually happens that the dressed woman is -always preferred to the nude female form. It may be recalled -that in Case 48 the woman was not to take off a garment, and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_168'>168</span>that in Case 51, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">equus eroticus</span></i>, the woman was preferred dressed. -In Case 89, of the sixth edition,—that of a man manifesting -contrary sexuality,—the same preference is expressed.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Dr. Moll (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>) mentions a patient who could not perform -coitus with puella nuda; the woman had to have on a -chemise, at least. The same author (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>, p. 129) mentions -a man affected with contrary sexuality, who was subject to the -same dress-fetichism.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The reason for this phenomenon is apparently to be found -in the mental onanism of such individuals. In seeing innumerable -clothed forms, they have cultivated desires before seeing -nudity.<a id='r99' /><a href='#f99' class='c009'><sup>[99]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'>A more marked form of dress-fetichism is that in which, -instead of the dressed woman, a certain kind of attire becomes -a fetich. One can understand how, with an intense and early -sexual impression, combined with the idea of a particular garment -on the woman, in hyperæsthetic individuals, a very intense -interest in this garment might be developed.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Hammond (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>) reports the following case, taken from -Roubaud (“Traité de l’impuissance,” Paris):—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 81. X., son of a general. He was raised in the country. At -the age of fourteen he was initiated into the joys of love by a young -lady. This lady was a blonde, and wore her hair in ringlets; and, in -order to avoid detection in sexual intercourse with her young lover, she -always wore her usual clothing,—gaiters, a corset, and a silk dress.</p> - -<p class='c015'>When his studies were completed, and he was sent to a garrison -where he could enjoy freedom, he found that his sexual desire could be -excited only under certain conditions. A brunette could not excite him -in the least, and a woman in night-clothes could stifle every bit of love -in him. In order to awaken his desire, a woman had to be a blonde, and -wear gaiters, a corset, and a silk dress,—in short, she had to be dressed -like the lady who had first awakened his sexual desire. He was always -compelled to give up thoughts of matrimony, because he knew he would -be unable to fulfill his marital duty with a woman in night-clothes.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Hammond reports another case where coitus maritalis could be -performed only by the help of a certain costume; and Dr. Moll mentions -<span class='pageno' id='Page_169'>169</span>several similar cases in individuals of hetero- and homo-sexuality. The -cause may often be shown to be an early association, and such may -always be assumed. It is only in this way that one can explain why a -certain costume cannot be resisted by such individuals, no matter what -person wears the fetich. Thus one can understand why, as Coffignon -(<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>) relates, men at brothels demand that the women with whom -they are concerned put on certain costumes, such as that of a ballet-dancer, -or nun, etc.; and why these houses are furnished with a complete -wardrobe for such purposes.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Binet (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>) relates the case of a judge who was exclusively in -love with Italian girls who came to Paris as artists’ models, and their -peculiar costume. The cause was here demonstrably an impression made -at the time of the awakening of the sexual instinct.</p> - -<p class='c010'>A third form of dress-fetichism, having a much higher -degree of pathological significance, is by far the most frequent. -In this form it is no longer the woman herself, dressed, or even -dressed in a particular fashion, that constitutes the principal -sexual stimulus, but the sexual interest is so concentrated on -some certain article of female attire that the lustful idea of this -object is entirely separated from the idea of woman, and thus -obtains an independent value. This is the real domain of dress-fetichism, -where an inanimate object—an isolated article of -wearing-apparel—is alone used for the excitation and satisfaction -of the sexual instinct. This third form of dress-fetichism is -also the one that is important forensically.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In a large number of these cases the fetiches are articles -of female underwear, which, owing to their private use, are -suited to occasion such associations.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 82. K., aged 45, shoemaker, is reported to be without hereditary -taint. He is peculiar, and has small mental endowment. He is of masculine -habitus and without signs of degeneration. Previously blameless -in conduct, on the evening of July 5, 1876, he was detected taking stolen -female under-garments from a place of concealment. There were found -with him about three hundred articles of the female toilet, among them, -besides chemises and drawers, night-caps, garters, and a female doll. -When arrested he was wearing a chemise. Since his thirteenth year he -had been a slave to an impulse to steal women’s linen; but, after his first -punishment for it, he had become very careful, and stolen with refinement -and success. When this longing came over him, he would grow anxious, -and his head would become heavy. Then he could not resist the impulse, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_170'>170</span>cost what it might. He was indifferent to the source of the articles. At -night, on going to bed, he would put on the stolen clothing and create -beautiful women in imagination, thus inducing pleasurable feeling and -ejaculation. This was apparently the motive of his thefts; at least, he -had never disposed of any of the articles, but had hidden them here and -there.</p> - -<p class='c015'>He declared that, earlier in his life, he had indulged in normal sexual -intercourse with women. He denied onanism, pederasty, and other sexual -acts. He said he was engaged at twenty-five, but the engagement was -broken through no fault of his. He was incapable of insight into the -abnormality of his condition and the wrong of his acts. (Passow, <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Vierteljahrsschrift -f. ger. Medic.</span></cite>, N. F. xxviii, p. 61; Krauss, “<span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Psychologie -des Verbrechens</span>,” 1884, p. 190.)</p> - -<p class='c010'>Hammond (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>) reports a case of passionate interest in -single articles of female wearing-apparel. Here, also, the -patient’s pleasure consisted in wearing a corset and other -female garments (without any traces of contrary sexual -instinct). The pain of tight lacing, experienced by himself -or induced in women, is a delight to him,—sadistic-masochistic -element.</p> - -<p class='c010'>A case probably belonging here is one reported by Diez -(“Der Selbstmord,” 1838, p. 24), where a young man could not -resist the impulse to tear female linen. While tearing it, he -always had ejaculation.</p> - -<p class='c010'>A combination of fetichism with an impulse to destroy the -fetich (in a certain sense, sadism with inanimate objects) seems -to occur quite frequently (comp. Case 93).</p> - -<p class='c010'>An article of dress, which, though it has not really a private -character, by its material and color, as well as by the place -where it is worn, recalls under-garments, and hence has sexual -relations, is the apron (comp. also the metonymic use of the -word “apron” for “petticoat” in the saying, “To chase every -apron,” etc.). This explains the following case:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 83. C., aged 37; of a badly tainted family; of small mental endowment; -plagiocephalic. At fifteen his attention was attracted by aprons -hung out to dry. He bound them about himself and masturbated behind -the fence. From that time he could not see aprons without repeating the -act. If any one—no matter whether man or woman—with an apron on -came near him, he was compelled to run after the person. In order to free -<span class='pageno' id='Page_171'>171</span>him from this constant stealing of aprons, he was sent as a marine in his -sixteenth year. In this calling he saw no aprons, and had continual rest. -When, at nineteen, he returned home, he was again compelled to steal -aprons, and, as a result, got into serious complications, and was several -times locked up. He sought to free himself of his weakness by a -sojourn of several years in a cloister. When he came out, he was just -as bad as before. As a result of a new theft, he underwent a medico-legal -examination, and was committed to an asylum. He never stole anything -but aprons. It was a pleasure to him to revel in the memory of the first -apron he ever stole. His dreams were filled with aprons. He occasionally -used the memory of his thefts to make coitus possible, or for masturbation. -(Charcot and Magnan, <cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Arch. de neurolog.</span></cite>, 1882, Nr. 12.)</p> - -<p class='c015'>In a case reported by Lombroso (“Amori anomali precoci nei -pazzi,” <cite><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">Arch. di psich.</span></cite>, 1883, p. 17), analogous to those of this series, a -boy of very bad heredity, at the age of four, had erections and great -sexual excitement at the sight of white garments, particularly underclothing. -He was lustfully excited by handling and crumpling them. At -the age of ten he began to masturbate at the sight of white, starched linen. -He seems to have been affected with moral insanity, and was executed -for murder.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The following case of petticoat-fetichism is combined with -peculiar circumstances:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 84. Z., aged 35; official; the only child of a nervous mother -and healthy father. From childhood he was “nervous,” and at the consultation -his neuropathic eyes, delicate, slender body, fine features, very -thin voice, and sparse growth of beard attracted attention. The patient -presents nothing abnormal except symptoms of slight neurasthenia. -Genitals and sexual functions normal. Patient states that he has only -masturbated four or five times, and that when he was very young. As -early as at the age of thirteen, the patient was powerfully excited sexually -by the sight of wet female dresses; while the same dresses, when -dry, had no effect upon him. His greatest delight was to look at women -with wet garments in the rain. If he met a woman having a pleasing -face under such circumstances, he experienced an intense feeling of lustful -pleasure, had erection, and felt impelled to perform coitus. He states -that he has never had any desire to wet female dresses or to throw water -on women. He can give no explanation of the origin of his peculiarity.</p> - -<p class='c015'>It is possible that, in this case, the sexual instinct was first awakened -by the sight of a woman as she exposed her charms by raising her -skirts in wet weather. The obscure instinct, not yet conscious of its -object, then became directed to the wet garments, as in other cases.</p> - -<p class='c010'><em>Lovers of female handkerchiefs</em> are frequent, and, therefore, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_172'>172</span>important forensically. As to the frequency of handkerchief-fetichism, -it may be remarked that the handkerchief is the -one article of feminine attire which, outside of intimate association, -is most frequently displayed, and which, with its warmth -from the person and specific odors, may by accident fall into the -hands of others. The frequency of early association of lustful -feelings with the idea of a handkerchief, which may always be -presumed to have occurred in such cases of fetichism, probably -is due to this.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 85. A baker’s assistant, aged 32, single, previously of good -repute, was discovered stealing a handkerchief from a lady. In sincere -remorse, he confessed that he had stolen from eighty to ninety such handkerchiefs. -He had cared only for handkerchiefs, and, indeed, only for -those belonging to young women attractive to him. In his outward appearance -the culprit presents nothing peculiar. He dresses himself with much -taste. His conduct is peculiar, anxious, depressed, and unmanly, and he -often lapses into whining and tears. Lack of self-reliance, weakness of -comprehension, and slowness of perception and reflection, are noticeable. -One of his sisters is epileptic. He lives in good circumstances; was -never severely sick; developed well. In relating his history, he shows -weakness of memory and lack of clearness; calculation is hard for him, -though when young he learned and comprehended easily. His anxious, -uncertain state of mind gives rise to a suspicion of onanism. The culprit -confessed that he had been given to this practice excessively since his -nineteenth year. For some years, as a result of his vice, he had suffered -with depression, lassitude, trembling of the limbs, pain in the back, and -disinclination for work. Frequently a depressed, anxious state of mind -came over him, in which he avoided people. He had exaggerated, fantastic -notions about the results of sexual intercourse with women, and -could not bring himself to indulge in it. Of late, however, he had thought -of marriage. With great remorse and in a weak-minded way, X. now -confessed that six months before, while in a crowd, he became violently -excited sexually at the sight of a pretty young girl, and was compelled to -crowd up against her. He felt an impulse to compensate himself for the -want of a more complete satisfaction of his sexual excitement, by stealing -her handkerchief. Thereafter, as soon as he came near attractive females, -with violent sexual excitement, palpitation of the heart, erection and -<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">impetus coeundi</span></i>, the impulse would seize him to crowd up against them -and, <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">faute de mieux</span></i>, steal their handkerchiefs. Although the consciousness -of his criminal act never left him for a moment, he was unable to -make any resistance to the impulse. During the act he felt an anxiety -which was in part due to his inordinate sexual impulse, and partly to the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_173'>173</span>fear of detection. The medico-legal opinion rightly gave weight to the -congenital mental enfeeblement and the pernicious influence of masturbation, -and referred the abnormal impulses to a perverse sexual impulse, -calling attention to the presence of an interesting and well-known physiological -connection between the olfactory and sexual senses. The inability -to resist the pathological impulse was recognized. X. was not punished. -(Zippe, <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Wiener Med. Wochenschrift</span></cite>, 1879, Nr. 23.)</p> - -<p class='c010'>I am indebted to the kindness of Dr. Fritsch, of Vienna, -for further facts concerning this handkerchief-fetichist, who was -again arrested in August, 1890, in the act of taking a handkerchief -from a lady’s pocket:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>On searching his house, four hundred and forty-six ladies’ handkerchiefs -were found. He stated that he had burned besides two bundles -of them. In the course of the examination, it was further shown that -X. had been punished with imprisonment for fourteen days, in 1883, for -stealing twenty-seven handkerchiefs, and again with imprisonment for -three weeks, in 1886, for a similar crime. Concerning his relatives, nothing -more could be learned than that his father was subject to congestions, -and that a brother’s daughter was weak-minded and constitutionally neuropathic. -X. had married in 1879, and embarked in an independent business, -and in 1881 he made an assignment. Soon after that, his wife, who could -not live with him, and with whom he did not perform his marital duty -(denied by X.), demanded a divorce. Thereafter he lived as assistant baker -to his brother. He complained bitterly of an impulse for ladies’ handkerchiefs, -but when opportunity offered, unfortunately, he could not resist it. -In the act he experienced a feeling of delight, and felt as if some one were -forcing him to it. Sometimes he could restrain himself, but, when the -lady was pleasing to him, he yielded to the first impulse. He would be -wet with sweat, partly from fear of detection, and partly on account of -the impulse to perform the act. He says he has been sensually excited, -by the sight of handkerchiefs belonging to women, since puberty. He -cannot recall the exact circumstances of this fetichistic association. The -sensual excitement, occasioned by the sight of a lady with a handkerchief -hanging out of her pocket, had constantly increased. This had repeatedly -caused erection, but never ejaculation. After his twenty-first year, he says, -he had inclination to normal sexual indulgence, and had coitus without -difficulty without ideas of handkerchiefs. With increasing fetichism, the -appropriation of handkerchiefs had afforded him much more satisfaction -than coitus. The appropriation of the handkerchief of a lady attractive -to him was the same to him as intercourse with her would have been. In -the act he had true orgasm.</p> - -<p class='c015'>If he could not gain possession of the handkerchief he desired, he -<span class='pageno' id='Page_174'>174</span>would become painfully excited, tremble, and sweat all over. He kept -separate the handkerchiefs of ladies particularly pleasing to him, and -reveled in the sight of them, taking great pleasure in it. The odor of -them also gave him great delight, though he states that it was really the -odor peculiar to the linen, and not the perfume, which excited him sensually. -He had masturbated but very seldom.</p> - -<p class='c015'>X. complained of no physical ailments except occasional headache -and vertigo. He greatly regretted his misfortune, his abnormal impulse,—the -evil spirit that impelled him to such criminal acts. He had but one -wish: that some one might help him. Objectively there are mild neurasthenic -symptoms, anomalies of the distribution of blood, and unequal -pupils.</p> - -<p class='c015'>It was proved that X. had committed his crimes in obedience to an -abnormal, irresistible impulse. Pardon.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Such cases of handkerchief-fetichism, where an abnormal -individual is driven to theft, are very numerous. They also -occur in combination with contrary sexuality, as is proved by -the following case, which I borrow from page 125 of Dr. Moll’s -frequently-cited work<a id='r100' /><a href='#f100' class='c009'><sup>[100]</sup></a>:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 86. <em>Handkerchief-fetichism in a Case of Contrary Sexual -Instinct.</em>—K., aged 38; mechanic; a powerfully built man. He makes -numerous complaints,—weakness of the legs, pain in the back, headache, -want of pleasure in work, etc. The complaints give the decided impression -of neurasthenia with tendency to hypochondria. Only after the -patient had been under my treatment several months did he state that he -was also abnormal sexually.</p> - -<p class='c015'>K. had never had any inclination whatever for women; but handsome -men, on the other hand, had a peculiar charm for him. Patient -had masturbated frequently until he came to me. He had never practiced -mutual onanism or pederasty. He did not think that he would -have found satisfaction in this, because, in spite of his preference for -men, an article of white linen was his chief charm, though the beauty -of its owner played a <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i>. The handkerchiefs of handsome men particularly -excite him sexually. His greatest delight is to masturbate in men’s -handkerchiefs. For this reason he often took his friend’s handkerchiefs. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_175'>175</span>In order to save himself from detection, he always left one of his own -handkerchiefs with his friend in place of the one he stole. In this way -he sought to escape the suspicion of theft, by creating the appearance of -a mistake. Other articles of men’s linen also excited K. sexually, but -not to the extent handkerchiefs did.</p> - -<p class='c015'>K. had often performed coitus with women, having erection and -ejaculation, but without lustful pleasure. There was also nothing which -could stimulate the patient to the performance of coitus. Erection and -ejaculation occurred only when, during the act, he thought of a man’s -handkerchief; and this was easier for the patient when he took a friend’s -handkerchief with him, and had it in his hand during coitus. In accordance -with his sexual perversion, in his nightly pollutions with lustful -ideas, men’s linen played the principal <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i>.</p> - -<p class='c010'>It is possible that, in this interest in (used) handkerchiefs, -elements of feeling in the sense of masochism, group “<em>c</em>,” are also -often at work.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Still far more frequent than the fetichism of linen garments -is that of women’s shoes. These cases are, in fact, almost -innumerable, and a great many of them have been scientifically -studied; but I have but a few reports at second hand of the -similar glove-fetichism (concerning the reason for the relative -infrequency of glove-fetichism, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vide</span></i> p. 161).</p> - -<p class='c010'>In shoe-fetichism the close relationship of the object to the -feminine person, which explains linen-fetichism, is absolutely -wanting. For this reason, and because there is a large number -of well-observed cases at hand, in which the fetichistic enthusiasm -for the female shoe or boot consciously and undoubtedly -arises from masochistic ideas, an origin of a masochistic nature, -even when it is concealed, may always be assumed in shoe-fetichism, -when, in the concrete case, no other manner of origin -is demonstrable. For this reason the majority of the cases of -shoe- or foot-fetichism have been given under “Masochism.” -There the constant masochistic character of this form of erotic -fetichism has been sufficiently demonstrated by means of transitional -conditions. This presumption of the masochistic character -of shoe-fetichism is weakened and removed only where -another accidental cause for an association between sexual -excitation and the idea of women’s shoes—the occurrence of -which is quite improbable <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">a priori</span></i>—is demonstrable. In the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_176'>176</span>two following cases, however, there is such a demonstrable -connection:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 87. <em>Shoe-fetichism.</em> Mr. v. P., of an old and honorable family, -Pole, aged 32, consulted me, in 1890, on account of “unnaturalness” -of his vita sexualis. He gave the assurance that he came of a perfectly -healthy family. He had been nervous from childhood, and had suffered -with chorea minor at the age of eleven. For ten years he had suffered -with sleeplessness and various neurasthenic ailments. From his fifteenth -year he had recognized the difference of the sexes and been capable of -sexual excitation. At the age of seventeen he had been seduced by a -French governess, but coitus was not permitted; so that intense mutual -sensual excitement (mutual masturbation) was all that was possible. In -this situation his attention was attracted by her very elegant boots. -They made a very deep impression. His intercourse with this lewd -person lasted four months. During this association her shoes became a -fetich for the unfortunate boy. He began to have an interest in ladies’ -shoes in general, and actually went about trying to catch sight of ladies -wearing pretty boots. The shoe-fetichism gained great power over his -mind. He had the governess touch his penis with her shoes, and thus -ejaculation with great lustful feeling was immediately induced. After -separation from the governess, he went to puellis, whom he had perform -the same manipulation. This was usually sufficient for satisfaction. -Only seldom did he resort to coitus as an auxiliary, and inclination for -it grew less and less. His vita sexualis consisted of dream-pollutions, -in which women’s shoes played the exclusive <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i>; and of gratification -with women’s shoes apposita ad mentulam, but this had to be done by -the puella. In the society of the opposite sex the only thing that interested -him was the shoe, and that only when it was elegant, of the -French style, with heels, and of a brilliant black, like the original.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In the course of time the following conditions have become accessory: -A prostitute’s shoe that is elegant and <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">chic</span></i>; starched petticoats, -and black hose, if possible. Nothing else in woman interests him. <em>He -is absolutely indifferent to the naked foot.</em> Women have not the slightest -mental charm for him. He had never had masochistic desires, in the -sense of being trod upon. In the course of years his fetichism had -gained such power that when he saw a lady on the street, of a certain -appearance and with certain shoes, he was so intensely excited that -he had to masturbate. Slight pressure on the penis sufficed to induce -ejaculation, in his state of severe neurasthenia. Shoes displayed in -shops, and, of late, even advertisements of shoes, sufficed to excite him -intensely. In states of intense libido he made use of onanism, if shoes -were not at his immediate command. The patient quite early recognized -the pain and danger of his condition, and, even when he was free -from neurasthenic ailments, he was morally very much depressed. He -<span class='pageno' id='Page_177'>177</span>sought help of various physicians. Cold-water cures and hypnotism -were unsuccessful. The most celebrated physicians advised him to -marry, and assured him that, as soon as he once really loved a girl, he -would be free from his fetichism. The patient had no confidence in his -future, but he followed the advice of the physicians. He was cruelly -disappointed in the hope which the authority of the physicians had -aroused in him, though he led to the altar a lady distinguished by both -mental and physical charms. The wedding-night was terrible; he felt -like a criminal, and did not approach his wife. The next day he saw a -prostitute with the required <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">chic</span></i>. He was weak enough to have intercourse -with her in his way. Then he bought a pair of elegant ladies’ -boots, and hid them in bed, and, by touching them, while in marital -embrace, after a few days, he was able to perform his marital duty. He -ejaculated tardily, for he had to force himself to coitus; and, after a few -weeks, this artifice failed, because his imagination failed. He felt -unspeakably miserable, and would have preferred to make an end of -himself. He could no longer satisfy his wife, who was sensual, and -much excited by their previous intercourse; and he saw her suffering -severely, both mentally and morally. He could not, and would not, disclose -his secret. He experienced disgust in marital intercourse; he felt -afraid of his wife, and feared the coming of night and being alone with -her. He could no longer induce erection.</p> - -<p class='c015'>He again made attempts with prostitutes, and satisfied himself by -touching their shoes. Then the puella had to touch his penis, when he -would have ejaculation; but, if this did not take place, he would -attempt coitus with the lewd woman; without success, however, for -ejaculation would occur immediately. In absolute despair, the patient -comes for consultation. He deeply regretted that, against his inner -conviction, he had followed the unfortunate advice of the physicians, -and made a virtuous wife unhappy, having deeply injured her, both -mentally and morally. Could he answer God for continuing such a -marriage? Even if he were to discover himself to his wife, and she -were to do everything for him, it would not help him; for the familiar -perfume of the <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">demi-monde</span></i> was also necessary.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Aside from his mental pain, this unfortunate man presented no -remarkable symptoms. Genitals perfectly normal. Prostate somewhat -enlarged. He complained that he was so under the domination of his -boot-ideas that he would even blush when boots were talked about. His -whole imagination was given up to such ideas. When he was on his -estate, he often suddenly had to go a distance of ten miles to the city, -to satisfy his fetichism with shoe-stores or with puellis.</p> - -<p class='c015'>This pitiable man could not bring himself to take treatment; for -his faith in physicians had been greatly shaken. An attempt to ascertain -whether hypnosis and a removal of the fetichistic association by -this means, were possible, increased the mental excitement of the unfortunate -<span class='pageno' id='Page_178'>178</span>man, who was exclusively controlled by the thought that he had -made his wife unhappy.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 88. X., aged 24, from a badly-tainted family (mother’s brother -and grandfather insane, one sister epileptic, another sister subject to -migraine, parents of excitable temperament). During dentition he had -had convulsions. At the age of seven he was taught to masturbate by -a servant-girl. X. first experienced pleasure in these manipulations -when this girl occasionally <em>stroked his penis with her foot with her shoe -on</em>. Thus, in the predisposed boy, an association was established, as a -result of which, from that time on, merely the sight of women’s shoes, -and, finally, merely the idea of them, sufficed to induce sexual excitement -and erection. He now masturbated while looking at women’s -shoes, or while calling them up in imagination. At school the teacher’s -shoes excited him intensely, and in general he was affected by shoes that -were partly concealed by female garments. One day he could not keep -from grasping the teacher’s shoes,—an act that caused him great sexual -excitement. In spite of punishment he could not keep from performing -this act repeatedly. Finally, it was recognized that there must be an -abnormal motive in play, and he was sent to a male teacher. He then -reveled in the memory of shoe-scenes with his former school-mistress, -and thus had erections, orgasm, and, after his fourteenth year, ejaculation. -At the same time, he masturbated while thinking of a woman’s -shoe. One day the thought came to him to increase his pleasure by -using such a shoe for masturbation. Thereafter he frequently took -shoes secretly, and used them for that purpose.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Nothing else in a woman could excite him; the thought of coitus -filled him with horror. Men did not interest him in any way. At the -age of eighteen he opened a general store, and, among other things -handled ladies’ shoes. He was excited sexually by fitting shoes for his -female patrons, or by manipulating shoes that they had worn. One day, -while doing this, he had an epileptic attack, and, soon after, another, -while practicing onanism in his customary way. Then he recognized, -for the first time, the injury to health caused by his sexual practices. -He tried to overcome his onanism, sold no more shoes, and strove to -free himself from the abnormal association between women’s shoes and -the sexual function. Then frequent pollutions, with erotic dreams -about shoes, occurred, and the epileptic attacks continued. Though -devoid of the slightest feeling for the female sex, he determined on -marriage, which seemed to him to be the only remedy.</p> - -<p class='c015'>He married a pretty young lady. In spite of lively erections -when he thought of his wife’s shoes, in attempts at cohabitation he was -absolutely impotent; for his distaste for coitus, and for close intercourse -in general, was far more powerful than the influence of the shoe-idea, -which induced sexual excitement. On account of his impotence, the -patient applied to Dr. Hammond, who treated his epilepsy with bromides, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_179'>179</span>and advised him to hang a shoe up over his bed, and look at it fixedly -during coitus, at the same time imagining his wife to be a shoe. The -patient became free from epileptic attacks, and potent so that he could -have coitus about once a week. Too, his sexual excitation by women’s -shoes grew less and less. (Hammond, “Sexual Impotence.”)</p> - -<p class='c010'>Following these two cases of shoe-fetichism, which apparently -depend merely upon accidental association, and are not -favored by any inner relation between the things themselves, is -given the very strange case of a fetichist who was excited sexually -only by the idea of a night-cap on the head of an ugly -old woman; also a case arising apparently from merely -accidental association:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 89. L., aged 37, clerk, from tainted family, had his first erection -at five years, when he saw his bed-fellow—an aged relative—put on -a night-cap. The same thing occurred later, when he saw an old servant -put on her night-cap. Later, simply the idea of an old, ugly woman’s -head, covered with a night-cap, was sufficient to cause an erection. -Simply the sight of a cap, or of a naked woman or man, made no impression, -but the mere touch of a night-cap induced erection, and sometimes -even ejaculation. L. was not a masturbator, and had never been sexually -active until his thirty-second year, when he married a young girl with -whom he had fallen in love. On his marriage-night he remained cold -until, from necessity, he brought to his aid the memory-picture of an -ugly woman’s head with a night-cap. Coitus was immediately successful. -Thereafter it was always necessary for him to use this means. -Since childhood he had been subject to occasional attacks of depression, -with tendency to suicide, and now and then to frightful hallucinations -at night. When looking out of windows, he became dizzy and anxious. -He was a perverse, peculiar, and easily embarrassed man, of bad mental -constitution. (Charcot and Magnan, <cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Arch. de neurol.</span></cite>, 1882, No. 12.)</p> - -<p class='c010'>In this very peculiar case, the simultaneous coincidence of -the first sexual excitation and an absolutely heterogeneous -impression seems to have determined the association.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Hammond (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>) also mentions a case of accidental -associative fetichism that is quite as peculiar. A married man, -aged 30, who, in other respects, was healthy, physically and -mentally, is said to have suddenly lost his sexual power, after -moving to another house, and to have regained it as soon as the -furniture of the sleeping-room had been arranged as it was -before.</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_180'>180</span>(c) <em>The Fetich is Some Special Material.</em>—There is a third -principal group of fetichists who have as a fetich neither a portion -of the female body nor a part of female attire, but some -particular material which is so used, not because it is a material -for female garments, but because in itself it can arouse or increase -sexual feelings. In many cases of this kind, the act of -feeling of such material during the sexual act seems indispensable, -in order to make the latter possible, or at least satisfactory. -Such materials are furs, velvet, and silk.</p> - -<p class='c010'>These cases differ from the foregoing instances of erotic -dress-fetichism, in that these materials, unlike female linen, do -not have any close relation to the female body; and, unlike -shoes and gloves, they are not related to certain parts of the -person which have peculiar symbolic significance. Moreover, -this fetichism cannot be due to an accidental association, like -that in the cases of the night-caps and the arrangement of the -sleeping-room; for these cases form an entire group having the -same object. It must be presumed that certain tactile sensations -(a kind of tickling which stands in some distant relation -to lustful sensations?), in hyperæsthetic individuals, furnish the -occasion for the origin of this fetichism.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The following is a personal observation of a man affected -with this peculiar fetichism:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 90. N. N., aged 37; of a neuropathic family; neuropathic -constitution. He makes the following statement: “From my earliest -youth I have always had a deeply-rooted partiality for furs and velvet, in -that these materials cause me sexual excitement, and the sight and touch -of them give me lustful pleasure. I can recall no event that caused this -peculiarity (such as the simultaneous occurrence of the first sexual excitation -and an impression of these materials,—<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">i.e.</span></i>, first excitation by a -woman dressed in them); in fact, I cannot remember when this enthusiasm -began. However, by this I would not exclude the possibility of such an -event,—of an accidental connection in a first impression and consequent -association; but I think it very improbable that such a thing took place, -because I believe such an occurrence would have deeply impressed me. All -I know is, that even when a small child I had a lively desire to see and -stroke furs, and thus had an obscure sensual pleasure. With the first -occurrence of definite sexual ideas,—<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">i.e.</span></i>, the direction of sexual thoughts to -woman,—the peculiar preference for women dressed in such materials was -<span class='pageno' id='Page_181'>181</span>present. Since then, up to mature manhood, it has remained unchanged. -A woman wearing furs or velvet, or, better, both, excites me much more -quickly and intensely than one devoid of these auxiliaries. To be sure, -these materials are not a <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">conditio sine qua non</span></i> of excitation; the desire -occurs also without them, in response to the usual stimuli; but the sight -and, particularly, the touch of these fetich-materials form for me a -powerful aid to other normal stimuli, and intensify erotic pleasure. Often -merely the sight of only a passably pretty girl, dressed in these materials, -causes me lively excitement, and overcomes me completely. Even the -sight of my fetich-materials gives me pleasure, but the touch of them -much more. (To the penetrating odor of furs I am indifferent—rather, -it is unpleasant—and it is endurable only by reason of the association -with pleasing visual and tactile impressions.) I have an intense longing -to touch these materials while on a woman’s person, to stroke and kiss -them, and bury my face in them. My greatest pleasure is, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">inter actum</span></i>, -to see and feel my fetich on the woman’s shoulder.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Fur, or velvet alone, exerts on me the effect described, the former -much more intensely than the latter. The combination of the two has -the most intense effect. Too, female garments of velvet and fur, seen and -touched without the wearer, cause me sexual excitement; indeed, though -to a less extent, the same effect is exerted by furs or robes having no -relation to female attire, and also by the velvet and plush of furniture -and drapery. Merely pictures of costumes of furs and velvet are objects -of erotic interest to me; indeed, simply the word “fur” has a magic charm -for me, and immediately calls up erotic ideas.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Fur is such an object of sexual interest for me that a man wearing -fur that is effective (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">v. infra</span></i>) makes a very unpleasant, repugnant, and -disgusting impression on me; such as would be made on a normal person -by a man in the costume and attire of a ballet-dancer. Similarly repugnant -to me is the sight of an old or ugly woman clad in beautiful furs; -because opposing feelings are thus aroused.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“This erotic delight in furs and velvet is something entirely different -from simple æsthetic pleasure. I have a very lively appreciation of -beautiful female attire, and, at the same time, a particular partiality for -point-lace; but it is purely of an æsthetic nature. A woman dressed in -a point-lace <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">toilette</span></i> (or in other elegant, elaborate attire) is more <em>beautiful</em> -than another; but one dressed in my fetich-material is more <em>charming</em>.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“But furs exercise on me the effect described only when the fur has -very thick, fine, smooth, and rather long hair, that stands out like that of -the so-called bearded furs. I have noticed that the effect depends upon -this. I am entirely indifferent not only to the common coarse, bushy -furs, but also to those that are commonly regarded as beautiful and -precious, from which the long hair has been removed (seal, beaver), or -of which the hair is naturally short (ermine); and likewise to those of -which the hair is over-long and lies down (monkey, bear). The specific -<span class='pageno' id='Page_182'>182</span>effect is exerted only by the standing long hair of the sable, marten, -skunk, etc. But velvet is made of thick, fine, standing hairs (fibres); -and its effect may be due to this. The effect seems to depend upon a -very definite impression of the points of thick, fine hair upon the end-organs -of the sensory nerves.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“But how this peculiar impression on the tactile nerves is related to -sexual instinct is a perfect enigma to me. The fact is, that this is the -case with many men. I would also state expressly that beautiful female -hair pleases me, but plays no more important part than the other charm; -and that while touching fur I have no thought of female hair. The tactile -sensation, also, has not the least resemblance to that imparted by -female hair. There is never association of any other idea. Fur, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per se</span></i>, -arouses sensuality in me,—how, I cannot explain.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“The mere æsthetic effect, the beauty of costly furs, to which every -one is more or less susceptible; which, since Raphael’s Fornarina and -Reuben’s Helene Fourment, has been used as the foil and frame of -female beauty by innumerable painters; and which plays so important a -<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i> in fashion,—the art and science of female dress,—this æsthetic effect, -as has been remarked, explains nothing here. Beautiful furs have the -same æsthetic effect on me as on normal individuals, and affect me in the -same way that flowers, ribbons, precious stones, and other ornaments -affect every one. Such things, when skillfully used, enhance female -beauty, and thus, under certain circumstances, may have an indirect sensual -effect. They never have a direct, powerful, sensual effect on me, as -do the fetich-materials mentioned.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Though in me, and, in fact, in all ‘fetichists,’ the sensual and æsthetic -effect must be strictly differentiated, nevertheless, that does not -prevent me from demanding in my fetich a whole series of æsthetic qualities -in form, style, color, etc. I could give a very lengthy description -of these qualities that my taste demands; but I omit it as not being -essential to the real subject in hand. I would only call attention to the -fact that erotic fetichism is complicated with purely æsthetic tastes.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“The specific erotic effect of my fetich-materials can be explained no -better by the association with the idea of the person of the female wearing -them, than by their æsthetic impression. For, in the first place, as -has been said, these materials, as such, affect me when entirely isolated -from the body; and, in the second place, articles of clothing of a much -more private nature, and which undoubtedly call up associations, exert a -much weaker influence over me. Thus the fetich-materials have an independent -sensual value for me; why, is an enigma to me.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Feathers in women’s hats, fans, etc., have the same erotic fetichistic -effect on me as furs and velvet (similar tactile sensation of airy, peculiar -tickling). Finally, the fetichistic effect, with much less intensity, is -exerted by other smooth materials (satin and silk); but rough goods -(cloth, flannel) have a repelling effect.</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_183'>183</span>“In conclusion, I will mention that somewhere I read an article by -Carl Vogt on microcephalic men, according to which these creatures, at -the sight of furs, rushed for them and stroked them with every manifestation -of delight. I am far from any thought, on this ground, to see in -wide-spread fur-fetichism an atavistic retrogression to the taste of our -hairy ancestors. Every cretin, with that simplicity belonging to his condition, -touches anything that pleases him; and the act is not necessarily -of a sexual nature; just as many normal men like to stroke a cat and -the like, or even velvet and furs, and are not thus excited sexually.”</p> - -<p class='c010'>In the literature of this subject, there are a few cases -belonging here:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 91. A boy, aged 12, became powerfully excited sexually when -he chanced to put on a fox-skin. From that time there was masturbation -with the employment of furs, or by means of taking a furry dog to bed. -Ejaculation would result, sometimes followed by an hysterical attack. -His nocturnal pollutions were induced by dreaming that he lay entirely -covered up in a white skin. He was absolutely insusceptible to stimuli -coming from men or women. He was neurasthenic, suffered with delusions -of being watched, and thought that every one noticed his sexual -anomaly. He had tædium vitæ on account of this, and finally became -insane. He had marked taint; his genitals were imperfectly formed, and -he presented other signs of degeneration. (Tarnowsky, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>, p. 22.)</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 92. C. is an especial lover of velvet. He is attracted in a -normal way by beautiful women, but it particularly excites him to have -the person with whom he has sexual intercourse dressed in velvet. In -this, it is remarkable that it is not so much the sight as the touch of the -velvet that causes the excitation. C. told me that stroking a woman’s -velvet jacket would excite him sexually to an extent scarcely possible in -any other way. (Dr. Moll, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>, p. 127.)</p> - -<p class='c010'>The following is a very peculiar case of material-fetichism. -It is combined with the impulse to injure the fetich, which, in -this case, represents an element of sadism toward the woman -wearing the fetich, or impersonal sadism toward objects, which -is of frequent occurrence in fetichists (comp. p. 170). This -impulse to injure made this a remarkable criminal case:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 93. In July, 1891, Alfred Bachmann, aged 25, locksmith, was -brought before Judge I., in the second term of the criminal court, in -Berlin. In April, 1891, the police had had numerous complaints, according -to which some evil hand had cut women’s dresses with a very sharp -instrument. On April 25, they were successful in arresting the perpetrator -<span class='pageno' id='Page_184'>184</span>in the person of the accused. A policeman noticed how the accused -pressed, in a remarkable manner, against a lady in the company of -a gentleman, while they were going through a passage. The officer -requested the lady to examine her dress, while he held the man under -suspicion. It was ascertained that the dress had received quite a long -slit. The accused was taken to the station, where he was examined. -Besides a sharp knife, which he confessed he used for cutting dresses, -two silk sashes, such as ladies wear on their dresses, were found on him; -he also confessed that he had taken these from dresses in crowds. Finally, -the examination of his person brought to light a lady’s silk neck-cloth. -The accused said he had found this. Since his statement in this case -could not be refuted, complaint was therefore made to rest on the result -of the search; in two instances in which complaint was made by the -injured parties his acts were designated as injury to property, and in two -other instances as theft. The accused, a man who had been often punished -before, with a pale, expressionless face, before the judge, gave a -strange explanation of his enigmatical action. A major’s cook had once -thrown him down-stairs when he was begging of her, and since that time -he had entertained great hatred of the whole female sex. There was a -doubt about his responsibility, and he was therefore examined by a physician. -The medical expert gave the opinion, at the final trial, that there -was no reason to regard the accused as insane, though he was of low -intelligence. The culprit defended himself in a peculiar manner. An -irresistible impulse forced him to approach women wearing silk dresses. -<em>The touch of silk material gave him a feeling of delight</em>, and this went -so far that, while in prison for examination, he had been excited if a silk -thread happened to pass through his fingers while raveling rags. Judge -Müller considered the accused to be simply a dangerous, vicious man, -who should be made harmless for a long time. He advised imprisonment -for one year. The court sentenced him to six months’ imprisonment, -with loss of honor for a year.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The following case was communicated to me by a physician:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>In a brothel a certain man was known by the name of “Velvet.” -He dressed a puella pleasing to him in a black velvet dress, and excited -and satisfied his sexual appetite simply by stroking his face with a part -of the velvet skirt, touching the woman in no other way.</p> - -<p class='c010'>I am assured by an officer that, among masochists, a -partiality for furs, velvet, and feathers, is very frequent (comp. -Case 44). In the novels of Sacher-Masoch, fur plays an important -part; indeed, it furnishes a title to some of them. The -explanation given there seems far-fetched and unsatisfactory,—that -<span class='pageno' id='Page_185'>185</span>fur (ermine) is the symbol of royalty, and therefore the -fetich of the men described in the novels.</p> - -<h4 class='c020'>II. <em>Great Diminution or Complete Absence of Sexual Feeling for the Opposite Sex, with Substitution of Sexual Feeling and Instinct for the Same Sex. (Homo-sexuality, or Contrary Sexual Instinct).</em></h4> - -<p class='c017'>After the attainment of complete sexual development, -among the most constant elements of self-consciousness in the -individual, are the knowledge of representing a definite sexual -personality and the consciousness of desire, during the period -of physiological activity of the reproductive organs (production -of semen and ova), to perform sexual acts corresponding with -that sexual personality,—acts which, consciously or unconsciously, -have a procreative purpose.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The sexual instinct and desire, save for indistinct feelings -and impulses, remain latent until the period of development of -the sexual organs. The child is <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">generis neutrius</span></i>; and though, -during this latent period,—when sexuality has not yet risen into -clear consciousness, is but virtually present, and unconnected -with powerful organic sensations,—too early excitation of the -genitals may occur, either spontaneously or as a result of external -influence, and find satisfaction in masturbation; yet, -notwithstanding this, the <em>psychical</em> relation to persons of the -opposite sex is still absolutely wanting, and the sexual acts -during this period partake more or less of a reflex spinal nature.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The fact of innocence, or of sexual neutrality, is the more -remarkable, since very early, in education, employment, dress, -etc., the child undergoes a differentiation from children of the -opposite sex. These impressions, however, remain destitute of -mental meaning, because they apparently are without sexual -coloring; for the central organ (cortex) of sexual emotions and -ideas is not yet capable of activity, owing to its undeveloped -condition.</p> - -<p class='c010'>With the inception of anatomical and functional development -of the generative organs, and the differentiation of form -belonging to each sex, which goes hand in hand with it in the -boy or girl, rudiments of a mental feeling corresponding with -<span class='pageno' id='Page_186'>186</span>the sex are developed; and in this, of course, education and -external influences in general have a powerful effect upon the -individual, who is now all attention.</p> - -<p class='c010'>If the sexual development is normal and undisturbed, a -definite character, corresponding with the sex, is developed. -Certain definite inclinations and reactions in intercourse with -persons of the opposite sex arise; and it is psychologically -worthy of note with what relative rapidity the definite mental -type corresponding with the sex is evolved.</p> - -<p class='c010'>While modesty, for example, during childhood, is essentially -but an uncomprehended and incomprehensible exaction of -education and imitation, and in the innocence and <em>näiveté</em> of -the child but imperfectly expressed; in the youth and maiden it -becomes an imperative requirement of self-respect; and, if in any -way it is offended, intense vasomotor reaction (blushing) and -psychical emotion are induced.</p> - -<p class='c010'>If the original constitution is favorable and normal, and -factors injurious to the psycho-sexual development exercise no -influence, then a psycho-sexual personality is developed that is so -unchangeable, and corresponds so completely and harmoniously -with the sex the individual represents, that subsequent loss of -the generative organs (as by castration), or the climacteric or -senility, cannot essentially alter it. But this, of course, is not -to declare that the castrated man or woman, the youth and -the aged man, the maiden and matron, the impotent and the -potent man, do not differ essentially from one another mentally.</p> - -<p class='c010'>An interesting and important question for what follows -is, whether the peripheral influences of the generative glands -(testes and ovaries), or central cerebral conditions, are the -determining factors in psycho-sexual development. The fact -that congenital deficiency of the generative glands, or removal -of them before puberty, has a great influence on physical and -psycho-sexual development, so that the latter is distorted and -assumes a type more closely resembling the opposite sex -(eunuchs, certain viragoes, etc.), betokens their great importance -in this respect.</p> - -<p class='c010'>But that the physical processes taking place in the genital -<span class='pageno' id='Page_187'>187</span>organs are only co-operative, and not the exclusive factors in -the process of development of the psycho-sexual character, is -shown by the fact that, notwithstanding a normal anatomical -and physiological state of these organs, a sexual instinct may -be developed which is the exact opposite of that characteristic -of the sex to which the individual belongs.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In this case, the cause is to be sought only in an anomaly -of central conditions,—in an abnormal psycho-sexual constitution. -This constitution, as far as its anatomical and functional -foundation is concerned, is absolutely unknown. Since, in -almost all such cases, the individual subject to the perverse -sexual instinct displays a neuropathic predisposition in several -directions, and the latter may be brought into relation with -hereditary degenerate conditions, this anomaly of psycho-sexual -feeling may be called, clinically, a functional sign of degeneration. -This perverse sexuality appears spontaneously, without external -cause, with the development of sexual life, as an individual -manifestation of an abnormal form of the vita sexualis, and -then has the force of a <em>congenital</em> phenomenon; or it develops -upon a sexuality the beginning of which was normal, as a result -of very definite injurious influences, and thus appears as an -<em>acquired</em> anomaly. Upon what this enigmatical phenomenon -of acquired homo-sexual instinct depends is still inexplicable, -and only a matter for hypothesis. Careful examination of the -so-called acquired cases makes it probable that the predisposition -also present here consists of a latent homo-sexuality, or, at least, -bi-sexuality, which, for its manifestation, requires the influence -of accidental exciting causes to rouse it from its slumber.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In so-called contrary sexual instinct there are degrees of -the phenomenon which quite correspond with the degrees of -predisposition of the individuals. Thus, in the milder cases, -there is simple hermaphroditism; in more pronounced cases, only -homo-sexual feeling and instinct, but limited to the vita sexualis; -in still more complete cases, the whole psychical personality, and -even the bodily sensations, are transformed to correspond with -the sexual perversion; and, in the complete cases, the physical -form is correspondingly altered.</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_188'>188</span>The following division of the various phenomena of this -psycho-sexual anomaly is made, therefore, in accordance with -these clinical facts:—</p> - -<p class='c010'>A. <em>Homo-sexual Feeling as an Acquired Manifestation.</em>—The -determining condition here is the demonstration of perverse -feeling for the same sex; not the proof of sexual acts with -the same sex. These two phenomena must not be confounded -with each other; perversity must not be taken for perversion.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Perverse sexual acts, not dependent upon perversion, often -come under observation. This is especially true with reference -to sexual acts between persons of the same sex, particularly -pederasty. Here paræsthesia sexualis is not necessarily at -work; but hyperæsthesia, with physical or mental impossibility -of natural sexual satisfaction. Thus we find homo-sexual -intercourse in impotent masturbators or debauchees, or -<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">faute de mieux</span></i> in sensual men and women in imprisonment, on -ship-board, in garrisons, bagnios, boarding-schools, etc.</p> - -<p class='c010'>There is an immediate return to normal sexual intercourse -as soon as obstacles to it are removed. Very frequently the -cause of such temporary aberration is masturbation and its -results in youthful individuals.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Nothing is so prone to contaminate—under certain circumstances, -even to exhaust—the source of all noble and ideal -sentiments, which arise of themselves from a normally developing -sexual instinct, as the practice of masturbation in early -years. It despoils the unfolding bud of perfume and beauty, -and leaves behind only the coarse, animal desire for sexual satisfaction. -If an individual, spoiled in this manner, reaches an -age of maturity, there is wanting in him that æsthetic, ideal, -pure, and free impulse which draws one toward the opposite -sex. Thus the glow of sensual sensibility wanes, and the -inclination toward the opposite sex becomes weakened. This -defect influences the morals, character, fancy, feeling, and -instinct of the youthful masturbator, male or female, in an -unfavorable way, and, under certain circumstances, allows the -desire for the opposite sex to sink to <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nil</span></i>; so that masturbation is -preferred to the natural mode of satisfaction.</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_189'>189</span>Sometimes the development of higher sexual feelings -toward the opposite sex suffers, on account of hypochondriacal -fear of infection in sexual intercourse; or on account of an -actual infection; or they suffer as a result of a faulty education -which points out such dangers and exaggerates them. Again -(especially in females), fear of the result of coitus (pregnancy), -or abhorrence of men, by reason of mental or moral weakness, -may direct into perverse channels an instinct that makes itself -felt with abnormal intensity. But too early and perverse sexual -satisfaction injures not merely the mind, but also the body; inasmuch -as it induces neuroses of the sexual apparatus (irritable -weakness of the centres governing erection and ejaculation; -defective pleasurable feeling in coitus), while, at the same -time, it maintains the imagination and libido in continuous -excitement.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Almost every masturbator at last reaches a point where, -frightened on learning the results of the vice, or on experiencing -them (neurasthenia), or led by example or seduction to the opposite -sex, he wishes to free himself of the vice and re-instate his -vita sexualis. The moral and mental conditions are the most unfavorable -possible. The pure glow of sexual feeling is destroyed; -the fire of sexual instinct is wanting, and self-confidence, no -less; for every masturbator is more or less timid and cowardly. -If the youthful sinner at last comes to make an attempt at -coitus, he is either disappointed because enjoyment is wanting, -on account of defective sensual feeling, or he is lacking in the -mental strength necessary to accomplish the act. The fiasco -has a fatal effect, and leads to absolute psychical impotence. A -bad conscience and the memory of past failures prevent success -in any further attempts. The constant libido sexualis, however, -demands satisfaction; but this moral and mental perversion -separates him further and further from women. For various -reasons, however (neurasthenic complaints, hypochondriacal -fear of the results, etc.), the individual is kept from masturbation. -Occasionally, under such circumstances, there may be -bestiality. Intercourse with the same sex is then near at -hand,—as a result of occasional seduction or of the feelings of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_190'>190</span>friendship which, on the level of pathological sexuality, easily -associate themselves with sexual feelings. Passive and mutual -onanism then becomes the equivalent of the avoided act. If -there is a seducer,—which, unfortunately, is so frequent,—then -the cultivated pederast is produced,—<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">i.e.</span></i>, a man who performs -<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">quasi</span></i> acts of onanism with persons of his own sex, and, at the -same time, feels and prefers himself in an active <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i> corresponding -with his real sex; who is mentally indifferent not only to -persons of the opposite sex, but also to those of his own sex.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Sexual aberration in the <em>normally</em> constituted, <em>untainted</em>, -mentally healthy individual, reaches this degree. No case has -been demonstrated in which perversity has been transformed -into perversion,—into a reversal of the sexual instinct.<a id='r101' /><a href='#f101' class='c009'><sup>[101]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'>With tainted individuals, the matter is quite different. The -latent perverse sexuality is developed under the influence of -neurasthenia induced by masturbation, abstinence, or otherwise.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Gradually, in contact with persons of the same sex, sexual -excitation by them is induced. Related ideas are colored with -<span class='pageno' id='Page_191'>191</span>lustful feelings, and awaken corresponding desires. This -decidedly degenerate reaction is the beginning of a process of -physical and mental transformation, a description of which is -attempted in what follows, and which is one of the most interesting -psychological phenomena that has been observed. This -metamorphosis presents different stages, or degrees.</p> - -<p class='c010'><em>I. Degree: Simple Reversal of Sexual Feeling.</em>—This -degree is attained when persons of the same sex have an -aphrodisiac effect, and the individual has a sexual feeling for -them. Character and feeling, however, still correspond with -the sex of the individual presenting the reversal of sexual feeling. -He feels himself in the active <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i>; he recognizes his -impulse toward his own sex as an aberration, and finally seeks -aid. With episodical improvement of the neurosis, at first even -normal sexual feelings may re-appear and assert themselves. -The following case seems well suited to exemplify this stage of -the psycho-sexual degeneration:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 94. <em>Acquired Contrary Sexual Instinct.</em>—“I am an official, and, -as far as I know, come of an untainted family. My father died of an acute -disease; my mother is living and is <em>quite nervous</em>. <em>A sister has been very -intensely religious for some years.</em></p> - -<p class='c015'>“I myself am tall, and, in speech, gait, and manner, give a perfectly -masculine impression. Measles is the only disease I have had; but since -my thirteenth year I have suffered with so-called nervous headache. -My sexual life began in my thirteenth year, when I became acquainted -with a boy somewhat older than myself, with whom I took pleasure in -mutual fondling of the genitals. I had the first ejaculation in my fourteenth -year. Seduced to onanism by two older school-mates, I practiced -it partly with others and partly alone; in the latter case, however, always -with the thought of persons of the female sex. My libido sexualis was -very great, as it is to-day. Later, I tried to win a pretty, stout servant-girl -who had very large <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mammæ; id solum assecutus sum, ut me praesente -superiorem corporis sui partem enudaret mihique concederet os mammasque -osculari, dum ipsa penem meum valde erectum in manum suam -recepit eumque trivit</span>.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Notwithstanding my urgent demand for coitus, she would not -allow it; but she finally permitted me to touch her genitals.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“After going to the University, I visited a brothel and succeeded -without especial effort.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“There an event occurred which brought a change in me. One -<span class='pageno' id='Page_192'>192</span>evening I accompanied a friend home, and in a mild state of intoxication -I grasped him ad genitalia. He made but slight opposition. I then went -up to his room with him, and we practiced mutual masturbation. From -that time we indulged in it quite frequently; in fact, it came to immissio -penis in os, with resultant ejaculations. But it is strange that I was not -at all in love with this person, but passionately in love with another -friend, near whom I never felt the slightest sexual excitement, and whom -I never connected with sexual matters, even in thought. My visits to -brothels, where I was gladly received, became more infrequent; in my -friend I found a substitute, and did not desire sexual intercourse with -women.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“We never practiced pederasty, and that word was not even known -between us. From the beginning of this relation with my friend, I again -masturbated more frequently, and naturally the thought of females receded -more and more into the background, and I thought more and -more about young, handsome, strong men with the largest genitals. -I preferred young fellows, from sixteen to twenty-five years old, without -beards, but they had to be handsome and clean. Young laborers dressed -in trousers of Manchester cloth or English leather, particularly masons, -especially excited me.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Persons in my own position had hardly any effect on me; but, at -the sight of one of those strapping fellows of the lower class, I experienced -marked sexual excitement. It seems to me that the touch of such -trousers, the opening of them, and the grasping of the penis, as well as -kissing the fellow, would be the greatest delight. My sensibility to female -charms is somewhat dulled; yet in sexual intercourse with a woman, particularly -when she has well-developed mammæ, I am always potent -without the help of imagination. I have never attempted to make use -of a young laborer, or the like, for the satisfaction of my evil desires, and -never shall; but I often feel the longing to do it. I often impress on -myself the mental image of such a man, and then masturbate at home.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I am absolutely devoid of taste for female work. I rather like to -move in female society, but dancing is repugnant to me. I have a lively -interest in the fine arts. That my sexual sense is partly reversed is, I -believe, in part due to greater convenience, which keeps me from entering -into a relation with a girl; as the latter is a matter of too much trouble. -To be constantly visiting houses of prostitution is, for æsthetic reasons, -repugnant to me; and thus I am always returning to solitary onanism, -which is very difficult for me to avoid.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Hundreds of times I have said to myself that, in order to have a -normal sexual sense, it would be necessary for me, first of all, to overcome -my irresistible passion for onanism,—a practice so repugnant to my -æsthetic feeling. Again and again I have resolved with all my might to -fight this passion; but I am still unsuccessful. When I felt the sexual -impulse gaining strength, instead of seeking satisfaction in the natural -<span class='pageno' id='Page_193'>193</span>manner, I preferred to masturbate, because I felt that I would thus have -more enjoyment.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“And yet experience has taught me that I am always potent with -girls, and that, too, without trouble and without the help of imagining masculine -genitals. In one case, however, I did not attain ejaculation because -the woman—it was in a brothel—was devoid of every charm. I cannot -avoid the thought and severe self-accusation that, to a certain extent, my -contrary sexuality is the result of excessive onanism; and this especially -depresses me, because I am compelled to acknowledge that I scarcely -feel strong enough to overcome this vice by the force of my own will.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“As a result of my relations with my fellow-student and school-mate -for years, mentioned in this communication,—which, however, -began while we were at the University, and after we had been friends -for seven years,—the impulse to unnatural satisfaction of libido has -grown much stronger. I trust you will permit the description of an -incident which occupied me for months:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>“In the summer of 1882, I made the acquaintance of a companion -six years younger than myself, who, with several others, had been introduced -to me and my acquaintances. I very soon felt a deep interest in -this handsome man, who was unusually well proportioned, slim, and full -of health. After a few weeks of association, this feeling became friendship, -and at last passionate love, with feelings of the most intense jealousy. -I very soon noticed that, in this, sexual excitation was also very marked; -and, notwithstanding my determination, aside from all others, to keep -myself in check in relation to this man, whom I respected so highly for -his superior character, one night, after free indulgence in beer, as we were -enjoying a bottle of champagne in my room and drinking to good, true, -and lasting friendship, I yielded to the irresistible impulse to embrace -him, etc.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“When I saw him, next day, I was so ashamed that I could not look -him in the face. I felt the deepest regret for my action, and accused -myself bitterly for having thus sullied this friendship, which was to be -and remain so pure and precious. In order to prove to him that I had -lost control of myself only momentarily, at the end of the semester I -urged him to make an excursion with me; and after some reluctance, the -reason of which was only too clear to me, he consented. Several nights -we slept in the same room without any attempt on my part to repeat my -action. I wished to talk with him about the event of that night, but I -could not bring myself to it; even when, during the next semester, -we were separated, I could not induce myself to write to him on the -subject; and when I visited him, in March, at X., it was the same. And -yet I felt a great desire to clear up this dark point by an open statement. -In October of the same year, I was again in X., and this time found -courage to speak without reserve; indeed, I asked him why he had not resisted -me. He answered that, in part, it was because he wished to please -<span class='pageno' id='Page_194'>194</span>me, and, in part, owing to the fact that he was somewhat apathetic as a -result of being a little intoxicated. I explained to him my condition, -and also gave him “Psychopathia Sexualis” to read, expressing the hope -that by the force of my own will I should become fully and lastingly -master of my unnatural impulse. Since this confession, the relation between -this friend and me has been the most delightful and happy possible; -there are the most friendly feelings on both sides, which are heart-felt -and true; and it is to be hoped that they will endure.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“If I should not improve my abnormal condition, I am determined -to put myself under your treatment; the more because, after a -careful study of your work, I cannot count myself as belonging to the -category of so-called urnings; and, too, because I have the firm conviction, -or hope, at least, that a strong will, assisted and combined with skillful -treatment, could transform me into a man of normal feeling.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 95. Ilma S.,<a id='r102' /><a href='#f102' class='c009'><sup>[102]</sup></a> aged 29; single; merchant’s daughter. She comes -of a family having bad nervous taint. Father was a drinker and died by -suicide, as also did the patient’s brother and sister. A sister suffers with -convulsive hysteria. Mother’s father shot himself while insane. Mother -was sickly, and died paralyzed after apoplexy. The patient never had -any severe illness. She is bright, enthusiastic, and dreamy. Menses at -the age of eighteen without difficulty; but thereafter they were very -irregular. At fourteen, chlorosis and catalepsy from fright. Later, hysteria -gravis and an attack of hysterical insanity. At eighteen, relations -with a young man which were not platonic. This man’s love was passionately -returned. From statements of the patient, it seems that she -was very sensual, and after separation from her lover practiced masturbation. -After this she led a romantic life. In order to earn a living, she -put on male clothing, and became a tutor; but she gave up her place because -her mistress, not knowing her sex, fell in love with her and courted her. -Then she became a railway-employé. In the company of her companions, -in order to conceal her sex, she was compelled to visit brothels with them, -and hear the most vulgar stories. This became so distasteful to her that -she gave up her place, resumed the garments of a female, and again -sought to earn her living. She was arrested for a theft, and on account -of severe hystero-epilepsy was sent to the hospital. There, inclination -and impulse toward the same sex were discovered. The patient became -troublesome on account of passionate love for female nurses and patients.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Her sexual perversion was considered congenital. With regard to -this the patient made some interesting statements:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I am judged incorrectly, if it is thought that I feel myself a man -toward the female sex. In my whole thought and feeling I am much -more a woman. I loved my cousin as only a woman can love a man.</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_195'>195</span>“The change of my feeling originated in this, that, in Pesth, dressed -as a man, I had an opportunity to observe my cousin. I saw that I had -wholly deceived myself in him. That gave me terrible heart-pangs. I -knew that I could never love another man; that I belonged to those who -love but once. Of similar effect was the fact that, in the society of my -companions at the railway, I was compelled to hear the most offensive -language and visit the most disreputable houses. As a result of the insight -into men’s motives, gained in this way, I took an unconquerable -dislike to them. However, since I am of a very passionate nature and -need to have some loving person on whom to depend, and to whom I can -wholly surrender myself, I felt myself more and more powerfully drawn -toward intelligent women and girls who were in sympathy with me.”</p> - -<p class='c010'>The contrary sexual instinct of this patient, which was -clearly acquired, expressed itself in a stormy and decidedly -sensual way, and was further augmented by masturbation; because -constant oversight in hospitals made sexual satisfaction -with the same sex impossible. Character and occupation remained -feminine. There were no manifestations of viraginity. -According to information lately received by the author, this -patient, after two years of treatment in an asylum, was entirely -freed from her neurosis and sexual perversion, and discharged -cured.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 96. X., aged 19; mother nervous; two sisters of mother’s -father were insane. Patient of nervous temperament; well endowed -mentally; well developed; normally formed. When he was twelve years -old, he was seduced into mutual onanism by an elder brother.</p> - -<p class='c015'>After this, the patient continued the vice alone. In the last three -years, during the act of masturbation, he had had peculiar fancies in the -sense of “contrary sexual instinct.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>He fancies himself a female; as, for example, a ballet-dancer in the act -of coitus with an officer or circus rider. These perverse fancies have accompanied -the act of masturbation since the patient became neurasthenic. -He understands the harm of masturbation, fights desperately against it, -but always gives up to the impulse.</p> - -<p class='c015'>If he is able to withstand the impulse for a few days, a normal desire -for sexual intercourse with females is awakened; but a certain fear of -infection holds these desires in check, and always drives him again to -masturbation.</p> - -<p class='c015'>It is worthy of remark that this unfortunate’s lascivious dreams -concerned only females.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In the course of the last few months, the patient had become very -neurasthenic and hypochondriacal. He feared tabes.</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_196'>196</span>I advised treatment of the neurasthenia, suppression of masturbation, -and marital cohabitation, if possible, after improvement of the -neurasthenia.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 97. Mr. X, aged 35, single, official; mother insane, brother -hypochondriacal.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Patient was healthy, strong, of lively sensual temperament. He -had manifested powerful sexual instinct abnormally early, and masturbated -while yet a small boy. He had coitus the first time at the age of -fourteen, he says, with enjoyment and complete power. When fifteen -years old, a man sought to seduce him, and performed manustupration -on him. X. experienced a feeling of repulsion, and freed himself from -the disgusting situation. At maturity he committed excesses in libido, -with coitus; in 1880 he became neurasthenic, being afflicted with weakness -of erection and ejaculatio præcox. He thus became less and less -potent, and no longer experienced pleasure in the sexual act. At this -time of sexual decadence, for a long time, he still had what was previously -foreign to him, and is still incomprehensible to him,—an inclination -for sexual intercourse with immature girls of the age of twelve or -thirteen. His libido increased as virility diminished.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Gradually he developed inclination for boys of thirteen or fourteen. -He was impelled to approach them.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Quodsi ei occasio data est ut tangere posset pueros qui ei placuere, -penis vehementer se erexit tum maxime quum crura puerorum tangere -potuisset. Abhinc feminas non cupivit. Nonnunquam feminas ad coitum -coëgit sed erectio debilis, ejaculatio præmatura erat sine ulla voluptate.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Now only youths interested him. He dreamed about them and had -pollutions. After 1882 he now and then had opportunity concumbere -cum juvenibus. This led to powerful sexual excitement, which he satisfied -by masturbation. It was only exceptional for him to venture to -touch his bed-fellow and indulge in mutual masturbation. He shunned -pederasty. For the most part, he was compelled to satisfy his sexual -needs by means of solitary masturbation. In the act he called up the -vision of pleasing boys. After sexual intercourse with such boys, he -always felt strengthened and refreshed, but morally depressed; because -there was consciousness of having performed a perverse, indecent, and -punishable act. He found it painful that his disgusting impulse was -more powerful than his will.</p> - -<p class='c015'>X. thinks that his love for his own sex has resulted from great -excess in natural sexual intercourse, and bemoans his situation. On the -occasion of a consultation, in December, 1889, he asked whether there -were any means to bring him back to a normal sexual condition, since he -had no real horror feminæ, and would very gladly marry.</p> - -<p class='c015'>This intelligent patient, free from degenerative signs, presented no -abnormal symptoms except those of sexual and spinal neurasthenia of -moderate degree.</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_197'>197</span><em>II. Degree: Eviration and Defemination.</em>—If, in cases of -contrary sexual instinct thus developed, no restoration occurs, -then deep and lasting transformations of the psychical personality -may occur. The process completing itself in this way may -be briefly designated <em>eviration</em>. The patient undergoes a deep -change of character, particularly in his feelings and inclinations, -which become those of a female. After this, he also feels himself -to be a woman during the sexual act, has desire only for -passive sexual indulgence, and, under certain circumstances, -sinks to the level of a prostitute. In this condition of deep -and more lasting psycho-sexual transformation, the individual -is like the (congenital) urning of high grade. The possibility -of a restoration of the previous mental and sexual personality -seems, in such a case, excluded.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The following case is a classical example of this variety of -lasting acquired contrary sexual instinct:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 98. Sch., aged 30, physician, one day told me the story of his -life and malady, asking explanation, and advice concerning certain anomalies -of his vita sexualis. The following description gives, for the most -part verbatim, the details of the autobiography; only in some portions is -it shortened:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>“My parents were healthy. As a child I was sickly; but with -good care I thrived, and got on well in school. When eleven years old, I -was taught to masturbate by my playmates, and gave myself up to it passionately. -Until I was fifteen, I learned easily. On account of frequent -pollutions, I became less capable, did not get on easily in school, and was -uncertain and embarrassed when called on by the teacher. Frightened -by my loss of capability, and recognizing that the loss of semen was -responsible for it, I gave up masturbation; but the pollutions became -even more frequent, so that I often had two or three in a night. In -despair, I now consulted one physician after another. None were able -to help me.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Since I grew weaker and weaker, by reason of the loss of semen, -with the impulse to sexual satisfaction growing more and more powerful, -I sought houses of prostitution. But I was there unable to find -satisfaction; for, even though the sight of a naked female pleased me, -neither orgasm nor erection occurred; and even manustupration by the -puella was not capable of inducing erection. Scarcely would I leave -the house, when the impulse would seize me again, and I would have violent -erections. I grew ashamed before the girls, and ceased to visit such -houses. Thus a couple of years passed. My sexual life consisted of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_198'>198</span>pollutions. My inclination toward the opposite sex grew less and less. -At nineteen I went to the University. The theatre had more attractions -for me. I wished to become an actor. My parents were not willing. At -the Capital I was compelled now and then to visit girls with my comrades. -I feared such a situation; because I knew that coitus was impossible -for me, and because my friends might discover my impotence. -Therefore, I avoided, as far as possible, the danger of becoming the butt -of jokes and ridicule.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“One evening, in the opera-house, an old gentleman sat near me. -He courted me. I laughed heartily at the foolish old man, and entered -into his joke. Exinapinato genitalia mea prehendit, quo facto statim -penis meus se erexit. Frightened, I demanded of him what he meant. -He said that he was in love with me. Having heard of hermaphrodites -in the clinics, I thought I had one before me, and became curious to see -his genitals. The old man was very willing, and went with me to the -water-closet. Sicuti penem maximum ejus erectum adspexi, perterritus -effugi.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“This man followed me, and made strange proposals which I did not -understand, and repelled. He did not give me any rest. I learned the -secrets of male love for males, and felt that my sexuality was excited by -it. But I resisted the shameful passion (as I then regarded it), and, for -the next three years, I remained free from it. During this time I repeatedly -attempted coitus with girls in vain. My attempts to free myself of -my impotence by means of medical treatment were also vain. Once, -when my libido sexualis was troubling me again, I recalled what the old -man had told me: that male-loving men were accustomed to meet on the -E. Promenade.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“After a hard struggle, and with beating heart, I went there, made -the acquaintance of a blonde man, and allowed myself to be seduced. -The first step was taken. This kind of sexual love was satisfactory to -me. I always preferred to be in the arms of a strong man. The satisfaction -consisted of mutual manustupration; occasionally in osculum ad -penem alterius. I was then twenty-three years old. Sitting, together -with my comrades, on the beds of patients in the clinic during the lectures, -excited me so intensely that I could scarcely listen to the lectures. -In the same year I entered into a formal love-relation with a merchant -of thirty-four. We lived as man and wife. X. played the man, and fell -more and more in love. I gave up to him, but now and then I had to -play the man. After a time I grew tired of him, became unfaithful, and -he became jealous. There were terrible scenes, which led to temporary -separation, and finally to actual rupture. (The merchant afterward -became insane, and died by suicide.)</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I made many acquaintances, and loved the most ordinary people. -I preferred those having a full beard, and who were tall and of middle age, -and able to play the active <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i> well. I developed a proctitis. The professor -<span class='pageno' id='Page_199'>199</span>thought it was the result of sitting too much while preparing for -examinations. I developed a fistula, and had to undergo an operation; -but this did not cure me of my desire to allow myself to be used passively. -I became a physician, and went to a provincial city, where I had to live -like a nun. I developed a desire to move in ladies’ society, and was -gladly welcomed there; because it was found that I was not so one-sided -as most men, and was interested in <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">toilettes</span></i> and such feminine things. -However, I felt very unhappy and lonesome. Fortunately, in this town, -I made the acquaintance of a man, a ‘sister,’ who felt like me. For some -time I was taken care of by him. When he had to leave, I had an -attack of despair, with depression, which was accompanied by thoughts -of suicide.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“When it became impossible for me to longer endure the town, I -became a military surgeon in the Capital. There I began to live again, -and often made two or three acquaintances in one day. I had never -loved boys or young people; only fully-developed men. The thought of -falling into the hands of the police was frightful. Thus I have escaped -the clutches of the blackmailer. At the same time, I could not keep -myself from the satisfaction of my impulse. After some months I fell in -love with an official of forty. I remained true to him for a year, and we -lived like a pair of lovers. I was the wife, and was formally courted by -the lover. One day I was transferred to a small town. We were in -despair. The last night was spent in continually kissing and caressing -one another.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“In T. I was unspeakably unhappy, in spite of some ‘sisters’ whom -I found. I could not forget my lover. In order to satisfy my sexual -desire, which cried for satisfaction, I chose soldiers. Money obtained -men; but they remained cold, and I had no enjoyment with them. I was -successful in being re-transferred to the Capital. There, there was a new -love-relation, but much jealousy; because my lover liked to go into the -society of ‘sisters,’ and was proud and coquettish. There was a rupture. -I was very unhappy and very glad to be transferred from the Capital. I -now stayed in C., alone and in despair. Two infantry privates were -brought into service, but with the same unsatisfactory result. When -shall I ever find true love again?</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I am over medium height, well developed, and look somewhat -aged; and, therefore, when I wish to make conquests I use the arts of the -toilet. My manner, movements, and face are masculine. Physically I -feel as youthful as a boy of twenty. I love the theatre, and especially -art. My interest in the stage is in the actresses, whose every movement -and gesture I notice and criticise.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“In the society of gentlemen I am silent and embarrassed, while -in the society of those like myself I am free, witty, and as fawning as a -cat, if a man is sympathetic. If I am without love, I become deeply -melancholic; but the favors of the first handsome man dispel my depression. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_200'>200</span>In other ways I am frivolous; anything but ambitious. My -profession is nothing to me. Masculine pursuits do not interest me. -I prefer novels and going to the theatre. I am effeminate, sensitive, -easily moved, easily injured, and nervous. A sudden noise makes my -whole body tremble, and I have to collect myself in order to keep from -crying out.”</p> - -<p class='c015'><em>Remarks</em>: The foregoing case is certainly one of acquired contrary -sexual instinct, since the sexual instinct and impulse were originally -directed toward the female sex. Sch. became neurasthenic through -masturbation.</p> - -<p class='c015'>As an accompanying manifestation of the neurasthenic neurosis, -lessened impressionability of the erection-centre and consequent relative -impotence came on. As a result of this, sexual sensibility toward -the opposite sex was lessened, with simultaneous persistence of libido -sexualis. The acquired contrary sexual instinct must be abnormal, since -the first touch by a person of the same sex is an adequate stimulus for -the erection-centre. The perverse sexual feeling became complete. At -first Sch. felt like a man in the sexual act; but more and more, as the -change progressed, the feeling and desire of satisfaction changed to the -form which, as a rule, characterizes the (congenital) urning.</p> - -<p class='c015'>This eviration induces a desire for the passive <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i>, and, further, for -(passive) pederasty. It makes a deeper impress on the character. The -character becomes feminine, inasmuch as Sch. now prefers to move in the -society of actual females, has an increasing desire for feminine occupations, -and, indeed, makes use of the arts of the toilet in order to improve -his fading charms and make “conquests.”</p> - -<p class='c010'>The foregoing facts, concerning acquired contrary sexual -instinct and effemination, find an interesting confirmation in the -following ethnological data:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Even Herodotus describes a peculiar disease which frequently -affected the Scythians. The disease consisted in this: that men became -effeminate in character, put on female garments, did the work of -women, and even became effeminate in appearance. As an explanation -of this insanity of the Scythians,<a id='r103' /><a href='#f103' class='c009'><sup>[103]</sup></a> Herodotus relates the myth that -the goddess Venus, angered by the plundering of the temple at Ascalon -by the Scythians, had made women of these plunderers and their -posterity.</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_201'>201</span>Hippocrates, not believing in supernatural diseases, recognized -that impotence was here a causative factor, and explained it, though incorrectly, -as due to the custom of the Scythians, by attributing it to disease -of the jugular veins induced by excessive riding. He thought that -these veins were of great importance in the preservation of the sexual -powers, and that when they were severed, impotence was induced. Since -the Scythians considered their impotence due to divine punishment, and -incurable, they put on the clothing of females, and lived as women among -women.</p> - -<p class='c015'>It is worthy of note that, according to Klaproth (“Reise in den -Kaukasus,” Berlin, 1812, v, p. 285) and Chotomski, even at the present -time impotence is very frequent among the Tartars, as a result of riding -unsaddled horses. The same is observed among the Apaches and Navajos -of the Western Continent, who ride excessively, scarcely ever going -on foot, and are remarkable for small genitals and mild libido and -virility. Sprengel, Lallemand, and Nysten recognized the fact that excessive -riding may be injurious to the sexual organs.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Hammond reports analogous observations of great interest concerning -the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico. These descendants of the -Aztecs cultivate so-called “mujerados,” of which every Pueblo tribe requires -one in the religious ceremonies (actual orgies in the spring), in -which pederasty plays an important part. In order to cultivate a “mujerado,” -a very powerful man is chosen, and he is made to masturbate excessively -and ride constantly. Gradually such irritable weakness of the -genital organs is engendered that, in riding, great loss of semen is induced. -This condition of irritability passes into paralytic impotence. Then the -testicles and penis atrophy, the hair of the beard falls out, the voice loses -its depth and compass, and physical strength and energy decrease. Inclinations -and disposition become feminine. The “mujerado” loses his -position in society as a man. He takes on feminine manners and customs, -and associates with women. Yet, for religious reasons, he is held in -honor. It is probable that, at other times than during the festivals, he -is used by the chiefs for pederasty. Hammond had an opportunity to examine -two “mujerados.” One had become such seven years before, and -was thirty-five years old at the time. Seven years before, he was entirely -masculine and potent. He had noticed gradual atrophy of the testicles -and penis. At the same time he lost libido and the power of erection. -He differed in nowise, in dress and manner, from the women among -whom Hammond found him. The genital hair was wanting, the penis -was shrunken, the scrotum lax and pendulous, and the testicles were -very much atrophied and no longer sensitive to pressure. The -“mujerado” had large mammæ like a pregnant woman, and asserted -that he had nursed several children whose mothers had died. A -second “mujerado,” aged thirty-six, after he had been ten years in -the condition, presented the same peculiarities, though with less development -<span class='pageno' id='Page_202'>202</span>of mammæ. Like the first, the voice was high and thin. -The body was plump.<a id='r104' /><a href='#f104' class='c009'><sup>[104]</sup></a></p> - -<h4 class='c020'><em>III. Degree: Stage of Transition to Metamorphosis Sexualis Paranoica.</em></h4> - -<p class='c017'>A further degree of development is represented by those -cases in which bodily sensation is also transformed in the sense -of a <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">transmutatio sexus</span></i>. In this respect the following case is -unique:—</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_203'>203</span>Case 99. <em>Autobiography.</em> “Born in Hungary in 1844, for many -years I was the only child of my parents; for the other children died for -the most part of general weakness. A brother came late, who is still -living.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I come of a family in which nervous and mental diseases have -been numerous. It is said that I was very pretty as a little child, with -blonde locks and transparent skin; very obedient, quiet, and modest, so -that I was taken everywhere in the society of ladies without any offense -on my part.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“With a very active imagination—my enemy through life—my -talents developed rapidly. I could read and write at the age of four; -my memory reaches back to my third year. I played with everything -that fell into my hands,—with leaden soldiers, or stones, or ribbons from -a children’s store; but a machine for working in wood, that was given -to me as a present, I did not like. I liked best to be at home with my -mother, who was everything to me. I had two or three friends, with whom -I got on good-naturedly; but I liked to play with their sisters quite -as well, who always treated me like a girl, which at first did not embarrass -me. I must have already been on the road to become just like a -girl; at least, I can still well remember how it was always said: ‘He is -not intended for a boy.’ At this I tried to play the boy,—imitated my -companions in everything, and tried to surpass them in wildness. In -this I succeeded. There was no tree or building too high for me to -reach its top. I took great delight in soldiers. I avoided girls more, -because I did not wish to play with their play-things; and it always -annoyed me that they treated me so much like one of themselves.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“In the society of mature people, however, I was always modest, -and, also, always regarded with favor. Fantastic dreams about wild -animals—which once drove me out of bed without waking me—frequently -troubled me. I was always very simply, but very elegantly, -dressed, and thus developed a taste for beautiful clothing. It seems -peculiar to me that, from the time of my school-days, I had a partiality -for ladies’ gloves, which I put on secretly as often as I could. Thus, -when once my mother was about to give away a pair of gloves, I made -great opposition to it, and told her, when she asked why I acted so, that -I wanted them myself. I was laughed at; and from that time I took -good care not to display my preference for female things. Yet my -delight in them was very great. I took especial pleasure in masquerade -costumes,—<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">i.e.</span></i>, only in female attire. If I saw them, I envied their -owners. What seemed to me the prettiest sight was: two young men, -beautifully dressed as white ladies, with masks on; and yet I would not -have shown myself to others as a girl for anything; I was so afraid of -being ridiculed. At school I worked very hard, and was always among -the first. From childhood my parents taught me that duty came first; -and they always set me an example. It was also a pleasure for me to -<span class='pageno' id='Page_204'>204</span>attend school; for the teachers were kind, and the elder scholars did not -plague the younger ones. We left my first home; for my father was -compelled, on account of his business,—which was dear to him,—to separate -from his family for a year. We moved to Germany. Here there -was a stricter, rougher manner, partly in teachers and partly in scholars; -and I was again ridiculed on account of my girlishness. My school-mates -went so far as to give a girl, who had exactly my features, my -name, and me hers; so that I hated the girl. But I later came to be on -terms of friendship with her after her marriage. My mother tried to -dress me elegantly; but this was repugnant to me, because it made me the -object of joke. So, finally, I was delighted when I had correct trousers -and coats. But with these came a new annoyance. They irritated my -genitals, particularly when the cloth was rough; and the touch of tailors -while measuring me, on account of their tickling, which almost convulsed -me, was unendurable, particularly about the genitals. Then I -had to practice gymnastics; and I simply could do nothing at all, or only -indifferently the things that girls cannot do easily. While bathing I -was troubled by feeling ashamed to undress; but I liked to bathe. Until -my twelfth year I had a great weakness in my back. I learned to swim -late, but ultimately so well that I took long swims. At thirteen I had -pubic hair, and was about six feet tall; but my face was feminine until -my eighteenth year, when my beard came in abundance and gave me rest -from resemblance to woman. An inguinal hernia that was acquired in -my twelfth year, and cured when I was twenty, gave me much trouble, -particularly in gymnastics. Besides, from my twelfth year on, I had, -after sitting long, and particularly while working at night, an itching, -burning, and twitching, extending from the penis to my back, which the -acts of sitting and standing increased, and which was made worse by -catching cold. But I had no suspicion whatever that this could be -connected with the genitals. Since none of my friends suffered in this -way, it seemed strange to me; and it required the greatest patience to -endure it; the more owing to the fact that my abdomen troubled me.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“In <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sexualibus</span></i> I was still perfectly innocent; but now, as at the -age of twelve or thirteen, I had a definite feeling of preferring to be a -young lady. A young lady’s form was more pleasing to me; her quiet -manner, her deportment, but particularly her attire, attracted me. But -I was careful not to allow this to be noticed; and yet, I am sure that I -should not have shrunk from the castration-knife, could I have thus -attained my desire. If I had been asked to say why I preferred female -attire, I could have said nothing more than that it attracted me powerfully; -perhaps, too, I seemed to myself, on account of my uncommonly -white skin, more like a girl. The skin of my face and hands, particularly, -was very sensitive. Girls liked my society; and, though I should -have preferred to have been with them constantly, I avoided them when -I could; for I had to exaggerate in order not to appear feminine. In -<span class='pageno' id='Page_205'>205</span>my heart I always envied them. I was particularly envious when one -of my young girl friends got long dresses and wore gloves and veils. -When, at the age of fifteen, I was on a journey, a young lady, with whom -I was boarding, proposed that I mask as a lady and go out with her; but, -owing to the fact that she was not alone, I did not acquiesce, much as I -should have liked it. Others stood on very little ceremony with me. -While on this journey, I was pleased at seeing boys in one city wearing -blouses with short sleeves, and the arms bare. A lady elaborately -dressed was like a goddess to me; and if even her hand touched me -coldly I was happy and envious, and only too gladly would have put -myself in her place in the beautiful garments and lovely form. Nevertheless, -I studied assiduously, and passed through the Realschule and -the Gymnasium in nine years, passing a good final examination. I -remember, when fifteen, to have first expressed to a friend the wish to be -a girl. In answer to his question, I could not give the reason why. At -seventeen I got into fast society; I drank beer, smoked, and tried to -joke with waiter-girls. The latter liked my society, but they always -treated me as if I wore petticoats. I could not take dancing lessons, -they repelled me so; but if I could have gone as a mask, it would have -been different. My friends loved me dearly; I hated only one, who -seduced me into onanism. Shame on those days, which injured me for -life! I practiced it quite frequently, but in it seemed to myself like a -double man. I cannot describe the feeling; I think it was masculine, -but mixed with feminine elements. I could not approach girls; I feared -them, but they were not strange to me. They impressed me as being -more like myself; I envied them. I would have denied myself all -pleasures if, after my classes, at home I could have been a girl and thus -have gone out. Crinoline and a smoothly-fitting glove were my ideals. -With every lady’s gown I saw I fancied how I should feel in it,—<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">i.e.</span></i>, as a -lady. I had no inclination toward men. But I remember that I was -somewhat lovingly attached to a very handsome friend with a girl’s face -and dark hair, though I think I had no other wish than that we both -might be girls.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“At the high-school I finally once had coitus; hoc modo sensi, -me libentius sub puella concubuisse et penem meum cum cunno mutatum -maluisse. To my astonishment, too, the girl had to treat me as a girl, -and did it willingly; but she treated me as if I were she (she was still -quite inexperienced, and, therefore, did not laugh at me).</p> - -<p class='c015'>“When a student, at times I was wild, but I always felt that I -assumed this wildness as a mask. I drank and duelled, but I could not -take lessons in dancing, because I was afraid of betraying myself. My -friendships were close, but without other thoughts. It pleased me most -to have a friend masked as a lady, or to study the ladies’ costumes at a -ball. I understood such things perfectly. Gradually I began to feel -like a girl.</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_206'>206</span>“On account of unhappy circumstances, I twice attempted suicide. -Without any cause I once slept fourteen days, had many hallucinations -(visual and auditory at the same time), and was with both the living and -the dead. The latter habit of thought remains. I also had a friend (a -lady) who knew my hobby and put on my gloves for me; but she always -looked upon me as a girl. Thus I understood women better than other -men did, and in what they differed from men; so I was always treated -<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">more feminarum</span></i>,—as if they had found in me a female friend. On the -whole, I could not endure obscenity, and indulged in it myself only out -of braggadocio when it was necessary. I soon overcame my aversion to -foul odors and blood, and even liked them. I was wanting in only one -respect: I could not understand my own condition. I knew that I had -feminine inclinations, but believed that I was a man. Yet I doubt -whether, with the exception of the attempts at coitus, which never gave -me pleasure (which I ascribe to onanism), I ever admired a woman without -wishing I were she; or without asking myself whether I should not -like to be the woman, or be in her attire. Obstetrics I learned with difficulty -(I was ashamed for the exposed girls, and had a feeling of pity -for them); and even now I have to overcome a feeling of fright in -obstetrical cases; indeed, it has happened that I thought I felt the traction -myself. After filling several positions successfully as a physician, -I went through a military campaign as a volunteer surgeon. Riding, -which, while a student, was painful to me, because in it the genitals had -more of a feminine feeling, was difficult for me (it would have been -easier in the female style).</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Still, I always thought I was a man with obscure masculine feeling; -and whenever I associated with ladies, I was still soon treated as an -inexperienced lady. When I wore a uniform for the first time, I should -have much preferred to have slipped into a lady’s costume, with a veil; -I was disturbed when the stately uniform attracted attention. In private -practice I was successful in the three principal branches. Then I -made another military campaign; and during this I came to understand -my nature; for I think that, since the first ass, no beast of burden has -ever had to endure with so much patience as I have. Decorations were -not wanting, but I was indifferent to them.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Thus I went through life, such as it was, never satisfied with -myself, full of dissatisfaction with the world, and vacillating between -sentimentality and a wildness that was for the most part affected.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“My experience as a candidate for matrimony was very peculiar. I -should have preferred not to marry, but family circumstances and practice -forced me to it. I married an energetic, amiable lady, of a family in -which female government was rampant. I was in love with her as much -as one of us can be in love,—<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">i.e.</span></i>, what we love we love with our whole -hearts, and live in it, even though we do not show it as much as a genuine -man does. We love our brides with all the love of a woman, almost -<span class='pageno' id='Page_207'>207</span>as a woman might love her bridegroom. But I cannot say this for -myself; for I still believed that I was but a depressed man, who would -come to himself, and find himself out by marriage. But, even on my -marriage-night, I felt that I was only a woman in man’s form; sub femina -locum meum esse mihi visum est. On the whole, we lived contented and -happy, and for two years were childless. After a difficult pregnancy, -during which I was in mortal fear of death, the first boy was born in a -difficult labor,—a boy on whom a melancholy nature still hangs; who is -still of melancholy disposition. Then came a second, who is very quiet; -a third, full of peculiarities; a fourth, a fifth; and all have predisposition -to neurasthenia. Since I always felt out of my own place, I went much -in gay society; but I always worked as much as human strength would -allow. I studied and operated; and I experimented with many drugs -and methods of cure, always on myself. I left the regulation of the -house to my wife, as she understood house-keeping very well. My marital -duties I performed as well as I could, but without personal satisfaction. -Since the first coitus, the masculine position in it has been repugnant, -and, too, difficult for me. I should have much preferred to have -the other <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i>. When I had to deliver my wife, it almost broke my -heart; for I knew how to appreciate her pain. Thus we lived long -together, until severe gout drove me to various baths, and made me -neurasthenic. At the same time, I became so anæmic that every few -months I had to take iron for some time; otherwise I would be almost -chlorotic or hysterical, or both. Stenocardia often troubled me; then -came unilateral cramps of chin, nose, neck, and larynx; hemicrania and -cramps of the diaphragm and chest-muscles. For about three years I -had a feeling as if the prostate were enlarged,—a bearing-down feeling, -as if giving birth to something; and, also, pain in the hips, constant -pain in the back, and the like. Yet, with the strength of despair, I -fought against these complaints, which impressed me as being female or -effeminate, until three years ago, when a severe attack of arthritis -completely broke me down.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“But before this terrible attack of gout occurred, in despair, to -lessen the pain of gout, I had taken hot baths, as near the temperature -of the body as possible. On one of these occasions it happened that I -suddenly changed, and seemed to be near death. I sprang with all my -remaining strength out of the bath: I had felt exactly like a woman -with libido. Too, at the time when the extract of Indian hemp came -into vogue, and was highly prized, in a state of fear of a threatened -attack of gout (feeling perfectly indifferent about life), I took three or -four times the usual dose of it, and almost died of haschisch poisoning. -Convulsive laughter, a feeling of unheard of strength and swiftness, a -peculiar feeling in brain and eyes, millions of sparks streaming from the -brain through the skin,—all these feelings occurred. But I could not -force myself to speak. All at once I saw myself a woman from my toes -<span class='pageno' id='Page_208'>208</span>to my breast; I felt, as before while in the bath, that the genitals had -shrunken, the pelvis broadened, the breasts swollen out; a feeling of -unspeakable delight came over me. I closed my eyes, so that at least -I did not see the face changed. My physician looked as if he had a -gigantic potatoe instead of a head; my wife had the full moon on her -nates. And yet I was strong enough to briefly record my will in my -note-book when both left the room for a short time.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“But who could describe my fright, when, on the next morning, I -awoke and found myself feeling as if completely changed into a woman; -and when, on standing and walking, I felt vulva and mammæ! When at -last I raised myself out of bed, I felt that a complete transformation -had taken place in me. During my sickness a visitor said: ‘He is too -patient for a man.’ And the visitor gave me a plant in bloom, which -seemed strange, but pleased me. From that time I was patient, and -would do nothing in a hurry; but I became tenacious, like a cat, -though, at the same time, mild, forgiving, and no longer bearing enmity,—in -short, I had a woman’s disposition. During the last sickness I had -many visual and auditory hallucinations,—spoke with the dead, etc.; saw -and heard familiar spirits; felt like a double person; but, while lying ill, -I did not notice that the man in me had been extinguished. The change -in my disposition was a piece of good fortune which came over me like -lightning, and which, had it come with me feeling as I formerly did, -would have killed me; but now I gave myself up to it, and no longer -recognized myself. Owing to the fact that I still often confounded neurasthenic -symptoms with the gout, I took many baths, until an itching -of the skin with the feeling of scabies, instead of being diminished, was -so increased that I gave up all external treatment (I was made more and -more anæmic by the baths), and hardened myself as best I could. But -the imperative female feeling remained, and became so strong that I wear -only the mask of a man, and in everything else feel like a woman; and -gradually I have lost memory of the former individuality. What was -left of me from the gout, the influenza ruined entirely.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“<em>Present Condition</em>: I am tall, slightly bald, and the beard is growing -gray. I begin to stoop. Since having the influenza, I have lost -about a quarter of my strength. Owing to a valvular lesion, my face -looks somewhat red; full beard; chronic conjunctivitis; more muscular -than fat. The left foot seems to be developing varicose veins, and it -often goes to sleep; but it is not really thickened, though it seems to be.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“The mammary region, though small, swells out perceptibly. The -abdomen is feminine in form; the feet are placed like a woman’s, and the -calves, etc., are feminine; and it is the same with arms and hands. I -can wear ladies’ hose, and gloves, 7½ to 7¾ in size. I also wear a corset -without annoyance. My weight varies between 168 and 184 pounds. -Urine without albumen or sugar, but it contains an excess of uric acid. -But if there is not too much uric acid in it, it is clear, and almost as -<span class='pageno' id='Page_209'>209</span>clear as water after any excitement. Bowels usually regular; but should -they not be, then come all the symptoms of female obstipation. Sleep -is poor,—for weeks at a time only two or three hours long. Appetite -quite good; but, on the whole, my stomach will not bear more than that -of a strong woman, and reacts to irritating food with cutaneous eruption -and burning in the urethra. The skin is white, and, for the most part, -feels quite smooth; there has been unbearable cutaneous itching for the -last two years; but during the last few weeks it has diminished, and is -now present only in the popliteal spaces and on the scrotum.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Tendency to perspire. Perspiration was previously as good as -wanting, but now there are all the odious peculiarities of the female perspiration, -particularly about the lower part of the body; so that I have -to keep myself cleaner than a woman. (I perfume my handkerchief, and -use perfumed soap and <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">eau-de-Cologne</span></i>.)</p> - -<p class='c015'>“<em>General Feeling</em>: I feel like a woman in a man’s form; and even -though I often am sensible of the man’s form, yet it is always in a feminine -sense. Thus, for example, I feel the penis as clitoris; the urethra -as urethra and vaginal orifice, which always feels a little wet, even when -it is actually dry; the scrotum as labia majora; in short, I always feel -the vulva. And all that that means one alone can know who feels or has -felt so. But the skin all over my body feels feminine; it receives all -impressions, whether of touch, of warmth, or whether unfriendly, as -feminine, and I have the sensations of a woman. I cannot go with bare -hands, as both heat and cold trouble me. When the time is past -when we men are permitted to carry sun-umbrellas, I have to endure -great sensitiveness of the skin of my face, until sun-umbrellas can again -be used. On awaking in the morning, I am confused for a few moments, -as if I were seeking for myself; then the imperative feeling of being a -woman awakens. I feel the sense of the vulva (that one is there), and -always greet the day with a soft or loud sigh; for I have fear again of -the play that must be carried on throughout the day. I had to learn -everything anew; the knife—apparatus, everything—has felt different -for the last three years; and with the change of muscular sense I had to -learn everything over again. I have been successful, and only the use -of the saw and bone-chisel are difficult; it is almost as if my strength -were not quite sufficient. On the other hand, I have a keener sense of -touch in working with the curette in the soft parts. It is unpleasant -that, in examining ladies, I often feel their sensations; but this, indeed, -does not repel them. The most unpleasant thing I experience is fœtal -movement. For a long time—several months—I was troubled by reading -the thoughts of both sexes, and I still have to fight against it. I -can endure it better with women; with men it is repugnant. Three -years ago I had not yet consciously seen the world with a woman’s eyes; -this change in the relation of the eyes to the brain came almost suddenly, -with violent headache. I was with a lady whose sexual feeling -<span class='pageno' id='Page_210'>210</span>was reversed, when suddenly I saw her changed in the sense I now feel -myself,—viz., she as man,—and I felt myself a woman in contrast with -her; so that I left her with ill-concealed vexation. At that time she had -not yet come to understand her own condition perfectly.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Since then, all my sensory impressions are as if they were -feminine in form and relation. The cerebral system almost immediately -adjusted itself to the vegetative; so that all my ailments were -manifested in a feminine way. The sensitiveness of all nerves, particularly -that of the auditory and olfactory and trigeminal, increased to a -condition of nervousness. If only a window slammed, I was frightened -inwardly; for a man dare not tremble at such things. If food is not -absolutely fresh, I perceive a cadaverous odor. I could never depend -on the trigeminus; for the pain would jump whimsically from one -branch of it to another; from a tooth to an eye. But, since my transformation, -I bear toothache and migraine more easily, and have less feeling -of fear with stenocardia. It seems to me a strange fact that I feel -myself to be a fearful, weak being, and yet, when danger threatens, I am -much rather cool and collected; and this is true in dangerous operations. -The stomach rebels against the slightest indiscretion (in female diet) -that is committed without thought of the female nature, either by ructus -or other symptoms; but particularly against abuse of alcoholics. The -indisposition after intoxication that a man who feels like a woman experiences -is much worse than any a student could get up. It seems to me -almost as if one feeling like a woman were entirely controlled by the -vegetative system.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Small as my nipples are, they demand room, and I feel them as -mammæ; just as during the beginning of puberty, the nipples swelled and -pained. On this account, the white shirt, the waistcoat, and the coat -trouble me. I feel as though the pelvis were female; and it is the same with -the anus and nates. At first the sense of a female abdomen was troublesome -to me; for it cannot bear trousers, and it always possesses or induces -the feminine feeling. I also have the imperative feeling of a waist. -It is as if I were robbed of my own skin, and put in a woman’s skin that -fitted me perfectly, but which felt everything as if it covered a woman; and -whose sensations passed through the man’s body, and exterminated the -masculine element. The testes, even though not atrophied or degenerated, -are still no longer testes, and often cause me pain, with the feeling that they -belong in the abdomen, and should be fastened there; and their mobility -often bothers me.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Every four weeks, at the time of the full moon, I have the molimen -of a woman for five days, physically and mentally, only I do not -bleed; but I have the feeling of a loss of fluid; a feeling that the genitals -and abdomen are (internally) swollen. A very pleasant period comes -when, afterward and later in the interval for a day or two, the physiological -desire for procreation comes, which with all power permeates the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_211'>211</span>woman. My whole body is then filled with this sensation, as an immersed -piece of sugar is filled with water, or as full as a soaked sponge. It is -like this: first, a woman longing for love, and then, for a man; and, in fact, -the desire, as it seems to me, is more a longing to be possessed than a -wish for coitus. The intense natural instinct or the feminine concupiscence -overcomes the feeling of modesty, so that indirectly coitus is -desired. I have never felt coitus in a masculine way more than three -times in my life; and even if it were so in general, I was always indifferent -about it. But, during the last three years, I have experienced it passively, -like a woman; in fact, oftentimes with the feeling of feminine ejaculation; -and I always feel that I am impregnated. I am always fatigued as a -woman is after it, and often feel ill, as a man never does. Sometimes it -caused me so great pleasure that there is nothing with which I can compare -it; it is the most blissful and powerful feeling in the world; at that -moment the woman is simply a vulva that has devoured the whole -person.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“During the last three years I have never lost for an instant the -feeling of being a woman, and now, owing to habit, this is no longer annoying -to me, though during this period I have felt debased; for a man -could endure to feel like a woman without a desire for enjoyment; but -when desires come! The happiness ceases; then come the burning, the -heat, the feeling of turgor of the genitals (when the penis is not in a state -of erection the genitals do not play any part). In case of intense desire, -the feeling of sucking in the vagina and vulva is really terrible—a hellish -pain of lust hardly to be endured. If I then have opportunity to perform -coitus, it is better; but, owing to defective sense of being possessed -by the other, it does not afford complete satisfaction; the feeling of -sterility comes with its weight of shame, added to the feeling of passive -copulation and injured modesty. I seem almost like a prostitute. Reason -does not give any help; the imperative feeling of femininity dominates -and rules everything. The difficulty in carrying on one’s occupation, -under such circumstances, is easily appreciated; but it is possible to force -one’s self to it. Of course, it is almost impossible to sit, walk, or lie down; -at least, any one of these cannot be endured long; and with the constant -touch of the trousers, etc., it is unendurable.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Marriage then, except during coitus, where the man has to feel -himself a woman, is like two women living together, one of whom regards -herself as in the mask of a man. If the periodical molimen fail to -occur, then come the feelings of pregnancy or of sexual satiety, which a -man never experiences, but which take possession of the whole being, -just as the feeling of femininity does, and are repugnant in themselves; -and, therefore, I gladly welcome the regular molimen again. When erotic -dreams or ideas occur, I see myself in the form I have as a woman, and -see erected organs presenting. Since the anus feels feminine, it would not -be hard to become a passive pederast; only positive religious command -<span class='pageno' id='Page_212'>212</span>prevents it, as all other deterrent ideas would be overcome. Since such -conditions are repugnant, as they would be to any one, I have a desire to -be sexless, or to make myself sexless. If I had been single, I should long -ago have taken leave of testes, scrotum, and penis.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Of what use is female pleasure, when one does not conceive? -What good comes from excitation of female love, when one has only -a wife for gratification, even though copulation is felt as though it were -with a man? What a terrible feeling of shame is caused by the feminine -perspiration! How the feeling for dress and ornament lowers a man! -Even in his changed form, even when he can no longer recall the masculine -sexual feeling, he would not wish to be forced to feel like a woman. -He still knows very well that, before, he did not constantly feel sexually; -that he was merely a human being uninfluenced by sex. Now, suddenly, -he has to regard his former individuality as a mask, and constantly -feel like a woman, only having a change when, every four weeks, he has -his periodical sickness, and in the intervals his insatiable female desire. -If he could but awake without immediately being forced to feel like a -woman! At last he longs for a moment in which he might raise his -mask; but that moment does not come. He can only find amelioration -of his misery when he can put on some bit of female attire or finery, an -under-garment, etc.; for he dare not go about as a woman. To be compelled -to fulfill all the duties of a calling with the feeling of being a -woman costumed as a man, and to see no end of it, is no trifle. Religion -alone saves from a great lapse; but it does not prevent the pain when -temptation affects the man who feels as a woman; and so it must be felt -and endured! When a respectable man who enjoys an unusual degree of -public confidence, and possesses authority, must go about with his vulva—imaginary -though it be; when one, leaving his arduous daily task, is compelled -to examine the <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">toilette</span></i> of the first lady he meets, and criticise her -with feminine eyes, and read her thoughts in her face; when a journal of -fashions possesses an interest equal to that of a scientific work (I felt -this as a child); when one must conceal his condition from his wife, -whose thoughts, the moment he feels like a woman, he can read in her -face, while it becomes perfectly clear to her that he has changed in body -and soul,—what must all this be? The misery caused by the feminine -gentleness that must be overcome! Oftentimes, of course, when I am -away alone, it is possible to live for a time more like a woman; for example, -to wear female attire, especially at night, to keep gloves on, or to -wear a veil or a mask in my room, so that thus there is rest from excessive -libido. But when the feminine feeling has once gained an entrance, -it imperatively demands recognition. It is often satisfied with a moderate -concession, such as the wearing of a bracelet above the cuff; but it -imperatively demands some concession. My only happiness is to see -myself dressed as a woman without a feeling of shame; indeed, when my -face is veiled or masked, I prefer it so, and thus think of myself. Like -<span class='pageno' id='Page_213'>213</span>every one of Fashion’s fools, I have a taste for the prevailing mode; -so greatly am I transformed. To become accustomed to the thought of -feeling only like a woman, and only to remember the previous manner of -thought to a certain extent in contrast with it; and, at the same time, to -express one’s self as a man,—it requires a long time and an infinite -amount of persistence.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Nevertheless, in spite of everything, it will happen that I betray -myself by some expression of feminine feeling, either in <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sexualibus</span></i>, when -I say that I feel so and so, expressing what a man without the female -feeling cannot know; or when I accidentally betray that female attire -is my talent. Before women, of course, this does not amount to anything; -for a woman is greatly flattered when a man understands something -of her matters; but this must not be displayed to my own wife. -How frightened I once was when my wife said to a friend that I had -great taste in ladies’ dress! How a haughty, stylish lady was astonished -when, as she was about to make a great error in the education of her little -daughter, I described to her in writing and verbally all the feminine -feelings! To be sure, I lied to her, saying that my knowledge had been -gleaned from letters. But her confidence in me is as great as ever; and -the child, who was on the road to insanity, is rational and happy. She -had confessed all the feminine inclinations as sins; now she knows what, -as a girl, she must bear and control by will and religion; and she feels -that she is human. Both ladies would laugh heartily, if they knew that -I had only drawn on my own sad experience. I must also add that I -now have a finer sense of temperature and, besides, a sense of the -elasticity of the skin and tension of the intestines, etc., in patients, that -was unknown to me before; that in operations and autopsies, poisonous -fluids more readily penetrate my (uninjured) skin. Every autopsy causes -me pain; examination of a prostitute, or a woman having a discharge, a -cancerous odor, or the like, is actually repugnant to me. In all respects -I am now under the influence of antipathy and sympathy, from the sense -of color to my judgment of a person. Women usually see in each other -the periodical sexual disposition; and, therefore, a lady wears a veil, if -she is not always accustomed to wear one, and usually she perfumes herself, -even though it be only with handkerchief or gloves; for her olfactory -sense in relation to her own sex is intense. Odors have an incredible -effect on the female organism; thus, for example, the odors of violets and -roses quiet me, while others disgust me; and with ihlang-ihlang I cannot -contain myself for sexual excitement. Contact with a woman seems -homogeneous to me; coitus with my wife seems possible to me because -she is somewhat masculine, and has a firm skin; and yet it is more an -<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">amor lesbicus</span></i>.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Besides, I always feel passive. Often at night, when I cannot -sleep for excitement, it is finally accomplished, si femora mea distensa -habeo, sicut mulier cum viro concumbens, or if I lie on my side; but an -<span class='pageno' id='Page_214'>214</span>arm or the bed-clothing must not touch the mammæ, or there is no sleep; -and there must be no pressure on the abdomen. I sleep best in a chemise -and night-robe, and with gloves on; for my hands easily get cold. I am also -comfortable in female drawers and petticoats, because they do not touch -the genitals. I liked female dresses best when crinoline was worn. Female -dresses do not annoy the feminine-feeling man; for he, like every woman, -feels them as belonging to his person, and not as something foreign.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“My dearest associate is a lady suffering with neurasthenia, who, -since her last confinement, feels like a man, but who, since I explained -these feelings to her, coitu abstinet as much as possible, a thing I, as a -husband, dare not do. She, by her example, helps me to endure my condition. -She has a more perfect memory of the female feelings, and has -often given me good advice. Were she a man and I a young girl, I -should seek to win her; for her I should be glad to endure the fate of a -woman. But her present appearance is quite different from what it -formerly was. She is a very elegantly dressed gentleman, notwithstanding -bosom and hair; she also speaks quickly and concisely, and no longer -takes pleasure in the things that please me. She has a kind of melancholy -dissatisfaction with the world, but she bears her fate worthily and -with resignation, finding her comfort only in religion and the fulfillment -of duty. At the time of the menses, she almost dies. She no longer -likes female society and conversation, and has no liking for delicacies.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“A youthful friend felt like a girl from the very first, but he had -inclinations toward the male sex. His sister had the opposite condition; -and when the uterus demanded its right, and she saw herself as a -loving woman, in spite of her masculinity, she cut the matter short, and -committed suicide by drowning.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Since complete effemination, the principal changes I have observed -in myself are:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>“1. The constant feeling of being a woman from top to toe.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“2. The constant feeling of having female genitals.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“3. The periodicity of the monthly molimen.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“4. The regular occurrence of female desire, though not directed to -any particular man.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“5. The passive female feeling in coitus.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“6. After that, the feeling of impregnation.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“7. The female feeling in thought of coitus.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“8. At the sight of women, the feeling of being of their kind, and -the feminine interest in them.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“9. At the sight of men, the feminine interest in them.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“10. At the sight of children, the same feeling.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“11. The changed disposition and much greater patience.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“12. The final resignation to my fate, for which I have nothing to -thank but positive religion; without it I should have long ago committed -suicide.</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_215'>215</span>“To be a man and to be compelled to feel that <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">chaque femme est -futuée ou elle désire d’être</span>, is hardly to be endured.”</p> - -<p class='c010'>The foregoing autobiography, scientifically so important, -was accompanied by the following no less interesting letter:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>“<span class='sc'>Sir</span>: I must next beg your indulgence for troubling you with my -communication. I lost all control, and thought of myself only as a -monster before which I myself shuddered. Then your work gave me -courage again; and I determined to go to the bottom of the matter, and -examine my past life, let the result be what it might. It seemed a duty of -gratitude to you to tell you the result of my recollection and observation, -since I had not seen any description by you of an analogous case; and, -finally, I also thought it might perhaps interest you to learn, from the pen -of a physician, how such a worthless human, or masculine, being thinks -and feels under the weight of the imperative idea of being a woman.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“It is not perfect; but I no longer have the strength to reflect more -upon it, and have no desire to go into the matter more deeply. Much is -repeated; but I beg you to remember that any mask may be allowed to -fall off, particularly when it is not voluntarily worn, but enforced.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“After reading your work, I hope that, if I fulfill my duties as -physician, citizen, father, and husband, I may still count myself among -human beings who do not deserve merely to be despised.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Finally, I wished to lay the result of my recollection and reflection -before you, in order to show that one thinking and feeling like a -woman can still be a physician. I consider it a great injustice to debar -woman from Medicine. A woman, through her feeling, gets on the track -of many ailments which, in spite of all skill in diagnosis, remain obscure -to a man; at least, in the diseases of women and children. If I could have -my way, I should have every physician live the life of a woman for three -months; then he would have a better understanding and more consideration -in matters affecting the half of humanity from which he comes; then -he would learn to value the greatness of women, and appreciate the -difficulty of their lot.”</p> - -<p class='c015'><em>Remarks</em>: The badly-tainted patient is originally psycho-sexually -abnormal, in that, in character and in the sexual act, he feels as a female. -This abnormal feeling remained purely a psychical anomaly until three -years ago, when, owing to severe neurasthenia, it received overmastering -support in imperative bodily sensations of a <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">transmutatio sexus</span></i>, which now -dominate consciousness. Then, to the patient’s horror, he felt bodily -like a woman; and, under the impulse of his imperative feminine sensations, -he experienced a complete transformation of his former masculine -feeling, thought, and will; in fact, of his whole vita sexualis, in the sense -of eviration. At the same time, his ego is able to control these abnormal -psycho-physical manifestations, and prevent descent to paranoia,—a -<span class='pageno' id='Page_216'>216</span>remarkable example of imperative feelings and ideas on the basis of -neurotic taint, which is of great value for a comprehension of the way in -which the psycho-sexual transformation may be accomplished.</p> - -<p class='c010'><em>IV. Degree: Metamorphosis Sexualis Paranoica.</em>—A final -possible stage in this disease-process is the delusion of a transformation -of sex. It arises on the basis of sexual neurasthenia -that has developed into neurasthenia universalis, resulting in a -mental disease,—paranoia.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The following cases show the development of the interesting -neuro-psychological process to its height:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 100. K., aged 36, single, servant, received at the clinic on -February 26, 1889, is a typical case of paranoia persecutoria, resulting -from neurasthenia sexualis, with olfactory hallucinations, sensations, -etc. He comes of a predisposed family. Several brothers and sisters -were psychopathic. Patient has an hydrocephalic skull, depressed in the -region of the right fontanelle; eyes neuropathic. He has always been -very sensual; began to masturbate at nineteen; had coitus at twenty-three; -begat three illegitimate children. He gave up further sexual -intercourse, on account of fear of begetting more children, and of being -unable to provide for them. Abstinence proved very painful to him. He -also gave up masturbation, and was then troubled with pollutions. A -year and a half ago he became sexually neurasthenic, had diurnal pollutions, -became thereafter ill and miserable, and, after a time, generally neurasthenic, -finally developing paranoia. A year ago he began to have -paræsthetic sensations,—as if there were a great coil in the place of his -genitals; and then he felt that his scrotum and penis were gone, and that -his genitals were changed into those of a female. He felt the growth of -his breasts; that his hair was that of a woman; and that feminine garments -were on his body. He thought himself a woman. The people in -the street gave utterance to corresponding remarks: “Look at the -woman! The old blowhard!” In a half dreamy state, he had the feeling -as if he played the part of a woman in coitus with a man. During it -he had the most lively feelings of pleasure. During his stay at the -clinic, a remission of the paranoia occurred, and, at the same time, a -marked improvement of the neurasthenia. Then the feelings and ideas -due to a developing metamorphosis sexualis disappeared.</p> - -<p class='c010'>A more advanced case of eviration, on the way to a transformatio -sexus paranoica, is the following:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 101. Franz St., aged 33; school-teacher; single; probably of -tainted family; always neuropathic; emotional, timid, intolerant of alcohol; -<span class='pageno' id='Page_217'>217</span>began to masturbate at eighteen. At thirty there were manifestations -of neurasthenia sexualis (pollutions with consequent fatigue, which -at last began to occur during the day; pain in the region of the sacral -plexus, etc.). Gradually, spinal irritation, pressure in the head, and cerebral -neurasthenia were added. Since the beginning of 1885 the patient -had given up coitus, in which he no longer experienced pleasurable feeling. -He masturbated frequently.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In 1888 he began to have delusions of suspicion. He noticed that -he was avoided, and that he had unpleasant odors about him (olfactory -hallucinations). In this way he explained the altered attitude of people, -and their sneezing, coughing, etc. He smelled corpses and foul urine. -He recognized the cause of his bad smells in inward pollutions. He -recognized these in a feeling he had as if a fluid flowed up from the symphysis -toward the breast. Patient soon left the clinic.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In 1889 he was again received in an advanced stage of paranoia -masturbatoria persecutoria (delusions of physical persecution).</p> - -<p class='c015'>In the beginning of May, 1889, the patient attracted notice, in that -he was cross when he was addressed as “mister.” He protested against -it, because he was a woman. Voices told him this. He noticed that his -breasts were growing. Some weeks before, others had touched him in a -sensual manner. He heard it said that he was a whore. Of late, dreams -of pregnancy. He dreamed that, as a woman, he indulged in coitus. He -felt the immissio penis, and, during the hallucinatory act, also a feeling -of ejaculation.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Head straight; facial form long and narrow; parietal eminences -prominent; genitals normally developed.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The following case, observed in the asylum at Illenau, is a -pertinent example of lasting delusional alteration of sexual -consciousness:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 102. <em>Metamorphosis Sexualis Paranoica.</em>—N., aged 23, single, -pianist, was received in the asylum at Illenau in the last part of October, -1865. He came of a family in which there was said to be no hereditary -taint; but it was tuberculous (father and brother died of pulmonary -tuberculosis). Patient, as a child, was weakly and dull, though especially -talented in music. He was always of abnormal character; silent, retiring, -unsocial, and sullen. He practiced masturbation after fifteen. After -a few years neurasthenic symptoms (palpitation of the heart, lassitude, -occasional pressure in the head, etc.), and also hypochondriacal symptoms, -were manifested. During the last year he had worked with great -difficulty. For about six months neurasthenia had increased. He complained -of palpitation of the heart, pressure in the head, and sleeplessness; -was very irritable, and seemed to be sexually excited. He -declared that he must marry for his health. He fell in love with an -<span class='pageno' id='Page_218'>218</span>artist, but almost at the same time (September, 1865) he fell ill with -paranoia persecutoria (ideas of enemies, derision in the street, poison in -food; obstacles were placed on the bridges to keep him from going to his -<em>inamorata</em>). On account of increasing excitement and conflicts with those -about him that he considered inimical to him, he was taken to the asylum. -At first he presented the picture of a typical paranoia persecutoria -with symptoms of sexual, and later general, neurasthenia, though the -delusions of persecution did not rest upon this neurotic foundation. -It was only occasionally that the patient heard such sentences as this: -“Now the semen will be drawn out of him. Now the bladder will be -cut out.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>In the course of the years 1866–68, the delusions of persecution became -less and less apparent, and were for the most part replaced by -erotic ideas. The somatic and mental basis was a lasting and powerful -excitation of the sexual sphere. The patient fell in love with every -woman he saw, heard voices which told him to approach her, and begged -to be allowed to marry, declaring that, if he was not given a wife, he -would waste away. With continuance of masturbation, in 1869, signs of -future effemination made themselves manifest. “He would, if he should -get a wife, love her only platonically.” The patient grows more and more -peculiar, lives in a circle of erotic ideas, sees prostitution practiced in -the asylum, and now and then hears voices which impute immoral conduct -with women to him. For this reason he avoids the society of -women, and only associates with them for the sake of music when two -witnesses are with him.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In the course of the year 1872, the neurasthenic condition became -markedly increased. Now paranoia persecutoria again comes into the -foreground, and takes on a clinical coloring from the neurotic basis. -Olfactory hallucinations occur. Magnetic influences are at work on him -(false interpretation of sensations due to spinal asthenia). With continued -and intense sexual excitement and excess in masturbation, the -process of effemination constantly progresses. Only episodically is he a -man and inclined toward a woman, complaining that the shameless prostitution -of the men in the house makes it impossible for a lady to come to -him. He is dying of magnetically poisoned air and unsatisfied love. -Without love he cannot live. He is poisoned by lewd poison that affects -his sexual desire. The lady that he loves is sunk in the lowest vice. -The prostitutes in the house have fortune-chains; that is, chains in which, -without moving, a man can indulge in lustful pleasure. He is ready now -to satisfy himself with prostitutes. He is possessed of a wonderful ray -of thought that emanates from his eyes, which is worth twenty millions. -His compositions are worth 500,000 francs. With these indications of -delusions of grandeur, there are also those of persecution—the food is -poisoned by venereal excrement; he tastes and smells poison, hears -infamous accusations, and asks for instruments to close his ears. From -<span class='pageno' id='Page_219'>219</span>August, 1872, however, the signs of effemination become more and more -frequent. He acts somewhat affected, declaring that he can no longer -live among men that drink and smoke. He thinks and feels like a -woman. He must thenceforth be treated like a woman and transferred -to a female ward. He asks for confections and delicate desserts. Occasionally, -on account of tenesmus and cystospasm, he asks to be transferred -to a lying-in hospital and treated as a woman very ill in pregnancy. The -abnormal magnetism of masculine attendants has an unfavorable effect on -him. At times he still feels himself to be a man, but in a way which indicates -his abnormally altered sexual feeling. He pleads only for satisfaction -by means of masturbation, or for marriage without coitus. Marriage -is a sensual institution. The girl that he would take for a wife -must be a masturbator. About the end of December, 1872, his personality -became completely feminine. From that time he remained a woman. He -had always been a woman, but in his babyhood a French Quaker, an -artist, had put masculine genitals on him, and by rubbing and distorting -his thorax had prevented the development of his breasts. After this -he demanded to be transferred to the female department, protection from -men that wished to violate him, and asked for female clothing. Eventually -he also desired to be given employment in a toy-shop, with crocheting and -embroidery work to do, or a place in a dress-making establishment with -female work. From the time of the transformatio sexus, the patient -begins a new reckoning of time. He conceives his previous personality -in memory as that of a cousin.</p> - -<p class='c015'>He always speaks of himself in the third person, and calls himself -the Countess V., the dearest friend of the Empress Eugenie; asks for -perfumes, corsets, etc. He takes the other men of the ward for girls, tries -to raise a head of hair, and demands “Oriental Hair-Remover,” in order -that no one may doubt his gender. He takes delight in praising onanism, -for “she had been an onanist from fifteen, and had never desired any -other kind of sexual satisfaction.” Occasionally neurasthenic symptoms, -olfactory hallucinations, and persecutory delusions are observed. All -the events up to the time of December, 1872, belong to the personality -of the cousin.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient’s delusion that he is the Countess V. can no longer be -corrected. She proves her identity by the fact that the nurse has examined -her, and finds her to be a lady. The countess will not marry, -because she hates men. Since he is not provided with female clothing -and shoes, he spends the greatest part of the day in bed, acts like an -invalid lady of position, affectedly and modestly, and asks for bon-bons -and the like. His hair is done, up in a knot as well as it allows, and the -beard is pulled out. Breasts are made out of biscuits.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In 1874 caries began in the left knee-joint, to which pulmonary -tuberculosis was soon added. Death on December 2, 1874. Skull -normal. Frontal lobes atrophic. Brain anæmic. Microscopical (Dr. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_220'>220</span>Schüle): In the superior layer of the frontal lobe, ganglion cells somewhat -shrunken; in the adventitia of the vessels, numerous fat-corpuscles; -glia unchanged; isolated pigment particles and colloid bodies. The lower -layers of the cortex normal. Genitals very large; testicles small, lax, -and show no change macroscopically on section.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The delusion of sexual transformation, displayed, in its conditions -and phases of development, in the foregoing case, is a -manifestation remarkably infrequent in the pathology of the -human mind. Besides the foregoing cases, personally observed, -I have seen such a case, as an episodical phenomenon, in a lady -having contrary sexuality (Case 92 of the sixth edition of this -work), one in a girl affected with original paranoia, and another -in a lady suffering with original paranoia.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Save for a case briefly reported by Arndt, in his text-book -(p. 172), and one quite superficially described by Sérieux -(“Recherches Clinique,” p. 33), and the two cases known to -Esquirol, I cannot recall any cases of delusion of sexual transformation -in literature. Arndt’s case may be briefly given here, -though, like Esquirol’s cases, it gives nothing concerning the -genesis of the delusion:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 103. A middle-aged woman in the asylum at Greifswald -thought she was a man, and acted out her belief. She cut her hair short, -and parted it on one side in the military fashion. A sharply-cut profile, -a nose somewhat large, and a certain heaviness of all the features -gave the face something characteristic, and, in combination with the -short hair combed smoothly over the ears, gave the whole head a decidedly -masculine appearance. She was tall and lean; her voice low and -rough; the larynx angularly prominent; her attitude erect; her gait, -like all her movements, heavy, but not awkward. She looked like a man -in female dress. Asked how she had come to think she was a man, she -would almost always cry excitedly: “Just look at me! Don’t I look -like a man? I feel like a man, too. I have always felt so, but I only -gradually came to understand it clearly. The man who should be my -husband is not a real man. I raised my children myself. I always felt -somewhat like this, but I came to understand later. Did I not always -work like a man? The man who passed for my husband only helped. -He did what I planned. From my youth I have been more masculine -than feminine. I have always had more liking for the garden and farm -than for work in the house and kitchen. But I never understood the -reason. Now I know I am a man, and I shall bear myself like one. It -is a shame to make me always wear women’s clothes.”</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_221'>221</span>Case 104. X., aged 26, tall, and of handsome appearance. Since -his earliest youth he has loved to wear female attire. As he grew up, he -managed it so that, when he was a participant in theatricals, he always -had a female part. After an attack of mental excitement, he imagined -that he was actually a woman, and tried to convince others of it.</p> - -<p class='c015'>He liked to undress himself, and dress his hair and put on female -clothing. In this state he wished to go out on the street. In other -respects he was perfectly reasonable. He would spend the whole day -arranging his hair and looking at himself in the glass, costuming himself -in a night-dress as much like a woman as possible. In walking he -imitated women. One day, when Esquirol acted as if about to lift up -his dress, he flew into a passion and upbraided him for his want of -modesty (Esquirol).</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 105. Mrs. X., widow. Owing to the death of her husband -and loss of fortune, she had been greatly troubled in mind. She became -disturbed mentally, and was admitted to the Salpêtrière after attempting -suicide.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Mrs. X., lean, thin; constantly maniacal; she believes herself a -man, and flies angry if she is addressed as “madam.” Once, when male -clothing was placed at her disposal, she was beside herself with joy. She -died, in 1802, of a consumptive malady; and she expressed her delusion -of being a man until shortly before her death (Esquirol).</p> - -<p class='c010'>I have already mentioned the interesting relations existing -between the facts of delusional transformation of sex and the -so-called insanity of the Scythians.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Marandon (“Annales médico-psychologiques,” 1877, p. -161), like others, has erroneously presumed that with the ancient -Scythians there was an actual delusion, and that the condition -was not merely that of eviration. According to the law of empirical -actuality, the delusion, so infrequent to-day, must also have -been very infrequent in ancient times. Since it can only be conceived -as arising on the basis of a paranoia, there can be no -thought of its endemic occurrence; it can only be regarded as -a superstitious manifestation of eviration (the result of anger -of the goddess), as is also evident from the statements of -Hippocrates.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The facts of the so-called Scythian insanity, as well as the -facts lately learned about the Pueblo Indians, are also noteworthy -anthropologically, in that atrophy of the testes and genitals -in general, and approximation to the female type, physically -<span class='pageno' id='Page_222'>222</span>and mentally, were observed. This is the more remarkable, since, -in men who have lost their procreative organs, such a reversal -of instinct is quite as unusual as in women, mutatis mutandis, -after the natural or artificial climacteric.</p> - -<p class='c010'>B. <em>Homo-Sexual Feeling as an Abnormal Congenital -Manifestation.</em><a id='r105' /><a href='#f105' class='c009'><sup>[105]</sup></a>—The essential feature of this strange manifestation -of the sexual life is the want of sexual sensibility for the -opposite sex, even to the extent of horror, while sexual inclination -and impulse toward the same sex are present. At the same -time, the genitals are normally developed, the sexual glands -perform their functions properly, and the sexual type is -completely differentiated.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Feeling, thought, will, and the whole character, in cases of -the complete development of the anomaly, correspond with -the peculiar sexual instinct, but not with the sex which the -individual represents anatomically and physiologically. This -abnormal mode of feeling may not infrequently be recognized -in the manner, dress, and calling of the individuals, who may -go so far as to yield to an impulse to don the distinctive clothing -corresponding with the sexual <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i> in which they feel themselves -to be.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Anthropologically and clinically, this abnormal manifestation -presents various degrees of development:—</p> - -<p class='c010'>1. Traces of hetero-sexual, with predominating homo-sexual, -instinct (psycho-sexual hermaphroditism).</p> - -<p class='c010'>2. There exists inclination only toward the same sex -(homo-sexuality).</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_223'>223</span>3. The entire mental existence is altered to correspond -with the abnormal sexual instinct (effemination and viraginity).</p> - -<p class='c010'>4. The form of the body approaches that which corresponds -to the abnormal sexual instinct. However, actual transitions -to hermaphrodites never occur, but, on the contrary, completely -differentiated genitals; so that, just as in all pathological perversions -of the sexual life, the cause must be sought in the -brain (androgyny and gynandry).</p> - -<p class='c015'>The first definite communications<a id='r106' /><a href='#f106' class='c009'><sup>[106]</sup></a> concerning this enigmatical phenomenon -of Nature are made by Caspar (“<span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Ueber Nothzucht und Päderastie</span>,” -Caspar’s <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Vierteljahrsschrift</span></cite>, 1852, i), who, it is true, classes it -with pederasty, but makes the pertinent remark that this anomaly is, in -most cases, congenital, and, at the same time, to be regarded as a mental -hermaphroditism. There exists here an actual disgust of sexual contact -with women, while the imagination is filled with beautiful young men, -and with statues and pictures of them. It did not escape Casper that in -such cases emissio penis in anum (pederasty) is not the rule, but that, by -means of other sexual acts (mutual onanism), sexual satisfaction is -sought and obtained.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In his “Clinical Novels” (1863, p. 33) Casper gives the interesting -confession of a man showing this perversion of the sexual instinct, and -does not hesitate to assert that, aside from vicious imagination and vice, -as a result of over-indulgence in normal sexual intercourse, there are -numerous cases in which pederasty has its origin in a remarkable, obscure -impulse, which is congenital and inexplicable. About the middle of the -“sixties,” a certain assessor, Ulrichs, himself subject to this perverse -instinct, came out and declared, in numerous articles,<a id='r107' /><a href='#f107' class='c009'><sup>[107]</sup></a> that the sexual -<span class='pageno' id='Page_224'>224</span>mental life was not connected with the bodily sex; that there were male -individuals that felt like women toward men (“<span lang="la" xml:lang="la">anima muliebris in corpore -virili inclusa</span>”). He called these people “<em>urnings</em>,” and demanded nothing -less than the legal and social recognition of this sexual love of the urnings -as congenital and, therefore, as right; and the permission of marriage -among them. Ulrichs failed, however, to prove that this certainly -congenital and paradoxical sexual feeling was physiological, and not -pathological.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Griesinger (<cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Archiv f. Psychiatrie</span></cite>, i, p. 651) threw the first ray -of light on these facts, anthropologically and clinically, by pointing out -the marked hereditary taint of the individual, in a case which came under -his own observation.</p> - -<p class='c015'>We have Westphal (<cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Archiv f. Psychiatrie</span></cite>, ii, p. 73) to thank -for the first systematic consideration of the manifestation in question, -which he defined as “congenital reversal of the sexual feeling, with -consciousness of the abnormality of the manifestation,” and designated -with the name, since generally accepted, of <em>contrary sexual instinct</em>. At -the same time, he began a series of cases,<a id='r108' /><a href='#f108' class='c009'><sup>[108]</sup></a> which, up to this time, has -reached ninety-three, those reported in this monograph not being included.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Westphal leaves it undecided as to whether contrary sexual feeling -is a symptom of a neuropathic or of a psychopathic condition, or whether -<span class='pageno' id='Page_225'>225</span>it may occur as an isolated manifestation. He holds fast to the opinion -that the condition is congenital.</p> - -<p class='c010'>From the cases published up to 1877, I have designated -this peculiar sexual feeling as a functional sign of degeneration, -and as a partial manifestation of a neuro-psychopathic state, in -most cases hereditary,—a supposition which has found renewed -confirmation in a consideration of additional cases. The following -peculiarities may be given as the signs of this neuro-psychopathic -taint:—</p> - -<p class='c010'>1. The sexual life of individuals thus organized manifests -itself, as a rule, abnormally early, and thereafter with abnormal -power. Not infrequently still other perverse manifestations are -presented besides the abnormal method of sexual satisfaction, -which in itself is conditioned by the peculiar sexual feeling.</p> - -<p class='c010'>2. The psychical love manifest in these men is, for the most -part, exaggerated and exalted in the same way as their sexual -instinct is manifested in consciousness, with a strange and even -compelling force.</p> - -<p class='c010'>3. By the side of the functional signs of degeneration -attending contrary sexual feeling are found other functional, -and in many cases anatomical, evidences of degeneration.</p> - -<p class='c010'>4. Neuroses (hysteria, neurasthenia, epileptoid states, etc.) -co-exist. Almost always the existence of temporary or lasting -neurasthenia may be proved. As a rule, this is constitutional, -having its root in congenital conditions. It is awakened and -maintained by masturbation or enforced abstinence.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In male individuals, owing to these practices or to congenital -disposition, there is finally neurasthenia sexualis, which manifests -itself essentially in irritable weakness of the ejaculation -centre. Thus it is explained that, in most of the cases, simply -embracing and kissing, or even only the sight of the loved person, -induce the act of ejaculation. Frequently this is accompanied -by an abnormally powerful feeling of lustful pleasure, -which may be so intense as to suggest a feeling of magnetic -currents passing through the body.</p> - -<p class='c010'>5. In the majority of cases, psychical anomalies (brilliant -endowment in art, especially music, poetry, etc., by the side of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_226'>226</span>bad intellectual powers or original eccentricity) are present, -which may even go so far as pronounced conditions of mental -degeneration (dementia, moral insanity).</p> - -<p class='c010'>In many urnings, either temporarily or permanently, insanity -of a degenerative character (pathological emotional states, -periodical insanity, paranoia, etc.) makes its appearance.</p> - -<p class='c010'>6. In almost all cases where an examination of the physical -and mental peculiarities of the ancestors and blood-relations has -been possible, neuroses, psychoses, degenerative signs, etc., have -been found in the families.<a id='r109' /><a href='#f109' class='c009'><sup>[109]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'>The depth of congenital contrary feeling is shown by -the fact that the lustful dream of the male-loving urning has -for its content only male individuals; that of the female-loving -woman, only female individuals, with corresponding situations.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The observation of Westphal, that the consciousness of one -congenitally defective in sexual desires toward the opposite sex -is painfully affected by the impulse toward the same sex, is -true in only a number of cases. Indeed, in many instances, -the consciousness of the abnormality of the condition is wanting. -The majority of urnings are happy in their perverse sexual -feeling and impulse, and unhappy only in so far as social -and legal barriers stand in the way of the satisfaction of their -instinct toward their own sex.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The study of contrary sexual feeling points directly to -anomalies of the cerebral organization of the affected individuals. -Gley (<cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Revue philosoph.</span></cite>, January, 1884) believes that he is -able to solve the riddle by the theory that the individuals have -a female brain and male sexual glands; and, further, that pathological -brain conditions determine the sexual life, while normally -the sexual organs determine the sexual functions of the -brain.</p> - -<p class='c010'>One of my patients offered me an interesting theory in -<span class='pageno' id='Page_227'>227</span>explanation of original contrary sexual instinct. He started -with the actual bi-sexuality shown by the fœtus anatomically -up to a certain age. While normally the organs which attain -complete development exclusively condition and determine the -sexual type, and the influence of the opposite organs, which -remain rudimentary, is <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nil</span></i>, it is conceivable that, under the -influence of a factor inimical to the normal development of -the brain (hereditary taint, etc.), these rudimentary organs likewise -exercise an influence which, under certain circumstances, -may be even greater than that of the fully developed organs -which determine the external sexual type.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In a similar manner, Kiernan (<cite>Medical Standard</cite>, 1888) -and G. Frank Lydston (<cite>Phila. Med. and Surg. Reporter</cite>, 1888) -attempt to explain a part of the cases of congenital sexual -paranoia. Magnan, too (<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><cite>Ann. méd. psychol.</cite>, 1885, p. 458</span>), -writes, in all earnestness, of the brain of a woman in the body -of a man, and <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vice versâ</span></i>.<a id='r110' /><a href='#f110' class='c009'><sup>[110]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'>The attempted explanations of congenital urnings are not -less superficial; for instance, that of Ulrichs, who, in his -“Memnon,” 1868, speaks of an “anima muliebris virili corpore -inclusa (virili corpori innata),” and thus tries to explain the -congenital origin and the female character of his abnormal sexual -instinct. The idea of the patient, the subject of Case 124, -is original. He supposes that when his father begat him he -thought to beget a girl, but, instead of a girl, a boy resulted. -One of the strangest explanations of congenital contrary sexual -feeling is made by Mantegazza (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>, p. 106, 1886).</p> - -<p class='c010'>According to this author, in such individuals there exist -anatomical anomalies which, by an error of Nature, consist in a -distribution to the rectum of the nerves intended for the genitals; -so that only in this situation the lustful sensation is -aroused which otherwise results from stimulation of the genitals. -But how does this author, in other ways so acute, explain -the great majority of cases, where pederasty is abhorred by -those affected with contrary sexual feeling? Besides, Nature -<span class='pageno' id='Page_228'>228</span>never makes such leaps. Mantegazza rests his hypothesis upon -the statements of an acquaintance, a celebrated writer, who -assured him that he was not sure that he took a greater pleasure -in coitus than in defecation! Allowing the correctness of his -experience, still it would only prove that the man was sexually -abnormal, and that his pleasure in coitus was reduced to a -minimum.</p> - -<p class='c010'>An explanation of congenital contrary sexual feeling may -perhaps be found in the fact that it represents a peculiarity bred -in descendants, but arising in ancestry. The hereditary factor -might be an <em>acquired</em> abnormal inclination for the same sex -in the ancestors (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">v. infra</span></i>), found fixed as a congenital abnormal -manifestation in the descendants. Since, according -to experience, acquired physical and mental peculiarities, not -simply improvements, but essentially defects, are transmitted, -this hypothesis becomes tenable. Since individuals affected -with contrary sexual feeling not infrequently beget children,—at -least, they are not absolutely impotent (women never are),—a -transmission to descendants is possible.</p> - -<p class='c010'>This supposition is decidedly favored by Case 124, in -which the eight-year-old daughter of an individual affected -with contrary sexual feeling, practiced mutual masturbation—a -sexual act—at an age which permits the presumption of contrary -sexual feeling. No less significant is the communication -made to me by a young man of twenty-six, who belongs to the -third group of contrary sexuality. He knew with certainty -that his father, who had died some years before, was also subject -to contrary sexuality. An informant assured me, at least, -that he knew many other men with whom his father had sustained -“relations.” Whether, in the case of the father, it was -an acquired or a congenital contrary sexual instinct, and to -what group he belonged, could not be ascertained.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The foregoing hypothesis seems the more plausible, when -it is considered that the first three degrees of congenital contrary -sexual instinct correspond exactly with the developmental -stages which are discoverable in the development of the -acquired anomaly. One, therefore, feels inclined to designate -<span class='pageno' id='Page_229'>229</span>the various degrees of congenital contrary sexual instinct as -various degrees of an hereditarily-induced sexual anomaly, -acquired from the progenitors or otherwise developed. Here, -too, the law of progressive heredity must be taken into consideration.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The sexual acts, by means of which male urnings seek and -find satisfaction, are multifarious. There are individuals, of fine -feeling and strength of will, who sometimes satisfy themselves -with platonic love, with the risk, however, of becoming nervous -(neurasthenic) and insane, as a result of this enforced abstinence. -In other instances, for the same reasons which may -lead normal individuals to avoid coitus, onanism, <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">faut de mieux</span></i>, -is indulged in.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In urnings with nervous systems congenitally irritable, or -injured by onanism (irritable weakness of the ejaculation -centre), simple embraces or caresses, with or without contact of -the genitals, are sufficient to induce ejaculation and consequent -satisfaction. In less irritable individuals, the sexual act consists -of manustupration by the loved person, or mutual onanism, or -imitation of coitus between the thighs. In urnings morally -perverse and potent, quoad erectionem, the sexual desire is satisfied -by pederasty,—an act, however, which is repugnant to perverted -individuals that are not defective morally, much in the -same way as it is to normal men. The statement of urnings is -remarkable, that the sexual act with persons of the same sex, -which is adequate for them, gives them a feeling of great satisfaction -and accession of strength, while satisfaction by solitary -onanism, or by enforced coitus with a woman, affects them in an -unfavorable way, making them miserable and increasing their -neurasthenic symptoms. The manner of satisfaction of the female -urning is little known. In one of my cases, the girl masturbated, -and during the act felt herself to be a man; and her -fancy created a beloved female person. In another case, the act -consisted of practicing onanism on the person loved, and fondling -her genitals.</p> - -<p class='c010'><i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Amor lesbicus</span></i> is presumably not infrequent here, for which -an enlarged clitoris or an artificial priapus may be used.</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_230'>230</span>As to the frequency<a id='r111' /><a href='#f111' class='c009'><sup>[111]</sup></a> of the occurrence of the anomaly, it -is difficult to reach a just conclusion, since those affected with -it break from their reserve only very infrequently; and in criminal -cases the urning with perversion of sexual instinct is usually -classed with the person given to pederasty for simply vicious -reasons. According to Casper’s and Tardieu’s, as well as my -own, experience, this anomaly is much more frequent than -reported cases would lead us to presume.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Ulrichs (“Kritische Pfeile,” p. 2, 1880) declares that, on -an average, there is one person affected with contrary sexual -instinct to every two hundred mature men, or to every eight -hundred of the population; and that the percentage among the -Magyars and South Slavs is still greater,—statements which may -be regarded as untrustworthy. The subject of one of my cases -knows personally, at his home (13,000 inhabitants), fourteen -urnings. He further declares that he is acquainted with at least -eighty in a city of 60,000 inhabitants. It is to be presumed -that this man, otherwise worthy of belief, makes no distinction -between the congenital and the acquired anomaly.</p> - -<p class='c010'>1. <em>Psychical Hermaphroditism.</em><a id='r112' /><a href='#f112' class='c009'><sup>[112]</sup></a>—The characteristic mark -of this degree of inversion of the sexual instinct is that, by the -side of the pronounced sexual instinct and desire for the same -sex, a desire toward the opposite sex is present; but the latter -is much weaker and is manifested episodically only, while the -homo-sexuality is primary, and, in time and intensity, forms the -most striking feature of the vita sexualis.</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_231'>231</span>The hetero-sexual instinct may be but rudimentary, manifesting -itself simply in unconscious (dream) life; or (episodically, -at least) it may be powerfully exhibited.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The sexual instinct toward the opposite sex may be strengthened -by the exercise of will and self-control; by moral treatment, -and possibly by hypnotic suggestion; by improvement of the -constitution and the removal of neuroses (neurasthenia); but -especially by abstinence from masturbation. However, there is -always the danger that homo-sexual feelings, in that they are -the most powerful, may become permanent, and lead to enduring -and exclusive contrary sexual instinct. This is especially to -be feared as a result of the influences of masturbation (just as -in acquired inversion of the sexual instinct) and its neurasthenia -and consequent exacerbations; and, further, it is to be found -as a consequence of unfavorable experiences in sexual intercourse -with persons of the opposite sex (defective feeling of -pleasure in coitus, failure in coitus on account of weakness of -erection and premature ejaculation, infection). On the other -hand, it is possible that æsthetic and ethical sympathy with -persons of the opposite sex may favor the development of hetero-sexual -desires. Thus it happens that the individual, according -to the predominance of favorable or unfavorable influences, -experiences now hetero-sexual, now homo-sexual, feeling.</p> - -<p class='c010'>It seems to me probable that such hermaphrodites from -constitutional taint are not infrequent.<a id='r113' /><a href='#f113' class='c009'><sup>[113]</sup></a> Since they attract very -little attention socially, and since such secrets of married life -are only exceptionally brought to the knowledge of the physician, -it is at once apparent why this interesting and practically -important transitional group to the group of absolute contrary -sexuality, has thus far escaped scientific investigation. Many -cases of frigiditas uxoris and mariti may possibly depend upon -this anomaly. Sexual intercourse with the opposite sex is, in -itself, possible. At any rate, in cases of this degree, no horror -sexus alterius exists. Here is a fertile field for the application -<span class='pageno' id='Page_232'>232</span>of medical and moral therapeutics (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">v. infra</span></i>). The differential -diagnosis from acquired contrary sexual instinct may present -difficulties; for in such cases, as long as the vestiges of a -normal sexual instinct are not absolutely lost, the actual symptoms -are the same (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">v. infra</span></i>). In the first degree, the sexual -satisfaction of homo-sexual impulses consists in passive and -mutual onanism and coitus inter femora.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 106. <em>Psychical Hermaphroditism in a Lady.</em>—Mrs. M., aged -44, exemplifies the fact that an inverted and a normal sexual instinct -may be united in one person, be it in man or woman. The father of this -lady was very musical, and very talented as an artist. He took life easily; -and to his extraordinary beauty was added a great admiration for the -opposite sex. After several apoplectic attacks, he died demented in an -asylum. Father’s brother was neuro-psychopathic, and when a child was a -somnambulist; and all his life he was afflicted with hyperæsthesia sexualis. -Thus, although married and the father of married sons, he tried to seduce -his niece, Mrs. M., with whom he was wildly in love, when she was -eighteen years old. Father’s father was very eccentric and a distinguished -actor. He first studied theology, but, as a result of partiality -for the dramatic muse, he became an actor and singer. He committed -excesses in baccho et venere; was a spendthrift and luxurious. He died -at forty-nine, of apoplexia cerebri. Mother’s father and mother died of -tuberculosis of the lungs.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Mrs. M. was one of eleven children, of whom six are still living. -Two brothers, who resembled the mother physically, died, at sixteen -and twenty, of tuberculosis. A brother suffers with laryngeal -phthisis. Four living sisters and Mrs. M. resemble the father physically, -and the eldest is unmarried, very nervous, and shy of people. Two -younger sisters are married, healthy, and have healthy children. The -other is unmarried, and suffers with nervous complaints. Mrs. M. has -four children, several of whom are delicate and neuropathic.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient can tell nothing of importance concerning her childhood. -She learned easily, and was æsthetically and poetically inclined. -She was considered a little high-strung, and too much given to novel-reading -and sentimentality. Her constitution was neuropathic, and she -was extremely sensitive to changes of temperature, sometimes having -annoying cutis anserina as a result of slight draughts. It is remarkable -that one day, when she was about ten years old, she thought that -her mother no longer loved her; and she put matches in her coffee -to make herself really sick, that she might thus excite her mother’s -love for her.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Puberty began, without difficulty, at the age of eleven. Thereafter -the menses were regular. Before the time of puberty sexuality manifested -<span class='pageno' id='Page_233'>233</span>itself, and, according to the opinion of the patient, its promptings -have been abnormally intense all her life. The first feelings and impulses -were decidedly inverted. She conceived a passionate but platonic love -for a young lady. She wrote verses and sonnets to her, and was perfectly -happy if she could admire “the entrancing charms” of her goddess -in the bath, or steal a glimpse of her neck, shoulders, and -breast while she was dressing. The wild impulse to touch these physical -charms was always overcome. While a young girl, she had actually -been in love with Madonnas of Raphael and Guido Reni. In all kinds -of weather she would run after pretty girls and ladies for hours at a -time, admiring their beauty, losing no opportunity to please them, offering -them bouquets, etc. The patient asserted that, until the age of nineteen, -she was absolutely without a suspicion of a difference of sex; -because she had been educated as in a cloister by a very prudish aunt, -who was an old maid. As a result of this great ignorance, the patient -became the victim of a man who was passionately in love with her, and -who had coitus with her by means of stratagem. She became the wife of -this man, bore one child, and lived an “eccentric” sexual life with him. -She felt perfectly satisfied with married intercourse. After a few years -she became a widow. Since then, women have again been the object of -her love, primarily, as the patient thinks, from fear of the results of -sexual intercourse with a man.</p> - -<p class='c015'>At twenty-seven, second marriage, without love, to a phthisical -husband. Patient was three times confined, and fulfilled her maternal -duties. Her physical health failed, and in the later years of this married -life she had an increasing aversion for her husband, partly due to -a sense of his disease, though, at the same time, there was constantly -present an intense desire for sexual indulgence.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Three years after the death of her second husband, the patient discovered -the fact that her nine-year-old daughter, by her first husband, -was given to masturbation, and that she was failing in physical health. -The patient read of this vice, and could not overcome the impulse to -indulge in the practice, becoming, in consequence, an onanist. She is -unable to bring herself to give the details of this period of her life. She -says that she was frightfully excited sexually, and had to send her -daughters from home to save them from terrible consequences; but the -two boys she was able to keep at home.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Patient became neurasthenic ex masturbatione (spinal irritation, -feeling of pressure in head, weariness, lack of mental control), and, at -times, had dysthymia and painful tædium vitæ. Her sexual feeling -would be directed at one time to women, at another to men. She was -able to restrain herself, and suffered much from abstinence, especially -because, on account of her neurasthenic troubles, she sought to obtain -relief in masturbation, though only in case of great necessity. At the -present time, though forty-four years old, and menstruating regularly, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_234'>234</span>she suffers intensely with a passion for a young man whose presence she -cannot avoid on account of the exigencies of occupation.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Patient presents nothing remarkable in external appearance. She -is gracefully formed, but the muscular system is not strongly developed. -Pelvis is, in all respects, that of a female, but the arms and legs are decidedly -large and of masculine form. Ladies’ shoes do not fit her, but, -being opposed to exciting attention, she forces her feet into female shoes, -and they are, therefore, much deformed. Genitals normally developed, -and present no other abnormality than descent of the uterus, with hypertrophy -of the vaginal portion. On thorough examination it is seen that -the patient is essentially homo-sexual, and that the desire for the opposite -sex is but episodical and sensual. Thus, at present, she suffers -intensely with sexual desires for every man with whom she comes in contact, -but it is a more refined and higher pleasure for her to imprint a kiss -on the soft, round cheek of a maiden. This pleasure is one she often -enjoys, because she is much beloved as the “dear aunt” by all the -“sweet creatures”; for she voluntarily does them the most various -chivalrous favors, always feeling herself at such times as a man.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 107. <em>Contrary Sexual Instinct with Sexual Satisfaction in -Hetero-Sexual Intercourse.</em>—Mr. Z., aged 36, Hollander, consulted me, in -1888, on account of an anomaly of his sexual feelings, which had become -a matter of anxiety to him in connection with an intended marriage. -Patient’s father was neuropathic, and suffered with nightmare and night-terrors. -Grandfather was mentally unsound; father’s brother an idiot. -Patient’s mother and her family were healthy and normal mentally. The -patient had four sisters and one brother, the latter being subject to moral -insanity. Three sisters are healthy, and living happy married lives.</p> - -<p class='c015'>As a child, the patient was weak, nervous, and subject to night-terrors, -like his father; but he never had any severe sickness except coxitis, -as a result of which he limps slightly. Sexual impulses were manifested -early. At eight, without any teaching, he began to masturbate. From -his fourteenth year, ejaculation. He was mentally well endowed, and his -principal interest was in art and literature. He was always weak muscularly, -and had no inclination for boyish sports and later for manly occupations. -He had a certain interest for female <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">toilettes</span></i>, ornaments, and -occupations. From the time of puberty the patient noticed in himself -an inexplicable inclination toward male persons. Youths of the lowest -classes were especially attractive to him. Cavalrymen especially excited -his interest. He experienced a lustful desire to press himself against -such individuals from behind. Occasionally, in crowds, it was possible -for him to do this; and in such an event an intense feeling of pleasure -passed over him. After his twenty-second year, on such occasions, he -now and then had an ejaculation. From that time ejaculation occurred -when a sympathetic man laid his hand on the patient’s thigh. He was -now in great anxiety lest he might sometime assault a man sexually. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_235'>235</span>People of the lower classes, wearing tight, brown trousers, were especially -dangerous for him. His greatest pleasure would be: to embrace such a -man and press himself on him; but, unfortunately, the morality of his -country did not allow such a thing. Pederasty seemed disgusting to him.</p> - -<p class='c015'>It gave him great pleasure to gain a sight of the genitals of males. -He was always compelled to look at the genitals of every man he met. -In circuses, theatres, etc., only male performers interested him. Patient -has never noticed any inclination for women. He does not avoid them, -even dances with them on occasion, but he never feels the slightest -sensual excitation under such circumstances.</p> - -<p class='c015'>At the age of twenty-eight the patient was neurasthenic as a result -of his excessive masturbation.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Then frequent pollutions in sleep occurred, which weakened him -very much. It was only occasionally that he dreamed of men when he had -pollutions; and never of women. A lascivious dream-picture (pederasty) -had occurred but once. He dreamed of dying-scenes, of being attacked -by dogs, etc. After these, as before, he suffered with great libido sexualis. -Often there came up before him such lascivious thoughts as gloating over -the death of animals in the slaughter-house, or allowing himself to be -whipped by boys; but he always overcame such desires, and also the -impulse to dress in a military uniform.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In order to cure himself of masturbation, and to thoroughly satisfy -his libido, he determined to frequent brothels. He first attempted -sexual intercourse with a woman when twenty-one, after over-indulgence in -wine. The beauty of the female form, and female nudity in general, made -no impression on him. However, he was able to enjoy the act of coitus, -and thereafter he visited brothels regularly for “purposes of health.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>From this time he took great pleasure in hearing men tell stories -of their sexual relations with the opposite sex.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Ideas of flagellation would also come to him while in a brothel, but -the retention of such fancies was not essential for the performance of -coitus. He considered sexual intercourse with prostitutes only a remedy -against the desire for masturbation and men,—a kind of safety-valve to -prevent compromising himself with some man.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient now wishes to marry, but fears not only that he could -have no love for a decent woman, but also that he might be impotent for -intercourse with one. Hence his thought and need of medical advice.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient is very intelligent, and is, in all respects, of masculine -appearance. In dress and manner he presents nothing that would attract -attention. Gait, voice, and skeleton,—the pelvis especially,—masculine -in character. Genitals of normal development. The normal growth of -hair for a male is abundant. The patient’s relatives and friends have not -the slightest suspicion of his sexual anomalies. In his inverted sexual -fancies, he has never felt himself in the <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i> of a woman toward a man. -For some years he has been entirely free from neurasthenic troubles.</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_236'>236</span>The question as to whether he considered himself a subject of congenital -inversion of sexual instinct he could not answer. It seems probable -that there was a congenital weak inclination for the opposite sex, -with a greater one for the same sex, which, as a result of early masturbation -in consequence of the homo-sexual instinct, was still more weakened, -but not reduced to <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nil</span></i>. With the cessation of masturbation, the -feeling for women became in a measure more natural, but only in a -coarsely sensual way.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Since the patient explained that, for reasons of family and business, -it was necessary for him to marry, it was impossible to avoid this delicate -question.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Fortunately, the patient limited his inquiries to the question as to -his virility as a husband; and it was necessary to reply that he was virile, -and that he would probably be so in conjugal intercourse with the wife -of his choice,—at least, if she were to be in mental sympathy with him; -besides, that he could at all times improve his power by exercising his -imagination in the right direction.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The main thing was to strengthen the sexual inclination for the -opposite sex, which was defective, but not absolutely wanting. This -could be done by avoiding and opposing all homo-sexual feelings and -impulses, possibly with the help of the artificial inhibitory influences of -hypnotic suggestion (removal of homo-sexual desires by suggestion); by -the excitation and exercise of normal sexual desires and impulses; by -complete abstinence from masturbation, and eradication of the remnants -of the neurasthenic condition of the nervous system by means of hydrotherapy, -and possibly general faradization.</p> - -<p class='c010'>I am indebted to a physician, aged thirty, for the following -autobiography, which in another respect is noteworthy:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 108. <em>Mental Hermaphroditism; Abortive Contrary Sexual -Instinct.</em>—“In my ancestry I am somewhat predisposed hereditarily. My -grandfather on my father’s side was a high-liver and a speculator. My -father was a man of character, but for more than thirty years he has -suffered with folie circulaire, without, however, being much hindered by -it in business. My mother, like her father before her, suffers with stenocardiac -attacks. My mother’s father and brother are said to have been -sexually hyperæsthetic. My only sister, about nine years older than -myself, was twice subject to attacks of eclampsia, and during puberty was -religiously exalted, and probably also sexually hyperæsthetic. During -many years she had to suffer with a severe hysterical neurosis, but she is -now completely well.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“As an only son, and born late, I was the apple of my mother’s -eye; and I have her indefatigable care to thank that I survived childhood, -after having passed through all the possible diseases of children (hydrocephalus, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_237'>237</span>measles, croup, small-pox, and, at thirteen, chronic intestinal -catarrh that lasted a year). My mother, being herself very religious, -raised me, without spoiling me, in a religious way, and implanted in me, -as the guiding moral principle, an unyielding devotion to duty, which -was further carried to an extreme in me by a teacher whom I still call a -friend. Owing to my delicate health, my childhood, in greater part, -was spent in bed; and I was thus given to quiet occupations, especially -reading; and thus as a boy I came to be—if not <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">blasé</span></i>—premature at -least. As early as eight or nine the parts of books that excited me -most were those where injuries or operations that had to be endured -by beautiful girls or ladies, were described. Thus I was thrown into -great excitement by a story in which was pictured a maiden that had -run a thorn into her foot, with a boy taking it out for her. Indeed, -every time that I looked upon this picture, which was in nowise lascivious, -I had an erection. Whenever possible, I went to see chickens -killed; and if I had missed that, I looked at the spots of blood, and -stroked the warm bodies of the birds, with pleasurable shudders. I -would emphasize the fact that I have always been a great lover of animals, -and have felt disgust and pity while killing larger animals, and -even in the vivisection of frogs.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“The killing of chickens is still a great sexual stimulus for me, and -especially holding them, during which I have palpitation of the heart -and precordial oppression. It is of interest that my father had a passion -for binding together the hands of girls and young women.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I think that another of my sexual abnormalities is attributable to -this strain of cruelty. As I shall clearly describe later, one of my favorite -games was that of an improvised doll-theatre, where I prescribed -the parts of my companions. Almost always it was a young girl who, -at the command of her papa, whom I represented, had to have a painful -operation done on her foot. The more the girl cried, the more satisfaction -I had. How I came to hit upon the foot as the constant object of -operation will be seen from the following: When a very young boy, I -happened to see my eldest sister change her stockings. When she hastily -hid her feet, my attention was attracted, and immediately the sight of her -bare feet to the ankles came to be the ideal of my longing. Naturally, -this made my sister very careful; and thus there was occasioned a constant -quarrel, which, on my part, was kept up with all the wiles of cunning -and flattery, and with even explosions of anger, until my seventeenth -year. In other respects my sister was very indifferent. Indeed, her kiss -is repugnant to me. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Faute de mieux</span></i>, I made use of the feet of servants; -masculine feet had no effect on me. My greatest desire would -have been to cut the nails, or, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sit venia verbo</span></i>, the corns, on the beautiful -foot of a woman. My lustful dreams were concerned with these things. -Indeed, I applied myself to the study of medicine really in the expectation -of gaining an opportunity to satisfy my desires, or cure them. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_238'>238</span>Thank God, I attained the latter. After undertaking the first dissection -of the lower extremity of a female, this unhappy desire was removed -from me. I was unhappy because I was always deeply ashamed of this -impulse. I think I may spare further details concerning it, since this -peculiar enthusiasm, which even inspired me to write verses, has been -sufficiently described by others.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Now, concerning the last phase of my sexual errors: I was about -thirteen, and had just begun to mature, when a school-mate, who happened -to be our guest, teased me one night by kicking me with his bare -feet under the covers. I seized his foot, and immediately became greatly -excited, and had a pollution after it,—the first that I had. The boy was -peculiarly girlish in form, and was also mentally effeminate. Too, another -comrade who had very small and delicate hands and feet, whom I once -saw in a bath, caused unusual excitement in me. I thought it a great -piece of good fortune to be in bed with either of these, though any -nearer sexual intercourse than embracing them never came into my -mind. Moreover, I always thrust such thoughts aside with aversion. -Some years later, when about sixteen or eighteen, I made the acquaintance -of two other boys that awakened my sexual feeling. When I played -with either of these, I immediately had an erection. Both were very -energetic and lively, but delicately formed and child-like. At the occurrence -of puberty I lost interest in both of them, though a warm friendship -was preserved. I should never have allowed myself to have indulged -in vicious practices with them.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“When I went to the University, I forgot completely these errors -of my libido sexualis, and from principle I kept from sexual intercourse -until I was twenty-four, in spite of the contempt of my companions. -When pollutions became too frequent, and I began to fear cerebral neurasthenia -ex abstinentia, I gave myself up to normal sexual indulgence, -though somewhat mechanically; and it was, of course, very beneficial -to me.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“The especial field of work to which I have devoted myself is responsible -for the fact that I am almost impotent with puellis publicis, -and also for the fact that the naked form of a woman disgusts rather -than excites me. The act always satisfies me the most, if, during it, -I can keep the vision of the face before me; but since, on the other -hand, the idea that the girl near me is enjoyed by another is unbearable, -for years I have found it absolutely necessary for my mental comfort, -in spite of the pecuniary sacrifice, to keep a mistress, and, indeed, a -virgin. Otherwise the most terrible jealousy made me absolutely incapable -of work. I must also mention that, at thirteen, I fell in love -platonically for the first time; and since then I have often pined in -chaste love. What distinguishes my case from all others is the fact that -I have never once masturbated in my life.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Some weeks ago, in sleep, I was frightened by a dream of a naked -<span class='pageno' id='Page_239'>239</span>boy, from which I awoke with an erection. In conclusion, I venture to -undertake the difficult task of describing my present condition: Medium -height, gracefully formed. Skull dolichocephalic, with prominence in -the occipital region; circumference, 59 centimetres; frontal prominence -marked; glance somewhat neuropathic; pupils medium; teeth very defective; -musculature strong and tense; abundant hair, blonde. Varicocele -on the left side; frenulum too short, which hindered me in coitus. I -severed it myself three years ago. Since then ejaculation is retarded, -and pleasurable feeling much diminished. Temperament choleric. Quick -of comprehension; good at drawing conclusions; energetic; for one -hereditarily predisposed, very persevering. I learn languages easily, -and have a good ear for music, but otherwise I have no talent for the arts. -I am always ambitious to do my duty, but I am constantly troubled with -tædium vitæ, and only kept from attempts at suicide by my religion and -the thought of my mother. Otherwise I am a typical candidate for -suicide. I am ambitious, jealous, have a fear of paralysis; left-handed. -I am filled with socialistic ideas. I like adventures, and I am courageous. -I have decided never to marry.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 109. <em>Psychical Hermaphroditism. Autobiography.</em>—“I was -born in 1868. The families of both my parents are healthy; at any rate, -mental disease has never occurred in them. My father was a merchant; -he is now sixty-five years old, and for years has been nervous and especially -inclined to be melancholic. Before his marriage, my father is said -to have lived fast. My mother is healthy, though not very strong. -There are two other healthy children.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I was very early developed sexually, and in my fourteenth year -was so much troubled by pollutions that I was frightened. Under what -circumstances they occurred, particularly the nature of the dreams that -were connected with them, I am no longer able to state. The fact is, -that for years I have only felt myself drawn toward men sexually; and, -with every effort and a terrible struggle, I am still unable to overcome -this unnatural impulse that is so repugnant to me. It is said that I had -many severe illnesses in my childhood, and that my life was often despaired -of. To this was probably due the fact that I was spoiled and -made very delicate. I was always much in the house, preferred to play -with dolls rather than with soldiers, and I liked to play quietly in the -house better than to play noisily in the streets. I entered the Gymnasium -at the age of ten. Though I was lazy, I was among the best -scholars; for I learned very easily, and was the favorite of my teacher. -From my earliest childhood (seventh year), I took pleasure in little -girls. I remember that, even until my thirteenth year, I had formal love-affairs -with them, and was jealous of those who associated with them; -that I took pleasure in looking under the petticoats of my sister’s friends -and the servants; and that I had erections when touching the persons -of my female playmates. I can, however, recall with certainty that boys -<span class='pageno' id='Page_240'>240</span>attracted and excited me sexually just as early and powerfully. I always -took great delight in reading and in the theatre. I had a doll-theatre, -with which I played by preference. I knew whole pieces by heart, and -copied the actors I saw, taking especially the female parts, in which I -was delighted to put on female attire.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“As my sexual life became more pronounced, my inclination for -boys won the upper hand. I fell completely in love with my companions, -and had lustful feeling if one of them who pleased me touched my -body. I became very shy, and refused to take gymnastic and swimming -lessons. I thought I was different from my comrades, and did not like -to undress before them. I liked to look at the penes of my companions, -and easily had erections. I masturbated but once, and that in my youth. -When a friend told me that one could have pleasure without women, I -likewise tried it; but I found no pleasure in it. At that time, also, a -book fell in my hands which warned against the effects of onanism. -After that one trial I never did it again. In my fourteenth or fifteenth -year, I made the acquaintance of two younger boys who excited me sexually -to the highest degree. I was especially in love with one of them. -I became sexually excited in his presence, and was restless when I did -not have him near me. I was jealous of those who associated with him, -and embarrassed in his presence. He had no suspicion of my condition. -I felt very unhappy, and often wept gladly, feeling then relieved. Yet I -could not understand this feeling, and always felt its irregularity. I was -also especially unhappy because my ability to work disappeared all at -once. I, who before had learned with ease, suddenly had difficulty; -my thoughts were never on the subject. Only by straining every nerve -could I get anything through my head. I always had to study aloud, in -order to keep my attention on the matter in hand. My memory, which -was previously excellent, often left me in the lurch. Nevertheless, I -continued to be a good scholar, and I still pass for a talented man; but -I have terrible difficulty in learning anything. I exerted all my energy -to free myself from this sad condition. Daily I went swimming; I -practiced turning, rode much, and practiced fencing, in all of which I -enjoyed myself very much. I still like to be on a horse’s back, though I -know nothing about horses, and have no particular talent for physical -exercises. I was never absent from a drinking-party, and I smoked. I -was much liked. In <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">cafés</span></i> I associated much with waitresses, and liked -to amuse myself with them, without, however, being sexually excited by -them. Among my friends and teachers, I passed for a man who was -much with women, and spoiled by them. Unfortunately, this was not -true.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“At the age of nineteen I went to the University. My first semester -was spent at the University of B., and it is still terrible to recall it. -My sexual appetite powerfully excited me, and at night, for hours at a -time, I ran about looking for men, especially when I was intoxicated. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_241'>241</span>The next morning I would be crazy about myself. Fortunately, I found -no one. In the second semester, I went to M. This was my happiest -time. I had pleasant friends, and, for a wonder, took pleasure in women, -and was very happy about it. I had a love-affair with a young girl of -spoiled character, with whom I spent wild nights. I was extraordinarily -virile. I, who had formerly been chaste, also associated with other -women, as never before. I felt fresh and well after coitus. I was not -charmed so much by the female figure, which was never beautiful to me, -as by—I know not what. In short, I knew women whose touch immediately -induced erection. This joy and state of delight did not last -long. I was so foolish as to take rooms with a friend. We had one -sleeping-room. My friend was very talented and amiable, and a favorite -with women; and it was by these characteristics that he at first so -strongly attracted me. In fact, I love only highly-educated men; uneducated, -powerful persons are able to excite me intensely only for the -moment, and cannot retain my affections. I soon fell in love with my -friend. Then came the terrible time that destroyed my health. I slept -in the same room with my friend, and had to see him undress daily; so -that it required all my strength to keep from betraying myself. I became -nervous, cried easily, and was jealous of those who associated with -my friend. I still associated with women; but it was only with difficulty -that I could perform coitus, which, like woman, was repugnant to me. -The same women who had excited me intensely, no longer had any effect -on me. I followed my friend to W., where he met an earlier friend, -with whom he associated. I became jealous and sick with love and -longing. At the same time, I associated with women again, but seldom, -and only with difficulty, indulged in coitus. I became terribly depressed -and almost insane. Work was out of the question. I led a foolish, -wild life, and spent a great amount of money, almost throwing it away. -Then, after six weeks of it, I broke down, and had to visit a water-cure, -where I spent many months. There I came to myself again, and soon -became much liked; for I can be very gay, and I take great pleasure in -the society of educated ladies. In conversation, I prefer married women -to younger girls; I am also very gay in the society of gentlemen at the -beer-table and bowling-alley.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“At this sanitarium I met a man of twenty-nine, who was apparently -constituted like myself. The fellow forced himself upon me, and -wanted to embrace and kiss me; but he was very repugnant to me, though -he excited me, and his touch caused erection, and even ejaculation. One -evening he got me to perform mutual onanism. After it I spent a most -frightful, sleepless night; I was terribly disgusted with the whole affair, -and thought I should never do such a thing with a man again. All day -long I could get no rest. It was terrible to me that, in spite of this, and -against my will, this man so excited me sexually; yet, on the other hand, -it gave me satisfaction that he was in love with me, and apparently had -<span class='pageno' id='Page_242'>242</span>to go through struggles similar to my earlier ones. From that time I -was successful in keeping him away from me.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I again went to various Universities, and also visited many water-cures, -with temporary, but never permanent, benefit. I fell in love, too, -with many friends, but never so deeply as with the friend at M. I no -longer had sexual intercourse, neither with women—I was incapable of -it—nor with men; for I had no opportunity for it with the latter, and I -forced myself to avoid it. I still often met my friend of M.; we are as -good friends as ever, and, much to my delight, he no longer excites me. -It is usually so; when for a long time I have not seen a person who -excites me, the sexual influence disappears.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I passed my examinations with distinction. During the last year -before they took place,—when I was twenty-three,—I began to practice -masturbation; for I could find no other way in which to gratify my -burdensome sexual appetite. Still, I did it very infrequently; for after -it I was always disgusted, and spent a sleepless night. But when I -have drunk much, I lose all strength; and then I run about for hours, -seeking men, and finally come to onanism, to awake the next day with a -dull head and a horror of myself, and go about all day in a melancholy -state. As long as I have control of myself, I use all my strength to -combat my nature. It is terrible when one can have no pleasure in associating -with friends, and every erect soldier or butcher-boy makes one -tremble and throb. It is frightful when night comes, and I watch at -the window for some one to urinate against a wall across the way, and -give me an opportunity to see his genitals. These thoughts are terrible; -and besides, there is the consciousness of the immorality and criminality -of my state of mind and my longing. I have a repugnance for myself that -I cannot describe. I consider my condition abnormal; I cannot think that -it is congenital, but I believe that the impulse was bred in me by faulty -education. My suffering makes me reckless and egotistical; it takes -away all kindness of disposition, and makes me careless about my family. -I am moody, and often almost insane; often I am so depressed that I -know not what to do, and then am easily moved to tears. And yet I have a -horror of sexual intercourse with men. One evening when I came from -a drinking-party, drunk and excited and in a half-conscious state, and, -full of desire, was wandering about, I met a young man, who got me to -perform mutual masturbation. Though he excited me, after the act I was -beside myself. To-day, when I go by the place, I am overcome with -horror; and lately, when riding by it, without any cause, I fell from my -gentle horse, that I know so well,—I was so overcome by the memory -of my unworthy deed.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I love family life and children, and social intercourse; and, with -my position in society, I am suited to have a family. But I must give -up all that; and yet, I cannot abandon hope of cure. And so I vacillate -between hopeful gaiety and frightful hopelessness, and neglect business -<span class='pageno' id='Page_243'>243</span>and family. Indeed, I do not ask that I may marry and found a family; -I wish only to overcome the terrible inclination for the male sex; only -to associate quietly with my friends, and to learn to respect myself again.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“No one has any suspicion of my condition; I pass rather for a -great <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">roué</span></i>,—a reputation I try to maintain. I often try to have relations -with girls, for which I often have opportunity. I have known many who -loved me, and who would have sacrificed their honor for me; but I have -no love to offer them, and nothing sexual to give. And yet I can love a -man. I am excited only by young men,—<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">i.e.</span></i>, aged from seventeen to -twenty-five, without full beards, and preferably with no beards at all. I -can love only those that are educated, respectable, and amiable. I am, in -short, very proud, and quick; I am also enthusiastic, and easily led by -persons who please me. These I try to imitate, but I am very sensitive -with them, and easily hurt. I put much value on appearances, love -beautiful furniture and dress, and assume a distinguished manner and -elegant address. I am unhappy in that my neurasthenic condition keeps -me from doing and learning what I should like.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>Last fall I made the patient’s acquaintance. He is destitute of -degenerative signs, and of perfectly masculine appearance, even though -he is delicately formed and slender. Genitals perfectly normal. Appearance -distinguished, with nothing striking. He is much troubled about -his sexual perversion, and wishes to be freed from it at any price. In -spite of the greatest effort on the part of both physician and patient, -only a slight degree of hypnosis, insufficient for suggestive treatment, -could be induced.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 110. <em>Psychical Hermaphroditism—Mouth-fetichism.</em>—“I am -thirty-one years old, and an official in a manufactory. My parents are -healthy, and have nothing abnormal about them. My paternal grandfather -is said to have had brain disease; my maternal grandmother -died melancholic; a cousin of my mother was given to drink; several -other blood-relations are abnormal mentally.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I was four years old when my sexual appetite awoke. A man -between twenty and thirty years old, who played with us children, and -took us in his arms, excited in me the desire to embrace and kiss him -passionately. This desire for sensual kissing on the mouth is characteristic -of me, and it still forms the chief charm of my sexual gratification.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I experienced a similar excitation in about my ninth year. A -man who was ugly and dirty, and had a red beard, likewise excited in -me this desire for him. Here was manifested, for the first time, a characteristic -peculiar to me, which is still present,—<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">i.e.</span></i>, the peculiar -stimulus which coarseness—the filthiness of a person in dress and conduct—is -to my senses at times.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“While in the Gymnasium, from my eleventh to my fifteenth year, -I was affected with a passion for a comrade. In this case, it was also my -greatest pleasure to embrace him, and kiss him on the mouth. I was -<span class='pageno' id='Page_244'>244</span>often seized with a desire for him as intense as that I now have for persons -I love. I think, however, that I first had erections in my thirteenth -year. During these years, as I have said, I had only the desire to -embrace and kiss; cupiditas videndi vel tangendi aliorum genitalia mihi -plane deerat. I was a perfectly innocent, <i><span lang="fem" xml:lang="fem">näive</span></i> boy, and, until my fifteenth -year, did not know the meaning of an erection; indeed, I never -once ventured to kiss the beloved person; for I felt that it would be -doing something strange. I felt no desire to masturbate, and also had -the good fortune not to be seduced to it by older comrades. I have -never yet masturbated; I feel a certain repugnance for it.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“In my fourteenth and fifteenth years I was seized with a passion -for several young persons, some of whom still attract me. Thus I was -very much in love with a boy with whom I had never spoken. It was -even a delight to meet him on the street.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“That my passions were of a sensual nature is shown by the fact -that, when I pressed and caressed the hands of those I loved, I had powerful -erections. But it has always been my greatest pleasure amplecti -et os osculari; I desired nothing else.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I did not know that what I experienced was sexual love; I only -said to myself that it was impossible that I alone felt such stimuli.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Until my fifteenth year a woman had never excited me; but one -evening, when I was alone with our servant-girl in a room, I experienced -the same desire that I had for many boys. At first I played with her; -and, when I found that she liked to be kissed, I covered her with kisses. -I felt such sensual pleasure in it as I now seldom experience. Mouth to -mouth, we kissed each other, and after about ten minutes ejaculation -occurred. Thus I gratified myself two or three times a week. I soon -began a similar relation with our cook, and with other servant-girls. -Ejaculation always took place after kissing for about ten minutes.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“In the meantime, I had taken dancing-lessons. There I was first -charmed by a nice girl; but this love soon disappeared, and I fell in -love with another girl, with whom I never became acquainted, but at -the sight of whom I felt an attraction like that of boys, and unlike the -purely brutal passion I felt for other girls. At this time my impulse -for girls was at its acme; I was pleased by about an equal number of -girls and boys. As mentioned above, I gratified my sensuality by kissing -the servant-girl and inducing ejaculation. Thus I spent the time -from my sixteenth to my eighteenth year. The departure of the servant -deprived me of opportunity.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Then came two or three years during which I had to give up -sexual pleasure. In general, girls pleased me less; and, too, now that I -had grown older, I was ashamed to surrender myself to the servant-girls.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“It was not possible for me to obtain a mistress; for, notwithstanding -my years, I was carefully watched by my parents, and associated -but little with young men, and thus had but little independence. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_245'>245</span>With the diminution in the desire for women, the attractiveness of youths -increased.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Since I had had, since my sixteenth year, frequent pollutions at -night with dreams,—in part of women and in part of men,—which weakened -and depressed me exceedingly, I desired to make an end of them -by means of normal coitus. But scruples and the belief that prostitutes -would have no effect on me, kept me from the brothel until my twenty-first -year. For two or three years I went through a daily struggle (if -there had been male houses of prostitution, no scruples would have -hindered me). Finally I visited a brothel. I could not even induce -erection; for one reason because the girl, though she was unusually -fresh and pretty for a prostitute, did not affect me; but really because -she would not kiss me on the mouth. I was very much depressed, and -thought I was impotent. Three weeks afterward I visited another prostitute, -and she immediately induced erection by her kiss. She was -erect and had thick lips, and was much more sensual than the first -one. After only three minutes of simple kissing, mouth to mouth, ejaculation -was induced,—of course, ante portam. Thus it was only after I -had visited prostitutes about seven times that I was successful in coitus.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“At one time I would have no erection at all, because the girl made -no impression on me; again I would ejaculate prematurely. The first -times I was reluctant penem introducere; and, too, even after I was successful -in normal coitus, I found no pleasure in it. Sensual satisfaction -comes with kissing on the mouth; for me this is the principal -thing, coitus serving only as something secondary to embracing. -Coitus, no matter how much the woman might charm me, would be -an indifferent matter without kissing; indeed, erection disappears, or -does not occur at all, when the woman will not kiss on the mouth. Yet, -I cannot kiss every woman, but only such as have faces pleasing to me; -a prostitute, the sight of whom is repugnant to me, with any amount of -kissing, which then only disgusts me, cannot excite me.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Thus, during the last four years, I have visited brothels about -every ten days or two weeks. Only seldom does coitus fail; for I have -learned my peculiarities, and in the choice of a prostitute know immediately -whether she will excite me or have no effect. Of late, however, -it has again happened that I thought the woman would stimulate me, and -yet no erection occurred. This happened when, the day before, I had to -repress too forcibly the desire for men.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“At first, when I went to brothels, the sensual pleasure was very -slight; only a very few times did I have true lustful feeling (as in kissing -previously). Now, on the contrary, for the most part I experience -sensual pleasure. The lower houses have a particular charm for me; -for of late the coarseness of the women, the dark entrance, the yellow -light of the lamps, and all the surroundings, have a peculiar charm for -me; probably because my sensuality is unconsciously excited by meeting -<span class='pageno' id='Page_246'>246</span>soldiers, who frequent such places, and who at the same time lend a -certain charm to the women. If I but find a woman whose face attracts -me, I can have intense lustful pleasure. Besides by prostitutes, my desire -can be excited by peasant-girls, servant-girls, working-women, and -girls of the lower classes,—in general, by those in common dress. Red -cheeks, thick lips, and erect forms please me particularly. I am absolutely -indifferent to respectable women and young ladies.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“My pollutions are usually without lustful pleasure, and often occur -with dreams of men, but very seldom—almost never—with dreams of -women. As is shown by the last circumstance, in spite of regular coitus, -my desire is still for young men. Indeed, I may say that it has only increased, -and that very markedly. Though immediately after coitus -the girls have no charm for me, yet the kiss of a pleasing woman could -immediately induce erection again. For the first few days after coitus, -young men seem the most attractive to me.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Sexual congress with women does not satisfy all my sensual desire. -I have days when I frequently have erections with an intense desire for -young men; then come quieter days, with moments of complete indifference -for women and latent desire for men. On the other hand, too great -sensual rest makes me melancholy; viz., when such rest follows moments -of repressed excitement. Only, then, when the thought of beloved -youths again causes erection, do I feel light-hearted again. Then the -rest changes to intense nervousness; I feel depressed, and sometimes -have headache (after repressed erection). This nervousness often increases -to ungovernable restlessness, which I then seek to overcome by -coitus.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Last year an essential change took place in my sexual life, when -I dared to enjoy male love for the first time. In spite of pleasurable -coitus with women (more correctly, pleasurable kissing with resultant -ejaculation), my desire for young men gave me no peace. I determined -to go to a brothel much frequented by soldiers, and, in extremity, to -buy a soldier for myself. I had the good luck to meet immediately one -like myself, who, notwithstanding his much lower station, in character -and behavior was not unworthy of me. What I experienced (and still -experience) with this young man is something different from what I feel -with women. The sensual pleasure is not greater than with prostitutes, -whose kisses and embraces excite me extraordinarily; but I can experience -lustful pleasure with him at any time, and for him I have a feeling -that is wanting for women. Unfortunately, I have been able to embrace -and kiss him only about eight times.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Though we have been separated many months, he having been -sent to a garrison in Hungary, we have not forgotten each other, and -keep up a regular correspondence. In order to possess him, I dared to -go to a brothel and there embrace him, being in danger of being -betrayed.</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_247'>247</span>“Early in our acquaintance there came a time when I heard -nothing more of him; for he did not think he could trust me. During -these weeks I endured anxiety and pain that brought me into a state of -depression and anxious restlessness, such as I had never before experienced. -Scarcely to have found a lover and then to be compelled to -lose him, seemed the greatest misfortune to me. When, thanks to my -efforts, we met again, my joy was unbounded; indeed, I was so excited -that, in his embrace again for the first time, in spite of my sensual lust, -I could not induce ejaculation.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Usus sexualis in osculis et amplexionibus solis constitit, pene -meo ludere ei licebat (while the touch on it of a woman’s hand is unendurable -to me, and I never allow it). It is also to be noted that, in the -company of my lover, I immediately have an erection; the pressure of -his hand, or even his look, is sufficient. Evenings, for hours at a time, -I have gone about with him, never tiring of his society for a moment, -despite his inferior station. With him I feel happy, and the sexual -satisfaction is merely the crowning of our love. Although I had finally -found the man like myself, whom I had so long sought, and I could at -last enjoy male love, yet I have not become insensitive to women; and I -visit brothels when I am too sorely troubled by desire. I had hoped to -be able to spend this winter in the city where my lover is; but this is, -unfortunately, impossible, and I am now forced to be separated from -him for an indefinite period. Nevertheless, we shall try to see each -other, if only for a short time, and only once or twice a year; at least, I -hope that in the future we may again be together for a longer time. -Thus, for this winter, I am again compelled to be without a friend like -myself. I had, indeed, resolved, on account of the danger of discovery, -never to try to find another urning; but this is impossible. Sexual -intercourse with women does not satisfy me, and my desire for young -men constantly increases. I am often afraid of myself; afraid that, in -asking all prostitutes, as I do, whether they know others like me, I -might be discovered. Yet I cannot keep from seeking a youth like -myself; indeed, I know that in case of necessity I shall buy a soldier, -though I know perfectly well the penalty meted out to one caught in -such circumstances.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I can no longer do without male love; without it I should always -be out of harmony with myself. My ideal would be to be associated -with a number like myself; but I should be satisfied if I could have -unrestrained intercourse with one lover. I could easily dispense with -women, if I had regular male satisfaction; but I think that at long intervals -I should embrace a woman for the sake of variety, as my nature is -absolutely hermaphroditic in a psycho-sexual sense (women I can only -desire sensually, but I can love and sensually desire young men). If -there were marriage between men, I think I should not avoid a life-long -union; while marriage with a woman seems to me something impossible. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_248'>248</span>For, in the first place, though the woman charmed me, the charm would -soon be lost in regular intercourse, and then all sexual indulgence, if not -impossible, would certainly be devoid of pleasure for me; and, in the -second place, true love for the wife would be wanting—the attraction that -I feel with young men I love, and which makes the intercourse that is -not simply sensual seem desirable to me. The constant association with -a youth physically pleasing and in mental harmony with me, and who -could understand all my feelings and share my intellectual opinions and -desires, would, it seems to me, be the greatest happiness.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“The young men who please me must be between eighteen and -twenty-eight. As I have grown older, the limit of age in those pleasing -to me has increased; otherwise, I am pleased with the most various -forms. The principal <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i>, if not the exclusive one, is played by the face. -Blondes excite me more than dark persons; they must have no beard, -but merely a small moustache that is not too thick, or none at all. As -for the rest, the only thing I can say is, that certain kinds of faces please -me. Faces with large, straight noses are excluded, as are also pale -cheeks; but there are exceptions. I regard soldiers with favor, and -many please me when in uniform who do not affect me when in civil -dress. Just as in women certain ordinary articles of dress (like light-colored -jackets) please me, so the military costume attracts me. To go -to dance-halls—usually beer-halls—where there are many soldiers, and -mix with the crowd of soldiers and boys that please me, and try to get a -kiss and embrace,—this mingling with them would, of course, be an -excitant only of sensuality; intellectually and socially, everything common -in speech and conduct is repugnant to me.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“With young men of higher position, my sensual desire is less -prominent.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“What I have said of the attractiveness of certain kinds of dress -is not to be understood in the sense that they attract me in themselves. -This charm only means that the dress may help to strengthen or make -prominent the attraction exerted by the face, when, perhaps, the same -face in itself would not attract me to the same extent. I may say the -same thing, though with a different meaning, of the odor of lighted -cigars. In indifferent persons the odor of cigars is rather repugnant -than pleasing to me, but exciting in those sexually attractive. The kiss -of a prostitute smelling of cigar-smoke, affords greater pleasure (because, -even though in part unconsciously, I am reminded of the kiss of a man). -Therefore, I took pleasure in kissing my lover just after he had smoked. -(It is to be noted that I myself have never smoked a cigar or cigarette, -and have never even tried to smoke.) I am tall and thin; my face is -masculine; my eyes are restless; and in my whole form I often have -something girlish. My health leaves much to be desired. It is much -influenced by my sexual anomaly. As previously mentioned, I am very -nervous, and I often have paroxysms of onomatomania. At times, I also -<span class='pageno' id='Page_249'>249</span>have terrible depression and melancholia, when I see the difficulty of -gratification corresponding with my male-loving nature; and when I am -greatly excited sexually, and have overcome the desire, owing to impossibility -of male gratification. In such conditions, often the depression -is associated with absolute lack of sexual desire. In work I am industrious, -but often too quick; for I am inclined to work too rapidly and -violently. I have a lively interest in art and literature. Among poets -and writers of fiction, I prefer, for the most part, those who describe -refined feelings, peculiar passions, and far-fetched impressions; an artificial -or hyper-artificial style pleases me. Likewise in music, it is the -nervous, exciting music of a Chopin, a Schumann, a Schubert, or a -Wagner, etc., that is in most perfect harmony with me. Everything in -art that is not only original, but <em>bizarre</em>, attracts me.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I do not like physical exercise, and do not practice it.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“In character I am kind and compassionate; and, though I have -much to suffer with my anomaly, I am not unhappy because I love -young men, but because the satisfaction of such love is considered -improper, and because I cannot gratify it without restraint. I cannot -regard male love as a vice, though I can well understand why it is -considered vicious. But, since this love is regarded as criminal, in -gratifying it I am in harmony with myself, but not with our age of the -world; and, therefore, I must, necessarily, be somewhat depressed; the -more, since I have a frank character that hates a lie. The pain of having -always to hide it all in myself has induced me to confess my anomaly to -a few friends, of whose silence and appreciation I am confident. Nevertheless, -my situation often seems sad. On account of the difficulty of -gratification and the general abhorrence of male love, I am often a little -proud that I have such anomalous feelings. Of course, I shall never -marry. This does not seem any misfortune, even though I love family -life, and have thus far lived only with my parents. I live in the hope -that later I shall have a lover; I must have one; without one, the future -seems dark and barren, and all the ambitions usually cherished—honor, -position, etc.—seem empty and unattractive. If I should not have this -hope fulfilled, I know I shall be unable to long devote myself to my business -with pleasure, and I shall soon be in a condition to sacrifice everything -to obtain male love. I no longer have any moral scruples on account -of my anomalous inclination; I have, in fact, never been troubled -because I felt attracted to boys. I am much more inclined to judge -morality and immorality in accordance with my feelings than in accordance -with fixed principles; for I have always been given to skepticism, -and have never yet studied out a fixed belief for myself. As yet, only -what injures others seems to me to be evil and immoral, and that that I -would not have inflicted on myself; and, in this direction, I may say that -I try to infringe on the rights of others as little as possible, and that I -am capable of great indignation at injustice inflicted on another. But, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_250'>250</span>why love of men should be something immoral, I cannot understand; -purposeless activity of the sexual instinct (if the immoral is to be seen -in all that is useless and unnatural) is also found in intercourse with -prostitutes, and even in marriage where means to prevent conception are -used; and it seems to me that the sexual intercourse of men must be -placed on the same level with all sexual congress that has not procreation -as an end. But that only sexual gratification that has this purpose -is moral, seems to me to be questionable. Certainly, sexual satisfaction -that is not directed to procreation is not contrary to nature; and, -whether it has not other purposes unknown to us, is uncertain; and, -even if it were purposeless, it would not necessarily be despicable (it is -not certain that the measure of a moral act is its usefulness).</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I am very certain that present prejudice will disappear, and that -when once such individuals experience male-love, the right of unrestricted -love will be acknowledged. For the possibility of such recognition one -need but recall the Greeks and their friendships, which were nothing but -sexual love; and one has only to think that, despite such unnatural vice, -practiced by their greatest men in intellectual and æsthetic matters, the -Greeks are still regarded as an unattainable example, and held up for -imitation.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I have already thought of having my anomaly cured by hypnotism. -If it were to be of any use, which I doubt, yet I should certainly -desire to be assured of a lasting love for women. For even though I -cannot satisfy myself with men, yet I prefer to feel this capability of inordinate -lust and love, even ungratified, to being absolutely without feeling. -Thus I still have the hope that I shall find opportunity to satisfy -the love I desire, the love that would make me happy; and I should not -prefer the suggestive removal of homo-sexual feelings, without the simultaneous -substitution of a hetero-sexual equivalent, to my present condition. -Finally, I should like to add, in contrast with the statements of -urnings in the published biographies, that I, at least, find it very difficult -to recognize those like myself. Though I have described my sexual -anomaly somewhat in detail, it seems to me that the following notes are -important for a better understanding of my condition:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Of late I have given up immissio penis, and confined myself -to coitus inter femoræ puellæ. Ejaculation occurs earlier than with -conjunctio membrorum, and I experience a certain lustful feeling in the -penis itself. If this manner of sexual intercourse is quite pleasant to -me, it is, perhaps, in part to be referred to the fact that in this kind of -sexual indulgence the sex is quite indifferent, and I am, perhaps, unconsciously -reminded of masculine embrace. But this memory is absolutely -unconscious, and but obscurely felt; for I am not indebted to my -imagination for my pleasure, but it is due immediately to kissing the -woman’s mouth. I feel that the charm which the brothel and prostitutes -have for me also begins to fade; but I am sure certain women will -<span class='pageno' id='Page_251'>251</span>always be able to excite me by their kisses. Still, no woman is, or ever -will be, so attractive as to induce me to overcome obstacles in winning -her; but even the danger of discovery and disgrace could only with -difficulty restrain me from seeking a man’s embraces.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Thus I lately allowed myself to be induced to buy a soldier at a -prostitute’s house. The lustful pleasure was very great, but the subsequent -feeling of satisfaction was especially very exhilarating. The next -day I felt similarly strengthened (capable of erection at any moment); -and though I have not yet been able to meet the soldier again, the -thought that I shall venture to purchase another gives me peace. But I -could be perfectly satisfied only in finding one feeling like myself, of my -own position and education.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I have not yet mentioned that the female form (with the exception -of the face) and genitals have no attraction for me (to touch the latter -with my hand would be disgusting to me); but membrum virile me -tangere dum os meum os ejus osculatur, mihi exoptatum esse; indeed, -to kiss that of a very pleasing man would not be disgusting to me. -Onanism, as has been said, would be quite impossible for me.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 111. <em>Psychical Hermaphroditism.</em>-Hetero-sexual feeling early -interfered with by masturbation, but episodically very intense. Homo-sexual -feeling <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ab origine</span></i> perverse (sexual excitation by men’s boots).</p> - -<p class='c015'>Mr. X., of high social position, Russian, aged 28, came to me in -September, 1887, in a despairing mood, to consult me on account of a -perversion of his vita sexualis, which made life seem almost unbearable to -him, and which had repeatedly brought him near to suicide. The patient -comes of a family in which neuroses and psychoses have been of frequent -occurrence. In the father’s family there had been consanguineous marriages -for three generations. The father is said to have been a healthy -man, and to have lived morally in marriage. However, his father’s -preference for fine-looking servants seems remarkable to the son. The -mother’s family is described as eccentric. The mother’s grandfather and -great-grandfather died melancholic; her sister was insane; a daughter -of the grandfather’s brother was hysterical, and had nymphomania. Only -three of the mother’s twelve brothers and sisters married. Of these, one -brother was homo-sexual, and always nervous as a result of excessive -masturbation.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient’s mother is said to be a bigot, and of small mental -endowment, nervous, irritable, and inclined to melancholia. Patient -has a sister and a brother. The brother is frequently melancholy, -and, though mature, has never shown the slightest trace of sexual -inclinations. The sister is an acknowledged beauty, and much sought -by gentlemen. This lady is married, but childless, as reported, owing to -the impotence of her husband. She has always been indifferent to the -attentions shown her by men, but is charmed by female beauty, and -actually in love with some of her female friends.</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_252'>252</span>With respect of himself, the patient asserts that, when four years -old, he dreamed of handsome jockeys wearing shining boots. Too, he -never dreamed of women when he grew older. His nightly pollutions -were always induced by “boot-dreams.” From his fourth year he had a -peculiar partiality for men, or, more correctly, for lackeys wearing -shining boots. At first they only excited his interest, but, with development -of his sexual functions, the sight of them caused powerful -erections and lustful pleasure. It was only servants’ boots that affected -him; the same kind of boots on persons of like social station were without -effect on him. In a homo-sexual sense, there was no sexual impulse -connected with these situations. Even the thought of such a possibility -was disgusting to him. At times, however, he had sensually-colored -ideas,—like being his servant’s servant, and drawing off his boots; but -the idea of being stepped on by him, or of having to blacken his boots, -was most pleasing. The pride of the aristocrat rose up against such -thoughts. In general, these notions about boots were disgusting and -painful to him.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Sexual instinct was early and powerfully developed. It first found -expression in indulgence in sensual thoughts about boots, and, after -puberty, in dreams accompanied by pollutions; otherwise, the mental and -physical development was undisturbed. Patient was well endowed mentally,—learned -easily, finished his studies, and became an officer. On -account of his distinguished, manly appearance and his high position, he -was much sought in society.</p> - -<p class='c015'>He characterizes himself as a clever, quiet, strong-willed, but superficial -man. He asserts that he is a passionate hunter and rider, and that -he has never had any inclination for feminine pursuits. In the society -of ladies he has always been reserved; dancing always tired him. He -had never had any interest in a lady of high social position. As for -women, only the buxom peasant girls, such as are the models of painters -in Rome, had interested him. He had, however, never felt any sexual -interest in such representatives of the female sex. In the theatre and -circus only male performers had excited his interest; but, at the same -time, they had caused him no sensual feelings. As for men, only their -boots excited him, and, indeed, only when the wearers belonged to the -servant class and were handsome men. Men of his own position, wearing -never so fine boots, were absolutely indifferent to him.</p> - -<p class='c015'>With reference to his sexual inclinations, the patient is still uncertain -whether he feels more inclination toward the opposite sex or toward -his own sex. He is inclined to think that originally he had more inclination -for women, but that this sympathy was, in any case, very weak. -He states with certainty that the sight of a naked man made no impression -on him, and that the sight of male genitals was even repugnant to -him. In the case of women, this was not exactly the case, but he was -not excited sexually even by the most beautiful feminine form. When a -<span class='pageno' id='Page_253'>253</span>young officer, he was now and then compelled to accompany his comrades -to brothels. He was the more easily persuaded to this, since he hoped by -this means to be rid of his vile partiality for boots; but he was impotent -unless he brought the thought of boots to his aid. Under such circumstances, -the act of cohabitation was normally performed, but without -pleasurable feeling. Patient felt no impulse to intercourse with women, -always requiring some external cause,—<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">i.e.</span></i>, persuasion. Left to himself, -his vita sexualis consisted in reveling in ideas about boots, and in corresponding -dreams with pollutions. Since more and more there became -connected with them the impulse to kiss his servant’s boots, to draw -them off, etc., the patient determined to use every means to rid himself -of this disgusting desire, which deeply wounded his pride. At that -time, being in his twentieth year, and in Paris, he recalled a very beautiful -peasant girl, who lived in his distant home. He hoped, with her assistance, -to free himself of his perverse sexual inclination. He went directly -home, and tried to win the girl’s favor. It seems that the patient was -not naturally homo-sexual. He asserts that at that time he was actually -in love with this person, and that her glance, or the touch of her dress, -gave him sensual pleasure; and, when she once kissed him, he had a -powerful erection. After about a year and a half, the patient succeeded -in gaining his desires with this person.</p> - -<p class='c015'>He was potent, but ejaculated tardily (ten to twenty minutes), and -never had a pleasurable feeling in the act.</p> - -<p class='c015'>After about a year and a half of sexual intercourse with this -girl, his love for her grew cold, because he did not find her so “fine -and pure” as he wished. From this time it was necessary for him to -call upon ideas about boots for help, which had been latent, in order -to be potent in sexual intercourse with her. In proportion as his power -failed, these ideas arose spontaneously. Thereafter he had coitus with -other women. Now and then, especially when the woman was in sympathy -with him, the act took place without any assistance of imagination. -It once happened that the patient committed a rape. It is -remarkable that on this single occasion he had a pleasurable feeling -in the (forced) act. Immediately after the deed he had a feeling of -disgust. When, an hour after the forced indulgence, he had coitus with -the same woman, with her consent, he experienced no feeling of -pleasure.</p> - -<p class='c015'>With decrease of virility,—<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">i.e.</span></i>, when it was preserved only in connection -with ideas about boots,—libido for the opposite sex decreased. -The patient’s slight libido and weak inclination for women are evidenced -by the fact that, while he still sustained sexual relations with the peasant -girl, he began to masturbate. He learned the vice from “Rousseau’s -Confessions,” the book accidentally falling into his hands. The boot-fancies -immediately linked themselves with corresponding impulses. -He then had violent erections, masturbated, and ejaculation afforded -<span class='pageno' id='Page_254'>254</span>him a lively feeling of pleasure, which was denied to him in coitus; and -at first he felt himself fresher and brighter, as a result of the masturbation.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In time, however, symptoms of sexual, and, later, of general, -neurasthenia, with spinal irritation, appeared. He then at first gave -up masturbation, and sought his first love; but she was now more than -ever indifferent to him. Since he finally became impotent, even when he -called ideas of boots to his assistance, he gave up women entirely, and -again practiced masturbation; by which he felt himself protected from -the impulse to kiss and blacken servants’ boots. At the same time, he -continued to feel that his sexual position was a painful one. He again -occasionally attempted coitus, and was successful in it as soon as he -thought of blackened boots. Too, after continued abstinence from masturbation, -he was sometimes successful in coitus without any artificial -aid.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient says that his sexual needs are intense. If he has not -had an ejaculation in a long time, he becomes congestive and psychically -much excited, and tormented by repugnant images of boots, so that he -is forced to have coitus, or, preferably, to masturbate.</p> - -<p class='c015'>For some time his moral position has been complicated most painfully -by the fact that, as the last of a wealthy line of high position, and -at the importunate desire of his parents, he must marry. The bride is -of rare beauty, and mentally in perfect sympathy with him; but, as a -woman, she is as indifferent to him as any other. Æsthetically she satisfies -him “as a work of art;” in his eyes, she is an ideal. To honor -her in a platonic way would be happiness worth striving for; but to -possess her as a wife is a painful thought. He is certain beforehand -that with her he will be impotent, save with the help of ideas of boots. -To use such means, however, is in opposition to his respect and his -moral and æsthetic feeling for the lady. Were he to soil her with such -thoughts, she would lose, in his eyes, all her æsthetic value; and then he -would become impotent for her, and she would become repugnant to -him. The patient considers his position one of despair, and confesses -that he has lately been repeatedly near suicide.</p> - -<p class='c015'>He is a man of much intelligence, and decidedly of masculine appearance, -with abundant growth of beard, deep voice, and normal genitals. -The eye has a neuropathic expression. No signs of degeneration. -Symptoms of spinal neurasthenia. It was possible to reassure the -patient, and give him hope of his future.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The medical advice consisted in means for combating the neurasthenia, -and the interdiction of masturbation and indulgence of the fancy -in images of boots, in the hope that, with the removal of the neurasthenia, -cohabitation without ideas of boots would become possible; and -that, in time, the patient would become morally and physically capable -of marriage.</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_255'>255</span>In the latter part of October, 1888, the patient wrote me that he -had resolutely resisted masturbation and his imagination. In the interval -he had had but one dream about boots, and scarcely a pollution. -He had been free from homo-sexual inclinations, but, in spite of this, -there was often considerable sexual excitement, without anything like -adequate libido for women. In this deplorable situation, he was compelled, -by circumstances, to marry in three months.</p> - -<p class='c010'><em>2. Homo-Sexual Individuals, or Urnings.</em>—In distinction -from the preceding group of psycho-sexual hermaphrodites, -there are here, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ab origine</span></i>, sexual desires and inclinations for -persons of the same sex exclusively; but, in contrast with the -following group, the anomaly is limited to the vita sexualis, and -does not more deeply and seriously affect the character and -mental personality.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The vita sexualis of these urnings, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mutatis mutandis</span></i>, is -entirely like that in normal hetero-sexual love; but, since it is -the exact opposite of the natural feeling, it becomes a caricature, -and this the more, since these individuals, at the same time, -as a rule, are subject to hyperæsthesia sexualis, and, therefore, -their love for their own sex is emotional and passionate.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The urning loves and deifies the male object of his affections, -just as a man idealizes the woman he loves. He is -capable of the greatest sacrifice for him, and experiences the -pangs of unfortunate, often unrequited, love; suffers from the -unfaithfulness of the beloved object, and is subject to -jealousy, etc.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The attention of the male-loving man is given only to male -dancers, actors, athletes, statues, etc. The sight of female -charms is indifferent to him, if not repulsive. A naked woman -is disgusting to him, while the sight of male genitals, hips, etc., -affords him infinite pleasure.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The bodily contact of a sympathetic man induces a thrill -of delight; and, since such individuals are mostly sexually -neurasthenic, congenitally or from onanism or enforced abstinence -from sexual intercourse, under such circumstances ejaculation -is very easily induced, which, in the most intimate -intercourse with women, cannot be induced at all, or only -by mechanical means. The sexual act with a man, in many -<span class='pageno' id='Page_256'>256</span>instances, affords pleasure, and leaves behind a feeling of well-being. -Should the urning be able to force himself to coitus, in -which, as a rule, disgust has the effect of an inhibitory concept, -and makes the act impossible, then his feeling is something -like that of a man compelled to take disgusting food or drink. -However, experience teaches that not infrequently urnings -falling in this group marry, either out of ethical or social considerations.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Such unfortunates are relatively potent, in that in marital -intercourse they incite their imagination, and, instead of thinking -of their wives, they call up the image of some loved male -person. But for them coitus is a great sacrifice, and no pleasure; -and it makes them, for days after, nervous and miserable. If -such urnings, by means of powerful excitation of their imagination, -or under the influence of alcoholic drinks, or by erections -induced by an overfilled bladder, etc., are enabled to overcome -the inhibitory feelings and ideas, then they are still entirely impotent; -while simply the touch of a man may induce powerful -erection, and even ejaculation.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Dancing with a woman is unpleasant to an urning, but to -dance with a man, especially one with an attractive form, seems -to him the greatest of pleasures. The male urning, in so far as -he possesses higher culture, is not opposed to non-sexual intercourse -with women, when by mind and refinement they make conversation -pleasant. It is only of woman in her sexual <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i> that -he has a horror. The homo-sexual woman offers the same manifestations, -<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mutatis mutandis</span></i>. In this degree of sexual degeneration, -character and occupation correspond with the sex which -the individual represents. The sexual perversion remains isolated, -but an anomaly of the mental being of the individual -which deeply affects the social existence. In accordance with -this, many of these individuals, in the sexual act, feel themselves -in the <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i> which would naturally belong to them in hetero-sexual -intercourse.</p> - -<p class='c010'>However, transitions to group 3 occur, in as much as sometimes -the passive <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i> which corresponds with the homo-sexual -manner of feeling, is thought of or desired, or at least forms -<span class='pageno' id='Page_257'>257</span>the subject of dreams. Moreover, inclinations for occupations -and tendencies of taste are manifested, which do not correspond -with the sex of the individual. In many cases, one gets the -impression that such symptoms are artificial, the result of educational -influences; in other cases, that they represent deeper -acquired degenerations of the original anomaly, induced by the -perverse sexual activity (masturbation), analogous to the signs -of progressive degeneration observed in acquired inversion of -the sexual instinct.</p> - -<p class='c010'>With regard to the manner of sexual satisfaction, it must -be stated that with many male urnings simple embraces are -sufficient to induce ejaculation, since they are subject to irritable -weakness of the sexual apparatus. In case of sexual hyperæsthesia, -and where there is paræsthesia of the moral sense, great -pleasure is afforded by intercourse with persons of the lowest -condition. On the same basis, desires to commit pederasty -(active, of course) and other similar acts occur, though it is but -seldom, and apparently only in cases of moral defect, and by -reason of libido nimia in individuals especially passionate, that -pederasty is indulged in. The sensual desire of mature urnings, -<em>in contradistinction from old and decrepit debauchees, who -prefer boys (and indulge in pederasty by preference), seems -never to be directed to immature males</em>. Only for want of better -material, and in case of violent passion, does the urning become -dangerous to boys. The manner of sexual satisfaction in female -urnings may be mutual and passive masturbation. To them -coitus is quite as disgusting, wearisome, and inadequate as it is -to the male urning.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 112. The following is an extract from a very circumstantial -autobiography which a physician affected with contrary sexual instinct -has put at my disposal:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I am now forty years old, of healthy family,<a id='r114' /><a href='#f114' class='c009'><sup>[114]</sup></a> and have always -been healthy and considered a model of physical and mental strength -and energy. I am of powerful build, but have only a moderate beard, -and, with the exception of hair in the axillæ and on the mons veneris, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_258'>258</span>my body is hairless. The penis, even soon after birth unusually large, -measures, in statu erectionis, 24 centimetres long by 11 centimetres in -circumference. I am a skillful rider, athlete, and swimmer, and have -passed through two great campaigns as a military surgeon. I never -experienced any taste for female attire and vocation. Up to the time -of puberty I was shy toward the female sex, and I am yet shy with new -acquaintances.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I have always had a distaste for dancing. In my eighth year an -inclination for my own sex made its appearance. I next experienced -pleasure in regarding my brother’s genitals. I induced my brother to -indulge with me in mutual fondling of the genitals, as a result of which -I had an erection. Later, in bathing with the school-children, the boys -excited a lively interest in me; the girls, none at all. I had so little interest -in them that, as late as my fifteenth year, I believed that they also -had a penis. In company with boys like myself, I took pleasure in -mutual manustupration. At eleven and a half years I was given a strict -tutor, and thereafter could steal to my friends but seldom. I learned -very easily, but could not get along with my teacher; and when one day -he made it too hard for me, I became furious and struck at him with a -knife, and would have gladly stabbed him, if he had not fallen into my -arms. In my thirteenth year, for a similar cause, I escaped from the -teacher, and wandered about for six weeks in the neighboring country.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I now entered the Gymnasium. At that time I was already -sexually developed, and amused myself while bathing with my comrades -in the way above mentioned, and later by imitatio coitus between the -thighs. I was then thirteen years old. I took absolutely no pleasure -with girls. Violent erections caused me to play with my genitals, and I -came to take my penis in my mouth, which I succeeded in doing by -bending over. This induced ejaculation. I thus learned masturbation. -I was much frightened, looked upon myself as a criminal, and confessed -to a companion of sixteen. He encouraged and quieted me, and entered -into a love-bond with me. We were happy, and satisfied ourselves by -mutual onanism. At the same time, I masturbated. After two years -the bond was broken; but to this day, when we occasionally meet,—my -friend is a high official,—the old fire lights up anew.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“That time with my friend H. was a happy one, the return of which -I would gladly buy with my heart’s blood. Then life was a pleasure, -learning was mere play, and I had a feeling for everything beautiful.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“During this time a physician, a friend of my father’s, seduced me -by caressing me and practicing masturbation on me on the occasion of -a visit, and by explaining the sexual act to me. He advised me never -to practice manustupration, since it was injurious to health. He then -practiced mutual onanism with me, and explained that this was the only -way in which he could perform the sexual function. He had a horror -of women, and, therefore, had lived unhappily with his deceased wife. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_259'>259</span>He gave me a pressing invitation to visit him as often as possible. The -physician was a pompous man, and the father of two sons aged fourteen -and fifteen respectively, with whom in the following year I entered into -love-relations similar to those I had with my friend H.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I was ashamed of my unfaithfulness to him, but at the same time -continued my relations with the physician. He practiced mutual masturbation -with me, showed me our spermatozoa under the microscope, and -pornographic works and pictures, which, however, did not please me, because -I had interest only for male forms. On the occasion of later visits, -he asked me to do him a favor which he had never yet enjoyed, and which -he very much desired. Since I loved him, I acquiesced in everything. He -dilated my anus with instruments, and practiced pederasty on me, and at -the same time performed masturbation, so that I experienced pleasure -and pain at once. After this discovery I went immediately to my friend -H., with the thought that this beloved man would be able to give me still -greater pleasure. We practiced pederasty on each other, but were both -deceived, and did not repeat it; for passively I had only pain, and -actively no pleasure, while mutual onanism gave us both the greatest -enjoyment. Thereafter, out of gratitude, I was still frequently at the -disposal of the physician only. Up to my fifteenth year I practiced -passive or mutual onanism with my friend. Now I was quite grown, -and had all kinds of signs made to me by women and girls; but I fled -from them as Joseph did from Potiphar’s wife. At fifteen I came to -the Capital. I had but infrequent opportunity for the satisfaction of my -sexual inclination. I reveled in the sight of pictures and statues of -male forms, and could not keep from kissing the beloved statues. The -fig-leaves on the genitals were my principal annoyance.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“At seventeen I went to the University. There, again, I lived two -years with my friend H.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“When I was in my eighteenth year, while in a state of mild intoxication, -I was set on to have coitus with a woman. I forced myself to -it, but immediately afterward I fled the house, overcome with disgust. -Just as after the first active manustupration, I had a feeling as if I had -committed a crime. On the occasion of another attempt, while in a -sober condition, in spite of every effort of a beautiful naked girl, I could -not get an erection; though the mere sight of a boy or the touch of a -man’s hand on my thigh, would always throw my penis into violent -erection. A short time before, my friend H. had had a similar experience. -In vain we racked our brains to discover the reason for it. -Now I let women alone, and found enjoyment with friends in passive -and mutual onanism, among others with both the sons of the physician, -who had used them for pederasty after my departure.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“When nineteen years old, I made the acquaintance of two genuine -urnings:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>“A., aged 56, of effeminate appearance, beardless, of small endowment -<span class='pageno' id='Page_260'>260</span>mentally, possessing a powerful sexual desire that had been manifested -abnormally early, had indulged in urnings’ love since his sixth -year. Once a month he visited the Capital. I had to sleep with him. -He was insatiable in mutual onanism, and made me take part in active -and passive pederasty, which was an unpleasant part of the bargain -for me.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>“B., a merchant, aged 36, of masculine appearance, was as passionate -as I was. He knew how to make his manipulations on me such a stimulus -that I had to serve him passively in pederasty. He was the only -one with whom I ever had any pleasure in passive pederasty. He confessed -to me that when he but knew that I was near, he had the most -painful erections; and that when I could not serve him, he was compelled -to satisfy himself by masturbation.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“While pursuing these love-affairs, I was clinical assistant in hospital, -and was considered ambitious and skillful in my work. I naturally -sought throughout literature for an explanation of my sexual peculiarity. -I found it in part as a crime deserving punishment, while for myself I -could only recognize in it the natural satisfaction of my sexual desire. -I was aware that this was congenital with me. But feeling myself in opposition -to the whole world, often near insanity and suicide, I again sought -to satisfy my powerful sexual desire with women. The result was always -the same,—either want of sufficient erection, or, when it became possible, -to force myself to the act, disgust and horror of its repetition. As a -military surgeon, I suffered terribly from the sight and touch of thousands -of naked male forms. Fortunately, I formed a love-bond with a lieutenant -affected similarly, and passed again a time of happiness. For -love of him I consented to pederasty, for which he longed. We loved -each other until he lost his life at Sedan. From that time I never gave -myself to active or passive pederasty, although I had many love-affairs, -and was a person much sought.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“At twenty-three I went to the country as a physician, and was -sought and esteemed. I satisfied myself with boys over fourteen. I -interested myself in political affairs, and made an enemy of the clergyman, -and, being betrayed by one of my lovers, was denounced and compelled -to flee. The legal investigation, fortunately, did me no harm. I -was able to return, but I was greatly shaken; and I went to the war -(1870) as a soldier, in the hope of meeting my death. I returned, however, -with many distinctions, much matured; and I found still more -pleasure in earnest work in my profession. I hoped that the extinction -of my excessive sexual desire was near at hand, exhausted by the great -hardships of the campaign.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Scarcely had I recovered, when the old unbounded desire again -appeared, and led to new unbridled satisfaction. Of course, I often -thought of it; but my inclination, so revolting to the world, did not seem -so to me.</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_261'>261</span>“For a year, by means of the greatest exercise of my will, I abstained; -then I went to the Capital to force myself to cohabit with a -woman. I, who at the sight of the dirtiest ragamuffin had painful erections, -could scarcely induce one with the most beautiful woman. Overcome, -I returned home and obtained a young man-servant for my personal -service and satisfaction.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“The solitude of life as a country physician, and the longing for -children, drove me to marriage; besides, I wished to make an end to -gossip, and I hoped finally to triumph over my fatal desire.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I knew a young girl, of whose respect and love for me I was convinced. -Through my esteem and honor for my wife, I was enabled to -perform the conjugal duties, and begat four boys. The boyish appearance -of my wife was of effectual assistance. I called her my ‘Raphael.’ -I forced into my fancy images of boys, in order to induce erection. If -my fancy ceased for a moment, the erection failed. I was unable to -sleep with my wife. Within the last few years coitus has become constantly -more difficult to attain, and for two years we have given up all -attempts. My wife knows my mental condition, and her esteem and -love for me may become estranged.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“My sexual inclination for my own sex is unchanged, and, unfortunately, -too often forces me to become untrue to my wife. To this day, -the sight of a youth of sixteen puts me into violent sexual excitement -with painful erections, so that occasionally I am compelled to help myself -with manustupration of him and onanism on myself.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“The sufferings I endure are indescribable. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Faute de mieux</span></i>, I have -my wife practice manustupration on me; but what my wife’s hand accomplishes -with great effort in half an hour is produced by the hand of a -boy in a few seconds. Thus I live, miserable, a slave of the law and of -my duty to my wife! I never had pleasure in active or passive pederasty. -If I ever practiced or suffered it, it was only from gratitude or desire to -please.”</p> - -<p class='c010'>The physician to whom I owe the preceding autobiography -assures me that he, up to this time, has had sexual intercourse -with at least six hundred urnings. There were, indeed, many -among them who to-day occupy high and respected positions. -Only about ten per cent. of them came later to love women. -Another portion did not avoid women, but were more inclined -to their own sex; the remainder were exclusively and lastingly -urnings.</p> - -<p class='c010'>This physician asserted that among the six hundred he -never found abnormal formation of the genitals; but there were, -however, frequent approaches to the female form, as well as incomplete -<span class='pageno' id='Page_262'>262</span>growth of hair, delicate complexion, and higher voice. -Development of the mammæ was not infrequent. He asserted -that from his thirteenth to his fifteenth year he had milk in his -mammæ, which his friend H. sucked out. Only about ten per -cent. of this number showed inclination for female occupations, -etc. All his acquaintances were affected with a sexual desire -that was abnormally powerful, and made its appearance abnormally -early. The vast majority felt themselves as the man in -their relations with the other, and satisfied themselves by mutual -onanism, or by manustupration on the person of the lover, or by -masturbation at his hands. The majority were inclined to active -pederasty; but very frequently the law and æsthetic feeling were -reasons for the non-performance of the act. Those feeling themselves -toward the others as women were few, and the inclination -to passive pederasty was very infrequent.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In the beginning of 1887, this physician was arrested for having -commuted acts of indecency on the persons of two boys under fourteen -years. The crime consisted in his having first rubbed mentulam propriam -inter femora viri until ejaculatio, and the same procedure cum -mentula propria inter femora pueri. At the examination it was recognized -that an abnormal instinct was in play, though, at the same time, it -was shown that the culprit was not mentally unsound, and not deprived -of free will; at least, he had not acted in obedience to an uncontrollable -impulse. Therefore, he was sentenced to prison for one year, the mildest -possible punishment.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 113. Mr. X., Hungarian, merchant, consulted me on account -of neurasthenia and sleeplessness, which had existed for years. The investigation -of the cause of his trouble led the patient to confess that he -had an abnormal sexual instinct for his own sex, that he was very passionate, -and that his nervous trouble might well come from that. The -following, taken from the history of this intelligent patient, possesses -scientific interest:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>“My abnormal sexual instinct reaches back to my childhood. -When three years old, I got hold of a journal of fashions. The beautiful -pictures of the men I kissed until the paper was torn to tatters, but I -paid no attention to the female figures. I did not like to play with boys. -I preferred to play with girls, because they always had dolls. I especially -liked to cut out dolls’ clothes; and to-day, in spite of my thirty-three -years, dolls still possess an interest for me. When a boy, for -hours I would lurk about available places, in order to get a sight of male -genitals. When I succeeded, a strange, dizzy feeling came over me. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_263'>263</span>Weak, unattractive men or boys made no impression on me. At thirteen -I began to masturbate. From my thirteenth till my fifteenth year, I -slept with a handsome young man. That was happiness. Hours at a -time at night, with erections, I would wait for his return. If in bed he -chanced to touch my genitals, it gave me delight. At fourteen I had a -school-mate whose instincts were like my own. For hours at a time, during -school-hours, we held each other’s genitals. Ah, those were happy -hours! As often as I could, I lingered in bath-houses. That was -always a feast for me. The sight of male genitals induced violent erections. -At sixteen I came to the metropolis. Seeing so many handsome -men charmed me. In my eighteenth year I attempted coitus -with a prostitute, but disgust and fear made it impossible. Other -attempts were failures, until my nineteenth year, when I tried again -with success; but the act afforded me no pleasure, rather inducing a -feeling of disgust. I conquered myself, and was proud of my success -at being a man, which I had gradually begun to doubt.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Subsequent attempts were no longer successful. The disgust was -too great. When the woman was undressing, it became necessary, on -account of my feeling of repugnance, to put out the light. I now considered -myself impotent, consulted physicians, and visited baths and -sanitariums to cure my supposed impotence; for I still did not know -what to think of it. I took pleasure in the society of ladies, perhaps -out of conceit; for I impressed most ladies as being sympathetic and -amiable; but I valued in them nothing more than mental and æsthetic -qualities. I liked to dance with them; but if one pressed against me in -dancing, I experienced a feeling of repugnance, and even disgust, and -felt like striking her. If in joke I happened to dance with a gentleman, -I always took the part of the lady. I would press and rub against him, -and take a perfect delight in it. When I was eighteen, a gentleman who -came into the office, said, ‘That is a fine youth; in the East he would -bring a pound sterling every time!’ I puzzled my head over that. -Another gentleman liked to joke with me, and steal kisses of me as he -was going away, which I would have given him only too gladly. He -afterward became my lover. These circumstances excited my attention, -and I waited for an opportunity.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“When I was twenty-five years old, it happened that a man who was -formerly a Capucine monk became attracted to me. For me he was like -a Mephistopheles. Finally he spoke to me. To this day I can almost -feel the beating of my heart that he caused me; I almost fainted. He -made a rendezvous for that evening at a public house. I went, but at the -threshold I turned back, afraid. On the next evening he met me again. -He overcame my scruples, and took me to his room. I was scarcely able -to walk for excitement. My seducer made me sit on his sofa, and, smiling -at me, he fixed his wonderful black eyes on me, and I lost consciousness. -This delight, this ideal, divine sense of pleasure that filled my -<span class='pageno' id='Page_264'>264</span>whole being,—I could write too much about it. I think only an innocent -youth, over head and ears in love, who for the first time has his love’s -longing fulfilled, could be as happy as I was that night. My seducer -demanded my life, in joke; but I at first thought him in earnest. I -begged him to let me be happy for a time, and then, united to him, I -would end my life. It would have been entirely in accordance with the -high-flown ideas I entertained at that time. For five years after that, I -kept up a relation with the man, who is still so dear to me. Oh, how -happy, and yet, often, how unhappy, I was during those years! If I but -saw him speak to a handsome young man, I became wildly jealous.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“When twenty-seven, I became engaged to a young lady. Her -mind and æsthetic feeling, as well as financial considerations, induced me -to think of marriage. At the same time, I am very fond of children, and, -whenever I meet even the commonest day-laborer and his wife and a -pretty child, I envy the man his good fortune. Thus I made a fool of -myself. I managed to get through the time of courtship; when kissing -my bride I felt more anxiety and fear than pleasure. On one or two -occasions, however, after luxurious dinners, while kissing her passionately, -I had erections. How happy I was at that! I saw myself already -a father. I twice came near breaking off the engagement. On my marriage-day, -when all the guests had assembled, I locked myself in a room, -cried like a child, and felt that I could not proceed with the ceremony. -At the persuasion of all the relatives, to whom I made the best excuses -that occurred to me, I allowed myself to be taken, in ordinary street-costume, -to the altar.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“As great good fortune would have it, at the time of the marriage, -my wife was menstruating. Oh, how thankful I was for this excuse! -I am now convinced that this circumstance is all that made later cohabitation -possible. How it later became possible for me to cohabit with -my wife, and have a lovely boy, I do not know. He is the comfort of -my ruined life. I can only thank God for the happiness of having a -child. I was a cheat, so to speak, in the marriage-bed. My wife, whom -I respect for her high qualities of character, has no suspicion of my -condition, but she often complains of my coldness. With her goodness -of heart and simplicity, it was possible for me to make her think that -the conjugal duty should be performed but once a month. Since she is -in nowise sensual, and I can find excuse in my nervousness, I am -successful in keeping up the swindle. Cohabitation is the greatest sacrifice -for me. By taking considerable wine, and by making use of the erections -which occur in the morning, as the result of an overfilled bladder, -it is possible for me to perform coitus once a month; but it affords me -no pleasurable feeling, and I am worried and experience an increase of -my nervous difficulties all day long after it. The consciousness of -having fulfilled my duty toward my wife, whom in all other respects I -love, affords me moral consolation and satisfaction. With a man, it is -<span class='pageno' id='Page_265'>265</span>otherwise. With him I can perform the act several times in a night, -always taking the sexual <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i> of a man. In this, I experience the greatest -pleasure, the purest happiness. I feel myself refreshed and invigorated -by it. Of late, my desire for men has somewhat decreased; in -fact, I have courage even to avoid a handsome young man that -approaches me. Will it last? I fear not. I am absolutely unable to do -without male love; if I am compelled to forego it, I become depressed, -feel weary and miserable, and have pain and pressure in my head. I -have always regarded my pitiable peculiarity as something congenital, -and I would feel happy if I had only not married. I pity my good wife. -Often the fear seizes me that I cannot endure it with her longer; then -thoughts about divorce, suicide, and flight to America come to me.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>No one seeing the patient to whom I owe this communication -would suspect his condition. His outward appearance is, in all respects, -masculine; he has a well-developed, full beard, strong and deep voice, and -normal genitals. The cranium is normally formed; signs of degeneration -are absolutely wanting, and only an exquisitely nervous eye makes -one suspect a neuropathic condition. The vegetative organs perform -their functions normally. The patient presents the usual symptoms of -a neurasthenia, which may, in all essentials, be ascribed to sexual -excesses with persons of his own sex, in a man abnormally passionate; -and to the injurious influences of forced, though infrequent, coitus with -the wife where horror feminæ exists.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient declares that he comes from healthy parents, and that -he knows of no neuroses or mental disease in his ancestry. His elder -brother was married three years. There was a separation, because the -husband never had sexual intercourse with his wife. He married a -second time. The second wife also complained of neglect on the part of -the husband; but she had four children, concerning whose legitimacy no -doubt was ever raised. A sister is hysteropathic.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient says that, when a young man, he suffered with momentary -attacks of dizziness, during which it seemed to him as if he were -about to die. He says that he has always been very excitable and -emotional, and an enthusiast for the arts, especially poetry and music. -He himself designates his character as enigmatical, abnormal, nervous, -restless, extravagant, and undecided. He is often exalted without real -reason, and then again depressed, even to thoughts of suicide. He may -pass through quick and sudden changes,—“religious and frivolous, -optimistic and cynical, cowardly and brave, credulous, amiable, and suspicious; -inclined to do others harm, and sorrowful to tears over the -misfortunes of others; and with this, generous to excess, and then again -miserly <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">à la Harpagon</span></i>.” The patient is certainly a tainted individual. -He seems to be very well endowed intellectually, and, as he says, to have -learned easily, and been among the first at school.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The marriage of this man was not happy. Notwithstanding the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_266'>266</span>fact that it was but very infrequently that he performed the inadequate -and injurious sexual act with his wife, and that he sought and found a -substitute in male lovers, he remained neurasthenic. His disease, at -times, presents marked exacerbations, even manifesting itself in despairing -depression about his matrimonial, sexual, and mental condition, -which even extends to violent tædium vitæ.</p> - -<p class='c015'>His wife became hysteropathic and anæmic, and the patient attributed -this to sexual abstinence. Try as he would to force himself, of late years -he has not been able to perform coitus, erection failing completely; -while, in intercourse with male lovers, he is very potent.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The son of these unfortunate parents, who is now over nine years -old, develops well. The patient adds that formerly, in coitus with his -wife, he was potent only when he thought of a beloved man. (From the -author’s “Lehrb. der Psychiatrie.”)</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 114. <em>Autobiography.</em> “The writer of this is a congenital -urning. If I have not consorted with other urnings, nevertheless, I am -fully informed of my condition; for it has been my lot to see almost all -literature on the subject. A short time ago, your work, ‘Psychopathia -Sexualis,’ was sent to me. I saw in it that you were working and studying -without prejudice in the interest of science and humanity.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“If I cannot tell you much that is new, yet I will speak of a few -things which I trust you will receive as one more stone to be used by -you in your work; which, I am confident, will, in your hands, aid in -saving us.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“When you presume that there is often an hereditary tainted condition, -perhaps you are right. My father was subject to spinal disease -before my birth; later, he became mentally unsound, and took his own life.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Another point, which I am inclined to doubt, is the one mentioned -by you in another place,—<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">i.e.</span></i>, that onanism practiced from youth may -lead to perverse instinct.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I (merchant, owner of a small business, unmarried) am in the beginning -of my thirtieth year. I am apparently healthy, and show scarcely -a deviation from the normal masculine type. The first sexual impulses -were immediately and exclusively directed to the male sex, and I experienced -them from my tenth year. I have masturbated since my twelfth -year. Since, in spite of all attempts, coitus with women was always -absolutely impossible for me; and since I have never had desire for -women—on the contrary, rather aversion; and since my attempts have -never resulted in the slightest erection, I have been compelled to satisfy -myself by onanism.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“If now I am to confess the manner of my sexual satisfaction, I -may say that in my earlier years my fellow-pupils and companions excited -me sexually. Now my impulse consists in a desire for boys of -about ten, but mostly for youths of from fifteen to twenty years.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“For a long time, strong and healthy cadets, of fine form, have had -<span class='pageno' id='Page_267'>267</span>a particular charm for me; and by their handsome uniforms and fine presence -they especially excite my desire. I have no opportunity to approach -them, or even to enter into distant social intercourse with them; but I am -compelled to satisfy myself with following them in the streets and -squares; or in restaurants, horse-cars or railways, by sitting near them, -and, when it is possible to do it unnoticed, under such circumstances, -by practicing onanism. My most ardent wish has often been to become -the friend, servant, or slave of such a young man.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I have never even dreamed of direct pederasty; my desire has -always been bodily contact, embrace, manustupration of my genitals by -my lover, and, on my part, a kiss on his genitals or podex.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I often have the desire, however, to represent Sacher-Masoch in -his ‘Venus in Furs.’ There a man makes himself the voluntary slave -of a woman, and feels an intense thrill of lustful pleasure, if he is only -chastised and humiliated by her. But I naturally feel that I could, under -no circumstances, become the slave of a woman, but only of a man; more -correctly, of a young man; one, however, for whom I should have such -an infinite love that I could give myself up entirely to his mercy or -cruelty.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“The lustful images that float before my mind in masturbation are -those of this or that young man that I have just seen. As a sad and -incomplete substitute, I practice this onanism constantly.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I pass into a lustful dream in this way (and I say all here, because -I wish to write only the truth and the whole truth): I choose a young -man that pleases me by his form, and in imagination give myself up to -involuntary obedience to him. I imagine that he wishes to humiliate me, -and that he commands me, for example, to kiss his feet; or compels me -to smell his socks. For want of the desired actuality, I take my own -socks, smell of them, take them into my mouth, rub them over my genitals, -and immediately erection and ejaculation, with sensual pleasure, -take place.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Yes, I am so dominated by this mental imagery that I imagine -that the young man is my confessor, and, in order to humiliate me, orders -me to eat of his excrement. Here again, in want of actuality, I eat of -my own excrement, but only in small quantity. Then, with an imperfect -feeling of disgust and violent palpitation of the heart, erection and -ejaculation take place.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“However, I come to this vile, feverish imagery and the performance -of these acts, only when it has not been possible for me for a long -time to satisfy myself by onanism in the immediate vicinity of a young -man.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“This is for me more natural, because I then have more pleasure, and -experience a more perfect physical and mental benefit, even though my -ideal of actual and direct satisfaction in mutual understanding were -never to be accorded me.</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_268'>268</span>“I almost believe that the above-mentioned disgusting imagery is -only the evil result of constant want of normal satisfaction,—<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">i.e.</span></i>, of my -normal satisfaction as an urning; and that with a regular satisfaction, -body to body, the imagery that becomes almost insane would be less -intense, and certainly would not go to such extravagance. Or it is the -ultimate result of an attempt at abstinence; for these idiotic, sensual -images only come after a long period of it.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I believe, indeed, that, under other social conditions, I should be -capable of great and noble love and self-sacrifice. My thoughts are in -no way exclusively carnal or diseased. How often, at the sight of a -handsome young man, a deep feeling of impatience seizes me, and I -breathe at once the sweet words of Heine:—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“‘<span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Du bist wie eine Blume, so hold, so schön, so rein,</span>’ etc.<a id='r115' /><a href='#f115' class='c009'><sup>[115]</sup></a></div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c015'>“And once, when I was compelled to part with a young man who -had honored and valued me as his friend and protector, though my love -had remained unknown to him, those fine verses by Scheffel kept passing -through my mind, especially the last,—<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mutatis mutandis</span></i>:—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“‘<span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Grau wie der Himmel, steht vor mir die Welt,</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Doch wend’ es sich zum Guten oder Bösen,</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Du, lieber Freund, in Treuen denk’ ich Dein!</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Behüt Dich Gott! es wär’ zu schön gewesen,</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Behüt Dich Gott, es hat nicht sollen sein!</span>’<a id='r116' /><a href='#f116' class='c009'><sup>[116]</sup></a></div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c015'>“I have never independently revealed my love to a young man, and -have never spoiled or injured one morally; but I have, now and then, -made the way easy for many. Under such circumstances, nothing is too -much trouble, and I obtain victims as only I can.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“When I have an opportunity to have such a beloved friend about -me, to educate, protect, and help, if my recognized love find a (natural, -unsexual) return, then all my disgusting mental imagery grows less and -less intense; then my love becomes almost platonic and ennobled, to sink -again into the mire when this worthy satisfaction is removed.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“As for the rest, and without over-estimating myself, I may say -that I am not one of the worst of men. Brighter mentally than the -average man, I take interest in all that moves humanity. I am amiable, -and easily moved to pity, and am incapable of doing any animal, much -less a man, an injury; but, on the contrary, do good wherever I can.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“When I have nothing to reproach myself with in my own conscience, -and must, at the same time, set myself in opposition to the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_269'>269</span>judgment of the world, I suffer very much. Indeed, I have done no -one harm, and I consider my love, in its noblest activity, to be quite as -holy as that of a normal man; but, with the unhappy lot which impatience -and ignorance cast upon us, I suffer even to the extent of tædium -vitæ.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“No pen, no tongue can describe all the misery, all the unhappy -situations, the constant fear of having this peculiarity recognized, and -of being cast from society. The one thought that, as soon as recognized, -one’s existence would be lost, and he would be cast away from all, is as -terrible as any thought can be. Then all the good that one had ever -done would be forgotten; then, in the pride of his great morality, every -normal man would be moved to scorn, even though he himself had been -never so frivolous in his own love.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Then what does our misery amount to? We may, cursing man, -end our unhappy lives. Truly, I often long for the quiet of an asylum. -My life may end when it will, the quicker the better; I am ready.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“To refer to one more point: I also believe, like the others that -have written to you, that our nervousness is first acquired as a result -of our unhappy, unspeakably miserable life among our fellow-creatures.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“And still another: You write, at the conclusion of your work, -concerning the repeal of the legal enactments concerned. Indeed, -humanity would not be destroyed if they were repealed. In Italy there -is no such law, as far as I know; and Italy is not a wilderness, but a -cultivated nation.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“As for myself, compelled as I am to undermine my life by onanism, -the law could not touch me; for I have never sinned against it in a -letter. But, at the same time, I suffer under the accursed scorn to -which we are subjected. How can the ideas of society be changed, so -long as there is a law which strengthens it in its immorality? The law -must, of course, correspond with public opinion; but it should not be in -harmony with the erroneous opinion of ignorance, but only in accord -with the ideas of the best and most scientific thinkers,—not with the -wish and prejudice of the vulgar. True thinking minds cannot much -longer be satisfied with the old idea.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Pardon me, Professor, if I close without a signature. Do not -try to find me. I could tell you nothing more. I give you these lines -in the interest of future sufferers. Publish from them, in the interest -of science, truth, and justice, what seems to you to be necessary.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 115. On a summer evening, at twilight, X. Y., a physician of -a city in North Germany, was detected by a watchman while committing -a misdemeanor with a countryman in a field. He was practicing masturbation -on him, and then mentulam alius in os suum immisit. X. escaped -legal prosecution by flight. The authorities dismissed the complaint, -because there had been no publicity, and because immissio membri in -anum had not taken place. Among X.’s effects was found an extensive -<span class='pageno' id='Page_270'>270</span>correspondence of a perverse sexual character, which showed that he -had had perverse intercourse for years with all classes of people.</p> - -<p class='c015'>X. came of a neurotic family. His paternal grandfather died by -suicide while insane. His father was a weak, peculiar man. One brother -masturbated at the age of two. A cousin was sexually perverse, and -practiced perverse acts, similar to those of X., while a youth; he became -weak-minded, and died of spinal disease. A paternal great-uncle was an -hermaphrodite. His mother’s sister was insane. His mother is said to -have been healthy. X.’s brother is nervous and irascible.</p> - -<p class='c015'>X., likewise, was nervous as a child. The mewing of a cat would -create great fear in him; and if one but imitated the voice of a cat, he -would cry bitterly, and run to others for protection. Slight physical disturbance -caused violent fever. He was a quiet, dreamy child, of excitable -imagination, but of slight mental capabilities. He did not indulge -much in boyish games; he preferred feminine pursuits. It gave him -especial pleasure to curl the hair of the house-maid or of his brother.</p> - -<p class='c015'>At thirteen X. went to an Institute. There he practiced mutual -masturbation, seduced his comrades, and, by his cynical conduct, made -them unmanageable; so that he had to be taken home. At that time -the parents found love-letters with lascivious contents, showing perverse -sexuality. From the age of seventeen he studied under the strict surveillance -of a professor in a Gymnasium. He made but sad progress in -learning. He had only a talent for music.</p> - -<p class='c015'>After finishing his studies, the patient entered the University, at -the age of nineteen. There he attracted attention by his cynical character -and his association with young persons who were thought to be given -to masculine love. He began to be dandified; wore striking cravats, and -shirts that were low cut; he forced his feet into narrow shoes, and curled -his hair in a remarkable way. This peculiarity disappeared when he left -the school, and had returned home.</p> - -<p class='c015'>At the age of twenty-four he was for a long time neurasthenic. -From that time until his twenty-ninth year, he was earnest and skillful -in his profession; but he avoided the society of the opposite sex, and -constantly associated with men of doubtful character.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient would not allow a personal examination. In writing, -he made the excuse for this that it would be of no use, because his -impulse to his own sex had existed from his earliest childhood, and was -congenital. He had always had horror feminæ, and had never been -inclined to avail himself of the charms of women. Toward men he felt -himself in the <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i> of a man. He recognized his impulse toward his own -sex as abnormal, and excused his sexual indulgence as being the result -of an abnormal natural condition.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Since his flight X. lives out of Germany, in Southern Italy, and, as -I learned from a letter, now, as before, he indulges in perverse love. X. -is an earnest, stately man, of masculine features, well-grown beard, and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_271'>271</span>normally developed genitals. Dr. X. furnished me, a short time ago, -with his autobiography, of which the following is worthy of mention:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>“When, at the age of seven, I entered the private school, I felt -very uncomfortable, and found very little sympathy with my companions. -Only toward one of them, who was a very handsome child, did I feel -attracted, and I loved him wildly. In childish games I always knew -how to arrange it so that I could appear in feminine attire; and my -greatest pleasure was to form intricate coiffures for our servant-girls. I -often regretted that I was not a girl.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“My sexual instinct awakened when I was thirteen, and from the -moment of its appearance was directed toward youthful, strong men. -At first I was not really certain that this was abnormal, but consciousness -of it came when I saw and heard how my companions were characterized -sexually. I began to masturbate at the age of thirteen. At -seventeen I left home and went to the Gymnasium of a large Capital, -where I was put to board with a married professor of the Gymnasium, -with whose son I afterward had sexual relations. It was with him that -I first had sexual satisfaction. Thereafter I made the acquaintance of a -young artist, who very soon noticed that I was abnormal, and confessed -to me that he was in the same condition. I learned from him that this -abnormality was very frequent; and this knowledge overcame the trouble -that I had had in supposing that I was alone in my abnormality. This -young man had an extensive acquaintance with persons in like condition, -to which he introduced me. There I became the object of general -attention, for on all sides I was declared to be very attractive physically. -I soon became insanely loved by an old gentleman; but, not finding him -to my taste, I endured him but a short time, and then gave ear to a -young and handsome officer who lay at my feet. He was really my -first love.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“After passing my final examination, at the age of nineteen, free -from the discipline of school, I made the acquaintance of a great number -of people like myself, and among them Karl Ulrichs (Numa Numantinus).</p> - -<p class='c015'>“When, later, I took up the study of medicine, and associated with -many normal youths, I was often in a position where I was compelled to -visit public prostitutes. After having consorted to no purpose with -various prostitutes, some of whom were very beautiful, the opinion was -spread among my acquaintances that I was impotent, and I strengthened -this by telling of previous sexual excesses. At that time I had numerous -external relations with persons who prized my physical peculiarities, -which were considered very beautiful. The result of this was, that I was -exciting somebody all the time; and I received such a mass of love-letters -that I was often in embarrassment. The acme of this was reached later, -when, as a physician, I lived in the hospital. There I moved about like -a celebrated person, and the scenes of jealousy that took place, on my -<span class='pageno' id='Page_272'>272</span>account, almost led to the discovery of the whole thing. Shortly after -this, I fell ill with an inflammation of my shoulder-joint, from which I -recovered after three months. During this illness I received subcutaneous -injections of morphine several times daily, which were suddenly -discontinued, and which I practiced thereafter secretly after my recovery. -For the purpose of special study, I spent some months in Vienna, before -entering into private practice, and there, by means of some recommendations, -I gained entrance to various circles of people like myself. I there -learned that the abnormality in question, in its various forms, is spread -through the lower classes as well as the higher, and that those who are -approachable for money are not infrequently met among the higher -classes.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“When I established myself in the country, I hoped to cure myself -of the morphine habit by means of cocaine; and then I became a victim -of cocaine, which, only after three relapses, I was able to rid myself of -(about two years ago). In my position, it was impossible for me to find -sexual satisfaction, and I noticed with pleasure that the use of cocaine -had overcome my desire. When, on the first occasion, at the urgent -request of my aunt, I had emancipated myself from cocaine, I traveled -for a few weeks, in order to improve my health, the perverse impulses -were again awakened in their old strength, and, one evening, while out in -the fields by the city amusing myself with a man, I noticed that I had -been detected by the authorities and advertised; but that the act of which -I was accused was not punishable, in accordance with the opinion expressed -by the highest court of the German kingdom. I had, therefore, -to be careful; for already the announcement of the crime had been heralded -on all sides. I saw that, after this, I would be compelled to leave Germany, -and find a new home where neither the law nor public opinion would be -opposed to that impulse, which, like all abnormal instincts, could not be -overcome by the will. Since I was never deceived for a moment about -the matter, in recognizing my impulses as opposed to social usages, I -repeatedly attempted to become master of them; but by these efforts they -were increased in power. This same observation has been communicated -to me by acquaintances. Since I was exclusively drawn toward strong, -youthful, and masculine individuals, and they were very seldom inclined -to yield to my wishes, I was compelled to buy them. Since my desire -was limited to persons of the lower classes, I was always able to find -such as were purchasable with money. I hope that the following statements -will not awaken your repugnance. At first I intended to omit -them; but, for the completeness of this communication, I may include -them, since they serve to enrich the clinical material. I am compelled -to perform the sexual act in the following way:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Pene juvenis in os recepto, ita ut commovendo ore meo effecerim, -ut is quem cupio, semen ejaculaverit, sperma in perinæum exspuo, femora -comprimi jubeo et penem meum ad versus et intra femora compressa -<span class='pageno' id='Page_273'>273</span>immitto. Dum hæc fiunt, necesse est, ut juvenis me, quantum potest, -amplectatur. Quæ prius me fecisse narravi, eandem mihi afferunt voluptatem, -acsi ipse ejaculo. Ejaculationem pene in anum immittendo vel -manu terendo assequi, mihi nequaquam amœnum est.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Sed inveni, qui penem meum receperint atque ea facientes, quæ -supra exposui, effecerint, ut libidines meæ plane sint saturatæ.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Concerning my person, I must still mention the following: I am -186 centimetres tall, of masculine appearance, and, with the exception of -abnormal irritability of the skin, healthy. My hair and beard are black -and thick. My genitals are of medium size and normally formed. I -am able, without any trace of fatigue, to perform the sexual act from four -to six times in twenty-four hours. My life is very regular. I use alcohol -and tobacco very sparingly. I play the piano quite well, and some of -my unpretentious compositions have been much applauded. I have -lately finished a novel, which, as my first work, has been very favorably -criticised by my friends. The story has several problems taken from the -life of urnings in the subject-matter.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Among the large number of fellow-sufferers that are personally -known to me, I have naturally been in a position to make observations -concerning the condition and the degrees of abnormality; and, perhaps, -the following communications may be of service to you:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>“The most abnormal thing that I am acquainted with, was the -impulse of a gentleman who lived in Berlin. He preferred, above all -others, young fellows with unwashed feet, which he would lick passionately. -A gentleman in Leipzig was similar to him; who, where it was -possible, would linguam in anum immittere, preferring the parts to be -uncleaned. Several have assured me that the sight of riding-boots or of -parts of military uniforms, induced such excitement in them that ejaculation -resulted. A man in Paris compelled a friend ut in os ei mingat.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“With reference to the degree in which many feel themselves as -women, which is with me not the case, two persons in Vienna are examples. -They bore feminine names. One is a barber who calls himself -‘French Laura’; the other was formerly a butcher, who calls himself -‘Selcher-Fanny.’ Both of them never missed an opportunity, during the -carnival time, to show themselves in very fantastic feminine masks. In -Hamburg there is a person that many people believe to be a woman, because -he always goes about the house in feminine attire, and only occasionally -leaves the house, and always in such clothing. This man wished -to stand as godmother at a christening, and, as a result of it, gave rise to -great scandal.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Feminine timidity, frivolity, obstinacy, and weakness of character, -are the rule in such individuals.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Several cases of perverse sexuality are known to me where epilepsy -and psychoses are present. Hernias are remarkably frequent. In practice -many persons come to me to be treated for diseases of the anus, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_274'>274</span>because of recommendation by friends. I saw two syphilitic and one -local chancre, and several fissures; and at present I am treating a -gentleman for condylomata of the anus, which form a rounded tumor as -large as a fist. One case of primary affection of the soft palate I saw in -Vienna, in a young man who was accustomed to frequent mask-balls -dressed as a girl, and entice young men; he would then pretend that he -was menstruating, and thus induce the others to use him per os. The -assertion was made that in this way he had deceived fourteen men in one -evening. Since, in none of the publications concerning contrary sexuality -that I have seen, I have found anything concerning the intercourse of -pederasts among themselves, I venture to communicate something concerning -it in conclusion:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>“As soon as individuals that are affected with contrary sexuality -become acquainted, there is a detailed narration of their experiences, -loves, and seductions, as far as the social difference between them allows -such entertainment. Only in very few cases is this amusement uncommon -with new acquaintances. Among themselves, they call themselves -‘aunts’; in Vienna, ‘sisters’; and two very masculine public prostitutes -in Vienna, whom I accidentally became acquainted with, and who lived -in a perverse sexual relation with each other, told me that for the corresponding -condition in women the name ‘uncle’ was used. Since becoming -conscious of my abnormal instinct, I have met thousands of such -individuals.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Almost every large city has some meeting-place, as well as -a so-called promenade. In smaller cities there are relatively few ‘aunts,’ -though in a small town of 2300 inhabitants I found eight, and in one of -7000 eighteen of whom I was absolutely sure,—to say nothing of those -whom I suspected. In my own town of 30,000 inhabitants, I personally -know about one hundred and twenty ‘aunts.’ The greater number of -them, and I especially, possess the capability of judging another immediately -as to whether they are alike or not, which, in the language of the -‘aunts,’ is called ‘reasonable’ or ‘unreasonable.’ My acquaintances are -often astounded at the certainty of my judgment. Individuals that are -apparently absolutely masculine I recognize as ‘aunts’ at the first -sight. On the other hand, I am able to behave myself in such a masculine -way that, in circles to which I have been introduced by acquaintances, -there is a doubt as to my genuineness. When I am in the mood, I can -act exactly like a girl.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Since the majority of ‘aunts,’ like myself, in no way regret their -abnormality, but would be sorry if the condition were to be changed; -and, moreover, since the congenital condition, according to my own and -all other experience, cannot be influenced; therefore, all our hope rests -upon the possibility of a change of the laws with reference to it, so that -only rape or the commission of public offense, when this can be proved -at the same time, shall be punishable.”</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_275'>275</span>Case 116. <em>Contrary Sexual Instinct in a Woman.</em>—S. J., aged 38, -governess, came to me for advice about a nervous trouble. Her father -was temporarily insane, and died of a brain disease. The patient is an -only child, and even when quite young she suffered with feelings of -anxiety and painful ideas. She thought, for example, that she would -awake in her coffin after it had been closed; that at confession she -might forget something, and make a sinful confession. She suffered -much with headache. She was always very much excited and apprehensive, -but yet she had to see horrible things, like corpses, etc.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Even in her earliest childhood, the patient was excited sexually, -and began to masturbate without any teaching. The menses began at -fourteen, and were always accompanied by colicky pains, violent sexual -excitement, migraine, and depression. After her eighteenth year she -learned to repress her impulse to masturbate.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient has never felt any inclination toward persons of the -opposite sex. If she thought of marriage, it was only because she -sought in matrimony a means of being supported. On the other hand, -she felt powerfully attracted by girls. At first she regarded this inclination -as friendship; but in the depth of her attachment to female friends, -and in the longing she constantly felt for them, she recognized that the -feeling was something more than friendship.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient cannot understand how a girl can love a man, but she -can easily see how a man might love a girl. She always has a lively -interest in beautiful women and girls, and is powerfully excited at sight -of them. Her longing had always been to kiss and embrace such dear -creatures. She had never dreamed of a man, but only of girls. Her -delight had been to revel in the sight of them. Separation from such -female friends had always made her desperate.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient, whose appearance is perfectly feminine and very -respectable, states that she has never felt herself in any particular <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i> -with her friends, not even in dreams. Female pelvis; large mammæ; no -sign of beard.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 117. Mrs. R., Russian, aged 35, of high social position, was -brought to me, in 1886, by her husband for advice.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Father was a physician, and very neuropathic. Paternal grandfather -was healthy and normal, and reached the age of ninety-six. Facts -concerning paternal grandmother are wanting. All the children of -father’s family are said to have been nervous. The patient’s mother -was nervous, and suffered with asthma. The mother’s parents were -healthy. One of the mother’s sisters had melancholia.</p> - -<p class='c015'>From her tenth year patient has been subject to habitual headache. -With the exception of measles, she has had no illness. She was capable, -and enjoyed the best of training, having especial talent for music and -languages. It became necessary for her to prepare herself for the work of -a governess, and during her earlier years she was mentally overworked. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_276'>276</span>She passed through an attack of melancholia <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sine delirio</span></i>, of some -months’ duration, at seventeen. The patient asserts that she has always -had sympathy only for her own sex, and found only an æsthetic interest -in men. She never had any taste for female work. As a little girl, she -preferred to play with boys.</p> - -<p class='c015'>She says she remained well until her twenty-seventh year. Then, -without external cause, she became depressed and considered herself a bad, -sinful person, had no pleasure in anything, and was sleepless. During -this time of illness she was also troubled with imperative conceptions: -that she must think of the death of herself and her relatives. Recovery -after about five months. She then became a governess, was overworked, -but remained well, except for occasional neurasthenic symptoms and -spinal irritation.</p> - -<p class='c015'>At twenty-eight she made the acquaintance of a lady five years -younger than herself. She fell in love with her, and her love was -returned. The love was very sensual, and satisfied by mutual masturbation. -“I loved her as a god; her’s is a noble soul,” she said, when she -mentioned this love-bond. It lasted four years, and was ended by the -(unfortunate) marriage of her friend.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In 1885, after much emotional strain, the patient became ill with -symptoms of hystero-neurasthenia (dyspepsia, spinal irritation, and tonic -spasmodic attacks; attacks of hemiopia with migraine and transitory -aphasia; pruritus pudendi et ani). In February, 1886, these symptoms -disappeared.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In March she became acquainted with her present husband, and -married him without taking much time for reflection; for he was rich, -much in love with her, and his character was in sympathy with her own.</p> - -<p class='c015'>On April 6th, she read the sentence, “Death misses no one.” Like -a flash of lightning in a clear sky, the former imperative conceptions of -death returned. She was forced to meditate on the most horrible manner -of death for herself and those about her, and constantly imagine death-scenes. -She lost rest and sleep, and took no pleasure in anything. Her -condition improved. Late in May, 1886, she was married, but was still -troubled by painful thoughts at that time: that she would bring misfortune -on her husband and those about her.</p> - -<p class='c015'>First coitus on June 6, 1886. She was deeply depressed morally by -it. She had had no such conception of matrimony. The husband, who -really loved his wife, did all he could to quiet her. He consulted physicians, -who thought all would be well after pregnancy. The husband -was unable to explain the peculiar behavior of his wife. She was friendly -toward him, and suffered his caresses. In coitus, which was actually -carried out, she was entirely passive, and after the act she was tired, -exhausted all day long, nervous, and troubled with spinal irritation.</p> - -<p class='c015'>A bridal tour brought about a meeting with her old friend, who had -lived in an unhappy marriage for three years. The two ladies trembled -<span class='pageno' id='Page_277'>277</span>with joy and excitement as they sank into each other’s arms, and became -inseparable. The husband saw that this friendly relation was a peculiar -one, and hastened their departure. He had an opportunity to ascertain, -through the correspondence of his wife with this friend, that the letters -interchanged were like those of two lovers.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Mrs. R. became pregnant. During pregnancy the remains of depression -and imperative ideas disappeared. In September, during about the -ninth week of pregnancy, abortion took place. After that, renewed symptoms -of hystero-neurasthenia. In addition to this, there were anteflexio -et latero-positio dextra uteri, anæmia, and atonia ventriculi.</p> - -<p class='c015'>At the consultation the patient gave the impression of a very -neuropathic, tainted person. The neuropathic expression of the eyes -cannot be described. Appearance entirely feminine. With the exception -of a very narrow, arched palate, there was no skeletal abnormality. With -difficulty the patient could be brought to give the details of her sexual -abnormality. She complained that she had married without knowing -what marriage between men and women was. She loved her husband -dearly for his mental qualities, but marital intercourse was a pain to her; -she did it unwillingly, without ever finding any satisfaction in it. Post -actum, all day long she was weary and exhausted. Since the abortion -and the interdiction of sexual intercourse by the physicians, she had -been better; but she thought of the future with horror. She esteemed -her husband, and loved him mentally; but she would do anything for -him, if he would but avoid her sexually in the future. She hoped to -have sensual feeling for him in time. When he played the violin, she -seemed to feel the beginning of an inclination for him that was something -more than friendship; but it was only transitory, and she could -get no assurance for the future in it. Her greatest happiness was in correspondence -with her former lover. She felt that this was wrong, but -she could not give it up; for to do so made her miserable.</p> - -<p class='c010'>It is remarkable that the anomaly may be long limited to -mere perversion of the sexual instinct, and that the impulse to -perverse indulgence may make its appearance after some accidental -cause,—<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">e.g.</span></i>, seduction, or some neurosis. Such cases -might easily be mistaken for acquired contrary sexual instinct -(<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">v. supra</span></i>), if, with reference to the sexual feeling, they should -not be demonstrated by the history to be original and congenital.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 118. Mrs. C., aged 32, wife of an official, a large, not uncomely -woman, feminine in appearance, comes of a neuropathic and emotional -mother. A brother was psychopathic, and died of drink. Patient was -always peculiar, obstinate, silent, quick-tempered, and eccentric. The -<span class='pageno' id='Page_278'>278</span>brothers and sisters are excitable people. Pulmonary phthisis has been -frequent in her family. When only a girl of thirteen, with signs of great -sexual excitement, she attracted attention by enthusiastic love for a -female friend of her own age. Her education was strict, though the -patient secretly read many novels, and wrote innumerable poems. She -married at eighteen to free herself from unpleasant circumstances at -home.</p> - -<p class='c015'>She says she has always been indifferent toward men. In fact, she -avoided balls. Female statues pleased her. Her greatest happiness was -to think of marriage with a beloved woman. She was not aware of her -sexual peculiarity until marriage, and the thing had remained inexplicable -to her. Patient did her marital duty, and bore three children, two of -whom were subject to convulsions. She lived pleasantly with her husband, -but she esteemed him only for his moral qualities. She gladly -avoided coitus. “I should have preferred intercourse with a woman.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>Until 1878 she had been neurasthenic. On the occasion of a sojourn -at a watering-place, she made the acquaintance of a female urning, whose -history I have reported as Case 6, in the <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Irrenfreund</span></cite>, No. 1, 1884.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient came home a changed person. Her husband says: “She -was no longer a woman, no longer had any love for me and the children, -and would have no more of marital approaches. She was inflamed with -passionate love for her female friend, and had taste for nothing else.” -After the husband forbade her lover the house, there was interchange of -letters with such expressions in them as “My dove! I live only for you, my -soul.” There were meetings and frightful excitement when an expected -letter did not come. The relation was in nowise platonic. From certain -indications it is presumable that mutual masturbation was the means of -sensual satisfaction. This relation lasted until 1882, and made the patient -decidedly neurasthenic.</p> - -<p class='c015'>She absolutely neglected the house, and her husband hired a woman -of sixty years as a house-keeper, and also a governess for the children. -The patient fell in love with both, who, at least, allowed caresses, and -profited materially through the love of their mistress.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In the latter part of 1883, on account of developing pulmonary -tuberculosis, she had to go south. There she became acquainted with a -Russian lady of forty years, and fell passionately in love with her; but -she did not meet with a return of love in her sense. One day insanity -became manifest. She thought the Russian lady a nihilist; that she was -magnetized by her; and she presented formal persecutory delusions. She -fled, and was caught in an Italian city, and placed in a hospital, where she -soon became quiet. Again she followed the lady with her love, felt herself -very unhappy, and planned suicide.</p> - -<p class='c015'>When she returned home, she was greatly depressed because she did -not have the lady, and was contrary toward her family. A delusive, erotic -state of excitement came on about the end of May, 1884. She danced, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_279'>279</span>shouted, and called herself a man; demanded her former lovers, and said -she was of royal blood. She escaped from the house in male attire, and was -taken to the asylum in a state of eroto-maniacal excitement. After a few -days the exaltation disappeared. The patient became quiet, and made a -despairing attempt at suicide; and after it she was in great anguish of -mind with tædium vitæ. The perverse sexual feeling grew less and less -noticeable, and the tuberculosis progressed. The patient died of phthisis -in the beginning of 1885.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The examination of the brain presented nothing unusual as far as -architecture and arrangement of convolutions were concerned. Weight -of brain 1150 grammes. Skull slightly asymmetrical. No anatomical -signs of degeneration. External and internal genitals without anomaly.</p> - -<p class='c010'>3. <em>Effemination and Viraginity.</em>—There are various transitions -from the foregoing cases to those making up this category, -characterized by the degree in which the psychical personality, -especially in general manner of feeling and inclinations, is influenced -by the abnormal sexual feeling. In this group, fully-developed -cases in men are females in feeling; in women, males. -This abnormality of feeling and of development of the character -is often apparent in childhood. The boy likes to spend his time -with girls, play with dolls, and help his mother about the house; -he likes to cook, sew, knit, and develops taste in female <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">toilettes</span></i>, -so that he may even become the adviser of his sisters. As he -grows older he eschews smoking, drinking, and manly sports, -and, on the contrary, finds pleasure in adornment of person, art, -<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">belles-lettres</span></i>, etc., even to the extent of giving himself entirely -to the cultivation of the beautiful. Since women possess corresponding -inclinations, he prefers to move in the society of -women.</p> - -<p class='c010'>If he can assume the <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i> of a female at a masquerade, it -is his greatest delight. He seeks to please his lover, so to -speak, by studiously trying to represent what pleases the female-loving -man in the opposite sex,—sweetness, sympathy, taste for -æsthetics, poetry, etc. Efforts to approach the female appearance -in gait, attitude, and style of dress are frequently seen.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The female urning, even when a little girl, presents the -reverse. Her favorite place is the play-ground of boys. She -seeks to rival them in their games. The girl will have nothing -to do with dolls; her passion is for playing horse, soldier, and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_280'>280</span>robber. For female employments there is manifested not merely -a lack of taste, but often unskillfulness in them. The <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">toilette</span></i> -is neglected, and pleasure found in a coarse, boyish life. Instead -of an inclination for the arts, there is manifested an inclination -and taste for the sciences. Occasionally there may be attempts -to smoke and drink. Perfumes and cosmetics are abhorred. -The consciousness of being born a woman, and, therefore, of -being compelled to renounce the University, with its gay life, -and the army, induces painful reflections.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In the inclinations of the amazon for manly sports, the masculine -soul in the female bosom manifests itself; and not less in -the show of courage and manly feeling. The female urning -loves to wear her hair and have her clothing in the fashion of -men; and it is her greatest pleasure, when opportunity offers, -to appear in male attire. Her ideals are historical and contemporary -feminine personalities distinguished for mind and energy.</p> - -<p class='c010'>With reference to the sexual feeling and instinct of these -urnings, so thoroughly permeated in all their mental being, the -men, without exception, feel themselves to be females; the -women feel themselves to be males. Thus they feel themselves -to be antagonistic to persons of their own sex constituted like -themselves; for, of course, they are like them in form. But, -on the other hand, they are drawn toward those of their own -sex that are homo-sexual or sexually normal. The same jealousy -which occurs in normal sexual life also occurs here, when -rivalry is threatened; and, indeed, since they are, as a rule, -hyperæsthetic sexually, this jealousy is often boundless.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In cases of completely-developed contrary sexuality, hetero-sexual -love is looked upon as a thing absolutely incomprehensible; -sexual intercourse with a person of the opposite sex is -unthinkable, impossible. Such an attempt brings on the inhibitory -concept of disgust or even horror, which makes erection -impossible. Only two of my transitional cases to the third -category were able, with the help of their imagination, by thinking -of themselves as men with reference to the woman, to have -cohabitation; but the act, which was inadequate for them, was -a great sacrifice, and afforded them no pleasure.</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_281'>281</span>In homo-sexual intercourse the man always feels himself, in -the act, as a woman; the woman, as a man. The means of indulgence, -in the case of a man, where there is irritable weakness -of the ejaculation centre, are simply <em>succubus</em>, or passive <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">coitus -inter femora</span></i>; in other cases, passive masturbation, or <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ejaculatio -viri dilecti in ore proprio</span></i>. Many have a desire for passive -pederasty; occasionally a desire for active pederasty occurs. In -one attempt of this kind, the man desisted because of the disgust -which seized him when the act reminded him of coitus.</p> - -<p class='c010'><em>There was never inclination for immature persons (boy-love).</em> -Not infrequently there were only platonic desires. The -sexual satisfaction of the female probably consists of <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">amor -lesbicus</span></i>, or active masturbation.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 119. <em>Autobiography.</em> “1. <em>Descent:</em> I am now in my twenty -third year. I have chosen the study of the technical arts as an occupation, -and am completely satisfied with it. I had but the mild diseases -of children, while the other children, who are now healthy, had to pass -through severe illnesses. My parents are both living, and my father is an -advocate. He, like my mother, is, as we say, nervously hyper-sensitive. -In my father’s family there were two other children, who died early.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“2. <em>My person:</em> As for my physical peculiarities, I am of robust -figure, without being of especially handsome form; eyes, gray; hair, -blonde; hair and beard correspond with my sex and years. The mammæ -and genitals are normally developed. My gait is firm and almost heavy; -my bearing, careless. It is remarkable that the breadth of the pelvis is -exactly equal to that of the shoulders.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I am naturally well endowed mentally. In one of my certificates -my talents are, in fact, called ‘excellent.’ Without any particular desire -to excel in them, I passed my examinations with distinction. I have an -interest in everything that concerns the well-being of humanity, and in -science, art, and industry. With my energy it is comparatively easy to -postpone for a time the satisfaction of my desires, which will be described -hereafter. Intentionally and consciously, I curse the morality of to-day, -which forces those who are abnormal sexually to break laws that are -voluntarily established, and regards sexual congress of two persons of the -same sex as a matter depending on the choice of the individual, and -a matter in which law-makers have a right to interfere. From my -studies I have found the most earnest incentives to construct, on the -basis of the Darwinian theory, after Carneri’s method, a system of morals, -which, to be sure, does not harmonize with the prevailing system, but -which seeks to elevate and improve mankind in accordance with natural -law.</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_282'>282</span>“I think that there are not many marks of hereditary taint in me. -There is a certain hyper-sensitiveness. A very intense dream-life is perhaps -important. In general, it is occupied with indifferent matters, and -never has so-called sensual images as a subject; at most, in this direction, -it is concerned only with female attire and putting it on, which for me is -a lustful thought. At the same time, until my sixteenth year, it often -went to the extent of somnambulism, or, very frequently, as is still often -the case, to loud talking in sleep.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“3. <em>My inclinations:</em> The above-mentioned abnormal proclivity is -the fundamental factor in my sexual feeling. When I am dressed like a -woman, I feel perfectly satisfied. A peculiar feeling of peace and comfort -comes over me, which allows me to work mentally with greater ease. -My libido for indulgence in sexual intercourse is extremely slight. Too, -I have much love and taste for female handiwork, and, without assistance, -I learned to crochet and embroider, and I like to do these things in -secret. I also like other female employments, like sewing, etc.; so that -at home, where I keep my proclivity perfectly concealed, and guard -against indulging it by involuntary activity, I have often won the praise -of being as good as a servant-girl; which did not make me ashamed, but, -on the contrary, filled me with secret pride. I can make nothing out of -dancing with women; I liked to dance only with my school-fellows, for -which the manner of our instruction in dancing gave opportunity. But -in this it gave me pleasure only when I could dance as a lady. A multitude -of other desires and dreams, which seem to have something typical -about them, I pass over, because they seem exactly similar to those -described in ‘Psychopathia Sexualis.’ .... In other respects my -inclinations are not different from those of my sex. I smoke and drink -moderately, love delicacies, and have no pleasure in physical exercises.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“4. <em>Development:</em> After this brief description of my personality, -I may pass on to an analysis of the developmental history of my abnormality. -As soon as I was able, to some extent, to think independently, -and I understood the difference between the sexes, it was my secret and -fixed desire to be a girl. In fact, I believed I was one. But when in -the bath I saw the same genitals on other boys, the impossibility of my -thought became apparent. I reduced my wish, and hoped that I was at -least an hermaphrodite. And, owing to the fact that I had a certain -shyness about looking closely at pictures or descriptions of the genitals, -this hope was entertained, notwithstanding the fact that I had abundant -opportunity to read writings on the subject, until my studies compelled -me to make a closer acquaintance with the matter. During this time I -read everything I could get about hermaphroditism, and longed to be in -the place of the female who, as the newspapers often reported, had been -raised as a male and been restored to her sex by accident. The recognition -of my masculinity made an end of this dreaming, and did not fill -me with any especial delight. I tried to destroy my sexual glands by -<span class='pageno' id='Page_283'>283</span>gradual pressure, but pain soon caused me to desist. My longing is -still for the external characteristics of the female sex,—for a pretty -coiffure, a rounded breast, a slim waist.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“At the age of twelve I first had an opportunity to put on female -attire; and I soon came to drape myself, by means of bed-clothes, bed-linen, -etc., with female petticoats. When I grew older, it was my greatest -delight to put on my sister’s dresses secretly, even if it could be but -for a few moments, and with constant danger of detection. Later, much -to my delight, I had an opportunity to play a female <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i> in a love-scene; -and it is said that I was not at all bad in the part. When I began to -lead an independent life as a student, I immediately obtained female -dresses and linen, which I kept in order myself. When at night, safe -from discovery, I can put on one article after another, from corset to -apron and bracelet, I am perfectly satisfied, and devote myself to some -quiet employment, inwardly happy and full of delight in doing it. -While dressing, an erection usually occurs, but it is never followed by -an ejaculation, and soon disappears. I also try to approximate the -female appearance in externals, by arranging my hair appropriately and -removing the beard, which I should have preferred to tear out.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“5. <em>Sexual inclinations:</em> In passing to the description of my -sexual proclivities, I desire, first, to note, in general, that puberty -occurred normally, as I judge from the pollutions that occurred, the -change of voice, etc. Pollutions still occur regularly once every three -weeks, seldom more frequently. With them I never experience any lustful -feeling. I have never practiced onanism; until lately I knew -nothing more of it than its name, and I had to seek direct information -about it, in order to understand it. Any touch on the erect penis is -disturbing and painful to me, and without lustful feeling.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Previously I behaved very shyly toward women, but I now act -quietly, and associate with them as with my kind. Direct excitation, in -a sexual sense, by a woman, sometimes occurred; but when I try to analyze -this, it seems to me that it was never her person, but rather her attire -alone, that was effectual. I fell in love with her dress, and the thought -of wearing one like it was heavenly. Thus sexual excitation never took -place, not even in brothels where I was led by friends, in spite of the -sight of the greatest voluptuousness and beauty. But friendly feelings -for the female sex were in my heart. I imagined how, dressed as a woman -and unrecognized, I could stay with them, associate with them, and take -pleasure with them. I prefer the impression made on me by girls whose -breasts have not yet fully developed, particularly those wearing the hair -short; for such girls are more nearly like me and my aspect. Once I was -so fortunate as to find a girl who felt unhappy in her sex. We formed a -firm bond of friendship with one another, and we often took delight in -the idea of exchanging places. Perhaps it is not inappropriate or -unimportant for the characterization, to record the following: Some -<span class='pageno' id='Page_284'>284</span>months ago, when the story was running through the newspapers of -an Hungarian countess who, dressed as a man, had married, and felt -like a man, in all earnestness, I thought of offering myself to her, in -order to contract an inverted marriage,—she as husband, I as wife.... -I have never attempted coitus, and have never felt any desire -for it. But since I foresaw that the erection necessary with a woman -would be wanting, I thought of putting on some of her clothing; and I -think that then the expected result would occur.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“As for my behavior toward male persons, first of all, it is to be -emphasized that I had the warmest friendships during my school-days. -My heart was full of happiness, if I could do some small service for the -object of my devotion. I really worshiped him passionately. But, on -the slightest occasion, I evinced terrible jealousy; and while my anger -lasted I felt as if I could neither live nor die. When reconciliation occurred, -for a short time I was the happiest of creatures. I also tried to -make friends of boys, whom I bribed with sweetmeats, and whom I should -gladly have kissed. Though my love always remained platonic, yet it is -abnormal. An expression that I unconsciously made at that time about -an elder friend, whom I worshiped, shows that. I said I loved him so -that I should have liked to marry him. And even now, when I indulge -but little in intercourse, I am easily taken with a handsome man with -a fine beard and refined features. Yet I have never met a being feeling -like myself, whom I could confide in, and with whom I could live as a -female friend. I never attempted to exercise my inclinations directly, -and never committed any foolish act of this kind. Finally I ceased to -visit museums where nude male figures were displayed; for the erections, -which were sure to occur, were exceedingly annoying. I had -often secretly wished to sleep with a man, and often found opportunity. -I was asked by a rather unattractive elderly man to sleep with -him. Cum eo concubui, ille genitalia mea tetigit; and though his -person was unattractive to me, I was filled with an intense feeling of -lust. I felt as if completely surrendered to him; in a word, <em>I felt like a -woman</em>.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“If I may be permitted to add a concluding word to what I have -already said, I wish to state expressely that, though I am conscious of -the abnormality of my inclinations, I have no desire to change them; I -long only for a time when, more easily and with less danger of discovery, -I can give rein to my desires and experience a delight that will harm -no one.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 120. Miss Z., aged 31, artist, comes for consultation on account -of neurasthenic symptoms. She is remarkable for coarse, masculine -features, a deep voice, short hair, a masculine style of dress, masculine -gait, and self-consciousness. In other respects she is feminine, with -well-developed mammæ and a female pelvis, and without any indication -of beard.</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_285'>285</span>Examination with reference to contrary sexual instinct gives a -positive result:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient states that even when a little girl she preferred to play -with boys, and particularly “soldier,” “merchant,” and “robber.” She -was very wild and unrestrained in these games with boys, but never had -any proclivity for dolls or female employment, of which she learned only -the most ordinary things (knitting, sewing).</p> - -<p class='c015'>In school she made good progress, being especially interested in -mathematics and chemistry. She early had a desire for sculpture, and -showed talent for it. Her greatest ambition was to become a real artist. In -her dreams of the future, she never thought of marriage. As an artist, she -was interested in handsome men, but she was really attracted only by -female forms; she saw male forms only “in the distance.” She could -never endure “trumpery”; “manly dress” was all that pleased her. -The ordinary society of girls was repugnant to her, because their talk -about <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">toilettes</span></i>, ornaments, and love-affairs with men, seemed stale and -tiresome to her. On the other hand, since her childhood she had had -enthusiastic friendships with certain girls; at the age of ten she was in -love with a girl companion, and wrote her name everywhere. Since then -she had had numerous female friends, with whom she had indulged in -passionate kissing. She pleased the girls, as a rule, because of her masculine -bearing. She wrote poems to her female friends, and could have -done anything out of love for them. To her it was very remarkable that -she was embarrassed before girls, especially when they were friends. -She could not undress before them. The more she loved a friend, the -more modest she was before her.</p> - -<p class='c015'>At the present time she has such a relation. She kisses and embraces -her Laura, walks by her window, and suffers all the pangs of -jealousy, particularly when she sees her conversing with men. Her only -wish is to live always with this female friend.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient states, however, that twice in her life men have made -an impression on her. She thinks that if she had been really sought, -there would have been a marriage; for she is very fond of family life and -children. If a man wished to possess her, it would be necessary for him -to win her; she herself would prefer to win a female friend. She thinks -woman is more beautiful and ideal than man. In her infrequent erotic -dreams, the subject had always been a female. She had never dreamed -of men. She does not think that she could now love a man; for men -are false, and she herself is nervous and anæmic.</p> - -<p class='c015'>She considers herself a woman in all respects, but regrets that she -is not a man. Even at the age of four it had been her greatest pleasure -to put on boys’ clothes. She certainly had a masculine character, and, -too, had never wept. Her greatest passion was for riding, gymnastics, -fencing, and driving. She suffered much because no one about her -understood her. It seemed silly to her to talk about feminine things. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_286'>286</span>Many of her acquaintances had thought that she should really have -been a man.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient says that she was never sensual. In embracing -female friends, she had often experienced a peculiar lustful feeling. -Embracing and kissing had been her only manner of expressing her -friendship.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient states that she comes of a nervous father, and an insane -mother who, as a young girl, had been passionately in love with her own -brother, and had tried to induce him to flee with her to America. The -patient’s brother is a very eccentric, peculiar man.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient presents no external degenerative signs; head regular. -She says the menses began at fourteen, and that they have been regular, -but always painful.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 121. “In order to designate at once my unhappy diseased -condition with its correct name, I will state at the beginning that it bears -all the marks of what, in your work, ‘Psychopathia Sexualis,’ you have -named <em>effemination</em>.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I am now thirty-eight years old, and, thanks to my abnormality, -I look back on a life that has been full of indescribable suffering; so -that I am often astonished to think what capacity for suffering a man has. -Of late consciousness of the suffering I have endured has become the -source of a kind of self-respect, which, in itself, makes my life, in a measure, -endurable.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“But I shall now endeavor to describe my condition with all truth. -I am physically healthy, and, as far as I can remember, have never had -any severe illness. I come of a healthy family. But my parents are -both of a very excitable nature, my father being of the so-called choleric, -and my mother of the sanguine, temperament; she has a strong tendency -to mild melancholia. She is a lively woman, loved for her good-heartedness -and active benevolence; but she is still very dependent and deficient -in self-confidence. All these peculiarities were marked in her father. I -mention this fact, because I am told that I resemble them both; and as -far as the last two peculiarities are concerned, I can myself acknowledge -the resemblance. But when I made attempts, by means of my inner -strength and by thinking of my own power, to rend the bond that, with -magic force, draws me to men, there was always a residuum left that -I could not eradicate. As far as I can remember, I have always had this -elementary longing for a male lover. To be sure, its first expressions -were of a coarse, sensual nature. I do not know whether I was yet ten -years old, when, while lying in bed in the day-time, I suddenly discovered -how, by pressure on my genitals, I induced a new and intoxicating feeling, -while fancying that a man of my acquaintance performed sensual manipulations -on me. It was only many years afterward that I learned that -this was onanism. At first I was so frightened and so depressed by the -inexplicableness of my longing, that I then made my first attempt at -<span class='pageno' id='Page_287'>287</span>suicide. If I had only put it into execution! For since then there has -been such frequent violent agitation of mind and body that my heart has -been bound as with a chain, and made cold. I may say at once that, up -to the present time, onanism has not loosened me from its clutches; it -has overcome all attempts and efforts to escape, and my desire to resist -it is almost destroyed. Three or four times I have given it up for a -month at a time, usually under the influence of mental excitement.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“When about thirteen, I had my first love. To-day it seems as if -my greatest wish then was to kiss my school-fellow’s fresh, rosy lips. It -was a passion full of romantic dreams. At the age of fifteen or sixteen -it became more violent, when I first experienced the insane pangs of a -jealousy which is more terrible than that of natural love can be. This -second period of my life lasted for years, though I spent but a few days -with the object of my passion; and then we did not see each other for -fifteen years. Gradually my feeling cooled, and I then fell passionately in -love several times with other men, who, with the exception of one, were -about my own age.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“My love—if you will kindly allow this expression for a feeling condemned -by the majority of mankind—has never been returned; I have -never had intercourse with a man in any way that would not bear the -light of day; never has any one shown even extraordinary interest in me, -though one of my friends discovered my secret longing; and yet I have -had a burning desire for masculine love. In this longing my feelings -seem to me to be entirely those of a loving woman; and I notice, with -horror, that my sensual ideas grow more and more like those of a woman. -During the periods when I am free from any particular love, my longing -degenerates so that, in my onanistic manipulations, I conjure up only -coarse, sensual ideas. But I am still finally able to overcome these. My -efforts to repress the love, however, are absolutely vain. At the present -time I am again suffering with such an exaggerated state of feeling that -has existed for months; and I have pondered so much over its peculiarities -that I think I can describe my feelings truthfully. In this way I -have made the peculiar observation that I have never loved a bearded -man. From this it might easily be presumed that I am given to so-called -boy-love; but that is not the case. For, to the sensual charm, on closer -association, a mental interest is added. With this begins the mental -pain. I am seized with such a passionate longing that I am willing to -sacrifice myself, in a way. I excite confidence in myself; and from this -mutual feeling a heart-felt friendship might be engendered, if deep down -in my soul were not sleeping the demon which impels me to the closest -of relationships, which is allowed only between human beings of opposite -sex. My whole being, every fibre of my body, longs for it, and -I am consumed by a hot, glowing passion. I wonder that here I can again -describe in unfeeling words the feelings that coursed through my whole -being. Of course, by the struggle of years, I have been forced to learn -<span class='pageno' id='Page_288'>288</span>to conceal my inclination, and smile when torn by pain. For, in never -having my love returned, I have learned to know all the sufferings of -love. Jealousy—insane, blinding jealousy—of any and every body who -casts but a friendly glance at the object of my secret love!</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I have emphasized the mental element, in order to show how -deeply rooted my abnormal impulse is. I have never felt the slightest -touch of sensual love for the opposite sex. The idea of being forced to -associate sensually with women is repugnant to me. At times I have -suffered enough on being assured of the love of young girls. Like every -young man, I have had abundant opportunity to enjoy the modern social -pleasures, dancing among them. I like to dance; but if I could dance -with men, as a girl, I should be really happy.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I wish once more to remark that my love is entirely sensual. -How could I otherwise explain the fact that the pressure of my lover’s -hand, often merely his glance, causes palpitation and erection! I have -done everything to eradicate this love from my—let us say ‘heart.’ I -have tried to still it by means of onanism; to drag it in the mire, in -order to raise myself above it. (About ten years ago, during such a -time of love, I avoided onanism, and felt that my feeling of love elevated -me.) I still entertain the delusion that if the object of my love were to -tell me he loved me, that he loved me, and only me, I should willingly -give up sensual gratification to repose in faithful arms. But that is -certainly a self-deception.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Honored sir, I have a responsible occupation, and I think I can -give the assurance that my abnormal inclination has never, even in a -hair’s breadth, caused me to deviate from the duty imposed on me. -Aside from this abnormality, I am not insane, and I might ultimately -become contented; but I have, particularly of late years, suffered too -much not to look on the future with painful feeling. For the future will -certainly not bring fulfillment of the desire which constantly glows -under the ashes,—the desire to possess a lover who understands and -returns my love. Such a relation would make me truly happy. I have -thought much about the origin of my abnormality, particularly because -I think I am forced to assume that it was not inherited. I believe that -onanism has changed the inborn feeling into a burning passion. I might -long ago have put an end to my misery, since I have no fear of death, -and since in religion—which, strange to say, has not departed from my -impure heart—I find no warning against suicide. But the consciousness -that I am not alone responsible, and that a worm has nipped my -whole life in the bud,—a certain comfort that has sprung up of late out -of indescribable suffering,—leads me to see whether comparative happiness -in life cannot be obtained on an entirely new basis: something -which fills the whole heart. I think I could be happy under the influence -of quiet family life. But I dare not conceal from you the fact that the -thought of married life with a wife is terrible to me, and that I make the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_289'>289</span>attempt of a change of life with a bleeding heart; for thus I absolutely -abandon the hope that is always awake; namely, the delusion that fate -may yet bring me the desired happiness.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“This delusion is so deeply rooted in me that I think nothing but -hypnotic suggestion could help me. If you could advise me, you would -make me unspeakably happy. Of course, your strictest injunction would -be to abandon onanism. How gladly I would follow it! But if I were -not to have direct physical, some mechanical, means at hand to help me, -I should certainly be unable to free myself from this vice; and this the -more, because I fear that, by long years of habit, my nature has become -accustomed to it. Of course, I have not escaped the effects of it, even -though they are not so terrible as they are often pictured. I suffer with -mild nervousness, am, indeed, weakened, and have periodical disturbance -of digestion; but I can still endure hard work, and take a certain -pleasure in it, when it is not too great. I am depressed, but I can be -happy, and, fortunately, I take pleasure in my calling, and am interested -in various things, particularly music, art, and <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">belles-lettres</span></i>. I have never -indulged in female pursuits.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“As may be seen from the foregoing, I like to associate with -men, especially with those who are handsome; but I have never -had intimate relations with them. A wide gulf separates me from -them!</p> - -<p class='c015'>“<em>Postscript:</em> I feared that in the foregoing I had not described my -sexual life with sufficient exactness. It consists only in onanism; but in -it I abandon myself to almost all the repugnant acts that are comprehended -under coitus inter femora, ejaculatio in ore, etc.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“My <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i> is passive. When I am seized by a passion, the ideas -change, and become entirely a desire to be impregnated. The struggle -against such a passion is so terrible, because my mind is also implicated. -I long for the closest, the most complete union that can be -conceived as existing between two men,—always together, common interests, -unlimited confidence, sexual union. I think that natural love -is different from this only in its degree of warmth; it does not reach -the boiling-point of our passion. Just now I am fighting the battle -over again; with force I stifle the insane passion that has so long -enthralled me. All night long I walk about, followed by the image of -him I love; for love of whom I would give up all I possess. How sad -it is that the noblest feeling given to man—friendship—is sullied by -common sensual feeling!</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I wish once more to state that I cannot come to the determination -to transform my sexual life by means of sexual intercourse with the -opposite sex. The thought of such intercourse fills me with repugnance -and disgust.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 122. “I write, as well as I can, the history of my suffering, -actuated only by the desire, by this autobiography, to clear up to some -<span class='pageno' id='Page_290'>290</span>extent the misunderstanding and errors concerning ‘contrary sexual -instinct’ which are still so widely prevalent.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I am thirty-seven years old, and come of healthy parents, both of -whom were very nervous. I only mention this, because I have often had -the thought that my contrary sexual instinct came by way of inheritance; -but this is nothing more than vague. Of my grandparents, whom I did -not know, the only remarkable thing I can mention is, that my maternal -grandfather was known as a great Don Juan.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I was rather a weak child, and during my first two years suffered -severely with fits, as a result of which my understanding and memory -may have suffered; for I learn but slowly things which do not particularly -interest me, and easily forget them. I may also mention that, during -the time before I was born, my mother was subject to violent mental -excitement, and was often frightened. From my third year I have been -perfectly well, and have escaped severe illness. Only when a boy, from -the age of twelve to sixteen, I had peculiar, indescribable nervous sensations, -which made themselves felt in my head and finger-tips, and in -which it seemed to me as if my whole being were about to cease. For -many years, however, these attacks have ceased to occur. I am rather a -powerful man, with abundant growth of hair, and in all respects -masculine.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Even when a boy of six years, I came independently to masturbate, -and, until my nineteenth year, I practiced the vice quite persistently; -and even now, <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">faute de mieux</span></i>, I quite frequently resort to it, notwithstanding -the fact that I understand the vileness of the passion, and -always feel somewhat weakened after it. But sexual intercourse with a -man does not affect me in the least; on the contrary, it gives me a feeling -of being strengthened. I began school at the age of seven, and -soon experienced an intense feeling of sympathy for my companions, -which, however, made no other impression on me. In the Gymnasium, -at the age of fourteen, my companions explained to me the sexual life -of man, which, up to that time, was absolutely unknown to me; but I -was not much interested in the matter. At this time I also practiced -mutual onanism with two or three friends who had seduced me into it; -and it had an extraordinary charm for me. I was still perfectly unconscious -of the perversity of my sexual instinct, and considered my vices -as sins of youth, like those committed by all boys of the same age. -Interest in the female sex I thought would come in time. Thus I -became nineteen years old. During the following years I fell insanely -in love three times,—once with a very handsome actor, then with a bank -employé, and with one of my friends, the last two being men who were -nothing less than beautiful, and calculated to excite sensual feeling. But -this love was merely platonic, and occasionally found expression in glowing -poetry. It was, perhaps, the most perfect period of my life; for I -regarded everything with pure, innocent eyes. In my twenty-first year</p> -<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_291'>291</span>I gradually began to notice that I was not constituted exactly like my -comrades; for I found no pleasure in masculine pursuits. I had but -little liking for smoking, drinking, and card-playing, and I was frightened -to death by a brothel. I have never been in one; I was always able to -avoid visiting one on some pretext or other. But I now began to think -about myself; I often felt terribly lonesome, miserable, and unhappy, -and longed for a friend constituted like myself, without, however, ever -thinking that there could be other men like me. At twenty-two I made -the acquaintance of a young man who finally explained to me contrary -sexual instinct and the individuals affected with it. He, being also an -urning, was in love with me. It was as if scales had fallen from my eyes; -and I bless the day this explanation came to me. From that time I saw -the world with different eyes; I saw that many others were given the -same fate; and I began to learn to content myself with this lot as well as -I could. Unfortunately, I did not succeed very well, and I am still often -seized with bitterness and a deep hatred of the modern ideas which treat -us poor urnings with such terrible harshness. For what is our fate? In -most cases we are not understood, and are derided and despised; and -even when all goes well, and we are understood, we are still pitied like -invalids or the insane,—and pity was always sickening to me. I now -began to play a part, in order to deceive my fellow-men as to my state -of mind; and it always gave me great satisfaction to succeed in this. I -made the acquaintance of several men like myself, with whom I established -relations, which, however, never lasted long; for I was very -fearful and cautious; but, at the same time, I was very particular and -easily wearied.</p> - -<p class='c010'>“I have always absolutely despised pederasty as something unworthy -a man, and I only wish that all those like me would do the same; -but, unfortunately, with many this is not the case. If all like me thought -as I do, then the contempt and scoffing of men that feel differently would -be a still greater injustice to us than it now is.</p> - -<p class='c010'>“Toward the man I love I feel completely like a woman, and, therefore, -in the sexual act I am quite passive. In general, my whole sensibility -and feeling are feminine. I am vain, coquettish, fond of ornament, and -like to please others. I love to dress myself beautifully, and, in cases -where I wish to please, I even make use of the arts of the toilet, in which -I am quite skilled.</p> - -<p class='c010'>“While I have but little interest in politics, I am passionately fond -of music and an inspired follower of Richard Wagner. I have noticed -this preference in the majority of us; I find that this music is perfectly -in accord with our nature.</p> - -<p class='c010'>“I play the violin quite well; I like reading, and read much, but I -have little interest in anything else. Everything else in life is quite indifferent -to me, owing to the deep resignation that more and more takes -possession of me.</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_292'>292</span>“Even though I should have reason to be satisfied with my fate, in -that I have an assured position in a technical employment in a large city -of Germany, still I take no pleasure in my calling. I should be best -suited if, independent and free, I could travel about with a handsome -lover, and live for music and literature, particularly for the theatre, which -seems to me to be one of the greatest pleasures. A connection with a -court theatre I think of as being very acceptable.</p> - -<p class='c010'>“The only position or calling that seems really desirable to me is -that of a great artist,—singer, actor, painter, or sculptor; and it seems -to me that it would be even finer to be born to the throne of a king,—a -wish that is in harmony with my pronounced desire for power. (If there -is really such a thing as transmigration of souls, a subject I have studied -much, and which seems to me to clear up much, I must have lived at one -time as an emperor, or ruler of some kind.) But a man must be born to -all this; and since I am not, I am without ambition for so-called social -honors and distinctions.</p> - -<p class='c010'>“As to my tastes, I must mention a painful dissension there is in -them. Handsome, intellectual young men of at least twenty years, who -must be of my own social station, seem to me to be suited rather for -platonic love; but with them I satisfy myself completely with a straightforward, -though ideal, friendship, which seldom goes beyond a few kisses. -But I can be excited sensually only by coarse, powerful men that are at -least of my own age, and mentally and socially beneath me. The reason -for this strange phenomenon may be that my pronounced feeling of shame -and my innate apprehensiveness, with my cautious disposition, have the -effect of an inhibitory idea with men of my own social position; so -that with them it is with difficulty and seldom that I can induce sexual -excitement in myself. That this diversity is painful to me is owing to -the fact that I am always afraid to discover myself to these simple men, -below me in station, who may often be bought with money. But I cannot -imagine anything worse than a scandal, which would at once drive me -to suicide. For I can think of nothing more terrible than, through some -slight act of carelessness or the enmity of any man, suddenly to be -branded before the world, and to be powerless to avert it. But what is it -that we do that is so different from what normally constituted men can -do, at least, quite as frequently without embarrassment, and without -shame? That we do not feel as the crowd feels is not our fault, but a -cruel trick of Nature.</p> - -<p class='c010'>“Innumerable times I have puzzled my brain to know whether -science, or any of her free and unprejudiced devotees, could think of any -way in which to give us step-children of Nature a more endurable position -before the law and mankind. But I have always reached the same -sad conclusion, that when one enters the lists in behalf of anything, he -must first know thoroughly, and be able to explain, that for which he -contends. And who is to-day able to perfectly explain and define contrary -<span class='pageno' id='Page_293'>293</span>sexual instinct? Yet there must be some correct explanation of -it; there must be some way in which the mass of mankind can be -brought to a milder and more reasonable judgment of it; and, first of -all, there must be some way to show that contrary sexual instinct should -not be regarded as meaning the same as pederasty, as the majority of -men—I may say all—regard it. By such an act a man might erect for -himself an immortal monument in the gratitude of thousands of men of -present and future generations; for there have been, are, and will ever -be, urnings, and in greater number than perhaps has been suspected.</p> - -<p class='c010'>“In Wilbrand’s work, ‘Fridolin’s Secret Marriage,’ I find a very -plausible theory given in explanation of this matter; for I myself have -repeatedly had opportunity to observe that all urnings do not love men -with the same intensity, but that there are innumerable sub-varieties,—from -the most feminine man to the man of contrary sexuality who is -equally sensitive to female charms. This may also account for the so-called -difference between congenital and acquired contrary sexual instinct, -which, in my inadequate opinion, does not exist. Yet, in all the fifty-five -individuals I have become acquainted with in the three years since I came -to understand this matter, I have met the same peculiarities of temperament, -disposition, and character. Almost all of them are more or less -idealists: they smoke but little, or not at all; they are bigoted, vain, -desirous of admiration, and superstitious; and, unfortunately, I must -confess that they combine more the defects and the reverse sides of both -sexes than their good qualities. For woman in a sexual <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i> I experience -a feeling of true horror, which I could never overcome, even with -the help of my extremely lively imagination. I have never attempted it, -because I am thoroughly convinced of the fruitlessness of such an -attempt, that seems to me unnatural and sinful.</p> - -<p class='c010'>“In purely social and friendly relations, I like to associate with -ladies and girls, and I am gladly welcomed in ladies’ society; for I am -much interested in the fashions for ladies, and know how to talk of such -things with great skill. When I wish to, I can be very gay and amiable; -but my faculty for conversation is, for the most part, only assumed, and -it always tires me. I have always had great skill in female work, and -shown interest in it. As a child, and up to my thirteenth year, I was -passionately fond of playing with dolls, whose clothes I made myself; -and it still affords me much pleasure to work at beautiful embroidery, -which, unfortunately, I can do only in secret. I have the same preference -for knick-knacks, photographs, flowers, sweetmeats, toilet-articles, -and such feminine things; and my room, which I arranged and decorated -myself, is like the over-crowded boudoir of a lady.</p> - -<p class='c010'>“As particularly remarkable, I wish still to mention that I have -never suffered with pollutions. I dream very much, and intensely, -almost every night; occasionally I have lascivious dreams, which have -only men as subjects, but I always wake out of them before it comes to -<span class='pageno' id='Page_294'>294</span>ejaculation. In reality I am not very passionate sexually, and I have -periods lasting from four to six weeks, in which I have almost no sexual -desire. Unfortunately, these periods are infrequent, and they are usually -followed by an awakening of my intense sexual desire that is only the -more violent; which, when it is unsatisfied, causes intense physical and -mental suffering. I then become moody, depressed, sensitive, irritable, -and retiring; peculiarities, however, which, with the first opportunity I -have for sexual gratification, again disappear. I must mention, also, -that often, on the slightest occasion, my mood may change several times -during the day; it is like April weather.</p> - -<p class='c010'>“I dance well, and like to; but I love dancing only for its rhythmical -movement, and because of my partiality for music.</p> - -<p class='c010'>“In conclusion, I wish to speak of something that always arouses -repugnance in me. We are usually considered diseased, and that is -absolutely incorrect. For in every disease there is a means of cure -or amelioration; but no power in the world can take from an urning his -perverse natural constitution. Even suggestion, which has been used -with so much apparent success, cannot induce any enduring change in -the mental life of an urning. In us, effect is mistaken for cause. We -are considered diseased, because in time the majority of us really become -ill. I am almost convinced that two-thirds of us, in later life, when we -really live so long, have a mental defect of one kind or another; and -this is only too easily explained. For, what strength of will and nerves -is required for one to constantly dissimulate, lie, and play the hypocrite all -his life! How often in the society of normal men, when the conversation -turns to contrary sexual instinct, must one agree with the words of abuse -and contempt, while every one of them wounds the heart. On the -other hand, there are always the tiresome and indecent jokes and talk -about women, etc., that must be heard; and which to-day, in so-called -‘good society,’ are popular—and to show interest and give attention to -them! Daily and hourly to see so many handsome men to whom one -cannot reveal himself; to be compelled to go without a friend, intercourse -with whom we desire so much; and besides, constantly the fearful -anxiety of betraying one’s self before the eyes of the world, and then -standing covered with ignominy and shame! It is really no wonder that -the majority of us are incapable of real work; for we need all our -strength of will and power of endurance for the struggle with our own -fate. How injurious it is to our nerves constantly to be compelled to -shut up all these thoughts and feelings in our hearts; where our lively -fancy, feeding on it all, plays all the more intensely, so that we go about -with a burning fire within us that only too often threatens to consume us! -Happy are those of us that are never denied the strength to lead such a -life; but those, too, are happy that have passed beyond it.”</p> - -<p class='c010'>Case 123. <em>Autobiography.</em> “In what follows, you will find the description -of the character, as well as the mental and sexual disposition, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_295'>295</span>of an urning,—<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">i.e.</span></i>, of an individual who, in spite of his masculine form, -feels as a woman, whose senses women do not excite, and whose sexual -desires are constantly directed toward men.</p> - -<p class='c010'>“Convinced that the enigma of our existence can be solved, or, at -least, illuminated, only by the unprejudiced thought of scientific men, I -describe my life only with the aim of perhaps clearing up this cruel error -of Nature, and possibly doing a kindness to people like me to come in later -generations; for there will be urnings as long as men are born, just as it -is a fact that they have existed in every age. With the progress of -science in our epoch, men will see in me and those like me not objects of -hatred, but objects of pity, which deserve not the odium, but the compassion, -of their more fortunate brothers. I shall be as brief as possible -in my communication, and also objective; and, with reference to my -caustic, often cynical, style, I may note that, above all, I shall be honest, -and, therefore, not avoid strong expressions; for they are most happily -suited to the subject in hand.</p> - -<p class='c010'>“I am in my thirty-fifth year; a merchant, with a fair income; -somewhat above average height, slim, weak of muscle, with full beard, and -quite ordinary face, and, at first sight, in nowise different from ordinary -men. On the other hand, my gait is feminine, and particularly mincing -in fast walking; the movements are awkward and displeasing, indicative -of a want of manly feeling. The voice is neither feminine nor shrill, but -rather a baritone.</p> - -<p class='c010'>“This is my external appearance.</p> - -<p class='c010'>“I do not smoke or drink, and can neither whistle, ride, do gymnastic -feats, fence, nor shoot. I have absolutely no interest in horses or -dogs, and have never had a gun or sword in my hand. In inner feeling -and sexual desire, I am completely a woman. Without thorough education,—I -passed through but few classes in the Gymnasium,—I am yet -intelligent, like to read well-written, improving books, and have good -judgment; but I allow myself to be carried away by the feelings of the -moment, and I am easily influenced by any one who knows my weakness -and how to make use of it. Constantly making resolves, I have never -the energy to carry them out; like a woman, I am moody and nervous, -often irritated without reason, and sometimes mean. Toward persons -that do not please me, I am arrogant, unjust, and often shamefully -insulting.</p> - -<p class='c010'>“In all my conduct I am superficial, and often frivolous, and I have -no deep moral feeling. I have little consideration for parents and -brothers and sisters. I am not egotistic, but, on occasion, self-sacrificing. -I cannot withstand tears, and can—like a woman—be won by -amiability and entreaty.</p> - -<p class='c010'>“In my earliest years I avoided playing soldier, gymnastics, or the -rough games of my manly comrades, and ran about with little girls, with -whom I was much more in sympathy than with boys. I was retiring, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_296'>296</span>bashful, and often blushing. When no more than twelve or thirteen -years old, the close-fitting uniform of a handsome soldier gave me the -most peculiar feeling; and while, during the next few years, my comrades -were always talking about girls, and even engaged in love-affairs, I could, -for hours at a time, run after a well-built man with well-rounded hips, -and feast my eyes on the sight.</p> - -<p class='c010'>“Without thinking much of these impressions, so different from the -feelings of my comrades, I began to masturbate, always during the act -thinking of a heroic, handsome form; and this continued until my -seventeenth year, when I learned from a companion constituted like myself -a true explanation of my condition. Since that time I have been -with girls eight or ten times; but, in order to have an erection, it was -always necessary to think of a handsome man of my acquaintance. And -I am thoroughly convinced that to-day, even with the help of imagination, -I should be unable to have intercourse with a girl.</p> - -<p class='c010'>“Shortly after my discovery I preferred to associate with mature, -powerful urnings; for at this time I had neither mind nor opportunity to -associate with real men. Since this my taste has changed entirely, and -men, real men, of twenty-five or thirty-five years, with supple, powerful -forms, are the only ones that ravish my senses, and charm me as if I -were a woman. Circumstances have allowed me, during these years, to -make about a dozen male acquaintances that would serve my purpose for -a gulden or two a visit. If I am alone in a room with a handsome youth, -my greatest pleasure is membrum ejus vel maxime si magnum atque -crassum est, manibus capere et apprehendere et premere, turgentes nates -femoraque tangere atque totum corpus manibus contrectare et, si conceditur, -os faciem atque totum corpus, immovero nates, ardentibus -osculis obtegere. Quodsi membrum magnum purumque est, dominusque -ejus mihi placet, ardente libidine mentulam ejus in os meum receptam -complures horas sugere possum, neque autem delector, si semen in os -meum ejaculatur, cum maxima eorum qui “urnings” nominantur pars -hac re non modo delectatur, sed etiam semen nonnunquam devorat.</p> - -<p class='c010'>“The most intense delight, however, is experienced when I find a -real man, qui membrum meum in os recepit et erectionem in ore suo concedit.</p> - -<p class='c010'>“Improbable as it sounds, I am yet able to find some coarse fellows -who will allow themselves to be used for this purpose. They learn the -thing while in military service, for urnings know that under such circumstances -they can be made to do the most for money; and when the fellows -are once trained, circumstances often compel them, in spite of their -passion for the opposite sex, to continue the practice.</p> - -<p class='c010'>“With certain exceptions, urnings make no impression on me, because -everything feminine is repugnant to me. At the same time, there are -some that know how to give me the most intense pleasure, just as a real -man can; and I prefer to consort with them, for the reason that sometimes -<span class='pageno' id='Page_297'>297</span>they return my passionate caresses. In <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">tête-à-tête</span></i> with such a person, I -throw all check from my excited senses, and give my animal passions free -rein, osculor, premo, amplector eum, linguam meam in os ejus immitto; -ore cupiditate tremente ejus labrum superius sugo, faciem meam ad ejus -nates adpono et odore voluptari e natibus emanente voluptate obstupescor. -Real men, in close-fitting uniform, make the deepest impression on -me; and if I have an opportunity to embrace and kiss such a ravishing -fellow, ejaculation takes place at once,—a weakness which I attribute to -my frequent masturbation. In my earlier years I practiced it very frequently, -almost every time I saw a man pleasing to me, whose image I -kept before my eye during the act. For this my taste is in nowise difficult -to please—like that a servant-girl might have in finding her ideal in -a dragoon guard. A handsome face is a pleasant supplement, inflaming -my sensual desire, but in no respect an essential. The requisite remains: -vir inferiore corporis parte robusta et bene formosa, turgidis femoribus -durisque natibus, while the upper portion of the body may be slim. Corpulence -disgusts me. A sensual mouth with pretty teeth affects me more -intensely; and if the person has also a membrum pulchrum magnum -et æqualiter formatum, all my demands—the most far-reaching—are -fulfilled.</p> - -<p class='c010'>“When I was younger, with men that pleased me and excited my -passions intensely, ejaculation took place from five to eight times in a -night, and now it occurs from four to six times; for I am unusually -strong sensually, and, as an example, even the clinking of a hussar’s -sword may excite me. At the same time, I have a very lively fancy, and -spend most of my leisure hours thinking of handsome men with strong -limbs; and I would be delighted to look on when a powerful fellow, using -force, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">magna mentula præditus me præsente puellam futuat; mihi persuasum -est, fore ut hoc aspectu sensus mei vehementissima perturbatione -afficiantur et dum futuit corpus adolescentis pulchri tangam et, si liceat, -ascendam in eum dum cum puella concumbit atque idem cum eo faciam et -membrum meum in ejus anum immittam</span>. The accomplishment of these -cynical ideas—with which my mind is often filled—is hindered only by -my limited means; otherwise, I should long ago have had the reality.</p> - -<p class='c010'>“Soldiers have the greatest charm for me, but I have also a weakness -for butchers, fakirs, drivers, circus-riders, and boat-captains; and all -these must be supple and powerfully built. Urnings I hate in intimate -relation, and for the majority of them I have an inexplicable and unjust -aversion. I have never had but one urning for an intimate friend. On -the other hand, the most affectionate and enduring ties bind me to men of -my own age, in whose company I delight, but with whom I have no -sexual relations, and who have no idea of my condition.</p> - -<p class='c010'>“Talk on politics and economics, like every other earnest subject, I -hate; though I gossip with considerable sense and peculiar pleasure about -the theatre. At operas I see myself on the stage, feel myself applauded -<span class='pageno' id='Page_298'>298</span>by the public, and would prefer to sing as a passive heroine, or in the -dramatic <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i> of a woman.</p> - -<p class='c010'>“The most interesting subject of conversation for me, and those -like me, is, however, always—men; for us this is inexhaustible. Their -secret charms are described in the most minute details, mentulæ æstimantur, -quanta sint magnitudine, quanta, crassitudine; de forma earum atque -rigiditate conferimus, alter ab altero cognoscit cujus semen celerius, cujus -tardius ejaculetur. I may add that, of my four brothers, one gave himself -to the service of urnings, without himself being one; and all four are -ladies’ men, and indulge in sexual excesses. The genitals of the men of -our family are, without exception, unusually developed.</p> - -<p class='c010'>“In conclusion, I repeat the words with which I began these lines. -I could not choose my expressions, because my object in the foregoing -has been to afford material for the study of the urning’s existence, and -absolute truth was essential. I beg the numerous cynics to keep this -circumstance in mind.”</p> - -<p class='c010'>In October, 1890, the writer of the foregoing lines presented himself -to me. In all essentials his appearance corresponded with his description. -Genitals large, with abundant growth of hair. His parents had been -well nervously. One brother had shot himself on account of nervous -trouble; three others were intensely nervous. The patient came to me -in a state of despair. He could not endure such a life any longer; for -he had been admonished about intercourse with men that could be -bought; and with his extreme sensual nature he was unable to abstain. -Too, he could not understand how he could be made to love women, -and enjoy the nobler joys of life. He had had love for men since his -thirteenth year.</p> - -<p class='c010'>He felt in all respects like a woman, and longed to be won by men -that were not urnings. When he was with an urning, it was just as if -two girls were together. He would prefer being sexless to living longer -as he was. Would not castration help him?</p> - -<p class='c010'>An attempt at hypnosis with the highly excited patient induced -only a very slight degree of lethargy.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Case 124. B., waiter, aged 42, single, was sent to me by his physician, -with whom he was in love, as one who was suffering from contrary -sexual feeling. B. very willingly, and in a decent manner, gave a history -of his past life, especially of his sexual life, and was glad at least to have -an authoritative opinion concerning his sexual condition, which had -always appeared to him abnormal.</p> - -<p class='c010'>B. knew nothing to report of his grandparents. His father had -been a passionate, excitable man, a drinker, and always very sensual. -After he had begotten twenty-four children by one wife, he was divorced -from her; and after that his landlady became three times pregnant by -him. His mother was healthy.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Of the twenty-three children, but six were living; several were -<span class='pageno' id='Page_299'>299</span>nervous, but not sexually abnormal, with the exception of one sister, who -always sought men.</p> - -<p class='c010'>B. asserts that from childhood he was sickly. At eight his sexual -life began. He masturbated, and became possessed of the idea penem -aliorum puerorum in os arrigere, which gave him the greatest pleasure. -At twelve he began to fall in love with men, usually with those between -thirty and forty, with moustaches. Even at that time his sexual desire -was greatly developed, and he had erections and pollutions. From that -time, indeed, he masturbated daily, and during the act thought of a beloved -man. Yet his greatest delight had been penem viri in os arrigere. During -the act he had ejaculation, with an intense feeling of pleasure. Only about -twelve times had he had this pleasure. He had never felt disgust with -the penis of another sympathetic man; quite the contrary. He had never -accepted proffers of pederasty; actively or passively, it was very disgusting -to him. In the perverse sexual act he had always thought of -himself in the <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i> of a woman. His passion for men in sympathy with -him had been unbounded. He would have done everything for a lover; -even at the sight of him he would tremble with excitement and joy.</p> - -<p class='c010'>At nineteen he often allowed himself to be taken by his comrades -to houses of prostitution. He never had pleasure in coitus, and only in -the moment of ejaculation felt satisfaction. In order to get an erection -with a woman, it was always necessary, in the act, for him to think of a -beloved man. He would always have preferred to have the woman allow -immissio penis in os, which, however, was always denied him. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Faute de -mieux</span></i>, he had practiced coitus, and, indeed, twice became a father. The -last child, a girl of eight, had already begun to practice masturbation and -mutual onanism, which troubled him very much as a father. He wished -to know whether there was any remedy for it.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The patient asserted that he always felt himself toward men in a -feminine <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i> (also in sexual intercourse). He had always thought that -his sexual perversion had resulted from his father’s wishing to beget a -girl when he begat him. His brothers and sisters had always joked him -on account of his feminine manners. Sweeping and house-cleaning had -always been pleasant occupations for him. His activities in this direction -had often been wondered at, and he was considered more skillful -than a girl. Whenever he could, he dressed like a woman. At the -carnival he appeared at the dances masked as a female. He was very -successful at coquetry on such occasions, because he had a feminine -nature.</p> - -<p class='c010'>He had never had real pleasure in drinking, smoking, or in masculine -occupations or pleasures; but, on the other hand, he loved to sew, -and as a child had often been scolded for his playing with dolls. His -interest at the circus or theatre was confined to men. Frequently he -could not overcome the impulse to hang around water-closets, in order to -get sight of male genitals.</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_300'>300</span>Feminine charms had never pleased him. Coitus had been possible -only when he thought of a beloved man. Nocturnal pollutions were -always induced by lascivious dreams of men.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In spite of much sexual excess, B. had never suffered from neurasthenia -sexualis, and, besides, there was not a symptom of neurasthenia -discoverable in him.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Patient is delicate, and his whiskers and moustache, which made -their appearance in his twenty-eighth year, are thin. Externally, with -the exception of a weaving gait, he presents nothing which would -point to his feminine nature. He asserts that he has often been joked -about his feminine gait. His conduct is in all respects decent. His -genitals are large, well developed, and normal in all respects, and the -growth of genital hair is abundant; the pelvis is masculine. The head is -rachitic, somewhat hydrocephalic, with prominence of the parietal bones. -The face is remarkably small. The patient says that he is irritable and -easily angered.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Case 125. On May 1, 1880, G., Ph.D., and a writer, was brought -to the clinic for mental diseases, at Graz, by the public authorities. -While on his return from Italy, G. found a soldier in Graz who gave -himself up to him for hire, but ultimately denounced G. to the police, -because G. had openly confessed his love for men. The authorities considered -his mental condition doubtful, and sent him to alienists for -examination. To the physicians G. related, with cynical openness, that -years before, in M., he had had just such an affair with the police, and was -in prison fourteen days. In the South there was no danger from such -people; it was only in Germany and Austria that the thing was regarded -as an evil.</p> - -<p class='c010'>G. is fifty years old, tall, powerful, and has a humerous expression, -and a cynical, coquettish manner; the eye has a neuropathic, swimming -expression; the teeth of the under jaw stand far back from those of the -upper jaw. The cranium is normal, the voice masculine, and the beard -abundant. The genitals are well formed, though the testicles are somewhat -small. With the exception of slight emphysema of the lungs and -external fistula in ano, there are no remarkable anomalies of the vegetative -organs. G.’s father was subject to periodical insanity. His mother -was a high-strung person, and she had an insane sister. Of the children, -four died in childhood.</p> - -<p class='c010'>With the exception of scrofulosis, G. asserts that he was healthy. -He obtained the degree of Doctor of Philosophy; at twenty-five, he had -hæmoptysis, and went to Italy, where he has since lived, with slight -interruption, by writing and by giving private lessons. G. says that he -often has congestions, and also some spinal irritation,—<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">i.e.</span></i>, pain in his -back,—but otherwise he has a genial disposition; only he is not much of -a financier; and at the same time, like all old prostitutes, he has a very -good appetite. Further, he states, with great satisfaction and remarkable -<span class='pageno' id='Page_301'>301</span>cynicism, that he has congenital contrary sexual instinct. When only -five years old, it was his greatest pleasure to get sight of a penis, and he -hung about appropriate places, in order to enjoy that pleasure. Even -before puberty he practiced masturbation. At the time of puberty he -noticed an inward feeling for friends. An obscure impulse pointed out -to him the way his love would take. He was actually impelled to kiss -young men, and now and then to caress their genitals. When twenty-six -years old, he first began to have sexual intercourse with men, toward -whom he felt like a woman. Even as a child, it was his greatest delight -to put on female attire. He was often chastised by his father because, -in the effort to satisfy this impulse, he put on his sister’s clothing. -If he happened to see a <em>ballet</em>, only the male dancers interested him. -Since he could remember, he had had a horror feminæ. If he happened to -visit a brothel, it was only to see young men. He was, indeed, a rival of -prostitutes. If he saw a young man, he just looked at his eyes; in case -these pleased him, then came the mouth—whether it was well formed for -kissing; then he would look at the genitals—whether they were well -developed. G. pointed, with great feeling of self-satisfaction, to his poetical -works, and tried to make it appear that persons with natures like his -were poetically endowed. He gave as examples Voltaire, Frederick the -Great, Eugene of Savoy, and Plato, as well as numerous distinguished -men of the present, who, according to his opinion, were urnings. His -greatest pleasure was to have a sympathetic young man read his verses -to him. During the last summer he had had such a lover. When -he had to part with him, he was quite undone, and he did not eat or sleep -until gradually he had regained his former condition. He said that the -love of urnings was a passionate, inner fire. According to his statement, -in Naples the <em>effeminelli</em> lived in a quarter together, just as in Paris the -<em>grisettes</em> live with their lovers. They sacrifice themselves for their lovers, -and care for the household, just as the grisettes do. On the other hand, -an urning repels an urning, “just as one prostitute does another—that is -the curse.”</p> - -<p class='c010'>The need of intercourse with males occurs about once a week with -G. He is happy in his peculiar sexuality, which he, it is true, considers -peculiar, but which he will not regard as abnormal or wrong. He thinks -that nothing remains for him and those like him but to raise what is unnatural -in themselves to the supernatural. He looks upon the love of -urnings as the higher, the ideal, as godlike, an abstract love. When -shown that such a love is far from the purpose of Nature and the preservation -of the race, he expresses the pessimistic thought that the world -should die out, and the earth turn round its axis without men, who were -on it only for trouble. As reason and explanation of his unnatural -sexual feeling, G. refers to Plato, “who certainly was no beast.” Plato -expressed allegorically the idea that men were originally balls. The -gods had divided these into two hemispheres. For the most part, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_302'>302</span>man is suited to woman, but sometimes man to man. In the latter case, -the impulse to union is quite as powerful as in the former, and they -strengthen each other in the same way. G. further relates that his -dreams, when they were erotic, never had women, but only men, for their -subjects. Male-love was the only kind that could satisfy him. He considered -it disgusting for one human being to be prodding about in the -abdomen of another with his penis, since he had heard that in this disgusting -fashion coitus was usually carried out. He had never had the -curiosity to inform himself concerning the female genitals; the subject -was disgusting to him. The indulgence of his sexual appetite he did not -consider a vice, but the result of a natural impulse which compelled him -to it. It conduced to self-preservation. Onanism was a poor substitute, -and, moreover, injurious, while urning-love was morally elevating and -conducive to physical well-being.</p> - -<p class='c010'>With moral indignation, which in contrast with his cynicism in -other directions appeared ridiculous, he protested against the classification -of urnings with those who indulged in pederasty. He looked on the -podex with disgust, as it was a secreting organ. The intercourse of -urnings always took place in front, and was combined onanism.</p> - -<p class='c010'>This was the extent of G.’s disclosures, whose mental condition was -certainly congenitally abnormal. As proof of this, may be cited his -cynicism; his incredible frivolity in his application of his vices to religion, -in which direction we cannot follow him without overstepping the -bounds set by scientific inquiry; his perverse philosophical ideas with -reference to his sexual perversion; his perverse manner of looking at the -world; his ethical defect in all directions; his vagabondage; and his perverse -mind and exterior. G. makes the impression of an original -paranoiac. (Personal case. <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie.</span></cite>)</p> - -<p class='c010'>Case 126. Taylor had occasion to examine a certain Eliza Edwards, -aged 24. It was discovered that she was of masculine sex. E. had worn -female clothing from her fourteenth year, and also been an actress. The -hair was worn long after the manner of females, and parted in the middle. -The form of the face was feminine, but otherwise the body was masculine. -The beard was carefully pulled out. The masculine, well-developed genitals -were fixed in an upward position by an artful bandage. The condition -of the anus indicated passive pederasty.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Case 127. An official of middle age, who for some years had been -happy in family life, and was married to a virtuous woman, presented a -peculiar manifestation of contrary sexual feeling.</p> - -<p class='c010'>One day, through the indiscretion of a prostitute, the following -scandal became public: About once a week X. would appear in a house -of prostitution, and there dress himself up as a woman, always requiring, -as a part of his costume, a coiffure. When his toilet was completed, he -would lie down on the bed, and have the prostitute perform manustupration. -But he very much preferred to have a male person (a servant of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_303'>303</span>the house). This man’s father was hereditarily tainted, had been insane -several times, and was afflicted with hyperæsthesia and paræsthesia -sexualis.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Case 128. C. R., maid-servant, aged 26, suffered from the time of -her development with original paranoia and hysteria. As a result of her -delusions, her life had been somewhat romantic, and in 1884, in Switzerland, -where she had gone as a result of delusions of persecution, she came -under the observation of the authorities. On this occasion, it was ascertained -that R. was affected with contrary sexual instinct.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Concerning her parents and relatives there is no information at -hand. R. asserted that, with the exception of an inflammation of the -lungs at the age of sixteen, she had never been severely ill.</p> - -<p class='c010'>First menstruation at fifteen, without any difficulties; thereafter it -was very often irregular and abnormally excessive. The patient declared -that she never had had inclinations toward the opposite sex, and had never -allowed the approach of a man. She never could understand how her -friends could describe the beauty and amiability of men. But it was -charming and inspiring for her to imprint a kiss on the lips of a beloved -female friend. She had a love for girls that was incomprehensible to her. -She had passionately loved and kissed some of her female friends, and -she would have given up her life for them. Her greatest delight would -have been to have constantly lived with such a friend and absolutely -possessed her.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In this she felt toward the beloved girl like a man. Even as a -little child, she had an inclination only for the play of boys, and she -loved to hear shooting and military music, was always much excited by -them, and would gladly have gone as a soldier. The chase and war have -been her ideals. In the theatre only feminine performers interested her. -She knew very well that the whole of this inclination was unwomanly, but -she could not help it. It had always been a great pleasure for her to go -about in male clothing, and in the same way she had always preferred -masculine work, and had shown unusual skill in it; while with reference -to feminine occupations, especially handiwork, she had to say the -contrary. The patient had also a weakness for smoking and spirits. On -account of persecutory delusions, in order to rid herself of her persecutions, -the patient had often gone about in male attire, and played the -part of a man. She did this with such (congenital) skill that, as a rule, -she was able to deceive people concerning her sex.</p> - -<p class='c010'>It is authoritatively established that in 1884, for a long time, the -patient went about in male attire, now in the garments of a civilian, now -in the uniform of a lieutenant; and in August of the same year, dressed -as a male servant, she fled to Switzerland as a result of delusions of persecution. -There she found service in a merchant’s family, and fell in love -with the daughter of the house, “the beautiful Anna,” who, on her side, -not recognizing the sex of R., fell in love with the handsome young man.</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_304'>304</span>Concerning this episode the patient makes the following characteristic -statement: “I was madly in love with Anna. I don’t know how it -came about, and I cannot put myself right concerning this impulse. In -this fatal love lies the reason why I played the <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i> of a man so long. I -have never yet felt any love for a man, and I believe that my love is for the -female and not the male sex. I can in nowise understand my condition.”</p> - -<p class='c010'>From Switzerland R. wrote letters home to her friend, Amelia, -which were produced at the examination. They are letters showing passionate -love, which goes beyond the bounds of friendship. She apostrophizes -her friend, “My flower, sun of my heart, longing of my soul.” -She was her greatest happiness on earth; her heart was hers. And in her -letters to her friend’s parents she wrote: “You, too, should watch your -flower, for, if she should die, you also would be unable to endure life.”</p> - -<p class='c010'>For the purpose of investigating her mental condition, R. remained -for some time in an asylum. On one occasion, when Anna was allowed -to pay R. a visit, there was no end of passionate embraces and kisses. -The visitor acknowledged freely that they had before secretly embraced -and kissed in the same way.</p> - -<p class='c010'>R. is a tall, slim, stately person, of feminine form in all respects, -but with masculine features. Cranium regular; no anatomical signs of -degeneration. Genitals normal and indicative of virginity. All the -circumstances indicate that she has only indulged in platonic love. -Glance and appearance are indicative of a neuropathic person. Severe -hysteria, occasional cataleptoid attacks, with visionary and delirious -states. The patient is very easily brought into a state of somnambulism -by hypnotic influence, and in this condition is susceptible to all possible -suggestions. (Personal case. <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Friedreich’s Blätter</span></cite>, 1886, Heft 1.)</p> - -<p class='c010'>4. <em>Androgyny and Gynandry.</em>—Forming direct transitions -from the foregoing groups are those individuals of contrary sexuality -in whom not only the character and all the feelings are in -accord with the abnormal sexual instinct, but also the skeletal -form, the features, voice, etc.; so that the individual approaches -the opposite sex anthropologically, and in more than a psychical -and psycho-sexual way. This anthropological form of the cerebral -anomaly apparently represents a very high degree of degeneration; -but that this variation is based on an entirely different -ground than the teratological manifestation of hermaphroditism, -in an anatomical sense, is clearly shown by the fact that thus far, -in the domain of contrary sexuality, no transitions to hermaphroditic -malformation of the genitals have been observed. The -genitals of these persons always prove to be fully differentiated -<span class='pageno' id='Page_305'>305</span>sexually, though not infrequently there are present anatomical -signs of degeneration (epispadiasis, etc.), in the sense of arrests -of development in organs that are otherwise well differentiated.</p> - -<p class='c010'>There is yet wanting a sufficient record of cases belonging -to this interesting group of women in masculine attire with masculine -genitals, and men in feminine dress with the sexual organs -of the female. Every experienced observer of his fellow-men -remembers masculine persons that were very remarkable for their -womanish character and type (wide hips, form rounded by -abundant development of adipose tissue, absence or insufficient -development of beard, feminine features, delicate complexion, -falsetto voice, etc.); and, on the other hand, women that, by -reason of build, pelvis, gait, attitude, heavy and decidedly -masculine features, rough and deep voice, etc., had little to -remind one of femininity.</p> - -<p class='c010'>We have already met some indications of such an anthropological -transformation in foregoing groups, as in Case 106, -where the woman had the feet of a man; and in Case 112, -where there was development of mammæ and production of -milk during puberty.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In persons belonging to the fourth group, and in certain -ones in the third, forming transitions to the fourth, there seems -to be a feeling of shame (sexual) toward persons of the same -sex, and not toward those of the opposite sex.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 129. <em>Androgyny.</em> Mr. v. H., aged 30, single; of neuropathic -mother. Nervous and mental diseases are said not to have occurred in -the patient’s family, and his only brother is said to be mentally and -physically completely normal. The patient developed tardily physically, -and, therefore, spent much of his time at the sea-shore and climatic -resorts. From childhood he was of neuropathic constitution, and, according -to the statements of his relatives, unlike other boys. His disinclination -for masculine pursuits and his preference for feminine amusements -were early remarked. Thus he avoided all boyish games and gymnastic -exercises, while doll-play and feminine occupations were particularly -pleasing to him. Thereafter he developed well physically, and escaped -severe illnesses, but he remained mentally abnormal, incapable of an -earnest aim in life, and decidedly feminine in thought and feeling.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In his seventeenth year pollutions occurred, became more frequent, -and finally took place during the day; so that the patient grew weak, and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_306'>306</span>manifested various nervous disturbances. Symptoms of neurasthenia -spinalis made their appearance, and have lasted up to the last few years, -but they have become milder with the decrease in the number of pollutions. -Onanism is denied, but is very probable. An indolent, effeminate, -dreamy habit of thought has become more and more noticeable ever since -puberty. All efforts to induce the patient to take up an earnest pursuit -in life were vain. His intellectual functions, though formally quite -undisturbed, were never equal to the motive of an independent character, -and the higher ideals of life. He remained dependent, an overgrown -child; and nothing more clearly indicated his original abnormal condition -than an actual incapability to take care of money, and his own confession -that he had no ability to use money reasonably; that as soon as -he had money he wasted it for curios, toilet-articles, and the like.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Incapable as he was of a reasonable use of money, the patient was -no more capable of leading a social existence; indeed, he was incapable -of gaining an insight into its significance and value.</p> - -<p class='c015'>He learned very poorly, spending his time in <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">toilettes</span></i> and artistic -nothings, particularly in painting, for which he evinced a certain capability; -but in this direction he accomplished nothing, since he was -wanting in perseverence. He could not be brought to take up any -earnest thought; he had a mind only for externals, was always distracted, -and serious things quickly wearied him. Preposterous acts, senseless -journeys, waste of money, and debts repeatedly occur throughout the -course of his later life; and even for these positive faults in his life he -was wanting in understanding. He was self-willed and intractable, and -never did well as soon as an attempt was made to put him on his feet and -point out to him his own interests.</p> - -<p class='c015'>With these manifestations of an original abnormal and defective -mind, there were notable indications of perverse sexual feeling, which -were also indicated in the somatic habitus of the patient. Sexually, the -patient felt like a woman toward men, and had inclinations toward people -of his own sex, with indifference, if not actual disinclination, for females.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In his twenty-second year it is asserted that he had sexual intercourse -with women, and was able to perform the act of cohabitation normally; -but, partly on account of increase of neurasthenic symptoms -which was occasional after coitus, and partly on account of fear of infection,—but -really by reason of a want of satisfaction,—he soon ceased to -indulge in such intercourse. Concerning his abnormal sexual condition, -he is not quite clear; he is conscious of an inclination toward the male -sex, but confesses, only in a shame-faced way, that he has certain pleasurable -feelings of friendship for masculine individuals, which, however, are -not accompanied by any sensual feelings. The female sex he does not -exactly abhor; he could even bring himself to marry a woman who could -have an attraction for him, by means of similarity in artistic tastes, if he -could but be freed from conjugal duties, which were unpleasant to him, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_307'>307</span>and the performance of which made him tired and weak. He denied -having had sexual intercourse with men, but his blushing and embarrassment, -and, still more, an occurrence in N., where the patient, some time -before, provoked a scandal by attempting to have sexual intercourse with -youths, gave him the lie.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Too, his external appearance, habitus, form, gestures, manners, and -dress are remarkable, and decidedly recall the feminine form and characteristics. -The patient, however, is over middle height, but thorax and -pelvis are decidedly of feminine form. The body is rich in fat; the skin is -well cared for, delicate, and soft. This impression of a woman in masculine -dress is further increased by a thin growth of hair on the face, which -is shaven, with the exception of a small moustache; by the mincing gait; -the shy, effeminate manner; the feminine features; the swimming, neuropathic -expression of the eyes; the traces of powder and paint; the curtailed -cut of the clothing, with the bosom-like prominence of the upper -garments; the fringed, feminine cravat; and the hair brushed down -smoothly from the brow to the temples. The physical examination makes -undoubted the feminine form of the body. The external genitals are well -developed, though the left testicle has remained in the canal; the growth -of hair on the mons veneris is thin, and the latter is unusually rich in fat -and prominent. The voice is high, and without masculine timbre.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Too, the occupation and manner of thought of v. H. are decidedly -feminine. He has a boudoir and a well-supplied toilet-table, with which -he spends many hours in all kinds of arts for beautifying himself. He -abhors the chase, practice with arms, and such masculine pursuits, and -calls himself an <em>æsthete</em>; speaks with preference of his paintings and -attempts at poetry. He is interested in feminine occupations, which—<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">e.g.</span></i>, -embroidery—he engages in, and calls his greatest pleasure. He could -spend his life in an artistic and æsthetic circle of ladies and gentlemen, in -conversation, music, and æsthetics. His conversation is preferably about -feminine things,—fashions, needlework, cooking, and household work.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient is well nourished, but anæmic. He is of neuropathic -constitution, and presents symptoms of neurasthenia, which are maintained -by a bad manner of life, lying abed, living in-doors, and effeminateness. -He complains of occasional pain and pressure in the head, and -habitual obstipation. He is easily frightened; complains of occasional -lassitude and fatigue, and drawing pains in the extremities, in the direction -of the lumbo-abdominal nerves. After pollutions, and regularly -after eating, he feels tired and relaxed; he is sensitive to pressure over -the spinous processes of the dorsal vertebræ, as also to pressure along -accessible nerves. He feels peculiar sympathies and antipathies for certain -persons, and, when he meets people for whom he has an antipathy, -he falls into a condition of peculiar fear and confusion. His pollutions, -though now they occur but seldom, are pathological, in that they occur -by day, and are unaccompanied by any sensual excitement.</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_308'>308</span><em>Opinion:</em> 1. Mr. v. H., according to all observations and reports, is -mentally an abnormal and defective person, and that, in fact, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ab origine</span></i>. -His contrary sexual instinct represents a part of his abnormal physical -and mental condition.</p> - -<p class='c015'>2. This condition, in that it is congenital, is incurable. There -exists defective organization of the highest cerebral centres, which renders -him incapable of leading an independent life, and of obtaining a position -in life. His perverse sexual instinct prevents him from exercising -normal sexual functions; and this is attended by all the social consequences -of such an anomaly, and the danger of satisfaction of perverse -impulses arising out of his abnormal organization, with consequent -social and legal conflicts. Fear of the latter, however, cannot be great, -since the (perverse) sexual impulse of the patient is weak.</p> - -<p class='c015'>3. Mr. v. H., in the legal sense of the word, is not irresponsible, and -neither fit for, or in need of, treatment in a hospital for the insane. It is -possible for him—though but an overgrown child, and incapable of personal -independence—to live in society, though under the care and guidance -of normal individuals. Too, to a certain extent, it is possible for -him to respect the laws and restrictions of society, and to judge his own -acts; but, with respect of possible sexual errors and conflicts with criminal -laws, it must be emphasized that his sexual instinct is abnormal, -having its origin in organic pathological conditions; and this circumstance -should eventually be used in his favor. On account of his notorious -lack of independence, he cannot be discharged from parental care or -guardianship, inasmuch as otherwise he would be ruined financially.</p> - -<p class='c015'>4. Mr. v. H. is also physically ill. He presents signs of slight -anæmia and of neurasthenia spinalis. A rational regulation of his manner -of life and a tonic regimen, and, if possible, hydro-therapeutic treatment, -seem necessary. The suspicion that this trouble has its origin in -early masturbation should be entertained, and the possibility of the -existence of spermatorrhœa, that is of importance etiologically and therapeutically, -lies near. (Personal case. <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Zeitschr. f. Psychiatrie.</span></cite>)</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 130. Miss X., aged 38, consulted me, late in the fall of 1881, on -account of severe spinal irritation and obstinate sleeplessness, in combating -which she had become addicted to morphine and chloral. Her mother -and sister were nervous sufferers, but the rest of the family were healthy. -The trouble dated from a fall on her back in 1872, at which time the -patient was terribly frightened, though, when a girl, she had been subject -to muscular cramps and hysterical symptoms. Following this shock, -a neurasthenic and hysterical neurosis developed, with predominating -spinal irritation and sleeplessness. Episodically, hysterical paraplegia, -lasting as long as eight months, and hysterical hallucinatory delirium, -with convulsive attacks, occurred. In the course of this, symptoms of -morphinism were added. A stay of some months in the hospital relieved -the latter, and considerably improved the neurasthenic neurosis, in the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_309'>309</span>treatment of which general faradization exerted a remarkably favorable -influence.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Even at the first meeting, the patient produced a remarkable impression -by reason of her attire, features, and conduct. She wore a -gentleman’s hat, her hair closely cut, eye-glasses, a gentleman’s cravat, a -coat-like outer garment of masculine cut that reached well down over her -gown, and boots with high heels. She had coarse, somewhat masculine -features; a harsh, deep voice; and made rather the impression of a man in -female attire than that of a lady, if one but overlooked the bosom and -the decidedly feminine form of the pelvis. During the long time that -she was observed, there were never signs of erotocism. When questioned -concerning her attire, she would only respond that the style she chose -suited her better. Gradually it was ascertained from her that, even when -she was a small girl, she had had a preference for horses and masculine -pursuits, and never any interest in feminine occupations. Later she -developed a particular pleasure in reading, and prepared herself to be a -teacher. Dancing had never pleased her; it had always seemed silly to -her. Too, the <em>ballet</em> had never interested her. Her greatest pleasure -had always been in the circus. Until her sickness, in 1872, she had -neither had inclination for persons of the opposite nor for those of her -own sex. From that time she had, what was remarkable to herself, a -peculiar friendship for females, particularly for young ladies; and she -had a desire, and satisfied it, to wear hats and coats of masculine style. -Since 1869, besides, she had worn her hair short, and parted it on the -side, as men do. She asserts that she was never sensually excited in the -company of men, but that her friendship and self-sacrifice for sympathetic -ladies was unbounded; while from that time she also experienced repugnance -for gentlemen and their society.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Her relatives report that, before 1872, the patient had a proposal of -marriage, which she refused; and that when she returned from a sojourn -at a watering-place, in 1874, she was sexually changed, and occasionally -showed that she did not regard herself as a female.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Since that time she would associate only with ladies, and has had a -kind of love-relation with one or another, and made remarks which indicated -that she looked upon herself as a man. This predilection for -women was decidedly more than mere friendship, since it expressed itself -in tears, jealousy, etc.</p> - -<p class='c015'>When, in 1874, she was stopping at a watering-place, a young -lady, who took her for a man in disguise, fell in love with her. When -this lady married, later, the patient was for a long time depressed, -and spoke of unfaithfulness. Moreover, since her sickness, her relatives -were struck by her desire for masculine attire, her masculine conduct, and -disinclination for feminine pursuits; while previously, at least sexually, -she had presented nothing unusual.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Further investigations showed that the patient had a love-relation, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_310'>310</span>which was not purely platonic, with the lady described in Case 118; and -that she wrote her affectionate letters like those of a lover to his beloved. -In 1887 I again saw the patient in a sanitarium, where she had been -placed on account of hystero-epileptic attacks, spinal irritation, and -morphinism. The contrary sexual feeling existed unchanged, and only -by the most careful watching was the patient kept from improper advances -toward her fellow-patients.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Her condition remained quite unchanged until 1889. Then the -patient began to fail, and she died of “exhaustion,” in August, 1889. -The autopsy showed, in the vegetative organs, amyloid degeneration of -the kidneys, fibroma of the uterus, and cyst of the left ovary. The frontal -bone was much thickened, uneven on the inner surface, with numerous -exostoses; dura adherent to vault of cranium. Long diameter of skull, -175 millimetres; lateral diameter, 148 millimetres; weight of the œdematous, -but not atrophied, brain, 1175 grammes. The meninges delicate, -easily removed. Cortex pale. Convolutions broad, not numerous, -regularly arranged. Nothing abnormal in cerebellum and great ganglia.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 131. <em>Gynandry.</em><a id='r117' /><a href='#f117' class='c009'><sup>[117]</sup></a> History: On November 4, 1889, the step-father -of a certain Count Sandor V. complained that the latter had -swindled him out of 800f., under the pretense of requiring a bond as -secretary of a stock company. It was ascertained that Sandor had -entered into matrimonial contracts and escaped from the nuptials in the -spring of 1889; and, more than this, that this ostensible Count Sandor -was no man at all, but a woman in male attire,—Sarolta (Charlotte), -Countess V.</p> - -<p class='c015'>S. was arrested, and, on account of deception and forgery of public -documents, brought to examination. At the first hearing S. confessed -that she was born on Sept. 6, 1866; that she was a female, Catholic, -single, and worked as an authoress under the name of Count Sandor V.</p> - -<p class='c015'>From the autobiography of this man-woman I have gleaned the -following remarkable facts that have been independently confirmed:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>S. comes of an ancient, noble, and highly-respected family of Hungary, -in which there have been eccentricity and family peculiarities. A -sister of the maternal grandmother was hysterical, a somnambulist, and -lay seventeen years in bed, on account of fancied paralysis. A second -great-aunt spent seven years in bed, on account of a fancied fatal illness, -and at the same time gave balls. A third had the whim that a certain -table in her <em>salon</em> was bewitched. If anything were laid on this table, she -would become greatly excited and cry, “Bewitched! bewitched!” and run -with the object into a room which she called the “Black Chamber,” and -the key of which she never let out of her hands. After the death of this -lady, there were found in this chamber a number of shawls, ornaments, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_311'>311</span>bank-notes, etc. A fourth great-aunt, during two years, did not leave -her room, and neither washed herself nor combed her hair; then she -again made her appearance. All these ladies were, nevertheless, intellectual, -finely educated, and amiable.</p> - -<p class='c015'>S.’s mother was nervous, and could not bear the light of the moon.</p> - -<p class='c015'>From her father’s family it is said she had a trace too much. One -line of the family gave itself up almost entirely to spiritualism. Two -blood-relations on the father’s side shot themselves. The majority of her -male relatives are unusually talented; the females are decidedly narrow -and domestic. S.’s father had a high position, which, however, on account -of his eccentricity and extravagance (he wasted over a million and a half), -he lost.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Among many foolish things that her father encouraged in her was -the fact that he brought her up as a boy, called her Sandor, allowed her -to ride, drive, and hunt, admiring her muscular energy.</p> - -<p class='c015'>On the other hand, this foolish father allowed his second son to go -about in female attire, and had him brought up as a girl. This farce -ceased in his fifteenth year, when the son was sent to a higher school.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Sarolta-Sandor remained under her father’s influence till her twelfth -year, and then came under the care of her eccentric maternal grandmother, -in Dresden, by whom, when the masculine play became too obvious, -she was placed in an Institute, and made to wear female attire.</p> - -<p class='c015'>At thirteen she had a love-relation with an English girl, to whom -she represented herself as a boy, and ran away with her.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Sarolta returned to her mother, who, however, could do nothing, and -was compelled to allow her daughter to again become Sandor, wear male -clothes, and, at least once a year, to fall in love with persons of her own -sex.</p> - -<p class='c015'>At the same time, S. received a careful education, and made long -journeys with her father,—of course, always as a young gentleman. She -early became independent, and visited <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">cafés</span></i>, even those of doubtful character, -and, indeed, boasted one day that in a brothel she had had a girl -sitting on each knee. S. was often intoxicated, had a passion for masculine -sports, and was a very skillful fencer.</p> - -<p class='c015'>She felt herself drawn particularly toward actresses, or others of -similar position, and, if possible, toward those who were not very young. -She asserts that she never had any inclination for a young man, and that -she has felt, from year to year, an increasing dislike for young men.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I preferred to go into the society of ladies with ugly, ill-favored -men, so that none of them could put me in the shade. If I noticed that -any of the men awakened the sympathies of the ladies, I felt jealous. I -preferred ladies who were bright and pretty; I could not endure them -if they were fat or much inclined toward men. It delighted me if the -passion of a lady was disclosed under a poetic veil. All immodesty in a -woman was disgusting to me. I had an indescribable aversion for female -<span class='pageno' id='Page_312'>312</span>attire,—indeed, for everything feminine,—but only in as far as it concerned -me; for, on the other hand, I was all enthusiasm for the beautiful -sex.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>During the last ten years S. had lived almost constantly away from -her relatives, in the guise of a man. She had had many <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">liaisons</span></i> with -ladies, traveled much, spent much, and made debts.</p> - -<p class='c015'>At the same time, she carried on literary work, and was a valued -collaborator on two noted journals of the Capital.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Her passion for ladies was very changeable; constancy in love was -entirely wanting.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Only once did such a <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">liaison</span></i> last three years. It was years before -that S., at Castle G., made the acquaintance of Emma E., who was ten -years older than herself. She fell in love with her, made a marriage-contract -with her, and they lived together, as man and wife, for three -years at the Capital.</p> - -<p class='c015'>A new love, which S. regarded as a fate, caused her to sever her -matrimonial relations with E. The latter would not have it so. Only -with the greatest sacrifice was S. able to purchase her freedom from E., -who, it is reported, still looks upon herself as a divorced wife, and regards -herself as the Countess V.! That S. also had the power to excite -passion in other women is shown by the fact that when she (before her -marriage with E.) had grown tired of a Miss D., after having spent -thousands of guldens on her, she was threatened with shooting by D. if -she should become untrue.</p> - -<p class='c015'>It was in the summer of 1887, while at a watering-place, that S. -made the acquaintance of a distinguished official’s family. Immediately -she fell in love with the daughter, Marie, and her love was returned.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Her mother and cousin tried in vain to break up this affair. During -the winter, the lovers corresponded zealously. In April, 1888, Count S. -paid her a visit, and in May, 1889, attained her wish; in that Marie—who, -in the meantime, had given up a position as teacher—became her -bride in the presence of a friend of her lover, the ceremony being performed -in an arbor, by a false priest, in Hungary. S., with her friend, -forged the marriage-certificate. The pair lived happily, and, without the -interference of the step-father, this false marriage, probably, would have -lasted much longer. It is remarkable that, during the comparatively -long existence of the relation, S. was able to deceive completely the -family of her bride with regard to her true sex.</p> - -<p class='c015'>S. was a passionate smoker, and in all respects her tastes and passions -were masculine. Her letters and even legal documents reached her -under the address of “Count S.” She often spoke of having to drill. -From remarks of the father-in-law, it seems that S. (and she afterward -confessed it) knew how to imitate a scrotum with handkerchiefs or gloves -stuffed in the trousers. The father-in-law also, on one occasion, noticed -something like an erected member on his future son-in-law (probably a -<span class='pageno' id='Page_313'>313</span>priapus). She also occasionally remarked that she was obliged to wear a -suspensory bandage while riding. The fact is, S. wore a bandage around -the body, possibly as a means of retaining a priapus.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Though S. often had herself shaved <em>pro forma</em>, the servants in the -hotel where she lived were convinced that she was a woman, because the -chambermaids found traces of menstrual blood on her linen (which S. -explained, however, as hæmorrhoidal); and, on the occasion of a bath -which S. was accustomed to take, they claimed to have convinced themselves -of her real sex by looking through the key-hole.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The family of Marie make it seem probable that she for a long time -was deceived with regard to the true sex of her false bridegroom. The -following passage in a letter from Marie to S., August 26, 1889, speaks -in favor of the incredible simplicity and innocence of this unfortunate -girl: “I don’t like children any more, but if I had a little Bezerl or -Patscherl by my Sandi,—ah, what happiness, Sandi mine!”</p> - -<p class='c015'>A large number of manuscripts allow conclusions to be drawn -concerning S.’s mental individuality. The chirography possesses the -character of firmness and certainty. The characters are genuinely masculine. -The same peculiarities repeat themselves everywhere in their -contents,—wild, unbridled passion; hatred and resistance to all that -opposes the heart thirsting for love; poetical love, which is not marred -by one ignoble blot; enthusiasm for the beautiful and noble; appreciation -of science and the arts.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Her writings betray a wonderfully wide range of reading in classics -of all languages, in citations from poets and prose writers of all lands. -The evidence of those qualified to judge literary work shows that S.’s -poetical and literary ability is by no means small. The letters and -writings concerning the relation with Marie are psychologically worthy -of notice.</p> - -<p class='c015'>S. speaks of the happiness there was for her when by M.’s side, -and expresses boundless longing to see her beloved, if only for a moment. -After such a happiness, she could have but one wish,—to exchange her -cell for the grave. The bitterest thing was the knowledge that now -Marie, too, hated her. Hot tears, enough to drown herself in, she had -shed over her lost happiness. Whole quires of paper are given up to -the apotheosis of this love, and reminiscences of the time of the first -love and acquaintance.</p> - -<p class='c015'>S. complained of her heart, that would allow no reason to direct it; -she expressed emotions which were such as only could be felt,—not simulated. -Then, again, there were outbreaks of most silly passion, with -the declaration that she could not live without Marie. “Thy dear, sweet -voice; the voice whose tone perchance would raise me from the dead; -that has been for me like the warm breath of Paradise! Thy presence -alone were enough to alleviate my mental and moral anguish. It was a -magnetic stream; it was a peculiar power your being exercised over -<span class='pageno' id='Page_314'>314</span>mine, which I cannot quite define; and, therefore, I cling to that ever-true -definition: I love you because I love you. In the night of sorrow -I had but one star,—the star of Marie’s love. That star has lost its -light; now there remains but its shimmer,—the sweet, sad memory -which even lights with its soft ray the deepening night of death,—a ray -of hope.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>This writing ends with the apostrophe: “Gentlemen, you learned in -the law, psychologists and pathologists, do me justice! Love led me to -take the step I took; all my deeds were conditioned by it. God put it -in my heart.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“If He created me so, and not otherwise, am I then guilty; or is it -the eternal, incomprehensible way of fate? I relied on God, that one day -my emancipation would come; for my thought was only love itself, -which is the foundation, the guiding principle, of His teaching and His -kingdom.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“O God, Thou All-pitying, Almighty One! Thou seest my distress; -Thou knowest how I suffer. Incline Thyself to me; extend Thy -helping hand to me, deserted by all the world. Only God is just. How -beautifully does Victor Hugo describe this in his ‘Legendes du Siècle’! -How sad do Mendelssohn’s words sound to me: ‘Nightly in dreams I -see thee’!”</p> - -<p class='c015'>Though S. knew that none of her writings reached her lover, she -did not grow tired writing of her pain and delight in love, in page after -page of deification of Marie. And to induce one more pure flood of -tears, on one still, clear summer evening, when the lake was aglow with -the setting sun like molten gold, and the bells of St. Anna and Maria-Wörth, -blending in harmonious melancholy, gave tidings of rest and -peace, she wrote: “For that poor soul, for this poor heart that beat -for thee till the last breath.”</p> - -<p class='c015'><em>Personal Examination:</em> The first meeting which the experts had -with S. was, in a measure, a time of embarrassment to both sides; for -them, because perhaps S.’s somewhat dazzling and forced masculine carriage -impressed them; for her, because she thought she was to be marked -with the stigma of moral insanity. She had a pleasant and intelligent -face, which, in spite of a certain delicacy of features and diminutiveness -of all its parts, gave a decidedly masculine impression, had it not -been for the absence of a moustache. It was even difficult for the experts -to realize that they were concerned with a woman, despite the fact of -female attire and constant association; while, on the other hand, intercourse -with the man Sandor was much more free, natural, and apparently -correct. The culprit also felt this. She immediately became more open, -more communicative, more free, as soon as she was treated like a man.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In spite of her inclination for the female sex, which had been -present from her earliest years, she asserts that in her thirteenth year -she first felt a trace of sexual feeling, which expressed itself in kisses, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_315'>315</span>embraces, and caresses, with sensual pleasure, and this on the occasion -of her elopement with the red-haired English girl from the Dresden -Institute. At that time feminine forms exclusively appeared to her in -dream-pictures, and ever since, in sensual dreams, she has felt herself in -the situation of a man, and occasionally, also, at such times, experienced -ejaculation.</p> - -<p class='c015'>She knows nothing of solitary or mutual onanism. Such a thing -seemed very disgusting to her, and not conducive to manliness. She -had, also, never allowed herself to be touched ad genitalia by others, -because it would have revealed her great secret. The menses began at -seventeen, but were always scanty, and without pain. It was plain to -be seen that S. had a horror of speaking of menstruation; that it was a -thing repugnant to her masculine consciousness and feeling. She recognized -the abnormality of her sexual inclinations, but had no desire to -have them changed, since in this perverse feeling she felt both well and -happy. The idea of sexual intercourse with men disgusted her, and she -also thought it would be impossible.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Her modesty was so great that she would prefer to sleep among -men rather than among women. Thus, when it was necessary for her to -answer the calls of nature or to change her linen, it was necessary for her -to ask her companion in the cell to turn her face to the window, that she -might not see her.</p> - -<p class='c015'>When occasionally S. came in contact with this companion,—a -woman from the lower walks of life,—she experienced a sexual excitement -that made her blush. Indeed, without being asked, S. related that -she was overcome with actual fear when, in her cell, she was compelled -to force herself into the unusual female attire. Her only comfort -was, that she was at least allowed to keep a shirt. Remarkable, and -what also speaks for the significance of olfactory sensations in her vita -sexualis, is her statement that, on the occasions of Marie’s absence, she -had sought those places on which Marie’s head was accustomed to -repose, and smelled of them, in order to experience the delight of inhaling -the odor of her hair. Among women, those who are beautiful, or -voluptuous, or quite young do not particularly interest her. The physical -charms of women she makes subordinate. As by magnetic attraction, -she feels herself drawn to those between twenty-four and thirty. She -found her sexual satisfaction exclusively in corpora feminæ (never in -her own person), in the form of manustupration of the beloved woman, -or cunnilingus. Occasionally she availed herself of a stocking stuffed -with oakum as a <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">priapus</span></i>. These admissions were made only unwillingly -by S., and with apparent shame; just as in her writings, immodesty or -cynicism are never found.</p> - -<p class='c015'>She is religious, has a lively interest in all that is noble and beautiful,—men -excepted,—and is very sensitive to the opinion others may -entertain of her morality.</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_316'>316</span>She deeply regrets that in her passion she made Marie unhappy, -and regards her sexual feelings as perverse, and such a love of one woman -for another, among normal individuals, as morally reprehensible. She -has great literary talent and an extraordinary memory. Her only weakness -is her great frivolity and her incapability to manage money and -property reasonably. But she is conscious of this weakness, and does -not care to talk about it.</p> - -<p class='c015'>She is 153 centimetres tall, of delicate skeleton, thin, but remarkably -muscular on the breast and thighs. Her gait in female attire is -awkward. Her movements are powerful, not unpleasing, though they -are somewhat masculine, and lacking in grace. She greets one with a -firm pressure of the hand. Her whole carriage is decided, firm, and -somewhat self-conscious. Her glance is intelligent; mien somewhat -diffident. Feet and hands remarkably small, having remained in an -infantile stage of development. Extensor surfaces of the extremities -remarkably well covered with hair, while there is not the slightest trace -of beard, in spite of all shaving experiments. The hips do not correspond -in any way with those of a female. Waist is wanting. The pelvis -is so slim, and so little prominent, that a line drawn from the axilla to -the corresponding knee is straight,—not curved inward by a waist, or -outward by the pelvis. The skull is slightly oxycephalic, and in all its -measurements falls below the average of the female skull by at least one -centimetre.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The circumference of the head is 52 centimetres; the occipital half-circumference, -24 centimetres; the line from ear to ear, over the vertex, -23 centimetres; the anterior half-circumference, 28.5 centimetres; the -line from glabella to occiput, 30 centimetres; the ear-chin line, 26.5 -centimetres; long diameter, 17 centimetres; greatest lateral diameter, -13 centimetres; diameter at auditory meati, 12 centimetres; zygomatic -diameter, 11.2 centimetres. The upper jaw projects strikingly, its alveolar -process projecting beyond the under jaw about 0.5 centimetre. The -position of the teeth is not fully normal; the right upper canine has not -developed. Mouth remarkably small. Ears prominent; lobes not differentiated, -passing over into the skin of the cheek. Hard palate narrow -and high; voice rough and deep; mammæ fairly developed, soft, and -without secretion. Mons veneris covered with thick, dark hair. Genitals -completely feminine, without trace of hermaphroditic appearance, -but at the stage of development of those of a ten-year-old girl. The labia -majora touch each other almost completely; labia minora have a cock’s-comb-like -form, and project under the labia majora. The clitoris is small, -and very sensitive. Frenulum delicate; perineum very narrow; introitus -vaginæ narrow; mucous membrane normal. Hymen wanting (probably -congenitally); likewise, the carunculæ myrtiformes. Vagina so narrow -that the insertion of a membrum virile would be impossible, and it is also -very sensitive; certainly coitus had not taken place. Uterus is felt, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_317'>317</span>through the rectum, to be about the size of a walnut, immovable, and -retroflected.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The pelvis appears generally narrowed (dwarf-pelvis), and of decidedly -masculine type. The distance between anterior superior spines is -22.5 centimetres (instead of 26.3 centimetres). Distance between the -crests of the ilii, 26.5 centimetres (instead of 29.3 centimetres); between -the trochanters, 27.7 centimetres (31); the external conjugate diameter, -17.2 centimetres (19 to 20); therefore, presumably, the internal conjugate -would be 7.7 centimetres (10.8). On account of narrowness of the -pelvis, the direction of the thighs is not convergent, as in a woman, but -straight.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The opinion given showed that in S. there was a congenitally -abnormal inversion of the sexual instinct, which, indeed, expressed -itself, anthropologically, in anomalies of development of the body, -depending upon great hereditary taint; further, that the criminal acts -of S. had their foundation in her abnormal and irresistible sexuality.</p> - -<p class='c015'>S.’s characteristic expressions—“God put love in my heart. If He -created me so, and not otherwise, am I, then, guilty; or is it the eternal, -incomprehensible way of fate?”—are really justified.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The court granted pardon. The “countess in male attire,” as she -was called in the newspapers, returned to her home, and again gave herself -out as Count Sandor. Her only distress is her lost happiness with -her beloved Marie.</p> - -<p class='c015'>A married woman, in Brandon, Wisconsin, whose case is reported -by Dr. Kiernan (<cite>The Medical Standard</cite>, 1888, November and December), -was more fortunate. She eloped, in 1883, with a young girl, married her, -and lived with her as husband undisturbed.</p> - -<p class='c015'>An interesting “historical” example of androgyny is a case reported -by Spitzka (<cite>Chicago Medical Review</cite>, August 20, 1881). It was that of -Lord Cornbury, Governor of New York, who lived in the reign of Queen -Anne. He was apparently affected with moral insanity; was terribly -licentious, and, in spite of his high position, could not keep himself from -going about in the streets in female attire, coquetting with all the allurements -of a prostitute.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In a picture of him that has been preserved, his narrow brow, -asymmetrical face, feminine features, and sensual mouth at once attract -attention. It is certain that he never actually regarded himself as a -woman.</p> - -<hr class='c022' /> - -<p class='c010'>Moreover, in individuals afflicted with contrary sexual -instinct, in themselves, the perverse sexual feeling and inclination -may be complicated with other perverse manifestations. -Thus here, with reference to the activity of the instinct, there -<span class='pageno' id='Page_318'>318</span>may be acts quite analogous to acts indulged in by individuals -in perverse satisfaction of the instinct, but who, at the same -time, have a natural inclination toward persons of the opposite -sex.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Owing to the circumstance that abnormally increased sexuality -is almost a regular accompaniment of contrary sexual -feeling, acts of lustful cruelty in the satisfaction of libido are -easily possible. A remarkable example of this is the case of -Zastrow (Casper-Liman, 7. Auflage, Bd. i, p. 190; ii, p. 487), -who bit one of his victims (a boy), tore his prepuce, slit the anus, -and strangled the child.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Z. came of a psychopathic grandfather and melancholic mother. -His brother indulged in abnormal sexual pleasures, and committed -suicide.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Z. was a congenital urning, and in habitus and occupation masculine. -There was phimosis. Mentally, he was a weak, perverse, unsocial -man. He had horror feminæ, and, in his dreams, he felt himself like a -woman toward a man. He was painfully conscious of his want of normal -sexual feeling and his perverse instinct, and sought satisfaction in mutual -onanism, with frequent desire for pederasty.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Similar sadistic feelings of this kind, in those afflicted with -contrary sexual instinct, are found in some of the foregoing histories -(comp. Cases 107 and 108 of this edition, and Case 96 of -the sixth edition). But masochism also occurs (comp. Case 43, -sixth edition; Cases 111 and 114 of this edition; and Case 3, in -the first edition of “Neue Forschungen”).</p> - -<p class='c015'>As examples of perverse sexual satisfaction dependent on contrary -sexual instinct, may be mentioned the Greek, who, as Athenäus reports, -was in love with a statue of Cupid, and defiled it, in the temple of Delphi; -and besides the monstrous cases reported by Tardieu (“Attentats,” p. -272), the terrible one reported by Lombroso (“L’uomo delinquente,” p. -200), of a certain Artusio, who wounded a boy in the abdomen, and abused -him sexually <em>by means of the incisions</em>.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Cases 86, 110, and 111, also, show that fetichism may also occur -with contrary sexual instinct.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_319'>319</span> - <h3 class='c016'>DIAGNOSIS, PROGNOSIS, AND THERAPY OF CONTRARY SEXUAL INSTINCT.</h3> -</div> - -<p class='c017'>While up to this time contrary sexual instinct has had but -an anthropological, clinical, and forensic interest for science, -now, as a result of the latest investigations, there is some -thought of therapy in this incurable condition, which so heavily -burdens its victims, socially, morally, and mentally.</p> - -<p class='c010'>A preparatory step for the application of therapeutic measures -is the exact differentiation of the acquired from the congenital -cases; and among the latter, again, the assignment of -the concrete case to its proper position in the categories that -have been established empirically.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The diagnostic differentiation of the acquired from the -congenital condition is made without difficulty in the early stages -of the anomaly.</p> - -<p class='c010'>If sexual inversion has already taken place, then the history -of the development of the case will throw light upon it.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The important decision, prognostically, as to whether the -contrary sexual instinct is congenital or acquired, can only be -made in such cases by means of the most minute details of the -history.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The establishment of the fact that contrary sexual instinct -existed before indulgence in masturbation is of great importance -with reference to deciding whether the anomaly is congenital or -not. In this, however, a difficulty arises, owing to the possibility -of imperfect localization of past events (illusions of memory).</p> - -<p class='c010'>For the presumption of acquired contrary sexual instinct, -it is important to prove the existence of hetero-sexual instinct -before the beginning of solitary or mutual onanism.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In general, the acquired cases are characterized in that:—</p> - -<p class='c010'>1. The homo-sexual instinct appears secondarily, and -always may be referred to influences (masturbatic neurasthenia, -mental) which disturbed normal sexual satisfaction. It is, -however, probable that here, in spite of powerful sensual libido, -the feeling and inclination for the opposite sex are weak <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ab -origine</span></i>, especially in a spiritual and æsthetic sense.</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_320'>320</span>2. The homo-sexual instinct, as long as inversio sexualis -has not taken place, is looked upon, by the individual affected, -as vicious and abnormal, and yielded to only <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">faute de mieux</span></i>.</p> - -<p class='c010'>3. The hetero-sexual instinct long remains predominant, -and the impossibility of its satisfaction gives pain. It weakens -in proportion as the homo-sexual feeling gains in strength.</p> - -<p class='c010'>On the other hand, in congenital cases (<em>a</em>) the homo-sexual -instinct is the one that occurs primarily, and becomes dominant -in the vita sexualis. It appears as the natural manner of satisfaction, -and also dominates the dream-life of the individual. -(<em>b</em>) The hetero-sexual instinct fails completely, or, if it should -make its appearance during the life of the individual (psycho-sexual -hermaphroditism), it is still but an episodical phenomenon -which has no root in the mental constitution of the individual, -and is essentially but a means of satisfaction of sexual desire.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The differentiation of the above groups of congenital contrary -sexuality from one another, and from the cases in which -the anomaly is acquired, will, after the foregoing, present no -difficulties.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The prognosis of the cases of acquired contrary sexual -instinct is, at all events, much more favorable than that of the -congenital cases. In the former, the occurrence of effemination—the -mental inversion of the individual, in the sense of perverse -sexual feeling—is the limit beyond which there is no -longer hope of benefit from therapy. In the congenital cases, -the various categories established in this book form as many -stages of psycho-sexual taint, and benefit is <em>probable</em> only -within the category of the psychical hermaphrodites, though -<em>possible</em> (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vide</span></i> the case of Schrenk-Notzing) in that of the urnings.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The prophylaxis of these conditions becomes thus the -more important,—for the congenital cases, prohibition of the -reproduction of such unfortunates; for the acquired cases, protection -from the injurious influences which experience teaches -may lead to the fatal inversion of the sexual instinct.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Numerous predisposed individuals meet this sad fate, because -parents and teachers have no suspicion of the danger -which masturbation brings in its train to such children.</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_321'>321</span>In many schools and academies masturbation and vice are -actually cultivated. At present much too little attention is -given to the mental and moral peculiarities of the pupils. If -only the tasks are done, nothing more is asked. That many -pupils are thus ruined in body and soul is never considered. -In obedience to affected prudery, the vita sexualis is veiled -from the developing youth, and not the slightest attention given -to the excitations of his sexual instinct. How few family -physicians are ever called in, during the years of development -of children, to give advice to their patients that are often so -greatly predisposed!</p> - -<p class='c010'>It is thought that all must be left to Nature; in the meantime, -Nature rises in her power, and leads the helpless, unprotected -innocent into dangerous by-paths.</p> - -<p class='c010'>A more detailed treatment of this prophylactic side of the -subject is impossible here.<a id='r118' /><a href='#f118' class='c009'><sup>[118]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'>To parents and teachers, the experiences detailed in this -work, and numerous scientific works on masturbation, give -suggestions.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The lines of treatment, when contrary sexual instinct exists, -are the following:—</p> - -<p class='c010'>1. Prevention of onanism, and removal of other influences -injurious to the vita sexualis.</p> - -<p class='c010'>2. Cure of the neurosis (neurasthenia sexualis and universalis) -arising out of the unhygienic conditions of the vita -sexualis.</p> - -<p class='c010'>3. Mental treatment, in the sense of combating homo-sexual, -and encouraging hetero-sexual, feelings and impulses.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The most important part of the treatment lies in fulfilling -the third indication, particularly with reference to onanism.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Only in very few cases, where acquired contrary sexual -<span class='pageno' id='Page_322'>322</span>instinct has not progressed far, can the fulfillment of 1 and 2 -be sufficient, as the following case, fully reported by the author -in the <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Irrenfreund</span></cite>, 1884, No. 1, proves:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 132. Count Z., aged 51, of psychopathic mother, was early -sent to a military school, and there was taught onanism. He developed -well, and had normal sexual feelings, but, as a result of masturbation, he -became somewhat neurasthenic in his seventeenth year. He enjoyed -intercourse with women, was married at twenty-five, but after a year -more became neurasthenic, and absolutely lost his inclination for -women. In its place came contrary sexual instinct. Involved in -an accusation for high treason, he was sent to prison for two years, -and then to Siberia for five years. In these seven years, under the -influence of continued masturbation, neurasthenia and contrary sexual -instinct constantly increased. With his freedom restored at the age of -thirty-five, the patient began to visit all kinds of health-resorts on account -of his great neurasthenia; and this has since been his occupation. In all -these years his abnormal sexual feeling has not changed in any way. -For the most part, he lived away from his wife, whom, it is true, he -esteemed for her mental qualities; though he avoided her, as he did every -other woman. His contrary sexual feeling is purely platonic. “Friendship,” -sweet embraces, and kisses sufficed him. Pollutions, which occasionally -occurred, were induced by lascivious dreams which had for subject -persons of his own sex. Also, during the day, the most beautiful woman -had no charm for him, while simply the sight of handsome men induced -erection and ejaculation. Only athletes and male dancers in the circus -and <em>ballet</em> interested him. At times of greater excitability, even masculine -statues gave him erections. Now and again he resumed his old vice of -masturbation. This man of æsthetic culture had a horror of pederasty.</p> - -<p class='c015'>He felt, always, that his perverse sexual feeling was something -abnormal, without, however, in his apparently much weakened libido and -virility, feeling unhappy.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The examination gave the usual findings of neurasthenia. Development, -manner, and attire presented nothing remarkable. Electrical -massage was unusually successful. After a few sittings the patient was -mentally and physically much better. After twenty sittings libido was -again awakened, not in the same way, but normally, as the patient had -felt until his twenty-fifth year. Lascivious dreams were concerned only -with women; and one day the patient joyfully gave the information that -he had had coitus, and that he had had the same natural feeling in it that -he had had twenty-six years before. He then began to live with his wife -again, and hoped that he was lastingly freed from neurasthenia and contrary -sexual instinct. His hope was fulfilled for the six years during -which I was able to keep the patient under observation.</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_323'>323</span>As a rule, physical treatment, even though it be re-inforced -morally by good advice with reference to the avoidance of masturbation, -the repression of homo-sexual feelings and impulses, -and the encouragement of hetero-sexual desires, will not prove -sufficient, even in cases of acquired contrary sexual instinct.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Here a method of mental treatment—hypnotic suggestion—is -all that can bring benefit.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The following case is interesting; and it is an example of -successful auto-suggestion that gives encouragement for the -milder forms of the anomaly:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 133. <em>Autobiography of a Psychical Hermaphrodite. Successful -Struggle against Homo-sexual Inclinations made by the Patient himself.</em>—“My -father once had a stroke, but has recovered save for paralysis -of the face. My mother was very anæmic and melancholic. Both suffered -severely with hæmorrhoids, and my father ascribed to this trouble -the lumbar pain with which he suffered from time to time after his -marriage.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I am, if I may so express myself, a passive character. When a -child, I indulged in all kinds of fancies, religious as well as others. I -suffered with incontinence of urine, and it is said that in sleep I handled -my genitals, so that my father fastened my hands to the bed! (I was -then a mere child, and had not masturbated.) I was always very shy and -embarrassed in social intercourse. When about fourteen or fifteen years -old, I was seduced into onanism. The impulse and desire for women, -occurring in connection with the awakening sexual feeling, were, in -reality, only of a platonic nature; I was also without the society of -ladies. When about eighteen, I attempted to satisfy my sexual desire in -the natural way, more in obedience to a feeling of curiosity than from -inner longing. Since that time, without having experienced any real inclination -for women, as often as possible I have satisfied my desire by -means of sexual intercourse.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Soon after puberty I became very anæmic, and appeared much -older than I really was. Then came melancholic and peculiar ideas. It -was a delight to me to fancy myself humiliated in the extreme. It may -be of interest to add that, at that time, I was troubled with religious -doubts, and only later found the courage to rise above religions. I fell -in love with young men. At first I opposed these ideas; later they became -so powerful that I became a genuine urning. Women seemed to me -to be human beings of the second class. I was in a state of despair. My -sickened soul was filled with tædium vitæ and thoughts inimical to -humanity. One day I read: ‘What will it come to?’ And ere I knew it, I -was a socialist; but an ideal one. Life again had value for me, for I had -<span class='pageno' id='Page_324'>324</span>an ideal,—the joyous struggle for the social elevation of the proletariat. -This caused a powerful revolution in me. As in my best years (from -the age of sixteen to seventeen), I took interest in art, particularly in -dramatic art. I am, at the present time, writing a play and a story, and -I am occupied with the grandest thoughts. I read a remark of Schlegel’s -concerning Sophocles, who was indebted to his physical exercise for his -energy and creative power, and to music for his artistic proportions. In -another place I read: ‘The dramatist must, above all things, be mentally -intact.’ This depressed me; for my contrary sexual feelings could not -arise in a perfectly normal mind.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I thought of having myself treated hypnotically; but shame held -me back. Then I said to myself that I was a weakling, indeed, to have so -little confidence in myself, and began in earnest to combat my abnormal -desires. At the same time, I struggled against my nervousness by leading -the proper kind of a life. I rowed, fenced, and was much in the open -air; and I was delighted when, at last, I awoke and seemed to be an -entirely different man. When I thought of the time from my twentieth -to my twenty-sixth year, it seemed to me that, during those years, a -strange and depressive being had been dwelling within me.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I was astonished that the handsomest rider or the trimmest waiter -excited in me almost no interest; even the muscular masons had no effect -on me. I was disgusted when I thought that, at one time, such men had -seemed handsome to me. My self-respect increased; I am good-natured, -but my character is entirely active. Since my twentieth year my appearance -has steadily improved. My appearance now corresponds perfectly -with my years. There were recurrences of my abnormal inclinations, -to be sure; but I struggled against them energetically. I satisfy -my libido only by means of natural intercourse, and I hope that, by continuing -to lead a proper life, my pleasure in natural coitus will increase.”</p> - -<p class='c010'>As a rule, only suggestion coming from a second person, -and that by means of hypnosis, promises any success. In such -cases, the object of post-hypnotic suggestion is to remove the -impulse to masturbation and homo-sexual feelings and impulses, -and to encourage hetero-sexual feelings with a sense of virility. -A prerequisite is, of course, the possibility to induce hypnosis -of sufficient intensity. It is, unfortunately, in these very cases -of neurasthenia that this is impossible, since they are often -excited, embarrassed, and in no condition to concentrate their -thoughts.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Thus, in a case reported by me in the <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">International. Centralblatt -für die Physiologie und Pathologie der Harn- und -<span class='pageno' id='Page_325'>325</span>Sexualorgane</span></cite>, Bd. i, Heft 2, p. 58, it was impossible for me to -induce hypnosis, though the patient desired it, and did everything -to make it successful. By reason of the great benefit -that can be given to such unfortunates, and with Ladame’s -case in view (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">v. infra</span></i>), in the future, in all such cases, everything -should be done to bring about hypnosis,—the only -means of salvation. The result, in the three following cases, -was satisfactory:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 134. <em>Contrary Sexual Instinct Acquired through Masturbation.</em>—Mr. -X., merchant, aged 29. Father’s parents healthy. Nothing -nervous in father’s family. Father was an irritable, peevish old man. -One brother of the father was a man-about-town, and died unmarried. -Mother died in third confinement, when the patient was six years old; -she had a deep, rough, masculine voice, and coarse appearance. Of the -children, one brother is irritable, “melancholic,” and indifferent to -women.</p> - -<p class='c015'>When a child patient had scarlet fever with delirium. Until his -fourteenth year he was light-hearted and social, but, after that, quiet, -solitary, and “melancholic.” The first trace of sexual feeling appeared -in his tenth or eleventh year, and at that time he learned masturbation -from other boys, and practiced mutual onanism with them. At the age -of thirteen or fourteen, ejaculation for the first time. Patient has felt -no evil results of onanism until the last three months.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In school he learned easily, but was troubled with headaches. -After the age of twenty, pollutions, in spite of daily practice of onanism. -With pollutions, “procreative” dreams, as man and wife might perform -the act, occurred. In his seventeenth year he was seduced into mutual -onanism by a man having a love for men. He found satisfaction in this, -inasmuch as he was always very passionate sexually. It was a long time -before the patient again sought new opportunities for intercourse with -males. He did it simply to rid himself of semen. He felt no friendship -or love for the person with whom he had intercourse. He felt satisfaction -only when he played the passive <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i>,—when manustupration was -practiced on him. When the act was once completed, he had no respect -for the individual. If it happened that, later, he came to respect the -man, then he ceased to indulge in the act with him. Later it became -indifferent to him whether he masturbated or had masturbation practiced -on him. When he himself practiced onanism, he always thought of -pleasing men practicing onanism on him during the act. He preferred -a hard, rough hand.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient thought that, had he not been led astray, he would have -arrived at a natural mode of satisfaction of his sexual desires. He -<span class='pageno' id='Page_326'>326</span>never felt love for his own sex, though he had pleased himself with the -thought of loving men. At first he had had sensual inclinations toward -the opposite sex. He had taken pleasure in dancing, and he had been -pleased with women, but he had taken more pleasure in the figure than -the face. Too, he had had erections at the sight of women that pleased -him. He had never attempted coitus, for fear of infection; whether he -was potent or not with women, he did not know. He thought he could -be so no longer, because his feeling for women had grown cold, especially -during late years.</p> - -<p class='c015'>While previously, in his sensual dreams, he had had ideas of both -men and women, of late years he had dreamed only of approaches to men; -he could not remember that he had dreamed, in late years, of sensual relations -with a woman. At the theatre, as well as in the circus and <em>ballet</em>, -the feminine figure had always interested him. In museums masculine -and feminine statues had affected him equally.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Patient is a great smoker, a beer-drinker, loves male society, and is -a gymnast and skater. Anything dandified was repugnant to him, and -he had never felt any desire to please men; he would even have preferred -to please women.</p> - -<p class='c015'>He now felt his position to be painful, because onanism had obtained -the upper hand. Masturbation, that had previously been practiced -without evil effects, now began to disclose its bad results.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Since July, 1889, he had suffered with neuralgia of the testicles. -The pain occurred particularly at night; and at night there was also -trembling (increased reflex excitability).</p> - -<p class='c015'>Sleep was not refreshing, and he would wake up with pain in the -testicles. He was inclined, now, to indulge more frequently in onanism. -He was afraid of the consequences of the habit. He hoped that his -sexual life might still be turned into normal channels. Now, he thought -of the future; he had a relation with a girl, who was attractive to him, -and the thought to possess her as a wife was pleasing.</p> - -<p class='c015'>For five days he had abstained from onanism, but he could scarcely -believe that he would be able, with his own strength, to overcome the -habit. Of late he had been very much depressed, having lost all desire -for work, and become tired of life.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Patient is tall, powerful, well nourished, and has a thick growth of -beard. Skull and skeleton normal. Knee-jerks very prompt; deep reflexes -in upper extremities much increased. Pupils dilated, equal, and -act promptly. Carotids of equal calibre; hyperæsthesia urethræ; cords -and testicles not sensitive; genitals normal.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient was calmed, and given hope for the future, provided -that he give up onanism and attempt to transfer his sexual desires from -persons of his own sex to females.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Hip-baths (24° to 20° R.); ext. secal. conut. aquos., 0.5; antipyrin, -1.0 (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">pro die</span></i>); pot. brom., 4.0 (evenings), were ordered.</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_327'>327</span>December 13th. To-day the patient came, in a disturbed condition -of mind, complaining that, unaided, he was unable to resist the impulse -to masturbate, and he asked for help.</p> - -<p class='c015'>A trial of hypnosis induced a condition of deep lethargy in the patient.</p> - -<p class='c015'>He was given the following suggestions:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>1. I can not, must not, and will not masturbate again.</p> - -<p class='c015'>2. I abhor the love for my own sex, and shall never again think -men handsome.</p> - -<p class='c015'>3. I shall and will become well again, fall in love with a virtuous -woman, be happy, and make her happy.</p> - -<p class='c015'>December 14th. While out walking to-day, patient saw a handsome -man, and felt himself powerfully drawn toward him.</p> - -<p class='c015'>From this time there were hypnotic sittings every second day, -with the above suggestions.</p> - -<p class='c015'>December 18th (fourth sitting), somnambulism occurred; the impulse -to onanism and interest in men disappear.</p> - -<p class='c015'>At the eighth sitting “complete virility” was added to the above -suggestions. The patient feels himself morally elevated and physically -strengthened. The neuralgia of the testicles has disappeared. He now -found that he was without sexual feeling.</p> - -<p class='c015'>He now believed himself free from masturbation and contrary. -sexual inclination.</p> - -<p class='c015'>After the eleventh sitting he thought that further help was unnecessary. -He wished to go home, and marry. He felt well and potent. -Early in January, 1890, treatment ceased.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In March, 1890, the patient wrote: “I have since had several occasions -on which it has been necessary for me to use all my moral strength -in order to overcome my habit, and, thank God, I have been successful -in freeing myself from this vice. Several times I have had opportunity -for sexual intercourse, and I have found pleasure in it. I look calmly -on my happy future.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 135. <em>Acquired Contrary Sexual Instinct. Marked Improvement -under Hypnotic Treatment.</em>—Mr. P., born in 1863, official in a -manufactory. He comes of a highly respected patrician family of -Middle Germany, in which nervousness and insanity have been of -frequent occurrence.</p> - -<p class='c015'>His great-grandfather on the father’s side and his sister died insane; -the grandmother died of apoplexy; father’s brother died insane, -and a daughter of the latter died of cerebral tuberculosis. The maternal -grandmother was melancholic for years; maternal grandfather, insane. -A maternal uncle took his life in an attack of insanity. The patient’s -father is very nervous. An elder brother is very neurasthenic, and has -anomalies of the vita sexualis; another is the subject of Case 155; a third -is eccentric in conduct, and is said to be subject to fixed ideas. A sister -suffers with convulsions, and another died of them when a little child.</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_328'>328</span>The patient is constitutionally predisposed; for he was early very -peculiar, irritable, irascible, and impressed those around him as being -abnormal.</p> - -<p class='c015'>His vita sexualis appeared very early and in great intensity, and -was satisfied, without any seductions, in onanism. From his sixteenth -year the prematurely developed boy visited brothels of the Capital, using -his permissions to go out on Sundays and holidays for that purpose. He -took pleasure in coitus, but during the week he satisfied himself with -onanism. After his twentieth year, when he became independent, the -patient indulged with prostitutes excessively, and fell ill with neurasthenia -sexualis, becoming relatively impotent and unsatisfied in coitus, owing -to weakness of erection and premature ejaculation. His sexual libido -became more powerful than ever, and was satisfied in onanism. Early in -1888 the patient made the acquaintance of a young man. “By his pleasing -face, his attractive manner, and his beautiful form, he conquered me -entirely. I wished to speak to him, and was happy at mere sight of him. -I was completely in love with him. With this, my love for women was -extinguished. Any man could excite me to such an extent that, for some -moments, I would feel my memory fail, and I would stammer.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Soon after this I made the acquaintance of a gentleman who was -likewise very attractive, and who had a decided influence on my future -life. He was male-loving. I confessed to him that I no longer felt anything -but aversion for the female sex, and that I was attracted to men.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“When I once asked my companion how he brought it about that -soldiers would surrender themselves to him, he answered that the principal -thing was skill; almost any of them could be brought to it. Late in -1888, thinking of these words, I was attracted by an officer’s servant, and -was intensely excited by him, but ejaculation never occurred. Since I -saw that the soldier would surrender himself without trouble, I approached -him. Alium quondam militem in cubiculum allectum rogavi -ut veste exuta mecum in lectum concumberet. Rogatus fecit quæ volui -et alter alterius penem trivit.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Though after this success I misused many persons, I was never -really in love, so to speak, with but one. He was a very handsome young -fellow of seventeen. His voice was so attractive to me, and his manner -was so delicately proper, that I cannot forget him. In my dreams I -thought only of handsome young men, and often for whole nights I could -not sleep, owing to sensual feeling.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>Early in 1889 the patient’s conduct awakened a suspicion of male-love. -A threatening communication frightened him, and plunged him in -deep depression, so that he contemplated suicide. At the advice of the -family physician, he came to the Capital. Since the patient was unable -to overcome his habitual desires by his own will, hypnotic treatment -was undertaken. It induced but mild lethargy, and, in opposition to the -seduction of former lovers, it had but little effect.</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_329'>329</span>At that time the patient was wanting in earnest desire. There was -some improvement in matters, in the face of the disgrace to relatives and -the prospect of a legal examination that was actually threatening. The -patient determined to attempt a cure with the author.</p> - -<p class='c015'>I found him to be a delicate, pale, very neurasthenic man, much depressed, -and despairing about the future. He was without degenerative -signs. He realized his perverted situation, and seemed to be willing to -do anything in order to become again a decent, moral man.</p> - -<p class='c015'>He regretted exceedingly his sexual perversion, which he regarded -as abnormal, but also as having been acquired. He made no attempt to -conceal the fact that he could not control himself with young men, and -likewise he would not say that he could abstain from onanism, to which, -<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">faute de mieux</span></i>, he was driven. Only a powerful, imperious will could -keep him from it.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Thus far his male-love had consisted exclusively of mutual onanism. -Erections occurred only when touching men he loved; ejaculation resulted -early, but simple embrace was not sufficient. He had never felt -himself in any particular sexual <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i> toward a man. Genitals and -vegetative organs normal.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In addition to treatment directed to his neurasthenia, on April 8, -1890, hypnotic suggestion was begun. Hypnosis was easily induced by -simply looking at him, with verbal suggestion. After a half-minute the -patient passed into deep lethargy, with a cataleptiform state of the -muscles. The awakening was brought about by suggesting it at counting -three. Post-hypnotic suggestions were always successful. The -intra-hypnotic suggestions were:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>1. The interdiction of onanism.</p> - -<p class='c015'>2. The command that male-love should be felt to be disgraceful and -despicable, and that it should be impossible.</p> - -<p class='c015'>3. The command to regard only women as beautiful; to approach -them, to dream of them, and to have libido and erection at sight of -them.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The sittings occurred daily. On April 14th, the patient announced, -with thankfulness and a kind of moral satisfaction, that he had had -pleasure in coitus, and had ejaculated tardily. On April 16th, he felt -free from inclination to masturbate, attracted to women, and perfectly -indifferent to men. He dreamed of female charms and coitus with -women. May 1st, the patient seemed and felt himself to be normal -sexually. He has become a different man mentally, full of courage and -self-confidence. He has coitus with complete satisfaction, and thinks -that he is insured against relapse.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In a later letter Mr. P. writes: “As was only to be expected, I -find myself lastingly freed from my errors. All that remains to remind -me of my unhappy time are the dreams, which, though they are -infrequent, come from my past, which I have no power to banish, and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_330'>330</span>which sometimes, indeed, pleasantly occupy my thoughts. But by my -own will I yet hope soon to succeed in freeing myself absolutely from -them. Should I ever become weak again, the ideas you have impressed -on me would, I am sure, make an energetic resistance, and I -should not succumb.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>On October 20, 1890, P. wrote me: “I am completely cured of -onanism, and I have no pleasure in male-love. Yet complete virility -does not seem to have been re-established, notwithstanding the fact that -I lead a virtuous life. Nevertheless, I feel satisfied.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 136. <em>Acquired Contrary Sexual Instinct.</em>—Mr. Z., aged 32, -divorced. He comes of a hysteropathic mother. Maternal grandmother -suffered with hysteria, and her brothers and sisters were neurotic. One -brother is an urning. Z. was but poorly endowed mentally, and did not -learn easily. No sickness besides scarlatina. When thirteen, he was -taught to masturbate by companions in a school. Sexually, he was -hyperæsthetic, and, at seventeen, began to indulge in coitus, with full -pleasure and power. For reasons of position and money, he married at -twenty-six. The marriage was very unhappy. After a year Mrs. Z. -became incapable of coitus, by reason of uterine disease. Z. satisfied -his inordinate desires with other women, <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">faute de mieux</span></i>, by masturbation. -Besides, he gave himself up to play, led an absolutely dissolute -life, became exceedingly neurasthenic, and sought to strengthen his -weakened nerves by drinking great quantities of wine and brandy. To -his essential cerebral asthenia were added peripheral alcoholic cramps -and globus, and he became very emotional. His libido nimia continued -unabated. On account of his disgust of prostitutes and fear of infection, -satisfaction by coitus was exceptional. For the most part, the patient -helped himself with onanism.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Four years ago he noticed weakening of erection and decrease of -libido for women. He began to feel himself drawn toward men, and his -lascivious dreams were no longer concerned with women, but with men.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Three years ago, while being rubbed by a bath-attendant, he became -powerfully excited sexually (the attendant also had an erection, to patient’s -surprise). He could not keep from embracing and kissing the -attendant, and allowing him to perform masturbation on him, the -attendant doing it most willingly. From this time this mode of sexual -indulgence was all that he cared for. Women became a matter of entire -indifference to him; he devoted himself exclusively to men. With them -he practiced mutual masturbation, and had a longing to sleep with them. -He abhorred pederasty. He was entirely satisfied until (August, 1890) -an anonymous letter, warning him to be careful, brought him to his -senses. He was much frightened, had hysterical attacks, and became -much depressed. He was embarrassed before men, seemed like a pariah -in society, contemplated suicide, and finally confessed to a priest, who -comforted him. He now fell into a religious state (equivalent), and, out -<span class='pageno' id='Page_331'>331</span>of remorse and to cure himself of his abnormal sexual inclinations, wished -to go into a cloister. While in this state, my “Psychopathia Sexualis” -fell into his hands. He was frightened and filled with shame, but found a -comfort in it, inasmuch as he concluded that he must have some malady. -His first thought was to rehabilitate himself sexually in his own eyes. -He overcame all disinclination, and visited a brothel. At first he was -not successful, on account of great excitement, but he finally succeeded.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Since, however, his contrary sexual inclinations were not overcome, -in spite of all his efforts to put them down, he finally came to me, asking -for assistance. He felt himself to be terribly unfortunate, and very near -to despair and suicide. He saw destruction before him, and would be -saved at any price.</p> - -<p class='c015'>His confession was interrupted by numerous hysterical attacks. -Comforting and encouraging words about his future had a calming -influence.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Physically, patient presented a slightly retreating brow, with no -other anatomical signs of degeneration. Spinal irritation, exaggerated -deep reflexes, and a sense of pressure in the head pointed to a neurasthenic -condition. No genital anomalies, though there was hyperæsthesia -urethræ. Mien distressed; attitude relaxed; mind distracted and vacillating.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Hip baths, massage, ergot with antipyrin and pot. brom., ordered, -with interdiction of onanism, intercourse with men, and lascivious -thoughts of them.</p> - -<p class='c015'>After a few days the patient came complaining that he was not -equal to the task. He said his will was too weak. In this precarious -situation, it seemed that nothing but hypnotic treatment could bring -improvement.</p> - -<p class='c015'>September 11, 1889. First sitting. Bernheim’s method used, in -order to induce lethargy as quickly as possible.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Suggestions:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>1. I abhor onanism, and will not masturbate again.</p> - -<p class='c015'>2. I regard the inclination for men disgusting,—horrible; and I -shall never think men handsome and enticing.</p> - -<p class='c015'>3. Women alone I find enticing. Once a week I shall cohabit, -with full pleasure and power.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient received these suggestions, and repeated them in a -drawling tone.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The sittings took place every second day. After the fifteenth, it -was possible to induce the somnambulic stage of hypnosis with any post-hypnotic -suggestions desired.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient improved morally and mentally, but symptoms of cerebral -neurasthenia troubled him still, and, now and then, dreams of men -occurred; and there were, also, in the waking state, inclinations toward -men, which depressed him exceedingly.</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_332'>332</span>Treatment until September 24th. Result: Free from onanism; -no longer excitable to men, though impressionable to women. Normal -coitus once in eight days. Hysterical symptoms absent; neurasthenic -symptoms much ameliorated.</p> - -<p class='c015'>On October 6th the patient reported by letter that he was feeling -well, and expressed his gratitude for his salvation; he felt as if given a -new life.</p> - -<p class='c015'>December 9, 1889, patient again came for treatment. Of late he -had had lascivious dreams of men twice, but had experienced no inclination -toward men in the waking state. He had also resisted the impulse -to masturbate, though, while living alone in the country, he had had no -opportunity for coitus. He had inclinations only for the opposite sex, -and, as a rule, dreamed only of females. Returned to the city, he had -indulged in coitus with pleasure. The patient felt himself morally -rehabilitated, being almost free from neurasthenic symptoms; and, after -three more hypnotic sittings, he declared himself perfectly well, and -confident that he would not relapse. Such a relapse occurred, however, -in September, 1890, when, after over-exertion on an excursion into the -mountains, and emotional strain with want of opportunity for coitus, he -had again become neurasthenic.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Again he had dreams of men, and felt drawn toward attractive -male forms; he masturbated many times, and, after returning to the -city, found no real pleasure in coitus. By means of anti-neurasthenic -treatment and hypnosis, it was possible soon to restore the previous -condition.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In the course of the years 1890 and 1891 the patient now and then -had contrary sexual feelings and dreams, but only when, as a result of -emotional strain or excesses, his neurosis re-appeared. At such times -satisfaction in coitus was wanting. He would then find it necessary to -undergo a few hypnotic sittings, in order to restore his equilibrium—always -with success.</p> - -<p class='c015'>At the end of 1891 the patient pointed with satisfaction to the -fact that, since treatment, he had been able to avoid masturbation and -male-intercourse, and had regained his self-confidence and self-respect.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The foregoing details of the successful results of hypnotic -suggestion, in cases of acquired contrary sexual feeling, make it -seem possible that those unfortunates that are afflicted with the -congenital perversion may be helped in some degree by the -same means.</p> - -<p class='c010'>To be sure, here the condition is entirely different, since a -congenital condition must be combated, an abnormal psycho-sexual -life annihilated, and a new one created. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">A priori</span></i> this -<span class='pageno' id='Page_333'>333</span>task seems impossible; at least, in the perfect urning. That the -apparently impossible is artificially possible may be seen from -the case of Schrenk-Notzing, which follows below. It far surpasses -the case reported by me (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">v. infra</span></i>), in which at least the -homo-sexual feelings and impulses were removed by means of -hypnotic suggestion.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The case of Ladame (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">v. infra</span></i>) is an analogous one. The -conditions are more favorable in psycho-sexual hermaphrodites, -where at least there are rudiments of hetero-sexual feelings that -may be strengthened and made operative by suggestion.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 137. “I was born in 1858, out of wedlock. It was only late -that I was able to trace my obscure origin, and obtain knowledge of my -parents; and this knowledge is, unfortunately, very obscure and imperfect. -My father and mother were cousins. My father died three years -ago. He had later married, and, as far as I know, had several healthy -children.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I do not think that my father had contrary sexual feelings. -Without knowing him as my father, I often saw him when I was a child. -He was a powerful, masculine man. As for the rest, it is said that, at -the time of my birth, or before, he was sexually ill.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I have often seen my mother on the street, but I did not then -know that she was my mother. At the time of my birth she may have -been about twenty-four years old. She was tall, and quick and energetic -of movement, and her character was decided. At the time of my birth -she is reported to have gone about much in male attire, to have worn -short hair, to have smoked a long pipe, and in general to have been remarkable -for her eccentric character. She was exceedingly well educated, -and is said to have been beautiful in her youth. She left a fortune,—considerable -even when measured by our present ideas,—but she -died unmarried.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“In any case, all this would point to homo-sexual inclinations, or, -at least, to abnormalities. On the other hand, several years before my -birth, my mother took care of a little girl. This step-sister, whom I -never knew, married young, but early in her married life, for reasons -unknown to me, she poisoned herself.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I am 1.7 metres tall, measure 92 centimetres around the waist, -and 102 centimetres around hips, and, therefore, I think my pelvis is -somewhat over-developed. The subcutaneous fat has always been abundant. -Skeletal form is strong. The muscular system is well formed, but, -from lack of exercise, perhaps owing to the influence of early, long-continued, -and frequent indulgence in onanism, it is not well developed; -so that I appear stronger than I really am. Hair of head and face is -<span class='pageno' id='Page_334'>334</span>normal; genital hair, somewhat thin. The upper portion of the body is -as good as without hair. In all other ways my appearance is fully masculine. -Gait, attitude, and voice are those of a fully developed man, and -other urnings have often told me that they would never have suspected -my passion. I served in the army, and always found pleasure in all -knightly exercises,—riding, fencing, swimming, etc.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“My early training was under a priest. I had but few real playmates. -The family life of my foster-parents was faultless. In October, -1861, I entered the Institute. Here I indulged in my first perverse acts, -which I shall describe more fully when I come to the development of my -sexual life.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I finished the Gymnasium, served my voluntary years in the army, -and then studied forestry, being now a director of estates. During my -early years my mental development was very slow. I first learned to -speak in my third year, and thus the supposition that I had hydrocephalus -was strengthened. From the time of beginning school, my mental -development was abnormal; indeed, I learned easily, but I have never -been able to concentrate my activity on any particular subject. I have -a great interest in art and æsthetics, but almost none in music. In early -years my character was the worst possible. Without being able to give -any reason for it, during the last twelve years there has been an entire -transformation. Now, there is nothing I hate more than a lie, and I -never speak untruth even in jest. In financial matters, without being -avaricious, I have become an economical manager.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“It is enough that, with a deep feeling of shame, I look back on -my past; and, if I could be freed from my unhappy sexual perversion, or -perversity, I should justly regard myself as a true gentleman. I am -kind, and always ready to be charitable to the extent of my means; I -am gay-spirited, and regarded with favor socially. I have no trace of -that nervous irritability which is so often noticeable in others like me. -Too, I am not wanting in personal courage. There is nothing in the -early period of my development that points to abnormality. To be -sure, as a child, I liked to lie in bed on my abdomen, and, of a morning, -I often took delight in rolling about on my abdomen, much to the -amusement of my foster-parents; but I cannot recall that, at such times, -I ever had sensual feeling. I never sought much to play with girls, and -I never played with dolls. I early heard talk about sexual matters; but -I never thought anything about it. In my dreams, too, at that time, -there was nothing sexual; and, in my association with boys of my own -age, there was nothing of that kind. I think I may say that my vita -sexualis was really first awakened after I had been seduced into mutual -masturbation, in my thirteenth year, by a room-mate at the Institute. -At that time ejaculation did not take place, but first about a year later. -Nevertheless, I gave myself up to the vice of onanism passionately. At -this time, however, the first signs of homo-sexual inclination were manifested. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_335'>335</span>Youthful, powerful men, market-helpers, workmen, and soldiers -took possession of my dreams, and played an important <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i> in my -fancy while masturbating. At this time was also first shown the tendency -to pederasty, especially passive. Up to my fourteenth year I -frequently made mutual attempts at pederasty with my seducer, but -neither of us were successful in bringing about immissio. At the same -time, there was also a weak inclination for the female sex. About a year -after the first indulgence in onanism, I was once with a puella publica, -but I had neither ejaculation nor any especial feeling of sensual pleasure. -Thereafter, and up to my nineteenth year, I performed coitus in public -houses about six times. Erection and ejaculation occurred promptly, -but without marked sensual pleasure. At least onanism, particularly -mutual onanism, I liked quite as much. I have never had any love -for athletes. About ten years ago, while at H., a watering-place, I -thought I was in love with a beautiful lady of a highly respectable -family; I was happy in her presence, and thought myself happy in finding -my love returned. For a time this affair kept me from masturbating; -I was only afraid that, weakened by onanism that had been -practiced for years, I should be incapable of performing my marital -duty. When we became widely separated, my feeling quickly cooled; I -found that I had deceived myself; and, after about two years, without -jealousy, I was able to hear that the lady had married. My inclination -for women—if, in reality, I have ever had any—grew colder and colder. -Two and a half years ago, when I visited a public house with very virile -friends, I last performed coitus. There was erection, but no ejaculation. -Women have become indifferent to me. A prostitute who acts coarsely -excites my repugnance. With intellectual women, particularly when -they are elderly, I like to converse, but in their society I am often unskillful -and awkward, often devoid of tact. I have never been able to -find any charm in woman’s physical form.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“But, to return to the perverse inclinations. When, at the age of -fourteen, I went to H., I lost sight of my lover and seducer. He was -some years older than I, and was an official; and, in this capacity, when -I was nineteen, I again met him once on the railway. We immediately -cut the journey short, and lodged together, attempting mutual pederasty; -but, on account of pain, immissio was not successful. We amused ourselves -in mutual onanism. In H. I had sexual intercourse with two -fellow-students, but this intercourse was confined to frequent mutual -onanism, owing to the fact that they were not inclined to pederasty. -During the last year of my stay (when I was nineteen), I had intercourse -with another person, which likewise consisted of onanism; but our intercourse -was more intimate, and we always retired, and practiced mutual -onanism in bed. From Easter, 1869, until July, 1870, I had no lover. I -practiced onanism alone. When the war broke out, I offered myself as a -volunteer, but was not accepted. At the same time a former school-mate -<span class='pageno' id='Page_336'>336</span>offered himself. He had developed into a remarkably handsome -man. I had to spend one night with him in an over-crowded hotel. -Though as students we had never associated sexually, he was not -averse to my desire, and attempted pederasty. In this instance pain -prevented success; but, in the attempt, ejaculatio ante anum meum occurred. -Even now I can recall the pleasurable feeling I had in it,—a -feeling previously unknown. After the war I frequently met this friend, -but our intercourse was later limited to onanism. During the following -eighteen years I had but two opportunities for homo-sexual intercourse. -The first was in the winter of 1879, on the occasion of meeting a handsome -hussar in a railway carriage. I induced him to sleep with me at an -hotel. Later he confessed to me that he had previously practiced mutual -masturbation with the son of a landed proprietor of his town. I could -not bring him to pederasty. On the other hand, I induced ejaculation in -him by receptio penis ejus in os meum. This caused me no satisfaction, -but rather disgust. I have never tried it again; and, too, I have never -allowed receptio penis mei in os alterius. In 1887, likewise on the railway, -I made the acquaintance of a sailor, and induced him to stay with -me at an hotel. He said he had never practiced pederasty, but he was -ready for it. He was apparently sensually excited; he had an erection -immediately, and performed the act with evident passion. It was the first -time that pederasty was successfully performed. I had terrible pain, but -also indescribable pleasure.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“With my sojourn here, my vita sexualis has undergone a complete -change. I have learned how easy it is to find persons who, partly for -money and partly from desire, yield to our inclinations. I have also not -been spared annoying experiences with cheats. Until the end of the last -year (since then, owing to fear of venereal infection, I have not gone -beyond mutual masturbation), I enjoyed male-love to the full extent, -particularly in passive pederasty. I have never practiced active pederasty, -because I have found no one able to endure the pain.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Generally, I seek my lovers among cavalrymen and sailors, and, -eventually, among workmen, especially butchers and smiths. Robust -forms, with healthy facial complexions, attract me especially. Leathern -riding-trousers have a particular charm for me. I have no partiality for -kissing and the like. I also love large, hard, and calloused hands.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I do not wish to leave unmentioned that, under certain circumstances, -I have great control of myself.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“As director of an estate, I lived in a large house. My personal -servant was a very handsome young man who had served in the hussars. -After once having spoken with him, in general terms, on the subject, and -found that he could not be approached, for years I lived in close intimacy -with him, and enjoyed his beauty, but never touched him. I think that, -to this day, he knows nothing of my passion. Likewise, two and a half -years ago, in C., I made the acquaintance of a sailor, who is still regarded -<span class='pageno' id='Page_337'>337</span>by me and my acquaintances as one of the handsomest men we know. -After an absence of more than two years, on invitation, he visited me a -few weeks ago. I knew how to arrange matters so that we slept in the -same room, and I burned with desire to be nearer to him. As a preliminary, -however, I sounded him in confidential talk; and, when I found -that he despised everything connected with male-love, I had not the -heart to approach him more closely. For weeks we slept in the same -room, and I took constant delight in his divine form (at first, was -sexually excited, in fact); I bathed with him, in the Roman manner, in -order to see his beautiful form naked,—but he never learned anything of -my passion. I still have an ideal, platonic relation with this young man, -who, for one of his position, has an unusual education and fine talent for -poetry.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Until my thirty-eighth year I had not a clear understanding -of my condition. I always thought that, by early and frequent masturbation, -I had become averse to women, and hoped always that, when the -right woman came, I should be able to abandon onanism and find -pleasure in her. Here it was that I first came to fully understand my -condition, after making the acquaintance of others suffering and feeling -like myself. At first I was frightened; later I came to look upon my -fate as something not dependent on myself. Too, I made no further -effort to resist temptation.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Two or three weeks ago ‘Psychopathia Sexualis’ fell into my -hands. The work has made an unexpectedly deep impression on me. -At first I read the work with an interest that was undoubtedly lascivious. -The description of the cultivation of <em>mujerados</em>, for example, -excited me uncommonly. The thought of a young, powerful man being -emasculated in this manner, in order, later, to be used for pederasty by -a whole tribe of wild, powerful, and sensual Indians, so excited me that -I masturbated five times during the next two days, fancying myself such -a presumptive <em>mujerado</em>. The farther I read in the book, however, the -more I saw its moral earnestness; the more I felt disgust with my condition; -and the more I saw that I must do everything, if it were possible, -to bring about a change in my condition. When I had finished the -book, I was determined to seek assistance from its author.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“The reading of this work had an undoubted effect. Since then I -have masturbated only twice, and have practiced onanism with cavalrymen -only twice. In every instance I have had really less pleasure and -satisfaction than before, and I always have the feeling: ‘Ah, if I could -only be free from it!’ Nevertheless, I confess that, even now, in the -society of handsome soldiers, I immediately have erection.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“In conclusion, I may add that, in spite of, or, perhaps, on account -of, onanism, I have never had pollutions. The ejaculation of semen, -which usually consists of only a few drops, and it has always been so, -takes place only after prolonged friction. If, for any reason, I have not -<span class='pageno' id='Page_338'>338</span>masturbated for a long time, the ejaculation takes place quickly, and is -more abundant. About twelve years ago Hansen tried in vain to -hypnotize me.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>In the spring of 1891 the writer of the foregoing autobiography -visited me, with the declaration that he could live no longer in his condition; -that he looked to hypnotic treatment as the only hope of salvation, -for he had not strength enough to resist his impulse to masturbation -and satisfaction with persons of his own sex. He felt like a pariah; -like an unnatural man; like one outside the laws of nature and society, -and in danger of criminal prosecution. He felt moral repugnance when -he performed the act with a man, but yet the sight of any handsome -soldier actually electrified him. For years he had not had the slightest -sympathy with women, not even mentally.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient looked to be exactly the person, physically and mentally, -described by himself in his autobiography. His head was exquisitely -hydrocephalic, and also plagiocephalic. At first attempts at hypnosis -met with difficulties. Only by Braid’s method, with the help of a little -chloroform, was deep lethargy attained at the third sitting. From that -time simply looking at a shining object was sufficient. The suggestions -consisted of the command to avoid masturbation, the removal of homo-sexual -feelings, and the assurance that the patient would have inclination -for women and be virile, and have pleasure only in hetero-sexual intercourse. -Masturbation was indulged in but once; after the eighth sitting -the patient dreamed of a woman.</p> - -<p class='c015'>When, after the fourteenth sitting, the patient had to return, on -account of pressing business, he declared that he was quite free from -any inclination to masturbate or to indulge in male-love, but that he was -by no means absolutely free from his partiality for men. He felt a -returning interest in the female sex, and hoped to be freed finally from -his unhappy condition by continuance of the treatment.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 138. <em>Psychical Hermaphroditism.</em>—Mr. von P., aged 25, -single, comes of a neuropathic family. As a child he had convulsions. -He recovered, but remained weak, emotional, and irritable. No severe -illnesses. Before his tenth year sexuality was manifested. His earliest -remembrance concerning it was that of lascivious feelings in company -with the servants of the house. When older, he had sensual dreams -which were of intercourse with men. In circuses the male performers -alone interested him.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Youthful, powerful men were most enticing to him. Often, he -could scarcely resist the longing to fall on their necks and kiss them. -Of late simply the touching of such persons had become sufficient to give -him pleasure and induce ejaculation. The impulse to engage in “affairs” -with men he had, thus far, fortunately resisted. The patient is a psychical -hermaphrodite, in so far as he is not insensitive to the charms of -women, and finds men more pleasing than women. In fact, feminine -<span class='pageno' id='Page_339'>339</span>nudity had never pleased him, and he can remember only to have -dreamed once of coitus with a woman.</p> - -<p class='c015'>On account of his great sexual desire, and because he was ashamed -to give himself up to men, after his twentieth year he began to have -sexual intercourse with women. Since then, he has very seldom indulged -in manual onanism, but often in mental masturbation, during which the -forms of handsome men float through his fancy.</p> - -<p class='c015'>He had coitus with success, but without pleasure or sensual -feeling. On account of circumstances, he was forced to abstain from -his twenty-second until his twenty-fourth year. This abstinence was -painful, and he relieved himself, now and then, by mental onanism.</p> - -<p class='c015'>When, a year ago, he had opportunity again for coitus, he noticed -failure of libido for women, imperfect erection, and premature ejaculation. -Finally he gave up coitus; then libido for men was manifested.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In the condition of irritable weakness of the ejaculatory centre, -mere touching of sympathetic men was sufficient to induce ejaculation.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Patient is an only child. The circumstances of his family demand -that he marry. He justly hesitates to do this, thinks he is mentally -impotent, and asks for advice and help.</p> - -<p class='c015'>He points out that his feeling for men must be eradicated in order -to help him.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Patient’s appearance is, in all respects, masculine. His head is -slightly hydrocephalic and rhombic. Abundant growth of beard. Genitals -normal; cremasteric reflex cannot be excited. No manifestations -of neurasthenia. Neuropathic eyes. Pollutions infrequent. Erections -occur only as a result of contact with men.</p> - -<p class='c015'>July 16, 1889, hypnotic suggestion, after Bernheim’s method, was -begun. It was first at the third sitting that deep lethargy was induced.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Suggestions: “You have no longer any desire for men. Only -woman is beautiful and desirable. You will love a woman, marry, be -happy, and make her happy. You are fully potent; you feel that -already.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>In daily hypnosis, which never goes beyond lethargy, the patient -accepts the suggestions. On July 24th, he announces that he has had -pleasure in coitus; and the male servants no longer interest him. At -the same time, he still finds men more beautiful than women. On August -1, 1889, it was necessary to discontinue treatment. Result: Completely -potent; entire indifference for men, but also for women.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The same treatment met with decided success in a case of -psycho-sexual hermaphroditism, reported by me in vol. i of the -<cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Internat. Centralblatt für die Physiol. u. Path. der Harn- und -Sexualorgane</span></cite>.</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_340'>340</span>Case 139. Mr. von X., aged 25, landed proprietor. He comes of a -neuropathic, passionate father. Father is said to have been normal -sexually. His mother was nervous, as were her two sisters. Maternal -grandmother was nervous, and his maternal grandfather was a <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">roué</span></i>, -much given to venery. Patient is like his mother, and an only child. -From birth he was weak, suffered much with migraine, and was nervous. -He passed through several illnesses. At fifteen he began masturbation, -without having been taught it.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Until his seventeenth year he says he never had feeling for men, -or, in fact, any sexual inclination; but at this time desire for men arose. -He fell in love with a comrade. His friend returned his love. They -embraced and kissed and indulged in mutual onanism. Occasionally -patient practiced coitus inter femora viri. He abhorred pederasty. Lascivious -dreams were concerned only with men. In the circus and -theatre males alone interested him. The inclination was for those of -about twenty years. Handsome, tall forms were enticing to him. Given -these conditions, he was quite indifferent to other characteristics of the -men. In his sexual affairs with men his part was always that of a man.</p> - -<p class='c015'>After his eighteenth year the patient was always a source of -anxiety to his highly respected parents, for he then began a love-affair -with a male waiter, who fleeced him and made him an object of remark -and ridicule. He was taken home. He consorted with servants and -hostlers. He caused a scandal. He was sent away for travel. In -London he got into a “blackmailing scrape,” but succeeded in escaping -to his home.</p> - -<p class='c015'>He profited in no way by this bitter experience, and again showed -disgraceful inclinations toward men. Patient was sent to me to be cured -of his fatal peculiarity (December 12, 1888). Patient is a tall, stately, -robust, well-nourished young man, of masculine build; large, well-formed -genitals. Gait, voice, and attitude are masculine. He has no pronounced -masculine passions. He smokes but little, and only cigarettes; -drinks little, and is fond of confectionery. He loves music, arts, -æsthetics, flowers, and moves in ladies’ society by preference. He wears -a moustache, the face being otherwise cleanly shaved. His garments -are in nowise remarkable. He is a soft, <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">blasé</span></i> fellow, and a do-nothing. -He lies abed mornings, and can scarcely be made to rise before noon. -He says he has never regarded his inclination toward his own sex as -abnormal. He looks upon it as congenital; but, taught by his evil -experiences, he wishes to be cured of his perversion. He has little -faith in his own will. He has tried to help himself, but always begins to -masturbate. This he finds injurious, inasmuch as it causes slight neurasthenic -symptoms. There is no moral defect. The intelligence is a little -below the average. Careful education and aristocratic manners are -apparent. The exquisite neuropathic eye betrays the nervous constitution. -The patient is not a complete and hopeless urning. <em>He has hetero-sexual -<span class='pageno' id='Page_341'>341</span>feelings, but his sensual inclinations toward the opposite sex are -manifested weakly and infrequently.</em> When nineteen, he was first taken -to a brothel by friends. He experienced no horror feminæ, had efficient -erections, and some pleasure in coitus, but not the instinctive delight he -experienced while embracing men.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Since then, patient asserts that he has had coitus six times, twice -<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">sua sponte</span></i>. He gives the assurance that he is always capable of it, but -he does it only <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">faute de mieux</span></i>, as he does masturbation, when the sexual -impulse troubles him, as a substitute for intercourse with men. He has -thought of the possibility of finding a sympathetic lady and marrying -her. He would regard marital cohabitation and abstinence from intercourse -with men as hard duties.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Since there were rudiments of hetero-sexual feelings present, and -the case could not be looked upon as hopeless, it seemed that treatment -was indicated. The indications were clear enough, but there was no -support for them in the will of the indolent patient, so unconscious of -his own position. It lay near to seek support for the moral influence in -hypnosis. The fulfillment of this hope seemed doubtful, because the -famous Hansen had tried several times, in vain, to hypnotize him.</p> - -<p class='c015'>At the same time, by reason of the most important social interests -of the patient, it was necessary to make another attempt. To my great -surprise, Bernheim’s procedure induced immediately a condition of deep -lethargy, with possibility of post-hypnotic suggestion.</p> - -<p class='c015'>At the second sitting somnambulism was induced by merely looking -at him. The patient is obnoxious to suggestions of all kinds; indeed, -contractures are induced by stroking him. He is awakened by counting -three. Awakened, patient has amnesia for all the events of the hypnotic -state. Hypnosis is induced every second or third day for the communication -of hypnotic suggestions. At the same time, moral and hydro=therapeutic -measures are employed.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The hypnotic suggestions were as follow:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>1. I abhor onanism, because it makes me sick and miserable.</p> - -<p class='c015'>2. I no longer have inclination toward men; for love of men is -against religion, nature, and law.</p> - -<p class='c015'>3. I feel an inclination toward women; for woman is lovely and -desirable, and created for man.</p> - -<p class='c015'>During the sittings the patient always repeats these suggestions. -After the fourth sitting it was noticeable that, when taken into society, -he paid court to ladies. Shortly after that, when a famous prima-donna -sang, he was all enthusiasm for her. Some days later the patient sought -the address of a brothel.</p> - -<p class='c015'>At the same time, he preferred the society of young gentlemen; -but the most careful watching failed to reveal anything suspicious.</p> - -<p class='c015'>February 17th. Patient asks to be allowed to indulge in coitus, and -is very well satisfied with his experience with one of the <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">demi-monde</span></i>.</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_342'>342</span>March 16th. Up to this time, hypnosis twice a week. The patient -always passes into deep somnambulism by simply being looked at, and, -at request, repeats the suggestions. He is obnoxious to all kinds of -post-hypnotic suggestion, and, in the waking state, knows not the -least of the influences exerted on him in the hypnotic state. In the -hypnotic condition he always gives the assurance that he is free from -onanism and sexual feeling for men. Since he gives the same answers -in hypnosis,—<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">e.g.</span></i>, that on such and such a date he practiced onanism -for the last time, and that he is too much under the will of the physician -to be able to lie,—his assertions deserve belief; the more, since he looks -well and is free from all neurasthenic symptoms, and, in the society of -men, not the slightest suspicion rests on him. An open, free, and manly -bearing is developed.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Moreover, since, of his own will, he now and then indulges in coitus -with pleasure, and occasional pollutions are induced by lascivious dreams -which concern women, there can be no doubt of the favorable change of -his vita sexualis; and it is presumable that the hypnotic suggestions -have developed into auto-suggestive inclinations, which direct his feelings, -thoughts, and will. Probably the patient will always remain a -natura frigida; but he more often speaks of marriage, and of his intention -to win a wife as soon as he has become acquainted with a sympathetic -lady.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In July, 1889, I received a letter from his father, which told me of -his good health and conduct.</p> - -<p class='c015'>On May 24, 1890, by chance, I met my former patient, while on a -journey. His bright, healthful appearance allowed the most favorable -opinion of his condition. He told me that he still had sympathetic -feeling for some men, but never anything like love. He occasionally had -pleasurable coitus with women, and now thought of marriage.</p> - -<p class='c015'>I hypnotized him, in the former manner, to try him, and asked -for the commands I had given him. In a deep condition of somnambulism, -and in the same tone of voice as formerly, the patient repeated -the suggestions he had received in December, 1888,—an excellent example -of the possible duration and power of post-hypnotic suggestion.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 140. <em>Psychical Hermaphroditism; Improvement with Hypnotic -Treatment.</em>—Mr. von K., aged 23; of distinguished family; well endowed -mentally; scrofulous as a child. His father is said to have been dissipated. -His father’s brother is said to have been subject to contrary -sexuality.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient states that, when only seven years old, he had a peculiar -inclination for male persons. It was particularly coachmen and -servants having moustaches for whom he showed partiality at that time. -He experienced a peculiar delightful sensation when he pressed himself -against such persons.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient entered the cadet corps early, and there he was seduced -<span class='pageno' id='Page_343'>343</span>into mutual onanism, and also learned imitatio coitus inter femora viri. -At the age of seventeen he had coitus with a prostitute for the first -time. He performed the act perfectly, but had not the slightest pleasure -in it; and he learned that this kind of gratification amounted to nothing, -or that he must be different from other young men.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Nevertheless, he often had coitus, and contracted gonorrhœa. -After this he experienced an increasing aversion for the female sex, and -indulged in coitus less and less frequently; in fact, only when, with -intense libido, he could not gain opportunity for intercourse with men. -His inclination for men predominated more and more, and he was -attracted exclusively by those handsomely formed, and having as little -beard as possible. He descended to the most revolting practices,—coitus -buccalis, active and passive pederasty.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient was deeply ashamed of such depravity, and was constantly -endeavoring to get into better ways by means of coitus with -women. But he came to the despairing conclusion that his moral -strength was insufficient, that he was indifferent about intercourse with -women, or that it was repugnant to him; and that he was created for -sexual intercourse with persons of his own sex. In fact, he had never -dreamed of women, but always of men; and that at a time, too, when he -had no suspicion of the difference between the sexes.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient comes for consultation, because he sees that he is -jeopardizing the happiness of his whole life, and recognizes the unnaturalness -and immorality of his sexual life. He does not regard his condition -as hopeless; for he has no horror of women, and three weeks ago -he had successful coitus with one, though it was devoid of all pleasure -and mental satisfaction. He has no doubt that he was really created to -love men; but, owing to acquired neurasthenia, in the sexual act with a -man he experiences no such pleasure as formerly. He had given up his -position as an officer, because the soldiers excited him so sexually that -he feared he might compromise himself.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient is devoid of degenerative signs. His appearance is -perfectly masculine, and his genitals are normal. Examination of the -semen revealed abundance of spermatozoa. The penis is large and well -developed; the growth of hair ad genitalia, as well as on the rest of the -body, is abundant. The patient has masculine tastes, but has never been -partial to drinking and smoking. A neuropathic eye is all that points -to a nervous constitution.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In his sexual acts with men, he states that, as a rule, he has felt as -a man, only now and then as a woman.</p> - -<p class='c015'>An attempt at hypnosis leads to lethargy, with cataleptic condition -of the muscles, and the opportunity is used to impart suitable suggestions.</p> - -<p class='c015'>After the fourth sitting he expressed himself as satisfied, and -wondered that men made no impression on him. He wished to try his -fortune with women, but was afraid that he was impotent.</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_344'>344</span>After the sixth sitting, without advice, he attempted coitus cum -muliere. His libido was very great, but inter actum this and erection -left him.</p> - -<p class='c015'>After the ninth sitting the patient was forced to discontinue treatment, -owing to business that called him home. He was satisfied, in that -he felt indifferent and capable of resistance to men. He felt sure that -he would not relapse into his former vices. At the same time, he had -not the slightest interest in the female sex.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 141. Mr. X., aged 31, chemist, comes of a neuropathic family, -and from childhood has been nervous, emotional, and apprehensive, and -afflicted with migraine. He remembers distinctly that, when a very -small boy, he had a lustful feeling at the sight of the half-naked persons -in the work-shop at his father’s house, and felt drawn to them. When -he began school, he felt in the same way toward his companions. At the -age of eleven, without teaching, he began to masturbate, during which -he thought of his comrades. Later there were enthusiastic friendships. -His vita sexualis gained the upper hand. As he grew up, women also -interested him, but his chief interest was in men of the higher circles of -society. He felt that this inclination was abnormal, and sought the -acquaintance of puellis; he often had coitus, but never with any real -pleasure. Thus he became more and more given to contrary sexuality, -practiced mutual masturbation and coitus inter femora viri, and occasionally -gave himself up to passive pederasty; but he soon abandoned this, -on account of the pain it caused him.</p> - -<p class='c015'>He asserts that he feels perfectly masculine, and has never had -female inclinations. Skeleton and attitude perfectly masculine; strabismus; -abundant beard; genitals entirely normal. No aversion to the -female sex. Occasional coitus with puellis, but without satisfaction. -The patient feels exceedingly unhappy, and clearly recognizes his abnormal -position; at any price, he wishes to be freed from his homo-sexual -inclination, and made capable of marriage. “It is terrible to have to -act a farce constantly.” At the first attempt at hypnosis, after Bernheim’s -method, the patient passes into a state of deep lethargy. He -proves to be very susceptible to suggestion, and suitable suggestions are -imparted. After the fourth sitting, he states, with gratitude, that men -become indifferent, and he begins to have pleasure in coitus; but he did -not feel mentally satisfied, owing to the fact that he was limited to -puellæ publicæ. After the fourteenth sitting he declared that he required -no more treatment. He was in love with a young lady, and -thought of marrying her. He asked for her hand, and was refused. -Soon after, while he was on a journey in Italy, men interested him again. -He had a relapse, and asked for further treatment. A few sittings re-established -the <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">status quo ante</span></i>.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 142. <em>Psychical Hermaphroditism; Successful Treatment by -Hypnotic Suggestion.</em>—Mr. von Z., aged 29. He asserts that he comes -<span class='pageno' id='Page_345'>345</span>of healthy grandparents; of a healthy father, but of a nervous mother. -He is an only child, and was petted by his mother. At the age of eight -he was powerfully excited sexually by a male servant, who showed him -pornographic pictures and his penis.</p> - -<p class='c015'>When twelve years old, Z. fell in love with his tutor. On going to -sleep, the naked form of this man appeared before him. He thought of -himself as in a female <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i> in relation to him, and thought to marry him -some time.</p> - -<p class='c015'>At the age of thirteen, at a private ball, his fancy was excited by a -young governess, and, at fifteen, he fell in love with a young lady. He -remained very excitable sensually; but, thereafter, exclusively so to men -pleasing to him. Masturbation was not practiced.</p> - -<p class='c015'>At the age of twenty the patient became neurasthenic (ex abstinentia?). -He now attempted coitus, but was not successful. On the -other hand, he had intense desire on an occasion when he saw a naked -man in a steam-bath. The latter noticed his excitement, approached -him, and performed masturbation on him, giving the patient intense -delight. He felt powerfully attracted to this man, and, thereafter, -allowed him to repeat the act. In the meantime, there were attempts at -coitus with females, which always ended in a fiasco. The patient was -much troubled by this, and consulted physicians, who explained his impotence -as due to nervousness, and thought that it would soon pass off.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Until his twenty-fifth year his sexual indulgence consisted of masturbation -by the beloved man about once a month. At this time he last -felt attracted to a woman. It was to a young peasant-girl. She would -not accede to his wishes. Since his lover was also unattainable, the patient -began to masturbate alone. With this, his neurasthenia increased. -For this reason he was unable to finish his studies; he became shy, -dysthymic, abulic, and now vainly tried cures at various hydropathic -establishments. On account of continued severe (cerebro-spinal) neurasthenia, -the patient came to me for advice, in the latter part of -February, 1890.</p> - -<p class='c015'>A tall, slim man, of aristocratic and decidedly masculine manners. -Neuropathic appearance; large ears, the lobes of which run into and lose -themselves in the skin of the cheeks. Genitals perfectly normal. The -usual picture of cerebro-spinal neurasthenia of moderate degree. Great -depression; complaint of being dissatisfied with life, even to tædium -vitæ; he is pained by his sexual anomaly, especially because he is urged -by his family to marry.</p> - -<p class='c015'>He is interested in women only mentally, not physically. Sexually, -his only interest is in men of distinction. His dreams have never been -about persons of the opposite sex, but of those of his own sex. In these -lascivious dreams he has always seen himself in the <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i> of a woman.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The most refined woman has never been able to induce erection or -even libido in him.</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_346'>346</span>His sexual intercourse with men has consisted of passive or mutual -masturbation. He had practiced solitary onanism only infrequently and -<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">faute de mieux</span></i>. During the last five months he had abstained, and had -had no male intercourse since August, 1889.</p> - -<p class='c015'>An attempt at hypnosis, after Bernheim’s method, failed; prolonged -stroking of the brow induced deep lethargy, with catalepsy.</p> - -<p class='c015'>This method is used, in order to carry out suggestive treatment of -this patient, who is so worthy of compassion. The hypnotic state is -always the same; he cannot be brought into a state of somnambulism.</p> - -<p class='c015'>At the third sitting the patient is given the suggestions: ever despise -onanism and male love; find women beautiful, and dream of them.</p> - -<p class='c015'>After the sixth sitting (March 10th) a moral transformation takes -place in his mind. The patient becomes quieter, feels more free, and -dreams now and then of women, and no longer of men, finding that the -latter have become indifferent to him. He gratefully states that he has -no more inclination to masturbation. He approaches women, but he -notices that they have not the least attraction for him.</p> - -<p class='c015'>On March 19th, business called the patient home; so that the treatment -had to be discontinued.</p> - -<p class='c015'>On May 17, 1890, the patient returned for treatment. He asserted -that he had not masturbated in the interval, and that he had resisted his -inclination to men. Too, he had not dreamed of men, but twice of -women, though only platonically. His cerebral asthenia (ex abstinentia?) -had increased. He apparently suffers for the want of mental and sensual -satisfaction of his vita sexualis; for homo-sexual love and masturbation -have become impossible for him, and intercourse with women is denied -him. The patient is thus painfully depressed to the extent of tædium -vitæ.</p> - -<p class='c015'>He is now subjected to anti-neurasthenic treatment (hydro-therapeutic -and electro-therapeutic), and the treatment by hypnosis is resumed. -Only after ten weeks of painstaking treatment did the neurasthenic -symptoms disappear. Progressing parallel with this, there was -a change of his mental personality.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient was gratified to note that he grew stronger; that his -sexual life no longer played a dominating part. Though he felt more -drawn toward men than women, yet he easily resisted homo-sexual -desires. His former <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">boudoir</span></i> became a work-room; instead of to adornment -and frivolous reading, he gave himself to walks in the mountains -and forests. On account of the danger of a fiasco, the initiative in -hetero-sexual attempts was left to the patient.</p> - -<p class='c015'>It was not until the fourteenth week of treatment that the patient -made an attempt. It was perfectly successful. The patient became -happy, and sound in body and mind, and expressed the best hope of his -future, even having thoughts of marriage.</p> - -<p class='c015'>He experienced increasing pleasure in normal sexual intercourse; -<span class='pageno' id='Page_347'>347</span>he occasionally had lascivious dreams of women, and no longer dreamed -of men.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient stopped treatment at the end of September. He felt -perfectly normal in hetero-sexual intercourse, devoid of neurasthenia, and -had thoughts of marriage. Yet he freely confessed that he still always -had erections at the sight of a naked, handsome man; though he could -easily resist the desires that arose, and in dreams had exclusively “<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">relations -avec la femme</span></i>.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>In April, 1891, I again saw the patient, and he was in the best of -health. He regarded his vita sexualis as perfectly normal; for he had -coitus regularly with pleasure and full virility, dreamed only of women, -and had no inclination to masturbation. Yet he made the interesting -confession that frequently, post coitum, he still had a temporary “<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">gout -pour l’homme</span></i>,” which he could easily control. He thought he was lastingly -cured, and was occupied with thoughts of marriage.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 143. <em>Congenital Contrary Sexual Feeling. Successful Removal -of Homo-Sexual Feelings by Suggestions.</em>—L., doctor of philosophy, -aged 34, German, consulted me, in the spring of 1888, on account -of perversion of his vita sexualis, and asked whether he could not be -freed from it by means of hypnotic treatment.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Patient came of a healthy mother, in whose family, for generations, -there had been neither insanity nor nervous disease. He, like -his only brother, is much like his father mentally. His brother is very -sensual, and also psychically abnormal, and given to over-indulgence in -drink.</p> - -<p class='c015'>His father was a neuropathic, eccentric man. Nothing is known -of any abnormal sexual manifestations in him, though, like all his -brothers, he had a tendency to over-indulgence in alcohol.</p> - -<p class='c015'>This vice seems to have been inherited from his mother (grandmother -of patient), who was a notorious drinker. The father of this -woman (great-grandfather of patient) was also a great drinker. No other -ancestral history was obtainable.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Patient states that from childhood he was nervous and easily excited. -He learned very easily, and had a talent for languages. He was -always interested in art, particularly in music and poetry. His education -was excellent, and given at home. When he was thirteen, his father told -him that he should never touch his genitals, for it was wrong to do so, -and to do it might bring unhappiness.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Occasionally his father showed him pictures of syphilitic diseased -conditions, etc., in an anatomical museum, and the patient was disgusted -and frightened. He believed that his later fear of sexual intercourse -with women was partly nourished by this early erroneous teaching.</p> - -<p class='c015'>However, the patient seeks the principal cause of his sexual perversion -in a defect of organization. When a small boy, he had a silly enthusiasm -for companions. He also remembers that, at that time, he had a -<span class='pageno' id='Page_348'>348</span>desire only for girlish games, and preferred the society of girls. When -a boy, he had a passion for crocheting and embroidering. At fourteen he -was still without any sexual knowledge, and fell into the hands of a -pederast. He ran away, frightened, when he learned what was to be done -with him. When fifteen, a sympathetic companion was accustomed to lay -his head in the patient’s lap. This gave the patient a peculiar pleasurable -feeling, but he knew no explanation of it. At sixteen he had the first -erections—at the sight of men.</p> - -<p class='c015'>At twenty he first learned that his sexual condition was perverse, -and recognized the fact that what he had taken for friendship was love. -He was much frightened at the discovery, and much pained. His sympathies -were directed toward young men of the upper class that were -handsomely formed and of pleasing appearance.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The society of ladies had no effect on him. He was never attracted -by the charms of the opposite sex. In his fifteenth year he had a sensual -dream, in which he thought a girl of elegant figure sat opposite him, on -a sofa.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In the theatre it was only the art of the actresses that he admired; -the actors excited his real interest.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Drinking and smoking had always been very repugnant to him. -Hunting and gymnastics, and other masculine occupations, had no -interest for him. He did not enter the army, because his general physical -weakness precluded it.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient has but little sexual desire. He has never had any impulse -to satisfy himself with persons of his own sex. Some years ago, -when he first tried to embrace a man lovingly, he had powerful erection and -became greatly excited; but he was able to control himself and to repel -his lover. Thereafter he always avoided such attempts. It was only -seldom that he became powerfully excited sexually, and even then he was -not driven to satisfy himself. He was never given to onanism. During -the establishment of puberty, the patient had frequent dreams with pollutions, -but these were not induced by erotic fancies of any kind.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Some years ago, for a long time, ejaculation was always induced by -the embrace of a sympathetic man, but this condition of irritable weakness -disappeared. As years passed, the patient, who had always had a -desire for marriage and a family, became anxious on account of the conviction -that the inclination toward females, for which he had hoped, -would never come. It became more and more clear to him that he was -abnormal, and he began to have fears about his virility and his future -happiness in life.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In order to test the matter, he sought a brothel. He found a prostitute -of beautiful form; he had the best will to satisfy himself that he -was virile; the woman did all she could, but in vain. There was no -erection, and he withdrew, ashamed. New attempts, under the most -favorable circumstances, were likewise failures, though the patient -<span class='pageno' id='Page_349'>349</span>brought his imagination to his aid, and thought himself to be embracing -a man instead of a woman.</p> - -<p class='c015'>He now realized that his ideal—to consummate marriage—was -impossible. He felt himself very unfortunate, and dissatisfied with life. -Besides, it forced itself upon him that morally he was lowered, because -he could not overcome his inclination for his own sex, and his friendship -for respectable men of his circle was degraded by sexual feelings. In -his consultation with me, the patient was unending in the description of -his painful situation. His ideal was marriage. He longed for it, for -purely ethical reasons. He thought of it as something holy; but the -begetting of children, the sexual act, was very repugnant to him. At -the same time, he saw that he could not really marry without being -potent. Would not hypnotic suggestion exercise a favorable influence -on his sexual life? He had not the energy of a man of normal sexual -condition. He seemed to himself to be all wrong. He would endure all—to -be poor and miserable—if he could but have a normal sexual inclination.</p> - -<p class='c015'>When the patient was gently told of the congenital and deep constitutional -significance of his sexual anomaly, and shown that, therefore, -the creation of a normal sexual condition was doubtful, he thought that -he would be satisfied to remain in his condition. But he wished to know -whether it were not possible to eradicate his inclination for men, without -attempting to create an equivalent for women; and if, in hypnosis, it could -not be suggested to him that, in the future, men be a matter of indifference -to him, and that, in intercourse with his friends, he no longer be excited -sexually. Such a result would elevate very much his moral feeling, and -make him satisfied and unembarrassed in social relations with his friends.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The possibility of such suggestive removal of feelings by hypnosis -could not be gainsaid, though he was in doubt as to whether he could be -hypnotized or not, since the hypnoscope had proved to have no effect -upon him.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Out of pity and scientific interest, I decided to make an immediate -attempt at hypnosis, after Bernheim’s method.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient passed easily into a condition of deep lethargy, and, in -a drawling voice, repeated the following suggestion: “I feel that, from -this time, I am sexually indifferent to men; and, that a man is as sexually -indifferent to me as a woman.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>When I counted three,—having suggested previously that he awake -at three,—the patient came to himself, as if out of a deep sleep, and performed -immediately the post-hypnotic suggestion to open the door of -the stove. He said that he had not lost consciousness entirely, that he -had felt as one paralyzed and without will, and that he had felt a -peculiar creeping sensation in all his limbs.</p> - -<p class='c015'>After five days the patient came again. In manner he was a -different person, and he said, joyfully, that he felt like another man. -Energy and will-power—the loss of which he had felt so keenly—had -<span class='pageno' id='Page_350'>350</span>returned. He felt, now, entirely unembarrassed toward men, and had a -new joy in living.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The following seven days he was hypnotized. Hypnosis is no -longer as deep as at first, though the suggestion is always accepted and -repeated. However, he is quite profoundly influenced; for, the suggestion -given, he sleeps on, in a state of lethargy, for ten minutes, and has -to be awakened by suggestion. This always occurs as if from a deep -sleep,—slowly, and through a stage of somnolence.</p> - -<p class='c015'>After the eighth sitting the patient found himself well and happy, -and in possession of full self-confidence. He had the feeling and the -evidence that men had no influence on him.</p> - -<p class='c015'>He thought he could dispense with hypnotic treatment, and gratefully -took his leave, with the promise that, should the influence of the -suggestion fade, he would come again. Since then, I have heard nothing -more of this interesting patient, and I have reason to hope that he -remains improved.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient is, in all respects, of masculine appearance; beard -abundant. Physically, with the exception of slight neurasthenic symptoms, -he presents nothing remarkable. Genitals normal. (Personal case. -<cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Internat. Centralblatt</span></cite>, etc., Bd. i, Heft 1.)</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 144. X., aged 33; single; tall. Mentally, of small endowment; -comes of tainted family. Paternal grandfather died at thirty-four -with a mental disease, which is said to have developed as a result of -onanism and spermatorrhœa. His father and brother suffered with disturbances -of the sexual functions. There was insanity in the mother’s -family; other branches of the family were noted for their irritable and -eccentric character.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient has too small a head, a retreating brow, abnormal ears, -sparse growth of hair, and a hernia, which is probably congenital. -Genitals large, and normally developed.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Great impressionability; neuropathic constitution; occasional tædium -vitæ. For several years, peculiar, imperative ideas: that he is a -locomotive; a horse; a velocipede; and, that he must act accordingly. -From his earliest youth, contrary sexual feeling (congenital). Horror -feminæ; sexual inclination toward boys; satisfaction by sensual contact, -and, <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">faute de mieux</span></i>, masturbation. One day he had an affair with a -boy dressed in gray, which made a deep impression on him. Since then, -while masturbating, the image of the boy comes into his mind; and he -cannot see gray clothes without having powerful erections. On the -advice of physicians whom he consulted, he attempted coitus with -women, but was cold and impotent, notwithstanding the assistance of -memory-pictures of the boy dressed in gray; and he finally gave up the -efforts.</p> - -<p class='c015'>March 27th, first hypnotic sitting. Small result. He resists, and -says his fancy keeps him from going to sleep.</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_351'>351</span>In a further series of sittings he declares that he experiences unfavorable -effects,—is more excited, and troubled by imperative ideas and -the desire to masturbate. He makes fun of the physician and hypnotism, -and offers much resistance, with the expression that hypnotism is good -for nothing, and only makes people crazy.</p> - -<p class='c015'>However, gradually it became possible to induce somnambulism. -After twenty-five sittings the patient confessed that he was better, and -that he was less troubled with imperative ideas and onanism. The sittings -were repeated every week or two. The patient felt mentally and -morally well, ceased to masturbate, but, at the end of treatment, was indifferent -toward the opposite sex (Dr. Ladame, <cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Revue de l’hypnotisme</span></cite>, -September 1, 1889).</p> - -<p class='c010'>In the two foregoing cases there was successful suggestive -removal of homo-sexual feelings,—a result which, as Case 143 -shows, means a great improvement for such unfortunate individuals, -in that it protects them from shame and the law. An -entirely different and phenomenal result is presented by the -following case, reported by Dr. v. Schrenk-Notzing in the -<cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Wiener internat. klin. Rundschau</span></cite>, October 6, 1889, No. 40, -which is a case of effemination. It discloses a new method -of treatment of urnings; but it is necessary to guard against -illusions. Only where hypnosis can be deepened to somnambulism, -are decided and lasting results to be expected:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 145. <em>Congenital Contrary Sexual Instinct Improved by -Hypnotic Suggestion.</em>—R., official, aged 28. January 20, 1888, he sought -medical advice. He is the brother of the patient who is the subject of -Case 135, and, therefore, of a badly tainted family (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">v. supra</span></i>). Toward the -end of treatment, he confessed that he was the author of the autobiography -which was published as Case 83 in the fifth edition of this work, and it -is here reproduced:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>“In brief, my abnormality consists of this, that in sexual relations I -feel myself to be completely feminine. Since my earliest youth, in my -sexual acts and fancies, I have always had before my eyes only images -of masculine beings and masculine genitals.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Until I went to the University, I found nothing in this (I had never -spoken with others about my fancies, but rather, while at the Gymnasium, -lived a silent and retired life).</p> - -<p class='c015'>“While at the University, it struck me that female persons made not -the slightest impression on me. Since then, in houses of prostitution, -etc., I have attempted coitus, or only to obtain an erection, with women, -but always in vain.</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_352'>352</span>“Erection ceased immediately, as soon as I was in a room alone with -a woman. At first I considered it impotence, though, at the same time, I -was so excited sexually that I had to masturbate several times during the -day in order to sleep.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Quite different, however, has been the development of my feelings -toward the masculine sex, and it has grown stronger every year. -At first they expressed themselves in extraordinary, enthusiastic friendship -for certain persons, under whose windows at night I would wait -for hours; whom in all possible ways I would try to meet on the streets, -and with whom I sought to come in contact. I wrote such persons -the most passionate letters, in which, however, I was shy in expressing -my feelings too plainly. Later, after my twentieth year, I came -to understand the essential nature of my inclinations, particularly from -the sensual pleasure I experienced as soon as I came in direct contact -with any of these friends. These persons were all finely built men, -with dark hair and eyes. I have never had my feelings excited by boys. -Real pederasty is absolutely incomprehensible to me. About this time -(twenty-second to twenty-third year) the circle of my beloved friends -grew more and more extensive. Now I can scarcely see a handsome man -on the street without having the wish to possess him excited in me. The -fact is, I especially love persons of the lower classes, whose powerful -forms attract me,—soldiers, policemen, car-drivers, etc.,—<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">i.e.</span></i>, all that wear -uniforms. If one of these returns my look, I feel a kind of thrill go -through my whole body. I am especially excitable in the evening, and -merely the heavy tread of a soldier is alone sufficient to induce the -most powerful erections. I take a very peculiar pleasure in following -such persons and looking at them. As soon as I learn that they are -married, or that they consort with girls, my excitement very frequently -ceases.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“A few months ago I became able to control my inclinations to -such an extent that they were not directly noticeable. About this time I -followed a soldier who seemed likely to acquiesce in my desire, and spoke -to him. For money he was ready for anything. At once I was filled -with a most violent longing to embrace and kiss him, and the danger of -being noticed did not deter me from doing it. He had scarcely grasped -my genitals when ejaculation followed. With this meeting, I had finally -attained the long-desired goal of my life. I knew that my whole nature -would find its happiness and satisfaction in it, and from this time I gave -myself up entirely to the effort to find a person whom I could love, and -from whom I should never part. For my acts I do not experience the -slightest twinge of conscience.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“To be sure, in quiet moments, I very well appreciate the difference -between my way of thinking and the way of the world; as a lawyer, too, -I naturally recognize the dangers of a relation of the kind I desire; -but, as long as my entire nature does not change, I shall not be able to -<span class='pageno' id='Page_353'>353</span>give up the opportunities offered me. Nevertheless, I should be willing -to undergo any cure to be freed from my abnormal condition.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I recognize my feminine feeling, among other things, in the fact -that any sensual idea in connection with a woman must be forced, and -seems unnatural to me. I am also sure that my respect for a woman—I -move much in the society of ladies, and enjoy it—would change immediately -to repugnance, were I to notice any sensual inclination in her -toward me. In my dreams and sensual fancies of men, I always think -of myself in such positions with them that their faces are always toward -mine. My greatest delight would be to have a powerful man, undressed, -take me in his arms with a force I could not resist. In such situations -I always think of myself in a passive <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i>, and have to force my feelings, -in order to think of myself in any other position. In this, I am truly -feminine. Great as my desire may be to approach certain persons, my -struggle is as great not to allow this to be noticed. Moustaches, abundance -of hair, and even dirt, seem to be especially enticing. It is hardly -necessary to say that, to me, my condition, with reference to society, is -absolutely desperate; and, if I had not the hope of finding a being that -would understand me, life would be scarcely endurable. I feel that -sexual commerce with a man is the only means of successfully combating -my impulse to onanism. Though this has a very bad effect on me, I -cannot keep myself from it constantly, because, as I have often found, -I will be even more weakened by pollutions at night and persistent -erections during the day.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Up to this time I have truly loved but two men. Both were -officers, remarkably endowed mentally, handsomely and gracefully formed, -and of dark skin and eyes. I became acquainted with the first at the -University. I was madly in love with him, and suffered unspeakably on -account of his indifference. I spent nights under his window, simply -to be near him. When he was officially transferred, I was in despair.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Soon after, I became acquainted with an officer that resembled -him, who likewise enchained me at first sight. I sought every opportunity -to meet him, spent the day in the streets, and at places where I -hoped to get a sight of him. I knew how the blood came into my face -when, unsuspected, I saw him. When I saw him friendly with others, -I could scarcely contain myself for jealousy. When I sat near him, I -was impelled to touch him. I could scarcely conceal my excitement -when I touched his knee or thigh. I never ventured, however, to express -my feelings to him; for, from his conduct, I was convinced that he would -not understand them or share them.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I am twenty-seven years old, of medium height, and well-developed, -and would be considered handsome. My chest is somewhat narrow, -hands and feet small, and voice weak. Mentally, I think I am well endowed; -for I passed the State examination with distinction, speak several -languages, and am a good painter.</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_354'>354</span>“In my calling I pass for one that is industrious and conscientious. -My acquaintances think me cold and peculiar. I do not smoke, do not -play games, and cannot sing or whistle. My gait, like my voice, is somewhat -affected. I have much taste for elegance, love adornment, sweetmeats, -and perfumes, and prefer the society of ladies.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>From Dr. von Schrenk’s notes of the case, it is learned, further, -that social and criminal deterrents, on the one hand, and uncontrollable -desire for his own sex, on the other, caused violent mental struggles, and -made life unendurable. For this reason the patient confided in the -physician. January 22, 1889, hypnotic treatment, with suggestion, after -the method of Nancy, was begun with the patient. Gradually it became -possible to induce somnambulism.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The suggestions were made with reference to indifference to men, -and ability to resist them, and to increase of interest in women; masturbation -was thus forbidden, and women substituted for men in lascivious -dreams. After a few sittings pleasure at sight of women was induced. -At the seventh sitting successful coitus was suggested; this was fulfilled.</p> - -<p class='c015'>During the next three months the patient remained, under the influence -of occasional hypnotic suggestions, in the full possession of -normal sexual functions. April 22, 1889, there was a relapse, induced by -a companion. At the next sitting, remorse and shame. As expiation, -coitus with a woman in the presence of his seducer.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient complained that coitus with women below him in station -did not satisfy his æsthetic feelings. He hoped to find satisfaction in a -happy marriage. After forty-five sittings (May 2, 1889) the patient considered -himself cured. Treatment ceased. He became engaged to a -young lady some weeks later, and presented himself again, after six -months, as a happy bridegroom. He thought that, in his happiness with -his wife, he had a sure preventive against relapse.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The author emphasizes the fact that the hypnotic treatment had -no injurious collateral effect, and leaves undecided the question as to -whether the cure is permanent or not, with R.’s very bad heredity. -But he expresses the conviction that, in case of relapse, renewed hypnotic -treatment would not be contra-indicated.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Since the incredible result of this case interested me exceedingly, -as did its further course, I wrote to the author, requesting -information concerning his patient.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Dr. v. Schrenk very kindly placed at my disposal the following -letter, which he had received from the patient in January, -1890:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>“By means of suggestive treatment given me by Baron Schrenk, -for the first time I became possessed of the psychical condition that -<span class='pageno' id='Page_355'>355</span>permitted me to have intercourse with a woman, which, up to that time, -in spite of repeated efforts, I had been unable to do successfully.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Since my æsthetic needs were unsatisfied by intercourse with -prostitutes, I thought to find my real salvation in matrimony. The -earlier friendly inclination toward a lady known in my youth offered me -the opportunity, the more because I believed that she, of all others, would -be in a position to awaken feelings for the opposite sex which were absolutely -foreign to me. Her character,—<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">i.e.</span></i>, our harmony,—is in such -accord with my inclinations that I am fully convinced that I shall also -find complete psychical satisfaction. This conviction has not changed -during the eight months of my engagement.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I intend to be married in about four weeks.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“As far as my position with respect of my own sex is concerned, -my power of resistance—and this is the lasting positive result of this -treatment—is absolutely changed in degree. While previously it was -impossible for me to overcome an intense sexual excitation when I saw a -finely formed car-driver, to-day, in the company of my former lovers, I -am without sexual excitement. At the same time, I must add that now, -as formerly, their society has a certain attraction for me, though it is -not to be compared with my earlier passion.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“On the other hand, I have refused repeated persuasions to indulge -in sexual intercourse with men, without expending much force in resistance,—persuasions -which formerly I should have been unable to resist. -I may say, indeed, that it is a feeling of compassion for my former lovers, -that have proved their passionate devotion to me, which keeps me from -directly repulsing them. My action seems to be due to a feeling of duty, -rather than to inner need.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Since the conclusion of treatment, I have not consorted with prostitutes. -This circumstance, and the numerous letters and persuasions -from my former lover, may well be the reason why, in the eight months -that have elapsed, I have allowed him to persuade me to sexual intercourse -on three or four occasions. At these times I have always been conscious -of being completely master of myself, as compared with my earlier passionate -condition in like situations, as the violent reproaches of my friend -convinced me. <em>I always feel a certain unconquerable repugnance, which -cannot be based on moral grounds, but which, I believe, must be attributed -to the treatment.</em> I no longer feel a love for him in the former sense. -Besides, since the treatment, I have sought no opportunities for sexual -intercourse with men, and I feel no need of it. But, formerly, not a day -passed on which I did not feel impelled to it, so that at times I was -unable to think of anything else. Awake or dreaming, ideas of sexual -content are very infrequent.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I may express the belief that my marriage, that is to take place -in a few weeks, and the much desired change of place that is bound to it, -will entirely remove the residuum of my earlier condition. I conclude -<span class='pageno' id='Page_356'>356</span>these lines with the honest assurance that, subjectively, I am another man, -and that this change has restored the mental equilibrium that was -previously wanting.”</p> - -<p class='c010'>The foregoing words, which Dr. v. Schrenk completes with -the verbal statement of the patient that he had not practiced -onanism again, are a brilliant proof of the lasting effect of post-hypnotic -suggestion. I consider the hetero-sexual instinct of -the patient to be the artificial creation of his excellent physician; -and the patient himself seems to recognize this, in that he -speaks of a repugnance which “does not rest on moral grounds, -but which depends on the treatment.”</p> - -<p class='c010'>The further fate of this interesting patient may be learned -from the following letter, kindly submitted by Dr. v. Schrenk:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Honored Sir: Having been home some days from my wedding-journey, -I wish to send you a short report of my present condition. -During the week before my wedding I was in great excitement, because -I feared that I should be unable to perform certain duties. The impelling -thoughts of my friend, who wished another meeting with me, at any -price, had no effect on me. We had not seen each other since I heard -from you last. [Receipt of the professor’s letter.] However, I was -much troubled with the thought that my marriage must be unhappy. -Now, however, I have no anxiety. To be sure, on the first night, success -was difficult,—to induce sexual excitation in myself,—but on the following -night, and since, the influences needed for a normal man, I believe, -would have been sufficient for me. I am also convinced that the harmony -between us, which, of course, is mentally of long standing, will become -more and more complete. A relapse to the former condition seems -impossible. It is, perhaps, significant for my present condition, that I -one night dreamed of my former lover, and that the dream was not -sensual, and did not excite me sensually.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I am satisfied with my present circumstances. I am, of course, -well aware that my present inclinations are far from being of a degree -equal to what they formerly were. I believe, however, that they will -daily grow stronger. Already my former life is incomprehensible, and I -cannot understand why I did not earlier think to overcome the abnormal -sexual instinct by normal sexual indulgence. A relapse would now be -possible only with an entire change of my mental life; and, in a word, it -seems impossible.</p> - -<div class='lg-container-r c023'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“Your obedient servant, ——d.”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>From a letter of Dr. v. Schrenk’s, of December 7th, I -extract the following:—</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_357'>357</span>“In this case the cure seems to be of longer duration than I expected; -for, on speaking with the patient, some months ago, he said that -he was perfectly happy in marriage, and, as I hear, he expects soon the -happiness of a father.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>Dr. v. Schrenk has reported in the <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Wiener internationalen klinischen -Rundschau</span></cite>, 1891, No. 26, later and very interesting facts concerning his -patient, which, therapeutically, are very satisfactory.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_358'>358</span> - <h2 class='c006'>IV. SPECIAL PATHOLOGY.<br /> <br /> <span class='large'>THE MANIFESTATIONS OF ABNORMAL SEXUAL LIFE IN THE VARIOUS FORMS AND STATES OF MENTAL DISTURBANCE.</span></h2> -</div> - -<h3 class='c016'><span class='sc'>Arrest of Mental Development.</span></h3> - -<p class='c017'>Sexual life in idiots is, in general, but slightly developed. -It is wanting entirely in idiots of high grade. In such instances -the genitals are frequently small and deformed, and menstruation -is late or does not occur at all. There is impotence, or -sterility, as the case may be. Even in idiots of low grade, -sexuality is not prominent. In infrequent cases it is manifested -with a certain periodicity, and then with greater intensity. It -may then be expressed impulsively, and be violently satisfied. -Perversions of the sexual instinct do not occur at the lowest -levels of mental development.</p> - -<p class='c010'>When the desire for sexual satisfaction is opposed in these -cases, great passion is excited, with danger of murderous -assault on the persons attacked. It is to be expected that -idiots should not exercise choice, and they attempt to satisfy -the sexual instinct on their nearest relatives.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Thus Marc-Ideler reports the case of an idiot who attempted to -rape his sister, and had almost strangled her when he was discovered.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Friedreich reports an analogous case (<cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Friedreich’s Blätter</span></cite>, 1858, -p. 50).</p> - -<p class='c015'>I have repeatedly had occasion to give opinions in cases of attempts -to rape little girls.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Giraud (<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><cite>Annal. méd. psych.</cite>, 1885, Nr. 1</span>) also reports a case of this -kind. Consciousness of the significance of the act is always wanting; -an instinctive knowledge that such obscene acts are not publicly permitted -is often present, and causes the attempted sexual act to be -undertaken in a deserted place.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In imbeciles the sexual instinct is usually developed as in -normal individuals. The moral inhibitory ideas are cloudy, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_359'>359</span>and, therefore, the sexual impulse is more or less openly manifested. -For this reason imbeciles are sources of disturbance in -society. Abnormal intensity and perversion of the sexual -instinct are infrequent.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The most frequent manner of satisfaction of the sexual -desire is onanism. The weak-minded seldom make sexual -attacks on adults of the opposite sex.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Sexual satisfaction with animals is frequently attempted. -The great majority of cases of injury (sexual) to animals must -be attributed to imbeciles. Children are quite often their -victims.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Emminghaus (Maschka’s Handb. iv., p. 234) draws attention to the -frequency of open manifestation of sexual instinct, which comprises -open masturbation, exhibition of the genitals, attacks on children and -those of the same sex, and sodomy.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Giraud (<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><cite>Annal. méd. psychol.</cite>, 1855, Nr. 1</span>) has reported a -whole series of immoral attacks on children:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>1. H., aged 17, imbecile, enticed a little girl into a barn, by giving -her nuts. There he exposed her genitals and showed his own, making -movements of coitus on the child’s abdomen. He had no idea of the -moral significance of the act.</p> - -<p class='c015'>2. L., aged 21; imbecile; degenerate. While he was watching cattle, -his sister of eleven years, with a playmate of eight years, came and told -him how some unknown man had attempted to do them violence. L. -led the children to a deserted house and attempted coitus with the -younger child, but let her go because no emission occurred, and because -the child cried out. On the way home he promised to marry her if she -would not say anything. At the trial he thought that by marriage he -could right the wrong he had done.<a id='r119' /><a href='#f119' class='c009'><sup>[119]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c015'>3. G., aged 21, microcephalic, imbecile, has masturbated since his -sixth year, and practiced active and passive pederasty. He has repeatedly -tried to perform pederasty with boys, and attacked little girls. He -was absolutely without an understanding of his acts. His sexual desire -was manifested periodically and intensely, as in animals.<a id='r120' /><a href='#f120' class='c009'><sup>[120]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_360'>360</span>4. B., aged 21; imbecile. While alone in a forest with his sister of -nineteen, he demanded that she allow coitus. She refused. He threatened -to strangle her, and stabbed her with a knife. The frightened girl -fondled his penis, and he then left her and quietly went on with his work. -B. has a deformed, microcephalic skull, and has no sense of the significance -of his act.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Emminghaus (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>, p. 234) reports the case of an -exhibitionist:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 146. A man, aged 40, married, had for sixteen years been -accustomed to exhibit himself in parks, at dusk, to little girls and servants, -and drew their attention to himself by whistling. After having -been frequently punished for it, he avoided the places, but he carried on -his practice elsewhere. Hydrocephalus. Mental weakness of slight -degree. Mild sentence passed.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 147. X., of tainted family; imbecile; defective and perverted -in intellect, feeling, and will. For help and protection he was brought -before an officer. It was complained that he had repeatedly exposed -his genitals to servant-girls, and had shown himself at windows with -the upper portion of his body naked. No other manifestations of -sexual instinct. No onanism reported. (Sander, <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Archiv f. Psych.</span></cite>, i, -p. 655.)</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 148. <em>Pederasty with a Child.</em>—On April 8, 1884, at ten o’clock -<span class='fss'>A.M.</span>, while X. was sitting on the street, holding a boy of eighteen months -on her lap, a certain Vallario approached and took the child from X., -saying he was going to take it for a walk. He went the distance of half -a kilometre, and returned, saying that the child had fallen from his arms, -and thus injured its anus. The anus was torn, and blood was pouring -from it. At the place where the deed was done, traces of semen were -found. V. confessed his horrible crime, and, at his final trial, he acted -so strangely that an examination of his mental condition was made. He -had impressed the prison attendants as being an imbecile. V., aged -45, mason, defective morally and intellectually, is dolicho-microcephalic; -has narrow, deformed facial bones, and the halves of the face and -the ears are asymmetrical; the brow is low and retreating; genitals -normal. V. shows general diminution of cutaneous sensibility, is imbecile, -and has no ideas. He lives in the present, has no ambition, and -does nothing of his own will. He has no desires and no emotional -feeling. He has never had coitus. Nothing more could be ascertained -about his vita sexualis. Proofs of intellectual and moral idiocy, -due to microcephaly; the crime is referred to a perverse, uncontrollable -sexual impulse. Sent to an asylum. (Virgilio, <i><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">il Manicomio</span></i>, V. year, -No. 3.)</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_361'>361</span>A case mentioned by L. Meyer (<cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Arch. f. Psych.</span></cite>, Bd. i, p. -103) shows how female imbeciles may indulge in shameless -prostitution and immorality.<a id='r121' /><a href='#f121' class='c009'><sup>[121]</sup></a></p> - -<h3 class='c016'><span class='sc'>States of Acquired Mental Weakness.</span></h3> - -<p class='c017'>The numerous anomalies of the vita sexualis in senile -dementia have been described in the section on “General -Pathology.” In other conditions of acquired mental weakness,—those -due to apoplexy; trauma capitis; to the secondary -stages of psychoses; or to inflammatory processes in the cortex -(lues, paretic dementia),—perversions of the sexual instinct -seem to be infrequent; and here the immoral sexual acts seem -to depend on abnormally increased or uninhibited sexual feeling, -which, in itself, is not abnormal.</p> - -<h4 class='c020'>(1) <em>Dementia Consecutive to Psychoses.</em></h4> - -<p class='c017'>Casper (<i><span lang="sv" xml:lang="sv">Klin. Novellen</span></i>, Fall 31) reports a case that belongs -here. It is that of a physician, aged 33, who attempted rape -on a child. He was weakened mentally, as a result of hypochondriacal -melancholia. He excused his deed in a very -silly way, and had no appreciation of the moral and criminal -meaning of the act, which was apparently the result of a sexual -impulse that could not be controlled on account of his mental -weakness.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Case 21, in Liman’s <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Zweifelhafte Geisteszuständen</span></cite>, is an -analogous case (dementia after melancholia; offense against -morals by exhibition).</p> - -<h4 class='c020'>(2) <em>Dementia After Apoplexy.</em></h4> - -<p class='c024'>Case 149. B., aged 52. He passed through a cerebral attack, and -was no longer able to carry on his business as a merchant.</p> - -<p class='c015'>One day, in the absence of his wife, he locked two girls in the -house, gave them liquors to drink, and then carried out sexual acts with -the children. He commanded them to say nothing, and went to his -business. The medical expert established mental weakness, resulting -from repeated apoplexies. B., who, up to this time, had been wellbehaved, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_362'>362</span>says he committed the criminal act because of an uncontrollable -and incomprehensible impulse; and that, when he came to himself, he -was ashamed, and sent the girls away. Since his apoplectic attack, B. -had been weak-minded, incapable of business, and hemiplegic; but, soon -after arrest, he made an unskillful attempt at suicide. He often cried -childishly. His moral and intellectual energy in opposing his sensual -impulses was certainly much weakened. No sentence. (<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Giraud, <cite>Ann. -méd. Psychol.</cite> March, 1881.</span>)</p> - -<h4 class='c020'>(3) <em>Dementia After Injury of Head.</em></h4> - -<p class='c024'>Case 150. K., when fourteen years old, was injured on the head by -a horse. The skull was fractured in several places, and several pieces of -bone required removal.</p> - -<p class='c015'>From that time K. was weak mentally, passionate, and ill-tempered. -Gradually he developed an inordinate and truly beastly sensuality, which -drove him to the most immoral acts. One day he raped a girl of twelve, -and strangled her for fear of discovery. Arrested, he confessed. The -medical experts declared him responsible, and he was executed.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The autopsy revealed ossification of almost all the sutures, remarkable -asymmetry of the halves of the skull, and evidences of healed -fractures. The affected hemisphere had bands of cicatricial tissue running -through it, and was one-third smaller than the other. (<cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Friedreich’s -Blätter</span></cite>, 1885, Heft 6.)</p> - -<h4 class='c020'>(4) <em>Acquired Mental Weakness, Probably Resulting from Lues.</em></h4> - -<p class='c024'>Case 151. X., officer, had repeatedly committed immoral acts with -little girls; among other things, he had induced them to perform manustupration -on him, had exposed his genitals, and handled theirs.</p> - -<p class='c015'>X., formerly healthy, and of blameless life, was infected with -syphilis in 1867. In 1879 paralysis of the left abducens occurred. -Thereafter mental weakness was noticed, with a change of his disposition -and character. Headache, occasional incoherence of speech, failure -of power of thought and logic, occasional inequality of pupils, and -paresis of the right facial muscles, were observed.</p> - -<p class='c015'>X., aged 37, shows no trace of lues when examined. The paralysis -of the left abducens is still present. The left eye is amblyopic. He is -mentally weak. Concerning the trial that was before him, he said it was -nothing but a harmless misunderstanding. Indications of aphasia. -Weakness of memory, particularly for recent events. Superficial emotional -reaction; rapid exhaustion of memory and ability to speak. -Proved: that the ethical defect and the perverse sexual impulse are the -symptoms of an abnormal condition of brain induced by lues.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Suspension of criminal proceedings. (Personal case. <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Jahrbücher -für Psychiatrie.</span></cite>)</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_363'>363</span>(5) <em>Paretic Dementia.</em></p> - -<p class='c010'>Here the sexual life is usually abnormally affected; in -the incipient stages of the disease, as well as in episodical -states of excitement, it is intensified, and sometimes perverse. -In the final stages libido and sexual power usually become -<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">nil</span></i>.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Just as in the prodromal stage of the senile forms, one -sees here, in connection with more or less evident losses in the -moral and intellectual spheres, expressions of an apparently -intensified sexual instinct (obscene talk, openness in intercourse -with the opposite sex, thoughts of marriage, frequenting of -brothels, etc.), which is characteristic of the clouding of consciousness.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Seduction, abduction, and public scandal are here the order -of the day. At first there is still some appreciation of the -circumstances, though the cynicism of the acts is striking -enough. As the mental weakness increases, such patients -become criminal by reason of exhibition, masturbation in the -streets, and attempts at immoral acts with children.</p> - -<p class='c010'>If conditions of mental excitement come on, attempts at -rape are committed, or, at least, grossly immoral acts,—the -patient attacks women on the street, appears in public in very -imperfect dress; or, half-clothed, tries to force his way into -strange houses, to cohabit with the wife of an acquaintance, or -to marry the daughter on the spot.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Numerous cases belonging to this category are cited by Tardieu -(“Attentats aux moeurs”); Mendel (“Progressive Paralyse der Irren,” -1880, p. 123); Westphal (<cite>Arch. f. Psych.</cite>, vii, p. 622); and a case by -Petrucci (<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><cite>Annal. méd. Psychol.</cite>, 1875</span>) shows that bigamy may also occur -here.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The brutal disregard of consequences with which the patients in -the advanced stages attempt to satisfy their sexual instinct, is characteristic.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In a case reported by Legrand (“La folie,” p. 519), the father of a -family was found masturbating in the open street. After the act he -consumed his semen.</p> - -<p class='c015'>A patient seen by me, an officer, of a prominent family, in broad -daylight, made attacks on little girls at a watering-place.</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_364'>364</span>A similar case is reported by Dr. Régis (“De la dynamie ou exaltation -fonctionnelle au début de la paral. gén.,” 1878).</p> - -<p class='c015'>Cases reported by Tarnowsky (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>, p. 82) show that also pederasty -and bestiality may occur in the prodromal stages and course of -this malady.</p> - -<p class='c010'><em>Epilepsy.</em>—Epilepsy is allied to the acquired states of -mental weakness because it often leads to them, and then all -the possibilities of reckless satisfaction of the sexual impulse -that have been mentioned may occur. Moreover, in many -epileptics the sexual instinct is very intense. For the most -part, it is satisfied by masturbation, now and then by attacks -on children, and by pederasty. Perversion of the instinct with -perverse sexual acts seems to be infrequent.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Much more important are the numerous cases in literature -in which epileptics, who, during intervals, present no signs of -active sexual impulse, but manifest it in connection with epileptic -attacks, or during the time of equivalent or post-epileptic -exceptional mental states. These cases have scarcely yet been -studied clinically, and forensically not at all; but they deserve -careful study. In this way certain cases of violence and rape -would be understood, and legal murders prevented.</p> - -<p class='c010'>From the following facts, it will certainly be clear that the -cerebral changes which accompany the epileptic outbreak may -induce an abnormal excitation of the sexual instinct. Besides, -in the exceptional mental states of epileptics, they are unable -to resist their impulses, by reason of the disturbance of consciousness.</p> - -<p class='c015'>For years I have known a young epileptic, of bad heredity, who, -always after frequent epileptic seizures, attacks his mother, and tries to -violate her.<a id='r122' /><a href='#f122' class='c009'><sup>[122]</sup></a> After a time he comes to himself, and has no memory of -his acts. In the intervals he is very strict in morals, and has but slight -sexual inclination.</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_365'>365</span>Some years ago I became acquainted with a young peasant, who, -during epileptic attacks, masturbated shamelessly, but during the intervals -was above reproach.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Simon (“Crimes et délits,” p. 220) mentions an epileptic girl of -twenty-three, well educated, and of the best morals, who, in attacks of -vertigo, would shout out obscene words, then raise her dress, make lascivious -movements, and try to tear open her under-garments.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Kiernan (<cite>Alienist and Neurologist</cite>, January, 1884) reports the case -of an epileptic who always had, as an aura, the vision of a beautiful -woman in lascivious attitudes, which induced ejaculation. After some -years, with treatment with potassium bromide, the vision was changed to -that of a devil attacking him with a pitchfork. The instant this reached -him, he became unconscious.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The same author speaks of a very respectable man who had, two -or three times a year, epileptic attacks of furor and dysthymia, with -impulses to pederasty, which lasted a week or two; and of a lady who, -with epilepsy that came on during the climacterium, had sexual desire -for boys.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 152. W., of good heredity, previously healthy; before and -after, sound mentally, quiet, kind, temperate. On April 18, 1877, he had -no appetite. On the 14th, in the presence of his wife and children, he -demanded coitus, first of his wife’s friend, who was present, then of his -wife. Taken away, he had an epileptoid attack; after this he became -wildly maniacal and destructive, threw hot water on those that tried to -approach him, and threw a child in the stove. Then he soon became -quiet, but for some days remained confused, and finally came to himself -with no memory of the events of his attack. (Kowalewsky, <cite><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Jahrbücher -f. Psych.</span></cite>, 1879.)</p> - -<p class='c015'>Another case, examined by Casper (<cite><span lang="sv" xml:lang="sv">Klin. Novellen</span></cite>, p. 267), may -be attributed to epilepsy (larvated). A respectable man attacked four -women, one after another, in the open street (once before two witnesses), -and violated one of them, “notwithstanding that his young, pretty, and -healthy wife” lived hard by.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The epileptic significance of the sexual acts in the following -cases is unequivocal:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 153. L., official, aged 40; a kind husband and father. During -four years he has offended public morals twenty-five times, for which he -has had to endure long imprisonment.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In the first seven complaints he was accused of exposing his genitals -to girls from eleven to thirteen years old, while riding by them, and -calling their attention by obscene words. While in confinement, he had -exposed his genitals at a window which opened on a popular street.</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_366'>366</span>L.’s father was insane; his brother was once met on the street -wearing only a shirt. During his military service L. had had two -attacks of severe fainting. Since 1859 he had suffered with peculiar -attacks of vertigo, at such times becoming weak, tremulous, and deathly -pale; it grew dark before his eyes, and he saw bright stars, and was -forced to get support in order to keep upright. After violent attacks, -great weakness, profuse sweating.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Since 1861 he had been very irritable, which, respected though he -was as an official, caused him much trouble in his work. His wife -noticed the change in him. He had days when he would run about the -house as if insane, holding his head between his hands, striking the -wall, and complaining of headache. In 1864 he fell to the ground four -times, lying there stiff, with eyes open. Confused states of consciousness -were also proved to have occurred.</p> - -<p class='c015'>L. declared that he had not the slightest remembrance of the crime -of which he was accused. Observation showed further and more violent -attacks of epileptic vertigo. L. was not sentenced. In 1875 paretic -dementia developed with a rapidly fatal result. (Westphal, <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Arch. f. -Psych.</span></cite>, vii, p. 113.)</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 154. A rich man of twenty-six had lived for a year with a -girl with whom he was very much in love. He cohabited infrequently, -and was never perverse.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Twice during the year, after excessive indulgence in alcohol, he -had had epileptic attacks. One evening after dinner, where he had -taken much wine, he hurried to the house of his mistress, and into -her sleeping-apartment, although the servant told him she was not at -home. From there he hastened into a room where a boy of fourteen -was sleeping, and began to violate him. At the cry of the child, whose -prepuce and hand he had injured, the servant hurried to them. He left -the boy and attacked the maid; after that he went to bed and slept twelve -hours. When he awoke, he had an indistinct remembrance of intoxication -and coitus. Thereafter there were repeated epileptic attacks. -(Tarnowsky, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>, p. 52.)</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 155. X., of high social position, led a dissolute life for some -time, and had epileptic attacks. He became engaged. On his wedding-day, -shortly before the ceremony, he appeared, on his brother’s arm, -before the assembled guests. When he came before his bride, he exposed -his genitals and began to masturbate. He was at once taken to an expert -in mental disease. On the way he constantly masturbated, and for some -days was actuated by this impulse, which gradually decreased in intensity. -After this paroxysm the patient had only a confused memory of the -events, and could give no explanation of his acts. (Tarnowsky, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>, -p. 53.)</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 156. Z., aged 27; very bad heredity; epileptic. He violated a -girl of eleven, and then killed her. He lied about the deed. Absence of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_367'>367</span>memory, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">i.e.</span></i>, mental confusion at the time of the crime, was not proved. -(Pugliese, <cite><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">Arch. di Psich.</span></cite>, viii, p. 622.)</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 157. V., aged 60, physician, violated children. Sentenced to -imprisonment for two years. Dr. Marandon later proved the existence -of epileptoid attacks of apprehensiveness, dementia, erotic and hypochondriacal -delusions, and occasional attacks of fear. (<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Lacassagne, <cite>Lyon. -méd.</cite>, 1887, No. 51.</span>)</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 158. On August 4, 1878, H., aged 15, was picking gooseberries -with several little girls and boys as her companions. Suddenly she -threw L., aged 10, to the ground and exposed her, and ordered A., aged -8, and O., aged 5, to bring about conjunctio membrorum with the girl; -and they obeyed.</p> - -<p class='c015'>H. had a good character. For five years she had been subject to -irritability, headache, vertigo, and epileptic attacks. Her mental and -physical development had been arrested. She had not menstruated, but -she manifested menstrual molimena. Her mother is suspected to be -epileptic. For three months H., after seizures, had frequently done -strange things, and afterward had no memory of them.</p> - -<p class='c015'>H. seems to have been deflowered. Mental defect is not apparent. -She said she had no memory of the act of which she was accused. According -to her mother’s testimony, she had an epileptic attack on the -morning of August 4th, and she had been, on that account, told by her -mother not to leave the house. (Pürkauer, <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Friedreich’s Blätter f. ger. -Med.</span></cite>, 1879.)</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 159. <em>Immoral Acts of an Epileptic in States of Abnormal -Unconsciousness.</em>—T., revenue-collector; aged 52; married. He is -accused of having practiced immorality with boys for about seventeen -years, by practicing masturbation on them, and by inducing them to -carry out the act on himself. The accused, a respected officer, is overcome -by the terrible crime attributed to him, and declares that he knows -nothing of the deeds of which he is accused. His mental integrity is -questionable. His family physician, who has known him twenty years, -emphasizes his peculiar, retiring disposition and his mercurial moods. -His wife asserts that T. once tried to throw her in the water, and that -he sometimes had outbreaks in which he tore off his clothing, and tried -to throw himself out of windows. T. knew nothing of these attacks. -Other witnesses testified to strange changes of mood and peculiarities -of character. A physician reports the observation of occasional attacks -of vertigo and convulsions in him.</p> - -<p class='c015'>T.’s grandmother was insane; his father was affected with chronic -alcoholism, and of late years had had epileptiform attacks. The father’s -brother was insane, and had killed a relative while in a delirious state. -Another uncle of T. had killed himself. Of T.’s three children, one was -weak-minded, another cross-eyed, and the third was subject to convulsions. -The accused asserted that he had occasional attacks in which -<span class='pageno' id='Page_368'>368</span>consciousness was so reduced that he did not know what he was about. -These attacks were ushered in by an aura-like pain in the back of his -neck. He was then impelled to go out in the air. He did not know -where he went. His wife had perfectly satisfied him sexually. For -eighteen years he had had chronic eczema (actual) of the scrotum, -which had often caused him to have extraordinary sexual excitement. -The opinions of the six experts were contradictory (sane,—attacks of -larvated epilepsy); the jury disagreed, so that he was dismissed. Dr. -Legrand du Saulle, who was called as an expert witness, found that, -until his twenty-second year, T. had urinated in bed from ten to eighteen -times a year. After that time the enuresis nocturna had ceased; but, -from that time, states of mental confusion, lasting from an hour to a -day, had occurred occasionally, and they left the patient without any -memory of them. Soon again T. was arrested for public immorality, -and sentenced to imprisonment for fifteen months. In prison he grew -sick, and apparently much weaker mentally. For this reason he was -pardoned, but the mental weakness increased. T. was noticed to have -repeated epileptoid convulsions (tonic convulsion with tremor and loss -of consciousness). (<span lang="co" xml:lang="co">Auzouy, <cite>Annal. méd. psychol.</cite>, 1874, Nov.; Legrand -du Saulle, “Étude méd. légale,” etc., p. 99.</span>)</p> - -<p class='c010'>The following case of immoral acts with children, observed -by the author and reported in <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Friedreich’s Blätter</span></cite>, will serve to -conclude this group,<a id='r123' /><a href='#f123' class='c009'><sup>[123]</sup></a> so important in its legal bearings. It is -the more important, in that a state of unconsciousness was -established at the time of the act, and because, for allied -reasons, the facts related in Latin show how a complicated and -refined act becomes possible in such a state of unconsciousness.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 160. P., aged 49; married; hospital beneficiary. He was -accused of having committed the following terrible acts with two girls—D., -aged ten, and G., aged nine,—whom he had taken to his work-shop -on May 25, 1883.</p> - -<p class='c015'>D. testifies: “I was in the meadow with G. and my sister J., aged -three. P. called us into his shop and fastened the door. Tum nos exosculabatur, -linguam in os meum demittere tentabat faciemque mihi lambebat; -sustulit me in gremium, bracas aperuit, vestes meas sublevavit, -digitis me in genitalibus titillabat et membro femina mea fricabat ita ut -humida fierem. When I cried, he gave me twelve kreuzers, and threatened -to shoot me if I told on him. At last he tried to persuade me to -come again the next day.”</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_369'>369</span>G. testified: “<span lang="la" xml:lang="la">P. nates et genitalia D. æ exosculatus, iisdem me -conatibus aggressus est. Deinde filiolum quoque tres annos natum in -manus acceptum osculatus est nudatumque parti suæ virili appressit. -Postea quæ nobis essent nomina interrogavit ac censuit, genitalia D. æ -meis multo esse majora. Quin etiam nos impulit, ut membrum suum -intueremur, manibus comprehenderemus et videremus, quantopere id -esset erectum.</span>”</p> - -<p class='c015'>At his examination, May 29th, P. said he had but an indistinct -recollection of having fondled, caressed, and made presents to a little -girl a short time before. If he had done anything more, it must have -been in an irresponsible condition. Besides, he had suffered for years -with weakness in his head, as result of an injury. On June 22d he knew -nothing of the events of May 25th, and nothing of his examination on -May 29th. This amnesia was shown, also, on cross-examination.</p> - -<p class='c015'>P. comes of a family affected with cerebral disease; a brother was -epileptic. P. was formerly a drinker. Years before, he had actually -suffered an injury to his head. Since then, from time to time, he has had -attacks of mental disturbance, introduced by moroseness, irritability, -tendency to alcoholic excesses, apprehension, and delusions of persecution -sufficient to induce threats and deeds of violence. At the same -time, he would have auditory hyperæsthesia, vertigo, headache, and -cerebral congestion,—all this, with great mental confusion and amnesia -for the whole period of the attack, which would sometimes last for -weeks.</p> - -<p class='c015'>During the intervals he was subject to headache, which started -from the seat of injury on the head (a small scar in the skin over the -right temple), which was painful on pressure. With exacerbation of the -headache, he became very irritable, morose to an extent that inclined -him to suicide, and mentally like one drunk. In 1879, while in such a -state, he made an impulsive attempt at suicide, of which he afterward -had no memory. Soon after this, being sent to hospital, he gave the -impression of being epileptic, and, for a long time, was treated with pot. -bromide. At the end of 1879 he was taken to the infirmary, no actual -epileptic attack having been observed.</p> - -<p class='c015'>During his lucid intervals he was a virtuous, industrious, good-natured -man, and had never shown any sexual excitement; and, until -this time, never sexual inclinations, even during his mental confusion. -Moreover, until lately, he had lived with his wife. At the time of the -criminal act, he had shown signs of an approaching attack, and had -asked the physician to prescribe pot. bromide.</p> - -<p class='c015'>P. asserted that, since the injury to his head, he had been intolerant -of heat and alcohol, which immediately brought on headache and confusion. -The medical examination proved the truth of his assertions about -mental weakness, irritability, and poor sleep.</p> - -<p class='c015'>If pressure were made at the seat of the trauma, P. became congested, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_370'>370</span>irritable, confused, and trembled all over; he appeared excited; -consciousness was disturbed, and remained so for hours.</p> - -<p class='c015'>At times, when he is free from the sensations that start from the -scar, he seems kind, free, willing, and open, though he is mentally weak -and cloudy. P. was not sentenced. (<i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Vide Friedreich’s Blätter</span></i> for full -report.)</p> - -<h3 class='c016'><span class='sc'>Periodical Insanity.</span></h3> - -<p class='c017'>Just as in cases of non-periodical mania, an abnormal intensity -or a noticeable prominence of the sexual sphere is very -often manifested in the periodical attacks (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">v. infra</span></i>, “Mania”).</p> - -<p class='c010'>The following case, reported by Servaes (<cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Arch. f. Psych.</span></cite>), -shows that it then may also be perverted:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 161. Catharine W., aged 16; she has not yet menstruated; -previously healthy.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Seven weeks before admission (December 3, 1872), melancholic -depression and irritability. November 27th, maniacal outbreak, lasting -two days; thereafter, melancholic. December 6th, normal condition.</p> - -<p class='c015'>December 24th (twenty-eight days after the first maniacal attack), -silent, shy, depressed. December 27th, exaltation (jolly, laughing, etc.), -with violent love for an attendant (female). December 31st, suddenly -melancholic catalepsy, which disappeared after two hours. January -20, 1873, new attack like the previous one. A similar one on February -18th, with traces of menses. The patient had no memory whatever for -what occurred in the paroxysms, and blushed scarlet with astonishment -and shame when told about them.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Thereafter there were abortive attacks, which entirely disappeared, -to give place to the normal mental condition in June.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In a case reported by Gock (<cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Arch. f. Psych.</span></cite>, v), which was -probably circular insanity, in a man of very bad heredity, during -the stage of exaltation there was manifestation of sexual feeling -for men. In this case, however, the patient thought himself a -girl, and it is questionable whether the sexual inclination was -induced by the delusion or by a contrary sexual instinct.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In connection with these cases of abnormal manifestation -of the sexual instinct are those which, as a symptom of mania, -manifest an abnormal and frequently a perverse sexual instinct in -an impulsive way, analogous to dipsomania, which forms the -nucleus of the psychical disturbance, while in the intervals the -sexual instinct is neither intense nor perverse.</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_371'>371</span>Quite a pure case of such periodical psychopathia sexualis, -connected with the process of menstruation, is the following, -reported by Anjel (<cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Arch. f. Psych.</span></cite>, xv, H. 2):—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 162. A quiet lady, near the climacteric. Very bad heredity. -In her youth, attacks of petit mal. Always eccentric, quick-tempered; -very moral; childless marriage.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Several years ago, after a violent emotional disturbance, a hystero-epileptic -attack, with post-epileptic insanity of several weeks’ duration. -Thereafter there was sleeplessness for several months. Following this, -there was always menstrual insomnia, and the impulse to embrace and -kiss boys of ten, and fondle their genitals. During this excitement there -was no desire for coitus; certainly not for intercourse with adults.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient often speaks openly of this impulse, and asks to be -watched, as she is not to be trusted. In the intervals she anxiously -avoids all talk of it, is very modest, and in nowise passionate sexually.</p> - -<p class='c015'>With reference to the still imperfectly-known cases of periodical -psychopathia sexualis of this kind, Tarnowsky (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>, p. 38) has made -valuable contributions, though his cases were not all of a periodic -nature; and one of the cases, taken from a work of the author’s, is not -rightly understood (Case 8, p. 37), since sodomy was only subsidiary, -and the abnormal intense libido sexualis was not periodic.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Tarnowsky reports cases where married, cultured men, the fathers -of families, were, from time to time, compelled to perform the most -terrible sexual acts, while during the intervals they were sexually normal, -abhorred their paroxysmal sexual acts, and shuddered before the -expectation of their repetition.</p> - -<p class='c015'>If a new paroxysm came on, the normal sexual instinct disappeared; -a state of mental excitement arose with insomnia, and thoughts -and impulses to commit the perverse sexual acts, with anxious confusion -and an increasing impulse to the abhorred indulgence. In this state the -act was a relief, because it ended the condition. The analogy with -dipsomania is complete.</p> - -<p class='c010'>For other cases (of periodical pederasty), <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vide</span></i> Tarnowsky, -<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>, p. 41. The case there reported, on page 46, belongs -in the category of epilepsy.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The following case, reported by Anjel (<cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Arch. f. Psych.</span></cite>, -xv, H. 2), is one of the most typical of the convulsive-like -occurrence of sexual excitement:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 163. A gentleman of high social position, aged 45; generally -respected and beloved; heredity good; very moral; married fifteen -years. Previously normal sexually; the father of several healthy children, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_372'>372</span>and living in happy matrimony. Eight years ago he suffered a -violent fright. For some weeks thereafter he had a feeling of apprehension -and cardiac attacks. Then came attacks, at intervals of several -months or a year, of what the patient called his “moral catarrh.” He -became sleepless. After three days, loss of appetite, increasing irritability, -strange appearance; fixed stare, staring into space; paleness, -changing with redness; tremor of the fingers; red, shining eyes, with -peculiar glassy expression; and violent, quick manner of speech. There -was a desire for girls of from five to ten years, even for his own -daughters. He would beg his wife to guard the children. For days at a -time, while in this state, he would shut himself in his room. Previously -he was compelled to pass school-girls on the street, and he found a -peculiar pleasure in exposing his genitals before them, by acting as if -about to urinate.</p> - -<p class='c015'>For fear of exposure, he shuts himself in his room, full of desire, -incapable of movement, and torn by feelings of fear. Consciousness -seems to be undisturbed. The attacks last from eight to fourteen days. -The cause of their return is not clear. Improvement is sudden; there -is great desire for sleep, and, after this is satisfied, he is again well. In -the interval there is nothing abnormal. The author assumes an epileptic -foundation, and considers the attacks to be the psychical equivalents of -epileptic convulsions (!).</p> - -<p class='c010'><em>Mania.</em>—With the general excitation that here exists in -the psychical organ, the sexual sphere is likewise often implicated. -In maniacal individuals of the female sex, this is the -rule. In certain cases, it may be questionable whether the -instinct, which, in itself, is not intensified, is simply recklessly -manifested, or whether it is present in actual abnormal intensity. -For the most part, the latter is the true assumption,—certainly -so where sexual delusions and their religious equivalents -are constantly expressed. In accordance with the degrees -of intensity of the disease, the intensified instinct is expressed -in different forms.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In simple maniacal exaltation in men, courting, frivolity, -and lasciviousness in speech, and frequenting of brothels, are -observed; in women, inclination for the society of men, personal -adornment, perfumes, talk of marriage and scandals, -suspicion of the virtue of other women; or there is manifested -the religious equivalent,—pilgrimages, missionary work, -desire to go into a cloister or to become the servant of a -<span class='pageno' id='Page_373'>373</span>priest; and in this case there is much talk about innocence and -virginity.</p> - -<p class='c010'>At the height of mania there may be seen invitations to -coitus, exhibition, obscenity, great excitation at sight of women, -tendency to smear the person with saliva, urine, and even fæces; -religio-sexual delusions,—to be under the protection of the -Holy Ghost, to have given birth to Christ, etc.; open onanism, -and pelvic movements of coitus.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In maniacal men care must be taken to prevent shameless -masturbation and sexual attacks on women.</p> - -<h3 class='c016'><span class='sc'>Satyriasis and Nymphomania.</span></h3> - -<p class='c017'>States of mental excitement, in which an abnormal intense -sexual impulse is prominent, are called satyriasis (in males) and -nymphomania (in women), or uteromania.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Moreau considers these cases peculiar to themselves, but -he is certainly in error. The sexual complexus of symptoms is -always but the partial manifestation of a general psychosis -(mania, hallucinatory insanity?).</p> - -<p class='c010'>The essential element of the state of sexual excitement is -a condition of psychical hyperæsthesia with involvement of the -sexual sphere. The imagination calls up only sexual images, -which may lead to hallucinations, illusions, and true hallucinatory -delirium.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The most indifferent ideas excite sensual association, and -the lustful coloring of the ideas and apperceptions is very much -intensified.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The abnormal state of consciousness implicates the whole -course of feeling and desire, and is accompanied by general -physical excitement like that that accompanies coitus (v. -“Physiology”). Often the genitals are in a constant state of -turgor (priapism in males).</p> - -<p class='c010'>The man affected with this sexual passion seeks to satisfy -his desire at any price, and, therefore, becomes very dangerous -to women. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Faute de mieux</span></i>, he practices onanism or sodomy. -The nymphomaniacal woman seeks men by exhibition, or to -attract them by her sensual conduct; at the sight of men she is -<span class='pageno' id='Page_374'>374</span>intensely excited sexually, and satisfies herself by masturbation, -or by pelvic movements of coitus.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Satyriasis is infrequent. Nymphomania is more frequently -observed, and not seldom in the climacteric. It may occur in -senility. Abstinence,<a id='r124' /><a href='#f124' class='c009'><sup>[124]</sup></a> with constant excitation of the sexual -sphere as a result of psychical or peripheral irritation (pruritus -pudendi, oxyuris, etc.), may cause these conditions, but probably -only in those predisposed.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The assertion that it may also result from poisoning by -cantharides seems to depend upon confounding it with priapism. -The primary lustful feeling that accompanies priapism due to -cantharides soon becomes painful. Satyriasis and nymphomania -are acute abnormal psycho-sexual states.</p> - -<p class='c010'>There are also cases that, not without reason, might be -called chronic satyriasis or nymphomania. To these belong -the men who, for the most part as a result of abusus veneris, -or more particularly of masturbation, suffer with neurasthenia -sexualis, and at the same time have intense libido sexualis. -The imagination, as in acute cases, is in a state of excitement, -and the mind full of obscene images; so that the most elevated -ideas are besmirched with the most cynical images and -thoughts.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The thought and desire of such men are solely directed to -the sexual sphere; and since their flesh is weak, led on by their -fancy, they come to indulge in the grossest perversions of the -sexual act.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Analogous cases in women may be called chronic nymphomania. -They naturally lead to prostitution. Legrand du -Saulle (“La folie,” p. 510) reports interesting cases which -apparently are pure.</p> - -<p class='c010'><em>Melancholia.</em>—The thoughts and feelings of melancholiacs -are not favorable for the excitation of sexual desires. At the -same time, these patients sometimes masturbate. In my experience -such cases have always been hereditarily predisposed and -previously given to onanism. The act did not seem to be so -<span class='pageno' id='Page_375'>375</span>much due to a lustful desire as to be induced by habit, <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">ennui</span></i>, -anxiety, and the impulse to change temporarily the painful -mental condition.</p> - -<p class='c010'><em>Hysteria.</em>—In this neurosis the sexual life is very frequently -abnormal; indeed, always in predisposed individuals. All the -possible anomalies of the sexual function may occur here, with -sudden changes and peculiar activity; and, on an hereditary -degenerate basis and in moral imbecility, they may appear in -the most perverse forms. The abnormal change and inversion -of the sexual feeling are never without effect upon the patient’s -disposition.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The following case, reported by Giraud, is one of this -nature worthy of repetition:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 164. Marian L., of Bordeaux. At night, while the household -was asleep under the influence of narcotics she had administered, she -had given the children of the house to her lover for sexual enjoyment, -and had looked on at the immoral acts. It was found that L. was hysterical -(hemianæsthesia and convulsive attacks), but before her illness -she had been a moral, trustworthy person. Since her illness she had -become a shameless prostitute, and lost all moral sense.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In the hysterical the sexual sphere is often abnormally -excited. This excitement may be intermittent (menstrual?). -Shameless prostitution, even in married women, may result. In -a milder form the sexual impulse expresses itself in onanism, -going about in a room naked, smearing the person with urine -and other things, or wearing male attire, etc.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Schüle (<i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Klin. Psychiatrie</span></i>, 1886, p. 237) finds very frequently -an abnormally intense sexual impulse “which disposes -girls, and even women living in happy marriage, to become -Messalinas.”</p> - -<p class='c010'>The author cited knows cases in which, on the wedding-journey, -attempts at flight with men, who had been -accidentally met, were made; and respected wives who entered -into <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">liaisons</span></i>, and sacrificed everything to their insatiable -impulse.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In hysterical insanity the abnormally intense sexual impulse -may express itself in delusions of jealousy, unfounded -<span class='pageno' id='Page_376'>376</span>accusations against men for immoral acts,<a id='r125' /><a href='#f125' class='c009'><sup>[125]</sup></a> hallucinations of -coitus,<a id='r126' /><a href='#f126' class='c009'><sup>[126]</sup></a> etc.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Occasionally frigidity may occur, with absence of lustful -feeling,—due, for the most part, to genital anæsthesia.</p> - -<p class='c010'><em>Paranoia.</em>—Abnormal manifestations in the sexual sphere, -in the various forms of paranoia, are not infrequent. Many of -these cases are developed on sexual abuse (masturbatic paranoia) -or sexual excitement; and, according to experience, in -individuals psychically degenerate, with other functional signs -of degeneracy, the sexual sphere is, for the most part, deeply -implicated.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In paranoia religiosa and erotica the abnormally intense -and, under certain circumstances, perverse sexual instinct is -most clearly manifested. In the first variety, however, the -condition of sexual excitation is expressed not so much in a -direct method of satisfaction of the sexual desires as (there are -exceptions) in platonic love,—in enthusiastic admiration of a -person of the opposite sex who is pleasing æsthetically. Under -certain circumstances, the enthusiasm is for a fanciful person, a -portrait, or a statue.</p> - -<p class='c010'>A love for the opposite sex that is weak and purely mental, -too, often has its basis in weakness of the genitals due to long-continued -masturbation; and, under the guise of virtuous admiration -of a beloved person, great lasciviousness and sexual perversion -are often concealed. Episodically, especially in women, -violent sexual excitement may occur as a nymphomania.</p> - -<p class='c010'>For the most part, paranoia religiosa rests upon sexuality -which manifests itself in a sexual impulse that is abnormally -early and intense. The libido finds satisfaction in masturbation -or religious enthusiasm, the object of which may be a -certain minister, saint, etc.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The psycho-pathological relations between the sexual and -religious domains have been described in detail on p. 8 <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">et seq.</span></i></p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_377'>377</span>Apart from masturbation, sexual crimes are relatively frequent -in religious paranoia.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Marc’s work (p. 160) contains a remarkable example of -religious insanity.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Giraud (<cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Annal. méd. psychol.</span></cite>) has reported a case of rape -of a little girl by a religious paranoiac, aged 43, who was temporarily -erotic. Here, also, belongs a case of incest (Liman, -<cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Vierteljahrsschr. f. ger. Med.</span></cite>).</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 165. M. impregnated his daughter. His wife, mother of eighteen -children, and herself pregnant by her husband, lodged the complaint. -M. had had religious paranoia for two years. “It was revealed to me -that I should beget the Eternal Son with my daughter. Then a man of -flesh and blood would arise by my faith, who would be eighteen hundred -years old. He would be a bridge between the Old and New Testaments.” -This command, which he deemed divine, was the cause of his insane act.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Sexual acts that have a pathological motive sometimes -occur in persecutory paranoia.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 166. A married woman of thirty had, by means of money and -sweetmeats, enticed a boy of five, who played near her, handled his genitals, -and then attempted coitus. She was a teacher, who had been -betrayed and then cast off. Previously moral, for some time she had -given herself to prostitution. The explanation of her immoral change -was given, when it was found that she had various delusions of persecution, -and thought she was under the secret influence of her seducer, who -impelled her to sexual acts. She also believed that the boy had been -put in her way by her seducer. Coarse sensuality as a motive for her -crime came less into consideration, as it would have been easy for her to -satisfy sexual desire in a natural way. (Küssner, <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Berl. klin. Wochenschrift.</span></cite>)</p> - -<p class='c010'>Cullerre (“<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Perversions sexuelles chez les persécutés</span>,” in -<cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Annal. médico-psychol.</span></cite>, March, 1886) has reported similar -cases,—the case of a patient who, suffering with paranoia sexualis -persecutoria, tried to violate his sister, giving as a reason -that the impulse was given him by Bonapartists.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In another case a captain, suffering with delusions of persecution -by electro-magnetism, was driven to pederasty,—a thing -he abhorred. In a similar case the persecutor impelled to -onanism and pederasty.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_378'>378</span> - <h2 class='c006'>V. PATHOLOGICAL SEXUALITY IN ITS LEGAL ASPECTS.</h2> -</div> - -<p class='c007'>The laws of all civilized nations punish those who commit -perverse sexual acts. Inasmuch as the preservation of chastity -and morals is one of the most important reasons for the existence -of the commonwealth, the state cannot be too careful, as a -protector of morality, in the struggle against sensuality. This -contest is unequal; because only a certain number of the sexual -crimes can be legally combated, and the infractions of the laws -by so powerful a natural instinct can be but little influenced by -punishment. It also lies in the nature of the sexual crimes, -that but a part of them ever reach the knowledge of the -authorities. Public sentiment, in that it looks upon them as -disgraceful, lends much aid.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Criminal statistics prove the sad fact that sexual crimes -are progressively increasing in our modern civilization.<a id='r127' /><a href='#f127' class='c009'><sup>[127]</sup></a> This -is particularly the case with immoral acts with children under -the age of fourteen. The moralist sees in these sad facts -nothing but the decay of general morality, and in some instances -comes to the conclusion that the present mildness of the laws -punishing sexual crimes, in comparison with their severity in -past centuries, is in part responsible for this.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The medical investigator is driven to the conclusion that -this manifestation of modern social life stands in relation to the -predominating nervousness of later generations, in that it begets -defective individuals, excites the sexual instinct, leads to sexual -abuse, and, with continuance of lasciviousness associated with -diminished sexual power, induces perverse sexual acts.</p> - -<p class='c010'>It will be clearly seen, from what follows, how such an -opinion is justified, especially with respect of the increasing -<span class='pageno' id='Page_379'>379</span>number of sexual crimes committed on children. It is at once -evident, from what has gone before, that neuropathic, and -even psychopathic, states are largely determinate for the commission -of sexual crimes. Here nothing less than the responsibility -of many of the men who commit such crimes is called -in question.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Psychiatry cannot be denied the credit of having recognized -and proved the psycho-pathological significance of numerous -monstrous, paradoxical sexual acts. Law and Jurisprudence -have thus far given but little attention to the facts resulting from -investigations in psychopathology. Law is, in this, opposed to -Medicine, and is constantly in danger of passing judgment on -individuals who, in the light of science, are not responsible for -their acts.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Owing to this superficial treatment of acts that deeply concern -the interests and welfare of society, it becomes very easy -for justice to treat a delinquent, who is as dangerous to society -as a murderer or a wild beast, as a criminal, and, after punishment, -release him to prey on society again; on the other hand, -scientific investigation shows that a man mentally and sexually -degenerate <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ab origine</span></i>, and therefore irresponsible, must be removed -from society for life, but not as a punishment.</p> - -<p class='c010'>A judge who considers only the crime, and not its perpetrator, -is always in danger of injuring not only important interests -of society (general morality and safety), but also those of -the individual (honor).</p> - -<p class='c010'>In no domain of criminal law is co-operation of judge and -medical expert so much to be desired as in that of sexual delinquencies; -and here only anthropological and clinical investigation -can afford light and knowledge. The nature of the act can -never, in itself, determine a decision as to whether it lies within -the limits of mental pathology, or within the bounds of mental -physiology. The perverse act does not indicate perversion of -instinct. At any rate, the most monstrous and perverse sexual -acts have been committed by persons of sound mind. The -perversion of feeling must be shown to be pathological. This -proof is to be obtained by learning the conditions attending its -<span class='pageno' id='Page_380'>380</span>development, and by proving the existence of a general neuropathic -or psychopathic condition.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">species facti</span></i> is important; but it allows, however, only -presumptions, since the same sexual act, according as it is committed -by an epileptic, paralytic, or a man of sound mind, takes -on other features and peculiarities, in accordance with the -manner in which it is done.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Periodical recurrence of the act under identical circumstances, -and an impulsive manner in carrying it out, give rise to -weighty presumptions that it is of pathological significance. -The decision, however, must follow after referring the act to its -psychological motive (abnormalities of thought and feeling), -and after showing this elementary anomaly to be but one symptom -of a general neuropathic condition,—either an arrest of -mental development, or a condition of psychical degeneration, -or a psychosis.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The cases discussed in the portion of this work devoted to -general and special pathology will certainly be useful to the -medical expert, in assisting him to discover the motive of the -act. To obtain the facts necessary to allow a decision of the -question whether immorality or abnormality occasioned the act, -a medico-legal examination is required,—an examination which -is made according to the rules of science; which takes account -of both the past history of the individual and the present condition,—the -anthropological and clinical data.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The proof of the existence of an original, congenital anomaly -of the sexual sphere is important, and points to the need of an -examination in the direction of a condition of psychical degeneration. -An acquired perversity, to be pathological, must be -found to depend upon a neuropathic or psychopathic state.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Practically, paretic dementia and epilepsy must first come -to mind. The decision concerning responsibility will depend on -the demonstration of the existence of a psychopathic state in -the individual convicted of a sexual crime.</p> - -<p class='c010'>This is indispensable, to avoid the danger of covering -simple immorality with the cloak of disease.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Psychopathic states may lead to crimes against morality, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_381'>381</span>and at the same time remove the conditions necessary to the -existence of responsibility, under the following circumstances:—</p> - -<p class='c010'>1. To oppose the normal or intensified sexual desire, there -may be no moral or legal notions, owing to (<em>a</em>) the fact that -they may never have been developed (states of congenital mental -weakness); or to (<em>b</em>) the fact that they have been lost (states -of acquired mental weakness).</p> - -<p class='c010'>2. When the sexual desire is increased (states of psychical -exaltation) and consciousness simultaneously clouded, the mental -mechanism is too much disturbed to allow the opposing -ideas, virtually present, to exert their influence.</p> - -<p class='c010'>3. When the sexual instinct is perverse (states of psychical -degeneration). It may, at the same time, be intensified.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Cases of sexual delinquency that occur outside of states of -mental defect, degeneration, or disease, can never be excused on -the ground of irresponsibility.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In many cases, instead of an abnormal psychical condition, -a neurosis (local or general) is found. Inasmuch as the transitions -from a neurosis to a psychosis are easy, and elementary -psychical disturbances are frequent in the former, and constant -in profound perversion of the sexual life, the neurotic affection—<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">e.g.</span></i>, -impotence, irritable weakness, etc.—exerts an influence -on the motive of the incriminating act; and a just judge, notwithstanding -the lack of legal irresponsibility due to mental defect -or disease, will recognize the circumstances which ameliorate -the heinousness of the crime.</p> - -<p class='c010'>For various reasons the practical jurist will, in all cases of -sexual crimes, call medical experts to make a psychiatric examination.</p> - -<p class='c010'>To be sure, his own conscience and judgment must be the -guides when necessity makes them his only reliance. Under -the following circumstances <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">indices</span></i> are given which point to a -pathological condition:—</p> - -<p class='c010'>The accused is senile. The sexual crime is committed -openly, with remarkable cynicism. The manner of obtaining -sexual satisfaction is silly (exhibition), or cruel (mutilation or -murder), or perverse (necrophilia, etc.).</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_382'>382</span>From what experience teaches, it may be said that, among -the sexual acts that occur, rape, mutilation, pederasty, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">amor -lesbicus</span></i>, and bestiality may have a psycho-pathological basis.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In case of lust-murder,—in as far as it goes beyond murder -itself,—and likewise in case of mutilation of corpses, psychopathic -conditions are probable.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Exhibition and mutual masturbation make pathological -states seem very probable. Masturbation of another and passive -onanism may occur in connection with senile dementia and -contrary sexual feeling, but also with mere sensuality.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Cunnilingus and fellare (penem in os mulieris arrigere) -have not thus far been shown to depend upon psycho-pathological -conditions.</p> - -<p class='c010'>These horrible sexual acts seem to be committed only by -sensual men who have become satiated or impotent from excessive -indulgence in a normal way. Pædicatio mulierum does -not seem to be psychopathic, but rather a practice of married -men of low morality, who wish to prevent pregnancy; and of -satiated cynics in non-marital sexual indulgence.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The practical importance of the subject makes it necessary -that the sexual acts threatened with punishment as sexual -crimes be considered by jurists from the stand-point of the -medico-legal expert. Thus there is an advantage gained, in -that the psycho-pathological acts, according to circumstances, -are placed in the right light by comparison with analogous acts -that fall within the domain of physiological psychology.</p> - -<h3 class='c016'>1. <span class='sc'>Offense Against Morality in the Form of Exhibition.</span></h3> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c003'> - <div>(Austrian Statutes, § 516; Abridgment, § 195. German Statutes, § 183.)</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>In man’s present condition of civilization, modesty is a -characteristic and motive so firmly fixed by centuries of education -that presumption of a psycho-pathological element necessarily -arises when public decency is coarsely offended.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The presumption is justifiable that an individual who in -this way has offended public decency and his own self-respect -was incapable of moral feeling (idiots); or that it has been lost -<span class='pageno' id='Page_383'>383</span>(states of acquired mental weakness); or that he has acted -while in a clouded state of consciousness (transitory insanity, -states of partial consciousness).</p> - -<p class='c010'>A very distinctive act which belongs here is that of -<em>exhibition</em> (exposure). The cases thus far recorded are exclusively -those of men who ostentatiously expose their genitals to -persons of the opposite sex, in some instances following them, -without, however, becoming aggressive.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The silly manner of this sexual activity, or really sexual -demonstration, points to intellectual and moral weakness; or, at -least, to temporary inhibition of the intellectual and moral functions, -with excitation of libido dependent upon a decided disturbance -of consciousness (abnormal unconsciousness, mental -confusion); and, at the same time, the virility of these individuals -is called in question. Thus there are various categories -of exhibitionists.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The first category includes states of mental weakness in -which, owing to the causative cerebral (or spinal) disease, consciousness -is clouded, and the ethical and intellectual functions -are interfered with; and in which there can be no opposition -made to a sexual desire that has either always been intense, or -that has been intensified by the disease-process. At the same -time, impotence exists, and no longer permits expression of -the sexual instinct in violent acts (rape), but only in acts that -are silly.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The majority of reported cases<a id='r128' /><a href='#f128' class='c009'><sup>[128]</sup></a> fall in this category. They -are those of individuals afflicted with senile dementia, paretic -dementia, or mental defects due to alcoholism, epilepsy, etc.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 167. Z., high official, aged 60; widower; father of a family. -He had excited offense in that, during fourteen days, he had repeatedly -exposed his genitals at his window, to a girl of eight years who lived -opposite him. After a few months, under like circumstances, this man -repeated his indecent act. At his examination he acknowledged the -depravity of his action, and could give no excuse for it. Death, a year -later, due to cerebral disease. (Lasègue, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>)</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_384'>384</span>Case 168. Z., aged 78; seaman. He had repeatedly exhibited his -genitals on children’s play-grounds, and in the neighborhood of girls’ -schools. This was the only way in which he was active sexually. He -was married, and the father of ten children. Twelve years before, he -had suffered a severe head-injury, since which he had had a deep scar, -which indented the bone. Pressure on this scar caused pain; at the -same time his face would flush, his expression become fixed, and he -would grow somnolent, with convulsive movements in the right upper -extremity (apparently epileptoid state in connection with cortical disease). -Besides, there was senile dementia and advanced senium. It is -not reported whether the exhibition coincided with epileptoid attacks or -not. Senile dementia proved; pardoned. (Dr. Schuchardt, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>)</p> - -<p class='c010'>Pelanda (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>) has reported a number of cases of this -kind:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>1. Paralytic, aged 60. At the age of fifty-eight he began to exhibit -himself to women and children. In the asylum at Verona, for a long -time thereafter, he was lascivious and also attempted <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">fellatio</span></i>.</p> - -<p class='c015'>2. A drinker, aged 66, suffering with folie circulaire. His exhibition -was first noticed in church during divine service. His brother was likewise -an exhibitionist.</p> - -<p class='c015'>3. A drinker, predisposed, aged 49. He was always very excitable -sexually; in an asylum on account of chronic alcoholism. He exhibited -himself whenever he saw a woman.</p> - -<p class='c015'>4. A man, aged 64; married; father of fourteen children. Great -predisposition. Rachitic, microcephalic head. For years he had been -an exhibitionist, in spite of repeated punishment.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 169. X., merchant, born in 1833; single. He had repeatedly -exhibited himself to children, or even urinated at the same time; once, -under these circumstances, he had kissed a little girl, driving her away. -Twenty years previously X. had had a severe attack of mental disease, -lasting two years, in which he is said to have had an apoplectic attack. -Later, after loss of his fortune, he gave himself to drink, and of late years -had often appeared absent-minded. His condition was that of alcoholism, -senium præcox, and mental weakness. Penis small; phimosis; testicles -atrophic. Proof of mental disease; pardoned. (Dr. Schuchardt, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>)</p> - -<p class='c010'>Such cases recall the lasciviousness of youthful, sexuallyexcited -persons that are still more or less boyish; but also that -of many mature cynics of low morality, who find pleasure in defiling -the walls of public closets, etc., with drawings of male and -female genitals,—a kind of ideal exhibition which, however, is -still widely separated from actual exhibition.</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_385'>385</span>Another category of exhibitionists is made up of epileptics. -This category is essentially to be distinguished from the foregoing, -in that a conscious motive for the exhibition is wanting; -and it appears much more like an impulsive act which, without -any consideration of external circumstances, is performed as if -it were an abnormal organic necessity.</p> - -<p class='c010'>At the time of the act there is always a state of imperfect -consciousness; and thus is explained the fact that the unfortunate -individual, without consciousness of the meaning of his -act, or, at least, without cynicism, does it in obedience to a -blind impulse. On regaining consciousness, he regrets and -abhors it if there is not permanent mental weakness.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The prime motive in this state of imperfect consciousness, -as with other impulsive acts, is a feeling of apprehensive oppression. -If a sexual feeling become associated with it, then the -ideas are given a certain direction in the sense of a corresponding -(sexual) act.</p> - -<p class='c010'>How sexual ideas very easily arise temporarily in epileptics -may be understood from the discussion under “Epilepsy.”</p> - -<p class='c010'>If, however, such an association has once been formed; if -a particular act has taken place in an attack,—it is the more -easily repeated in every subsequent attack; for, so to speak, a -known tract has been established in the path of motivity.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The feeling of anxiety, with the state of imperfect consciousness, -causes the associated sexual impulse to appear as a -command,—an inner force, which is acted upon in a purely -impulsive manner and in a state of absolute irresponsibility.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 170. K., a subordinate official, aged 29; of neuropathic family; -living in happy marriage, and the father of one child. He has repeatedly, -especially at dusk, exhibited himself to servant-girls. K. is tall, slim, -pale, nervous, and hasty in manner. <em>There is imperfect memory of the -crimes.</em> Since childhood there have been frequent severe congestive -attacks, with intense flushing of the face, a rapid, tense pulse, and a -fixed, absent stare. At the same time there were, now and then, confusion -and vertigo. In this (epileptic) exceptional state K. would answer only -after repeated questioning, and then <em>it was as if he were waking from a -dream</em>. K. states that he has always felt excited and restless for some -hours before his criminal acts, and experienced a feeling of fear, with -<span class='pageno' id='Page_386'>386</span>oppression, and congestion of the head. In this condition he had often -been giddy, and experienced an indistinct feeling of sexual excitement. -At the height of such states he had left the house, without any purpose -in view, and exposed his genitals anywhere. When he had reached home -again, he had had but a dreamy remembrance of what had occurred, and -felt very weak and depressed. It is also remarkable that, while exhibiting -his genitals, he had used lighted matches to make them visible. -The opinion was to the effect that the criminal acts depended upon -epilepsy, and were imperative impulses; but he was, nevertheless, sentenced, -with the assumption of extenuating circumstances. (Dr. Schuchardt, -<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>).</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 171. L., aged 39; single; tailor. His father was probably a -drinker; he had two epileptic brothers, one of whom was insane. The -patient himself has slight epileptic attacks, and from time to time states -of imperfect consciousness, in which he runs about aimlessly, and thereafter -does not know where he has been. He was considered a moral -man, but he is now accused of having exhibited and played with his -genitals in a strange house five or six times. His memory of these acts -was very imperfect.</p> - -<p class='c015'>On account of repeated desertion from the army (probably likewise -in epileptic states of imperfect consciousness), L. had been severely -punished. In imprisonment he became insane with “epileptic insanity,” -was sent to the Charité, and from there discharged “cured.” As far as -the criminal acts were concerned, cynicism and wantonness could be excluded. -That they were committed in a state of imperfect consciousness -is probable from the fact, among other things, that to the policeman who -arrested him, the “imbecile,” who was then in a cloudy state of consciousness, -was in a remarkable mental state. (Liman, <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Vierteljahrsschrift -f. ger. Med.</span></cite>, N. F. xxxviii, H. 2.)</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 172. L., aged 37. From October 15th to November 2d, he -had many times given offense, by exhibiting himself to girls in daylight -on the open street, and even in schools, into which he forced himself. -It happened occasionally that he wanted the girls to perform manustupration -or allow coitus, and, when refused, he performed masturbation -before them. In G., in a public-house, he rapped on the window, with his -penis exposed, so that the children and servant-girl in the kitchen were -forced to see it.</p> - -<p class='c015'>After his arrest it was ascertained that since 1876 L. had very frequently -caused trouble by exhibitions, but had always escaped punishment, -owing to the demonstration of mental disease by physicians. On -the other hand, he had been punished for desertion and theft in the army, -and, later, once, as a civilian, for stealing cigars. L. had repeatedly been -in asylums on account of insanity (attacks of insanity). Besides, he -was often remarkable on account of his changeable, quarrelsome character, -occasional excitement, and inconstancy.</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_387'>387</span>L.’s brother died of paralysis. He himself presents no degenerative -signs; no epileptic antecedents. During the time of observation he is -neither insane nor mentally weakened. He behaves himself very well, -and expresses great regret for his sexual crimes. About himself he -states that, though no drinker, he occasionally has an impulse to drink. -Soon after beginning, congestion of the head, vertigo, restlessness, anxiety, -and oppression come on. He then passes into a dreamy state. An irresistible -impulse now forces him to expose himself; and he then experiences -a feeling of relief and breathes more easily. When he has once -exposed himself, he knows nothing more of what he does. As precursors -of such attacks, he had often, a short time before, had flames before the -eyes, and vertigo. For the time of his clouded state of consciousness, -he had but a clouded, dreamy memory.</p> - -<p class='c015'>It was only after a time that sexual ideas and impulses had become -associated with these apprehensive, cloudy states of consciousness. Years -ago, in such states, without motive and with great danger, he had -deserted; once he had jumped from a third-story window; on another -occasion he had left a good position to wander about aimlessly in a -neighboring country, where he was at once arrested for exhibition.</p> - -<p class='c015'>When, outside of his abnormal periods, L. once became intoxicated, -there was no exhibition. In the lucid state his sexual feeling and -intercourse are perfectly normal. (Dr. Hotzen, <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Friedreich’s Blätter</span></cite>, -1890, H. 6). For other instances, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vide</span></i> Cases 153, 155.</p> - -<p class='c010'>A clinical group that very nearly approaches the epileptic -exhibitionists is made up of certain neurasthenic individuals, in -whom, likewise, there may occur attacks (epileptoid?) of imperfect -consciousness<a id='r129' /><a href='#f129' class='c009'><sup>[129]</sup></a> in connection with a feeling of apprehensive -oppression; and with this sexual impulses may be associated, -resulting in acts of exhibition having an impulsive character.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 173. Dr. S., academic teacher, had aroused public indignation -by being seen repeatedly running about in the Zoological Garden at -Berlin, before ladies and children, with his genitals hanging out. S. -admitted this, but denied all thought or consciousness of causing public -offense, and excused himself by saying that his running about with -exposed genitals afforded him relief from nervous excitement. Mother’s -father was insane, and died by suicide; his mother was constitutionally -neuropathic, a somnambulist, and had been temporarily insane. The -culprit was neuropathic, had been a somnambulist, and had had continuous -aversion to sexual intercourse with females. In his youth he practiced -<span class='pageno' id='Page_388'>388</span>onanism. He was a neurasthenic man, shy, torpid, and easily -became embarrassed and confused. He was sexually always much -excited. Frequently he dreamed that he was running about with -exposed genitals, or that, dressed only in a shirt, he hung from a fence -with his head downward, so that the shirt fell down, exposing his erected -penis. His dreams would induce pollution, and he would then have rest -for a few days or an entire week.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Also, in his waking state, the impulse would often come upon him, -just as in his dreams, to run about with exposed genitals. As he was -about to expose himself, he would become very hot, and then he would -run aimlessly about. The member would become moist with secretion, -but pollution was never induced. Finally, when it had become flaccid, -he would put it up, and then come to himself, glad if no one had seen -him. In such conditions of excitement he seemed to be in a dream; as -if intoxicated. He had never had the intention to offend women. S. -was not epileptic. His declarations had the impress of truth. He had -actually never followed or spoken to women while in this condition. -Frivolity and coarseness were excluded. In agreement with Westphal, -the author regards S. as belonging “to a class of individuals of peculiar -hypochondriacal tendencies, in whom the attention is constantly directed, -in an abnormal way, to certain bodily sensations and processes; who -brood over these, connecting all kinds of peculiar conceptions with them, -at last making use of quite as strange means to combat the bodily -sensations and ideas.” At least, S.’s act was due to pathological sensation -and idea, and S. was in a condition of pathological disturbance of -mental action at the time of the commission of his acts. In the case of -this exhibitionist, the manner of satisfaction of the sexual instinct may -be considered as peculiar to the individual. (<span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Liman, <cite>Vierteljahrsschrift -für gerichtel. Med.</cite>, N. F. xxxviii, Heft 2.</span>)</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 174. X., aged 38; married; father of one child. Always -sullen and silent. Suffers frequently with headache. Very neurasthenic, -though not insane. He is troubled much at night by pollutions. He -has repeatedly followed shop-girls, for whom he had lain in wait, exposing -and handling his genitals. In one case he even followed a girl into -a shop. (Trochon, <cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Arch. de l’anthropologie criminelle</span></cite>, iii, p. 256.)</p> - -<p class='c010'>In the following case the exhibition seems subsidiary to -the impulsive desire to satisfy sudden, intense libido, by means -of masturbation:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 175. R., coachman, aged 49, Vienna; married since 1866; -childless. Father neuropathic and given to sexual excesses; died of -cerebral disease. He presents no degenerative signs.</p> - -<p class='c015'>At the age of twenty-nine he suffered a severe concussion by falling -from a height. Up to that time the vita sexualis had been normal. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_389'>389</span>Since that time, every three or four months, he has been seized with very -painful sexual excitement, accompanied by an intense desire to masturbate. -A feeling of weariness and discomfort, with a desire for alcoholic -indulgence, precedes this. In the intervals he is sexually cold, and has -but very infrequent desire for his wife, who, moreover, for five years has -been sick, and incapable of cohabitation. He gives the assurance that, as -a young man, he never masturbated, and that, in the intervals between his -attacks, he has never thought of satisfying himself sexually in this way.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The impulse to masturbation during the attack is always excited -by certain feminine charms,—short cloak, pretty foot and ankle, elegant -appearance. Age makes no difference; even little girls excite him. The -impulse is sudden and unconquerable. R. describes the situation and -act as characteristically impulsive. He had often tried to resist it; -but then he would grow hot, terribly frightened, his head would burn, -and he would seem to be in a fog; but he never lost consciousness. At -the same time he would have violent, darting pain in the testicles and -spermatic cords. He regretted it, but had to confess that the impulse -was stronger than his will. In such a situation it forced him to masturbate, -no matter where he might be. After ejaculation he would become -calm, and regain his self-control. He regarded it as a terrible affliction. -Defense shows that R. has been punished six times for similar offenses—exhibition -and masturbation in the open street.</p> - -<p class='c015'>On November 4, 1889, R., while in his worst condition, happened -to be in the street as a crowd of school-girls went by. This awakened -his unconquerable impulse. There was not time to run to a closet, he -was so excited. There was immediate exhibition, masturbation in front -of a house,—great scandal and immediate arrest. R. is not weak-minded, -and has no ethical defect. He bemoans his fate, deeply regrets -his act, and fears new attacks. He regards his condition as abnormal,—as -a fate against which he is powerless.</p> - -<p class='c015'>He thinks himself still virile. Penis abnormally large. Cremasteric -reflex present; patellar reflex increased. Weakness of the sphincter -of the bladder, that has existed for some years. Various neurasthenic -difficulties.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The opinion showed that R. was subject to the influence of abnormal -conditions, and had acted impulsively. Patient was sent to an -asylum, from which he was discharged after a few months.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In the foregoing case the important point, clinically, lies -not in the neurosis that is present, but rather in the impulsive -character of the act (exhibition dependent on masturbation).</p> - -<p class='c010'>With the enumeration of the categories of imbeciles, of -mentally weakened individuals, and of the exhibitionists that -<span class='pageno' id='Page_390'>390</span>are in a neurotic (epileptic or neurasthenic) state of imperfect -consciousness, apparently the clinical and forensic side of this -phenomenon is still unexhausted; in addition to these, there is -another class, the representatives of which, owing to deep hereditary -taint (hereditary degenerative neurosis?), are impelled to -periodical and very impulsive exhibition.</p> - -<p class='c010'>With reference to these conditions of psychopathia sexualis -periodica (comp. “Periodical Insanity”), in which the accidentally-awakened -impulse to exhibition is but a partial manifestation -of a clinical whole, like dipsomania periodica, Magnan, -from whom I borrow the following instructive cases, justly lays -the greatest stress upon the impulsive, periodical feature of -these abnormal impulses; and no less upon the fact that they -are often accompanied by terrible anxiety, which, after the realization -of the impulse, gives place to a feeling of relief.</p> - -<p class='c010'>These facts, and no less, the clinical picture of degeneracy -that, for the most part, is referable to injurious conditions that -are hereditary, or that exercise an injurious effect on the development -of brain in early years (rachitis, etc.), are, medicolegally, -of decisive importance [with reference to the question -of responsibility].</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 176. G., aged 29, waiter in a <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">café</span></i>. In 1888, while standing -under a church-door, he exhibited himself to several girls working opposite. -He confessed the act, and also that, many times, in the same place -and at the same time of day, he had been guilty of the same crime, having -been punished for it, the year before, with imprisonment for one month.</p> - -<p class='c015'>G. has very nervous parents. His father is mentally unstable and -very irascible. His mother is at times insane, and suffers with severe -nervous disease.</p> - -<p class='c015'>G. has always had nervous twitching of the face, and constant alternation -of causeless depression, with tædium vitæ, and periods of elation. -At the ages of ten and fifteen, for slight cause, he wished to commit -suicide. When excited, he has similar twitching of the extremities. He -presents constant general analgesia. In prison he was at first beside -himself with shame about the disgrace he had brought on his family, and -said he was the worst of men, deserving the severest punishment.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Until his nineteenth year G. had satisfied himself with solitary -and mutual masturbation, and, on one occasion, he had practiced onanism -with a girl. From that time, working in a <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">café</span></i>, the female customers -had excited him so intensely that ejaculation was often induced. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_391'>391</span>He suffered with almost constant priapism, and, as his wife stated, in -spite of coitus, it often disturbed his rest at night. For seven years he -had repeatedly exhibited himself at his window, and also exposed -himself naked to female neighbors living opposite.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In 1883 he married out of desire. Marital intercourse did not -satisfy his needs. At times his sexual excitement was so intense that -he had headache, and seemed confused, like one drunk, strange, and -incapable of work.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 177. B., aged 27; of neuropathic mother and alcoholic father. -He has one brother who is a drinker; and an hysterical sister.</p> - -<p class='c015'>After his eleventh year, onanism, solitary or mutual. After his -fifteenth year, impulses to exhibition. He attempted it at a street-urinal; -he felt pleasure in it, but also immediately twinges of conscience. -If he attempted to oppose his impulse thereafter, he became -apprehensive, and had a feeling of oppression in his chest. When a -soldier, he was often impelled to expose himself, under various -pretexts, to his comrades.</p> - -<p class='c015'>After his seventeenth year he had sexual congress with women. -It gave him great pleasure to show himself naked before them. He continued -his exhibition on the street. Since he could but infrequently -count on female spectators at urinals, he changed his place to churches. -In order to exhibit himself at such places, he always had to strengthen -his courage by drinking. Under the influence of spirits, the impulse, at -other times controllable with difficulty, became irresistible. He was not -sentenced. He lost his position, and then drank more. Not long after, -he was again arrested for exhibition and masturbation in a church.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 178. X., aged 35; barber’s assistant. Repeatedly punished -for offense against decency, he is again arrested; for, during three -weeks, he had been hanging around girls’ schools, trying to attract the -attention of the pupils, and, when he had succeeded in this, had exhibited -himself. Occasionally he had promised them money, with the -words, “Habeo mentulam pulcherrimam, venite ad me ut eam lambatis.” -At his examination X. confessed everything, but did not know how it -had come about. He was the most reasonable of men in other respects, -but had the impulse to commit this crime, and could not overcome it.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In 1879, when in the army, he was once out on leave, and had run -around exhibiting himself to children: imprisonment for a year. The -same crime in 1881. He chased the crying children, and “stared” at -them: imprisonment of one year and three months. Two days after his -discharge, he said to two little girls: “If you want to see my tail, come -with me to this (market) booth.” He denied these words, and claimed -drunkenness: imprisonment for three months.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In 1883, renewed exhibition; during the act he said nothing. At his -examination he stated that, since a severe illness, eight years previously, -he had suffered with such excitations: imprisonment for one month.</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_392'>392</span>In 1884, exhibition before girls in a church-yard; again in 1885. -He declared: “I understand my crime, but it is like a disease. When -it comes over me, I cannot keep from such acts. It sometimes happens -that, for quite a long time, I am free from these inclinations.” Imprisonment -for six months.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Discharged on August 12, 1885, he had a relapse on August 15. -The same excuse was given. This time he underwent medical examination. -The examination revealed no mental disturbance. Sentenced to -three years. After discharge, a series of new exhibitions. On this -occasion, examination revealed the following:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>His father suffered with chronic alcoholism, and is said to have -been guilty of the same crime. Mother and sister nervously ill, and the -whole family of excitable temperament.</p> - -<p class='c015'><em>From his seventh to his eighteenth year X. suffered with epileptic -convulsions.</em> First cohabitation at sixteen; later, gonorrhœa and, it is -stated, syphilis. After that, normal sexual intercourse until his twenty-first -year. At that time he often had to pass a play-ground, and he -occasionally had to urinate there; and it happened that the children -looked at him, out of curiosity.</p> - -<p class='c015'>He noticed, occasionally, that this looking at him caused him sexual -excitement, and induced erection, and even ejaculation. He now found -more pleasure in this kind of sexual gratification, and became indifferent -about coitus, satisfying himself only in this manner. He felt that all his -thought was ruled by this, and he dreamed only of exhibitions, with -pollutions. His attempts to control his impulse became more and more -ineffectual. It came over him with such force that he noticed nothing -around him, and saw and heard nothing, and was like one “devoid of -reason,”—like “a bull trying to butt his head through a wall.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>X. has an abnormally broad head. Small penis; the left testicle -deformed. Patellar reflex absent. Symptoms of neurasthenia, especially -cerebral. Frequent pollutions. For the most part, his dreams -are about normal coitus, only infrequently about exhibition before little -girls.</p> - -<p class='c015'>With reference to his sexual acts, he states that the impulse to -seek and approach little girls is primary; only when he has succeeded in -attracting their attention to his exposed genitals do erection and ejaculation -occur. He does not lose consciousness in the act. After it he is -troubled about his deed, and, if undiscovered, says to himself, “Once -more I have escaped the authorities.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>In prison he did not have the impulse; there, he was troubled only -with dreams and pollutions. In freedom he had daily sought opportunity -to satisfy himself with exhibition. He would give ten years of -his life to be free from the thing; “this life of constant anxiety, this -alternation between freedom and imprisonment, is unendurable.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>The opinion assumed a congenital (?) perversity of the sexual -<span class='pageno' id='Page_393'>393</span>instinct, with unmistakable hereditary taint, neuropathic constitution, -asymmetry of cranium, and defective development of the genitals.</p> - -<p class='c015'>It is also worthy of remark <em>that the exhibition began when the -epilepsy ceased; so that one might think of a vicarious phenomenon</em>.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The sexual perversity developed, with predisposition, through -accidental association of ideas of sexual content (children looking at -him while urinating) with an act that, in itself, was purposeless.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient was not sentenced, but sent to an asylum. (Dr. -Freyer, <cite><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Zeitschr. f. Medicinalbeamte</span></cite>, 3 Jahrg., No. 8.)</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 179. At 9 o’clock at night, in the spring of 1891, a lady, in -great trepidation, came to the policeman in the city park of X., with the -statement that a man, absolutely naked in front, had approached her -from the bushes, and she had run away, frightened. The officer went at -once to the place indicated, and found a man, who exposed ventrem et -genitalia nuda. He attempted to escape, but was overtaken and arrested. -He stated that he had been sexually excited by alcohol, and had been on -the point of going to a prostitute. On his way through the park, however, -he recalled the fact that exhibition gave him much greater pleasure -than was afforded him by coitus, in which he seldom, and only <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">faute de -mieux</span></i>, indulged. After drawing up his shirt, he posted himself in the -bushes, and, when two women came up the path, he approached them -with exposed genitals. In such exhibition he had a pleasurable feeling -of warmth, and the blood mounted to his head.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The accused works in a manufactory, and his employer states that -he is faithful, saving, sober, and intelligent.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In 1886 B. had been punished because he had twice exhibited -himself publicly,—once in broad daylight, and once at night, under a -lamp.</p> - -<p class='c015'>B., aged 37, single, makes a peculiar impression, owing to his dandified -dress and affected manner. His eyes have a neuropathic, languishing -expression; around his mouth plays a smile of self-satisfaction. He is -said to come of healthy parents. A sister of his father, and one of his -mother, were insane. Others of their relatives were thought religiously -eccentric.</p> - -<p class='c015'>B. has never had any severe illness. From childhood he was -eccentric and imaginative. He loved romances about knights and -others, was entirely absorbed by them, and even went so far as to -identify himself in fancy with the heroes. He always thought himself a -little better than others, and thought much of elegant dress and ornament; -and when he strutted about on Sundays, he imagined himself a -high official.</p> - -<p class='c015'>B. has never had epileptic symptoms. In youth, moderate indulgence -in masturbation; later, moderate indulgence in coitus. Previously, -never any perverse sexual feelings or impulses. Retired manner -of life; in leisure hours, reading (popular novels, heroic tales, Dumas, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_394'>394</span>and others). B. was no drinker. Exceptionally he made himself a kind -of punch, by which he was always excited sexually.</p> - -<p class='c015'>For some years, with marked decrease of libido, after such alcoholic -indulgence, he had had “accursedly silly thoughts,” and developed -the desire genitalia adspectui feminarum publice exhibere.</p> - -<p class='c015'>If he got into this state, he felt warm, his heart beat violently, -blood rushed to his head, and he could then no longer resist his impulse. -He heard and saw nothing more, and was absolutely absorbed in his -lust. Afterward he had often pounded his crazy head with his fists, and -firmly resolved never to do such a thing again; but the crazy ideas had -always returned.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In his exhibition his penis became only half-erected, and ejaculation -never occurred; even in coitus it was always tardy. In exhibition he -was satisfied with genitalia sua adspicere, and he had the lustful thought -that this sight must be very pleasant to women, since he liked so much -to see genitalia feminarum. He was capable of coitus only when the -puella showed herself very partial to him; without this, he preferred -rather to pay and go without doing anything. In his dreams he exhibited -himself to young, voluptuous women.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The medico-legal opinion recognized the hereditary psychopathic -character of the culprit, and the perverse, impulsive desire to perform -the incriminating acts; and pointed out, further, the remarkable fact -that in B., who was otherwise sober and saving, the impulses to indulge -in alcohol depended on abnormal conditions that recurred periodically, -and forced him to indulge. That, during his attacks, B. was in an -exceptional psychical state, in a kind of mental confusion, and absolutely -absorbed in his perverse sexual fancy, is clearly shown by the -<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">species facti</span></i>. Thus is explained the fact that he became aware of the -approach of the police only when it was too late to try to escape. In -this hereditary and degenerate impulsive exhibitionism, it is interesting -to note how the perverse sexual impulse is awakened from its latency by -the influence of alcohol.</p> - -<p class='c010'>A forensically important variety of exhibition, which, clinically, -certainly rests upon a similar neurotic and degenerate -foundation, and which expresses itself in a peculiar act, conditioned -by violent libido (hyperæsthesia sexualis), associated -with diminished virility, is made up of the so-called <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">frotteurs</span></i>.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The three following cases, borrowed from Magnan (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>), -are typical:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 180. D., aged 44, hereditarily predisposed, drinker, and suffering -with lead poisoning. Until the last year he had masturbated much, -and often drawn pornographic pictures, and shown them to his acquaintances. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_395'>395</span>He had repeatedly dressed himself as a woman in secret. For -two years, since becoming impotent, he had felt desire, while in crowds -at dusk, mentulam denudare eamque ad nates mulieris crassissimæ -terere. Once, when discovered in the act, he had been sentenced to -imprisonment for four months.</p> - -<p class='c015'>His wife kept a milk-shop. Iterum iterumque sibi temperare non -potuit quin genitalia in ollam lacte completam mergeret. In the act he -felt lustful pleasure, “as if touched with velvet.” He was cynical -enough to use this milk for himself and the customers. During imprisonment -alcoholic persecutory insanity developed in him.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 181. M., aged 31; married six years; father of four children; -badly predisposed; subject to melancholia at times. Three years before, -he was discovered by his wife with a silk dress on, masturbating. One -day he was discovered, in a store, in the act of <em>frottage</em> on a lady. He -was very repentant, and asked to be severely punished for his irresistible -impulse.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 182. G., aged 33; badly predisposed hereditarily. At an -omnibus-station he was discovered in the act of <em>frottage</em> with his penis -on a lady. Deep repentance; but he stated that at the sight of a noticeable -posteriora of a lady, he was irresistibly impelled to practice <em>frottage</em>, -and that he became confused and knew not what he did. Sent to -an asylum.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 183. A <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">frotteur</span></i>. Z., born in 1850; of blameless life previously; -of good family; private official. He is well-to-do financially; -untainted. After a short married life he became a widower, in 1873. -For some time he had attracted attention in churches, because he -crowded up behind women, both old and young indifferently, and toyed -with their tournures. He was watched, and one day he was arrested in -the act. Z. was terribly frightened, and in despair about his situation; -and, in making a full confession, he begged for pardon, for nothing but -suicide remained for him.</p> - -<p class='c015'>For two years he had been subject to the unhappy impulse to go in -crowds of people,—in churches, at box-offices of theatres, etc,—and -press up behind females and manipulate the prominent portion of their -dresses, having orgasm and ejaculation during the act.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Z. states that he was never given to masturbation, and had never -been in any way perverse sexually. Since the early death of his wife, -he had gratified his great sexual desire in temporary love-affairs, having -always had an aversion for prostitutes and brothels. The impulse to -<em>frottage</em> had suddenly seized him, two years before, while he happened to -be in church. Though he was conscious that it was wrong, he could not -help yielding to it immediately. Since then he had been excitable to the -posteriora of females, and had been actually impelled to seek opportunity -for <em>frottage</em>. The only thing on women that excited him was the -tournure; every other part of the body and attire was a matter of indifference -<span class='pageno' id='Page_396'>396</span>to him; and it made no difference to him whether the woman was -old or young, beautiful or ugly. Since this began, he had had no more -inclination for natural gratification. Of late <em>frottage</em> scenes had appeared -in his dreams. During his acts he was fully conscious of his situation -and the act, and tried to perform it in such a way as to attract as little -attention as possible. After his act he was always ashamed of what he -had done.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The medical examination revealed no sign of mental disease or -mental weakness, but symptoms of neurasthenia sexualis,—ex abstinentia -libidinosi (?),—which was also proved by the circumstance that even -simple touching of the fetich with the unexposed genitals sufficed to -induce ejaculation. Apparently Z., weakened sexually and distrusting -his virility, and yet libidinous, had come to practice <em>frottage</em> by having -the sight of posteriora feminæ fall together accidentally with sexual -excitement; and this associative combination of a perception with a -feeling permitted the former to attain the significance of a fetich.</p> - -<p class='c010'>As an act which offends public morals, and which is, therefore, -punishable, the violation of statues—a whole series of cases -of which Moreau (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>) has collected from ancient and modern -times—may be enumerated here. They are, unfortunately, given -too much like anecdotes to allow satisfactory judgment of them. -They always give the impression of being pathological,—like the -story of a young man (related by Lucianus and St. Clemens, of -Alexandria) who made use of a Venus of Praxiteles for the -gratification of his lust; and the case of Clisyphus, who violated -the statue of a goddess in the Temple of Samos, after having -placed a piece of meat on a certain part. In modern times, the -<cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Journal L’événement</span></cite> of March 4, 1877, relates the story of a -gardener who fell in love with a statue of the Venus of Milo, -and was discovered attempting coitus with it. At any rate, -these cases stand in etiological relation with abnormally intense -libido and defective virility or courage, or lack of opportunity for -normal sexual gratification.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The same thing, must be assumed in the case of the -so-called <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">voyeurs</span></i>,<a id='r130' /><a href='#f130' class='c009'><sup>[130]</sup></a>—<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">i.e.</span></i>, men who are so cynical that they seek to -<span class='pageno' id='Page_397'>397</span>get sight of coitus, in order to assist their virility; or who seek to -have orgasm and ejaculation at the sight of an excited woman. -Concerning this moral aberration, which, for various reasons, -cannot be further described here, it will suffice to refer to Coffignon’s -book, “<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">La Corruption à Paris</span>.” The revelations, in the -domain of sexual perversity, and also perversion, which this book -makes, are horrible.</p> - -<h3 class='c016'>2. <span class='sc'>Rape and Lust-Murder.</span></h3> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c003'> - <div>(Austrian Statutes, § 125, 127; Austrian Abridgment, § 192; German Statutes, § 177.)</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>By the term rape, the jurist understands coitus, outside of -the marriage relation, with an adult, enforced by means of -threats or violence; or with an adult in a condition of defenselessness -or unconsciousness; or with a girl under the age of -fourteen years. Immissio penis, or, at least, conjunctio membrorum -(Schütze), is necessary to establish the fact. To-day, -rape on children is remarkably frequent. Hofmann (“Ger. -Med.,” i, p. 155) and Tardieu (“Attentats”) report horrible cases.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The latter establishes the fact that, from 1851 to 1875 -inclusive, 22,017 cases of rape came before the courts in France, -and, of these, 17,657 were committed on children.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The crime of rape presumes a temporary, powerful excitation -of sexual desire, induced by excess in alcohol, or by some -other condition. It is highly improbable that a man morally -intact would commit this most brutal crime. Lombroso (Goltdammer’s -<em>Arch.</em>) considers the majority of men who commit -rape to be degenerate, particularly when the crime is done on -children or old women. He asserts that, in many such men, -he has found actual signs of degeneracy.</p> - -<p class='c010'>It is a fact that rape is very often the act of degenerate -male imbeciles,<a id='r131' /><a href='#f131' class='c009'><sup>[131]</sup></a> where, under some circumstances, the bond of -blood is not respected.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Cases as a result of mania, satyriasis, and epilepsy, have -occurred, and are to be kept in mind.</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_398'>398</span>The crime of rape may follow the murder of the victim.<a id='r132' /><a href='#f132' class='c009'><sup>[132]</sup></a> -There may be unintentional murder, murder to destroy the only -witness of the crime, or murder out of lust (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">v. supra</span></i>). Only -for cases of the latter kind should the term <em>lust-murder</em><a id='r133' /><a href='#f133' class='c009'><sup>[133]</sup></a> be -used.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The motives of lust-murder have been previously considered. -The cases given in illustration are characteristic of the -manner of the deed. The presumption of a murder out of lust -is always given when injuries of the genitals are found, the -character and extent of which are such as could not be explained -by merely a brutal attempt at coitus; and, still more, -when the body has been opened, or parts (intestines, genitals) -torn out, and are wanting.<a id='r134' /><a href='#f134' class='c009'><sup>[134]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'>Lust-murders dependent upon psychopathic conditions are -never committed with accomplices.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 184. <em>Weak-mindedness, Epilepsy. Attempt at Rape; Murder.</em>—On -the evening of May 27, 1888, an eight-year-old boy, Blasius, was -playing with other children in the neighborhood of the village of S. -An unknown man came along and enticed the boy into the woods. The -next day the boy’s body was found in a ravine, with the abdomen slit -open, an incised wound in the cardiac region, and two stab-wounds in the -neck.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Since, on May 21st, a man, answering to the description given -of the murderer by the children, had attempted to treat a six-year-old -girl in a similar manner, and had only accidentally been detected, it was -presumed to be a case of lust-murder. It was proved that the body -was found in a heap, with only the shirt and jacket on; also, that there -was a long incision in the scrotum.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Suspicion fell upon a peasant, E.; but, on confrontation with the -children, it was not possible to identify him with the stranger who had -enticed the boy into the woods. Besides, with the help of his sister, he -proved an alibi. The untiring efforts of the officers brought new evidence -to light, and finally E. confessed. He had enticed the girl into -the woods, thrown her down, exposed her genitals, and was about to -abuse her; but, as she had an eruption on her head, and was crying -loudly, his desire cooled, and he fled.</p> - -<p class='c015'>After he enticed the boy into the woods, with the pretext of showing -<span class='pageno' id='Page_399'>399</span>him a bird’s nest, he was taken with a desire to abuse him. Since -the boy refused to take off his trousers, he did it for him; and when -the boy began to cry out, he stabbed him twice in the neck. Then he -made an incision, just above the pubes, in imitation of female genitals, -in order to use it to satisfy his lust. But, since the body grew cold -immediately, he lost his desire, and, cleaning his knife and hands near -the body, he fled. When he saw the boy dead, he was filled with fear, -and his limbs became weak.</p> - -<p class='c015'>During his examination E. looked apathetically at a garland. He -had acted in a state of mental weakness. He could not understand how -he came to do such a thing. He must have been beside himself; for he -often became senseless, so that he would almost fall down. Previous -employers report that he had periods when he was devoid of thought -and confused, doing no work all day, and avoiding others. His father -states that E. learned with difficulty, was unskillful at work, and often -so obstinate that one did not think to punish him. At such times he -would not eat, and occasionally ran away and remained all day. At -such times he also seemed quite lost in thought, screwed his face up, -and said senseless things. When quite a boy, he still sometimes wet -the bed, and often came home from school with wet or soiled clothing. -He was very restless in sleep, so that no one could sleep beside -him. He had never had playmates. He had never been cruel, bad, or -immoral.</p> - -<p class='c015'>His mother gave similar testimony; and further, that, in his fifth -year, E. first had convulsions, and once lost the power of speech for -seven days. Sometime about his seventh year he once had convulsions -for forty days, and was also dropsical. Later, too, he was often -seized in sleep, and he often then talked in his sleep; and mornings, -after such nights, the bed was found wet.</p> - -<p class='c015'>At times it was impossible to do anything with him. Since his -mother did not know whether it was due to viciousness or disease, she -did not venture to punish him.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Since his convulsions, in his seventh year, he had failed so in mind -that he could not learn even the common prayers; and he also became -very irascible.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Neighbors, persons prominent in the community, and teachers, -state that E. was peculiar, weak-minded, and irascible; that at times he -was very strange, and apparently in an exceptional mental state.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The examinations of the medical experts gave the following -results:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>E. is tall, slim, and poorly nourished. His head measures 53 centimetres -in circumference. The cranium is rhombic, and in the occipital -region flattened.</p> - -<p class='c015'>His expression is devoid of intelligence; his glance is fixed, -expressionless; his attitude is careless, and his body is bent forward. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_400'>400</span>Movements are slow and heavy. Genitals normally developed. E.’s -whole appearance points to torpidity and mental weakness.</p> - -<p class='c015'>There are no signs of degenerative marks, no abnormality of the -vegetative organs, and no disturbances of motility or sensibility. He -comes of a perfectly healthy family. He knows nothing of convulsions -or of wetting his bed at night, but he states that, of late years, he has -had attacks of vertigo and loss of mind.</p> - -<p class='c015'>At first, in circumlocution, he denies the murder. Later, in great -contrition, before the examining judge, he confessed all, and gave a -clear motive for his crime. He had never had such a thought before.</p> - -<p class='c015'>He has been given to onanism for years; he even practiced it twice -daily. He states that, for want of courage, he had never ventured to -ask coitus of a woman, though in dreams such scenes exclusively passed -before him. Neither in dreams nor in the waking state had he ever had -perverse instincts; particularly no sadistic or contrary sexual feelings. -Too, the sight of the slaughter of animals had never interested him. -When he enticed the girl into the woods, his desire was to satisfy his -lust with her; but how it happened that he tried such a thing with a -boy, he could not explain. He thought he must have been out of his -mind at that time. The night after the murder he could not sleep on -account of fear; he had twice confessed already, to ease his conscience. -He was only afraid of being hung. This should not be done, as he -had done the deed in a weak-minded condition.</p> - -<p class='c015'>He could not tell why he had cut open the boy’s abdomen. It had -not occurred to him to handle the intestines, smell them, etc. He stated -that, after the attempt on the girl in the day-time, and in the night, after -the murder of the boy, he had convulsions. At the time of his crime he -was indeed conscious, but he had not thought at all of what he did.</p> - -<p class='c015'>He suffered much with headache; could not endure heat, thirst, or -alcohol; there were times when he was perfectly confused. The test of -his intelligence showed a high grade of weak-mindedness.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The opinion (Dr. Kautzner, of Graz) showed the imbecility and -neurosis of the accused, and made it probable that his crime, for which -he had only a general recollection, had been committed in an exceptional -(præ-epileptic) mental state, conditioned by the neurosis. Under all -circumstances, E. was considered dangerous, and probably would require -commitment to an asylum for life.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_401'>401</span> - <h3 class='c016'>3. <span class='sc'>Bodily Injury, Injury to Property, and Torture of Animals Dependent on Sadism.</span><a id='r135' /><a href='#f135' class='c009'><sup>[135]</sup></a></h3> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c003'> - <div>(Austrian, § 152, 411; German, § 223 [bodily injury]. Austrian, § 85, 468; German, § 303 [injury to property]. Austrian Police Regulations; German Statutes, § 360 [torture of animals].)</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>Aside from lust-murder, described in the foregoing section, -as milder expressions of sadistic desires, impulses to stab, -flagellate, or defile females, to flagellate boys, to maltreat -animals, etc., also occur.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The deep degenerative significance of such cases is clearly -demonstrated by the series of examples given under “General -Pathology.” Such mentally degenerate individuals, should they -be unable to control their perverse impulses, could only be -objects of care in asylums.</p> - -<h3 class='c016'>4. <span class='sc'>Bodily Injury, Robbery, and Theft Dependent on Fetichism.</span></h3> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c003'> - <div>(Austrian, § 190; German, § 249 [robbery]. Austrian, § 171, 460; German, § 242 [theft].)</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>It is seen from the section on fetichism, under “General -Pathology,” that pathological fetichism may become the cause -of crimes. There are now recognized, as such, hair-despoiling -(Cases 78, 79, 80); robbery or theft of female linen, handkerchiefs, -aprons (Cases 82, 83, 85, 86), shoes (Cases 68, 87, 88), -and silks (Case 93). It cannot be doubted that such individuals -are subjects of deep mental taint. But, for the assumption of an -absence of mental freedom and consequent irresponsibility, it -<span class='pageno' id='Page_402'>402</span>must be proved that there was an irresistible impulse, which, -either owing to the strength of the impulse itself, or to the -existence of mental weakness, made control of the punishable, -perverse impulsion impossible. Such crimes and the peculiar -manner in which they are performed,—in which they differ very -much from common robbery and theft,—always demand a -medico-legal examination. But that the act <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per se</span></i> does not, by -any means, necessarily arise from psycho-pathological conditions -is shown by the infrequent cases of hair-despoiling<a id='r136' /><a href='#f136' class='c009'><sup>[136]</sup></a> simply for -the purpose of gain.</p> - -<h3 class='c016'>5. <span class='sc'>Violation of Individuals Under the Age of Fourteen.</span></h3> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c003'> - <div>(Austrian Statutes, § 128, 132; Austrian Abridgment, § 189, 191<sup>3</sup>; German Statutes, § 174, 176<sup>3</sup>)</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>By violation of sexually immature individuals, the jurist -understands all the possible immoral acts with persons under -fourteen years of age that are not comprehended in the term -rape. The term violation, in the legal sense of the word, comprehends -the most horrible perversions and acts, which are -possible only to a man who is controlled by lust and morally -weak, and, as is usually the case, lacking in sexual power.</p> - -<p class='c010'>A common feature of these crimes, committed on persons -that are more or less children, is that they are unmanly, childish, -and often silly. It is a fact that such acts, with exceptions in -pathological cases, like those of imbeciles, paretics, and senile -dements, are almost exclusively committed by young men who -lack courage or have no faith in their virility; or by <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">roués</span></i> -who have, to some extent, lost their virility. It is psychologically -incomprehensible that an adult of full virility, and mentally -sound, should indulge in sexual abuses with children.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The imagination of debauchees, in actively or passively -picturing the immoral acts, is exceedingly lively; and that the -following enumeration of the sexual acts of this kind known to -law exhausts all the possibilities is questionable. Most frequently -the abuse consists of sexual handling (under some -<span class='pageno' id='Page_403'>403</span>circumstances, flagellation<a id='r137' /><a href='#f137' class='c009'><sup>[137]</sup></a>), active manustupration, or seducing -children by inducing them to perform onanism, or lustful handling, -on the seducer. Less frequent acts are cunnilingus, irrumare -on boys or girls, pædicatio puellarum, coitus inter femora, -and exhibition.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In a case which Maschka reports (“Handb.,” iii, p. 174), a young -man had naked girls, from eight to twelve years old, dance about in his -room, and urinate before him, until he ejaculated. Not infrequently boys -are abused by sensual women, who undertake to bring about conjunctio -membrorum with them, in order to satisfy themselves by means of -friction or onanism.<a id='r138' /><a href='#f138' class='c009'><sup>[138]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c015'>Tardieu saw one of the most disgusting examples. A servant, in -company with her lover, masturbated children intrusted to them, performed -cunnilingus with a girl of seven, and introduced parsnips and -potatoes into her vagina, and put similar things into the rectum of a -baby of two years!</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 185. Z., aged 62; deeply tainted, masturbator. He states he -has never had coitus, but has frequently practiced fellatio. He is in an -asylum, on account of paranoia. It had been his greatest pleasure to -entice girls, aged from ten to fourteen years, and practice cunnilingus -and other vile acts with them. In these acts he had orgasm and ejaculation. -Masturbation did not give him the same satisfaction, and induced -ejaculation only with difficulty. <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Faute de mieux</span></i> he also practiced fellatio -with men; occasionally an exhibitionist. Phimosis; asymmetrical -cranium. (Pelanda, <cite><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">Arch. di Psichiatria</span></cite>, x. fascic. 3, 4.)</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 186. X., priest, aged 40. He was accused of enticing girls, aged -from ten to thirteen, undressing and fondling them lustfully, and finally -masturbating. He is tainted, and has been an onanist from childhood; -morally imbecile; always very excitable sexually. Head somewhat small. -Penis unusually large; indications of hypospadiasis. (Pelanda, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">loc. cit.</span></i>)</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 187. K., aged 23; laborer. He was accused and convicted -of repeatedly enticing boys, and now and then girls, to an out-of-the-way -place, and practicing abuses with them (mutual masturbation, -fellatio puerorum, fondling of the genitals of the girls).</p> - -<p class='c015'>K. is an imbecile, and physically deformed, being scarcely 1.5 -metres tall; cranium rachitic and hydrocephalic; teeth bad,—furrowed, -defective, and irregular. Large lips, idiotic expression, stuttering -speech, and an awkward attitude complete the picture of psycho-physical -degeneration. K. behaves like a child discovered in some -mischievous act. Scarcely any growth of beard. Genitals well and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_404'>404</span>normally developed. He has a superficial consciousness of having done -something improper, but he is unconscious of the moral, social, and -legal significance of his crimes.</p> - -<p class='c015'>K. comes of a drunken father, and a mother who became insane -from the abuse of her husband, and died in an asylum. In his babyhood -the boy was almost blinded by corneal ulcers, and, after his sixth -year, he grew up with an almoner, and later with difficulty earned his -living as an organ-grinder. His brother is good for nothing, and the -culprit himself was considered a surly, quarrelsome, evil, moody, irritable -man. The opinion emphasized the intellectual, moral, and physical -defect of the culprit.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Unfortunately it must be admitted that the most revolting of -these crimes are done by sane individuals who, by reason of satiety -in normal sexual indulgence, lasciviousness, and brutality, and not -seldom during intoxication, forget that they are human beings.</p> - -<p class='c010'>A great number of these cases, however, certainly depend -upon pathological states. This is particularly true where old -men become the seducers of children.<a id='r139' /><a href='#f139' class='c009'><sup>[139]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'>I agree with Kirn, who, under all circumstances, in cases -of this kind, holds a mental examination to be always necessary; -since, frequently enough, a re-awakened, perverse, abnormally -intense, and uncontrollable sexual desire is shown to be one of -the manifestations of a senile dementia.</p> - -<h3 class='c016'>6. <span class='sc'>Unnatural Abuse—Sodomy.</span><a id='r140' /><a href='#f140' class='c009'><sup>[140]</sup></a></h3> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c003'> - <div>(Austrian Statutes, § 129; Abridgment, § 190; German Statutes, § 175.)</div> - </div> -</div> - -<h4 class='c020'>(a) <em>Violation of Animals—Bestiality.</em><a id='r141' /><a href='#f141' class='c009'><sup>[141]</sup></a></h4> - -<p class='c017'>Violation of animals, monstrous and revolting as it seems -to mankind, is by no means always due to psycho-pathological -<span class='pageno' id='Page_405'>405</span>conditions. Low morality and great sexual desire, with lack -of opportunity of natural indulgence, are the principal motives -of this unnatural means of sexual satisfaction, which is resorted -to by women as well as by men.</p> - -<p class='c015'>To Polak we owe the knowledge that in Persia bestiality is frequently -practiced because of the delusion that it cures gonorrhœa; just -as in Europe an idea is still prevalent that intercourse with children -heals venereal disease.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Experience teaches that bestiality with cows and horses is none -too infrequent. Occasionally the acts may be undertaken with goats, -bitches, and, as a case of Tardieu’s and one by Schauenstein show -(Lehrb., p. 125), with hens.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The action of Frederick the Great, in the case of a cavalryman who -had committed bestiality with a mare, is well known: “The fellow is a -beast, and shall be reduced to the infantry.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>The intercourse of females with beasts is limited to dogs. A monstrous -example of the moral depravity in large cities is related by -Maschka (“Handb.,” iii),—the case of a Parisian female who showed -herself in the sexual act with a trained bull-dog, to a secret circle of -<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">roués</span></i>, at 10 francs a head.</p> - -<p class='c010'>There has been, heretofore, but little legal consideration of -the mental condition in those given to violation of animals. In -several cases known to the writer, the individuals were weak-minded. -In Schauenstein’s case there was insanity.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The following case of bestiality is one that was certainly -conditioned by disease. He was an epileptic. In this case the -desire for animals appeared as an equivalent of the normal -sexual desire:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 188. X., peasant, aged 40; Greek-Catholic. Father and -mother were hard drinkers. Since his fifth year patient has had epileptic -convulsions,—<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">i.e.</span></i>, he falls down unconscious, lies still two or three -minutes, and then gets up and runs wildly about with staring eyes. Sexuality -was first manifested at seventeen. The patient had inclinations -neither for women nor for men, but for animals (birds, horses, etc.). He -had intercourse with hens and ducks, and later with horses and cows. -Never any onanism.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The patient paints pictures of saints; is of very limited intelligence. -For years, religious paranoia, with states of ecstasy. He has an “unspeakable” -love for the Virgin, for whom he would sacrifice his life. Taken -to hospital, he proves to be free from infirmity and signs of degeneration.</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_406'>406</span>He had always had an aversion for women. In a single attempt at -coitus with a woman he was impotent, but with animals he was always -potent. He is ashamed before women; coitus with women he regards -almost as a sin. (Kowalewsky, <i><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Jahrb. f. Psychiatrie</span></i>, vii, Heft 3.)</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 189. On the afternoon of September 23, 1889, W., aged 16, -shoemaker’s apprentice, caught a goose in a neighbor’s garden, and -committed bestiality on the fowl until the neighbor approached. On -being accused by the neighbor, W. said, “Is there anything wrong with -the goose?” and then went away. At his examination he confessed the -act, but excused himself on the ground of temporary loss of mind. -Since a severe illness, in his twelfth year, he several times a month had -attacks, with heat in his head, in which he was intensely excited sexually, -could not help himself, and did not know what he did. He had -done the act in such an attack. He answered for himself in the same -way at the trial, and stated that he knew nothing of the <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">species facti</span></i> -except from the statements of the neighbor. His father states that W., -who comes of a healthy family, has always been sickly since an attack of -scarlatina in his fifth year, and that, at the age of twelve, he had a febrile -cerebral disease. W. had a good reputation, learned well in school, and, -later, helped his father in his work. He was not given to masturbation.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The medical examination revealed no intellectual or moral defect. -The physical examination revealed normal genitals; penis relatively -greatly developed; marked exaggeration of the patellar reflexes. In -other respects, negative result.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The history of the condition at the time of the deed was not to be depended -upon. There was no history of previous attacks of mental disturbance, -and there were none during the six weeks of observation. There was -no perversion of the vita sexualis. The medical opinion allowed the possibility -that some organic cause (cerebral congestion), dependent upon -cerebral disease, may have exercised an influence at the time of the commission -of the criminal act. (From the opinion of Dr. Fritsch, of Vienna.)</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 190. <em>Impulsive Sodomy.</em>—A., aged 16; gardener’s boy; born -out of wedlock; father, unknown; mother, deeply tainted, hystero-epileptic. -A. has a deformed, asymmetrical cranium, and deformity and -asymmetry of the bones of the face; the whole skeleton is also deformed, -asymmetrical, and small. From childhood he was a masturbator; always -morose, apathetic, and fond of solitude; very irritable, and pathological -in his emotional reaction. He is imbecile, probably much reduced physically -by masturbation, and neurasthenic. Besides, he presents hysteropathic -symptoms (limitation of the visual field, dyschromatopsia; diminution -of the senses of smell, taste, and hearing on the right side; -anæsthesia of the right testicle, clavus, etc.).</p> - -<p class='c015'>A. is convicted of having committed masturbation and sodomy on -dogs and rabbits. When twelve years old he saw how boys masturbated -a dog. He imitated it, and thereafter he could not keep from abusing -<span class='pageno' id='Page_407'>407</span>dogs, cats, and rabbits in this vile manner. Much more frequently, however, -he committed sodomy on female rabbits,—the only animal that had -a charm for him. At dusk he was accustomed to repair to his master’s -rabbit-pen, in order to gratify his vile desire. Rabbits with torn rectums -were repeatedly found. The act of bestiality was always done in the -same manner. There were actual attacks which came on every eight -weeks, always in the evening, and always in the same way. A. would -become very uncomfortable, and have a feeling as if some one were -pounding his head. He felt as if losing his reason. He struggled -against the imperative idea of committing sodomy with the rabbits, and -thus had an increasing feeling of fear and intensification of headache, -until it became unbearable. At the height of the attack there was sound -of bells, cold perspiration, trembling of the knees, and, finally, loss of -resistive power, and impulsive performance of the perverse act. As soon -as this was done, he lost all anxiety; the nervous cycle was completed, -and he was again master of himself, deeply ashamed of the deed, and -fearful of the return of an attack. A. states that, in such a condition, -if called upon to choose between a woman and a female rabbit, he could -make choice only of the latter. In the intervals, of all domestic animals, -he is partial only to rabbits. In his exceptional states simple caressing -or kissing, etc., of the rabbit suffices, as a rule, to afford him sexual satisfaction; -but sometimes he has, when doing this, such furor sexualis that -he is forced to wildly perform sodomy on the animal.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The acts of bestiality mentioned are the only acts which afford him -sexual satisfaction, and they constitute the only manner in which he is -capable of sexual indulgence. A. states that, in the act, he never had a -lustful feeling, but satisfaction, inasmuch as he was thus freed from the -painful condition into which he was brought by the imperative impulse.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The medical evidence easily proved that this human monster was a -psychically degenerate, irresponsible invalid, and not a criminal. (Boeteau, -<cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">La France médicale</span></cite>, 38th year, No. 38.)</p> - -<p class='c010'>The following case seems to be devoid of a psychopathic -basis:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 191. <em>Sodomy.</em>—In a provincial town a man was caught in -intercourse with a hen. He was thirty years old, and of high social -position. The chickens had been dying one after another, and the man -causing it had been searched for a long time. To the question of the -judge, as to the reason for such an act, the accused said that his genitals -were so small that coitus with women was impossible. Medical examination -showed that the genitals were actually extremely small. The -man was mentally entirely sound.</p> - -<p class='c015'>There were no statements concerning any abnormalities at the time -of puberty, etc. (Gyurkovechky, “Männl. Impotenz,” 1889, p. 82.)</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_408'>408</span> - <h4 class='c020'>(b) <em>With Persons of the Same Sex—Pederasty; Sodomy in its Strict Sense.</em></h4> -</div> - -<p class='c017'>German law takes cognizance of unnatural sexual relations -only between men; Austrian, between those of the same sex; -and, therefore, unnatural relations between women are punishable.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Among the immoralities between men, pederasty (immissio -penis in anum) claims the principal interest. Indeed, the jurist -thought only of this perversity of sexual activity; and, according -to the opinions of distinguished interpreters of the law -(Oppenhoff, “Stgsb.,” Berlin, 1872, p. 324, and Rudolf and -Stenglein, “D. Strafgesb. f. d. Deutsche Reich,” 1881, p. 423), -immissio penis in corpus vivum belongs to the criminal act -covered by § 175.</p> - -<p class='c010'>According to this interpretation, legal punishment would -not follow other improper acts between male persons, <em>so long as -they were not complicated with offense to public decency, with -force, or undertaken with boys under the age of fourteen</em>. Of -late this interpretation has again been abandoned, and the crime -of unnatural abuse between men has been assumed when merely -acts <em>similar to cohabitation</em> were performed.<a id='r142' /><a href='#f142' class='c009'><sup>[142]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c010'>The study of contrary sexual instinct has placed male love -of males in a very different light from that in which it, and -particularly pederasty, stood at the time the statutes were -framed. The fact that there is no doubt about the pathological -basis of many cases of contrary sexual instinct shows that -pederasty may also be the act of an irresponsible person, and -makes it necessary, in court, to examine not merely the deed, -but also the mental condition of the perpetrator.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The principles laid down previously must also be adhered -to here. Not the deed, but only an anthropological and clinical -judgment of the perpetrator can permit a decision as to -<span class='pageno' id='Page_409'>409</span>whether we have to do with a perversity deserving punishment, -or with an abnormal perversion of the mental and sexual life, -which, under certain circumstances, excludes punishment. The -next legal question to settle is whether the contrary sexual feeling -is congenital or acquired; and, in the latter case, whether it is -abnormal perversion or moral perversity.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Congenital contrary sexual instinct occurs only in predisposed -(tainted) individuals, as a partial manifestation of a -defect evidenced by anatomical or functional abnormalities, or -both. The case becomes clearer, and the diagnosis more certain, -if the individual, in character and disposition, seems to correspond -entirely with his sexual peculiarity; and if the inclination -toward persons of the opposite sex is entirely wanting, and -horror of sexual intercourse with them is felt; and if the individual, -in the impulses to satisfy the contrary sexual instinct, -shows other anomalies of the sexual sphere, such as more pronounced -degeneration in the form of periodicity of the impulse -and impulsive conduct, and is a neuropathic and psychopathic -person.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Another question concerns the mental condition of the -urning. If this be such as to remove the possibility of moral -responsibility, then the pederast is not a criminal, but an irresponsible -insane person. This condition in congenital urnings -is apparently less frequent than another. As a rule, these cases -present elementary psychical disturbances, which do not remove -responsibility. But this does not settle the question of the -responsibility of the urning. The sexual instinct is one of the -most powerful organic needs. There is no law that looks upon -its satisfaction outside of marriage as punishable in itself; if -the urning feels perversely, it is not his fault, but the fault of a -condition natural to him. His sexual instinct may be æsthetically -very repugnant, but, from his stand-point, it is natural. -And, too, in the majority of these unfortunates, the perverse -sexual instinct is abnormally intense, and their consciousness -recognizes it as nothing unnatural. Thus they fail to have -moral and æsthetic ideas to assist them in resisting the instinct. -Innumerable normally constituted men are in a position to -<span class='pageno' id='Page_410'>410</span>overcome the desire for satisfaction of their libido without suffering -from it in health. Many neuropathic individuals,—and -urnings are almost always neuropathic,—on the contrary, become -nervously ill when they do not satisfy the sexual desire, either -as Nature prompts or in a way that is for them perverse.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The majority of urnings are in a painful situation. On -the one hand, there is an impulse toward persons of their own -sex that is abnormally intense, the satisfaction of which has a -good effect, and is natural to them; on the other, is public -sentiment which stigmatizes their acts, and the law which -threatens them with punishment. Before them lies mental -despair,—even insanity and suicide,—at the very least, nervous -disease; behind them, shame, loss of position, etc. It cannot -be doubted that, under these circumstances, states of necessity -and compulsion may be created by the unfortunate natural -disposition and constitution. Society and the law should understand -these facts. The former must pity, and not despise, such -unfortunates; the latter must cease to punish them,—at least, -while they remain within the limits which are set for the activity -of their sexual instinct.</p> - -<p class='c015'>As a confirmation of these opinions and demands concerning these -step-children of Nature, it is permissible to reproduce here the memorial -of an urning to the author. The writer of the following lines is a man -of high position in London:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>“You have no idea what a constant struggle we all—particularly -those of us that have the most mind and finest feelings—have to endure, -and how we suffer under the prevailing false ideas about us and our -so-called immorality.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Your opinion that the phenomenon under consideration is primarily -due to a congenital ‘pathological’ disposition will, perhaps, make -it possible to overcome existing prejudices, and awaken pity for poor, -‘abnormal’ men, instead of the present repugnance and contempt. Much -as I believe that the opinion expressed by you is exceedingly beneficial -to us, I am still compelled, in the interest of science, to repudiate the -word ‘pathological’; and you will permit me to express a few thoughts -with respect of it.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Under all circumstances the phenomenon is anomalous; but the -word ‘pathological’ conveys another meaning, which I cannot think -suits this phenomenon; at least, as I have had occasion to observe it in -very many cases. I will allow, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">a priori</span></i>, that, among urnings, a far -<span class='pageno' id='Page_411'>411</span>higher proportion of cases of insanity, of nervous exhaustion, etc., may -be observed than in other normal men. Does this increased nervousness -necessarily depend upon the character of urningism, or is it not, in the -majority of cases, to be ascribed to the effect of the laws and the prejudices -of society, which prohibit the indulgence of their sexual desires, -depending on a congenital peculiarity, while others are not thus -restrained?</p> - -<p class='c015'>“The youthful urning, when he feels the first sexual promptings -and näively expresses them to his comrades, soon finds that he is not -understood; he shrinks into himself. If he tell his parents or teacher -what moves him, that which is as natural to him as swimming is to a -fish is described as wrong and sinful, and he is told it must be fought -and overcome at any price. Then an inner conflict begins, a powerful -repression of sexual inclinations; and the more the natural satisfaction -of desire is repressed, the more lively the fancy becomes, and paints the -very pictures that the wish is to banish. The more energetic the character -that carries on this inner conflict, the more the whole nervous system -must suffer. Such a powerful repression of an instinct so deeply -implanted in us, in my opinion, develops the abnormal symptoms which -are observed in many urnings; but this does not necessarily follow from -the urning’s disposition.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Some continue the conflict for a longer or shorter time, and thus -injure themselves; others at last come to the knowledge that the powerful -instinct born in them cannot possibly be sinful, and, therefore, they -cease to try to do the impossible,—the repression of the instinct. Then, -however, begin constant suffering and excitement. When a normal man -seeks satisfaction of sexual inclination, he knows how to find it easily; it -is not so with the urning. He sees men that attract him, but he dares -not say—nay, not even betray by a look—what his feelings are. He -thinks that he alone of all the world has such abnormal feelings. Naturally -he seeks the society of young men; but he does not venture to confide -in them. Thus he comes to provide himself with a satisfaction that he -cannot otherwise obtain. Onanism is practiced inordinately, and followed -by all the evil results of that vice. When, after a time, the nervous -system has been injured, the abnormality is again not the result of -urningism, but it is produced by the onanism to which the urning -resorts, as a result of the public sentiment that denies him opportunity -to satisfy the sexual instinct that is natural to him.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Or, let us suppose the urning has had the rare fortune to soon -find a person like himself; or, that he has been introduced by an experienced -friend to the events of the world of urnings. Then he is spared -much of the inner conflict; but, at the same time, fearful cares and -anxieties follow his footsteps. Now he knows that he is not the only -one in the world that has such abnormal feelings; he opens his eyes and -wonders that he meets so many of his kind in all social circles and in all -<span class='pageno' id='Page_412'>412</span>callings; he also learns that, in the world of urnings, as in the other, -there is prostitution, and that men as well as women can be bought. -Thus there is no longer any want of opportunity for sexual satisfaction. -But here how differently the experience is gained from that obtained in -the normal manner of sexual indulgence!</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Let us consider the happiest case. After longing all one’s life, -the friend of like feeling is found. But he cannot be approached openly, -as a lover approaches the girl he loves. In constant fear, both must conceal -their relations; nay, even intimacy that might easily excite suspicion—especially -should they not be of like age, or should they belong -to different classes—must be kept from the world. Thus, even in this -relation, is forged a chain of anxiety and fear that the secret will be -betrayed or discovered, which leaves them no joy in the indulgence. The -slightest thing that would not affect others makes them tremble with -fear that suspicion might be excited and the secret discovered, and -destroy social position and business. Could this constant anxiety and -care be endured without leaving a trace, without exerting an influence -on the entire nervous system?</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Another less fortunate man does not find a friend of like feeling, -but falls into the hands of a handsome man, who sought him until the -secret was discovered. Now the most refined blackmail is extorted. The -unfortunate, persecuted man, brought to the alternative of paying or of -losing his social position, and bringing disgrace on himself and his family, -pays; and the more he gives, the more voracious the vampire becomes; -until at last there remains nothing but absolute financial ruin or dishonor. -Who can wonder that nerves are not equal to such a terrible struggle!</p> - -<p class='c015'>“They give way; insanity comes on; and the miserable man at last -finds the rest in an asylum that he could not find in the world. Another, -in the same situation, driven to despair, finds relief in suicide. It cannot -be known how many of the suicides of young men are to be attributed -to this combination of circumstances.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I do not think that I am in error when I declare that at least one-half -of the suicides of young men are due to such conditions. Even -in those cases where urnings are not persecuted by a heartless villain, -but where a happy relation between two men exists, discovery, or even -the fear of it, very often leads to suicide. How many officers, how many -soldiers, having such relations with their subordinates or companions, in -the moment when they have believed themselves discovered, have sought -to escape the threatened disgrace by means of a bullet! And it is the -same in all callings.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Therefore, if it must be admitted that, among urnings, more -mental abnormalities and more insanity are actually observed than among -other men, yet this does not prove that the mental disturbance is a -necessary accompaniment of the urning’s condition, and that the latter -induces the former.</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_413'>413</span>“According to my firm conviction, by far the greater number of -cases of mental disturbance or abnormal disposition observed in urnings -are not to be attributed to the sexual anomaly; but they are caused by -the existing notions concerning urnings, and the resulting laws, and -dominant public sentiment concerning the anomaly. Any one with an -adequate idea of the mental and moral suffering, of the anxiety and care, -that the urning must endure; of the constant hypocrisy and secrecy -he must practice, in order to conceal his inner instinct; of the difficulties -that meet him in satisfying his natural desire,—can only be surprised -that more insanity and nervous disturbance does not occur in urnings. -The greater part of these abnormal states would not be developed, if the -urning, like another, could find a simple and easy way in which to satisfy -his sexual desire,—if he were not forever troubled by these anxieties!”</p> - -<p class='c010'><i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">De lege lata</span></i>, as far as the urning is concerned, the paragraph -with reference to pederasty must not be applied without -the proof of actual pederasty; and psychical and somatic abnormalities -must be examined by experts with respect of an estimate -in the individual of the question of guilt.</p> - -<p class='c010'><i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">De lege ferenda</span></i>, the urnings wish a repeal of the paragraphs. -The jurist could not consent to this, if he were to -remember that pederasty is much more frequently a disgusting -vice than the result of physical and mental infirmity; and that, -moreover, many urnings, though driven to sexual acts with -their own sex, are yet in nowise compelled to indulge in pederasty,—a -sexual act which, under all circumstances, must stand -as cynical, disgusting, and, when passive, as certainly injurious. -Whether for reasons of expediency (difficulty of fixing the -guilt, encouragement of blackmail, etc.), it would not be opportune -to strike from the statutes the legal punishment of the -male-loving man, and to protect youth by the use of the paragraphs -concerning sexual abuses, is a future question for jurists.</p> - -<p class='c010'>What has been said concerning congenital contrary sexuality -and its relation to the law is also applicable to the acquired -abnormality. The accompanying neurosis or psychosis should -have much diagnostic and forensic weight with reference to the -question of guilt.</p> - -<p class='c010'>It only remains to describe acquired non-pathological pederasty,—one -of the saddest pages in the history of human -delinquencies:—</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_414'>414</span> - <h4 class='c020'><span class='sc'>Cultivated Pederasty.</span><a id='r143' /><a href='#f143' class='c009'><sup>[143]</sup></a></h4> -</div> - -<p class='c017'>The motives that bring to pederasty a man originally normal -sexually and of sound mind are various. It is used temporarily -as a means of sexual satisfaction <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">faute de mieux</span></i>,—as -in infrequent cases of bestiality,—where abstinence from normal -sexual indulgence is a necessity.<a id='r144' /><a href='#f144' class='c009'><sup>[144]</sup></a> It thus occurs on ship-board -during long voyages, in prisons, in baths, etc. It is highly probable -that, among men subjected to such conditions, there are -single individuals of low morals and great sensuality, or actual -urnings, who seduce the others. Lust, imitation, and desire -further their purpose.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The strength of the sexual instinct is most markedly shown -by the fact that such circumstances are sufficient to overcome -repugnance for the unnatural act.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Another category of pederasts is made up of old <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">roues</span></i> -that have become supersatiated in normal sexual indulgence, -and who find in pederasty a means of exciting sensual pleasure, -the act being a new method of stimulation. Thus they temporarily -renew their power, that has been psychically and physically -reduced to so low a state. The new sexual situation -makes them, so to speak, relatively potent, and makes pleasure -possible that is no longer possible in normal intercourse. In -time power to indulge in pederasty is also lost. The individual -may thus finally be reduced to passive pederasty as a stimulus -to make possible temporary active pederasty; just as, occasionally, -flagellation or looking on at obscene acts (Maschka’s case -of mutilation of animals) is resorted to for the same purpose.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The termination of sexual activity expresses itself in all kinds -of abuse of children,—cunnilingus, fellare, and other enormities.</p> - -<p class='c010'>This kind of pederasts is the most dangerous, since they -deal mostly with boys, and ruin them in body and soul.</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_415'>415</span>In reference to this, the experiences of Tarnowsky (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>, p. 53 -<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">et seq.</span></i>), gathered from the society of St. Petersburg, are terrible. The -places where pederasty is cultivated are Institutes. Old <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">roués</span></i> and urnings -play the <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i> of seducers. At first it is difficult for the person to -carry out the disgusting act. Fancy is made to assist by calling up -the image of a woman. Gradually, with practice, the unnatural act becomes -easy, and at last the individual, like one injured by masturbation, -becomes relatively impotent for women, and lustful enough to find pleasure -in the perverse act. Such individuals, under certain circumstances, -give themselves for money.</p> - -<p class='c015'>As Tardieu, Hofmann, Simon, and Taylor show, such individuals -are not infrequently found in large cities. From numerous statements -made to me by urnings, it is learned that actual prostitution and houses -of prostitution for male-loving men exist in large cities. The arts of -coquetry used by these male prostitutes are noteworthy,—ornament, -perfumes, feminine styles of dress, etc., to attract pederasts and urnings. -This imitation of feminine peculiarities is spontaneous and unconscious -in congenital cases, and in many acquired cases of (abnormal) contrary -sexual instinct.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The following lines are of interest to the psychologist, and -offer the officers of the law important facts concerning the -social life and practice of pederasts:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>Coffignon, “<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">La Corruption à Paris</span>,” p. 327, divides active pederasts -into “<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">amateurs</span></i>,” “<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">entreteneurs</span></i>,” and “<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">souteneurs</span></i>.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>The “<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">amateurs</span></i>” (“<em>rivettes</em>”) are debauched persons, but also frequently -congenitally perverse sexually, of position and fortune, who are -forced to guard themselves against detection in the gratification of their -homo-sexual desires. For this purpose they visit brothels, lodging-houses, -or the private houses of female prostitutes, who are usually on -good terms with male prostitutes. Thus they escape blackmail.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Some of these “<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">amateurs</span></i>” are cunning enough to indulge their vile -desires in public places. They thus run the risk of arrest, but, in a -large city, little risk of blackmail. Danger is said to add to their secret -pleasure.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The “<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">entreteneurs</span></i>” are old sinners who, even with the danger of -falling into the hands of blackmailers, cannot deny themselves the -pleasure of keeping a (male) mistress.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The “<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">souteneurs</span></i>” are pederasts that have been punished, who keep -their “<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">jesus</span></i>,” whom they send out to entice customers (“<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">faire chanter -les rivettes</span></i>”), and who then, at the right moment, if possible, appear for -the purpose of plucking the victim.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Not infrequently they live together in bands, the members, in -accordance with individual desire, living together as husbands and wives. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_416'>416</span>In such bands there are formal marriages, betrothals, banquets, and -introductions of brides and grooms into their apartments.</p> - -<p class='c015'>These “<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">souteneurs</span></i>” attach their “<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">jesus</span></i>” to themselves.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The passive pederasts are “<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">petits jesus</span></i>,”<a id='t416'></a> “<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">jesus</span></i>,” or “<em>aunts</em>.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>The “<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">petits jesus</span></i>” are lost, depraved children, whom accident places -in the hands of active pederasts, who seduce them, and reveal to them -the horrible means of earning a livelihood, either as “<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">entretenus</span></i>” or as -male street-walkers, with or without “<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">souteneurs</span></i>.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>The most suitable and promising “<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">petits jesus</span></i>” are given into the -hands of persons who instruct these children in the art of female dress -and manner. Gradually they then seek to emancipate themselves from -their teachers and masters, in order to become “<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">femmes entretenues</span></i>”; -and not infrequently by means of anonymous denunciation of their -“<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">souteneurs</span></i>” to the police.</p> - -<p class='c015'>It is the object of the “<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">souteneur</span></i>” and the “<em>petit jesus</em>” to make -the latter appear young, as long as possible, by means of all the arts of -the toilet.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The limit of age is about twenty-five years; then they all become -“<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">jesus</span></i>” and “<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">femmes entretenues</span></i>” and are then sustained by several -“<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">souteneurs</span></i>.” The “<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">jesus</span></i>” fall into three categories: “<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">filles gallantes</span></i>,” -<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">i.e.</span></i>, those that have fallen again into the hands of a “<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">souteneur</span></i>”; -“<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">pierreuses</span></i>” (ordinary street-walkers, like their female colleagues); and -“<em>domestics</em>.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>The “<em>domestics</em>” hire out to active pederasts, either to gratify their -desires or to obtain “<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">petits jesus</span></i>” for them.</p> - -<p class='c015'>A sub-group of these “<em>domestics</em>” is formed by such of them as -enter the service of “<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">petits jesus</span></i>” as “<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">femmes de chambre</span></i>.” The -principal object of these “<em>domestics</em>” is to use their positions to obtain -compromising knowledge, with which they later practice blackmail, and -thus assure themselves ease in their old age.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The most horrible class of active pederasts is made up of the -“<em>aunts</em>,”—<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">i.e.</span></i>, the “<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">souteneurs</span></i>” of (male) prostitutes,—who, though -normal sexually, are morally depraved, and practice pederasty (passive) -only for gain, or for the purpose of blackmail.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The wealthy “<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">amateurs</span></i>” have their reunions and places of meeting, -where the passive ones appear in female attire, and horrible orgies take -place. The waiters, musicians, etc., at such gatherings, are all pederasts. -The “<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">filles gallantes</span></i>” do not venture, except during the carnival, to show -themselves on the street in female dress; but they know how to lend to -their appearance something indicative of their calling, by means of style -of dress, etc. They entice by means of gesture, peculiar movements of -the hands, etc., and lead their victims to hotels, baths, or brothels.</p> - -<p class='c015'>What the author says of blackmail is generally known. There -are cases where pederasts have allowed their entire fortune to be wrung -from them.</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_417'>417</span>The following notice from a Berlin (National?) newspaper, -of February, 1884, which fell into my hands by accident, seems -suited to show something of the life and customs of urnings:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>“<em>The Woman-Haters’ Ball.</em>—Almost every social element of Berlin -has its social reunions,—the fat, the bald-headed, the young,—and why not -the woman-haters? This species of men, so interesting psychologically -and none too edifying, had a great ball to-day. ‘Grand Vienna Mask-Ball,’—so -ran the notice. The sale of tickets was very rigorous; they wish to -be very exclusive. Their rendezvous was a well-known dance-hall. We -enter the hall about midnight. The graceful dancing is to the strains of -a fine orchestra. Thick tobacco-smoke, veiling the gas-lights, does not -allow the details of the moving mass to become obvious; only during -the pause between the dances can we obtain a closer view. The masks -are by far in the majority; black dress-coats and ball-gowns are seen only -now and then.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“But what is that? The lady in rose-tarletan, that just now passed -us, has a lighted cigar in the corner of her mouth, and puffs like a -trooper; and she also wears a small, blonde beard, lightly painted out. -And yet she is talking with a very <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">décolleté</span></i> ‘angel’ in <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">tricots</span></i>, who -stands there, with bare arms folded behind her, likewise smoking. The -two voices are masculine, and the conversation is likewise very masculine; -it is about the ‘d— tobacco, that permits no air.’ Two men in -female attire. A conventional clown stands there, against a pillar, in -soft conversation with a ballet-dancer, with his arm around her faultless -waist. She has a blonde ‘Titus-head,’ sharp-cut profile, and apparently a -voluptuous form. The brilliant ear-rings, the necklace with a medallion, -the full, round shoulders and arms, do not permit a doubt of her ‘genuineness,’ -until, with a sudden movement, she disengages herself from the -embracing arm, and, yawning, moves away, saying, in a deep bass, -‘Emile, you are too tiresome to-day!’ The ballet-dancer is also a male!</p> - -<p class='c015'>“Suspicious now, we look about further. We almost suspect that -here the world is topsy-turvy; for here goes, or, rather, trips, a man—no, -no man at all, even though he wears a carefully trained moustache. -The well-curled hair; the powdered and painted face with the blackened -eyebrows; the golden ear-rings; the bouquet of flowers reaching from -the left shoulder to the breast, ornamenting the elegant black gown; the -golden bracelets on the wrists; the elegant fan in the white-gloved hand,—all -these things are anything but masculine. And how he toys with -the fan! How he dances and turns, and trips and lisps! And yet -kindly Nature made this doll a man. He is a salesman in a great millinery -store, and the ballet-dancer mentioned is his ‘colleague.’</p> - -<p class='c015'>“At a little corner-table there seems to be a great social circle. -Several elderly gentlemen press around a group of <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">décolleté</span></i> ladies, who -<span class='pageno' id='Page_418'>418</span>sit over a glass of wine and—in the spirit of fun—make jokes that are none -too delicate. Who are these three ladies? ‘Ladies!’ laughs my knowing -friend. ‘Well, the one on the right, with the brown hair and the short, -fancy dress, is called “Butterrieke,” and he is a hair-dresser; the second -one—the blonde in a singer’s costume, with the necklace of pearls—is -known here by the name of “Miss Ella of the tight-rope,” and he is a -ladies’ tailor; and the third,—that is the widely-celebrated “Lottie.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>“But that person cannot possibly be a man? That waist, that -bust, those classic arms, the whole air and person are markedly feminine!</p> - -<p class='c015'>“I am told that ‘Lottie’ was once a book-keeper. To-day she, or, -rather, he, is exclusively ‘Lottie,’ and takes pleasure in deceiving men -about his sex as long as possible. ‘Lottie’ is singing a song that would -hardly do for a drawing-room, in a high voice, acquired by years of practice, -which many a soprano might envy. ‘Lottie’ has also ‘worked’ as a -female comedian. Now the quondam book-keeper has so entered into the -female <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i> that he appears on the street in female attire almost exclusively, -and, as the people with whom he lodges state, uses an embroidered -night-dress.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“On closer examination of the assembly, to my astonishment, I -discover acquaintances on all hands: my shoemaker, whom I should -have taken for anything but a woman-hater—he is a ‘troubadour,’ with -sword and plume; and his ‘Leonora,’ in the costume of a bride, is accustomed -to place my favorite brand of cigars before me in a certain cigar-store. -‘Leonora,’ who, during an intermission, removes her gloves, I -recognize with certainty by her large, blue hands. Right! There is my -haberdasher, also; he moves about in a questionable costume as Bacchus, -and is the swain of a repugnantly bedecked Diana, who works as -a waiter in a beer-restaurant. The real ‘ladies’ of the ball cannot be -described here. They associate only with one another, and avoid the -woman-hating men; and the latter are exclusive, and amuse themselves, -absolutely ignoring the charms of the women.”</p> - -<p class='c010'>These facts deserve the careful attention of the police, who -should be placed in a position to cope with male prostitution, as -they now do with that of women.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Male prostitution is certainly much more dangerous to -society than that of females; it is the darkest stain on the -history of humanity.</p> - -<p class='c010'>From the statements of a high police official of Berlin, I -learn that the police of Berlin are conversant with the male -<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">demi-monde</span></i> of the German Capital, and do all they can to suppress -blackmail among pederasts,—a practice which often does -not stop short of murder.</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_419'>419</span>The foregoing facts justify the wish that the law-maker of -the future may, for reasons of utility, at least, abandon the -prosecution of pederasty.</p> - -<p class='c010'>With reference to this point, it is worthy of note that the -French Code does not punish it so long as it does not become -an offense to public decency. Probably for politico-legal -reasons, the new Italian Penal Code passes over the crime of -unnatural abuse in silence, as do the statutes of Holland and, -as far as I know, Belgium and Spain.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In how far such cultivated pederasts are to be regarded as -mentally and morally sound may remain an open question. -The majority of them suffer with genital neuroses. At least, in -these cases, there are the stages of transition to acquired pathological -contrary sexual instinct. The responsibility of these -individuals, who are certainly much lower than the women who -prostitute themselves, in general cannot be questioned.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The various categories of male-loving men, with respect of -the manner of sexual indulgence, may be thus characterized in -general:—</p> - -<p class='c010'>The congenital urning becomes a pederast only exceptionally, -and eventually resorts to it after having practiced and -exhausted all the possible immoral acts with males. Passive -pederasty is for him the ideally and practically adequate form -of the sexual act. He practices active pederasty only to please -another. The most important point here is the congenital and -unchangeable perversion of the sexual instinct.</p> - -<p class='c010'>It is otherwise with the pederast by cultivation. He has -once acted normally sexually, or, at least, had normal inclinations, -and occasionally has intercourse with the opposite sex. -His sexual perversity is neither congenital nor unchangeable. -He begins with pederasty and ends in other perverse sexual acts, -induced by weakness of the centres for erection and ejaculation. -At the height of his power, his sexual desire is not for passive, -but for active pederasty. He yields himself to passive pederasty -only to please another; for money, in the <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i> of a male prostitute; -or as a means, when virility is declining, to make active -pederasty still occasionally possible.</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='pageno' id='Page_420'>420</span>A horrible act, that must be alluded to, in conclusion, is -pædicatio mulierum,<a id='r145' /><a href='#f145' class='c009'><sup>[145]</sup></a> and even uxorum. Sensual individuals -sometimes do it with hardened prostitutes, or even with their -wives. Tardieu gives examples where men, usually practicing -coitus, sometimes indulged in pederasty with their wives. Occasionally -fear of a repetition of pregnancy may induce the man -to perform, and the woman to tolerate, the act.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Case 192. <em>Imputation of pederasty that was not proved.</em> <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Résumé</span></i> -from the legal proceedings:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>On May 30, 1888, Dr. S., chemist, of H., in an anonymous letter, -was accused by his step-father of having immoral relations with G., aged -19, the son of a butcher. Dr. S. received the letter, and, astounded by -its contents, hastened to his lawyer, who promised to proceed discreetly -in the matter, and to ascertain from the authorities whether he would be -publicly prosecuted.</p> - -<p class='c015'>On the next morning, G., who lived in the house of Dr. S., was -arrested. At the time he was sick with gonorrhœa and orchitis. Dr. S. -tried to induce the authorities to release G., and advised caution, but he -was refused. In his statement to the judge, S. said that he became -acquainted with G. on the street, three years previously, and then saw no -more of him until the fall of 1887, when he met him in his father’s shop. -After November G. supplied Dr. S.’s kitchen with meat,—coming in the -evening to get the order, and bringing the meats the next morning. -Thus S. gradually became well acquainted with G., and came to have a -very friendly feeling for him. When S. fell ill and was, for the most -part, confined to his bed until the middle of May, 1888, G. gave him so -much attention that S. and his wife were much attracted to him on -account of his harmless, child-like, and happy disposition. Dr. S. showed -and explained to him his collection of curiosities, and they spent the -evenings pleasantly together, the wife also being usually present; besides, -S. and G. experimented in making sausages, jelly, etc. In February, -1888, G. fell ill with gonorrhœa. Dr. S., being his friend, and having -studied medicine for several terms, took care of G., procured medicine -for him, etc. In May, G. being still sick, and, for several reasons, inclined -to leave home, S. and his wife took him into their own home to care for -him. S. denied the truth of all the suspicions that had been raised by -this relation, and defended himself by pointing to his life of previous -respectability, his education, and to the fact that G., at the time, was -suffering with a disgusting, contagious disease, and that he himself had a -painful affection (nephritic calculus, with occasional attacks of colic).</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_421'>421</span>Opposed to this statement of Dr. S.’s must be mentioned the facts -that were brought out in court, and which led to conviction in the first -trial.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The relation of S. to G. had, by reason of its obviousness, given -cause for remark by private individuals, as well as by those in public -houses. G. spent almost all his evenings with S.’s family, and, finally, -came to be quite at home there. They took walks together. Once, while -out on such a walk, S. said to G. that he was a pretty fellow, and that he -(S.) was very fond of him. On the same occasion, there was also talk of -sexual matters, and also of pederasty. S. said he touched on these subjects -only to warn G. With reference to the intercourse at home, it was -proved that occasionally S., while sitting on a sofa, embraced G., and -kissed him. This happened in the presence of the wife, as well as of the -servant-girls. When G. was ill with gonorrhœa, S. instructed him in the -method of using a syringe, and, at the time, took the penis in his hand. -G. testified that S., in answer to his question why he was so fond of him, -said, “I don’t know, myself.” When, one day, G. remained away, S., with -tears in his eyes, complained of it to him when he returned. S. also told -him that his marriage was unhappy, and, in tears, begged G. not to leave -him; that he must take the place of his wife.</p> - -<p class='c015'>From all this resulted the just accusation, that the relation between -the culprits had a sexual direction. The fact that all was open and -known to everybody, according to the complaint, did not speak for the -harmlessness of the relation, but more for the intensity of the passion of -S. The spotless life of the accused was allowed, as well as his honesty -and gentleness. The probability of an unhappy marriage, and that S. was -of a very sensual nature, was shown.</p> - -<p class='c015'>During the course of the trial, G. was repeatedly examined by the -medical experts. He is scarcely of medium size, pale, and of powerful -frame; penis and testicles are very perfectly developed (large).</p> - -<p class='c015'>In consonance with the accusation, it was found that the anus was -pathologically changed, in that there were no wrinkles in the skin about -it and the sphincter was relaxed; and it was presumed that these changes -pointed to the probability of passive pederasty.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The conviction was based on these facts. The judgment passed -recognized that the relation that existed between the culprits did not -necessarily point to unnatural abuses, any more than did the physical -conditions found on the person of G.</p> - -<p class='c015'>However, by reason of the combination of the two facts, the court -was convinced of the guilt of both culprits, and held it proved: “That -the abnormal condition of G.’s anus had been caused by the frequently -repeated introduction of the penis of S., and that G. voluntarily permitted -the performance of this immoral act on himself.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>Thus the conditions of § 175, R. St. G. B., seemed to be covered. -In passing sentence, there was consideration of S.’s education, which -<span class='pageno' id='Page_422'>422</span>made him appear to be G.’s seducer; in G.’s case, this fact and his youth -were given weight; and the previous respectability of both was held in -view. Thus Dr. S. was sentenced to imprisonment for eight months, and -G. for four months.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The culprits appealed to the Supreme Court at Leipzig, and prepared -themselves, in case the appeal should be denied, to collect evidence -sufficient to call for a new trial.</p> - -<p class='c015'>They subjected themselves to examination and observation by distinguished -experts. The latter declared that G.’s anus presented no -signs of indulgence in passive pederasty.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Since it seemed of importance to those interested to make clear the -psychological aspect of the case, which was not touched on at the trial, -the author was intrusted with the examination and observation of Dr. S. -and G.</p> - -<p class='c015'><em>Results of the Personal Examination, from December 11 to 13, 1888, -in Graz.</em>—Dr. S., aged 37; two years married, without children. Ex-Director -of the City Laboratory of H. He comes of a father who is -said to have been nervous, owing to great activity; who had an apoplectic -attack in his fifty-seventh year, and died, at the age of sixty-seven, of -another attack of apoplexy. His mother is living, and is described as a -strong person, who has been nervous for years. Her mother reached -quite an old age, and is said to have died of a cerebellar tumor. A -brother of the mother’s father is said to have been a drinker. The -paternal grandfather died early, of softening of the brain.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Dr. S. has two brothers, who are in perfect health.</p> - -<p class='c015'>He states that he is of nervous temperament, and has been of strong -constitution. After articular rheumatism, which he had in his fourteenth -year, he suffered with great nervousness for some months. Thereafter he -often suffered with rheumatic pains, palpitation, and shortness of breath. -These symptoms gradually disappeared with sea-bathing. Seven years -ago he had gonorrhœa. This disease became chronic, and for a long time -caused bladder-difficulty.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In 1887 he had his first attack of renal colic, and he had such -attacks repeatedly during the winter of 1887 and 1888, until May 16, -1888, when quite a large renal calculus was passed. Since then his condition -had been quite satisfactory. While suffering with stone, during -coitus, at the moment of ejaculation, he felt severe pain in the urethra, -and the same pain on urinating.</p> - -<p class='c015'>With reference to his life, S. states that he attended the Gymnasium -until he was fourteen, but after that, owing to the results of his severe -illness, he studied privately. He then spent four years in a drug-store, -and then studied medicine for six semesters at the University, serving, in -the war of 1870, as a voluntary hospital assistant. Since he had no certificate -of graduation from the Gymnasium, he gave up the study of -medicine, and obtained the degree of doctor of philosophy. Then he -<span class='pageno' id='Page_423'>423</span>served in the Museum of Minerals in K., and later as assistant in the -Mineralogical Institute of H. Thereafter he made special studies in -the chemistry of food-stuffs, and five years ago became Director of the -City Laboratory.</p> - -<p class='c015'>He makes all these statements in a prompt, precise manner, and -does not think long about his answers; so that one is more and more led -to think that he is a man who loves and speaks the truth,—the more, -since, on the following day, his statements are identical. With reference -to his vita sexualis, Dr. S., in a modest, delicate, and open way, states -that, in his eleventh year, he began to have a knowledge of the difference -of the sexes, and for some time, until his fourteenth year, was given to -onanism. He first had coitus at eighteen, and thereafter indulged moderately. -His sensual desire had never been very great, but, until lately, -the sexual act had been normal in every way, and accompanied by gratifying -pleasurable feeling and full virility. Since his marriage, two years -ago, he had cohabited with his wife exclusively. He had married his -wife out of love, and still loved her, having coitus with her at least -several times a week. The wife, who was also at hand, confirmed these -statements.</p> - -<p class='c015'>All cross-questioning with reference to a perversion of sexual feeling -toward men Dr. S. answered repeatedly in the negative, to repeated -examination, and that without contradiction or any thought of the -answers. Even when, in order to trap him, he is told that the proof of -a perverse sexual instinct would be of avail in the trial, he sticks to his -statements. One gains the important impression that S. has not the -slightest knowledge of the facts of male-love. Thus it is learned that -his lascivious dreams have never been about men; that he is interested -only in female nudity; that he liked to dance with ladies, etc. No traces -of any kind of sexual inclination for his own sex can be discovered in S. -With reference to his relations with G., Dr. S. expresses himself exactly -as he did at his examination before the court. In explanation of his -partiality for G., he can only say that he is nervous, and a man of feeling -and great sensibility, and very sensitive to friendliness. During his -illness he had felt very lonesome and depressed; his wife had frequently -been with her parents; and thus it had happened that he had become -friendly with G., who was so gentle and kind. He still had a weakness -for him, and felt remarkably quiet and contented while in his society.</p> - -<p class='c015'>He had had two such close friendships previously: when he was -yet a student, with a corps-brother, a Dr. A. whom he also embraced and -kissed; later, with a Baron M. When it happened that he could not see -him for a few days, he became depressed, and even cried.</p> - -<p class='c015'>He also had a similar feeling and attachment for animals. Thus -he had a poodle that died a short time ago, mourned like a member of -the family; and he had often kissed the animal. (On relating this, the -tears came to his eyes.) His brother confirmed these statements, with -<span class='pageno' id='Page_424'>424</span>the remark, with reference to his brother’s remarkable friendship for A. -and M., that in these instances there was not the slightest suspicion of -sexual coloring or relation. Too, the most careful and detailed examination -of Dr. S. gave not the slightest reason for such a presumption.</p> - -<p class='c015'>He states that he never had the slightest sensual feeling for G., to -say nothing of erection or sensual desire. His partiality for G., which -bordered on jealousy, S. explained as due merely to his sentimental -temperament and his inordinate friendship. G. was still as dear to him -as if he were his son.</p> - -<p class='c015'>It is worthy of note that S. stated that when G. told him about his -love-adventures with girls, it had hurt him only because G. was in danger -of injuring himself and ruining his health by dissipation. He had -never felt hurt himself by this. If he knew a good girl for G. he would -be glad to rejoice with him, and do all he could to promote their marriage.</p> - -<p class='c015'>S. states that it was first in the course of his legal examination that -he saw how he had been careless in his intercourse with G., by causing -gossip. His openness he explained as due to the innocence of the -friendship.</p> - -<p class='c015'>It is worthy of note that S.’s wife never noticed anything suspicious -in the intercourse between her husband and G., though the most simple -wife would instinctively notice anything of that nature. Mrs. S. had -also made no opposition to receiving G. into the house. On this point -she remarked that the guest-chamber in which G. lay ill, was on the -second floor, while the living apartments were on the fourth; and, further, -that S. never associated alone with G. as long as he was in the house. She -states that she is convinced of her husband’s innocence, and that she -loves him as before.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Dr. S. states freely that formerly he had often kissed G., and talked -with him about sexual matters. G. was much given to women, and in -friendship he had often warned him about sexual dissipation, particularly -when G., as often happened, did not look well. He had once said that -G. was a handsome fellow; it was in a perfectly harmless relation.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The kissing of G. had been due to inordinate friendship, when G. -had shown him some particular attention, or pleased him especially. In -the act he had never had any sexual feeling. Too, when he had now and -then dreamed of G., it was in a perfectly harmless way.</p> - -<p class='c015'>It appeared of great importance to the author to form also an -opinion of G.’s personality. On December 12th, the desired opportunity -was given, and G. was carefully examined.</p> - -<p class='c015'>G. is a young man, aged 20, of delicate build, whose development -corresponds with his years; and he appears to be neuropathic and -sensual. The genitals are normal and well developed. The author -thinks he may be permitted to pass over the condition of the anus, -as he does not feel called upon to pass judgment upon it. With prolonged -association with G., one gets the impression that he is a harmless, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_425'>425</span>kind, and artless man, who is light-minded, but not morally depraved. -Nothing in his dress or manner indicates perverse sexual feeling. There -cannot be the slightest suspicion that he is a male courtesan.</p> - -<p class='c015'>When G. is introduced <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">in medias res</span></i>, he states that S. and he, feeling -their innocence, had told the matter as it actually was, and on this -the whole trial had been based.</p> - -<p class='c015'>At first, S.’s friendship, and especially the kissing, had seemed -remarkable, even to him. Later he had convinced himself that it was -merely friendship, and had then thought no more about it.</p> - -<p class='c015'>G. had looked upon S. as a father-like friend; for he was so -unselfish, and loved him so.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The expression “handsome fellow” was made when G. had a love-affair, -and when S. expressed his fears about a happy future for G. At -that time S. had comforted him, and said that his (G.’s) appearance was -pleasing, and that he would make an eligible match.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Once S. had complained to him (G.) that his wife was inclined to -drink, and burst into tears. G. was touched by his friend’s unhappiness. -On this occasion S. had kissed him, and begged for his friendship, and -asked him to visit him frequently.</p> - -<p class='c015'>S. had never spontaneously directed the conversation to sexual -matters. G. once asked what pederasty was, of which he had heard -much while in England; and S. had explained it to him.</p> - -<p class='c015'>G. acknowledges that he is sensual. At the age of twelve he had -been made acquainted with sexual matters by school-mates. He had -never masturbated, had first had coitus at the age of eighteen, and had -since visited brothels frequently. He had never felt any inclination for -his own sex, and had never experienced any sexual excitement when S. -kissed him. He had always had pleasure in coitus normally performed. -His lascivious dreams had always been of women. With indignation, -and pointing to his descent from a healthy and respectable family, he -repels the insinuation of having been given to passive pederasty. -Until the gossip about them came to his ears, he had been innocent and -devoid of suspicion. The anal anomalies he tries to explain in the same -way that he did at the trial. Auto-masturbation in ano he denies.</p> - -<p class='c015'>It should be noted that Mr. J. S. claims to be no less astonished -by the charge against his brother of male-love than those more closely -associated with him. Yet he could not understand what attached his -brother to G.; and all the explanations which S. made to him concerning -his relation to G. were vain.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The author took the trouble to observe Dr. S. and G., in a natural way, -while they were dining, in company with S.’s brother and Mrs. S., in Graz. -This observation revealed not the slightest sign of improper friendship.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The general impression which Dr. S. made on me was that of a -nervous, sanguine, somewhat overstrained individual, but, at the same -time, kind, open-hearted, and very emotional.</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_426'>426</span>Dr. S. is physically strong, somewhat corpulent, with a symmetrical, -brachycephalic cranium. The genitals are well developed; the penis -somewhat bellied; the prepuce somewhat hypertrophied.</p> - -<p class='c015'><em>Opinion.</em>—Pederasty is, unfortunately, not infrequent among mankind -to-day; but still, occurring among the peoples of Europe, it is an -unusual, perverse, and even monstrous manner of sexual gratification. -It presumes a congenital or acquired perversion of the sexual instinct, -and, at the same time, defect of moral sense that is either original or -acquired, as a result of pathological influences.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Medico-legal science is thoroughly conversant with the physical and -psychical conditions from which this aberration of the sexual instinct -arises; and in the concrete and doubtful case it seems requisite to ascertain -whether these empirical, subjective conditions necessary for pederasty -are present. Too, it is essential to distinguish between active and -passive pederasty.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Active pederasty occurs:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>I. As a <em>non-pathological</em> phenomenon:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>1. As a means of sexual gratification, in case of great sexual desire, -with enforced abstinence from natural sexual intercourse.</p> - -<p class='c015'>2. In old debauchees, who have become satiated with normal sexual -intercourse, and more or less impotent, and also morally depraved; and -who resort to pederasty, in order to excite their lust with this new -stimulus, and aid their virility, that has sunk so low psychically and -physically.</p> - -<p class='c015'>3. Traditionally, among certain barbarous races that are devoid of -morality.</p> - -<p class='c015'>II. As a <em>pathological</em> phenomenon:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>1. Upon the basis of congenital contrary sexual instinct, with -repugnance for sexual intercourse with women, or even absolute incapability -of it. But, as even Casper knew, pederasty, under such conditions, -is very infrequent. The so-called urning satisfies himself with a man by -means of passive or mutual onanism, or by means of coitus-like acts -(<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">e.g.</span></i>, coitus inter femora); and he resorts to pederasty only very exceptionally, -as a result of intense sexual desire, or with a low or lowered -moral sense, out of desire to please another.</p> - -<p class='c015'>2. On the basis of acquired contrary sexual instinct:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>(<em>a</em>) As a result of long years of onanism, which finally causes -impotence for women with continuance of intense sexual desire.</p> - -<p class='c015'>(<em>b</em>) As a result of severe mental disease (senile dementia, brain-softening -of the insane, etc.), in which, as experience teaches, an inversion -of the sexual instinct may take place.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Passive pederasty occurs:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>I. As a <em>non-pathological</em> phenomenon:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>1. In individuals of the lowest class, who, having had the misfortune -to be seduced in boyhood by debauchees, endured pain and disgust for -<span class='pageno' id='Page_427'>427</span>the sake of money, and became depraved morally, so that, in more mature -years, they have fallen so low that they take pleasure in being male -prostitutes.</p> - -<p class='c015'>2. Under circumstances analogous to those of I, 1,—as a remuneration -to another for having allowed active pederasty.</p> - -<p class='c015'>II. As a <em>pathological</em> phenomenon:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>1. In individuals affected with contrary sexual instinct, with endurance -of pain and disgust, as a return to men for the bestowal of sexual -favors.</p> - -<p class='c015'>2. In urnings who feel toward men like women, out of desire and lust. -In such female-men there is horror feminæ and absolute incapability for -sexual intercourse with women. Character and inclinations are feminine.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The empirical facts that have been gathered by legal medicine and -psychiatry are all included in this classification. Before the court of -medical science, it would be necessary to prove that a man belonged to -one of the above categories in order to carry the conviction that he was -a pederast.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In the life and character of Dr. S., one searches in vain for signs -which place him in one of the categories of active pederasts which science -has established. He is neither one forced to sexual abstinence, nor one -made impotent for women by debauchery; neither is he congenitally -male-loving, nor alienated from women by masturbation, and attracted to -men through continuance of sexual desire; and, finally, he is not sexually -perverse as a result of severe mental disease.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In fact, the general conditions necessary for the occurrence of -pederasty are wanting in him,—moral imbecility or moral depravity, on -the one hand, and inordinate sexual desire, on the other.</p> - -<p class='c015'>It is likewise impossible to classify the accomplice, G., in any of -the empirical categories of passive pederasty; for he possesses neither -the peculiarities of the male prostitute nor the clinical marks of effemination; -and he has not the anthropological and clinical stigmata of the -female-man. He is, in fact, the very opposite of all this.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In order to make a pederastic relation between the two plausible -medico-scientifically, it would be requisite for Dr. S. to present the antecedents -and marks of the active pederasts of I, 2, and G., those of the -passive pederasts of II, 1 or 2.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The assumption lying at the basis of the verdict is, from a psychological -stand-point, legally untenable.</p> - -<p class='c015'>With the same right, every man might be considered a pederast. It -remains to consider whether the explanations given by Dr. S. and G. of -their remarkable friendship are psychologically valid.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Psychologically it is not without parallel that so sentimental and -eccentric a man as S.—without any sexual excitement whatever—should -entertain a transcendental friendship. It suffices to recall the friendship -of school-girls, the self-sacrificing friendship of sentimental young persons -<span class='pageno' id='Page_428'>428</span>in general, and the partiality which this sensitive man sometimes showed -even for domestic animals,—where no one would think of sodomy. With -S.’s mental character, extraordinary friendship for the youth G. may be -easily comprehended. The openness of this friendship permits the conclusion -that it was innocent, much rather than that it depended upon -sensual passion.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The defendants succeeded in obtaining a new trial. The new trial -took place on March 7, 1890. There was much evidence presented in -favor of the accused.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The previous moral life of S. was generally acknowledged. The -Sister of Charity who cared for G. in S.’s house, never noticed anything -suspicious in the intercourse between S. and G. S.’s former friends testified -to his morality, his deep friendship, and his habit of kissing them -on meeting or leaving them. The anal abnormalities previously found -on G. were no longer present. Experts called by the court allowed the -possibility that they had been due simply to digital manipulations; their -diagnostic value in any case was contested by the experts called by the -defense.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The court recognized that the imputed crime had not been proved, -and exonerated the defendants.</p> - -<h4 class='c020'><span class='sc'>Lesbian Love.</span><a id='r146' /><a href='#f146' class='c009'><sup>[146]</sup></a></h4> - -<p class='c017'>Where the sexual intercourse is between adults, its legal -importance is very slight; it could come into consideration only -in Austria. In connection with urningism, this phenomenon is -of anthropological and clinical value. The relation is the same, -<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">mutatis mutandis</span></i>, as between men. Lesbian love does not -seem to approach urningism in frequency. The majority of -female urnings do not act in obedience to an innate impulse, -but they are developed under conditions analogous to those -which produce the urning by cultivation.</p> - -<p class='c010'>These “forbidden friendships” flourish especially in penal -institutions for females.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Kraussold (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>) reports: “The female prisoners often have such -friendships, which, when possible, extend to mutual manustupration.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“But temporary manual gratification is not the only purpose of -such friendships. They are made to be enduring,—entered into systematically, -so to speak,—and intense jealousy and a passion for love are -<span class='pageno' id='Page_429'>429</span>developed which could scarcely be surpassed between persons of opposite -sex. When the friend of one prisoner is merely smiled at by another, -there are often the most violent scenes of jealousy, and even beatings.</p> - -<p class='c015'>“When the violent prisoner has been put in irons, in accordance -with the prison-regulations, she says ‘she has had a child by her -friend.’”</p> - -<p class='c010'>We are indebted to Parent-Duchatelet (“De la prostitution,” -1857, vol. i, p. 159) for interesting communications concerning -Lesbian love.</p> - -<p class='c015'>According to this experienced author, repugnance for the most -disgusting and perverse acts (coitus in axilla, inter mammæ, etc.) which -men perform on prostitutes is not infrequently responsible for driving -these unfortunate creatures to Lesbian love. From his statements it is -seen that it is essentially prostitutes of great sensuality who, unsatisfied -with intercourse with impotent or perverse men, and impelled by their -disgusting practices, come to indulge in it.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Besides these, there are prostitutes who let themselves be known as -given to tribadism; persons who have been in prisons for years, and in -these hot-beds of Lesbian love, ex abstinentia, acquired this vice.</p> - -<p class='c015'>It is interesting to know that prostitutes hate those who practice -tribadism,—just as men abhor pederasts; but female prisoners do not -regard the vice as indecent.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Parent mentions the case of a prostitute who, while intoxicated, -tried to force another to Lesbian love. The latter became so enraged that -she denounced the indecent woman to the police. Taxil (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i> p. 166, -170) reports similar instances.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Mantegazza (“Anthropol. culturhistorische Studien,” p. 97) also -finds that sexual intercourse between women has especially the significance -of a vice which arises on the basis of unsatisfied hyperæsthesia -sexualis.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In many cases of this kind, however, aside from congenital contrary -sexual instinct, one gains the impression that, just as in men (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vide -supra</span></i>), the cultivated vice gradually leads to acquired contrary sexual -instinct, with repugnance for sexual intercourse with the opposite sex.</p> - -<p class='c015'>At least Parent’s cases were probably of this nature. The correspondence -with the lover was quite as sentimental and exaggerated in -tone as it is between lovers of the opposite sex; unfaithfulness and separation -broke the heart of the one abandoned; jealousy was unbridled, and -led to bloody revenge. The following cases of Lesbian love, by Mantegazza, -are certainly pathological, and possibly examples of congenital -contrary sexual instinct:—</p> - -<p class='c015'>1. On July 5, 1777, a woman was brought before a court in London, -who, dressed as a man, had been married to three different women. She -<span class='pageno' id='Page_430'>430</span>was recognized as a woman, and sentenced to imprisonment for six -months.</p> - -<p class='c015'>2. In 1773, another woman, dressed as a man, courted a girl, and -asked for her hand; but the trick did not succeed.</p> - -<p class='c015'>3. Two women lived together as man and wife for thirty years. On -her death-bed the “husband” confessed her secret to those about her.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Coffignon (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>, p. 301) makes later statements worthy of notice.</p> - -<p class='c015'>He reports that this vice is, of late, quite the fashion,—partly owing -to novels on the subject, and partly as a result of excessive work on sewing-machines, -the sleeping of female servants in the same bed, seduction -in schools by depraved pupils, or seduction of daughters by perverse -servants.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The author declares that this vice (“saphism”) is met more -frequently among ladies of the aristocracy and prostitutes.</p> - -<p class='c015'>He does not differentiate physiological and pathological cases, -nor, among the latter, the acquired and congenital cases. The details -of a few cases, which are certainly pathological, correspond exactly -with the facts that are known about men of contrary sexuality.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The saphists have their places of meeting, recognize each other by -peculiar glances, carriage, etc. Saphistic pairs like to dress and ornament -themselves alike, etc. They are then called “<i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">petites sœurs</span></i>” (little -sisters).</p> - -<h3 class='c016'>7. <span class='sc'>Necrophilia.</span><a id='r147' /><a href='#f147' class='c009'><sup>[147]</sup></a></h3> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c003'> - <div>(Austrian Statutes, § 306.)</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>This horrible kind of sexual indulgence is so monstrous -that the presumption of a psychopathic state is, under all circumstances, -justified; and Maschka’s recommendation, that -the mental condition of the perpetrator should always be investigated, -is well founded. In any case, an abnormal and -decidedly perverse sensuality is required to overcome the natural -repugnance which man has for a corpse, and permit a -feeling of pleasure to be experienced in sexual congress with a -cadaver.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Unfortunately, in the majority of the cases reported, the -mental condition was not examined; so that the question -whether necrophilia is compatible with mental soundness must -remain open. But any one having knowledge of the horrible -aberrations of the sexual instinct would not venture, without -further consideration, to answer the question in the negative.</p> - -<div> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_431'>431</span> - <h3 class='c016'>8. <span class='sc'>Incest.</span></h3> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c003'> - <div>(Austrian Statutes, § 132; Abridgment, § 189; German Statutes, § 174.)</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>The preservation of the moral purity of family life is a -product of civilization;<a id='r148' /><a href='#f148' class='c009'><sup>[148]</sup></a> and feelings of intense displeasure -arise in an ethically intact man at thought of lustful feeling -toward a member of the same family. Only great sensuality -and defective ideas of laws and morals can lead to incest.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Both conditions may, in tainted families, be operative. -Drinking and a state of intoxication in men; weak-mindedness -which does not allow the development of the feeling of -shame, and which, under certain circumstances, is associated -with eroticism in females,—these facilitate the occurrence of -incestuous acts. External conditions which facilitate their -occurrence are due to defective separation of the sexes among -the lower classes.</p> - -<p class='c010'>As a decidedly pathological phenomenon, the author has -found incest in states of congenital and acquired mental weakness, -and infrequently in cases of epilepsy and paranoia.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In many of the cases, probably a majority, it is not possible, -however, to find a pathological basis for the act which so -deeply wounds not only the tie of blood, but also the feeling of -a civilized people. But in many of the cases reported in literature, -to the honor of humanity, the presumption of a psychopathic -basis is possible.</p> - -<p class='c015'>In the Feldtmann case (Marc-Ideler, vol. i, p. 18), where a father -constantly made immoral attacks on his adult daughter, and finally killed -her, the unnatural father was weak-minded and, besides, probably subject -to periodical mental disease. In another case of incest between father and -daughter (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">loc. cit.</span></i>, p. 247), the latter, at least, was weak-minded. Lombroso -(<cite><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">Archiv. di Psichiatria</span></cite>, viii, p. 519) reports the case of a peasant, -aged 42, who practiced incest with his daughters, aged, respectively, 22, -19, and 11; he even forced the youngest to prostitute herself, and then -visited her in a brothel. The medico-legal examination showed predisposition, -intellectual and moral imbecility, and alcoholism.</p> - -<p class='c015'>There was no mental examination in the case reported by Schürmeyer -(<span lang="de" xml:lang="de"><cite>Deutsche Zeitschr. für Staatsarzneikunde</cite>, xxii, H. 1</span>), in which a -<span class='pageno' id='Page_432'>432</span>mother laid her son of five and a half years on herself, and practiced abuse -with him; and in that given by Lafarque (<cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Journ. Méd. de Bordeaux</span></cite>, 1874), -where a girl, aged 17, laid her brother, aged 13, upon herself, brought -about membrorum conjunctionem, and performed masturbation on him.</p> - -<p class='c015'>The following cases are those of tainted individuals: Magnan (<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><cite>Ann. -méd.-psych.</cite>, 1885</span>) mentions an unmarried woman, aged 29, who, though -indifferent toward other children or even men, suffered frightfully in the -presence of her nephew, and could scarcely control her impulse to cohabit -with him. This sexual peculiarity continued only as long as the nephew -was quite young.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Legrand (<cite><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Ann. méd.-psych.</span></cite>, May, 1876) mentions a girl, aged 15, -who seduced her brother into all manner of sexual excesses on her person; -and when, after two years of this incestuous practice, her brother -died, she attempted to murder a relative. In the same article there is -the case of a married woman, aged 36, who hung her open breast out of -a window, and indulged in abuse with her brother, aged 18; and also the -case of a mother, aged 39, who practiced incest with her son, with whom -she was madly in love, became pregnant by him, and induced abortion.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Through Casper we know that depraved mothers in large -cities sometimes treat their little daughters in a most horrible -fashion, in order to prepare them for the sexual use of debauchees. -This crime belongs elsewhere.</p> - -<h3 class='c016'>9. <span class='sc'>Immoral Acts with Persons in the Care of Others; Seduction (Austrian).</span></h3> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c003'> - <div>(Austrian Statutes, § 131; Abridgment, § 188; German Statutes, § 173).</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>Allied to incest, but still less repugnant to moral sensibility, -are those cases in which persons seduce those entrusted to them -for care or education, and who are more or less dependent upon -them, to commit or suffer vicious practices. Such acts, which -especially deserve legal punishment, seem only exceptionally to -have psychopathic significance.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_433'>433</span> - <h2 class='c006'>INDEX.</h2> -</div> - -<ul class='index c002'> - <li class='c025'>Abuse, unnatural, <a href='#Page_404'>404</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Acts for self-humiliation, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Æsthetics and sexuality, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Amor lesbicus, <a href='#Page_428'>428</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Anæsthesia sexualis, acquired, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a> - <ul> - <li>congenital, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c025'>Androgyny, <a href='#Page_304'>304</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Areas, erogenous, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Attraction, sexual, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a></li> - <li class='c002'>Baudelaire, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Binet, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Bondage, sexual, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Bote, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Boys, whipping of (sadistic), <a href='#Page_82'>82</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Brunn, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a></li> - <li class='c002'>Cæsars, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Capitals as breeding-places of sensuality, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Christianity, influence of, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a> - <ul> - <li>contrasted with Mohammedanism, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c025'>Cohabitation, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Contrary sexual instinct, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a> - <ul> - <li>causes of, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a></li> - <li>degrees of, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c025'>Corpses, mutilation of, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Cruelty, passively endured, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a> - <ul> - <li>and love, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a></li> - <li>and lust, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a></li> - <li>sources of, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c002'>Decadence, moral, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Defemination, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Defilement of women, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Delirium acutum, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Dementia and psychopathia sexualis, <a href='#Page_361'>361</a> - <ul> - <li>paretic, and psychopathia sexualis, <a href='#Page_363'>363</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c025'>Descartes, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Diagnosis of contrary sexuality, <a href='#Page_319'>319</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Durga, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a></li> - <li class='c002'>Effemination, <a href='#Page_279'>279</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Ejaculation centre, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a> - <ul> - <li>affections of, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c025'>Epilepsy and psychopathia sexualis, <a href='#Page_364'>364</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Equus eroticus, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Erection centre, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a> - <ul> - <li>affections of, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c025'>Esquirol, <a href='#Page_220'>220</a>, <a href='#Page_221'>221</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Eviration, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Exhibition, <a href='#Page_382'>382</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Eyes, neuropathic, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a></li> - <li class='c002'>Family life, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Fetichism, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a> - <ul> - <li>and crime, <a href='#Page_401'>401</a></li> - <li>of apron, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a></li> - <li>of feathers, <a href='#Page_182'>182</a></li> - <li>of female attire, <a href='#Page_167'>167</a></li> - <li>of female person, <a href='#Page_157'>157</a></li> - <li>of foot and shoe, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#Page_176'>176</a></li> - <li>of furs, <a href='#Page_181'>181</a></li> - <li>of hair, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a></li> - <li>of hand, <a href='#Page_158'>158</a></li> - <li>of handkerchief, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a></li> - <li>of glove, <a href='#Page_175'>175</a></li> - <li>of material, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a></li> - <li>of odors, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a></li> - <li>of silk, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a></li> - <li>of velvet, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a></li> - <li>of voice, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a></li> - <li>religious, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c025'>Fiction and sexual perversion, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Flagellation, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a> - <ul> - <li>and masochism, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a></li> - <li>differentiation of, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a></li> - <li><span class='pageno' id='Page_434'>434</span>for reflex effect, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a></li> - <li>heroines of, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c025'>Flagellum salutis, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Friendship and love, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Frigiditas uxoris, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Frottage, <a href='#Page_394'>394</a></li> - <li class='c002'>Gley, <a href='#Page_226'>226</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Griesinger, <a href='#Page_224'>224</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Gynandry, <a href='#Page_304'>304</a></li> - <li class='c002'>Hair, as a fetich, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Hair-despoilers, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a>, <a href='#Page_164'>164</a>, <a href='#Page_165'>165</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Herodotus, <a href='#Page_200'>200</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Hermaphroditism, psychical, <a href='#Page_230'>230</a> - <ul> - <li>cases of, <a href='#Page_232'>232</a>–255</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c025'>Hippocrates, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Homo-sexuality, <a href='#Page_185'>185</a>, <a href='#Page_255'>255</a> - <ul> - <li>acquired, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a></li> - <li>causes of, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a></li> - <li>congenital, <a href='#Page_222'>222</a></li> - <li>degrees of, I, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a>; II, <a href='#Page_197'>197</a>; III, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a>; IV, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a></li> - <li>explanation of, <a href='#Page_227'>227</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c025'>Holder, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Hyperæsthesia sexualis, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a> - <ul> - <li>cases of, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>–55</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c025'>Hypnosis, therapeutics, <a href='#Page_322'>322</a>–357</li> - <li class='c025'>Hysteria, <a href='#Page_375'>375</a></li> - <li class='c002'>Idiocy and psychopathia sexualis, <a href='#Page_358'>358</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Imbecility and contrary sexuality, <a href='#Page_359'>359</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Ink, throwing of, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Insanity, and contrary sexuality, <a href='#Page_358'>358</a> - <ul> - <li>periodical, <a href='#Page_372'>372</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c025'>Incest, <a href='#Page_431'>431</a></li> - <li class='c002'>Japanese women, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Juvenal, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li> - <li class='c002'>Kiernan, <a href='#Page_227'>227</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Kiernan’s explanation of sadism, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Kleist, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a></li> - <li class='c002'>Ladame’s case, <a href='#Page_344'>344</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Libido sexualis, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>–32</li> - <li class='c025'>Love and cruelty, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a> - <ul> - <li>and friendship, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a></li> - <li>and religion, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a></li> - <li>fetichism of, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a></li> - <li>Lesbian, <a href='#Page_428'>428</a></li> - <li>of man and woman compared, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a></li> - <li>platonic, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a></li> - <li>true, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a></li> - <li>youthful, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c025'>Lust and cruelty, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a> - <ul> - <li>and battle, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a></li> - <li>and murder, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>, <a href='#Page_397'>397</a></li> - <li>and the passive endurance of cruelty, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a></li> - <li>and plunder, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c025'>Lupercal, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Lydston, <a href='#Page_162'>162</a>, <a href='#Page_227'>227</a></li> - <li class='c002'>Magnan, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>, <a href='#Page_227'>227</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Mania, <a href='#Page_373'>373</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Mantegazza, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#Page_227'>227</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Marschalls Gilles de Rays, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Maudsley, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Masoch, Sacher-, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Masochism, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a> - <ul> - <li>and flagellation, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a></li> - <li>and sadism, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a></li> - <li>explanation of, <a href='#Page_139'>139</a></li> - <li>in women, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a></li> - <li>larvated, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a></li> - <li>rudimentary, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a></li> - <li>symbolic, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c025'>Melancholia, <a href='#Page_374'>374</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Messalinas, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Metamorphosis sexualis paranoica, <a href='#Page_216'>216</a> - <ul> - <li>transition to, <a href='#Page_202'>202</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c025'>Modesty, origin of, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a>, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a> - <ul> - <li>in women, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c025'>Mohammedan women, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Morality, progress in, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Morals, decadence of, and pathology, <a href='#Page_6'>6</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Mujerados, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a></li> - <li class='c002'><span class='pageno' id='Page_435'>435</span>Necrophilia, <a href='#Page_430'>430</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Nervi erigentes, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Neuroses, cerebral, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a> - <ul> - <li>sexual, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></li> - <li>spinal, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c025'>Nymphomania, <a href='#Page_373'>373</a></li> - <li class='c002'>Olfactory fetichism, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a> - <ul> - <li>hallucinations and sexuality, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a></li> - <li>sense and sexual sense, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c002'>Paradoxia sexualis, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Paræsthesia sexualis, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Paranoia, <a href='#Page_376'>376</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Pathological sexuality in its legal aspects, <a href='#Page_378'>378</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Pathology, general, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a> - <ul> - <li>special, <a href='#Page_358'>358</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c025'>Pederasty, <a href='#Page_408'>408</a> - <ul> - <li>cultivated, <a href='#Page_414'>414</a></li> - <li>false imputation of, <a href='#Page_420'>420</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c025'>Penthesilia, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Perfumes as a fetich, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Physiology, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Priapism, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Prognosis of contrary sexuality, <a href='#Page_319'>319</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Psychology, sexual, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Psychopathia sexualis periodica, <a href='#Page_371'>371</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Puberty, its psychological importance, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a> - <ul> - <li>relation to poetry, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a> - <ul> - <li>to religious feeling, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c025'>Pueblo Indians, <a href='#Page_201'>201</a></li> - <li class='c002'>Rape, <a href='#Page_397'>397</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Religion and sensuality, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Reversal of sexual feeling, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Robbery, <a href='#Page_401'>401</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Rousseau, <a href='#Page_119'>119</a></li> - <li class='c002'>Sacher-Masoch, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Sade, Marquis de, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Sadism, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>, <a href='#Page_401'>401</a> - <ul> - <li>and masochism, <a href='#Page_148'>148</a></li> - <li>atavistic, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a></li> - <li>cases of, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>–67</li> - <li>in women, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a></li> - <li>physiological relations of, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a></li> - <li>symbolic, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a></li> - <li>with animals, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a></li> - <li>with other objects, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c025'>Satyriasis, <a href='#Page_373'>373</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Schema of sexual neuroses, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Schopenhauer, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Scythians, insanity of the, <a href='#Page_200'>200</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Schrenk-Notzing’s case, <a href='#Page_351'>351</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Senile libido, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Sensuality, <a href='#Page_5'>5</a> - <ul> - <li>religious equivalent of, <a href='#Page_8'>8</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c025'>Servants, immoral acts of, with children, <a href='#Page_432'>432</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Sexuality, source of ethical feeling, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a> - <ul> - <li>and the social feeling, <a href='#Page_1'>1</a></li> - <li>simple reversal of, <a href='#Page_191'>191</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c025'>Sexual attraction, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a> - <ul> - <li>bondage, <a href='#Page_141'>141</a></li> - <li>desire, physiology of, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a></li> - <li>instinct in childhood, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a> - <ul> - <li>in old age, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li>promptings, first, <a href='#Page_7'>7</a></li> - <li>satisfaction in received cruelty and abuse, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a></li> - <li>selection, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c025'>Shoe-fetichism, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a> - <ul> - <li>cases of, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>–134</li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c025'>Silk-fetichism, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Siva, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Sodomy, <a href='#Page_404'>404</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Spanking, dangers of, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Stefanowsky, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Sterility, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Sulphuric acid, throwing of, <a href='#Page_80'>80</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Suggestion, hypnotic, <a href='#Page_322'>322</a>–357</li> - <li class='c002'>Theft, <a href='#Page_401'>401</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Torture of animals, <a href='#Page_401'>401</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Therapy of contrary sexuality, <a href='#Page_321'>321</a></li> - <li class='c002'><span class='pageno' id='Page_436'>436</span>Ulrichs, <a href='#Page_227'>227</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Urning, memorial of one, <a href='#Page_410'>410</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Urnings, <a href='#Page_255'>255</a> - <ul> - <li>cases of, <a href='#Page_257'>257</a>–279</li> - <li>laws concerning, <a href='#Page_413'>413</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c002'>Vampirism, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Vanity, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Velvet-fetichism, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Violation of children, <a href='#Page_402'>402</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Viraginity, <a href='#Page_279'>279</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Virility, loss of, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Voice as a fetich, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a></li> - <li class='c002'>Westermarck, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Westphal, <a href='#Page_224'>224</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Whitechapel murderer, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Woman, elevation of, <a href='#Page_3'>3</a> - <ul> - <li>in Old Testament and Gospels, <a href='#Page_4'>4</a></li> - <li>position of, <a href='#Page_2'>2</a></li> - <li>sexual appetite of, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a> - <ul> - <li><i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i> of, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c025'>Woman-haters’ ball, <a href='#Page_417'>417</a></li> - <li class='c025'>Women, defilement of, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a> - <ul> - <li>injury of, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a></li> - <li>masochism in, <a href='#Page_137'>137</a></li> - </ul> - </li> - <li class='c002'>Zones, erogenous, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a></li> -</ul> - -<hr class='c026' /> -<div class='footnote' id='f1'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r1'>1</a>. “Meanwhile, until Philosophy shall at last unite and maintain the world, Hunger -and Love impel it onward.”</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f2'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r2'>2</a>. Hartmann’s philosophical view of love, in the “Philosophy of the Unconscious,” -p. 583, Berlin, 1869, is the following: “Love causes more pain than pleasure. Pleasure is -illusory. Reason would cause love to be avoided if it were not for the fatal sexual instinct; -therefore, it would be best for a man to have himself castrated.” The same opinion, minus -the consequence, is also expressed by Schopenhauer (“Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung,” -3. Aufl., Bd. ii, p. 586 u. ff.).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f3'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r3'>3</a>. “No physical or moral misery, no suffering, however corrupt it may be, should -frighten him who has devoted himself to a knowledge of man and the sacred ministry of -medicine; in that he is obliged to see all things, let him be permitted to say all things.”</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f4'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r4'>4</a>. The Latin is left untranslated.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f5'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r5'>5</a>. The works of Moll and von Schrenck-Notzing have since appeared.—<span class='sc'>Trans.</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f6'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r6'>6</a>. Die Suggestions-Therapie, etc., F. Enke, Stuttgart, 1892.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f7'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r7'>7</a>. Comp. Lombroso, “The Criminal.”</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f8'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r8'>8</a>. Comp. Westermarck, “History of Human Marriage.” McMillan & Co., 1891.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f9'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r9'>9</a>. This generally entertained idea, also held by many historians, requires some limitation, -in that the symbolic and sacramental character of marriage was first made clear and -unequivocal by the Council of Trent, even though there was ever in the spirit of Christianity -that which would free woman and raise her from the inferior position occupied by her in the -ancient world and the Old Testament.</p> - -<p class='c010'>That this took place so late may well be due in part to the traditions of Genesis of -the secondary creation of woman from the rib of man, and of her part in the Fall, and the -consequent curse: “Thy will shall be to thy husband.” Since the Fall, for which the Old -Testament made woman responsible, became the corner-stone of the fabric of churchteachings, -the wife’s social position could but remain inferior until the spirit of Christianity -had gained a victory over tradition and scholasticism.</p> - -<p class='c010'>It is remarkable that, with the exception of the interdiction of putting away a -wife (Matt. xix, 9), the gospels contain nothing favoring woman. Gentleness toward the -adulteress and the repentant Magdalene does not affect the position of the wife in itself. -The Epistles of Paul specifically declare that the position of woman shall not be altered -(II Corinth. xi, 3–12; Ephes. v, 22: “Wives, submit yourselves unto your husbands;” and -33, “And the wife <em>see</em> that she reverence her husband”).</p> - -<p class='c010'>Passages in Tertullian show how the Fathers of the Church were prejudiced against -woman by Eve’s guilt: “Woman, thou shouldst forever go in sorrow and rags, thy eyes -filled with tears! Thou hast brought man to the ground!” St. Hieronymus has nothing -good to say of woman. He says, “Woman is a door for the devil, a way to evil, the sting -of the scorpion.” (“De cultu feminarum,” i, 1.)</p> - -<p class='c010'>Canonical Law declares: “Only man was created in the image of God, not woman; -therefore, woman should serve him and be his maid!”</p> - -<p class='c010'>The Provincial Council of Macon, in the sixth century, earnestly debated the question -whether woman had a soul.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The effect of these ideas in the Church on the peoples embracing Christianity was -direct. Among the Germans, after the acceptance of the new faith, for the foregoing reason, -the weregild for a wife—the simple expression of her value—decreased (J. Falke, “Die -ritterliche Gesellschaft,” p. 49. Berlin, 1862). Concerning the value of each sex among -the Jews, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vide</span></i> Leviticus, xxvii, 3 and 4.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Moreover, polygamy, which is expressly recognized in the Old Testament (Deut. xxi, -15), is nowhere explicitly interdicted in the New Testament. Christian princes (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">e.g.</span></i>, the -Marovingian kings, Clotar I, Childebert I, Pepin I, and many of the royal Franks) lived in -polygamy; and at that time the Church made no opposition to it (Weinhold, “Die deutschen -Frauen im Mittelalter,” ii, p. 15). Comp. also Unger, “Die Ehe,” etc., and the excellent -work by Louis Bridel, “La femme et le droit,” Paris, 1884.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f10'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r10'>10</a>. Comp. Friedländer “Sittengeschichte Roms.” Wiedemeister, “Der Cäsarenwahnsinn.” -Suetonius. Moreau, “Des aberrations du sens génésique.”</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f11'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r11'>11</a>. These statements, however, are opposed to Friedreich (“Hdb. d. gerichtsärztl -Praxis,” i, p. 271, 1843), and also Lombroso (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>, p. 42), according to whom pederasty -is very frequent among the uncivilized Americans.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f12'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r12'>12</a>. Comp. Friedreich, “gerichtl. Psychologie,” p. 389, who has collected numerous -examples. Thus the nun Blanbekin was always troubled with the thought about what had -become of the part lost at the circumcision of Christ. Veronica Juliani, canonized by Pope -Pius II, in memory of the divine lion, took an actual lion in her bed and kissed it, and let -it suck from her breast; and even secreted a few drops of milk for it. St. Catherine, of -Genoa, often burned with such inward fire that, in order to cool herself, she would lie down -on the ground and cry “Love, love, I can endure it no longer!” At the same time she -felt a peculiar inclination for her confessor. One day she lifted his hand to her nose and -smelled an odor which penetrated to her heart, “a heavenly perfume, so delightful that it -would wake the dead.” St. Armelle and St. Elizabeth were troubled with a similar -longing for the child Jesus. The temptations of St. Anthony, of Padua, are well known. -An old prayer is significant: “O, that I had found thee, Holy Emanuel; O, that I had thee -in my bed to bring delight to body and soul. Come and be mine, and my heart shall be -thy resting-place.”</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f13'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r13'>13</a>. Comp. Friedreich, “Diagnostik der psych. Krankheiten,” p. 347 <em>u. ff.</em>; Neumann, -“Lehrb. d. Psychiatrie,” p. 80.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f14'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r14'>14</a>. The relation of this trio finds its expression not only in the events of real life, as -above indicated, but also in romance, and even in the sculpture of degenerate eras. As an -example we may point to the group of St. Theresa, by Bernini, who “sinks in an hysterical -faint on a marble cloud, with an amorous angel plunging the arrow (of divine love) into -her heart” (Lübke).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f15'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r15'>15</a>. A Russian religious sect.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f16'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r16'>16</a>. Westermarck (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>, p. 211), after a careful review of the evidence, says: “These -facts appear to prove that the feeling of shame, far from being the original cause of man’s -covering his body, is, on the contrary, a result of this custom; and that the covering, if not -used as a protection from climate, owes its origin, at least in a great many cases, to the -desire of men and women to make themselves attractive.”—<span class='sc'>Trans.</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f17'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r17'>17</a>. This is not literally the case. “It is expressly stated, of the women of several -savage peoples, that they are less desirous of self-decoration than the men.”—Westermarck, -<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>, p. 184. And the same writer (p. 182) says that “it is a common notion that women -are by nature vainer and more addicted to dressing and decorating themselves than men. -This certainly does not hold good for savage and barbarous peoples in general.”—<span class='sc'>Trans.</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f18'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r18'>18</a>. Comp. Max Müller, who derives the word fetich etymologically from <em>factitious</em> (artificial, -an insignificant thing).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f19'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r19'>19</a>. Deutsches Montagsblatt, Berlin, August 20, 1888.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f20'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r20'>20</a>. Magnan’s “<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">spinal cérébral postérieur</span>,” who finds pleasure in every woman, and on -whom every woman looks with favor, has only desire to satisfy his lust. Purchased or -forced love is not real love (Mantegazza). The one who originated the saying, “Sublata -lucerna nullum discrimen inter feminas,” must have been a cynic indeed. Power in a man -to perform love’s act is no proof that this makes possible the greatest pleasure of love. -There are, indeed, urnings who are potent for women,—men who do not love their wives, -but who are still able to perform the marital “duty.” In most cases of this kind, indeed, -there is no lustful pleasure; it is essentially a kind of onanistic act, for the most part made -possible by means of help of imagination that calls up another beloved person. By this -deception sensual pleasure can be induced, but this rudimentary psychical satisfaction is -the result of a mental trick, just as in solitary onanism, where fancy has to assist in order -to induce sensual pleasure. As a rule, the degree of orgasm necessary as a means to the -attainment of lustful pleasure seems attainable only when the imagination intervenes. -Where mental impediments exist (indifference, repugnance, disgust, fear of infection or -pregnancy, etc.), sensual pleasure seems usually wanting.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f21'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r21'>21</a>. “The important part played by the hair of the head as a stimulant of sexual -passion appears in a curious way from Mr. Sibree’s account of King Radàma’s attempt to -introduce European customs among the Hovas of Madagascar. As soon as he had adopted -the military tactics of the English, he ordered that all his officers and soldiers should have -their hair cut, but this command produced so great a disturbance among the women of -the capital that they assembled in great numbers to protest against the king’s order, and -could not be quieted until they were surrounded by troops, and their leaders cruelly -speared.”—Westermarck, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i></p> - -<p class='c010'>Here male hair was a physiological fetich of females. It represents a relation of -the sexes that civilization has gradually reversed. While in civilized society woman exercises her ingenuity to increase her attractiveness, among savages it is the men who are -anxious to increase their physical charms. This reversal of the primitive relation is a very -interesting fact, and is probably to be explained by the transference of the “liberty of -choice” from woman to man which civilization has gradually induced. Westermarck (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. -cit.</span></i>, p. 185) says: “It should be noted that it is, as a rule, the man only that runs the risk -of being obliged to lead a single life. Hence it is obvious that, to the best of his ability, -he must endeavor to be taken into favor by making himself as attractive as possible. In -civilized Europe, on the other hand, the opposite occurs. Here it is the woman that has -the greatest difficulty in getting married, and she is also the vainer of the two.”—<span class='sc'>Trans.</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f22'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r22'>22</a>. The olfactory centre is presumed by Ferrier (“Functions of the Brain”) to be in -the region of the <em>gyrus uncinatus</em>. Zuckerkandl (“Ueber das Riechcentrum,” 1887), from -researches in comparative anatomy, concludes that the olfactory centre has its seat in -Ammon’s horn.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f23'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r23'>23</a>. Comp. Laycock, who (“Nervous Diseases of Women,” 1840) found that in women -the love for musk and similar perfumes was related to sexual excitement.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f24'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r24'>24</a>. Also in the insanity of gestation.—<span class='sc'>Trans.</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f25'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r25'>25</a>. The following case, reported by Binet, seems to be in opposition to this idea. -Unfortunately nothing is said concerning the mental characteristics of the person. In -any event, it is certainly confirmatory of the relations existing between the olfactory and -sexual senses:—</p> - -<p class='c010'>D., a medical student, was seated on a bench in a public park, reading a book (on -pathology). Suddenly a violent erection disturbed him. He looked up and noticed that a -lady, redolent with perfume, had taken a seat upon the other end of the bench. D. could -attribute the erection to nothing but the unconscious olfactory impression made upon him.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f26'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r26'>26</a>. Meibomius, “De flagiorum usu in re medica,” London, 1765; Boileau, “The History -of the Flagellants,” London, 1783.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f27'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r27'>27</a>. Comp. Roubaud, “Traité de l’impuissance et de la stérilité.” Paris, 1878.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f28'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r28'>28</a>. Literature: Parent-Duchatelet, Prostitution dans la ville de Paris, 1837.—Rosenbaum, -Entstehung der Syphilis, Halle, 1839; also, Die Lustseuche im Alterthum, Halle, -1839.—Descuret, La médecine des passions, Paris, 1860.—Casper, Klin. Novellen, 1863.—Bastian, -Der Mensch in der Geschichte.—Friedländer, Sittengeschichte Roms.—Wiedemeister, -Cäsarenwahnsinn.—Scherr, Deutsche Cultur- und Sittenge- schichte, Bd. i, Cap. 9.—Tardieu, -Des attentats aux mœurs., 7 édit., 1878.—Emminghaus, Psychopathol., pp. 98, -225, 230, 232.—Schüle, Handbuch der Geisteskrankheiten, p. 114.—Marc, Die Geisteskrankheiten, -übers v. Ideler, ii, p. 128.—v. Krafft, Lehrb. der Psychiatrie, 4 Aufl., i, p. 90; Lehrb. -d. ger. Psychopathol., 2 Aufl., p. 234; Archiv f. Psychiatrie, vii, 2.—Moreau, Des aberrations -du sens génésique, Paris, 1880.—Kirn, Allg. Zeitschr. f. Psychiatrie, xxxix, Heft 2 -u. 3.—Lombroso, Geschlechtstrieb u. Verbrechen in ihren gegenseitigen Beziehungen -(Goltdammer’s Archiv, Bd. xxx.).—Tarnowsky, Die krankhaften Erscheinungen des -Geschlechtssinns, Berlin, 1886.—Ball, La Folie érotique, Paris, 1888.—Serieux, Recherches -cliniques sur les anomalies de l’instinct sexuel, Paris, 1888.—Hammond, Sexual Impotence.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f29'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r29'>29</a>. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vide</span></i> Ultzmann, Genito-Urinary Neuroses in the Male (published by The F. A. -Davis Co., Philadelphia), for discussion of peripheral neuroses.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f30'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r30'>30</a>. An interesting example of how an imperative conception of non-sexual content -can exert an influence is related by Magnan (<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><cite>Ann. méd. psych.</cite>, 1885</span>): Student, aged 21, -strongly predisposed hereditarily, previously a masturbator, constantly struggles with the -number 13 as an imperative conception. As soon as he attempts coitus the imperative -idea inhibits erection and makes the act impossible.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f31'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r31'>31</a>. Louyer-Villermay speaks of masturbation in a girl of 3 or 4 years, and Moreau -(“Aberrations du sens génésique,” 2 édit., p. 209) of the same in one of 2 years. See, -further, Maudsley, “Physiology and Pathology of Mind;” Hirschsprung (Kopenhagen), -Berlin, klin. Wochenschr., 1866, Nr. 38; Lombroso, “The Criminal,” Cases 10, 19, and 21.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f32'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r32'>32</a>. Comp. Kirn, Zeitschr. f. Psych., Bd. xxxix. Legrand du Saulle, Annal. d’hyg., -1868, Oct.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f33'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r33'>33</a>. The translator has lately seen a case of this kind that illustrates the lack of care -taken by our criminal courts. A very infirm man, aged 55 to 60, under favoring circumstances, -made an unsuccessful sexual assault on a girl aged about 18. At his trial he made -full confession, and explained his act as due to ordinary sinfulness. He was the father of -a family and living with his wife, and up to that time blameless sexually. He was sentenced -to five years of hard labor! He was incapable of almost the lightest work. Conversation -with him while in jail showed at once that he was well advanced in senile dementia. Legal -question concerning his mental condition was not raised,—because he confessed, probably!</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f34'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r34'>34</a>. Cases, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vide</span></i> Laségue: “Les exhibitionistes,” Union médicale, 1877, May 1st.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f35'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r35'>35</a>. Legrand du Saulle, La folie devant les tribunaux, p. 530.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f36'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r36'>36</a>. Kirn, Maschka’s Handb. d. ger. Med., pp. 373, 374; Allg. Zeitschrift f. Psychiatrie, -Bd. xxxix, p. 220.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f37'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r37'>37</a>. Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung, 1859, B. ii, p. 461 <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">et seq.</span></i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f38'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r38'>38</a>. “Ueber männliche Sterilität,” Wiener med. Presse, 1878, Nr. 1. “<span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ueber Potentia -generandi et coeundi</span>,” Wiener Klinik, 1885, Heft 1, S. 5. Translated under the title of -Genito-Urinary Neuroses, etc. The F. A. Davis Company, Philadelphia.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f39'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r39'>39</a>. In individuals in whom intense sexual hyperæsthesia is associated with acquired -irritable weakness of the sexual apparatus, it is possible that simply at the sight of a -pleasing female figure, without peripheral irritation of the genitals, not only the mechanism -of erection, but also that of ejaculation, may be excited to action from the psycho-sexual -centre. For such individuals, all that is necessary to induce orgasm, or even ejaculation, is -to imagine themselves in a sexual situation with a female that sits opposite them in railway-coupé -or drawing-room. Hammond (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>, p. 40) describes several cases of this kind -that came to him for treatment for impotence that followed; and he mentions that these -individuals used the term “ideal coitus” for the act. Dr. Moll, of Berlin, told me of a -similar case; and in this instance the same designation was chosen for the act.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f40'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r40'>40</a>. So named from the notorious Marquis de Sade, whose obscene novels treated of -lust and cruelty. In French literature the expression “Sadism” has been applied to this -perversion.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f41'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r41'>41</a>. U. A. Novalis, in his “Fragments”; Görres, “Christliche Mystik,” Bd. iii, p. 460.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f42'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r42'>42</a>. Comp. also Alfred deMusset’s famous verses to the Andalusian girl:—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c008'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Qu’elle est superbe en son désordre—quand elle tombe les seins nus—</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Qu’on la voit, béante, se tordre—dans un baiser de rage et mordre—</span></div> - <div class='line in2'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">En hurlant des mots inconnus!</span>”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f43'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r43'>43</a>. During the excitement of battle the idea of lust forces its way into consciousness. -Comp. the description of a battle by a soldier, by Grillparzer:—</p> - -<p class='c010'>“And as the signal rang out, the armies met, breast to breast—lust of the gods!—here, -there, the murderous steel slays enemy, friend. Given and taken—death and life—with -wavering change—wildly raging in frenzy.”</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f44'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r44'>44</a>. Schulz (Wiener Med. Wochenschrift, No. 49, 1869) reports a remarkable case of a -man, aged 28, who could perform coitus with his wife only after working himself into an -artificial fit of anger.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f45'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r45'>45</a>. Concerning analogous acts in rutting animals, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vide</span></i> Lombroso, “The Criminal.”</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f46'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r46'>46</a>. Among animals it is always the male who pursues the female with proffers of love. -Playful or actual flight of the female is not infrequently observed; and then the relation is -like that between the beast of prey and the victim.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f47'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r47'>47</a>. The conquest of woman takes place to-day in the social form of courting, in seduction -and deception. From the history of civilization and anthropology we know that there -have been times, as there are savages to-day that practice it, where brutal force, robbery, -or even blows that made a woman powerless, were made use of to obtain love’s desire. It -is possible that tendencies to such outbreaks of sadism are atavistic.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f48'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r48'>48</a>. In the <span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Jahrbücher für Psychologie</span>, ii, p. 128, Schäfer (Jena) refers to the reports -of two cases by A. Payer. In the first case states of great sexual excitement were induced -by the sight of battles or of paintings of them; in the second, by cruel torturing of small -animals (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vide</span></i> Case 24). It is added: “The pleasure of battle and murder is so predominantly -an attribute of the male sex throughout the animal kingdom, that there can be no -question about the close relation existing between this side of the masculine character -and male sexuality. I believe, too, that by unprejudiced observation I can show that, -in men who are absolutely normal mentally and physically, the first indefinite and incomprehensible -precursors of sexual excitement may be induced by reading exciting scenes -of the chase and war,—<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">i.e.</span></i>, they give rise to unconscious longings for a kind of satisfaction -in warlike games (wrestling), in which, also, the fundamental sexual impulse to the most -perfect and intense contact with a companion is expressed, with the more or less clearly -defined secondary thought of conquest.”</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f49'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r49'>49</a>. It sometimes happens that an accidental sight of blood, etc., is what first excites -the preformed psychical mechanism of the sadistic individual, and awakens the instinct.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f50'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r50'>50</a>. Comp. Metzger’s ger. Arzneiw., herausgegeben von Remer, p. 539; Klein’s Annalen, -x, p. 176, xviii, p. 311; Heinroth, System der psych, ger. Med., p. 270; Neuer -Pitaval, 1855, 23, Th. (Fall Blaize Ferrage).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f51'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r51'>51</a>. Comp. Spitzka, The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, December, 1888; -Kiernan, The Medical Standard, November, December, 1888.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f52'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r52'>52</a>. Simon (Crimes et Délits, p. 209) mentions an experience of Lacassagne’s, to whom -a respectable man said that he was never intensely excited sexually except when a spectator -at a funeral.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f53'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r53'>53</a>. Taxil (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>) gives more detailed accounts of this sexual monster, which must -have been a case of habitual satyriasis, accompanied by perverse sexual instinct. Sade -was so cynical that he actually sought to idealize his cruel lasciviousness, and become the -apostle of a theory based upon it. He became so bad (among other things he made an invited -company of ladies and gentlemen erotic by causing to be served to them chocolate bon-bons -which contained cantharides) that he was committed to the insane asylum at Charenton. -During the revolution of 1790, he escaped. Then he wrote obscene novels filled -with lust, cruelty, and the most obscene scenes. When Bonaparte became Consul, Sade -made him a present of his novels magnificently bound. The Consul had the works destroyed, -and the author committed to Charenton again, where he died, at the age of sixty-four.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f54'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r54'>54</a>. Comp. Krauss, Psychologie des Verbrechens, 1884, p. 188; Dr. Hofer, Annalen -der Staatsarzneikunde, 6 Jahrgang, Heft 2; Schmidt’s Jahrbücher, Bd. lix, p. 94.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f55'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r55'>55</a>. According to newspaper reports, in December, 1890, several similar attacks were -made in Mainz. A young fellow between fourteen and sixteen years old pressed against -women and girls and stabbed them in the legs with a sharp-pointed instrument. He was -arrested, and seemed to be insane. Further details of the case are not known.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f56'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r56'>56</a>. Leo Taxil (La Corruption, Paris, Noiret, p. 223) makes the same statements. -There are also men who demand introductio linguæ meretricis in anum.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f57'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r57'>57</a>. Leo Taxil (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>, p. 234) relates that in Parisian brothels instruments are kept -ready which look like knouts, but which are merely tubes filled with air, such as clowns -use in circuses. Sadistic men use them to create for themselves the illusion that they are -whipping women.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f58'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r58'>58</a>. The legend is especially spread throughout the Balkan peninsula. Among -the Greeks it has its origin in the myth of the <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">lamiæ</span></i> and <em>marmolykes</em>,—blood-sucking -women. Goethe made use of this in his “Bride of Corinth.” The verses referring to -vampirism, “suck thy heart’s blood,” etc., can be thoroughly understood only when -compared with their ancient sources.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f59'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r59'>59</a>. In the latest literature we find the matter treated, but particularly in Sacher-Masoch’s -novels, which are hereafter to be alluded to, and in Ernest von Wildenbruch’s -“Brunhilde,” Rachilde’s “La Marquise de Sade,” etc.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f60'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r60'>60</a>. So named from the writer, Sacher-Masoch, whose romances and novels have as -their particular object the description of this perversion.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f61'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r61'>61</a>. Comp., <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">supra</span></i>, Introduction, p. 28.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f62'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r62'>62</a>. The author’s “Neue Forschungen auf d. Gebiet d. Psychopathia Sexualis,” Stuttgart, -1891, which is, for the most part, incorporated in this edition of “Psychopathia Sexualis.”</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f63'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r63'>63</a>. This difference of courage in the face of events in nature, on the one hand, and -in the face of personal conflict, on the other, is certainly remarkable (comp. Case 44), even -though it is the only indication of effemination mentioned in this case.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f64'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r64'>64</a>. Transactions of the Colorado State Medical Society, quoted in the Alienist and -Neurologist, 1883, p. 345.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f65'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r65'>65</a>. “To be at the feet of an imperious mistress; to obey her orders; to be compelled -to sue her for pardon,—these things are my most intense delight.”</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f66'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r66'>66</a>. “Never daring to express my desire, I at least gave it rein under circumstances -that served to preserve in me the idea of it.”</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f67'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r67'>67</a>. “What Rousseau loves in women is not only the frowning brow, the threatening -hand, the angry glance, the imperious attitude, but it is also the emotional state of which -these are the objective translation; he loves the fierce, disdainful woman who crushes him -at her feet with the weight of her royal displeasure.”</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f68'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r68'>68</a>. However, the domain of masochism must be sharply differentiated from the principal -subject of that work, which is, that love contains an element of suffering. Unrequited -love has always been described as “sweet, but sorrowful;” and poets have spoken -of “blissful pain” or “painful bliss.” This must not, as it is by Z., be confounded with -the manifestations of masochism, any more than the characterization of an unyielding -lover as “cruel” should be. It is remarkable, however, that Hamerling (“Amor und -Psyche,” iv, Gesang) uses perfect masochistic pictures, flagellation, etc., to express this -feeling.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f69'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r69'>69</a>. The desire to be trod upon also occurs in religious enthusiasts (comp. Turgenjew, -“Sonderbare Geschichten”).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f70'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r70'>70</a>. In this story the writer describes a man whose greatest pleasure lies in being -treated like a slave by a beautiful woman, whom he loves. Besides numerous scenes in -which the man is whipped by the woman, there are others in which he is trod upon by her. -It is this act that forms the principal means of excitement in the case above described.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f71'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r71'>71</a>. In Continental hotels the guests are accustomed to put their shoes in the corridors -at night, to be cleaned.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f72'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r72'>72</a>. However, against the theory that foot- and shoe-fetichism is a manifestation of -(latent) masochism, Dr. Moll (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>, p. 136) raises the objection that it is still unexplained -why the fetichist so often prefers boots with high heels, then boots and shoes of a -particular kind—buttoned or laced. To this objection it may be remarked that, in the first -place, the high heels characterize the shoes as feminine; and, in the second place, that in -spite of the sexual character of his inclination, the fetichist demands all kinds of æsthetic -qualities in his fetich (comp. Case 90).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f73'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r73'>73</a>. There is apparently a connection between foot-fetichism and the fact that certain -persons of this kind, whom coitus does not satisfy, or who are unable to perform it, find a -substitute for it in tritus membri inter pedes mulieris.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f74'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r74'>74</a>. Analogy with the excesses of religious enthusiasm is found even here. The religious -enthusiast, Antoinette Bouvignon de la Porte, mixed her food with fæces to punish herself -(Zimmermann, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>, p. 124). The beatified Marie Alacoque, to “mortify” herself, -licked up with her tongue the dejections of patients, and sucked their toes covered with -sores.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f75'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r75'>75</a>. The laws of the early Middle Ages gave the husband the right to kill the wife; -those of the later Middle Ages, the right to beat her. The latter right was used freely, -even by those of high standing (comp. Schultze, <span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Das höfische Leben zur Zeit des Minnesangs</span>, -Bd. i, p. 163 <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">et seq.</span></i>). Yet, by the side of this, the paradoxical chivalry of the -Middle Ages stands unexplained.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f76'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r76'>76</a>. Comp. Lady Milford’s words in Schiller’s “Kabale und Liebe”: “We women -can only choose between ruling and serving; but the highest pleasure power affords is but -a miserable substitute, if the greater joy of being the slaves of a man we love is denied us!”</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f77'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r77'>77</a>. Anthony and Cleopatra, v. 2.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f78'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r78'>78</a>. Comp. the author’s article, “über geschlechtliche Hörigkeit und Masochismus,” -in the Psychiatrischen Jahrbücher, Bd. x, p. 169 <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">et seq.</span></i>, where this subject is treated in -detail, and particularly from the forensic stand-point.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f79'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r79'>79</a>. The expressions “slave” and “slavery,” though often used metaphorically under -such circumstances, are avoided here because they are the favorite expressions of masochism, -from which this “bondage” must be strictly differentiated.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The expression “bondage” is not to be construed to mean J. S. Mill’s “Bondage -of Woman.” What Mill designates with this expression are laws and customs, social and -historical facts. Here, however, we always speak of facts having peculiar individual -motives that even conflict with prevalent customs and laws.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f80'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r80'>80</a>. Perhaps the most important element is, that by the habit of submission a kind of -mechanical obedience, without consciousness of its motives, which operates with automatic -certainty, may be established, having no opposing motives to contend with, because it lies -beyond the threshold of consciousness; and it may be used by the dominant individual -like an inanimate instrument.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f81'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r81'>81</a>. Sexual bondage, of course, plays a <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i> in all literatures. Indeed, for the poet, the -extraordinary manifestations of the sexual life that are not perverse form a rich and open -field. The most celebrated description of masculine “bondage” is that by Abbé Prévost, -“Mano Lescault.” An excellent description of feminine “bondage” is that of “Leone -Leoni,” by George Sand. But first of all comes Kleist’s “Käthchen von Heilbronn,” who -himself called it the counterpart of (sadistic) “Penthesilea.” Halm’s “Griseldis” and -many other similar poems also belong here.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f82'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r82'>82</a>. Cases may occur in which the sexual bondage is expressed in the same acts that -are common in masochism. When rough men whip their wives, and the latter suffer for -love, without, however, having a desire for blows, we have a pseudo form of bondage that -may simulate masochism.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f83'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r83'>83</a>. It is very interesting, and dependent upon the nature of bondage and masochism, -which essentially correspond in external effects, that to illustrate the former certain playful, -metaphorical expressions are in general use; such as “slavery,” “to bear chains,” -“bound,” “to hold the whip over,” “to harness to the triumphal car,” “to lie at the -feet,” “hen-pecked,” etc.,—all things which, literally carried out, form the objects of the -masochist’s desire. Such similes are frequently used in daily life and have become trite. -They are derived from the language of poetry. Poetry has always recognized, within the -general idea of the passion of love, the element of dependence in the lover, who practices -self-sacrifice spontaneously or of necessity. The facts of “bondage” have also always -presented themselves to the poetical imagination. When the poet chooses such expressions -as those mentioned, to picture the dependence of the lover in striking similes, <em>he proceeds -exactly as does the masochist</em>, who, to intensify the idea of his dependence (his ultimate aim), -creates such situations in reality. In ancient poetry, the expression “domina” is used to -signify the loved one, with a preference for the simile of “casting in chains” (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">e.g.</span></i>, Horace, -Od. iv, 11). From antiquity through all the centuries to our own times (comp. Grillparzer, -“Ottokar,” Act v: “To rule is sweet, almost as sweet as to obey”), the poetry of love is filled -with similar phrases and similes. The history of the word “mistress” is also interesting. -But poetry reacts on life. It is probable that the courtly chivalry of the Middle Ages arose -in this way. In its reverence for women as “mistresses” in society and in individual love-relations; -its transference of the relations of feudalism and vassalage to the relation between -the knight and his lady; its submission to all feminine whims; its love-tests and vows; its -duty of obedience to every command of the lady,—in all this, chivalry appears as a systematic, -poetical development of the “bondage” of love. Certain extreme manifestations, -like the deeds and suffering of Ulrich von Lichtenstein or Pierre Vidal in the service of -their ladies; or the practice of the fraternity of the “Galois” in France, whose members -sought martyrdom in love and subjected themselves to all kinds of suffering,—these clearly -have a masochistic character, and demonstrate the natural transformation of one phenomenon -into the other.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f84'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r84'>84</a>. If it be considered that, as shown above, “sexual bondage” is a phenomenon -observed much more frequently and in a more pronounced degree in the female sex than in -the male, the thought arises that masochism (if not always, at least as a rule) is an inheritance -of the “bondage” of feminine experience. Thus it comes into a relation—though -distant—with contrary sexual instinct, as a transference to the male of a perversion really -belonging to the female. This conception of masochism as a rudimentary contrary sexual -instinct, as a partial effemination, here affecting only the secondary sexual character of the -vita sexualis (a theory still more unconditionally expressed in the sixth edition of this -work) finds its support in the statements of the subjects of Case 44 and Case 50, who present -other features of effemination, and give as their ideal a relatively old woman who -seeks and wins them; and, further, in the fact that the (potent) masochist prefers the <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i> -of succubus, as shown by statements referring to this.</p> - -<p class='c010'>It must, however, be emphasized that “bondage” also plays no unimportant <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i> in -the masculine vita sexualis, and that masochism in man may also be explained without any -such transference of feminine elements. It must also be remembered here that masochism, -as well as its counterpart, sadism, occurs in irregular combination with contrary sexual -instinct.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f85'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r85'>85</a>. Of course, both have to contend with opposing ethical and æsthetic motives <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">in -foro interno</span></i>. After these have been overcome and sadism appears, it immediately comes in -conflict with the law. This is not the case with masochism; which accounts for the greater -frequency of masochistic acts. But the instinct of self-preservation and fear of pain oppose -the realization of the latter. The practical significance of masochism lies only in its relations -to psychical impotence; while that of sadism lies beyond that, and is principally -forensic.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f86'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r86'>86</a>. Every attempt to explain the facts of either sadism or masochism, owing to the -close connection of the two phenomena demonstrated here, must also be suited to explain -the other perversion. An attempt to offer an explanation of sadism, by J. G. Kiernan (Chicago) -(<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vide</span></i> “Psychological Aspects of the Sexual Appetite,” Alienist and Neurologist, -St. Louis, April, 1891) meets this requirement, and for this reason may be briefly mentioned -here. Kiernan, who has several authorities in Anglo-American literature for his theory, -starts from the assumption of several naturalists (Dallinger, Drysdale, Rolph, Cleukowsky) -which conceives the so-called conjugation, a sexual act in certain low forms of animal life, -to be cannibalism, a devouring of the partner in the act. He brings into immediate connection -with this the well-known facts that at the time of sexual union crabs tear limbs from -their bodies and spiders bite off the heads of the males, and other sadistic acts performed -by rutting animals with their consorts. From this he passes to lust-murder and other lustful -acts of cruelty in man, and assumes that hunger and the sexual appetite are, in their origin, -identical; that the sexual cannibalism of lower forms of animal life has an influence in -higher forms and in man, and that sadism is an example of atavism.</p> - -<p class='c010'>This explanation of sadism would, of course, also explain masochism; for if the -origin of sexual intercourse is to be sought in cannibalistic processes, then both the survival -of one sex and the destruction of the other would fulfill the purpose of nature, and -thus the instinctive desire to be the victim would be explained. But it must be stated in -objection that the basis of this reasoning is insufficient. The extremely complicated process -of conjugation in lower organisms, into which science has really penetrated only -during the last few years, is by no means to be regarded as simply a devouring of one individual -by another (<span lang="de" xml:lang="de">comp. Weismann, Die Bedeutung der Sexuellen Fortpflanzung für die -Selectionstheorie, p. 51, Jena, 1886</span>).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f87'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r87'>87</a>. In Zola’s “Therese Raquin,” where the lover repeatedly kisses his mistress’s boot, -the case is quite different from that of shoe- and boot-fetichists, who, at the sight of every -boot worn by a lady, or even alone, are thrown into sexual excitement, even to the extent -of ejaculation.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f88'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r88'>88</a>. Though Binet (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>) declares that every sexual perversion, without exception, -depends upon such an “accident acting on a predisposed subject” (where, under predisposition, -only hyperæsthesia in general is understood), yet such an assumption for other perversions -than fetichism is neither necessary nor satisfactory. For example, it is not clear -how the sight of another’s punishment could excite sexually even a very excitable individual, -if the physiological relationship of lust and cruelty had not been developed into <em>original</em> -sadism in an abnormally excitable individual.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f89'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r89'>89</a>. When young husbands who have associated much with prostitutes feel impotent -in the face of the chastity of their young wives—a thing that frequently occurs—the condition -may be regarded as a kind of (psychical) fetichism in a wider sense. One of my -patients was never potent with his beautiful and chaste young wife, because he was accustomed -to the lascivious methods of prostitutes. When he now and then attempted coitus -with puellis he was perfectly potent. Hammond (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>) reports a very similar interesting -case. Of course, in such cases, a bad conscience and hypochondriacal fear of impotence -play an important part.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f90'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r90'>90</a>. A kind of rudimentary sadism in L. and masochism in N.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f91'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r91'>91</a>. Great sexual hyperæsthesia. Comp. note on p. 50.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f92'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r92'>92</a>. This is also sexual hyperæsthesia. Any intense excitement affects the sexual -sphere (Binet’s “dynamogénie générale”). Concerning this, Dr. Moll communicates the -following case: “A similar thing is described by Mr. E., aged 27; merchant. While at -school, and afterward, he often had ejaculation with pleasurable feeling when he was -seized with a feeling of intense anxiety. Besides, almost every other physical or mental -pain exerted a similar influence. E., as he states, has a normal sexual instinct, but suffers -with nervous impotence.”</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f93'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r93'>93</a>. Phila. Med. and Surg. Rep., Sept. 7, 1889.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f94'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r94'>94</a>. This case was originally reported by Dr. A. R. Reynolds, Chicago (Western Med. -Reporter, Nov., 1888).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f95'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r95'>95</a>. Moll (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i> p. 131) reports: “A man, X., becomes intensely excited sexually -whenever he sees a woman with the hair in a braid; loose hair, no matter how beautiful, -cannot produce this effect.”</p> - -<p class='c010'>Of course, it is not justifiable to consider all hair-despoilers fetichists, for in a few -cases such acts are done for the purpose of gain,—<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">i.e.</span></i>, the stolen hair is not a fetich.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f96'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r96'>96</a>. Magnan (Arch, de Neurologie, vol. xxxiii, No. 69, 1892) gives the details of a case -of sexual perversion in a degenerate individual, where the elements of fetichism and sadism -were combined, and <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">faute de mieux</span></i> the sadistic impulse found satisfaction in self-mutilation. -The perverse impulse began at the age of six; the sight of a boy or girl with a delicate, -white skin awakened in him sexual appetite, with a desire to bite and eat a piece of the -skin. While caressing a horse, the impulse to bite the soft skin of its nostrils arose, and -afterward the memory of this became associated with the act of onanism. Later, he began -to prick himself with pins, knives, etc., while masturbating. The desire to bite and eat -skin was also provoked by the sight of shining blades, like those of scissors. He was -always able to resist the impulse to attack young girls; but the struggle was hard, and for -eight months he hesitated before venting his passion on his own person. He was finally -arrested in the act of cutting a large piece of skin from his arm with scissors. Asked the -motive of his self-mutilation, he stated that for several hours he had been following a young -girl who had a fine, white skin, and was burning with desire to cut out a piece of it and eat -it. On his person there were many scars of previous mutilations. The impulse was devoid -of natural sexual desire. Chewing the piece of skin provoked ejaculation.—<span class='sc'>Trans.</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f97'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r97'>97</a>. The frequent changes of style of dress which fashion dictates may be referred to a -physiological law. The reaction of the nervous system to a constant stimulus diminishes -in proportion to the duration of the action of the stimulus. Constant association with -nudity removes its power to excite sexually. Owing to this, the savage endeavors to attract -attention by changing his physical peculiarities; he dresses his hair in some remarkable -way, or paints his body; then he tattooes his skin, or performs striking self-mutilation, such -as half-castration and circumcision (comp. Westermarck, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>, p. 205). Finally, mutilation -is replaced by movable appendages, upon which ornaments are worn; and thus there -is afforded opportunity for <em>change</em>, in obedience to the unconscious physiological requirement, -which is called a “<em>taste</em> for change.” Undoubtedly, woman’s desire for changes of -fashion is primarily dependent upon man’s desire to be pleased; and her function in this -direction has certainly been transferred from him to her by civilization (comp. p. 16).—<span class='sc'>Trans.</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f98'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r98'>98</a>. Comp: Goethe’s remarks about his adventure in Geneva (“Briefe aus der Schweiz,” -1. Abtheil., Schluss).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f99'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r99'>99</a>. The fact that the partly-veiled form is often more charming than when it is perfectly -nude, is, as far as object goes, similar, but quite different psychically. This depends -upon the effect of contrast and expectation, which are common phenomena, and in no -sense pathological.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f100'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r100'>100</a>. On page 124 (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>) Dr. Moll writes concerning this impulse in hetero-sexual -individuals: “The passion for handkerchiefs may go so far that the man is entirely under -their control. A woman tells me: ‘I know a certain gentleman, and when I see him at a -distance I only need to draw out my handkerchief so that it peeps out of my pocket, and I -am certain that he will follow me as a dog follows its master. Go where I please, this gentleman -will follow me. He may be riding in a carriage or engaged in important business, -and yet, when he sees my handkerchief he drops everything in order to follow me,—<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">i.e.</span></i>, my -handkerchief.’”</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f101'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r101'>101</a>. Garnier (Anomalies Sexuelles, Paris, pp. 508, 509) reports two cases (Cases 222 -and 223) that are apparently opposed to this assumption, particularly the first, in which -despair about the unfaithfulness of a lover led the individual to submit to the seductions -of men. But the case itself clearly shows that this individual never found pleasure in -homo-sexual acts. In Case 223, the individual was effeminated <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">ab origine</span></i>, or was at least a -psychical hermaphrodite.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Those who hold to the opinion that the origin of homo-sexual feelings and instinct -is found to be exclusively in defective education and other psychological influences are -entirely in error.</p> - -<p class='c010'>An untainted male may be raised never so much like a female, and a female like a -male, but they will not become homo-sexual. The natural disposition is the determining -condition; not education and other accidental circumstances, like seduction. There can be -no thought of contrary sexual instinct save when the person of the same sex exerts a -psycho-sexual influence on the individual, and thus brings about libido and orgasm,—<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">i.e.</span></i>, -has a psychical attraction. Those cases are quite different in which, <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">faute de mieux</span></i>, with -great sensuality and a defective æsthetic sense, the body of a person of the same sex is used -for an onanistic act (not for coitus in a psychical sense).</p> - -<p class='c010'>In his excellent monograph, Moll shows very clearly and convincingly the importance -of original predisposition in contrast with exciting causes (comp. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>, pp. 156–175). -He knows “many cases where early sexual intercourse with men was not capable -of inducing perversion.” Moll significantly says, further: “I know of such an epidemic -(of mutual onanism) in a Berlin school, where a person who is now an actor shamelessly -introduced mutual onanism. Though I now know the names of very many urnings in -Berlin, yet I could not ascertain, even with anything like probability, that among all the -scholars of that school at that time there was one that had become an urning; but, on the -other hand, I have quite certain knowledge that many of those scholars are now normal -sexually, in feeling and intercourse.”</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f102'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r102'>102</a>. Comp, author’s Experimental Study in the Domain of Hypnotism, 1889. G. P. -Putnam’s Sons, New York.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f103'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r103'>103</a>. Comp. Sprengel, “<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Apologie des Hippokrates</span>,” Leipzig, 1792, p. 611; Friedreich, -“<span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Literärgeschichte der psych. Krankheiten</span>,” 1830, p. 31; Lallemand, “<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Des pertes séminales</span>,” -Paris, 1836, i, p. 581; Nysten, “<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Dictionn. de médecine</span>,” xi édit., Paris, 1858, Art. -“<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">éviration et Maladie des Scythes</span>”; Marandon, “<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">De la maladie des Scythes</span>”; “<span lang="pt" xml:lang="pt">Annal. -médico-psychol.</span>,” 1877, Mars, p. 161; Hammond, American Journal of Neurology and -Psychiatry, August, 1882.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f104'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r104'>104</a>. The following description of the “bote” is taken from Dr. J. G. Kiernan’s article -on “Responsibility in Sexual Perversion,” read before the Chicago Medical Society, March 7, -1892: “In accordance with the well-known physiological law, that too frequent excitation -of a nerve exhausts the reaction of that nerve to that excitant, sexual excess exhausts the -normal reaction, whence it occurs that abnormal stimulus is required and the vice type of -sexual perversion results. Such vice types crop up among savages. Dr. A. B. Holder (N. -Y. Med. Jour., 1889) describes a sexual pervert called the ‘bote’ by the Montana and the -‘burdach’ by the Washington Indians. Such a pervert is found among all the tribes of the -Northwest. Like all other sexual perverts, these ‘botes’ can recognize each other. Dr. -Holder has found that the ‘bote’ wears the squaw dress, parts his hair like a squaw, and -assumes feminine speech and manners. Their features are often masculine. In childhood -feminine dress and manners are assumed, but not until puberty do ‘bote’ practices result. -These consist in taking the male organ of the active party in the lips of the ‘bote,’ who -experiences the sexual orgasm at the same time. A ‘bote’ examined by Dr. Holder was a -splendidly formed fellow, of prepossessing face, in perfect health, active in movement, and -happy in disposition. By offering payment, he induced him to submit himself, though with -considerable reluctance, to a thorough examination. He was five feet eight inches high, -weighed one hundred and fifty-eight pounds, and had a frank, intelligent face,—being an -Indian, of course beardless. He was thirty-three years of age, and had worn woman’s -dress for twenty-eight years. His dress was the usual dress of the Indian female, consisting -of four articles,—a single dress or gown of half a dozen yards of cloth, made loose -with wide sleeves, and skirt reaching to the ankles, the skirt and body of one piece, very -much like the ‘Mother Hubbard’ <em>negligée</em> worn by ladies; a beaded belt loosely confining -this at the waist; stockings from government annuity goods, and buckskin moccasins -extending above the ankles. The hair, twenty-four or twenty-six inches long, was parted -in the centre and allowed to hang loose in two masses behind the shoulders. Since among -the Sioux and some other tribes it is usual for men to wear their hair in this way, it is well -to observe that in this tribe (Absaroke) the men usually wear the hair in long braids, and -always part it on the side and ‘roach’ the front. His skin was smooth and free from hair, -there being absolutely none on the legs, arms, or breast, or in the arm-pits. This is of no -special significance, as male and female Indians are both free from hair on these parts of the -body. The mammæ were as rudimentary as those of the male. When he removed his dress -he threw his thighs together so as to completely conceal the organs, whether male or female; -such a movement is made by timid women under examination,—a movement usually successful -in the female, owing to the non-projecting character of the genitals and to the -rotundity of the thighs; but not usually easy, for the reverse reasons, in the male. In this -the ‘bote’—either from the conformation of the thighs, which had the feminine rotundity, -or from skill acquired by habit—succeeded completely. When he separated his thighs, -male organs came into view, in size perhaps not quite so large as the physique of the man -would indicate, but in position and shape altogether normal. The penis was flaccid. The -‘bote’ in habits very closely resembles a class described by Hippocrates among the Scythians -of Caucasus, called by the Greeks anandreis, a word strikingly similar in meaning to -‘bote.’”—<span class='sc'>Trans.</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f105'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r105'>105</a>. Bibliography (besides works mentioned hereafter): Tardieu, Des attentats aux -moeurs, 7 édit., 1878, p. 210.—Hofmann, Lehrb. d. ger. Med., 3 Aufl., pp. 172, 850.—Gley, -Revue philosophique, 1884, Nr. 1.—Magnan, Annal. med.-psychol., 1885, p. 458.—Shaw and -Ferris, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1883, April.—Bernhardi, Der Uranismus, -Berlin (Volksbuchhandlung), 1882.—Chevalier, De l’inversion de l’instinct sexual, Paris, -1885.—Ritti, Gaz. hebdom. de médecine et de chirurg., 1878, 4. Januar.—Tamassia, Rivista -sperim, 1878, pp. 97–117.—Lombroso, Archiv. di Psichiatr., 1881.—Charcot et Magnan, -Archiv. de neurologie, 1882, Nr. 7, 12.—Moll, Die conträre Sexualempfindung, Berlin, 1891 -(numerous bibliographic references).—Chevalier, Archives de l’anthropologie criminelle, -vol. v, No 27; vol. vi, No. 31.—Reuss, “Aberrations du sens générique,” Annales d’hygiène -publique, 1886.—Saury, Étude clinique sur la folie héréditaire, 1886.—Brouardel, Gaz. des -hôpiteaux, 1886 and 1887.—Tilier, L’instinct sexuel chez l’homme et chez les animaux, -1889.—Carlier, Les deux prostitutions, 1887.—Lacassagne, art. “Pédérastie,” in the Diction. -encyclopédique.—Vibert, art. “Pédérastie,” in the <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Diction. méd. et de chirurgie</span>.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f106'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r106'>106</a>. Dr. Moll, of Berlin, called my attention to the fact that in Moritz’s Magazin f. -Erfahrungsseelenkunde, vol. viii, Berlin, 1791, there are references to contrary sexual -instinct in man. In fact, there two biographies of men are reported who manifested an -enthusiastic love for persons of their own sex. In the second case, which is particularly -noteworthy, the patient himself explains his aberration by the fact that, as a child, he was -caressed only by grown persons, and, as a boy of ten or twelve years, only by his school-fellows. -“This, and the want of association with persons of the opposite sex, in me, -caused the natural inclination toward the female sex to be entirely diverted to the male sex. -I am still quite indifferent to women.”</p> - -<p class='c010'>It cannot be determined whether such a case is one of congenital (psycho-sexual -hermaphroditism?) or acquired contrary sexual instinct. The oldest case of contrary -sexual instinct, that has thus far been proved in Germany, is that of a woman who was -married to another, and gratified herself sexually with a leathern priapus. A case of viraginity, -historically and legally interesting, derived from the legal proceedings, which took -place early in the eighteenth century, is reported by Dr. Müller (Alexandersbad), in Friedrich’s -Blätter f. ger. Medicin, 1891, part iv.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f107'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r107'>107</a>. “Vindex, Inclusa, Vindicta, Formatrix, Ara spei, Gladius furens, kritische Pfeile,” -Leipzig (Otto u. Kadler), 1864–1880.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f108'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r108'>108</a>. In male individuals: (1) Casper, Klin. Novellen, p. 36 (Lehrb. d. ger. Med., 7 -Aufl., p. 176); (2) Westphal, Archiv f. Psych., ii. p. 73; (3) Schminke, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">id.</span></i>, iii, p. 225; -(4) Scholz, Vierteljahrsschr. f. ger. Med., xix; (5) Gock, Arch. f. Psych., v., p. 564; (6) Servaes, -<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">id.</span></i>, vi, p. 484; (7) Westphal, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">id.</span></i>, vi, 620; (8, 9, 10) Stark, Zeitsch. f. Psychiatrie, -Bd. 31; (11) Liman (Casper’s Lehrb. der ger. Med., 6 Aufl., p. 509), p. 291; (12) Legrand -du Saulle, Annal. méd.-psychol., 1876, May; (13) Sterz, Jahrb. f. Psychiatrie, iii, Heft 3; (14) -Krueg, Brain, 1884, Oct.; (15) Charcot et Magnan, Arch. de neurolog., 1882, Nr. 9; (16, -17, 18) Kirn, Zeitschr. f. Psych., Bd. 39, p. 216; (19) Rabow, Erlenmeyer’s Centralb., 1883, -Nr. 8; (20) Blumer, Americ. Journ. of Insanity, 1882, July; (21) Savage, Journal of -Mental Science, 1884, October; (22) Scholz, Vierteljahrsschr. f. ger. Med., N. F. Bd. 43, -Heft. 7; (23) Magnan, Ann. méd. psychol., 1885, p. 461; (24) Chevalier, De l’inversion -de l’instinct sexuel, Paris, 1885, p. 129; (25) Morselli, La Riforma medica, iv, March; (26) -Leonpacher, Friedreich’s Blätter, 1888, H. 4; (27) Holländer, Allg. Wiener Med. Zeitg., -1882; (28) Kreise, Erlenmeyer’s Centralblatt, 1888, Nr. 19; (29, 30, 31, 32) v. Krafft, Psychopathia -sexualis, 3 Aufl., Beob. 32, 36, 42, 43; (33) Golenko, Russ. Archiv f. Psychiatrie, -Bd. ix, H. 3 (v. Rothe, Zeitschr. f. Psychiatrie); (34) v. Krafft, Internationales Centralblatt -f. d. Physiol, u. Pathologie der Harn-u. Sexualorgane, Bd. 1, H. 1; (35) Cantarano, La -Psichiatria, 1887, v., p. 195; (36) Sérieux, Recherches cliniques sur les anomalies de -l’instinct sexuel, Paris, 1888, obs. 13; (37–42) Kiernan, The Medical Standard, 1888, 7 -cases; (43–46) Rabow, Zeitschr. f. klin. Medicin, Bd. xvii, Suppl.; (47–51) v. Krafft, Neue -Forschungen, Beob. (1, 3, 4, 5, 8); (52–61) v. Krafft, Psychopath. Sexualis, 5 Aufl., Beob. -53, 61, 64, 66, 73, 75, 78, 84, 85, 87; (62–65) v. Krafft, Neue Forschungen, 2 Aufl., Beob. 3, -4, 5,6; (66, 67) Hammond, Sexual Impotence; (68–71) Garnier, Anomalies sexuelles, -1889, Obs. 227, 228, 229, 230; (72) Müller, Friedreich’s Blätter, 1891; (73–87) v. Krafft, -Psychopathia Sexualis, 6 Aufl., Beob. 78, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 93, 94,96, 97, 98, 101, 102.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In female individuals: (1) Westphal, Arch. f. Psych., ii, p. 73; Gock, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>, Nr. -1; (3) Wise, The Alienist and Neurologist, 1883, January; (4) Cantarano, La Psichiatria, -1883, p. 201; (5) Sérieux, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>, obs. 14; (6) Kiernan, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f109'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r109'>109</a>. Tarnowsky (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>, p. 34) records a case which shows that contrary sexual feeling, -as a concomitant manifestation with neurotic degeneration, may also affect the descendants -of parents having no neurotic taint. In this instance, lues of the parents played a part, as -in a similar case of Scholz (Vierteljahrsschr. f. ger. Med.), in which the perversion of the -sexual desires stood in causal relation with an arrest of psychical development, caused by -traumatism.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f110'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r110'>110</a>. This supposition is overthrown by the result of the post-mortem of my case (118), -where the brain-weight was 1150 grammes, and of Case 130, where it was 1175 grammes.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f111'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r111'>111</a>. That inversion of the sexual instinct is not infrequent is proved, among other things, -by the circumstance that it is frequently a subject in novels. Chevalier (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">op. cit.</span></i>) points -out in French literature, besides the novels of Balzac, like “La Passion au Desert” (treating -of bestiality) and “Sarrazine” (treating of the love of a woman for a eunuch), Diderot’s “La -Religieuse” (a story of one given to <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">amor lesbicus</span></i>); Balzac’s “La Fille aux Yeux d’Or” (<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">amor -lesbicus</span></i>); Th. Gautier’s “Mademoiselle de Maupin”; Feydeau’s “La Comtesse de Chalis”; -Flaubert’s “Salammbo,” etc. Belot’s “Mademoiselle Giraud, Ma Femme” may also be mentioned -(now translated into English). It is interesting that the heroines of these (Lesbian) -novels appear in the character and <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">rôle</span></i> of the husband of a lover of the same sex, and that -their love is extremely passionate. Moreover, the neuropathic foundation of this sexual perversion -does not escape the writers. This theme is treated, in German literature, in “Fridolin’s -heimliche Ehe,” by Wilbrand; in “Brick and Brack Oder Licht in Schatten,” by -Emerich Graf Stadion. The oldest urning’s romance is probably that published by Petronius -at Rome, under the Empire, under the title Satyricon.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f112'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r112'>112</a>. Comp. author’s work, “<span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Ueber psychosexuales Zwitterthum</span>,” in the <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">internationalen -Centralblatt f. d. Physiologie u. Pathologie der Harn und Sexualorgane, Bd. i, Heft 2.</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f113'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r113'>113</a>. This idea is supported by the statements of an unmarried urning which Dr. Moll, -of Berlin, kindly communicated to me. He could report a number of cases of his acquaintance, -in which married men at the same time had “relations” with men.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f114'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r114'>114</a>. Later it became known that a near relative died insane, and, further, that eight of -his parent’s children had died of acute or chronic hydrocephalus at ages ranging from one -to fifteen.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f115'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r115'>115</a>. .sp 1</p> -<div class='lg-container-b c023'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“Thou art like any flower, so sweet, so beautiful, so pure,” etc.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f116'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r116'>116</a>. .sp 1</p> -<div class='lg-container-b c023'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>“Lowering like the heavens, frowns the world on me,</div> - <div class='line'>Yet blest or cursed will be the fate I meet.</div> - <div class='line'>With trusting heart, dear friend, I think of thee!</div> - <div class='line'>God keep thee, dear! it would have been too sweet!</div> - <div class='line'>God keep thee, dear! such happiness was not to be!”</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f117'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r117'>117</a>. Comp. the expert medical opinion of this case, by Dr. Birnbacher, in Friedreich’s -Blätter f. ger. Med., 1891, H. 1.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f118'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r118'>118</a>. With reference to prophylaxis, the following words, which were written to me by -the subject of Case 88 of the sixth edition, are noteworthy: “If it were only possible that—not -as among the Spartans, where the weaklings were allowed to perish for the sake of -perfect selection, in accordance with the Darwinian idea—our contrary sexual instincts -might be recognized early in youth; and if it were only possible that, at this time of life, -the worst of all diseases could be cured by suggestion! Probably cure could be more -easily effected in youth than later.”</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f119'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r119'>119</a>. For numerous cases, <em>v.</em> Henke’s Zeitschr., xxiii.—Ergänzungsheft, p. 147.—Combes, -Annal. méd. psychol., 1866.—Liman, Zweifelh. Geisteszustände, p. 389.—Casper-Liman, -Lehrb., 7. Auflage, Fall 295.—Bartels, Friedreich’s Blätter f. gerichtl. Med., 1890, Heft 1.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f120'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r120'>120</a>. Other cases of pederasty, <em>v.</em> Casper, Klin. Novellen, Fall 5; Combes, Annal. méd. -psychol.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f121'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r121'>121</a>. V. Sander, Vierteljahrsschr. f. ger. M., xviii, p. 31.—Casper, Klin. Novellen, Fall 27.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f122'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r122'>122</a>. Arndt (Lehrb. d. Psych., p. 410) especially emphasizes the passionate element in -epileptics: “I have known epilepsy that expressed itself in a most sensual way toward the -mother, and that that rested under a suspicion on the part of fathers, concerning sexual -intercourse with the mothers.” But when Arndt declares that, wherever there is a peculiarity -of the sexual life, thought of an epileptic element should come into consideration, -he is in error.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f123'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r123'>123</a>. Comp. also Liman, Zweifelhafte Geisteszustände, Fall 6.—Lasègue, Exhibitionists, -Union méd., 1877.—Ball and Chambert, Art. Somnambulisme (Dict. des scienc. méd., 1881).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f124'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r124'>124</a>. Comp. the interesting cases of Marc-Ideler, ii, p. 137.—Ideler, “Grundriss der -Seelenheilkunde,” ii, pp. 488–492.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f125'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r125'>125</a>. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vide</span></i> Fall Merlac, in the author’s Lehrb. d. ger. Psychopathol., 2 Aufl., p. 322.—Morel, -Traité des malad. mentales, p. 687.—Legrand, La folie, p. 337.—Process La Roncière, -in Annal. d’hyg., 1. Serie, iv; 3. Serie, xxii.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f126'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r126'>126</a>. The incubus in the witch-trials of the Middle Ages depended on them.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f127'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r127'>127</a>. Comp. Casper, Klin. Novellen.—Lombroso, Goltdammer’s Archiv, Bd. xxx.—Oettingen, -Moralstatistik, p. 494.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f128'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r128'>128</a>. Lasègue, Union Médicale, 1877, May.—Laugier, Annal d’hygiène publ., 1878, No. -106.—Pelanda, “Pornopaths,” Archivio di Psichiatria, viii.—Schuchardt, Zeitschr. f. Medicinalbeamte, -1890, Heft 6.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f129'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r129'>129</a>. Comp. v. Krafft, “Ueber transitorisches Irresein bei Neurasthenischen,” Irrenfreund, -1883, No. 8.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f130'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r130'>130</a>. Dr. Moll calls this perversion (?) mixoscopia (from <span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">μιξις</span>, cohabitation; and -<span lang="grc" xml:lang="grc">σκεπτειν</span>, to look). His assumption that it is related to masochism, in that there is a -stimulus for the <i><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">voyeur</span></i> in suffering at seeing a woman in the possession of another, does -not seem to me to be justified. For further details, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vide</span></i> Moll, “Die conträre Sexualempfindung,” -p. 137.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f131'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r131'>131</a>. Annal. médico-psychol., 1849, p. 515; 1863, p. 57; 1864, p. 215; 1866, p. 253.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f132'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r132'>132</a>. Comp. the cases of Tardieu, Attentats, p. 182–192.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f133'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r133'>133</a>. Comp. Haltzendorff, Psychologie des Mords.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f134'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r134'>134</a>. Tardieu, Attentats, Case 51, p. 188.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f135'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r135'>135</a>. Masochism may, under certain circumstances, attain forensic importance. Modern -criminal law no longer recognizes the principle, “volenti non fit injuria”; and the present -Austrian statute, in § 4, says expressly: “Crimes may also be committed on persons who -demand their commission on themselves.”</p> - -<p class='c010'>As Herbst (Handb. d. österr. Strafrechts., Wien, 1878, p. 72) remarks, there are, -nevertheless, crimes conditioned by the absence of assent on the part of the injured individual, -which cease to be such as soon as the injured individual has given consent,—<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">e.g.</span></i>, -theft, rape.</p> - -<p class='c010'>But Herbst also enumerates here the limitation of personal freedom (?).</p> - -<p class='c010'>Of late a decided change of views on this point has taken place. The German -criminal law regards the consent of a man to his own death of such importance that a very -different and much milder punishment is inflicted under such circumstances (§ 216); and -it is the same in Austrian law (Austrian Abridgment, § 222). The so-called double -suicide of lovers was the act considered. In bodily injury and deprivation of freedom, the -consent of the victim must also receive consideration at the hands of the judge. Certainly -a knowledge of masochism is of importance in making a judgment of the probability of -asserted consent.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f136'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r136'>136</a>. According to Austrian law, this crime should fall under § 411, as <em>slight</em> bodily -injury; according to the German criminal law, it is bodily injury (comp. Liszt, p. 325).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f137'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r137'>137</a>. Cases, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vide</span></i> Friedreich’s Blätter f. ger. Anthropologie, iii, p. 77.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f138'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r138'>138</a>. Cases, Maschka, Handb., iii, p. 175.—Casper, Vierteljahrsschr., 1852, Bd. i.—Tardieu, -Attentats.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f139'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r139'>139</a>. Comp. Kirn, Allg. Zeitschr. f. Psych., 39, p. 217.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f140'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r140'>140</a>. I follow the usual terminology in describing bestiality and pederasty under the -general term sodomy. In Genesis (chap. xix), whence this word comes, it signifies exclusively -the vice of pederasty. Later, sodomy was often used synonymously with bestiality. -The moral theologians, like St. Alphons of Liguori, Gury, and others, have always distinguished -correctly, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">i.e.</span></i>, in the sense of Genesis, between sodomia, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">i.e.</span></i>, concubitus cum persona -ejusdem sexus, and bestialitas, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">i.e.</span></i>, concubitus cum bestia (comp. Olfus, Pastoralmedicin, -p. 78).</p> - -<p class='c010'>The jurists brought confusion into the terminology by establishing a “Sodomia -ratione sexus” and a “S. ratione generis.” Science, however, should assert itself as -<em>ansilla theologiæ</em>, and return to the correct usage.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f141'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r141'>141</a>. For interesting histories, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vide</span></i> Krauss, Psychol. d. Verbrechens, p. 180.—Maschka, -Hdb. iii, p. 188.—Hofmann, Lehrb. d. ger. Med., p. 180.—Rosenbaum, Die Lustseuche.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f142'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r142'>142</a>. How difficult, unpleasant, and dangerous for the jurist judgment of these “coitus-like” -acts for the establishment of the objective fact of the crime may be is well shown -by an article on the punishableness of male intercourse, in the Zeitschr. f. d. gesammte -Strafrechtswissenschaft., Bd. vii, Heft 1, as well as by a similar one in Friedreich’s -Blätter f. ger. Medicin, 1891, Heft 6. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vide</span></i>, further, Moll, Conträre Sexualempfindung, -p. 223 <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">et seq.</span></i>, and Bernhardi, Der Uranismus, Berlin, 1882.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f143'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r143'>143</a>. For interesting histories and notes, <em>v.</em> Krause, Psychol. des Verbrechens, p. 174.—Tardieu, -Attentats.—Maschka, Handb., iii, p. 174. This vice seems to have come through -Crete from Asia to Greece, and, in the times of classic Hellas, to have been wide-spread. -From there it spread to Rome, where it flourished luxuriantly. In Persia and China -(where it is actually tolerated) it is wide-spread, as it also is in Europe. (Comp. Tarnowsky -<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">et al.</span></i>)</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f144'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r144'>144</a>. Lombroso (Der Verbrecher, p. 20 <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">et seq.</span></i>) shows that also, in case of animals, -intercourse with the same sex occurs where normal indulgence is impossible.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f145'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r145'>145</a>. Comp. Tardieu, Attentats, p. 198.—Martineau, Deutsche Med. Zeitung, 1882, p. 9.—Virchow’s -Jahrb., 1881, i, p. 533.—Coutagne, Lyon Médical, Nos. 35, 36.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f146'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r146'>146</a>. <span lang="lb" xml:lang="lb">Comp. Mayer, Friedreich’s Blätter, 1875, p. 41.—Kraussold, Melancholie und -Schuld, 1884, p. 20.—Andronico, Archiv di psich. scienze penali ed anthropol. crim., vol. -iii, p. 145.</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f147'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r147'>147</a>. Comp. Maschka, Hdb., iii, p. 191 (good historical notes).—<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Legrand, La folie, p. 521.</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f148'> -<p class='c010'><a href='#r148'>148</a>. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Vide</span></i> Westermarck, History of Human Marriage, chap. xiv. 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Charges for registering (at purchaser’s expense), ten -cents for every four pounds, or less.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>☞ INDEX ON PAGE <a href='#t1002'>2</a>.</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - -<div><span class='pageno' id='Page_1002'>1002</span></div> -<div class='section ph2'> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c004'> - <div>INDEX TO CATALOGUE.<a id='t1002'></a></div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - -<table class='table0' summary=''> - <tr> - <th class='c013'></th> - <th class='c027'>PAGE</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Annual of the Universal Medical Sciences</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1027'>27</a>, <a href='#t1028'>28</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td class='c018' colspan='2'>ANATOMY.</td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Practical Anatomy—Boenning</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1004'>4</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Structure of the Central Nervous System—Edinger</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1008'>8</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Charts of the Nervo-Vascular System—Price and Eagleton</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1017'>17</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Synopsis of Human Anatomy—Young</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1026'>26</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td class='c018' colspan='2'>BACTERIOLOGY.</td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Bacteriological Diagnosis—Eisenberg</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1008'>8</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td class='c018' colspan='2'>CLINICAL CHARTS, ETC.</td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Improved Clinical Charts—Bashore</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1003'>3</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Symptom Register & Case Rec’d—Straub</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1025'>25</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td class='c018' colspan='2'>DOMESTIC HYGIENE, ETC.</td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Cholera—Vought</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1015'>15</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>The Daughter:t Her Health, Education, and Wedlock—Capp</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1007'>7</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Consumption:t How to Prevent it—Davis</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1005'>5</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Plain Talks on Avoided Subjects—Guernsey</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1009'>9</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Heredity, Health, and Personal Beauty—Shoemaker</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1022'>22</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td class='c018' colspan='2'>ELECTRICITY.</td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Practical Electricity in Medicine and Surgery—Liebig and Rohé</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1012'>12</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Electricity in the Diseases of Women—Massey</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1013'>13</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>International System of Electro-Therapeutics</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1011'>11</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td class='c018' colspan='2'>FEVER.</td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Fever:t its Pathology and Treatment—Hare</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1010'>10</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Hay Fever—Sajous</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1015'>15</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td class='c018' colspan='2'>GYNECOLOGY.</td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Lessons in Gynecology—Goodell</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1009'>9</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td class='c018' colspan='2'>HEART, LUNGS, KIDNEYS, ETC.</td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Diseases of the Heart, Lungs, and Kidneys—Davis</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1007'>7</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Diseases of the Heart and Circulation in Children—Keating and Edwards</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1012'>12</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Diabetes:t its Cause, Symptoms, and Treatment—Purdy</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1017'>17</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td class='c018' colspan='2'>HYGIENE.</td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Climatology of Southern California—Remondino</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1018'>18</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Text-Book of Hygiene—Rohé</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1019'>19</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td class='c018' colspan='2'>MATERIA MEDICA AND THERAPEUTICS.</td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Hand-Book of Materia Medica, Pharmacy, and Therapeutics—Bowen</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1004'>4</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Ointments and Oleates—Shoemaker</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1022'>22</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Materia Medica and Therapeutics—Shoemaker</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1021'>21</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>International Pocket Medical Formulary—Witherstine</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1025'>25</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td class='c018' colspan='2'>MISCELLANEOUS.</td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>History of the Life of D. Hayes Agnew, M.D., LL.D.—Adams</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1029'>29</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Book on the Physician Himself—Cathell</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1005'>5</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Oxygen—Demarquay and Wallian</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1007'>7</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Record-Book of Medical Examinations for Life-Insurance—Keating</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1009'>9</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>The Medical Bulletin, Monthly</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1002'>2</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Physician’s Interpreter</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1013'>13</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Circumcision—Remondino</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1018'>18</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Medical Symbolism—Sozinskey</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1023'>23</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>International Pocket Medical Formulary—Witherstine</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1025'>25</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>The Chinese:t Medical, Political, and Social—Coltman</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1006'>6</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Psychopathia Sexualis—Krafft-Ebing</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1029'>29</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Universal Medical Journal</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1026'>26</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>A Practical Manual of Diseases of the Skin—Rohé</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1019'>19</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td class='c018' colspan='2'>NERVOUS SYSTEM, SPINE, ETC.</td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Spinal Concussion—Clevenger</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1006'>6</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Structure of the Central Nervous System—Edinger</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1008'>8</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Epilepsy:t its Pathology and Treatment—Hare</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1010'>10</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Lectures on Nervous Diseases—Ranney</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1030'>30</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td class='c018' colspan='2'>OBSTETRICS.</td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Eclampsia—Michener and others</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1015'>15</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Obstetric Synopsis—Stewart</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1024'>24</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td class='c018' colspan='2'>PHYSIOGNOMY.</td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Practical and Scientific Physiognomy—Stanton</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1030'>30</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td class='c018' colspan='2'>PHYSIOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY.</td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Physiology of Domestic Animals—Smith</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1023'>23</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td class='c018' colspan='2'>SURGERY AND SURGICAL OPERATIONS.</td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Tuberculosis of the Bones & Joints—Senn</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1020'>20</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Circumcision—Remondino</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1018'>18</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Principles of Surgery—Senn</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1020'>20</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td class='c018' colspan='2'>SWEDISH MOVEMENT AND MASSAGE.</td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Swedish Movement and Massage Treatment—Nissen</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1015'>15</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td class='c018' colspan='2'>THROAT AND NOSE.</td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Journal of Laryngology and Rhinology</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1012'>12</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Hay Fever—Sajous</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1015'>15</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Diseases of the Nose and Throat—Ivins</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1010'>10</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td class='c018' colspan='2'>VENEREAL DISEASES.</td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Syphilis To-day and in Antiquity—Buret</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1004'>4</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Neuroses of the Genito-Urinary System in the Male—Ultzmann</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1024'>24</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td class='c018' colspan='2'>VETERINARY.</td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Age of Domestic Animals—Huidekoper</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1011'>11</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Physiology of Domestic Animals—Smith</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1023'>23</a></td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td class='c018' colspan='2'>VISITING-LISTS AND ACCOUNT-BOOKS.</td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Medical Bulletin Visiting-List or Physicians’ Call-Record</td> - <td class='c027'><a href='#t1014'>14</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='bbt c013'>Physicians’ All-Requisite Account-Book</td> - <td class='bbt c027'><a href='#t1016'>16</a></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><span class='large'><strong>MEDICAL BULLETIN.</strong> A Monthly Journal of Medicine and Surgery.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c028'>Edited by <span class='sc'>John V. Shoemaker</span>, A.M., M.D. Bright, original, and readable. Articles by the best practical -writers procurable. Every article as brief as is consistent with the preservation of its scientific value. Therapeutic Notes -by the leaders of the medical profession throughout the world. These and many other unique features help to keep The -Medical Bulletin in its present position as the leading low-price Medical Monthly of the world. Subscribe now.</p> - -<p class='c029'>TERMS: $1.00 a year in advance in United Stales, Canada, and Mexico. -Foreign Subscription Terms: England, 5s.; France, 6 fr.; Germany, -6 marks; Japan, 1 yen; Australia, 5s.; Holland, 3 florins.</p> - -<div><span class='pageno' id='Page_1003'>1003</span></div> -<div class='section ph2'> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c004'> - <div>Bashore’s Improved Clinical Chart.<a id='t1003'></a></div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><em>For the Separate Plotting of Temperature, Pulse, and Respiration. Designed for the Convenient, Accurate, and Permanent Daily Recording of Cases in Hospital and Private Practice.</em></div> - <div class='c003'>By HARVEY B. BASHORE, M.D.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='figcenter id003'> -<img src='images/i_003.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic003'> -<p>COPYRIGHTED, 1888, BY F. A. DAVIS.</p> -</div> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>50 Charts, in Tablet Form. Size 8 × 12 inches. Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, 50 Cents, net; in Great Britain, 3s. 6d.; in France, 6 fr. 60.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>The above diagram is a little more than one-fifth (1–5) the actual size of the chart and shows the method of plotting, -the upper curve being the Temperature, the middle the Pulse, and the lower the Respiration. By this method a full -record of each can easily be kept with but one color ink.</p> - -<p class='c010'>It is so arranged that all practitioners will find it an invaluable aid in the treatment of their patients.</p> - -<p class='c010'>On the back of each chart will be found ample space conveniently arranged for recording “Clinical History and -Symptoms” and “Treatment.”</p> - -<p class='c010'>By its use the physician will secure such a complete record of his cases as will enable him to review them at any -time. Thus he will always have at hand a source of individual improvement and benefit in the practice of his profession, -the value of which can hardly be overestimated.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_1004'>1004</span><em>BOENNING</em><a id='t1004'></a></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='large'>A Text-Book on Practical Anatomy.</span></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='sc'>Including a Section on Surgical Anatomy.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>By <span class='sc'>Henry C. Boenning</span>, M.D., Lecturer on Anatomy and Surgery in -the Philadelphia School of Anatomy; Demonstrator of Anatomy in the Medico-Chirurgical -College, etc., etc.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Fully illustrated throughout with about 200 Wood-Engravings. In one -handsome Octavo volume, printed in extra-large, clear type, making it specially -desirable for use in the dissecting-room. Nearly 500 pages. Substantially bound -in Extra Cloth. Also in Oil-Cloth, for use in the dissecting-room without soiling.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Price, post-paid, in the United States, $2.50, net; Canada (duty paid), $2.75, net; -Great Britain, 14s.; France, 16 fr. 20.</p> - -<p class='c010'>This work is fully illustrated throughout -with clear and instructive engravings. It is -not as large as the usual text-books on anatomy, -nor yet so small as many of the ready remembrances, -but it occupies the middle ground, -and will find an acceptable place with many -students.—<cite>Columbus Med. Journal.</cite></p> - -<p class='c010'>There is not an unnecessary word in this -book of nearly five hundred pages. As a typographical -specimen it is elegant. Systematic, -comprehensive, and intensely practical, we -heartily commend it to all medical students -and practitioners.—<cite>Denver Med. Times.</cite></p> - -<div class='section ph2'> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c004'> - <div><em>BOWEN</em></div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - -<p class='c007'>Hand-Book of Materia Medica, Pharmacy, -and Therapeutics.</p> - -<p class='c010'>By <em>Cuthbert Bowen</em>, M.D., B.A., Editor of “Notes on Practice.”</p> - -<p class='c010'>The second volume in the <em>Physicians’ and Students’ Ready Reference Series</em>. -One 12mo volume of 370 pages. Handsomely bound in Dark-Blue Cloth.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.40, net; in Great -Britain, 8s. 6d.; in France, 9 fr. 25.</p> - -<p class='c010'>This excellent manual comprises in its -366 pages about as much sound and valuable -information on the subjects indicated -in its title as could well be crowded -into the compass.—<cite>St. Louis Medical and -Surgical Journal.</cite></p> - -<div class='section ph2'> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c004'> - <div><em>BURET</em></div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - -<p class='c007'>SYPHILIS In Ancient and Prehistoric Times.</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='sc'>With a Chapter on the Rational Treatment of Syphilis in the -Nineteenth Century.</span></p> - -<p class='c010'>By <span class='sc'>Dr. F. Buret</span>, Paris, France. Translated from the French, with the -author’s permission, with notes, by <span class='sc'>A. H. Ohmann-Dumesnil</span>, Professor of -Dermatology and Syphilology in the St. Louis College of Physicians and Surgeons.</p> - -<p class='c010'><em>No. 12 in the Physicians’ and Students’ Ready-Reference Series.</em> 230 pages. -12mo. Extra Dark-Blue Cloth.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.25, net; in Great -Britain, 6s. 6d.; in France, 7 fr. 75.</p> - -<p class='c010'><em>This volume, which is one of a series of three (the other two, treating of Syphilis -in the Middle Ages and in modern times, now in active preparation)</em>, gives the most complete -history of Syphilis from prehistoric times up to the Christian Era.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The subject throughout is treated in a clear, concise manner, and readers -will find many things which are historically new.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In order to give some idea of the contents of this first volume, the following -are cited as among the subjects treated:—</p> - -<p class='c010'>In What does Syphilis Consist? Origin of the Word Syphilis. The Age of -Syphilis. Syphilis in Prehistoric Times. <em>Tchoang.</em>—Syphilis Among the Chinese -5000 Years Ago. <em>Kasa.</em>—Syphilis in Japan in the Ninth Century <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> Syphilis -Among the Ancient Egyptians, 1400 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> Syphilis Among the Ancient Assyrians -and Babylonians. Syphilis Among the Hebrews in Biblical Times. <em>Upadansa.</em>—Syphilis -Among the Hindoos, 1000 <span class='fss'>B.C.</span> <em>Sukon.</em>—Syphilis Among the Greeks. -<em>Ficus.</em>—Syphilis at Rome under the Cæsars. Conclusion: Rational Treatment of -Syphilis in the Nineteenth Century.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_1005'>1005</span><em>CAPP</em><a id='t1005'></a></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='large'>The Daughter: Her Health, Education, and Wedlock.</span></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='sc'>Homely Suggestions to Mothers and Daughters.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>By <span class='sc'>William M. Capp</span>, M.D., Philadelphia. This is just such a book as a family -physician would advise his lady patients to obtain and read. It answers many questions -which every busy practitioner of medicine has put to him in the sick-room at a time when -it is neither expedient nor wise to impart the information sought.</p> - -<p class='c010'>It is complete in one beautifully printed (large, clear type) 12mo volume of 150 pages.</p> - -<p class='c029'>Handsomely bound in Extra Cloth, price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, -$1.00, net; Great Britain, 5s. 6d; France, 6 fr. 20.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>In Paper Cover (Unabridged), 50 cts., net.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>In the 144 pages allotted to him he has compressed -an amount of homely wisdom on the -physical, mental, and moral development of -the female child from birth to maturity which -is to be found elsewhere in only the great book -of experience. It is, of course, a book for -mothers, but is one so void of offense in expression -or ideas that it can safely be recommended -for all whose minds are sufficiently -developed to appreciate its teachings.—<cite>Philadelphia -Public Ledger.</cite></p> - -<p class='c010'>Many delicate subjects are treated with -skill and in a manner which cannot strike any -one as improper or bold. The absolute ignorance -in which most young girls are allowed to -exist, even until adult life, is often productive -of much misery, both mental and physical. -Quite a number of books written by physicians -for popular use have been prepared in -such a way that the professional man can read -between the lines strong bids for popular -favor, etc. These objectionable features will -not be found in Dr. Capp’s <em>brochure</em>, and for -this reason it is worthy the confidence of -physicians.—<cite>Medical News.</cite></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><em>CATHELL</em></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='large'>Book on the Physician Himself</span></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='sc'>And Things that Concern His Reputation and Success. A New (Tenth) Edition, Author’s Last Revision.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>By <span class='sc'>D. W. Cathell</span>, M.D., Baltimore, Md. This is the author’s final revision of one -of the most useful, successful, and popular medical books ever published. It has been -wisely and carefully revised throughout. The well-known charming style of the author is -preserved intact, while the practical value of the book is truly enhanced by the addition of -much of the author’s gathered wisdom not introduced into any previous edition. The -volume has been brought to perfection, as far as human effort can achieve, and though -enlarged to 350 <em>Royal Octavo Pages</em> the price has not been increased.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>Handsomely Bound in Extra Cloth, price, in the United States and Canada, post-paid, $2.00, net; in Great Britain, 11s. 6d.; in France, 12 fr. 40.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>“The Physician Himself” interested me so -much that I actually read it through at one -sitting. It is brimful of the very best advice -possible for medical men. I, for one, shall -try to profit by it.—<em>Prof. William Goodell, -Philadelphia.</em></p> - -<p class='c010'>It is marked with good common sense and -replete with excellent maxims and suggestions -for the guidance of medical men.—<cite>The British -Medical Journal.</cite></p> - -<p class='c010'>We advise our readers to buy it. It will -give them food for thought and show them -how to and how not to achieve reputation and -success.—<cite>The Medical Age.</cite></p> - -<p class='c010'>We cannot too strongly commend it to the -attention of every young doctor. Many a -lesson is pleasantly and gently taught in its -pages which cannot otherwise be learned unless -by bitter experience.—<cite>Canada Medical -Record.</cite></p> - -<p class='c010'>Of course, one reason for its occult power is -that it is written with admirable grace and -precision, besides presenting the ups and -downs of a physician’s life in such a natural -and perfect way. The book will help any one -who will read it. It tells you how to begin -practice; leads you into medical ethics -properly, and, carefully studied, the pages of -this book will be of great benefit to the young -and old.—<cite>Charlotte Medical Journal.</cite></p> - -<p class='c010'>This book is evidently the production of an -unspoiled mind and the fruit of a ripe career. -I admire its pure tone and feel the value of its -practical points. How I wish I could have -read such a guide at the outset of my career!—<em>Prof. -James Nevins Hyde, Chicago, Ill.</em></p> - -<p class='c010'>“The Physician Himself” is useful alike to -the tyro and the sage—the neophyte and the -veteran. It is a <em>headlight</em> in the splendor of -whose beams a multitude of our profession -shall find their way to success.—<em>Prof. J. M. -Bodine, Dean University of Louisville.</em></p> - -<p class='c010'>We have read one of the former, and smaller, -editions through very carefully, and know of -no work in medical literature more profitable -for perusal and possession.—<cite>Denver Medical -Times.</cite></p> - -<p class='c010'>This book will do a world of good, a good -that will be far-reaching and constant, and the -fact that it has reached its tenth edition proves -toward a higher and yet higher teaching, that -“the elevation of the profession” is a consistent -and timely aim.—<cite>Chicago Clinical -Review.</cite></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_1006'>1006</span><em>CLEVENGER</em><a id='t1006'></a></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='large'>Spinal Concussion.</span></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='sc'>Surgically Considered as a Cause of Spinal Injury, and Neurologically Restricted To a Certain Symptom Group, For Which is Suggested the Designation Erichsen’s Disease, as One Form of the Traumatic Neuroses.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>By <span class='sc'>S. V. Clevenger</span>, M.D., Consulting Physician Reese and Alexian -Hospitals; Late Pathologist County Insane Asylum, Chicago, etc.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Special features consist in a description of modern methods of diagnosis -by Electricity, a discussion of the controversy concerning hysteria, -and the author’s original pathological view that the lesion is one involving -the spinal sympathetic nervous system.</p> - -<p class='c010'><em>Every Physician and Lawyer should own this work.</em></p> - -<p class='c010'>In one handsome Royal Octavo Volume of nearly 400 pages, with -thirty Wood-Engravings.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>Price, post-paid, in United States and Canada, $2.50, net; in Great Britain, 14s.; in France, 15 fr.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>This work really does, if we may be permitted -to use a trite and hackneyed expression, -“fill a long-felt want.” The subject is -treated in all its bearings; electro-diagnosis -receives a large share of attention, and the -chapter devoted to illustrative cases will be -found to possess especial importance.—<cite>Medical -Weekly Review.</cite></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><em>COLTMAN</em></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='large'>THE CHINESE: Their Present and Future; Medical, Political, and Social.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>By <span class='sc'>Robert Coltman, Jr.</span>, M.D., Surgeon in Charge of the Presbyterian -Hospital and Dispensary at Teng Chow Fu; Consulting Physician -of the American Southern Baptist Mission Society, etc.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Beautifully printed in large, clear type, illustrated with Fifteen Fine -Engravings on Extra Plate Paper, from photographs of persons, places, -and objects characteristic of China.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In one Royal Octavo volume of 212 Pages. Handsomely bound in -Extra Cloth, with Chinese Side Stamp in gold.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>Price, post-paid, in United States and Canada, $1.75, net; in Great Britain, 10s.; in France, 12 fr. 20.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>The Chinaman is a source of absolute curiosity -to the American, and anything in regard -to his relationship to the medical profession -will prove more than usually attractive to the -average doctor. Such is the case with the -work before us. It is difficult to put it aside -after one has begun to read it.—<cite>Memphis Med. -Monthly.</cite></p> - -<p class='c010'>Dr. Coltman has written a very readable -book, illustrated with reproductions of photographs -taken by himself.—<cite>Boston Med. and -Surg. Journal.</cite></p> - -<p class='c010'>Attached to a number of hospitals and dispensaries, -he has had ample opportunity to -observe the medical aspect of the Chinese. -The most prevalent diseases are such as affect -the alimentary tract and eye troubles. Renal -troubles are also frequent. Skin diseases are -abundant and syphilis is far from infrequent. -Erysipelas is rare and enteric fever infrequent. -Cholera appears in epidemics and is then -frightfully fatal. Leprosy, of course, is common, -and the author states that it cannot be -contagious, as is supposed by many, or it -would assume a terrible prevalence in China, -where lepers are permitted to go about free.</p> - -<p class='c010'>We will not further mention the subjects -discussed in this excellent book. The style of -the author is very interesting and taking, and -much information is given in an entertaining -manner. The political situation is very intelligently -handled in its various bearings. The -photo-engravings are handsome and well-executed, -the book in general being gotten up in -a very artistic manner. We can heartily commend -this work not only to physicians, but to -intelligent lay readers.—<cite>St. Louis Medical -Review.</cite></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_1007'>1007</span><em>DAVIS</em><a id='t1007'></a></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='large'>CONSUMPTION: How to Prevent it and How to Live with it.</span></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='sc'>Its Nature, Causes, Prevention, and the Mode of Life, Climate, Exercise, Food, and Clothing Necessary for its Cure.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>By <span class='sc'>N. S. Davis, Jr.</span>, A.M., M.D., Professor of Principles and Practice of Medicine, -Chicago Medical College; Physician to Mercy Hospital, Chicago; Member of the American -Medical Association, etc.</p> - -<p class='c010'>This plain, practical treatise thoroughly discusses the prevention of Consumption, -Hygiene for Consumptives, gives timely suggestions concerning the different climates and -the important part they play in the treatment of this disease, etc., etc.,—all presented in -such a succinct and intelligible style as to make the perusal of the book a pleasant pastime.</p> - -<p class='c010'>12mo. 143 pages. Handsomely bound in Extra Cloth.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>Price, post-paid, in United States and Canada, 75 Cents, net; in Great Britain, 4s.; in France, 5 fr.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>The questions of heredity, predisposition, -prevention, and hygienic treatment of consumption -are simply and sensibly dealt with. -The chapters on how to live with tuberculosis -are excellent.—<cite>Indiana Medical Journal.</cite></p> - -<p class='c010'>The author is very thorough in his discussion -of the subject, and the practical hints -which he gives are of real worth and value. -His directions are given in such a manner as -to make life enjoyable to a consumptive -patient, and not a burden, as is too frequently -the case.—<cite>Weekly Medical Review.</cite></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><em>By the Same Author</em></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='large'>Diseases of the Lungs, Heart, and Kidneys.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>By <span class='sc'>N. S. Davis, Jr.</span>, A.M., M.D.</p> - -<p class='c010'><em>The Nature, Pathological Anatomy, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment</em> of the -diseases of these important organs are comprehensively discussed in this conveniently -arranged volume. Special and careful attention is given to Treatment, while nothing else -is slighted. <em>No. 14 in the Physicians’ and Students’ Ready-Reference Series.</em> 12mo. 359 -pages. Extra Dark-Blue Cloth.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>Price, in United States and Canada, post-paid, $1.25, net; Great Britain, 6s. 6d.; France, 7 fr. 75.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>The author evidently knows how to put -“multum in parvo” without omitting anything -essential to a clear understanding of the -subject discussed.—<cite>St. Louis Medical Era.</cite></p> - -<p class='c010'>It requires close thought, carefully and -judiciously applied, to write a book as this one -is written. A systematic treatise on the Diseases -of the Lungs, Heart, and Kidneys, and -their co-ordinate relation and sympathy, presenting -many of the main points of dependence -of one upon the other. This Dr. Davis has -succeeded in doing to a nice degree, handing -the student a book worthy of most serious -study.—<cite>Medical Free Press.</cite></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><em>DEMARQUAY</em></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='large'>On Oxygen. A Practical Investigation of the Clinical and Therapeutic Value of the Gases in Medical and Surgical Practice,</span></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='sc'>With Especial Reference to the Value and Availability of Oxygen, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen Monoxide.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>By <span class='sc'>J. N. Demarquay</span>, Surgeon to the Municipal Hospital, Paris, and of the Council -of State; Member of the Imperial Society of Surgery, etc. Translated, with notes, additions, -and omissions, by <span class='sc'>Samuel S. Wallian</span>, A.M., M.D., ex-President of the Medical -Association of Northern New York; Member of the New York County Medical Society, etc.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Royal Octavo, 316 pages; illustrated with 21 Wood-Cuts.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>Price, post-paid, in United States and Canada, Cloth, $2.00, net; Half-Russia, $3.00, net. In Great Britain, Cloth, 11s. 6d.; Half-Russia, 17s. 6d. In France, Cloth, 12 fr. 40; Half-Russia, 18 fr. 60.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>This is a handsome volume of 300 pages, -in large print, on good paper, and nicely illustrated. -Although nominally pleading for the -use of oxygen inhalations, the author shows -in a philosophical manner how much greater -good physicians might do if they more fully -appreciated the value of fresh-air exercise and -water, especially in diseases of the lungs, kidneys, -and skin. We commend its perusal to -our readers.—<cite>The Canada Medical Record.</cite></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_1008'>1008</span><em>EISENBERG</em><a id='t1008'></a></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='large'>Bacteriological Diagnosis.</span></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='sc'>Tabular Aids for Use in Practical Work.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>By <span class='sc'>James Eisenberg</span>, Ph.D., M.D., Vienna. Translated and augmented, -with the permission of the author, from the second German Edition, by <span class='sc'>Norval -H. Pierce</span>, M.D., Surgeon to the Out-Door Department of Michael Reese -Hospital; Assistant to Surgical Clinic, College of Physicians and Surgeons, -Chicago, Ill.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Nearly 200 pages. In one Royal Octavo volume, handsomely bound in -Cloth and in Oil-Cloth (for laboratory use).</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.50, net; in Great Britain, 8s. 6d.; in France, 9 fr. 35.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>This book is a novelty in Bacteriological Science. It is a work of great -importance to the teacher as well as to the student. It will be of inestimable -value to the private worker, and is designed throughout as a practical guide in -laboratory work. It is arranged in a tabular form, in which are given the specific -characteristics of the various well-established bacteria, so that the worker may, at -a glance, inform himself as to the identity of a given organism.</p> - -<p class='c010'>There is also an appendix, in which is given, in a concise and practical form, -the technique employed by the best laboratories in the cultivation and staining -of bacteria; the composition and preparation of the various solid, semi-solid, and -fluid media, together with their employment; a complete list of stains and reagents, -with formulæ for same; the methods of microscopic examination of -bacteria, etc., etc., etc.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><em>EDINGER</em></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='large'>Twelve Lectures on the Structure of the Central Nervous System.</span></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='sc'>For Physicians and Students.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>By <span class='sc'>Dr. Ludwig Edinger</span>, Frankfort-on-the-Main. Second Revised Edition. -With 133 Illustrations. Translated by <span class='sc'>Willis Hall Vittum</span>, M.D., St. -Paul, Minn. Edited by <span class='sc'>C. Eugene Riggs</span>, A.M, M.D., Professor of Mental and -Nervous Diseases, University of Minnesota; Member of the American Neurological -Association.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The illustrations are exactly the same as those used in the latest German -edition (with the German names translated into English), and are very satisfactory -to the Physician and Student using the book.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The work is complete in one Royal Octavo Volume of about 250 pages, -bound in Extra Cloth.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.75, net; in Great Britain, 10s.; in France, 12 fr. 20.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>One of the most instructive and valuable -works on the minute anatomy of the human -brain extant. It is written in the form of -lectures, profusely illustrated, and in clear -language.—<cite>The Pacific Record of Medicine -and Surgery.</cite></p> - -<p class='c010'>Since the first works on anatomy, up to the -present day, no work has appeared on the subject -of the general and minute anatomy of the -central nervous system so complete and exhaustive -as this work of Dr. Ludwig Edinger. -Being himself an original worker, and having -the benefits of such masters as Stilling, Weigeit, -Geilach, Meynert, and others, he has -succeeded in transforming the mazy wilderness -of nerve-fibres and cells into a district of -well-marked pathways and centres, and by so -doing has made a pleasure out of an anatomical -bugbear.—<cite>The Southern Medical Record.</cite></p> - -<p class='c010'>Every point is clearly dwelt upon in the text, -and where description alone might leave a -subject obscure clever drawings and diagrams -are introduced to render misconception of the -author’s meaning impossible. The book is -eminently practical. It unravels the intricate -entanglement of different tracts and paths in -a way that no other book has done so explicitly -or so concisely.—<cite>Northwestern Lancet.</cite></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_1009'>1009</span><em>GOODELL</em><a id='t1009'></a></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='large'>LESSONS IN GYNECOLOGY.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>By <span class='sc'>William Goodell</span>, A.M., M.D., etc., Professor of Clinical Gynecology -in the University of Pennsylvania.</p> - -<p class='c010'>This exceedingly valuable work, from one of the most eminent -specialists and teachers in gynecology, embraces all the more important -diseases and the principal operations in the field of gynecology, and -brings to bear upon them all the extensive practical experience and wide -reading of the author. It is an indispensable guide to every practitioner -who has to do with the diseases peculiar to women. <span class='sc'>Third Edition.</span> -With 112 Illustrations. Thoroughly revised and greatly enlarged. -Royal octavo, 578 pages.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>Price, in United States and Canada, Cloth, $5.00; Full Sheep, $6.00. Discount, 20 per cent., making it, net, Cloth, $4.00; Sheep, $4.80. Postage, 27 cents extra. Great Britain, Cloth, 22s. 6d.; Sheep, 28s., post-paid. France, 30 fr. 80.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>It is too good a book to have been allowed to -remain out of print, and it has unquestionably -been missed. The author has revised the work -with special care, adding to each lesson such -fresh matter as the progress in the art rendered -necessary, and he has enlarged it by the insertion -of six new lessons.—<cite>Amer. Jour. of Obstet.</cite></p> - -<p class='c010'>Extended mention of the contents of the -book is unnecessary; suffice it to say that every -important disease found in the female sex is -taken up and discussed in a common-sense -kind of a way. We wish every physician in -America could read and carry out the suggestions -of the chapter on “the sexual relations -as causes of uterine disorders—conjugal onanism -and kindred sins.” The department treating -of nervous counterfeits of uterine diseases -is a most valuable one.—<cite>Kansas City Medical -Index.</cite></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><em>GUERNSEY</em></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='large'>Plain Talks on Avoided Subjects.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>By <span class='sc'>Henry N. Guernsey</span>, M.D., formerly Professor of Materia Medica -and Institutes in the Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia; -author of Guernsey’s “Obstetrics,” including the Disorders Peculiar to -Women and Young Children; Lectures on Materia Medica, etc. The -following Table of Contents shows the scope of the book:</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='sc'>Contents.</span>—Chapter I. Introductory. II. The Infant. III. Childhood. -IV. Adolescence of the Male. V. Adolescence of the Female. -VI. Marriage: The Husband. VII. The Wife. VIII. Husband and -Wife. IX. To the Unfortunate. X. Origin of the Sexes. In one neat -16mo volume, bound in Extra Cloth.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.00; Great Britain, 6s.; France, 6 fr. 20.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><em>KEATING</em></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='large'>Record-Book of Medical Examinations</span></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='sc'>For Life-Insurance.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>Designed by <span class='sc'>John M. Keating</span>, M.D.</p> - -<p class='c010'>This record-book is small, compact, complete, and embraces all the -principal points that are required by the different companies. It is made -in two sizes, viz.: No. 1, covering one hundred (100) examinations, and -No. 2, covering two hundred (200) examinations. The size of the book -is 7 x 3¾ inches, and can be conveniently carried in the pocket.</p> - -<table class='table2' summary=''> - <tr> - <th class='c013'></th> - <th class='c030'>U. S. and Canada.</th> - <th class='c030'>Great Britain.</th> - <th class='c031'>France.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>No. 1. For 100 Examinations, in Cloth,</td> - <td class='c032'>$ .50, net</td> - <td class='c033'>3s. 6d.</td> - <td class='c034'>3 fr. 60</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>No. 2. For 200 Examinations, in Full Leather, with Side Flap,</td> - <td class='c032'>1.00, net</td> - <td class='c033'>6s.</td> - <td class='c034'>6 fr. 20</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_1010'>1010</span><em>HARE</em><a id='t1010'></a></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='large'>Epilepsy: Its Pathology and Treatment.</span></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='sc'>Being an Essay to which was Awarded a Prize of Four Thousand Francs by the Academie Royale de Medecine de Belgique, December 31, 1889.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>By <span class='sc'>Hobart Amory Hare</span>, M.D., B.Sc., Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics -in the Jefferson Medical College, Phila.; Physician to St. Agnes’ Hospital and to the Children’s -Dispensary of the Children’s Hospital; Laureate of the Royal Academy of Medicine -in Belgium, of the Medical Society of London, etc.; Member of the Association of American -Physicians.</p> - -<p class='c010'><em>No. 7 in the Physicians’ and Students’ Ready-Reference Series.</em> 12mo. 228 pages. -Neatly bound in Dark-Blue Cloth.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>Price, post-paid, in United States and Canada, $1.25, net; Great Britain, 6s. 6d.; France, 7 fr. 75.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>The task of preparing the work must have -been most laborious, but we think that Dr. -Hare will be repaid for his efforts by a wide -appreciation of the work by the profession; -for the book will be instructive to those who -have not kept abreast with the recent literature -upon this subject. Indeed, the work is a -sort of dictionary of epilepsy—a reference -guide-book upon the subject.—<cite>Alienist and -Neurologist.</cite></p> - -<p class='c010'>It is representative of the most advanced -views of the profession, and the subject is -pruned of the vast amount of superstition and -nonsense that generally obtains in connection -with epilepsy.—<cite>Medical Age.</cite></p> - -<p class='c010'>Every physician who would get at the gist -of all that is worth knowing on epilepsy, and -who would avoid useless research among the -mass of literary nonsense which pervades all -medical libraries, should get this work.—<cite>The -Sanitarian.</cite></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><em>By the Same Author</em></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='large'>Fever: Its Pathology and Treatment.</span></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='sc'>Being the Boylston Prize Essay of Harvard University for 1890. Containing Directions and the Latest Information Concerning the Use of the So-Called Antipyretics in Fever and Pain.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>By <span class='sc'>Hobart Amory Hare</span>, M.D., B.Sc., etc., etc.</p> - -<p class='c010'><em>No. 10 in the Physicians’ and Students’ Ready-Reference Series.</em> 12mo. Neatly bound -in Dark-Blue Cloth.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Illustrated with more than 25 new plates of tracings of various fever cases, showing -beautifully and accurately the action of the Antipyretics. The work also contains 35 carefully -prepared statistical tables of 249 cases showing the untoward effects of the antipyretics.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.25, net; in Great Britain, 6s. 6d.; France, 7 fr. 75.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>The author has done an able piece of work -in showing the facts as far as they are known -concerning the action of antipyrin, antifebrin, -phenacetin, thallin, and salicylic acid. -The reader will certainly find the work one of -the most interesting of its excellent group, -the <cite>Physicians’ and Students’ Ready-Reference -Series</cite>.—<cite>The Dosimetric Medical Review.</cite></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><em>IVINS</em></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='large'>Diseases of the Nose and Throat.</span></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='sc'>A Text-Book for Students and Practitioners.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>By <span class='sc'>Horace F. Ivins</span>, M.D., Lecturer on Laryngology and Otology in the Hahnemann -Medical College of Philadelphia; Laryngological Editor of “The Journal of Ophthalmology, -Otology, and Laryngology”; Member of the American Institute of Homœopathy, of the -Homœopathic Medical Society of the State of Pennsylvania, etc.</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='sc'>Royal Octavo, 507 Pages.</span> <span class='sc'>With 129 Illustrations, Chiefly Original</span>, including -Eighteen (18) colored figures from Drawings and Photographs of Anatomical Dissections, -etc.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>Price, in United States, Extra Cloth, $4.00, net; Half-Russia, $5.00, net. Canada (duty paid), Cloth, $4.40, net; Half-Russia, $5.50, net. Great Britain, Cloth, 22s. 6d.; Sheep or Half-Russia, 28s. France, Cloth, 24 fr. 60; Half-Russia, 30 fr. 30.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_1011'>1011</span><em>HUIDEKOPER</em><a id='t1011'></a></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='large'>Age of the Domestic Animals.</span></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='sc'>Being a Complete Treatise on the Dentition of the Horse, Ox, Sheep, Hog, and Dog, and on the Various Other Means of Determining the Age of these Animals.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>By <span class='sc'>Rush Shippen Huidekoper</span>, M.D., Veterinarian (Alfort, France); Professor of -Sanitary Medicine and Veterinary Jurisprudence, American Veterinary College, New York; -Late Dean of the Veterinary Department, University of Pennsylvania.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Royal Octavo, 225 pages, bound in Extra Cloth. Illustrated with 200 Engravings.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.75, net; in Great Britain, 10s.; in France, 12 fr. 20.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>This work presents a careful study of all that has been written on the subject from -the earliest Italian writers. The author has drawn much valuable material from the ablest -English, French, and German writers, and has given his own deductions and opinions, -whether they agree or disagree with such investigators as Bracy Clark, Simonds (in English), -Girard, Chauveau, Leyh, Le Coque, Goubaux, and Barrier (in German and French).</p> - -<p class='c015'>The literary execution of the book is very -satisfactory, the text is profusely illustrated, -and the student will find abundant means in -the cuts for familiarizing himself with the -various aspects presented by the incisive -arches during the different stages of life. -Illustrations do not always illustrate; these -do.—<cite>Amer. Vet. Review.</cite></p> - -<p class='c015'>Although written primarily for the veterinarian, -this book will be of interest to the -dentist, physiologist, anatomist, and physician. -Its wealth of illustration and careful preparation -are alike commendable.—<cite>Chicago Med. -Recorder.</cite></p> - -<p class='c015'>It is profusely illustrated with 200 engravings, -and the text forms a study well worth the -price of the book to every dental practitioner.—<cite>Ohio -Journal of Dental Sciences.</cite></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><span class='large'>International System of Electro-Therapeutics.</span></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='sc'>For Students, General Practitioners, and Specialists.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>Chief Editor, <span class='sc'>Horatio R. Bigelow</span>, M.D., Permanent Member of the American Medical -Association; Fellow of the British Gynæcological Society; Fellow of the American -Electro-Therapeutic Association; Member of the Philadelphia Obstetrical Society; Member -of the Société d’Electro-Thérapie; Author of “Gynæcological Electro-Therapeutics” and -“Familiar Talks on Electricity and Batteries,” etc. Assisted by upward of Thirty Eminent -Specialists in Europe and America as Associate Editors.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The character of this work is such that the publishers confidently expect it will stand -unrivalled, and be the <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vade mecum</span></i> of the profession, as well as the standard text-book in all -the colleges upon this important branch of medical science.</p> - -<p class='c010'>It will be handsomely and clearly printed, thoroughly illustrated with engravings, -colored drawings, and plates where these will elucidate the text, and at the close of the -volume there will be a full reference index.</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='sc'>Complete in One Royal Octavo Volume of about 900 Pages.</span></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>Price, in United States, Extra Cloth, $5.50, net; Sheep, $6.50, net; Half-Russia, $7.00, net. In Canada (duty paid), Cloth, $6.00, net; Sheep, $7.25, net; Half-Russia, $7.75, net. In Great Britain, Cloth, 32s.; Sheep, 37s. 6d.; Half-Russia, 40s. In France, Cloth, 34 fr. 70.; Sheep, 40 fr. 45; Half-Russia, 43 fr. 30.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'><span class='sc'>Will be Published in October, 1893.</span></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_1012'>1012</span><span class='large'>Journal of Laryngology, Rhinology, and Otology.</span><a id='t1012'></a></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='sc'>An Analytical Record of Current Literature Relating to the Throat, Nose, and Ear. Issued on the First of Each Month.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>Edited by <span class='sc'>Dr. Norris Wolfenden</span>, of London, and <span class='sc'>Dr. John Macintyre</span>, of -Glasgow, with the active aid and co-operation of Drs. Dundas Grant, Barclay J. Baron, -and Hunter Mackenzie. Besides those specialists in Europe and America who have so -ably assisted in the collaboration of the Journal, a number of new correspondents have -undertaken to assist the editors in keeping the Journal up to date, and furnishing it with -matters of interest.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>Price, 13s. or $3.00 per annum, Strictly in Advance. Single copies, 1s. 3d. (30 Cents). Sample Copy, 25 Cents.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><em>KEATING and EDWARDS</em></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='large'>Diseases of the Heart and Circulation</span></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='sc'>In Infancy and Adolescence. With an Appendix Entitled “Clinical Studies on the Pulse in Childhood.”</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>By <span class='sc'>John M. Keating</span>, M.D., Obstetrician to the Philadelphia Hospital, and Lecturer -on Diseases of Women and Children; Surgeon to the Maternity Hospital; Physician to St. -Joseph’s Hospital; Fellow of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, etc.; and -<span class='sc'>William A. Edwards</span>, M.D., Instructor in Clinical Medicine and Physician to the Medical -Dispensary in the University of Pennsylvania; Fellow of the College of Physicians: -formerly Assistant Pathologist to the Philadelphia Hospital, etc.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Illustrated by Photographs and Wood-Engravings. About 225 pages. Octavo. -Bound in Cloth.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.50, net; in Great Britain, 8s. 6d.; in France, 9 fr. 35.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c015'>Drs. Keating and Edwards have produced a -work that will give material aid to every -doctor in his practice among children. The -style of the book is graphic and pleasing, the -diagnostic points are explicit and exact, and -the therapeutical resources include the novelties -of medicine as well as the old and tried -agents.—<cite>Pittsburgh Med. Review.</cite></p> - -<p class='c015'>It is not a mere compilation, but a systematic -treatise, and bears evidence of considerable -labor and observation on the part of the -authors. Two fine photographs of dissections -exhibit mitral stenosis and mitral regurgitation; -there are also a number of wood-cuts.—<cite>Cleveland -Medical Gazette.</cite></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><em>LIEBIG and ROHÉ</em></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='large'>Practical Electricity in Medicine and Surgery.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>By <span class='sc'>G. A. Liebig, Jr., Ph.D.</span>, Assistant in Electricity, Johns Hopkins University; -Lecturer on Medical Electricity, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore; Member -of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, etc.; and <span class='sc'>George H. Rohé</span>, M.D., Professor -of Obstetrics and Hygiene, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore; Visiting -Physician to Bay View and City Hospitals; Director of the Maryland Maternité; Associate -Editor “Annual of the Universal Medical Sciences,” etc.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Profusely illustrated by Wood-Engravings and Original Diagrams, and published in -one Royal Octavo volume of 383 pages, bound in Extra Cloth.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $2.00, net; in Great Britain, 11s. 6d.; in France, 12 fr. 40.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c015'>Any physician, especially if he be a beginner -in electro-therapeutics, will be well repaid by -a careful study of this work by Liebig and -Rohé. For a work on a special subject the -price is low, and no one can give a good excuse -for remaining in ignorance of so important -a subject as electricity in medicine.—<cite>Toledo -Medical and Surgical Reporter.</cite></p> - -<p class='c015'>The entire work is thoroughly scientific and -practical, and is really what the authors have -aimed to produce, “a trustworthy guide to -the application of electricity in the practice of -medicine and surgery.”—<cite>New York Medical -Times.</cite></p> - -<p class='c015'>In its perusal, with each succeeding page, -we have been more and more impressed with -the fact that here, at last, we have a treatise -on electricity in medicine and surgery which -amply fulfills its purpose, and which is sure of -general adoption by reason of its thorough -excellence and superiority to other works intended -to cover the same field.—<cite>Pharmaceutical -Era.</cite></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_1013'>1013</span><em>MASSEY</em><a id='t1013'></a></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='large'>Electricity in the Diseases of Women.</span></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='sc'>With Special Reference to the Application of Strong Currents.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>By <span class='sc'>G. Betton Massey</span>, M.D., Physician to the Gynæcological Department -of the Howard Hospital; late Electro-therapeutist to the Philadelphia Orthopædic -Hospital and Infirmary for Nervous Diseases, etc. <span class='sc'>Second Edition.</span> Revised -and Enlarged. With New and Original Wood-Engravings. Handsomely bound -in Dark-Blue Cloth. 240 pages. 12mo. <em>No. 5 in the Physicians’ and Students’ -Ready-Reference Series.</em></p> - -<p class='c010'>This work is presented to the profession as the most complete treatise yet -issued on the electrical treatment of the diseases of women, and is destined to -fill the increasing demand for clear and practical instruction in the handling and -use of strong currents after the recent methods first advocated by Apostoli. The -whole subject is treated from the present stand-point of electric science <em>with new -and original illustrations</em>, the thorough studies of the author and his wide clinical -experience rendering him an authority upon electricity itself and its therapeutic -applications. The author has enhanced the practical value of the work by -including <em>the exact details</em> of treatment and results in a number of cases taken -from his private and hospital practice.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.50, net; in Great Britain, 8s. 6d.; in France, 9 fr. 35.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c015'>A new edition of this practical manual attests -the utility of its existence and the recognition -of its merits. The directions are simple, -easy to follow and to put into practice; the -ground is well covered, and nothing is assumed, -the entire book being the record of experience.—<cite>Journal -of Nervous and Mental -Diseases.</cite></p> - -<p class='c015'>It is only a few months since we noticed the -first edition of this little book; and it is only -necessary to add now that we consider it the -best treatise on this subject we have seen, and -that the improvements introduced into this -edition make it more valuable still.—<cite>Boston -Medical and Surgical Journ.</cite></p> - -<p class='c015'>The style is clear, but condensed. Useless -details are omitted, the reports of cases being -pruned of all irrelevant material. The book -is an exceedingly valuable one, and represents -an amount of study and experience which is -only appreciated after a careful reading.—<cite>Medical -Record.</cite></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><span class='large'>Physicians’ Interpreter.</span></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='sc'>In Four Languages (English, French, German, and Italian).</span> <span class='sc'>Specially Arranged for Diagnosis by M. von V.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>The object of this little work is to meet a need often keenly felt by the -busy physician, namely, the need of some quick and reliable method of communicating -intelligibly with patients of those nationalities and languages unfamiliar -to the practitioner. The plan of the book is a systematic arrangement of -questions upon the various branches of Practical Medicine, and each question is -so worded that the only answer required of the patient is merely Yes or No. -The questions are all numbered, and a complete Index renders them always -available for quick reference. The book is written by one who is well versed in -English, French, German, and Italian, being an excellent teacher in all those -languages, and who has also had considerable hospital experience. Bound in -Full Russia Leather, for carrying in the pocket. Size, 5 × 2¾ inches. 206 pages.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.00, net; in Great Britain, 6s.; in France, 6 fr. 20.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c015'>Many other books of the same sort, with -more extensive vocabularies, have been published, -but, from their size, and from their -being usually devoted to equivalents in English -and one other language only, they have -not had the advantage which is pre-eminent in -this—convenience. It is handsomely printed, -and bound in flexible red leather in the form -of a diary. It would scarcely make itself felt -in one’s hip-pocket, and would insure its -bearer against any ordinary conversational -difficulty in dealing with foreign-speaking -people, who are constantly coming into our -city hospitals.—<cite>New York Medical Journal.</cite></p> - -<p class='c015'>This little volume is one of the most ingenious -aids to the physician which we have -seen. We heartily commend the book to any -one who, being without a knowledge of the -foreign languages, is obliged to treat those -who do not know our own language.—<cite>St. Louis -Courier of Medicine.</cite></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_1014'>1014</span><span class='large'>The Medical Bulletin Visiting-List or Physicians’ Call Record.</span><a id='t1014'></a></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='sc'>Arranged upon an Original and Convenient Monthly and Weekly Plan for the Daily Recording of Professional Visits.</span></div> - <div class='c002'>Frequent Rewriting of Names Unnecessary.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='drop-capa0_0_6 c035'>This Visiting-List is arranged so that the names of patients need be written -but <span class='fss'>ONCE</span> a month instead of <span class='fss'>FOUR</span> times a month, as in the old-style lists. -By means of a new feature, a simple device consisting of <span class='fss'>STUB OR HALF -LEAVES IN THE FORM OF INSERTS</span>, the first week’s visits are recorded in the usual -way, and the second week’s visits are begun by simply turning over the half-leaf -without the necessity of rewriting the patients’ names. This very easily understood -process is repeated until the month is ended and the record has been kept -complete in every detail of <span class='fss'>VISIT</span>, <span class='fss'>CHARGE</span>, <span class='fss'>CREDIT</span>, etc., and the labor and time -of entering and transferring names at least <span class='fss'>THREE</span> times in the month has been -saved. There are no intricate rulings; not the least amount of time can be lost -in comprehending the plan, for it is acquired at a glance.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>THE THREE DIFFERENT STYLES MADE.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>The No. 1 Style of this List provides space for the <span class='fss'>DAILY</span> record of seventy -different names each month for a year; for physicians who prefer a List that will -accommodate a larger practice we have made a No. 2 Style, which provides -space for the daily record of 105 different names each month for a year, and for -physicians who may prefer a Pocket Record-Book of less thickness than either of -these styles we have made a No. 3 Style, in which “The Blanks for the Recording -of Visits in” have been made into removable sections. These sections are -very thin, and are made up so as to answer in full the demand of the largest -practice, each section providing ample space for the <span class='fss'>DAILY RECORD OF 210 DIFFERENT -NAMES</span> for two months; or 105 different names daily each month for four -months; or seventy different names daily each month for six months. Six sets -of these sections go with each copy of <span class='sc'>No. 3 Style</span>.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>SPECIAL FEATURES NOT FOUND IN ANY OTHER LIST.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>In this <span class='sc'>No. 3 Style</span> the <span class='fss'>PRINTED MATTER</span>, and such matter as the -<span class='sc'>blank forms for Addresses of Patients</span>, Obstetric Record, Vaccination -Record, Cash Account, Birth and Death Records, etc., are fastened permanently -in the back of the book. The addition of a removable section does -not increase the thickness more than an eighth of an inch. This brings the -book into such a small compass that no one can object to it on account of -its thickness, as its bulk is <span class='fss'>VERY MUCH LESS</span> than that of any visiting-list -ever published. Every physician will at once understand that as soon as a -section is full it can be taken out, filed away, and another inserted without the -least inconvenience or trouble. <em>Extra or additional sections will be furnished at -any time for 15 cents each or $1.75 per dozen.</em> This Visiting-List contains calendars, -valuable miscellaneous data, important tables, and other useful printed -matter usually placed in Physicians’ Visiting-Lists.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Physicians of many years’ standing and with large practices pronounce it -<span class='sc'>the Best List they have ever seen</span>. It is handsomely bound in fine, strong -leather, with flap, including a pocket for loose memoranda, etc., and is furnished -with a Dixon lead-pencil of excellent quality and finish. It is compact and convenient -for carrying in the pocket. Size, 4 × 6⅞ inches.</p> - -<table class='table2' summary=''> - <tr> - <th class='c036'></th> - <th class='c037'>IN THREE STYLES.</th> - <th class='c031'>NET PRICES.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c036'>No. 1.</td> - <td class='c013'>Regular size, to accommodate 70 patients daily each month for one year,</td> - <td class='c014'>$1.25</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c036'>No. 2.</td> - <td class='c013'>Large size, to accommodate 105 patients daily each month for one year,</td> - <td class='c014'>$1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c036'>No. 3.</td> - <td class='c013'>In which the “Blanks for Recording Visits in” are in removable sections,</td> - <td class='c014'>$1.75</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c036'> </td> - <td class='c013'>Special Edition for Great Britain, without printed matter,</td> - <td class='c014'>4s. 6d.</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td class='c018' colspan='3'><em>N. B.—The Recording of Visits in this List may be Commenced at any time during the Year.</em></td></tr> -</table> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_1015'>1015</span><em>MICHENER</em><a id='t1015'></a></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='large'>Hand-Book of Eclampsia;</span> OR, NOTES AND CASES OF PUERPERAL CONVULSIONS.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>By <span class='sc'>E. Michener</span>, M.D.; <span class='sc'>J. H. Stubbs</span>, M.D.; <span class='sc'>R. B. Ewing</span>, M.D.; <span class='sc'>B. Thompson</span>, -M.D.; <span class='sc'>S. Stebbins</span>, M.D. 16mo. Cloth.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>Price, 60 cents, net; in Great Britain, 4s. 6d.; in France, 4 fr. 20.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><em>NISSEN</em></div> - <div class='c003'>A MANUAL OF INSTRUCTION FOR GIVING</div> - <div class='c003'><span class='large'>Swedish Movement <em>and</em> Massage Treatment</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>By <span class='sc'>Prof. Hartvig Nissen</span>, late Director of the Swedish Health Institute, Washington, -D.C.; late instructor in Physical Culture and Gymnastics at the Johns Hopkins -University, Baltimore, Md.; Instructor of Swedish and German Gymnastics at Harvard -University’s Summer School, 1891, etc., etc.</p> - -<p class='c010'>This excellent little volume treats this very important subject in a practical manner. -Full instructions are given regarding the mode of applying the Swedish Movement and -Massage Treatment in various diseases and conditions of the human system with the -greatest degree of effectiveness. This book is indispensable to every physician who wishes -to <em>know how</em> to use these valuable handmaids of medicine.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Illustrated with 29 Original Wood-Engravings. In one 12mo volume of 128 Pages. -Neatly bound in Cloth.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.00, net; in Great Britain, 6s.; in France, 6 fr. 20.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c015'>The present volume is a modest account of -the application of the Swedish Movement and -Massage Treatment, in which the technique -of the various procedures are clearly stated as -well as illustrated in a very excellent manner.—<cite>North -American Practitioner.</cite></p> - -<p class='c015'>This manual is valuable to the practitioner, -as it contains a terse description of a subject -but too little understood in this country.... -The book is got up very creditably.—<cite>N. Y. -Med. Journal.</cite></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><em>SAJOUS</em></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='large'>HAY FEVER</span> And Its Successful Treatment by Superficial Organic Alteration of the Nasal Mucous Membrane.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>By <span class='sc'>Charles E. Sajous</span>, M.D., formerly Lecturer on Rhinology and Laryngology in -Jefferson Medical College; Chief Editor of the Annual of the Universal Medical Sciences, -etc. With 13 Engravings on Wood. 103 pages. 12mo. Bound in Cloth, Beveled Edges.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.00, net; in Great Britain, 6s.; in France, 6 fr. 20.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><em>STRAUB</em></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='large'>Symptom Register and Case Record.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>Designed by D. W. Straub, M.D.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Giving in plain view, on one side of the sheet 7½ × 10½ inches, the Clinical -Record of the sick, including Date, Name, Residence, Occupation, Symptoms, -Inspection (Auscultation and Percussion), History, Respiration, Pulse, Temperature, -Diagnosis, Prognosis, Treatment (special and general), and Remarks, all -conveniently arranged, and with ample room for recording, at each call, for four -different calls, each item named above, the whole forming a clinical history of -individual cases of great value to every Practitioner.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>Published in stiff Board Tablets of 50 sheets each, at 50 cts. net per tablet, and in Book-form, flexible binding, with Alphabetical Marginal Index, at 75 cts., net.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_1016'>1016</span><span class='large'>Physician’s All-Requisite Time- and Labor-Saving Account-Book.</span><a id='t1016'></a></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='sc'>Being a Ledger and Account-Book for Physicians’ Use, Meeting all the Requirements of the Law and Courts.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>Designed by <span class='sc'>William A. Seibert</span>, M.D., of Easton, Pa.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Probably no class of people lose more money through carelessly kept -accounts and overlooked or neglected bills than physicians. Often detained at -the bedside of the sick until late at night, or deprived of even a modicum of rest, -it is with great difficulty that he spares the time or puts himself in condition to -give the same care to his own financial interests that a merchant, a lawyer, or -even a farmer devotes. It is then plainly apparent that a system of bookkeeping -and accounts that, without sacrificing accuracy, but, on the other hand, ensuring -it, at the same time relieves the keeping of a physician’s book of half their -complexity and two-thirds the labor, is a convenience which will be eagerly -welcomed by thousands of overworked physicians. Such a system has at last -been devised, and we take pleasure in offering it to the profession in the form of -The Physician’s All-Requisite Time- and Labor-Saving Account-Book.</p> - -<p class='c010'>There is no exaggeration in stating that this Account-Book and Ledger -reduces the labor of keeping your accounts more than one-half, and at the same -time secures the greatest degree of accuracy. We may mention a few of the -superior advantages of The Physician’s All-Requisite Time- and Labor-Saving -Account-Book, as follows:—</p> - -<p class='c029'><strong><em>First</em></strong>—Will meet all the requirements -of the law and courts.</p> - -<p class='c029'><strong><em>Second</em></strong>—Self-explanatory; no cipher -code.</p> - -<p class='c029'><strong><em>Third</em></strong>—Its completeness without sacrificing -anything.</p> - -<p class='c029'><strong><em>Fourth</em></strong>—No posting; one entry only.</p> - -<p class='c029'><strong><em>Fifth</em></strong>—Universal; can be commenced at -any time of the year, and can be -continued indefinitely until every -account is filled.</p> - -<p class='c029'><strong><em>Sixth</em></strong>—Absolutely no waste of space.</p> - -<p class='c029'><strong><em>Seventh</em></strong>—One person must needs be -sick every day of the year to fill -his account, or might be ten years -about it and require no more than -the space for one account in this -ledger.</p> - -<p class='c029'><strong><em>Eighth</em></strong>—Double the number and many -times more than the number of accounts -in any similar book; the -300–page book contains space for -900 accounts, and the 600–page -book contains space for 1800 accounts.</p> - -<p class='c029'><strong><em>Ninth</em></strong>—There are no smaller spaces.</p> - -<p class='c029'><strong><em>Tenth</em></strong>—Compact without sacrificing -completeness; every account complete -on same page—a decided advantage -and recommendation.</p> - -<p class='c029'><strong><em>Eleventh</em></strong>—Uniform size of leaves.</p> - -<p class='c029'><strong><em>Twelfth</em></strong>—The statement of the most -complicated account is at once before -you at any time of month or -year—in other words, the account -itself as it stands is its simplest -statement.</p> - -<p class='c029'><strong><em>Thirteenth</em></strong>—No transferring of accounts, -balances, etc.</p> - -<p class='c010'>To all physicians desiring a quick, accurate, and comprehensive method of -keeping their accounts, we can safely say that no book as suitable as this one has -ever been devised. A descriptive circular showing the plan of the book will be -sent on application.</p> - -<table class='table2' summary=''> - <tr><th class='c018' colspan='5'><em>NET PRICES, SHIPPING EXPENSES PREPAID.</em></th></tr> - <tr> - <th class='c013'></th> - <th class='c030'>In U.S.</th> - <th class='c030'>Canada<br />(duty paid).</th> - <th class='c030'>Great Britain.</th> - <th class='c031'>France.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>No. 1. 300 Pages, for 900 Accounts per Year, Size 10×12, Bound in ¾-Russia, Raised Back Bands, Cloth Sides,</td> - <td class='c032'>$5.00</td> - <td class='c032'>$5.50</td> - <td class='c032'>28s.</td> - <td class='c014'>30 fr. 30.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>No. 2. 600 Pages, for 1800 Accounts per Year, Size 10×12, Bound in ¾-Russia, Raised Back-Bands, Cloth Sides,</td> - <td class='c032'>8.00</td> - <td class='c032'>8.80</td> - <td class='c032'>42s.</td> - <td class='c014'>49 fr. 40</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_1017'>1017</span><em>PRICE and EAGLETON</em><a id='t1017'></a></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='large'>Three Charts of the Nervo-Vascular System.</span></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='sc'>Part I.—The Nerves.</span> <span class='sc'>Part II.—The Arteries.</span> <span class='sc'>Part III.—The Veins.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>A New Edition, Revised and Perfected. Arranged by <span class='sc'>W. Henry Price</span>, -M.D., and <span class='sc'>S. Potts Eagleton</span>, M.D. Endorsed by leading anatomists. Clearly -and beautifully printed upon extra durable paper.</p> - -<p class='c029'>PART I. The Nerves.—Gives in a clear form not only the Cranial and Spinal Nerves, showing -the formation of the different Plexuses and their branches, but also the complete -distribution of the <span class='sc'>Sympathetic Nerves</span>.</p> - -<p class='c029'>PART II. The Arteries.—Gives a unique grouping of the Arterial system, showing the -divisions and subdivisions of all the vessels, beginning from the heart and tracing their -<span class='fss'>CONTINUOUS</span> distribution to the periphery, and showing at a glance the terminal -branches of each artery.</p> - -<p class='c029'>PART III. The Veins.—Shows how the blood from the periphery of the body is gradually -collected by the larger veins, and these coalescing forming still larger vessels, until they -finally trace themselves into the Right Auricle of the heart.</p> - -<p class='c010'>It is therefore readily seen that “The Nervo-Vascular System of Charts” -offers the following superior advantages:—</p> - -<p class='c010'>1. It is the only arrangement which combines the Three Systems, and yet -each is perfect and distinct in itself.</p> - -<p class='c010'>2. It is the only instance of the Cranial, Spinal, and Sympathetic Nervous -Systems being represented on one chart.</p> - -<p class='c010'>3. From its neat size and clear type, and being printed only upon one side, -it may be tacked up in any convenient place, and is always ready for freshening -up the memory and reviewing for examination.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>Price, post-paid, in United States and Canada, 50 cents, net, complete; in Great Britain, 3s. 6d.; in France, 3 fr. 60.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c015'>For the student of anatomy there can possibly -be no more concise way of acquiring a -knowledge of the nerves, veins, and arteries -of the human system. It presents at a glance -their trunks and branches in the great divisions -of the body. It will save a world of tedious -reading, and will impress itself on the -mind as no ordinary <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vade mecum</span></i>, even, could. -Its price is nominal and its value inestimable. -No student should be without it.—<cite>Pacific -Record of Medicine and Surgery.</cite></p> - -<p class='c015'>These are three admirably arranged charts -for the use of students, to assist in memorizing -their anatomical studies.—<cite>Buffalo Med. -and Surg. Jour.</cite></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><em>PURDY</em></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='large'>Diabetes: Its Cause, Symptoms <em>and</em> Treatment</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>By <span class='sc'>Chas. W. Purdy</span>, M.D. (Queen’s University), Honorary Fellow of the -Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Kingston; Member of the College -of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario; Author of “Bright’s Disease and Allied -Affections of the Kidneys;” Member of the Association of American Physicians; -Member of the American Medical Association; Member of the Chicago Academy -of Sciences, etc.</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='sc'>Contents.</span>—Section I. Historical, Geographical, and Climatological Considerations -of Diabetes Mellitus. II. Physiological and Pathological Considerations -of Diabetes Mellitus. III. Etiology of Diabetes Mellitus. IV. Morbid -Anatomy of Diabetes Mellitus. V. Symptomatology of Diabetes Mellitus. VI. -Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus. VII. Clinical Illustrations of Diabetes Mellitus. -VIII. Diabetes Insipidus; Bibliography.</p> - -<p class='c010'>12mo. Dark Blue Extra Cloth. Nearly 200 pages.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div><em>No. 8 in the Physicians’ and Students’ Ready-Reference Series.</em></div> - <div class='c003'>Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.25, net; in Great Britain, 6s. 6d.; in France, 7 fr. 75.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c015'>This will prove a most entertaining as well -as most interesting treatise upon a disease -which frequently falls to the lot of every -practitioner. The work has been written with -a special view of bringing out the features of -the disease as it occurs in the United States. -The author has very judiciously arranged the -little volume, and it will offer many pleasant -attractions to the practitioner.—<cite>Nashville -Journal of Medicine and Surgery.</cite></p> - -<p class='c015'>While many monographs have been published -which have dealt with the subject of -diabetes, we know of none which so thoroughly -considers its relations to the geographical -conditions which exist in the United States, -nor which is more complete in its summary of -the symptomatology and treatment of this -affection. A number of tables, showing the -percentage of sugar in a very large number of -alcoholic beverages, adds very considerably to -the value of the work.—<cite>Medical News.</cite></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_1018'>1018</span><em>REMONDINO</em><a id='t1018'></a></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='large'>History of Circumcision.</span></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='sc'>From the Earliest Times to the Present. Moral and Physical Reasons for its Performance; with a History of Eunuchism, Hermaphrodism, etc., and of the Different Operations Practiced upon the Prepuce.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>By <span class='sc'>P. C. Remondino</span>, M.D. (Jefferson), Member of the American Medical -Association; of the American Public Health Association; Vice-President -of California State Medical Society and of Southern California -Medical Society, etc.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In one neat 12mo volume of 346 pages. Handsomely bound in Extra -Dark-Blue Cloth, and illustrated with two fine wood-engravings, showing -the two principal modes of Circumcision in ancient times. <em>No. 11 in the -Physicians’ and Students’ Ready-Reference Series.</em></p> - -<p class='c029'>Price, post-paid, in United States and Canada, $1.25, net; in Great Britain, -6s. 6d.; in France, 7 fr. 75.</p> - -<p class='c029'>A Popular Edition (unabridged), bound in Paper Covers, is also issued. Price, -50 Cents, net; in Great Britain, 3s.; in France, 3 fr. 60.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Every physician should read this book; he will there find, in a -condensed and systematized form, what there is known concerning -Circumcision. The book deals with simple facts, and it is not a dissertation -on theories. It deals, in plain, pointed language, with the relation -that the prepuce bears to physical degeneracy and disease, bases all its -utterances on what <em>has</em> occurred and on what <em>is</em> known. The author has -here gathered from every source the material for his subject, and the -deductions are unmistakable.</p> - -<p class='c015'>This is a very full and readable book. To -the reader who wishes to know all about -the antiquity of the operation, with the views -pro and con of the right of this appendage to -exist, its advantages, dangers, etc., this is the -book.—<cite>The Southern Clinic.</cite></p> - -<p class='c015'>The operative chapter will be particularly -useful and interesting to physicians, as -it contains a careful and impartial review of -all the operative procedures, from the most -simple to the most elaborate, paying particular -attention to the subject of after-dressings. It -is a very interesting and instructive work, and -should be read very liberally by the profession.—<cite>The -Med. Brief.</cite></p> - -<p class='c015'>The author’s views in regard to circumcision, -its necessity, and its results, are well -founded, and its performance as a prophylactic -measure is well established.—<cite>Columbus Med. -Journal.</cite></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><em>By the Same Author</em></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='large'>The Mediterranean Shores of America.</span></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='sc'>Southern California: Its Climatic, Physical, and Meteorological Conditions.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>By <span class='sc'>P. C. Remondino</span>, M.D. (Jefferson), etc.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Complete in one handsomely printed Octavo volume of nearly 175 -pages, with 45 appropriate illustrations and 2 finely executed maps of -the region, showing altitudes, ocean currents, etc. Bound in Extra Cloth.</p> - -<p class='c029'>Price, post-paid, in United States and Canada, $1.25, net; in Great Britain, -6s. 6d.; in France, 7 fr. 75.</p> - -<p class='c029'>Cheaper Edition (unabridged), bound in Paper, post-paid, in United States and -Canada, 75 Cents, net; in Great Britain, 4s.; in France, 5 fr.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Italy, of the Old World, does not excel nor even approach this region -in point of salubrity of climate and all-around healthfulness of environment. -This book fully describes and discusses this wonderfully charming -country. The medical profession, who have long desired a trustworthy -treatise of true scientific value on this celebrated region, will find in this -volume a satisfactory response to this long-felt and oft-expressed wish.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_1019'>1019</span><em>ROHÉ</em><a id='t1019'></a></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='large'>Text-Book of Hygiene.</span></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='sc'>A Comprehensive Treatise on the Principles and Practice of Preventive Medicine from an American Stand-point.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>By <span class='sc'>George H. Rohé</span>, M.D., Professor of Obstetrics and Hygiene in -the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore; Member of the -American Public Health Association, etc.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Every Sanitarian should have Rohé’s “Text-Book of Hygiene” as a -work of reference.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Second Edition, thoroughly revised and largely rewritten, with -many illustrations and valuable tables. In one handsome Royal Octavo -volume of over 400 pages, bound in Extra Cloth.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>Price, post-paid, in United States, $2.50, net; Canada (duty paid), $2.75, net; Great Britain, 14s.; France, 16 fr. 20.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c015'>One prominent feature is that there are no -superfluous words; every sentence is direct -to the point sought. It is, therefore, easy -reading, and conveys very much information -in little space.—<cite>The Pacific Record of Medicine -and Surgery.</cite></p> - -<p class='c015'>It is unquestionably a work that should be -in the hands of every physician in the country, -and medical students will find it a most excellent -and valuable text-book.—<cite>The Southern -Practitioner.</cite></p> - -<p class='c015'>The first edition was rapidly exhausted, and -the book justly became an authority to physicians -and sanitary officers, and a text-book -very generally adopted in the colleges throughout -America. The second edition is a great -improvement over the first, all of the matter -being thoroughly revised, much of it being -rewritten, and many additions being made. -The size of the book is increased one hundred -pages. The book has the original recommendation -of being a handsomely-bound, clearly-printed -octavo volume, profusely illustrated -with reliable references for every branch of -the subject matter.—<cite>Medical Record.</cite></p> - -<p class='c015'>The wonder is how Professor Rohé has made -the book so readable and entertaining with so -much matter necessarily condensed. Altogether, -the manual is a good exponent of -hygiene and sanitary science from the present -American stand-point, and will repay with -pleasure and profit any time that may be given -to its perusal.—<cite>University Medical Magazine.</cite></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><em>By the Same Author</em></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='large'>A Practical Manual of Diseases of the Skin.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>By <span class='sc'>George H. Rohé</span>, M.D., Professor of Materia Medica, Therapeutics, -and Hygiene, and formerly Professor of Dermatology in the -College of Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore, etc., assisted by <span class='sc'>J. -Williams Lord</span>, A.B., M.D., Lecturer on Dermatology and Bandaging -in the College of Physicians and Surgeons; Assistant Physician to the -Skin Department in the Dispensary of Johns Hopkins Hospital.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In one neat 12mo volume of over 300 pages bound in Extra Dark-Blue -Cloth. <em>No. 13 in the Physicians’ and Students’ Ready-Reference Series.</em></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.25, net; in Great Britain, 6s. 6d.; in France, 7 fr. 75.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>The <span class='fss'>PRACTICAL</span> character of this work makes it specially desirable -for the use of students and general practitioners.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The nearly one hundred (100) reliable and carefully prepared Formulæ -at the end of the volume add not a little to its practical value.</p> - -<p class='c010'>All the various forms of skin diseases, from Acne to Zoster (alphabetically -speaking), are succinctly yet amply treated of, and the arrangement -of the book, with its excellent index and unusually full table of -contents, goes to make up a truly satisfactory volume for ready reference -in daily practice.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_1020'>1020</span><em>SENN</em><a id='t1020'></a></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='large'>Principles of Surgery.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>By <span class='sc'>N. Senn, M.D., Ph.D.</span>, Professor of Practice of Surgery and Clinical Surgery in -Rush Medical College, Chicago, Ill.; Professor of Surgery in the Chicago Polyclinic; Attending -Surgeon to the Milwaukee Hospital; Consulting Surgeon to the Milwaukee County -Hospital and to the Milwaukee County Insane Asylum.</p> - -<p class='c010'>This work, by one of America’s greatest surgeons, is thoroughly <span class='fss'>COMPLETE</span>; its -clearness and brevity of statement are among its conspicuous merits. The author’s long, -able, and conscientious researches in every direction in this important field are a guarantee, -of unusual trustworthiness, that every branch of the subject is treated authoritatively, and -in such a manner as to bring the greatest gain in knowledge to the practitioner and student.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In one Royal Octavo volume, with 109 fine Wood-Engravings and 624 pages.</p> - -<table class='table2' summary=''> - <tr> - <th class='c013'></th> - <th class='c030'>United States.</th> - <th class='c030'>Canada<br />(duty paid).</th> - <th class='c030'>Great Britain.</th> - <th class='c031'>France.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Price, in Cloth,</td> - <td class='c032'>$4.50, net</td> - <td class='c032'>$5.00, net</td> - <td class='c032'>24s. 6d.</td> - <td class='c014'>27 fr. 20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Price, in Sheep or ½-Russia,</td> - <td class='c032'>5.50, net</td> - <td class='c032'>6.10, net</td> - <td class='c032'>30s.</td> - <td class='c014'>33 fr. 10</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Stephen Smith</span>, M.D., Professor of Clinical -Surgery Medical Department University -of the City of New York, writes: “There has -long been great need of a work on the principles -of surgery which would fully illustrate -the present advanced state of knowledge of the -various subjects embraced in this volume. -The work seems to me to meet this want -admirably.”</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='sc'>Frank J. Lutz</span>, M.D., St. Louis, Mo., says: -“It seems incredible that those who pretend -to teach have done without such a guide -before, and I do not understand how our students -succeeded in mastering the principles of -modern surgery by attempting to read our -obsolete text-books. American surgery should -feel proud of the production, and the present -generation of surgeons owe you a debt of -gratitude.”</p> - -<p class='c015'>The work is systematic and compact, without -a fact omitted or a sentence too much, and it -not only makes instructive but fascinating -reading. A conspicuous merit of Senn’s work -is his method, his persistent and tireless search -through original investigations for additions -to knowledge, and the practical character of -his discoveries.—<cite>The Review of Insanity and -Nervous Diseases.</cite></p> - -<p class='c015'>After perusing this work on several different -occasions, we have come to the conclusion that -it is a remarkable work, by a man of unusual -ability.—<cite>The Canada Medical Record.</cite></p> - -<p class='c015'>The work is exceedingly practical, as the -chapters on the treatment of the various conditions -considered are based on sound deductions, -are complete, and easily carried out by -any painstaking surgeon.—<cite>Medical Record.</cite></p> - -<p class='c015'>The book throughout is worthy of the -highest praise. It should be adopted as a -text-book in all of our schools.—<cite>University -Medical Magazine.</cite></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><em>By the Same Author</em></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='large'>Tuberculosis of the Bones and Joints.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>By <span class='sc'>N. Senn, M.D., Ph.D.</span></p> - -<p class='c010'>Illustrated with upwards of One Hundred (100) Engravings and Plates, many of them -colored. Royal Octavo. Over 500 pages.</p> - -<table class='table2' summary=''> - <tr> - <th class='c013'></th> - <th class='c030'>United States.</th> - <th class='c030'>Canada<br />(duty paid).</th> - <th class='c030'>Great Britain.</th> - <th class='c031'>France.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Price, Extra Cloth,</td> - <td class='c032'>$4.00, net</td> - <td class='c032'>$4.40, net</td> - <td class='c033'>22s. 6d.</td> - <td class='c014'>24 fr. 60</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Price, Sheep or ½-Russia,</td> - <td class='c032'>5.00, net</td> - <td class='c032'>5.50, net</td> - <td class='c033'>28s.</td> - <td class='c014'>30 fr. 30</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class='c010'>To get an idea of the scope of the work read the following titles of chapters: History. -Proofs which Establish the Tubercular Nature of the So-called Strumous Disease of Bones -and Joints. Bacillus Tuberculosis. Histology of Tubercle. Histogenesis of Tubercle. Caseation. -Tubercular Abscess. Topography of Bone and Joint Tuberculosis. Bone Tuberculosis. -Etiology of Bone Tuberculosis. Symptoms and Diagnosis of Tubercular Bone Affections. -Prognosis of Tubercular Disease of Bone. Treatment of Tuberculosis of Bone. Tuberculosis -of Joints. Special Points in the Pathology of Synovial Tuberculosis. Etiology; Symptoms -and Diagnosis, Prognosis. Treatment of Tuberculosis of Joints. Local Treatment. Tuberculin -Treatment. Treatment of Tuberculosis of Joints by Parenchymatous and Intra-articular -Injections. Operative Treatment. Resection. Atypical and Typical Resection. Immediate -and Remote Results of Resection. Amputation. Post-Operative Treatment. Tuberculosis -of Special Bones. Tuberculosis of the Bones of the Trunk. Tuberculosis of Pelvic Bones, -Scapula, Clavicle, Sternum, and Ribs. Tuberculosis of Joints of Upper Extremity. Tuberculosis -of Hip-Joint. Tuberculosis of Knee-Joint. Tuberculosis of Ankle-Joint and Tarsus.</p> - -<p class='c015'>All these subjects are handled in the -author’s simple, direct, and vigorous style, -and always with the practical side of the -question kept in view, and leave nothing -necessary or desirable untouched. We know -of no book of equal learning, thoroughness, -and utility upon the common and important -class of cases composed under Tuberculosis -of Bones and Joints. The illustrations are -numerous and good, and the printing and -other details of issuing a book have been -attended to with an enterprise and ambition -creditable to the publishers.—<cite>Cleveland Medical -Gazette.</cite></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_1021'>1021</span><em>SHOEMAKER</em><a id='t1021'></a></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='large'>Materia Medica and Therapeutics.</span></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='sc'>With Especial Reference to the Clinical Application of Drugs.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>By <span class='sc'>John V. Shoemaker</span>, A.M., M.D., Professor of Materia Medica, -Pharmacology, Therapeutics, and Clinical Medicine, and Clinical Professor -of Diseases of the Skin in the Medico-Chirurgical College of Philadelphia; -Physician to the Medico-Chirurgical Hospital; Member of the -American Medical Association, of the Pennsylvania and Minnesota State -Medical Societies, the American Academy of Medicine, the British Medical -Association; Fellow of the Medical Society of London, etc.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Second Edition. Thoroughly revised. In two volumes. Royal -Octavo. Nearly 1100 pages.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Volume I is devoted to pharmacy, general pharmacology, and therapeutics, -and remedial agents not properly classed with drugs.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Volume II is wholly taken up with the consideration of drugs, each -remedy being studied from three points of view, viz.: the Preparations, -or Materia Medica; the Physiology and Toxicology, or Pharmacology; -and, lastly, its Therapy. Each volume is thoroughly and carefully indexed -with clinical and general indexes, and the second volume contains a most -valuable and exhaustive table of doses extending over several double-column -octavo pages.</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='sc'>The Volumes may be Purchased Separately.</span></p> - -<table class='table2' summary=''> - <tr><th class='c018' colspan='5'>VOL. I.</th></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <th class='c013'></th> - <th class='c030'>United States.</th> - <th class='c030'>Canada<br />(duty paid).</th> - <th class='c030'>Great Britain.</th> - <th class='c031'>France.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Extra Cloth,</td> - <td class='c032'>$2.50, net</td> - <td class='c032'>$2.75, net</td> - <td class='c032'>14s.</td> - <td class='c014'>16 fr. 20</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Sheep,</td> - <td class='c032'>3.25, net</td> - <td class='c032'>3.60, net</td> - <td class='c032'>18s.</td> - <td class='c014'>20 fr. 20</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><th class='c018' colspan='5'>VOL. II.</th></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <th class='c013'></th> - <th class='c030'>United States.</th> - <th class='c030'>Canada<br />(duty paid).</th> - <th class='c030'>Great Britain.</th> - <th class='c031'>France.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Extra Cloth,</td> - <td class='c032'>$3.50, net</td> - <td class='c032'>$4.00, net</td> - <td class='c032'>19s.</td> - <td class='c014'>22 fr. 40</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Sheep,</td> - <td class='c032'>4.50, net</td> - <td class='c032'>5.00, net</td> - <td class='c032'>25s.</td> - <td class='c014'>28 fr. 60</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class='c010'>The well-known practical usefulness of this eminently standard work -is now greatly increased by the very recent and accurate information it -gives, from a clinical stand-point, concerning the new and useful drugs -introduced to the medical profession since the issue of the first edition, -two years ago; so that it is thoroughly abreast of the progress of therapeutic -science, and hence really indispensable to every student and -practitioner.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>REVIEWS OF THE FIRST EDITION.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c015'>The value of the book lies in the fact that -it contains all that is authentic and trustworthy -about the host of new remedies which -have deluged us in the last five years. The -pages are remarkably free from useless information. -The author has done well in following -the alphabetical order.—<cite>N. Y. Med. Record.</cite></p> - -<p class='c015'>In perusing the pages devoted to the special -consideration of drugs, their pharmacology, -physiological action, toxic action, and therapy, -one is constantly surprised at the amount of -material compressed in so limited a space. -The book will prove a valuable addition to the -physician’s library.—<cite>Occidental Med. Times.</cite></p> - -<p class='c015'>It is a meritorious work, with many unique -features. It is richly illustrated by well-tried -prescriptions showing the practical application -of the various drugs discussed. In short, -this work makes a pretty complete encyclopædia -of the science of therapeutics, conveniently -arranged for handy reference.—<cite>Med. -World.</cite></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_1022'>1022</span><em>SHOEMAKER</em><a id='t1022'></a></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='large'>Heredity, Health, and Personal Beauty.</span></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='sc'>Including the Selection of the Best Cosmetics for the Skin, Hair, Nails, and all Parts Relating to the Body.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>By <span class='sc'>John V. Shoemaker</span>, A.M., M.D., Professor of Materia Medica, Pharmacology, -Therapeutics, and Clinical Medicine, and Clinical Professor of Diseases -of the Skin in the Medico-Chirurgical College of Philadelphia; Physician to the -Medico-Chirurgical Hospital, etc., etc.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The health of the skin and hair, and how to promote them, are discussed; -the treatment of the nails; the subjects of ventilation, food, clothing, warmth, -bathing; the circulation of the blood, digestion, ventilation; in fact, all that in -daily life conduces to the well-being of the body and refinement is duly enlarged -upon. To these stores of popular information is added a list of the best medicated -soaps and toilet soaps, and a whole chapter of the work is devoted to household -remedies. The work is largely suggestive, and gives wise and timely advice as -to when a physician should be consulted. <em>This is just the book to place on the -waiting-room table of every physician, and a work that will prove useful in the hands -of your patients.</em></p> - -<p class='c010'>Complete in one handsome Royal Octavo volume of 425 pages, beautifully -and clearly printed, and bound in Extra Cloth, Beveled Edges, with side and -back gilt stamps and in Half-Morocco Gilt Top.</p> - -<p class='c029'>Price, in United States, post-paid, Cloth, $2.50; Half-Morocco, $3.50, -net. Canada (duty paid), Cloth, -$2.75; Half-Morocco, $3.90, net. -Great Britain. Cloth. 14s.; Half-Morocco. 19s. 6d. France. Cloth. -15 fr.; Half-Morocco, 22 fr.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The book reads not like the fulfillment of a -task, but like the researches and observations -of one thoroughly in love with his subject, -fully appreciating its importance, and writing -for the pleasure he experiences in it. The -work is very comprehensive and complete in -its scope.—<cite>Medical World.</cite></p> - -<p class='c010'>The book before us is a most remarkable -production and a most entertaining one. The -book is equally well adapted for the laity or -the profession. It tells us how to be healthy, -happy, and as beautiful as possible. We can’t -review this book; it is different from anything -we have ever read. It runs like a novel, and -will be perused until finished with pleasure -and profit. Buy it, read it, and be surprised, -pleased, and improved.—<cite>The Southern Clinic.</cite></p> - -<p class='c010'>This book is written primarily for the laity, -but will prove of interest to the physician as -well. Though the author goes to some extent -into technicalities, he confines himself to the -use of good, plain English, and in that respect -sets a notable example to many other writers -on similar subjects. Furthermore, the book -is written from a thoroughly American stand-point.—<cite>Medical -Record.</cite></p> - -<p class='c010'>This is an exceedingly interesting book, -both scientific and practical in character, intended -for both professional and lay readers. -The book is well written and presented in admirable -form by the publisher.—<cite>Canadian -Practitioner.</cite></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><em>SHOEMAKER</em></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='large'>Ointments and Oleates:</span> Especially in Diseases of the Skin.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>By <span class='sc'>John V. Shoemaker</span>, A.M., M.D., Professor of Materia Medica, Pharmacology, -Therapeutics, and Clinical Medicine, and Clinical Professor of Diseases -of the Skin in the Medico-Chirurgical College of Philadelphia, etc., etc.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The author concisely concludes his preface as follows: “The reader may -thus obtain a conspectus of the whole subject of inunction as it exists to-day in -the civilized world. In all cases the mode of preparation is given, and the therapeutical -application described seriatim, in so far as may be done without needless -repetition.”</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='sc'>Second Edition</span>, revised and enlarged. 298 pages. 12mo. Neatly bound -in Dark-Blue Cloth. <em>No. 6 in the Physicians’ and Students’ Ready-Reference Series.</em></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.50, net; in Great Britain, 8s. 6d.; in France, 9 fr. 35.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>It is invaluable as a ready reference when -ointments or oleates are to be used, and is -serviceable to both druggist and physician.—<cite>Canada -Medical Record.</cite></p> - -<p class='c010'>To the physician who feels uncertain as to -the best form in which to prescribe medicines -by way of the skin the book will prove valuable, -owing to the many prescriptions and -formulæ which dot its pages, while the copious -index at the back materially aids in making -the book a useful one.—<cite>Medical News.</cite></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_1023'>1023</span><em>SMITH</em><a id='t1023'></a></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='large'>Physiology of the Domestic Animals.</span></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='sc'>A Text-Book for Veterinary and Medical Students and Practitioners.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>By <span class='sc'>Robert Meade Smith</span>, A.M., M.D., Professor of Comparative Physiology -in University of Pennsylvania; Fellow of the College of Physicians and -Academy of the Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; of American Physiological -Society; of the American Society of Naturalists, etc.</p> - -<p class='c010'>This new and important work, the most thoroughly complete in the -English language on this subject, treats of the physiology of the domestic animals -in a most comprehensive manner, especial prominence being given to the subject -of foods and fodders, and the character of the diet for the herbivora under -different conditions, with a full consideration of their digestive peculiarities. -Without being overburdened with details, it forms a complete text-book of -physiology adapted to the use of students and practitioners of both veterinary -and human medicine. This work has already been adopted as the Text-Book on -Physiology in the Veterinary Colleges of the United States, Great Britain, and -Canada. In one Handsome Royal Octavo Volume of over 950 pages, profusely -illustrated with more than 400 Fine Wood-Engravings and many Colored Plates.</p> - -<table class='table2' summary=''> - <tr> - <th class='c013'></th> - <th class='c030'>United States.</th> - <th class='c030'>Canada<br />(duty paid)</th> - <th class='c030'>Great Britain.</th> - <th class='c031'>France.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Price, Cloth</td> - <td class='c032'>$5.00, Net</td> - <td class='c032'>$5.50, Net</td> - <td class='c032'>28s.</td> - <td class='c014'>30 fr. 30</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Price, Sheep,</td> - <td class='c032'>6.00, net</td> - <td class='c032'>6.60, net</td> - <td class='c032'>32s.</td> - <td class='c014'>36 fr. 20</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class='c010'><span class='sc'>A. Liautard</span>, M.D., H.F.R.C., V.S., Professor -of Anatomy, Operative Surgery, and -Sanitary Medicine in the American Veterinary -College, New York, writes:—“I have examined -the work of Dr. R. M. Smith on the -‘Physiology of the Domestic Animals,’ and consider -it one of the best additions to veterinary -literature that we have had for some time.”</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='sc'>E. M. Reading</span>, A.M., M.D., Professor of -Physiology in the Chicago Veterinary College, -writes:—“I have carefully examined the -‘Smith’s Physiology,’ published by you, and -like it. It is comprehensive, exhaustive, and -complete, and is especially adapted to those -who desire to obtain a full knowledge of the -principles of physiology, and are not satisfied -with a mere smattering of the cardinal points.”</p> - -<p class='c007'>Dr. Smith’s presentment of his subject is as -brief as the status of the science permits, and -to this much-desired conciseness he has added -an equally welcome clearness of statement. -The illustrations in the work are exceedingly -good, and must prove a valuable aid to the -full understanding of the text—<cite>Journal of -Comparative Medicine and Surgery.</cite></p> - -<p class='c010'>Veterinary practitioners and graduates will -read it with pleasure. Veterinary students -will readily acquire needed knowledge from -its pages, and veterinary schools, which would -be well equipped for the work they aim to -perform, cannot ignore it as their text-book -in physiology.—<cite>American Veterinary Review.</cite></p> - -<p class='c010'>Altogether, Professor Smith’s “Physiology -of the Domestic Animals” is a happy production, -and will be hailed with delight in both -the human medical and veterinary medical -worlds. It should find its place, besides, in all -agricultural libraries.—<span class='sc'>Paul Paquin</span>, M.D., -V.S., in the <cite>Weekly Medical Review</cite>.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The author has judiciously made the nutritive -functions the strong point of the work, -and has devoted special attention to the subject -of foods and digestion. In looking -through other sections of the work, it appears -to us that a just proportion of space is assigned -to each, in view of their relative importance -to the practitioner.—<cite>London Lancet.</cite></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><em>SOZINSKEY</em></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='large'>Medical Symbolism.</span> Historical Studies in the Arts of Healing and Hygiene.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>By <span class='sc'>Thomas S. Sozinskey</span>, M.D., Ph.D., Author of “The Culture of -Beauty,” “The Care and Culture of Children,” etc.</p> - -<p class='c010'>12mo. Nearly 200 pages. Neatly bound in Dark-Blue Cloth. Appropriately -illustrated with upward of thirty (30) new Wood-Engravings. <em>No. 9 in the -Physicians’ and Students’ Ready-Reference Series.</em></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>Price, post-paid, in United States and Canada, $1.00, net; Great Britain, 6s.; France, 6 fr. 20.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>He who has not time to more fully study the -more extended records of the past, will highly -prize this little book. Its interesting discourse -upon the past is full of suggestive thought.—<cite>American -Lancet.</cite></p> - -<p class='c010'>Like an oasis in a dry and dusty desert of -medical literature, through which we wearily -stagger, is this work devoted to medical symbolism -and mythology. As the author aptly -quotes: “What some light braines may esteem -as foolish toyes, deeper judgments can and -will value as sound and serious matter.”—<cite>Canadian -Practitioner.</cite></p> - -<p class='c010'>In the volume before us we have an admirable -and successful attempt to set forth in -order those medical symbols which have come -down to us, and to explain on historical grounds -their significance. An astonishing amount of -information is contained within the covers of -the book, and every page of the work bears -token of the painstaking genius and erudite -mind of the now unhappily deceased author.—<cite>London -Lancet.</cite></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_1024'>1024</span><em>STEWART</em><a id='t1024'></a></div> - <div class='c003'>Obstetric Synopsis.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>By <span class='sc'>John S. Stewart</span>, M.D., formerly Demonstrator of Obstetrics and -Chief Assistant in the Gynæcological Clinic of the Medico-Chirurgical College -of Philadelphia: with an introductory note by <span class='sc'>William S. Stewart</span>, A.M., -M.D., Professor of Obstetrics and Gynæcology in the Medico-Chirurgical College -of Philadelphia.</p> - -<p class='c010'>By students this work will be found particularly useful. It is based upon -the teachings of such well-known authors as Playfair, Parvin, Lusk, Galabin, -and Cazeaux and Tarnier, and contains much new and important matter of great -value to both student and practitioner.</p> - -<p class='c010'>With 42 Illustrations. 202 pages. 12mo. Handsomely bound in Dark-Blue -Cloth. <em>No. 1 in the Physicians’ and Students’ Ready-Reference Series.</em></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.00, net; in Great Britain, 6s.; France, 6 fr. 20.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'><span class='sc'>DeLaskie Miller</span>, M.D., Professor of -Obstetrics, Rush Medical College, Chicago, -Ill., says:—“I have examined the ‘Obstetric -Synopsis,’ by John S. Stewart, M.D., and it -gives me pleasure to characterize the work as -systematic, concise, perspicuous, and authentic. -Among manuals it is one of the best.”</p> - -<p class='c007'>It is well written, excellently illustrated, -and fully up to date in every respect. Here -we find all the essentials of Obstetrics in a -nutshell, Anatomy, Embryology, Physiology, -Pregnancy, Labor, Puerperal State, and Obstetric -Operations all being carefully and accurately -described.—<cite>Buffalo Medical and -Surgical Journal.</cite></p> - -<p class='c010'>It is clear and concise. The chapter on the -development of the ovum is especially satisfactory. -The judicious use of bold-faced -type for headings and italics for important -statements gives the book a pleasing typographical -appearance.—<cite>Medical Record.</cite></p> - -<p class='c010'>This volume is done with a masterly hand. -The scheme is an excellent one. The whole -is freely and most admirably illustrated with -well-drawn, new engravings, and the book is -of a very convenient size.—<cite>St. Louis Medical -and Surgical Journal.</cite></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><em>ULTZMANN</em></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='large'>The Neuroses of the Genito-Urinary System in the Male.</span></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='sc'>With Sterility and Impotence.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>By <span class='sc'>Dr. R. Ultzmann</span>, Professor of Genito-Urinary Diseases in the University -of Vienna. Translated, with the author’s permission, by <span class='sc'>Gardner W. -Allen</span>, M.D., Surgeon in the Genito-Urinary Department, Boston Dispensary.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Full and complete, yet terse and concise, it handles the subject with such -a vigor of touch, such a clearness of detail and description, and such a directness -to the result, that no medical man who once takes it up will be content to lay it -down until its perusal is complete,—nor will one reading be enough.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Professor Ultzmann has approached the subject from a somewhat different -point of view from most surgeons, and this gives a peculiar value to the work. -It is believed, moreover, that there is no convenient hand-book in English treating -in a broad manner the Genito-Urinary Neuroses.</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='sc'>Synopsis of Contents.</span>—First Part—I. Chemical Changes in the Urine in -Cases of Neuroses. II. Neuroses of the Urinary and of the Sexual Organs, -classified as: (1) Sensory Neuroses; (2) Motor Neuroses; (3) Secretory Neuroses. -Second Part—Sterility and Impotence. The treatment in all cases is described -clearly and minutely.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Illustrated. 12mo. Handsomely bound in Dark-Blue Cloth. <em>No. 4 in the -Physicians’ and Students’ Ready-Reference Series.</em></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.00, net; in Great Britain, 6s.; in France, 6 fr. 20.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>This book is to be highly recommended, -owing to its clearness and brevity. Altogether, -we do not know of any book of the same size -which contains so much useful information in -such a short space.—<cite>Medical News.</cite></p> - -<p class='c010'>Its scope is large, not being confined to the -one condition,—neurasthenia,—but embracing -all of the neuroses, motor and sensory, of the -genito-urinary organs in the male. No one -who has read after Dr. Ultzmann need be reminded -of his delightful manner of presenting -his thoughts, which ever sparkle with originality -and appositeness.—<cite>Weekly Med. Review.</cite></p> - -<p class='c010'>It engenders sound pathological teaching, -and will aid in no small degree in throwing -light on the management of many of the difficult -and more refractory cases of the classes -to which these essays especially refer.—<cite>The -Medical Age.</cite></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_1025'>1025</span><em>VOUGHT</em><a id='t1025'></a></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='large'>A Chapter on Cholera for Lay Readers.</span></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='sc'>History, Symptoms, Prevention, and Treatment of the Disease.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>By <span class='sc'>Walter Vought</span>, Ph.B., M D., Medical Director and Physician-in-Charge -of the Fire Island Quarantine Station, Port of New York; Fellow of the -New York Academy of Medicine, etc.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Illustrated. 12mo. 106 pages. Flexible Cloth.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, 75 cents, net; Great Britain, 4s.; France, 5 fr.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>By complying with and conforming to (and this is perfectly practicable) -the instructions so clearly, fully, and yet briefly given in this little volume, -absolute security against the disease is assured.</p> - -<p class='c010'>It is written by so experienced and competent an authority—one who has -had actual hand-to-hand conflict with an extensive epidemic—and in such a clear, -succinct style, as to be easily comprehended and made available by every -individual and household.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The following <span class='sc'>Condensed Table of Contents</span> shows the scope and -completeness of the work: Definition; History of Cholera; Cholera in America; -Causes of the Disease; The Disease in Human Beings; The Germ in the -Body; The Disease in Epidemic Form; Symptoms; The Diagnosis of the -Disease; Prognosis; Treatment; Prevention; Method of Handling an Outbreak -of Cholera on Shipboard; Quarantine; Disinfection.</p> - -<p class='c010'>A very thorough and conveniently arranged index adds greatly to the -practical usefulness of the book.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><em>WITHERSTINE</em></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='large'>The International Pocket Medical Formulary</span></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='sc'>Arranged Therapeutically.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>By <span class='sc'>C. Sumner Witherstine</span>, M.S., M.D., Associate Editor of the -“Annual of the Universal Medical Sciences”; Visiting Physician of the Home -for the Aged, Germantown, Philadelphia; Late House-Surgeon Charity Hospital, -New York.</p> - -<p class='c010'>More than 1800 formulæ from several hundred well-known authorities. -With an Appendix containing a Posological Table, the newer remedies included; -Important Incompatibles; Tables on Dentition and the Pulse; Table of Drops -in a Fluidrachm and Doses of Laudanum graduated for age; Formulæ and Doses -of Hypodermatic Medication, including the newer remedies; Uses of the Hypodermatic -Syringe; Formulæ and Doses for Inhalations, Nasal Douches, Gargles, -and Eye-Washes; Formulæ for Suppositories; Use of the Thermometer in Disease; -Poisons, Antidotes and Treatment; Directions for Post-Mortem and -Medico-Legal Examinations; Treatment of Asphyxia, Sun-stroke, etc.; Antiemetic -Remedies and Disinfectants; Obstetrical Table; Directions for Ligations -of Arteries; Urinary Analysis; Table of Eruptive Fevers; Motor Points for -Electrical Treatment, etc.</p> - -<p class='c010'>This work, the best and most complete of its kind, contains about 275 -printed pages, besides extra blank leaves judiciously distributed throughout the -book, affording a place to record and index favorite formulæ. Elegantly printed, -with red lines, edges, and borders; with illustrations. Bound in leather, with -side-flap.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The alphabetical arrangement of the diseases and a thumb-letter index -render reference rapid and easy.</p> - -<p class='c010'>As a <em>student</em>, the physician needs it for study, collateral reading, and, for -recording the favorite prescriptions of his professors, in lecture and clinic; as a -<em>recent graduate</em>, he needs it as a reference hand-book for daily use in prescribing; -as an <em>old practitioner</em>, he needs it to refresh his memory on old remedies and -combinations, and for information concerning newer remedies and more modern -approved plans of treatment.</p> - -<p class='c010'>No live, progressive medical man can afford to be without it.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>Price, post-paid, in United States and Canada, $2.00, net; Great Britain, 11s. 6d.; France, 12 fr. 40.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_1026'>1026</span><em>YOUNG</em><a id='t1026'></a></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='large'>Synopsis of Human Anatomy.</span></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='sc'>Being a Complete Compend of Anatomy, Including the Anatomy of the Viscera, and Numerous Tables.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>By <span class='sc'>James K. Young</span>, M.D., Instructor in Orthopædic Surgery and -Assistant Demonstrator of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania; Attending -Orthopædic Surgeon, Out-Patient Department, University -Hospital, etc.</p> - -<p class='c010'>While the author has prepared this work especially for students, -sufficient descriptive matter has been added to render it extremely valuable -to the busy practitioner, particularly the sections on the Viscera, -Special Senses, and Surgical Anatomy.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The work includes a complete account of Osteology, Articulations, -and Ligaments, Muscles, Fascias, Vascular and Nervous Systems, -Alimentary, Vocal, and Respiratory and Genito-Urinary Apparatus, the -Organs of Special Sense, and Surgical Anatomy.</p> - -<p class='c010'>In addition to a most carefully and accurately prepared text, wherever -possible, the value of the work has been enhanced by tables to -facilitate and minimize the labor of students in acquiring a thorough -knowledge of this important subject. The section on the teeth has also -been especially prepared to meet the requirements of students of -dentistry.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Illustrated with 76 Wood-Engravings. 390 pages. 12mo. Bound -in Extra Dark-Blue Cloth. <em>No. 3 in the Physicians’ and Students’ -Ready-Reference Series.</em></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>Price, post-paid, in the United States and Canada, $1.40, net; in Great Britain, 8s. 6d; in France, 9 fr. 25.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c015'>Every unnecessary word has been excluded, -out of regard to the very limited time at the -medical student’s disposal. It is also good as -a reference-book, as it presents the facts about -which he wishes to refresh his memory in the -briefest manner consistent with clearness.—<cite>New -York Medical Journal.</cite></p> - -<p class='c015'>As a companion to the dissecting table, and -a convenient reference for the practitioner, it -has a definite field of usefulness.—<cite>Pittsburgh -Medical Review.</cite></p> - -<p class='c015'>The book is much more satisfactory than the -“remembrances” in vogue, and yet is not too -cumbersome to be carried around and read at -odd moments—a property which the student -will readily appreciate.—<cite>Weekly Medical -Review.</cite></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><span class='large'>The Universal Medical Journal</span></div> - <div class='c003'>(<em>Formerly THE SATELLITE</em>).</div> - <div class='c003'><span class='sc'>A Monthly Magazine of the Progress of Every Branch of Medicine in all Parts of the World.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>Edited by <span class='sc'>Charles E. Sajous</span>, M.D., Editor-in-Chief of <span class='sc'>The Annual -of the Universal Medical Sciences</span>, and <span class='sc'>C. Sumner Witherstine</span>, -M.S., M.D., Associate Editor.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>Subscription Price, in the United States of America, $2.00 per year; in other countries of the Postal Union, 8s. 6d. or 10 fr. 50c.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>Subscribers to <span class='sc'>The Annual of the Universal Medical Sciences</span> -will now receive <span class='sc'>The Universal Medical Journal</span> <em>free</em>, as formerly -they did <span class='sc'>The Satellite</span>. <span class='sc'>The Universal Medical Journal</span> contains -32 pages of Text, Original Articles (a New Feature), Clinical Notes, and -Correspondence by eminent foreign and American physicians, etc. <em>The -Best Time to Subscribe is—Now!</em> It is improved in appearance, matter, -style, size.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_1027'>1027</span><span class='large'>Annual of the Universal Medical Sciences.</span><a id='t1027'></a></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='sc'>A Yearly Report of the Progress of the General Sanitary Sciences Throughout the World.</span></div> - <div class='c002'>Issue of 1893 Ready in June, 1893.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>Edited by <span class='sc'>Charles E. Sajous</span>, M.D., formerly Lecturer on Laryngology and Rhinology -in Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, etc., and Seventy Associate Editors, assisted by over -Two Hundred Corresponding Editors and Collaborators in America, Europe, Asia, and Africa. -<span class='sc'>In Five Royal Octavo Volumes of about 500 Pages Each</span>, bound in Cloth and Half-Russia, -Magnificently Illustrated with Chromo-Lithographs, Engravings, Maps, Charts, and -Diagrams. Being intended to enable any physician to possess, at a moderate cost, a complete -Contemporary History of Universal Medicine, edited by many of America’s and Europe’s -ablest teachers, and superior in every detail of print, paper, binding, etc.</p> - -<p class='c010'>SOLD ONLY BY SUBSCRIPTION, OR SENT DIRECT ON RECEIPT OF PRICE, SHIPPING EXPENSES PREPAID.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>Subscription Price per Year (including the “UNIVERSAL MEDICAL JOURNAL” for one year): In U. S., 5 vols., Cloth, $15.00; Half-Russia, $20.00. Canada (duty paid), Cloth, $16.50; Half-Russia, $22.00. Great Britain, Cloth, £4 7s.; Half-Russia, £5 15s. France, Cloth, 93 fr. 95; Half-Russia, 124 fr. 35.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>The <span class='sc'>Universal Medical Journal</span> is a Monthly Magazine of the Progress of Every -Branch of Medicine in All Parts of the World, Edited by the Chief Editor of the <span class='sc'>Annual</span> and -<span class='sc'>C. Sumner Witherstine</span>, M.S., M.D., Associate Editor. Supplied to subscribers to the -<span class='sc'>Annual</span> free of charge; to all others, $2.00 per year in advance.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE “ANNUAL OF THE UNIVERSAL MEDICAL SCIENCES.”</div> - <div class='c003'><span class='sc'>Contributors to Series 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.</span></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='sc'>Editor-in-Chief</span>, CHARLES E. SAJOUS, M.D., <span class='sc'>Philadelphia</span>.</div> - <div class='c002'>SENIOR ASSOCIATE EDITORS.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Agnew</span>, D. Hayes, M.D., LL.D., Philadelphia, -series of 1888, 1889.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Baldy</span>, J. M., M.D., Philadelphia, 1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Barton</span>, J. M., A.M., M.D., Philadelphia, 1889, -1890, 1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Baruch</span>, Simon, M.D., New York, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Birdsall</span>, W. R., M.D., New York, 1889, 1890, -1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Booth</span>, J. A., M.D., New York, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Brown</span>, F. W., M.D., Detroit, 1890, 1891, 1882.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Bruen</span>, Edward T., M.D., Philadelphia, 1889.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Brush</span>, Edward N., M.D., Philadelphia, 1889, -1890, 1891.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Cattell</span>, H. W., M.D., Philadelphia, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Cohen</span>, J. Solis-, M.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889, -1890, 1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Cohen</span>, S. Solis-, M.D., Philadelphia, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Conner</span>, P. S., M.D., LL.D., Cincinnati, 1888, -1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Currier</span>, A. F., A.B., M.D., New York, 1889, -1890, 1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Davidson</span>, C. C., M.D., Philadelphia, 1888.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Davis</span>, N. S., A.M., M.D., LL.D., Chicago, 1888, -1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Delafield</span>, Francis, M.D., New York, 1888.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Delavan</span>, D. Bryson, M.D., New York, 1888, -1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Dolley</span>, C. S., M.D., Philadelphia, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Draper</span>, F. Winthrop, A.M., M.D., New York, -1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Dudley</span>, Edward C., M.D., Chicago, 1888.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Ernst</span>, Harold C., A.M., M.D., Boston, 1889, 1890, -1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Forbes</span>, William S., M.D., Philadelphia, 1888, -1889, 1890.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Garretson</span>, J. E., M.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Gaston</span>, J. McFadden, M.D., Atlanta, 1890, 1891, -1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Gihon</span>, Albert L., A.M., M.D., Brooklyn, 1888, -1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Goodell</span>, William, M.D., Philadelphia, 1888, -1889, 1890.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Gray</span>, Landon Carter, M.D., New York, 1890, -1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Griffith</span>, J. P. Crozer, M.D., Philadelphia, 1889, -1890, 1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Guilford</span>, S. H., D.D.S., Ph.D., Philadelphia, -1888.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Guiteras</span>, John, M.D., Ph.D., Charleston, 1888, -1889.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Hamilton</span>, John B., M.D., LL.D., Washington, -1888, 1889, 1890, 1891.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Hare</span>, Hobart Amory, M.D., B.Sc., Philadelphia, -1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Henry</span>, Frederick P., M.D., Philadelphia, 1889, -1890, 1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Holland</span>, J. W., M.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Holt</span>, L. Emmett, M.D., New York, 1889, 1890, -1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Hooper</span>, Franklin H., M.D., Boston, 1890, 1891, -1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Howell</span>, W. H., Ph.D., M.D., Ann Arbor, 1889, -1890, 1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Hun</span>, Henry, M.D., Albany, 1889, 1890.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Ingals</span>, E. Fletcher, A.M., M.D., Chicago, 1889, -1890, 1891.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Jaggard</span>, W. W., A.M., M.D., Chicago, 1890.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Johnston</span>, Christopher, M.D., Baltimore, 1888, -1889.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Johnston</span>, W. W., M.D., Washington, 1888, 1889, -1890, 1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Keating</span>, John M., M.D., Philadelphia, 1889.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Kelsey</span>, Charles B., M.D., New York, 1888, 1889, -1890, 1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Keyes</span>, Edward L., A.M., M.D., New York, 1888, -1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Knapp</span>, Philip Coombs, M.D., Boston, 1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Kyle</span>, D. Braden, M.D., Philadelphia, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Laplace</span>, Ernest, A.M., M.D., Philadelphia, -1890, 1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Lee</span>, John G., M.D., Philadelphia, 1888.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Leidy</span>, Joseph, M.D., LL.D., Philadelphia, 1888, -1889, 1890, 1891.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Longstreth</span>, Morris, M.D., Philadelphia, 1888, -1889, 1890.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Loomis</span>, Alfred L., M.D., LL.D., New York, 1888, -1889.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Lyman</span>, Henry M., A.M., M.D., Chicago, 1888.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>McGuire</span>, Hunter, M.D., LL.D., Richmond, -1888.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Manton</span>, Walter P., M.D., F.R.M.S., Detroit, -1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Martin</span>, H. Newell, M.D., M.A., Dr.Sc., F.R.S., -Baltimore, 1888, 1889.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Matas</span>, Rudolph, M.D., New Orleans, 1890, 1891, -1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Mears</span>, J. Ewing, M.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889, -1890, 1891.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Mills</span>, Charles K., M.D., Philadelphia, 1888.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='pageno' id='Page_1028'>1028</span><span class='sc'>Minot</span>, Chas. Sedgwick, M.D., Boston, 1888, 1889, -1890, 1891, 1892.<a id='t1028'></a></p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Montgomery</span>, E. E., M.D., Philadelphia, 1891, -1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Morton</span>, Thos. G., M.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Munde</span>, Paul F., M.D., New York, 1888, 1889, -1890, 1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>O’Dwyer</span>, Joseph, M.D., New York, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Oliver</span>, Charles A., A.M., M.D., Philadelphia, -1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Packard</span>, John H., A.M., M.D., Philadelphia, -1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Parish</span>, Win. H., M.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889, -1890, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Parvin</span>, Theophilus, M.D., LL.D., Philadelphia, -1888, 1889.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Peirce</span>, C. N., D.D.S., Philadelphia, 1888.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Pepper</span>, William, M.D., LL.D., Philadelphia, -1888.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Ranney</span>, Ambrose L., M.D., New York, 1888, -1889, 1890.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Richardson</span>, W. L., M.D., Boston, 1888, 1889.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Rockwell</span>, A. D., A.M., M.D., New York, 1891, -1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Rohé</span>, Geo. H., M.D., Baltimore, 1888, 1889, 1890, -1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Sajous</span>, Chas. E., M.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889, -1890, 1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Sayre</span>, Lewis A., M.D., New York, 1890, 1891, -1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Seguin</span>, E. C., M.D., Providence, 1888, 1889, 1890, -1891.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Senn</span>, Nicholas, M.D., Ph.D., Milwaukee, 1888, -1889.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Shakspeare</span>, E. O., M.D., Philadelphia, 1888.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Shattuck</span>, F. C., M.D., Boston, 1890.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Smith</span>, Allen J., A.M., M.D., Philadelphia, 1890, -1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Smith</span>, J. Lewis, M.D., New York, 1888, 1889, 1890, -1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Spitzka</span>, E. C., M.D., New York, 1888.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Starr</span>, Louis, M.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889, 1890, -1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Stimson</span>, Lewis A., M.D., New York, 1888, 1889, -1890, 1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Sturgis</span>, F. R., M.D., New York, 1888.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Sudduth</span>, F. X., A.M., M.D., F.R.M.S., Minneapolis, -1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Thomson</span>, William, M.D., Philadelphia, 1888.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Thomson</span>, Win. H., M.D., New York, 1888.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Tiffany</span>, L. McLane, A.M., M.D., Baltimore, -1890, 1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Turnbull</span>, Chas. S., M.D., Ph.D., Philadelphia, -1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Tyson</span>, James, M.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889, 1890.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Van Harlingen</span>, Arthur, M.D., Philadelphia, -1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Vander Veer</span>, Albert, M.D., Ph.D., Albany, -1890.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Vickery</span>, H. F., M.D., Boston, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>White</span>, J. William, M.D., Philadelphia, 1889, -1890, 1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Whittaker</span>, Jas. T., M.D., Cincinnati, 1888, 1889, -1890, 1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Whittier</span>, E. N., M.D., Boston, 1890, 1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Wilson</span>, James C., A.M., M.D., Philadelphia, -1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Wirgman</span>, Chas., M.D., Philadelphia, 1888.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Witherstine</span>, C. Sumner, M.S., M.D., Philadelphia, -1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Wyman</span>, Walter, M.D., Washington, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Young</span>, Jas. K., M.D., Philadelphia, 1891, 1892.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c038'> - <div>JUNIOR ASSOCIATE EDITORS.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Baldy</span>, J. M., M.D., Philadelphia, 1890.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Bliss</span>, Arthur Ames, A.M., M.D., Philadelphia, -1890, 1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Cattell</span>, H. W., M.D., Philadelphia, 1890, 1891.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Cerna</span>, D., M.D., Ph.D., Philadelphia, 1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Clark</span>, J. Payson, M.D., Boston, 1890, 1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Crandall</span>, F. M., M.D., New York, 1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Cohen</span>, Solomon Solis-, A.M., M.D., Philadelphia, -1890, 1891.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Cryer</span>, H. M., M.D., Philadelphia, 1889.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Deale</span>, Henry B., M.D., Washington, 1891.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Dolley</span>, C. S., M.D., Philadelphia, 1889, 1890, 1891.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Dollinger</span>, Julius, M.D., Philadelphia, 1889.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Dorland</span>, W. A., M.D., Philadelphia, 1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Eshner</span>, A. A., M.D., Philadelphia, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Freeman</span>, Leonard, M.D., Cincinnati, 1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Fuller</span>, Eugene, M.D., New York, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Goodell</span>, W. Constantine, M.D., Philadelphia, -1888, 1889, 1890.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Gould</span>, Geo. M., M.D., Philadelphia, 1889, 1890.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Greene</span>, E. M., M.D., Boston, 1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Griffith</span>, J. P. Crozer, M.D., Philadelphia, 1888.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Hoag</span>, Junius, M.D., Chicago, 1888.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Howell</span>, W. H., Ph.D., B.A., Baltimore, 1888, -1889.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Hunt</span>, William, M.D., Philadelphia, 1888, 1889.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Jackson</span>, Henry, M.D., Boston, 1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Kirk</span>, Edward C., D.D.S., Philadelphia, 1888.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Lloyd</span>, James Hendrie, M.D., Philadelphia, 1888.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>McCarthy</span>, N. I., Philadelphia, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>McDonald</span>, Willis G., M.D., Albany, 1890.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Penrose</span>, Chas. B., M.D., Philadelphia, 1890.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Powell</span>, W. M., M.D., Atlantic City, 1889, 1890, -1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Quimby</span>, Chas. E., M.D., New York, 1889.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Rau</span>, Leonard S., M.D., New York, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Sayre</span>, R. H., M.D., New York, 1890, 1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Smith</span>, Allen J., A.M., M.D., Philadelphia, 1889, -1890.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Stengel</span>, Alfred, M.D., Philadelphia, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Vickery</span>, H. F., M.D., Boston, 1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Warfield</span>, Ridgely B., M.D., Baltimore, 1891, -1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Warner</span>, F. M., M.D., New York, 1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Weed</span>, Charles L., A.M., M.D., Philadelphia, -1888, 1889.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Wells</span>, Brooks H., M.D., New York, 1888, 1889, -1890, 1891.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Wolff</span>, Lawrence, M.D., Philadelphia, 1890.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Wyman</span>, Walter, A.M., M.D., Washington, 1891.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c038'> - <div>ASSISTANTS TO ASSOCIATE EDITORS.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Baruch</span>, S., M.D., New York, 1888.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Beatty</span>, Franklin T., M.D., Philadelphia, 1888.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Brown</span>, Dillon, M.D., New York, 1888.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Buechler</span>, A. F., M.D., New York, 1888.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Burr</span>, Chas. W., M.D., Philadelphia, 1891.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Cohen</span>, Solomon Solis-, M.D., Philadelphia, 1889.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Cooke</span>, B. G., M.D., New York, 1888.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Coolidge</span>, Algernon, Jr., M.D., Boston, 1890.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Currier</span>, A. F., M.D., New York, 1888.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Daniels</span>, F. H., A.M., M.D., New York, 1888.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Deale</span>, Henry B., M.D., Washington, 1890, 1891, -1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Eshner</span>, A. A., M.D., Philadelphia, 1891.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Gould</span>, George M., M.D. Philadelphia, 1888.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Grandin</span>, Egbert H., M.D., New York, 1888, 1889.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Greene</span>, E. M., M.D., Boston, 1890.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Guiteras</span>, G. M., M.D., Washington, 1890.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Hance</span>, I. H., A.M., M.D., New York, 1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Klingenschmidt</span>, C. H. A., M.D., Washington, -1890.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Kramer</span>, S. P., M.D., Cincinnati. 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Martin</span>, Edward, M.D., Philadelphia, 1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>McKee</span>, E. S., M.D., Cincinnati, 1889, 1890, 1891, -1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Myers</span>, F. H., M.D., New York, 1888.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Packard</span>, F. A., M.D., Philadelphia, 1890.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Pritchard</span>, W. B., M.D., New York, 1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Sangree</span>, E. B., A.M., M.D., Philadelphia, 1890, -1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Sears</span>, G. G., M.D., Boston, 1890.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Shultz</span>, R. C., M.D., New York, 1891, 1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Souwers</span>, Geo. F., M.D., Philadelphia, 1888.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Taylor</span>, H. L., M.D., Cincinnati, 1889, 1890.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Vansant</span>, Eugene L., M.D., Philadelphia, 1888.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Vickery</span>, H. F., M.D., Boston, 1890.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Warner</span>, F. M., M.D., New York, 1888, 1889, -1890.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Wells</span>, Brooks H., M.D., New York, 1888.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Wendt</span>, E. C., M.D., New York, 1888.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Westcott</span>, Thompson S., M.D., Philadelphia, -1892.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Wilder</span>, W. H., M.D., Cincinnati, 1889.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Wilson</span>, C. Meigs., M.D., Philadelphia, 1889.</p> - -<p class='c029'><span class='sc'>Wilson</span>, W. R., M.D., Philadelphia, 1891, 1892.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_1029'>1029</span>THE BIOGRAPHY OF A GREAT SURGEON.<a id='t1029'></a></div> - <div class='c003'>HISTORY OF THE</div> - <div class='c003'><span class='large'>Life of <span class='sc'>D. Hayes Agnew</span>, M.D., LL.D.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>By <span class='sc'>J. Howe Adams</span>, M.D.</p> - -<p class='c010'>This fascinating life history of one of the world’s greatest surgeons -is <em>now ready</em>.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Dr. J. Howe Adams, the author, has been for many years a member -of Dr. Agnew’s family, has had the valuable aid of Mrs. Agnew, and -also access to documents and papers of unusual value and interest that -would have been denied to most writers; so that the biography here -presented is written, as it were, from the inside, and thus made doubly -interesting and valuable as the narrative of the career of an eminent -physician, surgeon, and benefactor of mankind. Royal Octavo, 376 -pages, handsomely printed, with Portraits and other illustrations.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>Price, in United States, Extra Cloth, $2.50 net: Half-Morocco, Gilt Top, $3.50 net, post-paid. In Canada (duty paid), Cloth, $2.75 net; Half-Morocco, $3.90 net. Great Britain, Cloth, 14s.; Half-Morocco, 19s. 6d. France, Cloth, 15 fr.; Half-Morocco, 22 fr.</div> - <div class='c003'>SOLD ONLY BY SUBSCRIPTION, OR SENT DIRECT ON RECEIPT OF PRICE, SHIPPING EXPENSES PREPAID.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div>THE ONLY COMPLETE AND EXHAUSTIVE EXPOSITION OF THE SUBJECT.</div> - <div class='c003'><span class='large'>Psychopathia Sexualis,</span></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='sc'>With Especial Reference to Contrary Sexual Instinct: A Medico-Legal Study of Sexual Insanity.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>By <span class='sc'>Dr. R. von Krafft-Ebing</span>, Professor of Psychiatry and Neurology, -University of Vienna. Authorized Translation of the Seventh -Enlarged and Revised German Edition, by <span class='sc'>Charles Gilbert Chaddock</span>, -M.D., Professor of Nervous and Mental Diseases, Marion-Sims College -of Medicine, St. Louis; Fellow of the Chicago Academy of Medicine; -Corresponding Member of the Detroit Academy of Medicine; Associate -Member of the American Medico-Psychological Association, etc.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Professor von Krafft-Ebing’s study of the psychopathology of the -sexual life easily supersedes all previous attempts to treat this important -subject scientifically, and it is sure to commend itself to members of the -medical and legal professions as a scientific explanation of many social -and criminal enigmas to which no work in English offers a solution.</p> - -<p class='c010'><span class='sc'>General Scheme of the Book.</span>—I. Fragment of a Psychology of -the Sexual Life; the Sexual Instinct; Sensuality and Morality; True -Love, etc. II. Physiological Facts; Sexual Maturity; Control of the -Sexual Instinct, etc. III. General Pathology; Importance of Pathological -Manifestations; Sexual Perversion. IV. Special Pathology; -Abnormal Sexual Manifestations in Mental Diseases; Insanity. V. Pathological -Sexuality Before the Criminal Court; Frequency of Sexual -Crimes; Increase; Loss of Responsibility.</p> - -<p class='c010'>One Royal Octavo Volume. 432 pages.</p> - -<table class='table2' summary=''> - <tr> - <th class='c013'></th> - <th class='c030'>United States</th> - <th class='c030'>Canada<br />(duty paid).</th> - <th class='c030'>Great Britain.</th> - <th class='c031'>France.</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Cloth,</td> - <td class='c032'>$3.00, net</td> - <td class='c032'>$3.30, net</td> - <td class='c032'>17s. 6d.</td> - <td class='c014'>18 fr. 60</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c013'>Sheep,</td> - <td class='c032'>4.00, net</td> - <td class='c032'>4.40, net</td> - <td class='c032'>22s. 6d.</td> - <td class='c014'>24 fr. 60</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td class='c018' colspan='5'>SOLD ONLY BY SUBSCRIPTION, OR SENT DIRECT ON RECEIPT OF PRICE, SHIPPING EXPENSES PREPAID.</td></tr> -</table> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_1030'>1030</span><em>RANNEY</em><a id='t1030'></a></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='large'>Lectures on Nervous Diseases.</span></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='sc'>From the Stand-Point of Cerebral and Spinal Localization, and the Later Methods Employed in the Diagnosis and Treatment of these Affections.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>By <span class='sc'>Ambrose L. Ranney</span>, A.M., M.D., Professor of the Anatomy and -Physiology of the Nervous System in the New York Post-Graduate -Medical School and Hospital; Professor of Nervous and Mental Diseases -in the Medical Department of the University of Vermont, etc.; Author -of “The Applied Anatomy of the Nervous System,” “Practical Medical -Anatomy,” etc., etc.</p> - -<p class='c010'>It is now generally conceded that the nervous system controls all -of the physical functions to a greater or less extent, and also that most -of the symptoms encountered at the bedside can be explained and -interpreted from the stand-point of nervous physiology.</p> - -<p class='c010'>Profusely illustrated with original diagrams and sketches in color -by the author, carefully selected wood-engravings, and reproduced photographs -of typical cases. One handsome royal octavo volume of 780 pages.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>SOLD ONLY BY SUBSCRIPTION, OR SENT DIRECT ON RECEIPT OF PRICE, SHIPPING EXPENSES PREPAID.</div> - <div class='c003'>Price, in United States, Cloth, $5.50; Sheep, $6.50; Half-Russia, $7.00. Canada (duty paid), Cloth, $6.05; Sheep, $7.15; Half-Russia, $7.70. Great Britain, Cloth, 32s.; Sheep, 37s. 6d.; Half-Russia, 40s. France, Cloth, 34 fr. 70; Sheep, 40 fr. 45; Half-Russia, 43 fr. 30.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c015'>We are glad to note that Dr. Ranney has -published in book form his admirable lectures -on nervous diseases. His book contains over -seven hundred large pages, and is profusely -illustrated with original diagrams and sketches -in colors, and with many carefully selected -wood-cuts and reproduced photographs of -typical cases. A large amount of valuable -information, not a little of which has but -recently appeared in medical literature, is presented -in compact form, and thus made easily -accessible. In our opinion, Dr. Ranney’s book -ought to meet with a cordial reception at the -hands of the medical profession, for, even -though the author’s views may be sometimes -open to question, it cannot be disputed that -his work bears evidence of scientific method -and honest opinion.—<cite>American Journal of -Insanity.</cite></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div>STANTON’S</div> - <div class='c003'><span class='large'>Practical and Scientific Physiognomy;</span></div> - <div class='c003'>OR</div> - <div class='c003'>How to Read Faces.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c010'>By <span class='sc'>Mary Olmsted Stanton</span>. Copiously illustrated. Two large -Royal Octavo volumes. 1220 pages.</p> - -<p class='c010'>The author, <span class='sc'>Mrs. Mary O. Stanton</span>, has given over twenty years to -the preparation of this work. Her style is easy, and, by her happy -method of illustration of every point, the book reads like a novel and -memorizes itself. To physicians the diagnostic information conveyed is -invaluable. To the general reader each page opens a new train of ideas. -(This book has no reference whatever to phrenology.)</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>SOLD ONLY BY SUBSCRIPTION, OR SENT DIRECT ON RECEIPT OF PRICE, SHIPPING EXPENSES PREPAID.</div> - <div class='c003'>Price, in United States, Cloth, $9.00; Sheep, $11.00; Half-Russia, $13.00. Canada (duty paid), Cloth, $10.00; Sheep, $12.10; Half-Russia, $14.30. Great Britain, Cloth, 56s.; Sheep, 68s.; Half-Russia, 80s. France, Cloth, 30 fr. 30; Sheep, 36 fr. 40; Half-Russia, 43 fr. 30.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c003' /> -</div> -<div class='tnotes'> - -<div class='section ph2'> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c004'> - <div>TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - - <ol class='ol_1 c002'> - <li>P. <a href='#t416'>416</a>, changed “<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">petits</span> jusus” to “<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">petits jesus</span>”. - - </li> - <li>Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling. - - </li> - <li>Archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings retained as printed. - </li> - </ol> - -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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