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If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Supplement to Harvesting Ants and Trap-Door Spiders - -Author: J. Traherne Moggridge - -Release Date: March 27, 2021 [eBook #64941] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Mark C. Orton, T. Cosmas and the Online Distributed - Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was - produced from images generously made available by The Internet - Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SUPPLEMENT TO HARVESTING ANTS AND -TRAP-DOOR SPIDERS *** - - - - - -Supplement to Harvesting Ants and Trap-door Spiders. - - -J. Traherne Moggridge - - -Transcriber's Note: Text emphasis denoted as _Italic_ and =Bold=. -Whole numbers and fractional parts as 123-4/5. - - - - - SUPPLEMENT - - TO - - HARVESTING ANTS - - AND - - TRAP-DOOR SPIDERS. - - - - - SUPPLEMENT - TO - HARVESTING ANTS - AND - TRAP-DOOR SPIDERS. - - - BY - J. TRAHERNE MOGGRIDGE, F.L.S., F.Z.S. - - - _WITH SPECIFIC DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SPIDERS,_ - - BY THE - - REV. O. PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE. - - - [Illustration] - - - LONDON: - L. REEVE & CO., 5, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. - 1874. - - - LONDON: - SAVILL, EDWARDS AND CO., PRINTERS, CHANDOS STREET, - COVENT GARDEN. - - - - -CONTENTS. - - - PAGE - SUPPLEMENT TO HARVESTING ANTS 157 - - SUPPLEMENT TO TRAP-DOOR SPIDERS 180 - - SPECIFIC DESCRIPTIONS OF SPIDERS 254 - - - - -EXPLANATION OF PLATES. - - Plate XIII., p. 183, fig. A.--Silk lining of tube of _Atypus - piceus_ (Sulz.), taken at Troyes in Champagne, and - communicated to me by M. E. Simon; B, drawing of portion - of nest of _Cyrtauchenius elongatus_ (Sim.) made after the - description of the discoverer, and subject to his (M. E. - Simon's) corrections. This is the only illustration in the - present work not taken from an actual specimen. These figures - are of the natural size. - - Plate XIV., p. 193.--Diagrams of the known types of trap-door nest. - Fig. A, nest of _Atypus piceus_ (Sulz.); B, nest of cork - type; B 1, the layers of silk with earth rims of which a cork - door is composed; C, single-door unbranched wafer type; D, - single-door branched wafer type; E double-door unbranched - wafer type; E 1, lower door of the same, of the natural size; - F, Hyères double-door branched wafer type; F 1, lower door - of the same, of the natural size; G, and G 1, double-door - branched cavity wafer type. At G 1 the perfect type is seen, - while at G, the descending cavity, the outlines of which are - indicated by dotted lines, has been filled up; G 2, lower - door of the same of the natural size. (Figs. A, B, C, D, - E, F, G and G 1, diagrammatic representations of nest on a - reduced scale, Figs. B 1, E 1, F 1 and G 2, of the natural - size). - - Plate XV., p. 198, fig. A.--Nest of _Cteniza Californica_ (Camb.) - nearly entire, enclosed in the clayey earth of the bank from - which the specimen was taken, the door being artificially - represented as being partly open; A 1, door of the same as - seen when closed; B, _Cteniza Californica_ (Camb.) from a - living specimen; B 1, the same seen in spirits, the legs not - represented; B 2, the same seen sideways; (figs. A, A 1, B, B - 1 and B 2, are of the natural size); B 3, the eyes, greatly - magnified; B 4, the three claws terminating the tarsal joint - of the hindmost left leg; B 5, line representing the measured - length of the spider excluding the falces and spinners, the - uppermost division gives the length of the caput terminating - at the half-moon-shaped fovea, the middle division that of - the thorax, and the lowest that of the abdomen, while the - transverse line gives the breadth of the cephalothorax; B 6, - eggs laid by the spider in captivity on the under side of the - gauze which covered the box (the position is reversed here) - of the natural size; B 7, the same magnified; B 8, another - group of eggs, magnified; B 9, a portion of the same still - more highly magnified; B 10, lines showing measured lengths - of legs of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th pairs, and of palpus, - with those of the several joints. - - Plate XVI., p. 211, fig. A.--Part of the nest of _Nemesia Simoni_ - (Camb.) taken at Bordeaux; A 1, _N. Simoni_ (Camb.) from - life, of the natural size; A 2, the same seen in spirits, - the legs not represented; A 3, the same seen sideways and - magnified; A 4, the eyes, magnified; A 5, the thoracic fovea, - magnified; A 6, line showing measured length of spider, (see - above explanation of fig. B 5, plate XV.); A 7, lines showing - measured lengths of legs of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th pairs, - and palpus of spider, with those of the several joints. B, - cephalothorax and abdomen of another specimen of _N. Simoni_, - in which the proportions are different, taken from life, of - the natural size. - - Plate XVII., p. 215, fig. A.--Part of the nest of _N. suffusa_ - (Camb.) taken at Montpellier; A 1, _N. suffusa_ (Camb.) - from life, of the natural size; A 2, the same in spirits, - seen sideways and magnified, the legs not represented; A - 3, another view of the same; A 4, the eyes, magnified; A - 5, length of spider (see above, fig. B 5, plate XV.); A 6, - measurements of legs and palpus; B, _N. meridionalis_ (Costa - and Sim.), male, from a specimen in spirits, of the natural - size, legs not represented; B 1, the same magnified; B 2, the - eyes, magnified; B 3, radial and digital joints of the left - palpus with bulb, magnified; B 4, another view of the same, - magnified; B 5, back view of the same, magnified, but less - highly; B 6, length of spider (see above, fig. B 5, plate - XV.); C, _N. meridionalis_ (Costa and Sim.) female, from a - specimen in spirit of wine, of the natural size, legs not - represented; C 1, eyes of the same, magnified; C 2, length of - spider. These two specimens (male and female) were collected - in Corsica, and named by M. E. Simon, who kindly presented - them to me; they are now in the possession of the Rev. O. - Pickard-Cambridge. - - Plate XVIII., p. 225, fig. A.--Part of nest of _N. congener_ - (Camb.) taken at Hyères; A 1, lower door of this nest viewed - from above, of the natural size; A 2, side view of the same; - A 3, _N. congener_ (Camb.) taken from life, of the natural - size; A 4, side view of the same, enlarged to twice the - natural size, the legs not represented; A 5, cephalothorax - and falces from specimen in spirits, magnified;[108] A 6, the - eyes, magnified; A 7, femur, patella (or genual joint) and - tibia of leg of third pair, showing the three spines on the - outer side of the patella, magnified. B, lower door from a - smaller and younger nest, viewed from above, of the natural - size; B 1, the same viewed sideways. - -[Footnote 108: While these pages were passing through the press -(Hyères, Oct. '74), I have had an opportunity of examining 17 -additional specimens of _N. congener_. I learn from this that the -pattern represented on the caput in fig. A 5, does not accord with -that in the majority of adult specimens, being usually less defined -and composed of three converging bands. Mr. Pickard-Cambridge's -description (p. 293 below) is, however, quite correct. I may mention -that three spines were present on the patella (genual joint) of legs -III in 16 specimens, the 17th specimen having but a single spine.] - - Plate XIX., p. 229, fig. A.--Nest of a young specimen of _N. - Manderstjernæ_ (Ausserer = _N. meridionalis_ Camb., in "Ants - and Spiders," p. 101) from Mentone, showing the descending - cavity, with the lower door pushed across, so as to close - the main tube and join the cavity; A 1, upper portion of - the same, showing the lower door closing the branch. B, - _N. cæmentaria_ (Latr.) from a living specimen taken at - Montpellier; B 1, the same seen in spirits of wine, legs not - represented; B 2, the eyes, magnified; B 3, one of the two - larger claws; and B 4, the small claw of the tarsus of one of - the hindmost legs; B 5, length of spider; B 6, measurements - of legs and palpus. C, the eyes of _N. Moggridgii_ (Camb.) - (= _N. cæmentaria_, Camb., in "Ants and Spiders," p. 92), - magnified. D, _N. incerta_ (Camb.), male, from a specimen - preserved in spirits, collected at Digne in the Basses - Alpes, by M. E. Simon, who kindly lent me the specimen for - examination, represented of twice the natural size, and - without the legs; D 1, another view of the same; D 2, radial - and digital joints of the palpus and palpal bulb, magnified; - D 3, back view of the same; D 4, the eyes magnified. E, eyes - of _N. dubia_ (Camb.), male (= _N. cæmentaria_, Sim.), from - a specimen in spirits, collected in the Pyrénées Orientales, - communicated by M. Simon, magnified; E 1, radial and digital - joints of the palpus with palpal bulb of the same, magnified; - E 2, another view of the same. - - Plate XX., p. 254, fig. A, _Cteniza Moggridgii_ (Camb.), male (= - _Ct. fodiens_, Camb., in "Ants and Spiders," p. 89), from - a living specimen taken at Mentone, of the natural size; A - 1, the same seen sideways, the legs not represented; A 2, - cephalothorax and falces of the same; A 3, the eyes; A 4, - radial and digital joints and the palpal bulb; A 5, another - view of the same; A 6, one of the two large claws, and A - 7, the small claw of the tarsus of one of the legs of the - hindmost pair; A 8, length of the spider and breadth of the - cephalothorax; A 9, measurements of legs and palpus. (Figs. - A 1, A 2, A 3, A 4, A 5, A 6, and A 7, are all magnified.) - B, _N. Manderstjernæ_ (Ausserer), male (= _N. meridionalis_, - Camb., in "Ants and Spiders," p. 101), from a living specimen - taken at Mentone, of the natural size; B 1, the same seen in - spirits and magnified to twice the natural size; B 2, the - same viewed sideways; B 3, the eyes; B 4, tibia, metatarsus - and tarsus of the right leg of the first pair showing the - spine and process on the under and inner side of the enlarged - tibia; B 5, right leg of the third pair showing the three - short spines on the patella; B 6, one of the two large claws, - and B 7, the small claw of the tarsus of one of the legs of - the hindmost pair; B 8, radial and digital joints of palpus - with palpal bulb; B 9, another view of the same; B 10, back - view of the same (figs. B 1 to B 10, all magnified); B - 11, measurements of legs and palpus. C, tibia, metatarsus - and tarsus of right leg of _N. Manderstjernæ_ (Ausserer), - male, viewed from the under side and magnified, drawn from - the original specimen belonging to Dr. L. Koch, collected - at Nice, and described as _N. Manderstjernæ_ by Professor - Ausserer. My best thanks are due to Dr. L. Koch for having - enabled me to examine this valuable specimen. [In fig. C, - the curved spine should bend towards, and not away from, the - process on its right and inner side.] - - -LIST OF SPIDERS DESCRIBED. - - - Cteniza Moggridgii, sp. n. ♂ p. 254, pl. XX. fig. A. - " Californica, sp. n. ♀ p. 260, pl. XV. fig. B. - Nemesia cæmentaria (Latr.) ♀ p. 264, pl. XIX. fig. B. - " Eleanora (Cambr.) p. 272. - " Moggridgii, sp. n. ♀ p. 273, pl. XIX. fig. C. - " incerta, sp. n. ♂ p. 276, pl. XIX. fig. D. - " dubia, sp. n. ♂ p. 280, pl. XIX. fig. E. - " Manderstjernæ (Auss.) ♂ and ♀ p. 283, pl. XX. fig. B. - " meridionalis (Costa) ♂ and ♀ p. 289, pl. XVII. fig. B. - " congener, sp. n. ♀ p. 292, pl. XVIII. fig. A 3. - " suffusa, sp. n. ♀ p. 295, pl. XVII. fig. A 1. - " Simoni, sp. n. ♀ p. 297, pl. XVI. fig. A 1. - - - - -SUPPLEMENT TO HARVESTING ANTS. - - -During the short time which has elapsed since _Harvesting Ants and -Trap-door Spiders_ left the printer's hands, fresh material has -rapidly accumulated, and an assiduous search after these creatures, -and the continued study of their works and ways, has met with ample -reward and encouragement. - -It was my wish, when originally publishing these observations, many -of which were due to the active co-operation of friends, to invite -my readers to take part with me in my pleasure and pursuits, so -that we should from that time work together, and, by communicating -our discoveries to each other, increase our knowledge, and at the -same time enlarge the field of our research. My intention was -that we should leave to others the necessary work of collection, -preservation, and arrangement, and that, while our fellow naturalists -pin specimens into classified cabinets, and devote long hours to the -description of peculiarities of form and colour, we should undertake -the lighter task of complementing their labours by observing and -recording the habits and conditions of existence of the creatures -themselves. - -Looked at in this light, the present pages and those of the -preceding work may be regarded as so many drawers in our _Cabinet -of Habits_, and though, as we open drawer after drawer, many gaps -and blank spaces remind us how much remains to be done in order to -complete the collection, yet the interest and suggestiveness of -the specimen-facts already secured, should encourage and direct us -onwards. There have not been wanting instances in which my readers -have associated themselves with me in the way indicated, and it is -with pleasure, when reviewing the entire work, that I recall how -many of its most interesting features are due to the researches and -assistance of friends,[109] and commemorate at once their discoveries -and unfailing kindness. I had certainly expected that before this -time some new species of harvesting ants would have been discovered, -either on the Riviera, where attention has been especially called to -the subject, or in other parts of Europe, where dissimilar conditions -might have been expected to be associated with a different fauna; but -this has hitherto not been the case. - -[Footnote 109: To all who have rendered me this valuable help I tender -my cordial thanks. I am under very special obligations to Mr. -Pickard-Cambridge, for descriptions of spiders, and to Mr. F. Smith -for the names of the Ants; assistance which I should have found it -almost impossible to dispense with or to replace.] - -One might naturally suppose that if harvesting ants were discovered -in localities very widely distant from each other, they would prove -to belong to different species, but thus far, both in Europe and -Northern Africa, it is the same two well-known species of _Atta -barbara_ and _A. structor_ that constantly reappear. - -For instance, I have recently learned that harvesting ants are found -at Cadenabbia on the lake of Como, and at Montpellier in Southern -France; but on examination, the ants from the former place are -clearly seen to belong to the species _structor_, and those from -Montpellier to the two species _structor_ and _barbara_. - -I was greatly interested to receive specimens of ants, and of the -seeds which they were carrying and storing beneath the stones of a -paved road at Cadenabbia, for this is the northernmost point[110] at -which the habit of harvesting has as yet been noted. This discovery -suggests the possibility of the occurrence of the habit in the warmer -and more sheltered of the Swiss valleys. When at Montpellier in May -last I frequently observed long trains of ants bringing seeds and -small dry fruits to their nests, but these harvesters also turned -out on close inspection to be _Atta structor_ and _A. barbara_, -with its red-headed variety. These, it will be remembered, are the -only species of European ants which have as yet been proved to be -harvesters and seed-storers in the fullest sense of the term, that is -to say, which not only gather and carry seeds, but also store them in -large quantities below the surface of the ground.[111] - -[Footnote 110: I have related in a note at the foot of p. 4 in _Ants -and Spiders_ how _Formica nigra_ in England, though paying no -attention to seeds generally, will sometimes collect the fresh seeds -of the sweet violet (_Viola odorata_). - -When I published this account I was quite unaware that the fact that -certain English ants collect sweet violet seeds had been observed by -Mr. R. Wakefield forty years before. - -This was communicated by Mr. Wakefield in a letter to Mr. John -Curtis, the substance of which was read before the Linnean Society -in 1854, and published in their Proceedings (see Proceedings of the -Linnean Society, ii. 293), where we read: "He (Mr. Wakefield) states -that he has seen the black species (_Formica nigra_, L.) for days and -nights together industriously occupied in dragging to its cells the -seeds of the common violet (_Viola odorata_, L.) - -"He first noticed this fact on the 3rd of July, 1832; and he regards -it as a curious subject of inquiry for what purpose, if not for -their own future provision, they could accumulate these stores?" Mr. -Wakefield appears to accept this as evidence that these ants possess -the habit of storing seeds; but this is not so, as will be seen by -reference to my note alluded to above, and I am inclined to believe -that they collect these particular seeds either under the mistaken -belief that they are larvæ, to which when fresh they bear some -resemblance, or for the sake of some juices which they may obtain -from the fleshy appendage attached to the seed.] - -[Footnote 111: Six other species belonging to the genus _Atta_ are -found in Europe, but they are all unknown to me. - -It seems likely that, if other harvesting ants do exist in Europe -they may belong to one of these six species; for we have seen (_Ants -and Spiders_, p. 59) that all the ants which are known to possess -this habit are either members of the genus _Atta_ or belong to genera -closely related to it.] - -In the case of _Pheidole megacephala_ (the only other European ant -which I have detected collecting seeds in large numbers), I have -never been able to find granaries or subterranean stores of any -kind, though I have frequently made extensive search for them, and -explored, to all appearance, the whole nest. - -When we remember the great variety of ants which inhabit Europe alone -(a recent list[112] enumerating no fewer than 104 distinct species), -it certainly may seem strange at first that only two of their number -should possess this habit. Perhaps, however, we may yet discover -that some other of these species are true harvesters; but at present -the chances seem rather against it, since the harvesters found at -such distant points as Algiers, Cadenabbia, and Montpellier have all -turned out to belong to one or other of the two species, _structor_ -or _barbara_. - -[Footnote 112: _Description des Fourmis d'Europe pour servir à l'étude -des insectes myrmecophilis_, by Ernest André, in _Rev. et Mag. de -Zool._ 3^{e} ser. tom. ii. (1874), p. 152, &c.] - -Indeed it may very well be that the numerical superiority and wide -distribution of these two species have served to secure to them a -more or less exclusive right to the habit of harvesting, for it -is clear that a given tract of country can only afford supplies of -grain to a limited number of colonies; so that, if these ants have -taken up the ground and are strong enough to maintain possession, no -others would have a chance. However this may be, I find that the more -insight I gain into the distinctive habits and relations of animals, -the more the belief impresses itself upon me that wherever we find -many closely-allied species inhabiting restricted areas, there we may -safely look for important differences among these species in respect -of their modes of life, and in the development of their instinct and -intelligence. And indeed this may be considered as a corollary of -the great law of natural selection, which uniformly tends to secure -the greatest possible amount of divergence in this respect, and to -prevent the co-existence in close proximity to each other of distinct -species having the same requirements and manner of life. - -Thus, for example, even _Atta barbara_ and _structor_, though most -closely related as species, differ in habit; the former leading a -much more active life during the winter months at Mentone than the -latter, and seeking its home rather in wild than cultivated ground. -Then what differences different ants present in respect of strength, -speed, powers of offence and defence, numerical strength of colonies, -timidity, date and frequency of departure of winged ants from the -nest, odour emitted, combativeness, architecture and selection of -localities, nature of food, nocturnal and diurnal habits, and in -many other properties and conditions! It is doubtless owing to -dissimilarity in these and other respects that it becomes possible -for so many species to co-exist within very narrow limits, so that -even three or four distinct kinds sometimes form their nests so close -to each other that their galleries interlace and almost touch. - -There are probably very few conditions of life (except those -concerned with the nature and manner of obtaining food) which have a -greater influence either in keeping creatures apart or in bringing -them into collision, than those which constitute differences in their -respective periods of activity and development. Thus, two species of -which one has nocturnal and the other diurnal habits, or of which -one is dormant while the other is active, may be said to travel -different roads and to be complete strangers to one another. Complete -separation of this kind is, of course, not the rule, and the greater -number of species find themselves in more or less constant rivalry, -but possess a sufficient number of points of dissimilarity in habit -and requirements to make their co-existence possible. - -It is curious to note what little differences, as they seem to us, -may determine the fate of an ant. For example, the lizards will -lie in wait for and greedily seize and devour the winged males and -females of _structor_ and _barbara_, though they dare not attack the -assembled workers. It is curious to watch the way in which these -worker ants will protect the winged ants which are about to leave -the nest, by gathering round and swarming over them. When, as often -happens, the nest is placed in an old terrace-wall, one may see the -lizards creeping along or lying moulded into the inequalities of the -stones, all having their eager eyes directed towards the swarm. One -may then see the worker ants walk with impunity straight up to the -very noses of the lizards, while the male or female which should -chance to straggle in the same direction would infallibly be eaten -up. The lizards plainly show their fear of the workers by the way in -which, when they make up their mind to try a dash at some outlying -part of the ant colony, they leap through the lines in the utmost -haste as if traversing a ring of fire. - -Now these worker ants are destitute of stings, and I can only suppose -that their power of combination, stronger jaws and more horny coats, -have gained them this immunity. I remarked that the smaller lizards -appeared to have some difficulty in dealing with the males and -females which they captured, and would beat and pound them against -the stones before devouring them, while the larger ones would often -make but one mouthful of them, swallowing wings and all! - -If it were not for this body-guard of workers it is difficult to -see how the males and females in such situations could ever escape. -It is also plain that if the worker harvesting ants were as liable -to be seized and devoured as their winged companions, the species -would soon become extinct, for they expose themselves more than ants -ordinarily do, and their long provision-laden trains would be almost -at the mercy of any enemy which could attack them without fear of -results.[113] - -[Footnote 113: Speaking of the enemies of ants, I may mention having -seen a young robin in England picking up and swallowing the workers -of _Formica nigra_ just as if they were crumbs. I knew that birds -would eat the male and female ants, but I had thought the workers -were exempt from their attacks, and, indeed, they must be so as a -rule, for otherwise they would speedily become extinct.] - -Remembering this, it is interesting to note how differently the -tiger-beetle (_Cicendela_) behaves when hunting the powerful -harvesting ants and when preying upon the weak little _Formica -(Tapinoma) erratica_; for, while it seizes the latter without taking -any precautions, it is evidently more than half afraid of the former. - -I have seen this beetle lying in wait near a train of _structor_ or -_barbara_ ants, watching until some individual separated a little -from the main body, when it would rush forward and make a snap at it, -retiring again as quickly as it came. If the tiger-beetle fails to -seize its prey exactly behind the head it will let it go again, and -two or three ants are often thus cruelly mutilated before a single -one is carried off. - -No doubt the beetle has learned that if once this ant clasps its -mandibles upon either antennæ or legs, nothing, not even death -itself, will make it release its hold. It therefore tries to pin the -ant in such a way that it cannot use its formidable jaws. Perhaps the -habit of forming long compact trains may have been acquired by the -ants partly with a view to guarding against attacks of this kind. - -The colonies of the little _F. erratica_, on the other hand, -apparently have to trust to their habit of working under the covered -ways which they construct, as well as to their activity and great -numbers for their preservation. - -I had thought that the very powerful, and, to me, disagreeable, odour -of these little ants might have rendered them distasteful to the -tiger-beetle, but this is evidently not the case. - -I have said above that, as far as our present knowledge goes, only -two out of the 104 species of European ants are possessed of the -habit of collecting and storing seed, and it may be reasonably asked -how it can have come about, if this is the case, that the ancient -authors were so well acquainted with the fact. - -The explanation is that these writers lived on the shores of -the Mediterranean, where these two species--_Atta barbara_ and -_structor_--are extremely common objects, both on account of their -abundance and their habits. The long trains of harvesters remain -exposed to view for hours together, and _structor_ seeks the -neighbourhood or even the interior of towns, so that these ants -arrest the attention even of the unobservant, and often become -familiar as the sparrows. - -There can be little doubt that these two ants display the same habits -throughout all the warmer districts which they inhabit, but whether -they do so in Switzerland, Germany, Northern France, and the other -colder portions of their range, remains one of the many interesting -questions which still await investigation. - -Mr. F. Smith has recorded the presence of _Atta barbara_ in -Palestine, and I have lately obtained some curious evidence which -goes to show that harvesting ants not only carried on their -operations in times past in that country, but that their seed-stores -were on a much larger scale than any I have observed on the Riviera. - -I am indebted to Dr. F. A. Pratt for the information that mention -was made of ants and their stores in the Misna, that codification of -the traditionary and unwritten laws of the Jews, which was commenced -after the birth of Christ under the presidency of Hillel, and which -has at least the merit of serving as a record of a multitude of very -ancient customs and observances which, but for it, would probably -have long ago been forgotten. - -Now it so happens that the very first section of the Misna is called -_Zeraim_, and has to do with seeds and crops, and I was thus enabled, -without any very prolonged search, to light upon one of the passages -in question.[114] It occurs in a chapter entitled _De Angulo_ in the -Latin version, treating of the _corner_ of the fields bearing crops -which should be set aside for the poor, and of the rights of the -gleaners, and may be freely rendered as follows: "The granaries of -ants (_Formicarum cavernulæ_), which may be found in the midst of a -growing crop of corn, shall belong to the owner of the crop; but, if -these granaries are found after the reapers have passed, the upper -part (of each heap contained in these granaries) shall go to the poor -and the lower to the proprietor." And then is added: "The Rabbi Meir -is of opinion that the whole should go to the poor, because whenever -any doubt arises about a question of gleaning the doubt is to be -given in favour of the gleaner." - -[Footnote 114: "Formicarum cavernulæ in media segete proprietarii -censentur; pone messores superiore parte pauperum, inferiore -proprietarii. R. Meir totum pauperum esse censet, quia quod dubium -est in spicelegio, spicilegium est." And to this the following -explanatory note is appended: "Formicarum cavernulæ, Frumentum inibi -repertum." Misna, Sect. I. Zeraim. Cap. IV. p. 25. Latine vertit et -commentario illustravit Gulielmus Guisius. _Accedit_ Mosis Maimonidis -_Præfatio in_ Misnam, Edo. Pocockio _Interprete_, Oxoniæ A.D. 1690.] - -The intention of this very quaint bit of legislation, or rather -of the ancient custom which gave rise to it, appears to have been -the following; it was to settle once and for all a nice point of -conscience with reference to the claims of the poor upon these ant -stores. If the heaps of grain were found among the standing corn -before the reapers reached the spot or while they were still at -work, the proprietor might claim them without any hesitation; but, -if they were discovered after the passing of the reapers, then it -was conceivable that the ants, which during the whole time had never -ceased their labours, might have collected some of the grain from the -fallen ears of corn which lay upon the ground, and were the property -of the gleaners. These grains would be those which the ants had -collected most recently, and would therefore lie on the surface of -each granary heap. Thus it was settled that the upper portion of each -heap should belong to the poor, and the lower, that collected from -the standing crop, to the proprietor. - -We may perhaps laugh at the notion of critically discussing and -legislating upon such a subject, and think that such a pitiful matter -might have been allowed to pass among those _minima_ about which even -the Jewish law need not care. - -Be this as it may, it is interesting for us to learn that a custom of -the kind had its place among the recognised traditions of the people, -and that the harvesting ants of Syria had earned a place in these -records by amassing stores of sufficient size, and so disposed as to -make them worth collecting. - -This reminds us of what M. Germain de St. Pierre has related (_Ants -and Spiders_, p. 29) of the extent of the depredations made among the -corn crops at Hyères by these ants; and doubtless other observers who -have opportunities for watching the ants during the summer months -might supply further confirmation. - -It would be of interest to learn the extent and manner of concealment -of these large stores of grain, but, during the months from October -to May, I have never seen corn in any quantity in the granaries, -though there was frequent evidence of its late presence in the -dense masses of husks of oats and other large grain lying near the -nests. In October, 1873, I found near the entrances to a nest of -_structor_ a circular mound formed of this refuse, twenty-seven -inches in diameter, and averaging two inches in thickness, while -near other nests I have found the chinks between the stones of the -terrace-wall behind which the nest lay, literally stuffed with husks. -It was plain that these grains of cereals and the larger grasses -had been collected during the summer. The granaries in the winter -and spring contain the grains of some few of the autumnal grasses, -but are principally filled with seeds of the other more abundant -autumn-fruiting plants belonging to the neighbourhood. - -I have now collected from the granaries of these ants the seeds or -small dry fruits of fifty-four distinct species of wild plants, and -on examination I find that during my stay in the south (from October -to May) the seeds of the distinctively spring and summer-flowering -plants are either entirely absent or are very scarce, while the -great bulk of the seeds belong to plants which ripen their fruits -in the autumn. Thus the grains of oats, of the large fescue and -brome grasses, of quaking grasses (_Melica_), and other kinds common -near the nests in May, are conspicuously absent in the winter, as -are the fruits of all the sedges but one, and this one (_Carex -distans_) retains its fruits till late in the autumn. Among other -spring-flowering plants common near the nests, the seeds of which -are also absent, I may mention violets (_Viola odorata_), poppies, -(_Papaver_), certain species of _Veronica_, _Helianthemum guttatum_, -_Silene quinque-vulnera_ and _Plantago Bellardi_. - -Here a curious question arises--viz., What becomes of the large -stores of seeds which one may still find in the nests in May, when -the ants are busy pouring fresh supplies into the nest? The answer -probably is, that, as the weather becomes warmer, ever-increasing -calls are made by the larvæ upon the food-resources of the nest, and -that old and new seeds rapidly disappear together, and all the energy -and activity of the colony is needed to meet the increased demand. - -Still, it would be interesting, if it were possible, to assure -oneself whether this is the case; that is to say, whether the -residue of the winter stores is really consumed during the summer, -or whether a portion of it remains in the granaries until the -following autumn. One might perhaps learn something as to this if -one had an opportunity of opening a nest late in July, and before -the characteristic autumn-fruiting plants had set their seed. If the -granaries were then principally filled with seeds of spring-fruiting -plants, and the winter seeds were almost or entirely absent, this -would afford tolerably good negative evidence in favour of the latter -having been eaten during the summer. - -One thing is certain, and that is, that these harvesting ants do not -habitually abandon their nests every year. On the contrary, while -many swarms leave the nests at different seasons, a portion of the -original colony, or of its descendants, still remains in the old -home, and very few out of the many nests which I have watched during -the past three years, and of which I have noted and mapped the -positions, have been deserted. On my return to Mentone in October, -1873, I hastened to examine the nests between which war had been -carried on in the previous year (_Ants and Spiders_, p. 38), and -found in one case that the vanquished nest was completely lifeless -and abandoned, while the victorious colony was remarkably thriving, -and its granaries teemed with seeds. The locality occupied by the -other belligerent colonies had unfortunately been built over. - -I have often been asked whether I could give an approximate estimate -of the quantity of seeds contained in a nest of average size, but -I have hitherto felt unable to do this in a satisfactory manner. I -am now in possession of more reliable data, and believe that the -following calculation may be taken as a near approximation to the -truth. During the spring of 1873 I removed with but very little loss -the contents of two granaries from a very extensive nest of _Atta -structor_, consisting principally of seeds of clover, fumitory, and -pellitory. These seeds, when perfectly clean and freed from earth, -weighed in the one case 4 sc. 4 grs., and in the other 5 sc. 8 grs. -Now there cannot have been less than eighty such granaries in this -nest, so that, if we take five scruples as the average weight of the -seeds in each granary, and this, allowing for loss in collection, -which we may fairly do, we should have a total weight of more than -sixteen ounces, or one pound avoirdupois weight of seeds contained -in the nest. But, though this mass of seeds represents the result -of infinite labour on the part of the ants, each individual granary -contains but an insignificant quantity, and the store-chambers often -lie at great distances apart; it is therefore impossible to believe -that the stores alluded to in the Misna can have been as small and -scattered as these were, and we must, on the contrary, suppose them -to have been both larger and more accessible.[115] - -[Footnote 115: Perhaps these heaps of corn may have been piled up at -the entrance to the nest, as is sometimes the case when the workers, -in their eagerness to secure as much as possible of a passing -harvest, bring in the supplies too fast for their companions within -the nest to be able to find room for and accommodate. When this -happens the seeds lie outside the nest until fresh chambers are -prepared for their reception.] - -The means employed by the ants to prevent the germination of the -seeds contained in their granaries still remain secret, and all the -experiments and investigations which I have hitherto been able to -make have failed to give me the clue. - -The problem to be solved is the following: Given seeds, the readiness -of which to germinate has been proved, to place them in damp soil at -depths varying from half an inch to twenty inches below the surface -in such a manner that they shall remain there dormant, neither -germinating nor decaying, for weeks and even months. These very seeds -must be capable of germinating after the conclusion of the experiment. - -This is what the ants do for millions of seeds, for the instances -in which a few seeds appear to have sprouted within the nest in -defiance of the ants, are very rare and wholly exceptional; and -when after prolonged wet weather germinated seeds are seen outside -the nest, it will usually be found that these have the little root -cut off, and are eventually carried back into the nest and used as -food. By a fortunate chance I have been able to prove that the seeds -will germinate in an undisturbed granary when the ants are prevented -from obtaining access to it; and this goes to show not only that the -structure and nature of the granary chamber is not sufficient of -itself to prevent germination, but also that the presence of the ants -is essential to secure the dormant condition of the seeds. - -I discovered in two places portions of distinct nests of _Atta -structor_ which had been isolated owing to the destruction of the -terrace-wall behind which they lay, and there the granaries were -filled up and literally choked with growing seeds, though the earth -in which they lay completely enclosed and concealed them, until by -chance I laid them bare! In one case I knew that the destruction of -the wall had only taken place ten days before, so that the seeds had -sprouted in this interval. - -My experiments also tend to confirm this, and to favour the belief -that the non-germination of the seeds is due to some direct influence -voluntarily exercised by the ants, and not merely to the conditions -found in the nest, or to acid vapours which in certain cases are -given off by the ants themselves. - -In order to put this latter point to the test of experiment, I -confined about a hundred harvesting ants (_A. structor_), with their -queen and several larvæ, in a glass test-tube eight inches long and -one inch in diameter, closed with a cork and filled up to within -about an inch of the cork with damp sandy soil, most of which was -taken from the ants' nest. - -I added six peas, six cress and six millet, and then kept the tube -tightly corked for nine days, only once removing the cork for a few -seconds in order to sprinkle a little water on the ants, which were -evidently in need of it. On the ninth day I turned out the contents -of the tube and found that all the peas, millet and cress, had -germinated and were growing strongly. One of the cress, however, had -had its root, which lay across the gallery constructed by the ants, -gnawed off; four clover seeds, which had come with the soil taken -from the nest, and which had formed part of the ants' stores, had -germinated also. Here the small quantity of air contained in the -test-tube must certainly have become saturated with any vapour which -the ants may be supposed to give off, and we cannot therefore accept -this as the cause of the dormant condition of the granary seeds. - -I made other experiments in which harvesting ants were imprisoned -along with various seeds in small, cylindrical, closed vessels -containing a little damp sand. Here the vessels were frequently -rolled from side to side or shaken, during the twenty-two hours for -which the experiment lasted, so as to excite the ants and make them -give off such odours as they possessed, but no trace of injurious -influence was produced upon the seeds, which germinated and grew -normally afterwards. - -At Mr. Darwin's suggestion I made a long series of experiments -with formic acid, in which measured quantities, pure or diluted, -were placed in a watch-glass on damp sand and surrounded by seeds, -the whole being enclosed in a covered tumbler, so that the effects -produced on the seeds by the vapour rising from the acid might be -noted. Similar seeds were sown at the same time and in the same -way, but without the acid, so as to permit of comparison. These -experiments have afforded some interesting results,[116] but do not -supply any positive data which might help us to discover the secret -of the ants. They narrow, indeed, the area in which search can -profitably be made, indicating as they do that the vapour of formic -acid is incapable of rendering the seeds dormant after the manner of -the ants, and showing, on the contrary, that its influence is always -injurious to the seeds, even when present only in excessively minute -quantities. - -[Footnote 116: I hope shortly to offer these observations, together -with another series of a similar nature in which my friend Mr. J. B. -Andrews has taken part, to the Linnean Society.] - -It appears to me now that the most promising field for experiments -made with a view to clearing up this difficulty, is that afforded by -the closer investigation of the phenomena of normal germination, and -by a study of the conditions under which seeds remain dormant, as -they are occasionally known to do, in situations which our general -experience would have selected as favourable to germination. - -I have good hopes, also, that when we come to know more of the habits -of harvesting ants in tropical countries, and when naturalists have -excavated and described their subterranean stores--a thing which has -not yet been done as far as I know--we may gather fresh indications -to guide us in our search. - -I am puzzled to account for the fact, which I have seen stated by -more than one observer in India, that the ants there have a habit -of bringing out large quantities of grain and seed and laying them -in heaps outside their nests at the commencement of the wet season. -Dr. King, the director of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Calcutta, -has told me that when in the Gwalior territory during the beginning -of the rainy season, he saw heaps of seeds, principally those of a -leguminous plant (_Alyssocarpus_), piled up round the entrances to -the ants' nests, and that it was precisely at that time that flocks -of a rock-grouse (_Pterocles exustus_) first made their appearance. -They fed freely upon the seeds, and Dr. King found the crops of some -of these birds, which he had shot, filled with them. - -It is difficult to imagine why these Indian ants should turn out from -their nests the very seeds which it had cost them so much labour to -collect, and the more so as we find that these seeds are devoured -by birds. It seems just possible, however, that the ants, remaining -torpid during the rainy season, do not require the seeds, and know -that, under these circumstances, if left in the nest, they would -sprout, and choke up the galleries and granaries. Perhaps also they -may have learned that a certain number of the ejected seeds will -spring up and afford future harvests within easy reach of the nest. - -All this, however, and especially the suggestion as to the dormant -condition of the ants during the rainy season, might easily be proved -or disproved by direct observation; and at present we have nothing -but mere speculation to go upon. - -It is curious to find that the native population in a certain part -of India pay a kind of tribute to the ants, for Dr. King informs me -that the Hindoos in Rajputana, a province in which the old traditions -and superstitions retain especial hold, have a custom of scattering -dry rice and sugar for the ants, and thus apparently recognise both -their love of sweet things and their habit of collecting seeds. -It may be that this custom is now little more than a meaningless -rite; but in the past it probably had its origin, either in a wish -to propitiate the good will and avert the destructive attacks of -creatures which are the scourge and dread of entire districts, or in -a sentiment of combined fear and admiration--fear of the power, and -admiration of the energy, forethought, perseverance, and sense of -duty to the community displayed by these marvellous insects. - -That the latter feeling may have had some share in prompting this -act is suggested by another custom which is stated[117] to prevail in -Arabia, in accordance with which an ant is placed in the hand of a -newly-born child, in order that its virtues may pass into and possess -the infant. - -[Footnote 117: Freytag, paragraph under the Arabic word for Ant, in -his _Lexicon Arabico-Latinum_, vol. iv. p. 339, where he quotes from -a local dictionary.] - -Among the many curious and obscure features in the economy of ants, -one of the most interesting is the occasional presence in their nests -of different creatures which live among and often in harmony with -them, the nature of the relations between host and guest being for -the most part quite unknown. - -When examining the contents of some granaries from an extensive nest -of _Atta structor_ at Mentone last spring (1874), I found large -numbers of a minute, shining-brown beetle moving about among the -seeds. These little creatures were themselves not unlike some very -small seeds, and were of an elliptic form, measuring a trifle less -than one line in length. They proved to belong to the scarce and very -restricted genus _Coluocera_.[118] This species, named by Kraatz _C. -attæ_, on account of its inhabiting the nests of ants belonging to -the genus _Atta_, has been found in Greece. - -[Footnote 118: I am indebted to Mr. F. Smith of the British Museum -for the name of this beetle and for the following reference to its -description; Kraatz in _Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift_ for -1858-9, p. 140.] - -Mr. Bates,[119] in his most interesting account of his travels on the -Amazons, remarks upon the singular fact, of which the above instance -is an example: "that some of the most anomalous forms of Coleopterous -insects are those which live solely in the nests of ants," and he -then goes on to allude to the strange snake _Amphisbæna_, a native -of that region, which also lives in the nests of the Sauba ants -(_Œcodoma cephalotes_), observing how curious it is that an abnormal -form of snakes should be found in the society of these insects. He -is of opinion, however, that the _Amphisbæna_ is not an inoffensive -guest, but lives upon the ants whose nest it selects for its home. - -[Footnote 119: _Naturalist on the Amazons_, p. 61-2 (Ed. 2, 1864).] - -Another remarkable inhabitant of ants' nests is a minute cricket, of -which I found a single example in the midst of a colony of black ants -at Mentone in February, 1874. This miniature cricket is scarcely as -large as a grain of wheat, the body, excluding the antennæ and other -appendages, measuring only two lines in length. It has been described -by Dr. Paolo Savi[120] under the name of _Gryllus myrmecophilus_. He -detected it in the nests of several species of ants in Tuscany, where -it lived on the best terms with its hosts, playing round their nests -in warm, and retiring into them in stormy weather, while allowing the -ants to carry it from place to place during their migrations. - -[Footnote 120: Dr. P. Savi, _Osservazione sopra la Blatta acervorum di -Panzer_ in _Bibliotheco Italiana_, tom. xv. p. 217.] - -_Gryllus myrmecophilus_ has also been observed in nests of the turf -ant (_Tetramorium cæspitum_) near Paris.[121] - -[Footnote 121: _Bulletin Soc. Entom. de France_ (1872), p. li.] - -At Mentone I have never found more than this one specimen, and the -ants among which it was domiciliated were of a species new to me -(_Camponotus_ (_Formica_) _lateralis_, Oliv.). This colony of ants -was composed of many winged males and females, as well as workers, -the last-named measuring from two and a half to three lines in -length, and black in colour. In other colonies I have found the -workers black, with red head and thorax. - -Another ant, not enumerated in my list in _Ants and Spiders_, is -_Camponotus_ (_Formica_) _sylvatica_, which I detected in March last -under stones on Cap Martin, near Mentone. When disturbed, this ant -runs along with its abdomen raised vertically in the air, much as -the devil's coachhorse (_Staphylinus_) does. The same curious habit -of erecting the abdomen is found in another ant, not uncommon in -decaying wood in the South, _Crematogaster scutellaris_; and probably -all three insects adopt this threatening attitude, which is that of -the scorpion preparing to strike and sting, in order to intimidate -their enemies, though _Crematogaster_ is the only one which really -possesses a sting. - -_Camponotus sylvatica_ has the same long legs and slender body as -_Formica cursor_, and is of about the same size; the workers, which -are of a dark brown colour, measuring about 3-1/2 lines in length. - -Perhaps it may be well, in concluding these remarks on Harvesting -Ants, to call attention to the principal questions which still await -solution. The first is one which any observer who travels in Central -Europe during the summer may help to solve. - -1. Do _any_ ants collect and store seed in Switzerland, Germany, -North France, England, or indeed in any of the colder parts of the -world? - -2. What are the habits of _Atta structor_ and _A. barbara_ when -living, as they are known to do, in Switzerland, Germany, and -Northern France? - -3. How do the ants contrive to preserve the seeds in their granaries -free from germination and decay? - -4. How are the seed-stores of tropical ants disposed below ground, -and of what do they consist? - -5. Do harvesting ants exist in the southern states of North America, -in Australia, New Zealand, or at the Cape? - - - - -SUPPLEMENT - -TO - -TRAP-DOOR SPIDERS. - - -There would doubtless be a just feeling of pride and satisfaction -in the heart of a naturalist who could say that he had made himself -thoroughly acquainted with all the species of a particular group of -animals, had learned their most secret habits, and mastered their -several relations to the objects, animate and inanimate, which -surrounded them. But perhaps a still keener pleasure is enjoyed by -one who carries about with him some problem of the kind but partially -solved, and who, holding in his hand the clue which shall guide him -onwards, sees in each new place that he visits fresh opportunities of -discovery. The latter is certainly the condition of those who take -an interest in searching out the habits and characters of trap-door -spiders; for this subject, far from being exhausted, expands under -the light of recently acquired facts, and invites research in many -parts of Europe, north as well as south. - -We have only to compare the number of types of trap-door nest which -were known before the publication of _Ants and Spiders_, with those -at present recorded, to see how fruitful this field of inquiry has -already proved. - -Before this little work was published, only one type of trap-door -nest was known in Europe: two new types were described in its pages, -and I have now the pleasure of being able to bring three more -hitherto unknown European types before the notice of my readers, thus -raising the number to six in all. I do not include in these six types -the very curious, and still imperfectly-known nest of _Atypus_;[122] -a spider which is a true representative of the trap-door group as -far as its structural characters are concerned, but which, although -it excavates a silk-lined burrow in the earth, does not appear to -construct any kind of door at the mouth of its tube. - -[Footnote 122: See _Ants and Spiders_, page 78. _Atypus_ belongs to -the sub-family _Atypinæ_, a division which does not include any of -the _Nemesias_ or _Ctenizas_, and of which indeed _Atypus_ is the -only European representative.] - -Much uncertainty still hangs over the habits of this spider, as the -facts hitherto recorded, though perfectly authentic, are difficult -to piece together into a satisfactory whole. One thing, however, -is clear, and that is, that the nests and habits of the spiders of -the genus _Atypus_ (of which, as Mr. Pickard-Cambridge, informs me, -two if not three distinct species inhabit England) merit attentive -study, and would most certainly repay it. Hastings, Portland, the -coast of Dorsetshire, and the neighbourhood of London and Exeter, are -the habitats hitherto cited for this spider, but I cannot doubt its -existence in many sheltered localities on the south coast of England. - -The most recent contribution to our knowledge of this genus is -contained in a paper by M. Eugène Simon,[123] who describes three -species (two of which are new), as inhabiting France, and it remains -to be ascertained whether our British _Atypi_ agree in their -characters with any of these. - -[Footnote 123: Note sur les Espèces françaises du genre _Atypus_, -Latr. in Ann. Soc. Entomologique de France, 5^e ser. tom. iii. -(1873), p. 109.] - -He describes (p. 113-4) the nest and mode of life of _Atypus piceus_, -Sulzer (=_A. Sulzeri_, Latr.),[124] the commonest of the three -species, as follows:--"They (the spiders) seek dry and somewhat sandy -slopes, sometimes also woods, chiefly plantations of evergreens; -their retreat is always concealed either by stones, or in moss which -one must remove carefully and in large masses (_plâques_) in order to -detect them." - -[Footnote 124: Thus named by M. Simon.] - -"This Atypus excavates an oblique hole of 15 to 20 centimetres deep, -and of the size of its body; it lines it with a rather narrow silken -tube of a very close texture, the upper part of which, exceeding the -subterranean portion in length, lies horizontally on the surface -of the ground, and ends in an open tapering point. Near its lower -extremity the tube is suddenly contracted, and then dilates into -the form of a fairly spacious apartment, in which the spider lives; -the cocoon enclosing the eggs is suspended by a few threads at the -contraction. I have frequently surprised _Atypus_ in the act of -holding earth-worms in their falces, and I think that these Annelids -constitute the larger part of their food; indeed, if one examines -the lower portion of the silk chamber, one may remark a part where -the tissue is thinner and more transparent. I have not been able to -detect an opening, but it is probable that the _Atypus_ can easily -part the not very compact threads, and thus obtain for itself an easy -prey, and dispense with the necessity of ascending to the surface -of the ground. When taken out of its tube, _Atypus_ does not even -attempt to escape; it is therefore plain that it is not organized -for the pursuit of an active prey; and, on the other hand, the upper -extremity of the tube is ill-adapted for an ambuscade, being almost -closed, and without support. This small opening would seem to be -solely intended for the entrance and exit of the male (a very much -smaller creature than the female) during the breeding season, which -occurs in the month of October." - -[Illustration: _Plate XIII_] - -M. Simon says that this species of _Atypus_ is common in all the -centre, east and west of France, and that he has detected it in -great abundance in the neighbourhood of Troyes, in Champagne, in the -month of October, when the male was inhabiting the same tube with -the female.[125] I am greatly indebted to M. Simon for having given -me the specimen of a silk tube taken entire from a nest found in -this locality, which I have figured in Plate XIII., fig. A. It will -be seen that the tube has collapsed, but one may still trace the -enlargement near the base which forms the chamber, the elbow where it -is bent at the surface of the ground, the moss, scales, and fibres -of plants which are woven into, and serve to conceal the aërial -portion, and its termination in a twisted and apparently-closed mouth. - -[Footnote 125: M. Simon has discovered another species of _Atypus_ at -Digne in the Basses Alpes which constructs a similar nest to that -described above. This species was detected for the first time by M. -Simon and described by him under the name of _Atypus bleodonticus_.] - -Indeed, I believe that, in this specimen, the upper extremity of the -tube is really closed, for, when I succeeded in inflating this aërial -portion, the lips did not part, but remained drawn together. - -It seems very extraordinary that the mouth of the tube should be thus -closed, so that the female spider becomes a prisoner, self-immured, -and I can only suppose that this is a temporary condition, limited -perhaps to the period during which she receives the visits of the -male. - -At the very base of the tube I found a mass of earth, roots and -vegetable fibres, and in this I hoped to have detected the _débris_ -of insects or other food, such as I sometimes find at the bottom of -and below the tubes of the trap-door nests in the South, but of this -there was no trace. - -It is difficult to me to imagine how the spider could contrive to -live by the capture of worms, after the fashion suggested by M. -Simon; for who does not know the speed with which, on the slightest -alarm, worms draw back into their holes and escape pursuit, and the -muscular power which they exert in resisting any attempts to drag -them out of the earth? - -M. Simon's account of the closed tube and capture of worms by this -spider corresponds, however, with that given by Mr. Joshua Brown, the -first discoverer of _Atypus_ in England. - -This gentleman communicated his discovery to Mr. Edward Newman[126] -in 1856, since which time (with the exception of M. Simon's paper -quoted above) little or nothing seems to have been done to clear up -the points which remain doubtful in the history of these singular -creatures. - -[Footnote 126: Note on _Atypus Sulzeri_ of Latreille, by Mr. -Edward Newman, read before the Linnean Society; a report of this -communication is given in _The Zoologist_, vol. xiv. (1856), p. 5021.] - -Several nests of _Atypus_ were discovered by Mr. Joshua Brown in the -neighbourhood of Hastings, when traversing a lane bounded on either -side by high and steep sand-banks, partially covered with grass and -bushes. - -His attention was at first arrested by the sight of "something -hanging down which looked like the cocoon of some moth;" but, on -closer examination, the silk case proved to be empty, and was -continued as a tube into the ground to a depth of 9 inches, where he -came upon the spider lying at the bottom. Further research revealed -the existence of a number of these nests in the same locality, but -the length of the different tubes varied much; they were usually -about 9 inches long, but some were much longer, often baffling his -attempts to follow them; the longest which he was able to secure -entire measured 11 inches. All the nests were, however, alike in -having a tubular silk lining, about 3/4 of an inch in diameter, a -part of which protruded from the ground for about 2 inches, and was -pendent, inflated, and covered with particles of sand, assimilating -it to the surrounding surface; it was closed at the upper extremity, -leaving no exit to the open air. - -Mr. Brown took home some of these tubes in a collapsed state with -the spider at the bottom. In one case, on opening the box in which -the nest was placed, he perceived a movement throughout the tube, -as if it were being inflated; this however soon subsided, but the -following morning he was surprised to see that the whole tube was -inflated, especially at the end which had lain exposed on the bank. -He failed to find any aperture by which the spider could enter or -leave her nest, and his captives, though passing backwards and -forwards in their tubes, never came out at either end. He never saw -flies or any fragments of insects in the nests; but, on drawing out -one of the tubes, he observed a worm at the lower end, partially -within it, partially outside, and he perceived that the spider -had evidently been eating a considerable portion of its anterior -extremity. - -It will readily be seen that there are some discrepancies between the -different accounts which have been given of the nests of _Atypus_ -found in England and France,[127] and I think it quite probable that -some at least of the nests described may really differ, and be the -work of distinct species belonging to this genus. Mr. Brown describes -his nests as having by far the greater part of their length under -ground, while in those observed by M. Simon, as shown in my figure, -Plate XIII. fig. A, the exposed portion of the tube equalled or -exceeded the subterranean. - -[Footnote 127: A subject already alluded to in _Ants and Spiders_, at -p. 78.] - -An imperfect specimen at the British Museum, from some English -station (exact habitat not given), appears to have the proportions -described by Mr. Brown; the length of the aërial portion of the tube -being less than one-fourth of that of the subterranean; the upper -end of the tube is however open, but I am doubtful whether this was -originally so or not, for the silk is torn at this point, and the -opening may be a rent caused by rough handling. - -After a comparison of the above description, it appears to me that -the following are the principal points which remain to be cleared up: - -1. What is the precise structure of the nests of Atypus, and are they -always uniform in character at all seasons of the year? - -2. What is the use of the exposed aërial portion of the tube? - -3. Do the two British species make similar nests? - -4. What food, besides worms, does the female live upon, and how does -she obtain it? - -5. Does she ever leave the nest? - -6. What becomes of these spiders and their nests in the winter, and -how long do they live? - -7. When do the young leave the nest; and do they, like their -relatives in the South, construct nests like those of their parents -in miniature? - -I would commend all these points to any lover of Nature who may -seek the southern coasts of England during the autumn and winter -months, and I think it more than likely that a careful search in -the sandy banks near St. Leonards, the slopes under the fir-woods -of Bournemouth, and the deep lanes in the neighbourhood of Torquay, -would be rewarded with success. - -If the breeding season in England only commences in October, as -appears to be the case in France, it would seem most probable that -the spiders survive the winter. Very possibly these spiders and -their nests might be transplanted and placed for observation in a -garden; and if room were granted them in a greenhouse or Wardian -case, or even in a large flower-pot in a living-room, it is not -unlikely that the warmer temperature might waken them up to renewed -activity. - -It seems clear that _Atypus_ has to fear the insidious attacks of -enemies; for not only is the external portion of the tube closed or -almost closed at certain seasons, but it is covered outside with such -materials as may serve to make it resemble the surrounding surface -of the ground. Thus Mr. Brown's nests, lying on a sandy bank, were -covered with particles of sand, while my specimen from Troyes has -moss and fibres of plants woven into its upper extremity. - -Indeed, all the European representatives of the suborder -_Territelariæ_ which I have myself met with, conceal their nests -with great care and skill. There appear to be others, however, which -either make no nests at all but hide under stones, or only construct -a simple silk tube, open at the mouth, and without any special -contrivance for its dissimulation. Further observation of the habits -and dwellings of these apparently unworthy members of the trap-door -group is much to be desired. - -Mr. Bates,[128] in his work on the Amazons, describes _Mygale -(Theraphosa) Blondii_, a large and powerful spider of that region, as -burrowing into the earth and "forming a broad slanting gallery about -three feet long, the sides of which he lines beautifully with silk." -This spider "is nocturnal in his habits," and maybe seen "just before -sunset keeping watch within the mouth of his tunnel, disappearing -suddenly when he hears a heavy foot-tread near his hiding place." - -[Footnote 128: Bates, H. W., _Naturalist on the Amazons_, Ed. 2. -(1864).] - -This nest would therefore appear to have an open tube undefended -by any door; but in this case the great size of the spider and the -depth of the burrow, which is more than twice as long as that of the -average European nests, may help to explain this apparent want of -precaution. - -But, if we wish to learn with what different materials and by what -varied means the same end of self-preservation can be attained, we -have only to cast a glance at the sketch of a portion of a nest at -fig. B, Plate XIII., p. 183, where it will be seen that the entrance -to the nest, far from being concealed or obscured in any way, is -rendered a most striking object, and one which appears devised -for the very purpose of attracting attention. The nest to which I -refer is the work of _Cyrtauchenius elongatus_, from Morocco, and -consists, according to the account given me by its discoverer, M. -Simon, of a deep cylindrical burrow in the soil, the silk lining of -which is prolonged upwards for about three inches above the surface -of the ground, and enlarged into a funnel shape, so that it becomes -from two to three inches across at the orifice. This aërial portion -being snow-white, at once attracts the eye even from a considerable -distance, and the nests rising up amid the sparse grasses and other -small plants which serve to support but not to conceal them, present -the appearance of scattered white fungi. - -This is therefore quite a new type among the nests constructed by -trap-door spiders, new in form and probably in function also, and I -would propose to distinguish it provisionally as the _funnel type_. - -Now the female _Cyrtauchenius_ is, like its near relatives the -_Nemesias_, a sluggish and rather helpless creature, and shows no -apparent physical superiority which might countenance its dispensing -with the methods of concealment which form the characteristic habit -of the group. - -How then does this spider manage to escape its many enemies, -especially the insidious attacks of the insects of the _Sphex_ and -_Ichneumon_ families, which certainly abound in Morocco? - -Mr. Wallace, to whom I put the question, suggested that this species -may perhaps be chiefly nocturnal in its habits, and that, if this -is the case, the bright white and flower-like tube of the nest may -possibly serve to attract night flying insects, which would thus -become its prey. - -In any case, whether we can discover them or not, some curious points -of difference must exist between this spider and its allies, which -secure to it a comparative immunity. - -It appears to me that there are few questions which can be of greater -interest to the naturalist than those which have to do with the -conditions determining the existence of a given species in a given -place. - -Of the questions, Who are your relatives? Where do they live? and How -are you able to live here? surely the last is not the least important. - -And, if we wish to try to answer this question, we must do all in -our power to find out how the habits and conditions of life of the -creature in question, differ from those of its competitors; for we -may be quite certain that it does not exist where we see it by grace -and favour, but by merit; if it is neither stronger, cleverer nor -more numerous than its neighbours, we may be sure that it has found -some means of living which does not interfere fatally with their -requirements. Hence the endless diversity of function and habits in -all living creatures, which forms such a prolific and marvellous -subject for our study and contemplation. - -I am indebted to M. Simon for permission to publish the details given -above on _Cyrtauchenius elongatus_, and also for having given me such -directions as enabled me to make the sketch from which the drawing at -Plate XIII., fig. B, was copied. - -I must however state that this illustration is not taken from an -actual specimen, but is prepared solely from his description; so that -it cannot pretend to complete accuracy of detail. M. Simon assured -me nevertheless that it conveyed the general appearance of this -remarkable nest with sufficient fidelity, and I have been induced to -reproduce it here in the hope that it may serve to make my meaning -plainer, and to suggest the kind of object which one should look for, -if an opportunity offered. - -Another species of the same genus, _Cyrtauchenius Doleschallii_, is -known to inhabit Sicily, but the nest is undescribed. M. Lucas has -described two species,[129] belonging to the closely-allied genus -_Cyrtocephalus_, both of which appear to construct nests somewhat -similar in form to that discovered by M. Simon. Whether these -nests are equally showy we cannot tell, as the account is brief and -few details are given; but one, that of _Cyrtocephalus terricola_, -appears to differ in having threads stretched from the opening of its -funnel, which serve to ensnare insects and to give notice of these -captures. - -[Footnote 129: _Cyrtocephalus Walckenaëri_ and _terricola_, Lucas -(H.), _Animaux articulés de l'Algérie_ (Paris, 1847-9), vol. i. p. -94-5.] - -The great trap-door group therefore comprises spiders which differ -widely in respect of their dwelling places. Some construct no nest -at all or only an irregular web, and live under stones; others, -like _Theraphosa Blondii_, make a simple cylindrical tunnel, or, -like those just described, a tube having a prolonged, uncovered, -funnel-shaped mouth: others again, belonging to the genus _Atypus_, -form the curious and as yet imperfectly-understood nests with a -silken tubular lining, part of which hangs down outside; while on the -highest rung of the architectural ladder, stand the builders of the -veritable trap-door nests. - -It seems quite possible that, when we know more of the structures -made by _Territelariæ_ generally in various parts of the world, we -shall find that nests of various degrees of complexity and perfection -of structure exist, bridging over the gulf between the barbarous -dwellers under stones and the highly civilized inhabitants of the -branched wafer and cork nests. - -Indeed, thanks to recent discoveries, I am already able to do -something of this kind for one small group of spiders, namely, for -that of the European _Nemesias_ having nests with wafer doors. - -[Illustration: _Plate XIV._] - -I hope to make this plain by reference to the diagrams on Plate XIV., -where the figures C, D, E, F, and G represent on a reduced scale five -types of wafer nest constructed by as many distinct spiders, and -where a gradation may readily be traced between the simplest type at -C and the most complicated at G; but we shall speak more fully of -this matter by-and-by. - -In these diagrams I have placed that representing the nest of -_Atypus_ on the extreme left (A);[130] next to this stands that -of a nest of the cork type (B), a type which must be carefully -distinguished from all the rest. It must not be supposed that the -solid cork door (so called from its resemblance to a short cork -closing the neck of a bottle), is nothing more than a thicker edition -of the wafer door; it is not so, but, on the contrary, possesses a -very characteristic structure of its own, being composed of many -layers of silk, each furnished with a sloping rim of earth, while the -wafer door consists of but a single layer of silk. - -[Footnote 130: These types may be briefly enumerated as follows: - - A, nest of _Atypus_. - - B, cork nest, and B, 1, layers of silk and earth forming the door of the - cork nest. - - C, single-door, unbranched wafer nest. - - D, single door, branched wafer nest. - - E, double-door, unbranched wafer nest, and E, 1, lower door of the same. - - F, the Hyères double-door branched wafer nest, and F, 1, lower door of - the same. - - G, double-door branched cavity wafer nest, as seen in the oldest and - largest specimens, and G, 1, the same in the younger specimens. - G, 2, the lower door of this nest, being of the same form in young - and old nests. -] - -I have represented at B 1 the 14 layers of silk and earth which went -to make a single cork door examined by me. It will be seen that the -outermost of these layers is the largest, and the innermost the -smallest, and I have already (_Ants and Spiders_, p. 150) shown -reason for believing that the latter constituted the first door the -spider ever made, and that the consecutive layers mark successive -stages in the enlargement of the nest. - -There is therefore a broad distinction as to construction between -cork nests and wafer nests; moreover, while the former are, as far -as we know at present, all of one type, and only differ in size or -proportion, the latter appear under five distinct types. - -Thus, every known cork nest, whether found in Europe, America, or -the Antipodes, has the same solid door and simple tube; while of the -wafer nests, some have branched and others simple tubes, and some -again possess a lower door in addition to the upper or surface door. - -In the following pages I intend to treat of the trap-door spiders and -their nests in the same order in which the latter are placed in the -diagram, commencing with those of the cork type B, and then dealing -successively with the several wafer nests from C to G. We have -already spoken of A, the nest of _Atypus piceus_, and seen that our -present knowledge of this nest, of the habits of its occupant and of -those of its relations, is still far from complete. - -The cork type is, as my readers will perhaps remember, the great -cosmopolitan type which ranges round the world, and which, curious to -say, is built by many different spiders belonging to distinct genera. - -The idea of planning this very perfect bit of mechanism appears to -be the common inheritance of these several spiders, separated though -they are by wide intervals of geographical space as well as to -structural divergence. - -At Mentone two distinct spiders construct nests of the cork type, -one of these being a _Nemesia_ and the other a _Cteniza_. They are -as unlike each other as they well can be, and it seems remarkably -strange that their nest-building instinct should be so similar. The -nest of the _Cteniza_ is indeed shallower than that of the _Nemesia_, -and a practised eye can usually trace a difference between the -slightly less angular lower surface and more semi-circular outline -of the door of the former, and the more abruptly bevelled and more -circular door of the latter. - -These spiders and their nests have been already described and figured -in _Ants and Spiders_ under the names of _Ct. fodiens_ and _Nemesia -cæmentaria_. Recent discoveries have however shown that these spiders -possess distinctive characters of their own, and, though closely -allied to the species indicated, should be separated from them. - -Last spring when pulling down an old terrace-wall (by permission) I -had the good fortune to discover the very remarkable male _Cteniza_ -drawn at fig. A, Pl. XX., p. 254. I found no trace of a nest or web -of any kind, and the spider was merely hiding between the stones. - -There appears to be scarcely any doubt that this is the male of the -female Mentonese _Cteniza_ which has, up to this time, been called -_Ct. fodiens_. A comparison with typical specimens of the true _Ct. -fodiens_ from Corsica, has however shown that the two are certainly -distinct, and Mr. Pickard-Cambridge[131] now describes the Mentonese -form under the name of _Ct. Moggridgii_.[132] - -[Footnote 131: Mr. Pickard-Cambridge has once more kindly undertaken -the task of naming and describing my collections of trap-door -spiders, and the results of his labours will be found at the end of -the present work.] - -[Footnote 132: I take this opportunity of thanking him for the -compliment. A description of this new species will be found at p. -254, below.] - -The females of the true _Cteniza fodiens_ are far larger than those -of our new Mentonese species, and construct their nests in dry and -exposed places, instead of in the moist and shady ivy-covered banks -selected by the latter. I have found _Cteniza Moggridgii_ at San Remo -and Mentone, and it will probably be also discovered at Nice, but I -failed to detect it either at Cannes or Hyères. - -The Corsican male at the first glance curiously resembles that found -at Mentone, but differs essentially in details and especially in -having the surface of the caput unbroken, whereas the caput of the -latter presents a very peculiar character in an impressed line which -runs across it from side to side (figs. A 1 and A 2). Both agree, -however, in being strangely unlike their females. - -The other builder of a nest of the cork type at Mentone was, as has -been already stated, described and figured in _Ants and Spiders_ -under the name of _Nemesia cæmentaria_. Now the true _N. cæmentaria_ -of Latreille is found at Montpellier, the classical habitat where the -first discovery of trap-door spiders in Europe was made towards the -end of the last century, but its true characters have been hitherto -but imperfectly known. - -I have lately been able to secure several specimens at this place, -and they certainly differed in their markings from the so-called -_cæmentaria_ of Mentone. M. Simon had previously informed me that -he considered our Mentonese spider distinct from the typical -_cæmentaria_, and had kindly proposed to give my name to the -Mentonese species; and now Mr. Pickard-Cambridge, on the receipt -of the specimens collected by me at Montpellier, coincides with M. -Simon, and adopts his nomenclature, calling the Mentonese _Nemesia N. -Moggridgii_.[133] - -[Footnote 133: See below, p. 273.] - -I found but one nest of the cork type at Montpellier, where it was -most abundant, and invariably inhabited by the same spider, so that -there can be little doubt that this is the celebrated _Nemesia -cæmentaria_ of Latreille, the nests of which were described by the -Abbé Sauvages in 1763. - -When living, the pattern on the abdomen is far more distinct and is -traced on a paler ground than in _N. Moggridgii_, and the patterns -on the back of the caput, as seen in specimens preserved in spirits, -and the relative sizes of the lateral eyes, as well as other details -enumerated by Mr. Pickard-Cambridge, afford characters by which they -may be known apart; and it is probable that when the males, which -are at present unknown, shall be discovered, they will be found to -present other distinctive peculiarities. In the present instance -we have the reverse of the case described above, in which two very -distinct spiders constructed a similar nest, for here both spiders -and nests are much alike. - -We have yet to learn what are the special advantages which each -type of nest affords; but it is plain from the fact of the -same type being adopted indifferently by both nearly- and most -distantly-related spiders, that the form of the nest is governed far -more by the conditions which it is contrived to meet, than by the -affinity or resemblance of the spiders which construct it. - -I have found _N. Moggridgii_ at San Remo, Mentone, Cannes, Hyères, -and Marseilles, but thus far, I only know of the true _N. cæmentaria_ -at Montpellier. - -The latter spider is rather bolder than the former, and I frequently -saw it at Montpellier watching at the slightly raised door, with the -tips of the claws projecting from the nest, and it rarely failed to -resist most vigorously any attempt of mine to force the door open. - -During the summer of 1873, I received two specimens of trap-door -nests from California. Both of these nests were of the cork type and -nearly entire, wanting only a small portion of the base of the tube; -they most closely resembled one another and were probably the work -of the same spider. For one of these, coming from the San Joaquin -valley, between the Calaveras and the Tejon, I have to thank M. J. C. -Puls, a Belgian entomologist residing at Ghent; and for the other, -containing the spider which had constructed it _alive within its -tube_ (!), I am indebted to Mr. G. H. Treadwell of San Francisco. The -former nest is drawn at fig. A, Plate XV., and the spider[134] from -the latter at fig. B of the same plate. - -[Footnote 134: This spider, which proves to be a new species, is -described below (p. 260) as _Cteniza Californica_.] - -[Illustration: _Plate XV._] - -Mr. Treadwell had carried this spider and its nest, with the block -of earth in which it lay, all the way from Visalia, a town about 350 -miles south of San Francisco, where he had taken it; the nest and -spider travelled safe to London enclosed in an empty cocoatina tin, -4-1/2 inches deep, and 2-3/4 across. - -The nest was then entire, for these spiders appear to make singularly -shallow tubes; and it might have remained so up to the present day -had it not been for the rash curiosity of a chambermaid in the London -hotel where Mr. Treadwell was staying, who, smitten with a great -desire to learn what the heavy little box which came from the land of -gold might contain, proceeded to examine the earth, when the sudden -appearance of the spider frightened her so much that box and nest and -all were thrown with a crash upon the floor. - -Were it not for this unlucky incident I might have seen a complete -specimen of this curious nest; but as it was, though the spider -miraculously escaped uninjured, the bottom of the nest was pounded -into dust, and only the upper portion remained intact. - -Both this nest and that sent to me by M. Puls, were of the true cork -type, and presented a solid door with a bevelled edge, fitting into -the correspondingly bevelled lip of the tube, and shutting flush with -the surface of the ground. The lining of the tube was strong and -thick, but soft and silky to the touch. - -The tube itself in Mr. Treadwell's specimen, when intact, cannot have -measured more than 3-1/2 inches in length; and we learn from Dr. -Lanzwert, who collected the other specimen, that the average length -of these nests does not exceed three inches. Dr. Lanzwert, writing -in one of the local papers[135] of "The Mygales or Ground Spiders," -says, "the poisonous black tarantulas, so well known to naturalists, -are extremely common in California, but only in places upland, or -lowland which are very hot and dry. Their principal haunts are the -San Joaquin valley, between the Calaveras and the Tejon. A similar -species from the coast is not only smaller than the interior variety, -but the colours are much deeper. They both make a curious habitation -under the ground, composed of a glutinized, web-worked purse, about -three inches long, and which is furnished with a tightly-fitting lid -which they can open or shut at pleasure, and which is as cunning a -piece of insect architecture as is to be found in nature. These ugly -loathsome Californian spiders are often mentioned by thoughtless -scribes as carrying no more danger than a common wasp, like the -species of Italy, but it is well known that several persons, young -and old, have lost their lives in this State from the bite of such -tarantulas as are met with in our coast and interior country. Their -enemy in the Tulare valley is an immense shining black wasp,[136] -fully an inch long, which will pounce upon them, and after a short -battle drag the tarantula along in the most valiant style of heroic -conquest. These interior tarantulas are often seen measuring two -inches in the spread." - -[Footnote 135: _The Evening Bulletin_ for Oct. 25, 1866.] - -[Footnote 136: This insect was probably not a true wasp, though -belonging to an allied family; it may perhaps have been a _Pepsis_, -certain species of which genus Mr. Bates informs me he has frequently -seen near Santarem on the Amazon, hawking over the ground where the -huge trap-door spiders lived, and suddenly pouncing down upon one of -these creatures, often many times larger than themselves, when, after -paralysing their victim with their sting, they would deliberately saw -off the legs before dragging away the bodies!] - -Mr. Treadwell was quite as much impressed as Dr. Lanzwert with the -belief that the bite of these spiders is fatal, but it does not -appear that either of these gentlemen have obtained conclusive -evidence in support of this allegation. - -I have occasionally been bitten by the trap-door spiders in South -France, but have never experienced the slightest subsequent -inconvenience, nor was there any trace of inflammation or poisoning -about the punctures which they made. Mr. Blackwall[137] has made a -very careful set of observations on this head, and has caused some of -the largest species of British spiders to bite his finger and wrist -until the blood flowed, without the slightest ill effects. He also -inoculated himself at the same time with the poisonous secretion of -the spider and with that of the wasp; when the latter wound became -extremely painful, while the former was not perceptibly aggravated. -Mr. Blackwall obtained the spiders' poison by causing a spider to -seize a slip of clean glass with its mandibles, when a small quantity -of a liquid showing a slightly acid reaction was deposited. - -[Footnote 137: Mr. J. Blackwall, _Researches in Zoology_, ed. 2, 1873; -chapter on "The Poison of the Araneidea," pp. 240-256.] - -Mr. Treadwell informed me that these Californian trap-door spiders -leave their nests in the daytime, and may be seen walking by the -roadside, though they are always prepared to hurry back to their -nests on the approach of danger. - -I received the spider which I have represented at fig. B, Pl. XV., -p. 198 (_Cteniza Californica_), from this gentleman alive, and still -within the remaining portion of her nest, on the 6th of July, 1873. -She then had the legs and cephalothorax of a brownish-black, and -the abdomen of a dull, uniform, dusky chocolate brown, but with an -indistinct median line near the anterior end on the upper side, -intersected at right angles by a shorter line. Mr. Treadwell said, -however, that when captured, this spider was much darker, and of a -pitchy black colour. The hairs all over the body were short, but -especially so on the abdomen, which had the appearance of cloth or -felt. - -This creature in many ways recalls _Cteniza fodiens_ of Corsica, and -in a less degree the _Cteniza_ of Mentone and San Remo. - -We find not only the same general form of body, but also the same -claws furnished with only one tooth, instead of many as in _Nemesia_, -and other distinctive features; and it is interesting to observe in -the nest that the more semi-circular form of the door and the wider -hinge also connect it rather with _Cteniza_ than with _Nemesia_. - -Here, as in all spiders yet observed in cork nests, we find the habit -of resisting any attempt to open the door, and many a time when I -have wished to raise the lid in order to drop in flies or other -food, I have been obliged to desist because the bending blade of my -penknife showed that I should injure the nest if I used greater force. - -No doubt the shallowness of the nest is an advantage to its occupant -in one way--namely, that it enables the spider to start up at the -shortest notice, and cling on to the door. - -It is curious to find that, far as California is removed from the -Riviera, the same habits of construction and self-defence are common -to the spiders of both countries, and that the bond of kinship sets -time and space at defiance. - -I kept this spider all through the summer and early autumn at -Richmond (Surrey), sprinkling the nest from time to time with water, -and constantly supplying its inhabitant with flies, wood-lice, -grasshoppers, earwigs, and other similar dainties. She did not, -however, seem eager for food, and the insects provided for her, and -actually placed within the nest, were often turned out again almost -untouched. - -When I placed living insects, such as grasshoppers, for example, -within the nest over-night, she would often allow them to remain -there unharmed, so that I found them ready to escape on opening the -door the following morning. - -I never saw her leave the nest of her own free will, and when I made -her come out and set her to run in the garden, she began at once to -seek for a place to hide in, hobbling along in an ungainly way and at -a slow pace. - -She must, however, have left the nest on more than one occasion, -unseen by me, for she deposited several clusters of eggs at various -times upon the under-surface of the gauze net which was fastened over -the mouth of the box in which she was imprisoned. - -The first of these groups of eggs was laid during the night between -the 12th and 13th of July, and formed a raspberry-shaped cluster -attached to the gauze. - -I have represented this cluster of the natural size at fig. B, 6, and -magnified at fig. B, 7, on Plate XV., only in an inverted position, -for they really hung downwards from the under side of the net. - -These eggs were greyish white or pale brown, and varied in shape from -globose to oblong. - -All were very small, the largest only measuring 1/2 line in its -greatest length, but it is doubtful whether any of these eggs were -fertile, and, though they appeared full and plump, many presented an -irregular and fissured surface. - -A fortnight later (July 27) another cluster of eggs was laid, and -this time between the hours of five and eight P.M. When the lamp was -brought in at the latter hour, I perceived what I took to be a drop -of water hanging from the gauze cover above and rather in front of -the spider's door, the very position occupied by the cluster of eggs -previously described. On closer inspection this proved to be a drop -of a pellucid colourless liquid, in which some thirty eggs floated. -One egg was laid on the gauze at some distance from the main group, -and several were also attached to the inside of the tin box. - -At midnight I found that the drop had coagulated and contracted, and -by the following morning the mass was quite dry and resembled the -former group, only that it was not quite so convex. - -Some of the eggs forming this cluster were much larger than any in -the preceding one, and one measured as much as a line in length by -half a line in breadth. This group is shown magnified at fig. B, 8, -Plate XV., and some of the separate eggs more highly magnified at -fig. B, 9. - -Between this date and the end of November when the spider died, eggs -were laid on seven distinct occasions--viz., on July 31, August 11, -15, 31 (when I again found the eggs floating in a drop of liquid, -having been deposited on the gauze between two and half-past four -o'clock in the afternoon); September 9 (23 eggs laid on the earth -near the entrance to the nest); September 19 (about 30 eggs on the -gauze), and November 4 (about 30 eggs on the gauze). - -Thus, between July 13 and November 4, this spider laid nine clusters -of eggs, all but one of which were placed on the same part of the -gauze cover, above and a little in front of the door, and the total -number of eggs deposited cannot have been less than 250. It is -difficult to understand why she should have laid these eggs outside -the nest, unless indeed she knew them to be sterile, and so treated -them as refuse. I can scarcely believe that such a procedure is in -accordance with the ordinary habits of these spiders; for, if the -eggs and young are habitually exposed, then the perfect concealment -of the nest would lose one of its most important uses. When we -remember that there are minute hymenopterous insects which lay their -eggs within the eggs of the spiders, we can see how important it -may be that the entrance to a nest, which is at once nursery and -stronghold, should be closed by a well-fitting door, and one which -may exclude, not only the larger and more powerful enemies of the -full-grown spiders, but also the tiny and almost imperceptible -assailants of the eggs and young. - -This Californian spider was always careful to eject from the nest -the remains of insects with which I had supplied her, and, as she -did so deliberately and by day as well as by night, I had frequent -opportunities of watching her. Sometimes, if not alarmed by any -sudden movement, she would remain for one or two minutes at the mouth -of the nest with the door partly raised, and I was glad to seize -these opportunities for making some experiments, with a view to -learning whether she would prove as sensitive to sound as she did to -other vibrations and to the sight of moving objects. - -Placing myself so that the partly-opened door screened me from her -view, I was able to approach close to the nest without causing her -alarm, and to make different sounds and noises at distances varying -from three to fourteen inches. - -In no case, however, did she pay the slightest attention; and neither -shrill and sudden whistling, deep chest and buzzing sounds, an octave -of piercing notes struck upon brass bells, my best imitation of -the whirring of the fern owl, or finally, the angry hum of a large -humble-bee imprisoned in a paper box, and held within three inches of -the door of the nest, appeared to produce any kind of effect. This -surprised me, I confess, for, though I am aware that no auditory -apparatus has as yet been discovered in spiders, I can scarcely -believe that they stand at so great a disadvantage as creatures would -seem to do which lack the power of hearing. - -These experiments must not, however, be taken for more than they are -worth; and the results obtained may have been due rather to apathy -in the individual spider than to a want of perception in the race -generally. In any case they suggest the need of further experiment -and observation in this direction. - -In October I carried this Californian spider out with me to Mentone, -and she lived there and appeared plump and well until the end of the -following month, when she suddenly died, having laid one more group -of eggs in the interval. On examination, I found a dark brown spot on -one side of the abdomen, and this, I think, probably indicates that -her death was caused by some insect of the ichneumon family, which -had laid its eggs within the spider's body, after having stabbed it -at the place indicated by the discolouration. - -Not very long before this melancholy event occurred, I had put the -spider to some inconvenience in order to secure her portrait from -life, to effect which I took her from her nest and placed her in a -deep china saucer. - -She exhibited the strongest dislike to exposure, and sought to hide -herself even under a fold of blotting-paper which lay in the saucer -with her. I also noted that she appeared quite incapable of walking -up the sides of the saucer, and it would therefore seem that she was -destitute of the viscid hairs which enable some spiders to traverse -glazed and polished surfaces. - -Seeing this anxiety on the part of the spider for concealment, it -came into my mind that, perhaps, if she were placed on the surface -of a pot full of garden mould she might excavate a tunnel in order -to hide herself from view. This I accordingly did in the evening of -November 15, and on the following morning I was delighted to find -that she had commenced to dig and was still at work. - -In little more than an hour's time the hollow had become about the -size of half a walnut, and resembled in its nearly semi-circular -outline and size the surface of the door of her own nest. I was -greatly pleased to be able to watch the creature at the work of -excavation, a sight which I believe no naturalist has ever had before. - -The legs took no part in the digging, and the palpi were but little -used, the mandibles and their fangs being the implements chiefly -employed. As soon as a little earth had been loosened and gathered -up, the spider walked up to the edge of her excavation and deposited -there her mouthful of particles of earth, separating and working the -mandibles up and down in the effort to part with the pellet, which -had been carried between the fangs and the mouth-organs. Each pellet -was very small, and the operation appeared to be excessively tedious -and laborious. I had expected to see the spider scrape out large -quantities of earth at a time, and either drag it backwards or kick -it out behind her as a terrier does when working at a rabbit-burrow; -but no, every little pellet removed was carried forwards, and -deposited separately on the "tip." - -On the two following days, the 17th and 18th November, the spider -remained almost inactive, and brooded over the cavity she had made, -and which still remained too shallow to conceal or even contain her. -At 4 P.M. on the latter day I made a hole for her in the earth, and, -after some indecision, she took possession of it. Next day, however, -finding that she remained motionless in the hole which I had made, -and displayed no apparent intention of either lining it with silk or -furnishing it with a door, I replaced her in her own nest. - -Within a few days after this date I found her dead at the bottom of -her tube, and at first I was inclined to fear that the treatment -to which she had lately been subjected might have caused her end. -When, however, I detected the brown spot on the side of the abdomen, -described above, and which so strongly recalled the marks frequently -observable in caterpillars attacked by ichneumons, I came to the -conclusion that she had really died from the internal injuries caused -by the gnawing of these cruel parasites; and that the eggs, laid long -before by one of these insects, had been hatched within her body -and developed into larvæ, which, living upon her tissues, had at -length destroyed some vital part. It is surprising that a creature, -carrying within itself such a fatal brood, should not only live, -but be capable of undergoing such adventures and misadventures as -this travelled spider endured with seeming indifference; but similar -facts are familiar to all those who have attended to the rearing of -caterpillars, and the frequent disappointment caused by the death of -apparently sound specimens which have been attacked in this way is -but too well known. - -It would appear that _Cteniza Californica_ is peculiarly amenable to -captivity, and indeed to captivity of the strictest kind. - -My specimen lived during all the time she was in my possession -in a cocoatina tin, a cylindrical box 4-1/2 in. deep and 2-3/4 -in. in diameter, which always stood among the books and papers on -my writing-table. It is probable that those trap-door spiders -which inhabit nests with short tubes, and which therefore can be -transported nest and all, would be less disconcerted by imprisonment -than is the case with other kinds living at the bottom of a long -burrow which it is almost impossible to carry away entire. This is -borne out by what has been related (_Ants and Spiders_, p. 122) of -the habits of _Cteniza ionica_ in captivity, which not only endured -to have its nest set upside down in a flower-pot, but actually -furnished the inverted base of the tube with a door appropriate to -its new position. - -Canon Tristram (the well-known author and naturalist) was so kind -as to send me two trap-door nests from Palestine for inspection; -these were small cork nests, the doors of which resembled those -of the Mentonese _Cteniza_ (_Ct. Moggridgii_), but the tubes were -exceedingly short, and that of the more perfect specimen, as I gather -from Canon Tristram, measured only two inches and an eighth in length -when entire. - -The nests of _Cteniza ionica_ are but little longer, and that of the -Mentonese _Cteniza_, though never so shallow as these, are far less -deep than those of _Nemesia cæmentaria_, the builder of the typical -cork nest. - -And now we will leave the nests of the cork type and their -inhabitants, and turn to the more intricate group of nests belonging -to the wafer type. Following the order indicated in the diagrams, we -will begin with the simplest type of all, fig. C, and afterwards take -the remaining types one after the other, advancing until we reach the -most complex type, G. The nest represented diagrammatically at fig. -C, in Plate XIV., is shown of the natural size in Plate XVI., with -the spider (_Nemesia Simoni_, Camb.) which constructs it (fig. A 1). - -[Illustration: _Plate XVI._] - -It belongs to the single-door unbranched wafer type, of which one -example has already been described in the West Indian nest (see _Ants -and Spiders_, p. 79, fig. B in woodcut); for, though this latter has -a shorter tube and a much stouter silk lining than is the case with -its European representative, there does not appear to be sufficient -difference to justify their separation as distinct types. - -This, which is the simplest known form of trap-door nest, is quite -new to Europe, and the spider inhabiting it proves also to be one -hitherto undescribed; it has received from Mr. Pickard-Cambridge, -the name of _Nemesia Simoni_,[138] being so called in honour of M. E. -Simon, the well-known arachnologist. - -[Footnote 138: Mr. Pickard-Cambridge describes _N. Simoni_ at p. 297 -below. This species is remarkably well characterized, an assertion -rarely to be made in the case of those _Nemesias_ of which, as in the -present instance, the female only is known. The elevated, rounded, -and glabrous caput at once distinguishes it, not to speak of other -peculiarities. Mr. Pickard-Cambridge alludes to the presence, in the -specimens forwarded to him in spirits, of two singular indentations -on either side of the caput (fig. A 3, Plate XVI.). I did not observe -this when these spiders were alive, but I remember that the caput of -one of these spiders which had been injured in capture contracted and -expanded spasmodically, presenting a painful resemblance to laboured -breathing. I have not observed this in other spiders.] - -During last May (1874) we spent a few days at Bordeaux on our -homeward route. While there my sister was fortunate enough to -discover a single nest of this type when we were out together on a -spider-hunt near the little village of Lormont, which is situated on -the opposite bank of the river to that on which the city stands. We -subsequently found these nests in tolerable abundance in a deep shady -lane near a restaurant called Mon Répos, on the same side of the -river, but rather farther up. - -Here the hedge banks were high, and the soil was composed of a fine -even-grained loam of great depth, which permitted the spiders to -carry their tubes very far down, some of them attaining a length of -15 inches. - -This made it very difficult to follow them throughout their whole -course and so to assure oneself of the real structure of the nests, -but I succeeded in doing this in twelve instances. - -In every one of these I found the tube cylindrical and unbranched -throughout, and destitute of any trace of a lower door. - -This deficiency alone distinguishes the present type from that to -which the nest of _Nemesia Eleanora_ belongs; the latter being of the -_double-door_ and the former of the _single-door, unbranched wafer -type_. - -But perhaps it may be asked whether it is safe to assume that because -twelve examples of this nest were found to correspond in structure, -and were tenanted by the same occupant, that therefore all the -Bordeaux nests in which this particular spider might be found would -present similar peculiarities. - -I greatly hope that other naturalists will put this question to the -test of actual investigation on the spot, but I do not hesitate to -assert my conviction that this will prove to be the case. - -The result of my experience among the nests of the other _Nemesias_, -scores of which I have carefully examined in many widely separated -localities, shows that a given spider is invariably associated with -a fixed type of nest. - -Thus, Cannes is from fifty to sixty miles distant from San Remo, but -the nests of _N. cæmentaria_, _N. Manderstjernæ_, and _N. Eleanora_ -show precisely the same characteristics in either place. - -Moreover, the twelve nests referred to were not all taken from one -restricted locality at Bordeaux, but were found presenting the same -characteristics and occupied by the same spider in three distinct -habitats, distant some miles from one another. In two nests several -young spiders were found with the mother, and, in one case where the -family consisted of twenty-three young ones, I observed that they -were not all equally small, and some had nearly attained one-third of -their full size. - -This agreed with the fact that no very small nests were observed, and -it seems probable that the young are not turned out of their nursery -quite so early as some of their relations are at Mentone. This, -however, varies perhaps in accordance with changes of climate and -local conditions. - -We failed to detect any other type of nest at Bordeaux than the one -described above: and even the cork nests, which we had shortly before -seen in such abundance at Montpellier, were apparently absent. - -Bordeaux is by far the north-westernmost point in Europe[139] at -which any spider constructing a true trap-door nest has as yet been -discovered; and the fact that they exist in a climate so different -from that of the Riviera and of the whole Mediterranean region, -leads me to hope that their range may in reality be much more widely -extended than has hitherto been supposed to be the case. - -[Footnote 139: Cork nests have however been mentioned as occurring in -the neighbourhood of Lyons, which lies in nearly the same parallel of -latitude with Bordeaux.] - -A glance at the vegetation of this district will suffice to show how -little there is that betokens either a warm or dry winter climate; -for here the myrtles, oranges and olives are left far behind, and in -their place we see tall hedgerow elms, and poplars bearing mistletoe -on their branches. - -Here therefore we are met by the question, How do these Bordeaux -spiders contrive to live under conditions so different from those to -which their relations on the Riviera have adapted themselves? How do -they bear the cold and damp of the long winter, and how is it that -one frail upper door suffices to protect their nest from molestation? - -The thick coating of dead leaves, which covered the banks even when -we found them, no doubt aids largely in their concealment, and the -colder climate probably diminishes the number of their enemies, but -their means of subsistence are most likely also less abundant and -their period of active life shorter. - -The next type we have to consider is a totally new one, and may be -distinguished as the _single-door branched wafer nest_. I detected -this nest at Montpellier but a few days before the visit to Bordeaux -alluded to above. - -Circumstances unfortunately prevented me from following up my -discovery as closely as I could have wished, and it appears moreover -that this nest is far less common at Montpellier than the typical -cork nest (_Nemesia cæmentaria_). - -[Illustration: _Plate XVII._] - -I hope therefore that other naturalists will make further -investigations, and especially that they will endeavour to secure the -male. - -I obtained twelve spiders and thoroughly followed the course of -ten nests; I opened thirteen more nests, but failed to trace their -structure satisfactorily. - -The upper part of this nest is shown of the natural size in Plate -XVII. with the spider (_Nemesia suffusa_, Camb.[140]) which constructs -it. This is again a wafer nest without any lower door, and this -absence of a lower door alone distinguishes it as a type from the -branched nest represented at F in the diagram, just as the same -deficiency separated the Bordeaux type from that at fig. E. - -[Footnote 140: We have again in this instance an exemplification of -the rule that a new type of nest indicates the presence of a new -spider, and hitherto, this rule has proved without exception. Mr. -Pickard-Cambridge's description of _N. suffusa_ will be found at -p. 295, below. Its slender proportions, cylindrico-ovate abdomen, -marked with narrow linear chevrons, and caput without, or almost -without, any median line or marking, form some of its more striking -characteristics.] - -In this new single-door branched type, the branch makes a more or -less acute angle with the main tube, and reaches the surface of the -ground, but is there closed by a layer of particles of earth slightly -bound together with silk, forming an immovable cover or thatch. This -cover constitutes, however, but a slight obstruction and could easily -be torn away by the spider if she needed to use this passage as a way -of escape. - -These nests were tolerably plentiful at a place called Les Mourines, -a short distance from Montpellier, where they were mixed with cork -nests in the steep hedge banks. The nests were from 8 to 10 inches -deep, and, as in all the trap-door nests which I have examined, were -tenanted by the female alone. It seems strange that this spider, -building as she does a nest apparently but poorly furnished either -for concealment or defence, should be able to enter into competition -with _N. cæmentaria_, whose solid, closely-fitting door appears so -perfectly contrived for both. It will probably be found, however, -when we are better acquainted with their respective ways of life, -that they are really more nearly on a footing than they seem to be -at first sight. I detected the remains of ants and the elytra of a -beetle in one of these branched single-door nests. Now these may also -be found in cork nests, so that _Nemesia suffusa_ evidently competes -with _cæmentaria_ for its food, and this is of course the main cause -of contention between all living creatures. - -It is possible, that, if we knew all the uses to which the branch -is put by the spider which constructs it, we should find that the -advantages derived in the way of security from the existence of this -second passage, counterbalance those possessed by the cork nest, -which, though so perfectly closed, has only the one tube, and no -other possible way of escape. - -It may perhaps be no more than a coincidence, but we can scarcely -avoid commenting upon the fact, that, just as this Montpellier wafer -nest is simpler in construction than any found along the Riviera, so -in like manner is the Bordeaux nest simpler than that of Montpellier. -It thus becomes tempting to ask whether, in the case of these wafer -nests, we shall not discover that the colder and damper climates are -the homes of the builders of the simpler types, while the warmer and -drier ones, where more food, more enemies and more competitors are -found, are reserved for the architects of the more complicated nests. - -Doubtless naturalists will soon discover wafer nests on the slopes -of the Pyrenees, as for example at Pau and other winter stations in -South-western France; and perhaps the coast of the Bay of Biscay may -also yield specimens, even to the north of Bordeaux. If so, this -curious speculation as to whether there is any relation between -simplicity of structure and warmth of climate, will be put on its -trial. - -About the very time when I was engaged in digging out these new wafer -nests at Montpellier, the celebrated arachnologist, Dr. L. Koch of -Nuremberg, had just published[141] an account and figure of a very -remarkable nest which he had received from Australia, and which, -though differing both in form and proportions from the Montpellier -nest, may nevertheless perhaps be referred to the present single-door -branched wafer type. - -[Footnote 141: Dr. L. Koch, _Arachniden Australiens_, 10te. Lieferuug, -Nurnberg, 1874, tab. xxxvii. fig. 3, p. 484.] - -This Australian nest, the exact habitat of which is not mentioned, is -constructed by a spider now described for the first time under the -name of _Idioctis helva_. The nest has a wafer-door about the size -of a sixpence, closing a vertical tube less than half an inch long, -which meets and opens into a horizontal tube about three inches in -length, and forms with it what may be roughly likened to the figure -of a capital T inverted, thus, ┹. - -The upstroke of the T is however, very short, and one of the arms is -longer than the other, and curved downwards at its extremity. This -is, as far as I know, the first recorded example of a wafer-nest from -the Antipodes, and it may be regarded as one of the first fruits of -a harvest which lies ready for the reaping of any naturalist resident -in those parts. Hitherto the only nests which I have seen or heard of -from Australia were of the cork type (_Ants and Spiders_, p. 132). - -Next in order to the single-door branched wafer comes the -_double-door unbranched wafer_ type, which is the simplest of all -the nests possessing two doors. This habitation, the work of _N. -Eleanora_, has been already described (_Ants and Spiders_, p. 106), -and I have not much to add to the account there given. - -Perhaps some of my readers may remember that, while I was actually -engaged on the proofs of _Ants and Spiders_ I had one of these -_Eleanora_ spiders in captivity, and that I gave an account (p. 148) -of her behaviour up to the latest moment possible. She had been -captured on October 23, 1872, and placed, together with five young -ones found with her in the nest, on the surface of some earth in -a medium-sized flower-pot covered over with gauze. The young ones -soon made nests for themselves in the earth, each furnished with its -little door, but the mother roamed about on the surface of the soil, -and it was not until she had been twenty-one days in captivity that -she commenced spinning a silk cell. - -This cell in twelve days' time presented the form of a rude figure -of 8, and had an aperture at either end; it was just large enough to -contain the spider when the legs were extended; its upper surface -was attached to the gauze covering of the pot, and its lower to the -earth. It was at this stage that the record was broken off, and I -will now relate the remainder of the history. - -Four days before the cell was commenced, the spider had covered -the under surface of the gauze with a semi-transparent film of a -substance resembling varnish, which formed a band about three inches -long by half an inch wide, close to where the rim of the flower-pot -threw the most shade. It was at one extremity of this band that the -silk-cell was formed, but it is important to note that this band of -varnish was longer than the cell, which only measured an inch and a -quarter from end to end, for we shall see that the layer of varnish -was apparently laid with a view to further operations. - -In four days after the completion of the cell its form was modified, -and, during the next ten days (up to December 21st), the spider -gradually thickened the walls, and made the form of the cell more and -more cylindrical, sometimes closing and at other times opening the -extremities. - -Between December 14th and 25th, she lengthened out the cell by -spinning a cylindrical silk tube in prolongation of one end, and this -tube followed the course of the band of varnish, the whole measuring -three-and-a-half inches in length by about half an inch in diameter. - -It would appear therefore from the correspondence in length between -the band of varnish and this silk tube, that she had contemplated -the construction of the latter when she first commenced her work on -November 3rd. - -On January 19th the silk tube parted from the gauze, leaving only -the enlarged end which formed the cell still adhering to it. On the -following day I observed the very curious fact that when I sprinkled -the nest with water, as it was my custom to do every morning, the -tube, which had become somewhat flaccid since it had lost its -attachment to the gauze, gradually recovered its perfect shape. This -was repeated for eleven days, until on the morning of the twelfth -day (January 31st), finding the tube completely collapsed, instead -of merely sprinkling water over it, I drew a large camel-hair brush -loaded with water along its whole length, when the tube started up, -and almost instantaneously regained its cylindrical form. - -This morning the spider had left her cell, and was roaming about -the pot when I wetted the tube, thus proving that she was in no way -concerned with its movements, which were no doubt due to hygrometric -action. - -Between this time and February 25th, I constantly restored the tube -to its shape by wetting it in the way above described, but on this -day it remained very flaccid, and only expanded partially. For some -days previous to this date, the spider had left the tube when it -collapsed, and only returned to it again when it had resumed its -shape. On the following day I found the entire silk tube and the cell -again collapsed and lying flat upon the ground, and this time water -failed to produce its previous effect. - -The spider then became very restless and excited, and I observed -that the door of one of the little nests constructed by one of her -five offspring which had been imprisoned in the same pot with her, -had been torn off, and thrown on one side, and there could be little -doubt but that the mother had been guilty of this very un-maternal -action. By the evening she had pulled up her collapsed tube from -its attachment to the earth, and had coiled it in a confused heap. -Seeing this, and fearing that, in her distress and excitement, she -might do further damage to the young spiders, which had up to that -time thriven well, I made a cylindrical hole for her in the earth, -supposing that she would at once take possession of it. On the -following morning, however, the mother spider had advanced some way -in building another figure-of-8 cell, rising the shrivelled silk of -her previous dwelling as a foundation. - -In twenty-four hours this second cell was complete, and closely -resembled the former one, save that the smaller end of the 8 was -turned in the opposite direction, but, on examining it, I found to my -surprise that it was empty! The spider had taken possession of the -hole I had made for her, which she had at first refused to notice, -and was busily employed in lining it with silk and furnishing it with -a covering composed of silk with earth and fragments of moss woven -into the surface. By mid-day the aperture was completely closed, but -there was no moveable door. From this time (February 28) up to April -12, the spider lived in this hole, which she eventually furnished -with a distinct wafer-door, and, as I found on opening the nest, with -a typical lower door also. This latter was not neatly made, but still -it possessed all features the essential which characterize these -lower doors in the nests of _N. Eleanora_. - -So this captive _Nemesia Eleanora_ lived in a flower-pot in my -bedroom for more than five months and a half, during which time she -absolutely refused to burrow or to attempt any kind of excavation, -but passed the greater part of that period on the surface of the -earth in a silk tube ending in an oblong enlargement, utterly unlike -her normal habitation. Finally, when I had done the digging for her, -she furnished the cylindrical hole I had bored in the earth with a -silk lining, and made it secure with her own two typical doors. - -The figure-of-8 cell which she constructed at first, and subsequently -modified until it became the oblong enlargement of the tube alluded -to above, was totally unlike any form of trap-door spider's nest -known to me; but in its ultimate shape (which resembled that of the -glass part of a thermometer with an oblong bulb, save that it was -curved and not straight), I think we may trace some resemblance -to the silk tube which is made by _Atypus_, and of which a figure -is given at A, Plate XIII., p. 183; the mouth of the tube made -by my captive was, however, open. It is curious, also, when we -recall this resemblance, to note that Mr. Brown has recorded, in -his observations alluded to above (p. 185), that the tube of one -of the nests of _Atypus_, which he brought home in a collapsed -state, showed a somewhat similar tendency to become distended. For, -on opening the box in which they had been carried, he perceived a -movement throughout the tube as if it were becoming inflated, and -though this inflation appeared to subside shortly after, yet the -following morning the tube had recovered its cylindrical shape. I -am tempted to believe, though this is mere conjecture, that the box -in which these tubes were put contained moisture, and that their -apparent inflation was due to the same hygrometric action which, was -displayed in the tube of _N. Eleanora_. I regretted that I was unable -to continue my observations on this captive spider, as it would have -been interesting to know how long she would have lived contentedly -and in good health under the conditions described above, but I left -Mentone at the end of April, and was unable to take her alive with me -to England. When removed from her nest in the pot on April 12, she -appeared in perfect condition, and I placed her in a hole which I -made for her among some stones in a garden at the back of the house, -hoping to find her again on my return to Mentone in the autumn; this -hope was, however, not destined to be realized. - -I shall, however, have occasion to speak again of the young captives -of this species (_N. Eleanora_), in the concluding remarks which will -follow these detailed accounts of the nests and their occupants, when -the behaviour of captive trap-door spiders generally will be treated -of. - -The next type of trap-door nest is one to which I have found it -difficult to assign a descriptive name, and I am compelled for the -present to speak of it as the _Hyères double-door branched wafer_ -nest. - -One of its most distinctive features is found in the shape of the -lower door, fig. F 1, Plate XIV., and figs. A 1, A 2, Plate XVIII., -which may be said to be double, presenting two crowns, one of which -fits into the main tube and the other into the branch, but I could -not see my way to employing this character in naming the type. -The nest is, however, quite distinct from all the others, and is -inhabited by a new species of trap-door spider (_N. congener_, -Camb.[142]). The characteristic portions of this nest are shown -in Plate XVIII., and fig. A 3, in the same Plate, represents its -occupant. - -[Footnote 142: Mr. Pickard-Cambridge's description will be found at -p. 292, below. In its characters this female spider (the male is -unknown) most nearly resembles _N. cæmentaria_, but differs, among -other points, in markings and in having one or more spines on the -genual joint of leg, these spines being almost always absent in the -same joint in _cæmentaria_. The nests of the two species are totally -unlike.] - -The hedge-banks near Hyères, and also about the railway station -of the same name, which is some 4 miles from the town itself, are -frequently tenanted by this spider. During a short stay there in -May, 1873, I secured a large number of specimens, and verified the -structure of the nest by a careful examination of thirty-eight -examples. The nest is invariably branched and furnished with a lower -door, but the branch is of variable length, usually short, and never, -as far as I could detect, quite reaches the surface. In some cases -this branch was so short that it could scarcely contain the spider, -and, under these circumstances, it is not easy to conceive any other -use for it than that of retaining the lower door when not in use. It -may, however, enable the spider to take up a rather better position -when engaged, as she frequently is if disturbed, in keeping the main -tube closed by pressing the lower door upwards with her feet, for -then her head points downwards, and her abdomen rests in the branch. - -[Illustration: _Plate XVIII._] - -I have seen her in this attitude on several occasions when I had cut -out a block of earth similar to that figured in the plate. The lower -door is quite unlike that of either of the other two double-door -wafer nests, being wedge-shaped, tapering from below upwards to -the hinge, which is always placed at the point of bifurcation of -the tubes, and having two crowns separated from each other by the -gusset-like web of silk which connects the door on either side with -the lining of the main tube, one of these crowns fitting into and -closing the main tube, while the other fits into the aperture of the -branch. - -The wedge-shaped structure of the door is seen in its most -exaggerated form in the nests of the younger spiders (figs. B, -B 1, Plate XVIII.), and becomes less so in the older and larger -ones (figs. A 1, A 2). I have even seen some of these lower doors, -evidently made by old spiders, which were so much flattened as to -bear a considerable resemblance to that of _N. Eleanora_. - -The main tube of the nest is from 10 to 12 inches long, and usually -enters the earth almost horizontally, bending downwards from the -point at which the branch joins it, and where the lower door is -hung. This causes the lower door to lie nearly horizontally when not -in use, and its lower crown probably serves, by fitting into the -aperture of the branch, to sustain it in this position and prevent it -from falling forward. The point of bifurcation is placed, as a rule, -much nearer to the entrance of the nest, than it is in the two other -branched nests, and occurs usually within two inches of the surface -of the earth; so close is it indeed that, on lifting the upper door -and looking in, one may frequently see the lower door move across -and close the passage down the main tube, pushed by the spider from -below. This frequently enabled me to secure the spider without having -to follow her to the bottom of the nest; and, when fortune favoured -me, I secured a block of earth by one rapid sweep of the knife (a -common table-knife), which furnished me at once with a good specimen -of the nest and of its occupant. - -When the spider has once fairly determined upon resistance, it is -scarcely possible to make her retreat without destroying the nest, -and, in one case, when I tried to push the lower door down from -above, while she was pressing it upwards from below, I found that, -without crushing my opponent, I could not succeed. - -There were probably young in the nest on this occasion, for I have -frequently found them in the nests with the mother at this season. In -no case did I even catch a glimpse of the male, and this sex is at -present unknown. - -The young spiders make their nests at an early age, and there can -be no doubt that _N. congener_ enlarges its dwelling from time to -time as growth demands, just as the trap-door spiders at Mentone -do. Indeed in one of these new Hyères nests I found, outside the -main tube and some way above the existing lower door, a former -and disused lower door much smaller than the one then in use, and -which had evidently belonged to the nest at a previous stage of its -development. I have observed this before in the nests both of _N. -Manderstjernæ_ and _N. Eleanora_. - -This new type is strictly intermediate between the double-door -unbranched wafer nest constructed by _N. Eleanora_, and the -double-door branched wafer with the descending cavity which I am now -about to describe. - -This latter nest, the work of _N. Manderstjernæ_, Auss.[143] -(formerly called _N. meridionalis_), has already been partially -made known by the figures and description given of it in _Ants and -Spiders_ (Plates IX., X., and XI., pp. 98, 100, and 104); but I have -to confess, with great regret, that when these illustrations and -descriptions were published, I was not fully acquainted with the true -structure of this nest, having overlooked the existence of a short -descending cavity which leaves the main tube a little above and on -the opposite side to the ascending branch. This cavity is always -present, but the very largest and oldest spiders usually allow it to -become filled up with remains of food and particles of earth, and -sometimes even spin silk across its entrance, in which case it can -only be traced on very close examination. - -[Footnote 143: This spider was described by Mr. Pickard-Cambridge at -p. 101 in _Ants and Spiders_, under the name of _N. meridionalis_, -Costa. This name has now to be abandoned for reasons given in full -by Mr. Cambridge at p. 283, below. It would appear that a spider -discovered by M. Simon in Corsica corresponds more closely with the -_N. meridionalis_ of Costa than our spider of the Riviera does. -Moreover, since _Ants and Spiders_ was written I have had the good -fortune to obtain at Mentone four male examples of our supposed -_meridionalis_, and these prove to possess the same characters as -those assigned by Prof. Ausserer to a male spider which was captured -at Nice, and named by him _N. Manderstjernæ_. This specimen is now -in the possession of Dr. L. Koch, to whom I am much indebted for -having kindly entrusted it to me for examination. This enabled Mr. -Pickard-Cambridge to assure himself of the specific identity of his -_N. meridionalis_ with _N. Manderstjernæ_, which latter name it must -for the future bear.] - -It was from an old nest such as this, in which the descending cavity -had been closed up, that the large drawing at fig. A on Plate IX. -of _Ants and Spiders_ was made, and this figure, therefore, still -remains substantially correct. - -But in the case of the other illustrations--namely, fig. B, Plate -IX., fig. A, Plate X., and figs. B and B 1, Plate XI., where nests of -young spiders, or of spiders which, though adult, have not attained -the maximum size, are represented, this descending cavity, though -overlooked by me, should have been shown, for it must certainly have -existed. - -Its presence was first observed by the Honourable L. G. Dillon, who -detected it when tracing the course of the main tube upwards from -below. I had always followed the tube from above downwards, and in -so doing must have unwittingly filled up the descending cavity (the -existence of which I was far from suspecting) with detached particles -of earth. - -I will own that, when Mr. Dillon first showed me this new feature, I -hoped that it might prove to be something accidental and exceptional; -and it was only after careful examination of a large series of nests -of all sizes, that I gradually and almost unwillingly admitted that -this descending cavity formed an important feature in the typical -structure of the nests. - -I now see, however, that the presence of this cavity adds -considerably to the interest of the structure as a whole, and places -its architect quite at the head of all the builders of trap-door -nests. This type should now be called, for the sake of distinction, -the _double-door, branched, cavity, wafer_ nest, to avoid confusion -with the _Hyères branched nest_. - -I am now about to endeavour to atone for my past oversight by giving -new illustrations (Plate XIX., figs. A and B) and descriptions of -this very remarkable nest; while I would at the same time beg the -indulgence of my readers for past and present shortcomings, reminding -them that the interest which attaches to structures of this kind is -proportioned to the complexity and subtlety of their contrivance, -and, therefore, to the difficulty we experience in properly -understanding and describing them. - -[Illustration: _Plate XIX._] - -It will be seen by a reference to Plate XIX.,[144] figs. A and A 1, -that in addition to the cylindrical branch, which mounts upwards, -there is a shorter branch which leaves the main tube on the opposite -side (on the left as seen in the Plate), and takes a downward course. -Now this descending branch, which is barely more than an inch in -length, is a cavity of variable form, being sometimes cylindrical, -and sometimes egg- or even watch-shaped,[145] but there is one -particular in which it never varies, and that is the position of its -elliptic orifice. This orifice is always situated on the opposite -side of the main tube to that on which the ascending branch leaves -this latter, so that the whole nest, when seen in section, presents -the figure of a St. Andrew's cross, only with arms of unequal length. - -[Footnote 144: A nest of a scarcely half-grown spider is here -represented in order that sufficient space might be gained to show -the lower door in its two positions. The perfect cavity is still -found in nests of much larger dimensions, and occasionally, indeed, -in nests of almost the maximum size.] - -[Footnote 145: I take the liberty of coining a word to replace -"lenticular," the form of a watch being more familiar than that of a -lens.] - -But the most remarkable point is that, when the lower door is pushed -across so as to close the main tube (as shown in fig. A, Plate XIX.), -it will invariably be found to lie in such a position that its -lower extremity exactly meets the lower lip of the orifice of the -descending cavity, when it will be seen that the semi-cylindrical -surface of the lower door then coincides with, and appears to -continue and form part of, the lower wall of the descending cavity -on the one side, and of the corresponding wall of the main tube on -the other. When the upper portion of the main tube is thus united -to the cavity the two combine to form what appears like a short, -independent unbranched nest. - -Now, if we fancy ourselves an insect entering the nest in search -either of the spider, her eggs, or young, I think it is plain that, -when the lower door is in this position (fig. A), we should probably -walk straight down to the bottom of the cavity, expecting to find our -prey there, and should then return by the way we came, impressed with -the belief that we had explored the whole nest, the secret of the -lower door remaining undiscovered. - -Whether this imaginary case may, or may not, represent what really -takes place, is of course mere conjecture; but the constant -occurrence of this beautiful adaptation of the various parts to -one another, surely points to the conclusion that this is no mere -coincidence, but rather a subtle contrivance having some very -definite use and meaning. - -We must admit, however, that it is difficult to conceive why, if this -structure is of such great utility, it should be abandoned by the -oldest and largest spiders. - -Among the possible answers to this question I think that one of -the more probable is that this arrangement may have been specially -devised for protection against some enemy which the aged spiders have -ceased to fear. - -Indeed it is not unlikely that these aged spiders may have come to a -time of life when they no longer lay eggs, and so do not need to keep -up all the defences which they employed when they had families to -protect. - -Since my attention was drawn to the existence of this cavity in the -dwellings of _N. Manderstjernæ_ I have never noted the presence of -young in those nests in which the cavity was filled up and disused; -but then I have only exact records with reference to this point in -the case of seven nests. - -In these seven nests, however, there was no free cavity, and there -were no young spiders, though it was at the season when it was common -to find young in the nests. - -The question, therefore, remains open, and further observations -on this head would be very acceptable. I detected the _débris_ of -insects, and especially the horny coats of ants, in the descending -cavity, in many nests; and in some of the oldest, where it had become -completely blocked up, these remains still indicated its former -outlines and position. - -The nests of _N. Manderstjernæ_ at Cannes correspond both in respect -of the cavity and of their other characteristics with those at -Mentone. _N. Manderstjernæ_ occurs pretty abundantly at San Remo in -the olive-grounds east of the Sanctuary, but I can say nothing as -to whether the nests there possessed the cavity or not, for, when -I was there, I was not aware of its existence. I obtained a single -example of _N. Manderstjernæ_ and its nest at Hyères, and this is the -westernmost point at which this species has as yet been detected. - -We have now passed in review all the seven known types of true -trap-door nest, and have taken note also of the lower and more -rudimentary forms of nest, such as that of _Atypus_, and the funnel -nest of _Cyrtauchenius elongatus_, neither of which is furnished with -a door. - -Among the true trap-door nests, those of the cork type stand in a -measure alone, being distinguished from all the others by their solid -surface doors, composed of many layers of silk and earth; and we do -not at present know of any intermediate forms linking the cork and -wafer types together. But among the various nests which represent the -wafer type the case is different, for here the types naturally fall -into a progressive series, such as that represented in the diagrams -(Pl. XIV., p. 193). - -If we try to picture to ourselves the stages through which the most -complicated wafer nest--namely, that of the _double-door, branched, -cavity_ type (Diagram G 1) may have passed in the course of its -development from a simpler ancestral form, we should _à priori_ -expect to find precisely such structures as the _Hyères double-door -branched_ nest (Diagram F), and the _single-door branched_ nest -(Diagram D) forming successive halting-places in the advance from the -primitive _single-door, unbranched_ nest (Diagram C). - -The _double-door unbranched_ type may in like manner find its -prototype in the same original single-door unbranched nest (C), which -we may look upon as the parent idea, from which all these structures -have been derived. - -Bearing this in mind, and remembering that kinship between living -creatures is not only revealed to us by likeness in structure and -colour, but also by similarity in habits and instincts, it becomes -of interest to trace any resemblance that may exist between these -wafer-nests and the dwellings constructed by _Lycosa narbonensis_, -a species belonging to the allied family of _Lycosidæ_, and which -closely resembles the true _tarantula_[146] of Southern Italy. - -[Footnote 146: In the United States, and indeed in the New World -generally, it seems to be the custom to call all the larger "ground -spiders," and especially the trap-door spiders, Tarantulas, but -these, in fact, form a distinct group by themselves, belonging to the -family _Lycosidæ_.] - -I first made the acquaintance of _Lycosa narbonensis_ near the -glass-works west of Cannes, where this spider may not rarely be found -living in tubular burrows in sandy clearings among the pine woods -along the shore (_Pinus pinea_, the stone pine). - -I have already (_Ants and Spiders_, p. 146), alluded to an account -given by M. Léon Dufour of his observations on the nest and habits of -the true tarantula (_Lycosa tarentula_), which he discovered in Spain. - -The nests of _L. narbonensis_ at Cannes resembled those described by -M. Dufour, but the cylindrical, subterranean burrows were apparently -shorter. It was extremely difficult to trace their course, on account -of the loose sand which poured into the tubes and choked them up, and -I only succeeded in doing so completely in one case, when I stuffed -the tube with cotton-wool before proceeding to dig. Here the open -tube, which was quite simple, and about 1 inch in diameter, descended -vertically for 3-1/4 inches, and was then suddenly bent so as to -become horizontal, terminating shortly afterwards in a triangular -chamber, the floor of which measured 2 inches across at the widest -part, and was strewed with the remains of beetles and other insects. - -The nest was lined throughout with coarse silk, which had a blackish -hue, owing to the presence of the filaments of what I believe to have -been some undeveloped fungoid growth. The mouth of the tube was open, -and frequently surmounted by a short tubular prolongation, commencing -at the surface of the ground, which formed a sort of chimney about an -inch high and from an inch to an inch and a quarter across; this was -composed of fibres of plants, pine-needles, and especially of a large -branching lichen, very common in the neighbourhood of the nests, and -all these materials were woven together and kept in place by a few -threads of silk spun here and there. - -It was not every nest that was furnished with a chimney, nor were -all the chimneys equally complete, for in some cases they consisted -merely of a small rim or one-sided lip, while in others they -resembled little birds' nests, and were sufficiently firm and compact -to permit of my carrying them away. It appeared to me that these -chimneys served as screens to prevent the loose sand from being swept -into the burrows by the winds which rage over that open seashore -plain, and that they were more or less complete in proportion as -the exposure was greater or less, and the sand looser or more bound -together. - -I captured eight of these spiders, and here, as in the trap-door -group, the female alone inhabited the nest. - -Besides this habit, they have other points in common with trap-door -spiders; such, for example, as the resemblance which exists between -this nest and that of _Theraphosa Blondii_ from Brazil (see p. 188, -above), and between the chimney of this Tarantula and the aërial -prolongation of the tube sometimes found in nests of the wafer type. - -But perhaps the most suggestive point of resemblance consists in -the habit which this Tarantula possesses of covering and closing -the aperture of the nest during the winter with a thin layer of -materials, similar to those of which the chimney is composed, -and, like them, bound together with silk. This is, in fact, an -immovable wafer-door, and precisely resembles those which I have -seen constructed by _Nemesia Manderstjernæ_, and _N. Eleanora_, when -captive and placed in an artificial hole in the earth. - -The tubes are, as has been already stated, open during the spring, -and we may suppose that the spider, on the approach of warm weather, -wakes up from her winter lethargy, and tears away this concealing -thatch. But if one of these spiders should by chance happen to free -this silk-woven thatch by cutting round some three-fourths of its -circumference, so as to leave it still attached to the rim of the -aperture of the nest by the remaining quarter, she would then have -made for herself a veritable, though rather rude trap-door of the -wafer kind. - -It is most likely, however, that the spider knows what she is about -and that a door to her dwelling would be the reverse of an advantage -to her, for she is more powerful and swifter than the generality of -European trap-door spiders, and, as she probably lives by leaping out -upon and hunting her prey, she no doubt needs to have the entrance to -her nest free of all encumbrance. - -I am indebted to the Rev. W. G. Brackenridge for evidence of the very -interesting fact that _Lycosa narbonensis_ closes her nest at Cannes -in the winter. - -I was aware that Latreille stated that the Tarantula possessed this -habit,[147] and I was anxious to know whether the species which I had -detected at Cannes, inhabiting as it did open nests in the month of -May, would also exhibit this curious custom. Being unable to visit -Cannes myself during the winter, I applied to Mr. Brackenridge, -who, on the 28th of January last (1874), secured a very perfect -specimen of the aërial portion or chimney of one of the nests having -the orifice closed in the way above described, and most kindly -transmitted it to me. - -[Footnote 147: P. A. Latreille, Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat., Paris (an. VII. -de la République), p. 124: "L'araignée _tarentule_ ferme aussi son -habitation, mais cet opercule n'est pas mobile, et n'est construit -que pour l'hiver."] - -I have, on a very few occasions, found the doors of a wafer or cork -nest spun up during the winter at Mentone, and on digging have -discovered the spider alive, though partially torpid, inside; but -this is quite an exceptional event. I should much like to know, -however, whether this becomes the rule in the case of the nests of -those trap-door spiders which inhabit climates less favoured than -that of Mentone. - -In my concluding remarks in _Ants and Spiders_ I called attention to -the importance which attaches to a knowledge of the food and manner -of feeding of any creature whose life-history we may wish to study, -and I would now once more press the subject on the attention of my -readers. For the range and distribution of a species largely depends -upon the nature of its food, and this will also be an indication -of the rivals with which it has to compete in the struggle for -existence; the times and seasons of its activity, and in many cases -even the structure and position of its dwelling-place will be -governed by this same all-important question of food-supply. - -I have now detected the remains of insects, and of ants especially, -in the nest of every species of trap-door spider which I have -examined _in situ_; very frequently, however, one may open several -nests in succession without finding any of these _débris_, and at -other times they will only be detected beneath the existing bottom of -the tube, layers of silk having been spun over successive layers of -refuse. - -The horny coats of ants form by very far the largest proportion of -these remains, and I have lately been much struck by the number of -instances in which, while digging out ants' nests at Mentone, I -have found trap-door nests (especially those of _N. Manderstjernæ_ -and _N. Moggridgii_) in their midst, the tubes often traversing the -very heart of the ants' colony and coming into close contact with -the galleries and chambers of the ants. The doors in these instances -had almost always escaped my notice, and, indeed, they so closely -resembled the surface of the ground that even when I knew, from -having accidentally cut across the tube below ground, that one of -these doors must lie near a given spot, yet I could only discover it -by following the passage from below upwards. This perfect concealment -is doubtless of essential importance to the spiders' success in life, -for, if they once alarmed the whole colony of ants and let them know -the exact whereabouts of their lurking-place, they would soon learn -to avoid it. - -But, as it is, the work of opening the door, snatching in an ant, and -closing it again, is but the affair of a second or two, and before -the companions of the victim have time to realize the nature of the -phenomenon, the gaping earth has closed again and become once more, -to all appearance, part of the solid and trustworthy ground. - -I have seen _N. Manderstjernæ_ snatch at insects in this way during -the daytime, and I well remember how I started on one occasion when, -as I was looking fixedly at a small blue gnat which I had taken for a -moth, I saw the earth suddenly open and one of these spiders partly -emerge, make a swift stroke at the insect, and withdraw again as -swiftly. - -I have found the remains of ants, of beetles of many species -and different sizes, of wood-lice (_Oniscus_), and of earwigs -(_Forficula_) in the nests of _N. Eleanora_ and _N. Manderstjernæ_, -and the wings of a large green field-bug in the nest of the former. -I have only once detected traces of food in the dwellings of -_Cteniza Moggridgii_, and these consisted of minute fragments of the -integuments of insects, none of which were certainly recognisable, -though I believe that they partly consisted of the coats of a small -species of ant. The rarity or complete absence of the wings of -insects which habitually fly rather than crawl on the ground, and -my inability to discover either snares or any evidence that these -spiders ever leave the nest, lead me to believe that they live (at -any rate from October to May) by dragging into their nests any -insects which approach within reach. - -Ants, earwigs, beetles, and wood-lice are precisely the very -creatures which would fall a prey to the spider without obliging her -to leave her nest, and it is accordingly their remains that we find. - -On one occasion, however, at Montpellier, my sister detected _N. -cæmentaria_ in the act of devouring a fair-sized caterpillar, to -obtain which there is some reason to think she must have left her -nest. We were out together on the 8th of May last (1874), hunting for -the new wafer nests of that district, under the kind guidance of M. -Lichtenstein, when my sister called our attention to a caterpillar, -the body of which partly projected from the tube of a cork nest (_N. -cæmentaria_), and prevented the lid from closing. - -On closer examination we found that the spider was in the act of -devouring the caterpillar, and had already sucked out the juices from -the anterior portion, while the middle and posterior parts of the -body still resisted, and the legs clung tenaciously to the lip of the -nest. - -M. Lichtenstein told us that this larva, which when entire must have -been rather more than an inch long, was that of the mullein moth -(_Cucullia verbasci_). - -It was not full grown, and as there were no mullein plants within -some two feet of the nest and this caterpillar will not leave the -plant on which it feeds unless compelled, it would seem as if the -spider must have gone afield in order to capture it. It is possible, -nevertheless, that the caterpillar may have fallen within reach of -the spider when blown off the mullein leaves by the wind. - -I have, unfortunately, but few details to give of the nocturnal -habits of the trap-door spiders. It would appear, however, that they -are more active by night than by day, and that it is more common -to find their doors ajar at night, with the spiders posted on the -look-out at the narrow opening. This is borne out by my observations -on captive spiders, to which I shall allude shortly. - -When at Hyères on the 11th of May, 1873, the evening being very -warm and a bright moon shining, I went at 8:30 P.M. with my father -and sister to see what the spiders would be doing on a hedge bank -where we had previously marked five cork and eight wafer nests. The -moonlight did not fall upon this spot, but I was provided with a -lantern, and by its light the nests at first appeared to be tightly -closed, but we soon perceived first one and then another with the -door slightly raised, ready to close on the smallest alarm, whether -from a footfall or from the flickering of the lamp. When the light of -the lantern was steady it did not appear to frighten the spiders in -the least, even when brought to within a few inches of the door,[148] -and this enabled me to watch them very closely. On either side of -the raised door of one of the wafer nests I could see the feet of -the spider projecting, and just at that moment I caught sight of a -beetle close at hand, feeding on the topmost spray of some small -plant below. Using every precaution, I contrived to gather the spray -without shaking off the beetle, and gradually pushed it nearer and -nearer to the nest. When it almost touched the lip of the nest the -door flew open, and the spider snatched at the beetle and dragged it -down below. - -[Footnote 148: This had been observed before both by my father and Mr. -Dillon when watching the trap-door spiders at night at Mentone.] - -For a few seconds the door remained tightly closed, and then, to our -great surprise, was suddenly opened again, and the beetle was cast -alive and unharmed out of the nest. I immediately secured the insect, -which proved to be the common _Chrysomela Banksii_.[149] - -[Footnote 149: I am indebted to Mr. F. Smith for the name.] - -I cannot doubt that this beetle was distasteful in some way to the -spider, for it was neither so large nor so powerful as many beetles -the remains of which I have found in the spiders' nests, and, -besides, it did not escape from the nest, but was distinctly rejected -by its captor. - -This shows that this spider does not know instinctively what insects -to reject and what to take. - -This little episode was scarcely ended when I espied a wood-louse -(_Oniscus_) walking down the bank, not far from another of these -wafer nests. By a little guidance I managed so to turn its course -that this unsuspicious crustacean went straight to the very point I -wished, and made as if it would walk over the spider's door; but no -sooner was it well within reach than, quick as thought, the spider -clutched it and dragged it in. No rejection followed on this capture, -and, though I could not actually witness the conclusion of this -adventure, I do not doubt that it ended in a tragedy and a supper. - -In these two cases, as in all those previously noted, the spiders did -not leave the nest nor allow the door to close behind them, but kept -it propped up on the abdomen and hindmost pair of legs. In this way -the act of seizing their prey, and that of withdrawing into the nest, -were almost simultaneous. - -In no case did we see any of these spiders out of their nests, and -their behaviour by night appeared to be the same as by day, only that -they were bolder and more on the alert. - -The spiders in the cork nests (_N. Moggridgii_) resisted our attempts -to raise their doors just as rigorously as in the daytime. - -All the spiders which I have kept in captivity have shown themselves -more active at night than during the day, and I imagine that -experience has taught them that fewer of their enemies are then -abroad, while ants, beetles, wood-lice, and other creatures upon -which they prey are quite as nocturnal as themselves. - -I brought back to England some young cork and wafer spiders from -Hyères, and one adult cork (_N. Moggridgii_). The latter was placed -in a small tin box, with moss and a little earth at the bottom, on -the evening of May the 10th, 1873, and by next morning she had made -a silk tube through the moss, carrying up earth from below for the -purpose of strengthening its walls on the outside. On the 13th of May -the tube was furnished with a perfect door. - -I hoped that this spider might lay eggs in her prison,[150] and -therefore broke up her nest from time to time after my return to -London in order to search for them. Between the 27th of May (when her -nest had been transferred into a box of earth) and the 6th of October -I destroyed her dwelling four times, and after each demolition -she furnished the cylindrical hole which I bored for her with a -lid, having thus made five doors since her capture. I got no eggs -however, though the spider appeared in perfect health. - -[Footnote 150: Strange to say, though I have opened so many nests -at different seasons of the year, and found young apparently quite -recently hatched, I have never been able to find the eggs of a -trap-door spider.] - -Neither this spider nor the true _N. cæmentaria_ of Montpellier -appears to have any idea of digging a hole when placed on soft earth -if they are adult; and the same thing is true of _N. Manderstjernæ_ -and _N. Eleanora_, but the young of all these spiders readily -excavate nests for themselves. - -I have once seen a nearly full grown, and probably adult, _Cteniza -Moggridgii_ make a perfect tube and furnish it with a moveable door -in a single night when confined under gauze on moist earth, but this -is the only instance (except that of _Cteniza Californica_, recorded -above) in which I have known an adult trap-door spider excavate or -attempt to do so. - -These _Ctenizas_ seem to be peculiarly able to adapt themselves -to circumstances, for two young ones, which I sent by post to M. -Lucas at the Jardin des Plantes in Paris in little wide-mouthed, -cylindrical, blue glass bottles, not only lined the bottles with silk -but also closed them at the mouth with a door fitting accurately -into a bevelled lip, in the manufacture of both of which fragments -of moss, the only material at their disposal, were used in place -of earth.[151] It is curious to see how quickly the young trap-door -spiders, both of the cork and wafer kinds, when taken from the -nest of the mother, will make their own perfect little dwellings -in captivity, and I have known them construct tube and door within -fifteen hours. - -[Footnote 151: M. H. Lucas, in _Bull. des Séances de la Soc. Entom. de -Fr._ No. 27 (1874), p. 101.] - -I have watched the proceedings of the young spiders, when taken from -the mother's nest, in the following species: _Nemesia Manderstjernæ_, -_N. Eleanora_, _N. congener_, and _N. Moggridgii_, the three first -constructing wafer, and the last a cork nest. All of these very young -spiders will excavate their own tubes and bring out pellets of the -earth, which closely resemble those carried out from their galleries -by the ants. - -As has been stated before, the young brood, while still in the -mother's nest, will often comprise individuals of different -sizes, and though the majority are no larger than the baby-spider -represented at Fig. B 2, Pl. IX., _Ants and Spiders_, some may -occasionally be found that are fully twice as large. - -The little nests which they make in captivity vary accordingly in -size. Thus, out of sixteen young taken from the mother's nest (_N. -Eleanora_), eleven, three days after capture, had made nests in the -earth of a flower-pot, and the wafer doors of six of these nests -measured 2 lines across, of four 2-1/2 lines, and of one 3 lines. The -first nests of another similar lot of young _Eleanora_ spiders had -wafer doors measuring respectively 2, 2-1/2, 2-1/2, 3 and 3 lines. In -another case when I captured fourteen young (the entire brood found -in the nest of the mother, _N. Manderstjernæ_), after the lapse of -five days every one of them had made a nest, but these were smaller -and more uniform, ten of the wafer doors measuring 2 lines across, -one 1-1/2, and one 2-1/2. - -These little spiders need to be kept constantly supplied with flies, -which should be killed and placed near their nests; they are often -so greedy that they will attempt to drag a house-fly entire down -their tubes for which it is much too large, when the door is pushed -open, and the fly remains sticking in the entrance to the nest with -its legs up in the air. One may even feed these spiders oneself by -approaching carefully and, without causing any vibration, pushing the -fly, placed on the end of a pencil, within reach of the spider. - -I have given my reasons before (_Ants and Spiders_, p. 127) for -believing that the trap-door spiders do not as a rule desert -their nests, but enlarge them from time to time to meet their own -requirements of growth; showing, by a comparison of the measurements -of the doors of eight nests in April with those of the same nests in -the following October, that all had increased in size. - -Subsequent observations have confirmed this; I find that the young -spiders taken from the mother's nest enlarge their nests in captivity -in a precisely similar way. - -Thus, for example, the wafer doors of three young _Eleanora_ spiders, -made within a few days after their removal from the mother's nest -on February 20th, 1873, and first measured on February 28th, had -increased between that date and Nov. 29th following from 2 to 4 -lines, 2-1/2 to 4 lines, and 2-1/2 to 6 lines respectively. - -It is unfortunate that the male and female spiders are -undistinguishable when very young, as it would be interesting to -know whether the males construct nests before they take to their -adult life, during which they roam from place to place and hide under -stones. - -In one case fourteen young spiders, forming this entire family taken -with a female _N. Manderstjernæ_, made nests; so that unless all of -these were females, we have evidence here to prove that the males do -commence life by building nests for themselves. - -I kept the male _Cteniza Moggridgii_, for ten days on damp earth in -captivity, but he made no attempt to excavate or spin, and wandered -restlessly about, scarcely touching the flies[152] with which I -supplied him. - -[Footnote 152: I habitually fed my captive spiders with common -house-flies, and it was curious to see how entirely the latter were -wanting in any instinctive fear of even the largest spiders. They -would creep between the spiders' legs, causing them to start as -if electrified, and frequently it was not until the flies, after -repeating this annoyance several times, actually walked up to and -almost touched the fangs of the spider, that they were punished for -their ignorance and presumption.] - -Seeing this I could not venture to prolong his captivity, as I feared -to risk injuring a specimen which was quite unique and which there -was little likelihood of my being able to replace. It is rather -curious that M. Simon should also have found one male, and one -only, of the closely-related _Ct. fodiens_ of Corsica, and that his -specimen should be, like mine, the only one known. - -Bearing in mind the curious problems which arise as to the affinities -of the flora and fauna of the Alpes Maritimes with that of Corsica, -the fact that the species of _Cteniza_ which is found at Mentone, -though allied to, is yet distinct from the insular species, gains a -new interest. - -We ask ourselves whether the Corsican species sprang from that of the -Alpes Maritimes, or _vice versâ_; or again, whether both diverged -in remote times from a common ancestor. Questions such as these -cannot be answered at present, but I hope the day may come when the -geographical distribution of the various existing forms of life will -be traced with sufficient accuracy to enable us to follow on the -map the lines along which affinity travels; and thus point out at -once the probable relationship between two given forms, and also the -route by which they reached their present stations. Records of local -varieties, and the careful discrimination between forms which have -small but permanent points of difference, thus acquire an importance -which they would not otherwise possess. - -The geographical distribution of trap-door spiders is of peculiar -interest on account of the sedentary habits maintained during -life by the females. Most animals are capable of travelling long -distances, or of being accidentally transported from place to place -in such a way that colonies are frequently established far away from -the parent settlement, and we are left in the dark as to whence -they came and who are their nearest relations. But, in the case of -spiders inhabiting true trap-door nests, this is not so; they begin -life immediately on leaving the parent nest by making homes for -themselves near at hand which they will not desert, and there is no -likelihood of their being accidentally carried from place to place -unless occasionally by running water. Thus it happens that whenever -we find the same trap-door spider at two distant localities, we may -feel tolerably sure that the species has travelled from one to the -other by gradual extension, and that, either now or in times past, it -occupied all the intervening country. - -For instance, we find _Nemesia Eleanora_ at Mentone, and again at -Cannes, while it has not yet been detected at Nice, Antibes, nor any -other intermediate point; but according to this hypothesis, this -species either does actually live, or has done so formerly, along -the whole intervening line. I will now enumerate the species alluded -to in the preceding pages and indicate briefly the habitats which -they are known with certainty to occupy. - -I. _Atypus piceus_, Sulzer (ex Simon). The builder of the tubular -nest the silk lining of which is figured at A in Pl. XIII. It is -stated by M. Simon[153] to be common in all the centre, east, and west -of France, but it remains doubtful whether this exact form is found -in England or not, the true characters and habits of the English -species being still uncertain. - -[Footnote 153: l.c. sup., p. 183.] - -II. _Cyrtauchenius elongatus_, Simon, constructing the funnel type of -nest. It inhabits the neighbourhood of Fez in Morocco. - -III. _Cteniza Moggridgii_, Cambridge (formerly described under the -name of _Ct. fodiens_[154]), one of the many builders of a nest of -the cork type; I have hitherto found this spider only at Mentone and -San Remo. It will probably be discovered in shady valleys in the -neighbourhood of Nice. - -[Footnote 154: _Ants and Spiders_, p. 89.] - -IV. _Ct. fodiens_, Camb. (_Ct. Sauvagii_, Rossi ex Simon): large nest -of cork type; inhabits Corsica. It has been said that the species -found near Pisa (_Ct. Sauvagii_) is the same as that which is so -common in Corsica, but it is desirable to have further confirmation -of this. - -V. _Ct. Californica_, Camb.--Large nest of cork type. Found near -Visalia, about 350 miles south of San Francisco, by Mr. G. Treadwell. - -VI. _Nemesia cæmentaria_, Latr.--Nest of cork type. Only known with -certainty to inhabit the neighbourhood of Montpellier. - -VII. _N. Moggridgii_, Camb. (formerly described under the name of _N. -cæmentaria_, Latr.[155])--Nest of cork type; is found at San Remo, -Mentone, Cannes, Hyères, and Marseilles. Its range probably extends -some distance to the eastwards, but I doubt whether it does so -towards the west, for there I think it likely that it will be found -to be replaced by the typical _cæmentaria_. - -[Footnote 155: _Ants and Spiders_, p. 92.] - -VIII. _N. Simoni_, Camb.--Nest of the single-door unbranched wafer -type, discovered at Bordeaux in May, 1874. - -IX. _N. suffusa_, Camb.--Nest of single-door branched wafer type, -discovered at Montpellier in May, 1873. - -X. _N. Eleanora_, Camb.--Nest of double-door unbranched wafer type; -is found at San Remo, Mentone, Cannes, Vaucluse near Avignon. M. -Simon says[156] he has also found it at Digne, in the Basses Alpes. - -[Footnote 156: E. Simon, _Aranéides nouveaux du Midi de l'Europe_, in -"Mém. Soc. Roy. Sc. de Liège," 2^{me}. ser. tom. v. p. 30.] - -XI. _N. congener_, Camb.--Nest of double-door branched wafer type; -discovered at Hyères in May, 1873. - -XII. _N. Manderstjernæ_, Koch, in Ausserer (formerly described under -the name of _N. meridionalis_, Costa).[157]--Nest of double-door, -branched, cavity wafer type; is found at San Remo, Bordighera, -Mentone, Nice, Cannes, and Hyères (apparently very rare at the -last-named place). - -[Footnote 157: _Ants and Spiders_, p. 101.] - -XIII. _N. meridionalis_, Costa.--Structure of nest doubtful (see -description in _Ants and Spiders_, p. 138). Found near Naples and -in Ischia. M. Simon has discovered a spider in Corsica which he -considers the same as that described by M. Costa under the name -of _meridionalis_, but it seems desirable, in order thoroughly to -establish this conclusion, that specimens of the spiders and their -nests from these distant habitats should be compared together. - -We can scarcely suppose that the real geographical distribution of -the above-named twelve species is as restricted as it would appear to -be from the above enumeration, and there is little doubt, I think, -that many more habitats will be added in time. Indeed, our knowledge -of the habits and distribution of these spiders can only as yet be -said to be in its infancy, the whole subject being, for the most -part, new and untrodden ground. - -But, it may be asked, what are the chances in the future for the -discovery of undescribed spiders and types of nests: and what reward -of this kind may the travelling naturalist expect in order to -compensate him for the time and pains which such a search demands, -and which must divert him in a great measure from making other -collections? - -The reply is not doubtful. - -Europe alone, most probably, contains many trap-door spiders the -specific characters and habits of which are at present unknown; and -as for the warmer regions of other parts of the globe, we only know -enough to lead us to surmise that still stranger and more startling -discoveries await us there. - -Dr. L. Koch's description of the very remarkable branched-wafer -nest from Australia, alluded to above (p. 217), and the fragmentary -specimens of giant cork-nests from the same country exhibited at -the British Museum, give us a hint of what the Antipodes will some -day reveal to us; while a stray allusion to a trap-door nest found -near Lake Dilolo, in Southern Africa, by Livingstone,[158] affords -an indication of their existence in another quarter of the globe. -Hitherto but little importance has been attached by naturalists to -the study of the nests of trap-door spiders, but a knowledge of their -structure is often of the greatest assistance, and will, I venture to -predict, be found to afford a clue leading to the discovery of many -new species; for it not unfrequently happens that, while two spiders -appear so much alike as to pass for representatives of the same -species, their nests are totally dissimilar and proclaim them, as in -fact they are, quite distinct from one another. For an example of -this we have only to turn to the seven species of _Nemesia_, treated -of in the foregoing pages, of which six construct dissimilar nests, -and only two, building nests of the cork type, make them alike, -though the general resemblance between the spiders themselves is -extraordinarily close. Thus far, indeed, it will be seen that no two -distinct species of European trap-door spider make wafer nests of the -same type, each kind of wafer nest having its own peculiar spider. - -[Footnote 158: "A large reddish spider (_Mygale_), named by the -natives 'sclàli,' runs about with great velocity. Its nest is most -ingeniously covered with a hinged cover or door, about the size of a -shilling, the inner face of which is of a pure white silky substance -like paper, while the outer one is coated with earth precisely like -that in which the hole is made, so that when it is closed it is -quite impossible to detect the situation of the nest. Unfortunately -the cavity for breeding is never seen except when the owner is out, -and has left the door open behind her."--_Dr. Livingstone_, _from_ -"_Popular Accounts of Travels in South Africa_," chap. xvii. p. 221.] - -This strikes me as a very curious fact, and I await with interest the -discovery of new species of wafer-building spiders in order to learn -whether this will continue to hold good or not. - -That such discoveries will be made I entertain no doubt; indeed, I -have reason to believe that, even at Mentone, where perhaps more -pairs of eyes have been at work searching for trap-door spiders than -anywhere else, new species still remain to be detected. In April, -1873, the surface door of a wafer-nest together with a very small -portion of the tube was brought to me from the summit of the Aiguille -mountain, near Mentone. I was greatly surprised to learn that a -trap-door spider could live in such a situation, for the earth on -that plateau, which has an elevation of 4032 feet above the sea, is -always frozen hard for weeks and even months together during the -winter, and snow frequently lingers there. The spider, therefore, -which endures these conditions is scarcely likely to be of the -same species as any one of those inhabiting the lower country. The -trap-door spiders of these spurs of the Maritime Alps, are probably -of distinct species from those of the plains, but they are absolutely -unknown at present. - -Then the males of several species, as, for example, those of _Nemesia -Simoni_, _N. suffusa_, _N. congener_, and _N. Moggridgii_, have yet -to be discovered; while of the habits of the males in general we know -little or nothing. - -Indeed, there is no one species with the habits of which we can -say we are thoroughly acquainted, and we must admit that up to the -present time these ingenious little architects have been at least as -successful in concealing themselves from the intrusion of naturalists -as from the attacks of their proper enemies. - -Surely these trap-door spiders, which have lain quiet in the earth -century after century, have hidden themselves long enough from our -inquisitive admiration, and the time has now come for us to seek them -out and learn their ways. - - - - -SPECIFIC DESCRIPTIONS OF TRAP-DOOR SPIDERS, - -BY - -THE REV O. PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE. - - -Genus Cteniza, Latr. - -Cteniza Moggridgii, sp. n., Plate XX., fig. A, p. 254. - -_Cteniza fodiens_ (Camb.)? ♀ in _Harvesting Ants and Trap-door -Spiders_, J. T. Moggridge, 1873, p. 89, Plate VII., excluding -synonyms there quoted. - -Adult male length 5-1/2 lines, length of cephalothorax 3 lines, -breadth 2-1/2. - -The cephalothorax is of a short, broad-oval form, its length being -only half a line greater than its breadth; it is flattened-convex -above, and depressed near the margins, the _caput_ (when looked -at in profile) scarcely rising above the level of the thorax. -At the junction of the caput and thoracic segments is a deep, -circularly-curved indentation, or fovea, the curve of which is -directed backwards; the extremities of this indentation are continued -obliquely forwards on either side, forming the normal ones which -indicate the junction of the caput and thorax. Rather more than -one-third of the distance between the above curved indentation and -the fore margin of the caput is a very perceptible and deep but -narrow, slightly curved, transverse indentation which divides the -caput into two distinct parts; the curve of this indentation is -directed forwards. The normal thoracic indentations are well marked, -but not very strong; the surface of the thorax, though shining, -appeared under a lens to be covered with fine rugulosities. Its -colour is yellow-brown; a large triangular patch on either side -of the caput being tinged with orange, and the rest suffused with -dark brown. The caput is of a dark reddish yellow-brown, showing -(in spirit of wine) two longitudinal bars, or strong lines, of a -clearer orange yellow-brown colour; its surface is glossy, though, -under a lens, the sides of the fore part are very finely striated or -rugulose. These lines begin behind the extremities of the hinder row -of eyes, and gradually converge to a point at the thoracic junction; -the ocular region and central longitudinal line of the fore-segment -of the caput have some long and very prominent black bristles. -When alive, the cephalothorax appears to have been suffused with a -purplish hue, corresponding to that of the abdomen and other parts. - -[Illustration: _Plate XX._] - -The _eyes_ form a rectangular figure, whose fore side is a little -shorter than the hinder one, and whose transverse, or longest, -diameter is as nearly as possible double the length of its shortest -one; the eyes of the central or fore-central pair are small, and -separated by a diameter's distance from each other. The hind laterals -are the smallest of the eight, and each is almost contiguous to the -hind-central nearest to it, this latter being of a sub-triangular -form, and separated from the fore-central on its side by an interval -equal to that which divides the two fore-centrals, but less than -that which separates each fore-central from the fore-lateral on its -side. Looked at as in two transverse rows of four each, those of -the foremost row are darkish coloured, while those of the hinder -row are pearly white. Omitting the eyes of the hind-central pair, -the remaining three on either side form as nearly as possible an -equilateral triangle. - -The _legs_ are long, moderately strong, their relative length being -4, 1, 2, 3. They are of a dark brown colour, generally paler on the -under sides, furnished with hairs, fine bristles, and spines; the -latter are numerous and strong beneath the metatarsi and tibiæ of -the first and second pairs; on those of the third pair they are less -strong and more uniformly disposed; on those of the fourth pair they -are fewest and least conspicuous. The genual joints of the third -pair have some strongish spines on the outer side; the right leg has -eight, the left nine. The toothing of the superior tarsal claws does -not appear to be uniform on the different legs of the same example; -on those of the fourth pair there were five teeth; on those of the -first pair eight or nine, with two others, quite rudimentary, towards -the point of the claw; and even on one of the fourth pair of legs one -of the claws had six, the other five teeth. The tarsal claws of the -second pair are toothed throughout nearly their whole length with -from eight to ten teeth; on _one_ of the third pair the teeth were -but five or six, while on the other there were on one claw but three -ordinary teeth and a much stronger one a little way off in front of -them, on the second claw only a single strong tooth about the middle, -and a smaller one close to its base. - -The _palpi_ are long and rather slender, measuring rather over -six lines in length; they are similar in colour to the legs, and -excepting a few--from twelve to fourteen--short strong spines on -the upper side of the extremity of the digital joint, furnished with -hairs only. The cubital joint is more than half the length of the -radial; this latter is equal in length to the humeral joint, and -nearly as long as the femora of the first pair of legs. The digital -joint is short, of an oblong oval form, broadest at its extremity. -The palpal organs consist of a nearly spherical corneous lobe, -prolonged at its fore extremity into a long, slender, tapering, -beak-like spine, curving upwards (_i.e._, with its point near to the -radial joint), and inwards. - -A broad, conspicuous, shining, corneous band, of a deeper red-brown -than the rest, runs round the middle (or equatorial line) of the -spherical portion of these organs, covering the greater part of their -surface. - -The _falces_ are of moderate length and strength, and of ordinary -form. They are similar in colour to the legs, and furnished in front, -chiefly on their inner edges, with hairs, and at their extremities -on the inner sides, with a few, but not very strong nor conspicuous, -short spines; their under side (along which the fang lies) is toothed -on the inner edge only; the fang is strong and curved, but presents -nothing remarkable in form, nor could I detect either denticulation -or serration. - -The _maxillæ_ are strong, straight, divergent, with a small prominent -point at the inner extremity of each; they are as strong, but not so -long, as the basal (coxal) joints of the legs of the first pair, of a -yellow-brown colour, furnished with hairs, but with no spines of any -sort or size. - -The _labium_ is similar in colour to the maxillæ, and somewhat -quadrate in shape, rounded at the apex; it is furnished with hairs -only. - -The _sternum_ is of a sub-pentagonal form, much broader behind than -in front; its colour is dull yellowish-brown, and it is furnished -with hairs, leaving two largish, bare, round, slightly impressed -patches, not far from each other, in a transverse line near the -middle. - -The _abdomen_ is short-oval in form, and very convex above; it -projects a little over the base of the cephalothorax, and its upper -side is of a purplish grey-brown hue, mottled with a pale dull -whitish-yellow, and furnished sparingly with hairs. The sides and -under side are of a uniform dull whitish-yellow. The _spinners_ (four -in number) are, as usual, of very unequal size, those of the superior -pair longish, strong, three-jointed, and up-turned, the inferior -pair short but stout, consisting of one joint only and pretty close -together. - -The _female_ (as it is conjectured to be) of this species was -described, in the work to which the present publication is -supplementary, from examples found at Mentone. There is little doubt -now but that it is not _Ct. fodiens_, Walck., but whether or not -identical with the male above described is not absolutely certain. -I think myself (with Mr. Moggridge, see p. 195) that it is so, in -spite of some differences in the relative size of the eyes, the -toothing of the under side of the falces, and the denticulation -of the tarsal claws. With regard to the eyes and falces, I am not -inclined to lay special stress upon these differences. It is found -that in other groups of spiders whose cephalothorax varies very -markedly in development in the two sexes, differences of this nature -occur. In the present genus, the male has an almost flat caput, -while the female has a strongly elevated one; and with respect to -the variation in the tarsal claws, no special weight can be attached -to it in the present instance, since these claws are not uniformly -denticulated in the different feet of the same individual. Another -difference is the absence in the male of sundry small but distinct -tooth-like spines at the apex of the labium and the inner corner of -the base of the maxillæ; the female is also wanting in regard to the -very characteristic transverse indentation which divides the caput -of the male into two parts. I can, however, trace in the female the -slightest possible corresponding depression, scarcely amounting to an -indentation, and placed rather nearer to the junctional thoracic pit. - -With regard to the differences between this species and _Ct. -Sauvagii_, Latr. (_Ct. fodiens_, Walck.), size alone would suffice to -distinguish them; two females of the latter now before me measuring -13 lines in length; while the male (_Aran. nouv. ou peu connus du -Midi de l'Europe_, par Eugène Simon, Mém., Liège, 1873) measures 8 -lines (17 mm.) and the female rather over 14 lines (30 mm.), the -fore-central eyes in the female of _Ct. Sauvagii_ appeared to be -smaller than those in _Ct. Moggridgii_ and placed rather farther -forwards, but the eyes in both are otherwise remarkably similar -both in size and position. The males, however, cannot be confounded -inasmuch as, according to M. Simon, no trace of any transverse -indentation on the caput exists in _Ct. Sauvagii_. - -The denticulation of the tarsal claws in the females of both species -is similar, but M. Simon does not mention this portion of the -structure of the male he describes of _Ct. Sauvagii_. - -The adult male of _Ct. Moggridgii_ above described, was found behind -the stones of an old wall at Mentone, but not in any kind of nest. - -Nest-making, and excavating for that purpose, is, probably, no part -of the work of the adult males in this and other allied genera, and -hence we can see a reason for differences in the development of the -caput, and the denticulation of the falces. The usual habitat of the -females and their nests is in damp and shady spots, whereas _Ct. -Sauvagii_ constructs its nests in dry exposed banks. - -_Habitat._ Mentone and San Remo. - - -Cteniza Californica, sp. n., Plate XV., fig. B, p. 198. - -Adult female; length very nearly 14 lines; length of the -cephalothorax, 5-1/2; greatest breadth of ditto, 5; breadth of fore -part of caput, 4 lines; length of caput rather over 3 lines. - -The _cephalothorax_ of this spider is rather broader in proportion to -its length than that of _Ct. Sauvagii_, Walck., Sim. = _Ct. fodiens_, -Walck. The convexity, or elevation, of the caput is also less, but -that of the thorax is greater, so that (when looked at in profile) -the profile line of the two forms a tolerably even and continuous -slope, interrupted only by the thoracic fovea; the profile, however, -of the occiput is curved. - -The thoracic fovea, or junctional indentation, is strong, deep, and -semilunar in form, the horns of the crescent pointing forwards; the -other normal indentations are well marked, but those which divide -the caput from the first thoracic segment do not unite with the -extremities of the junctional fovea, being in this respect unlike -_Ct. Moggridgii_, but more like _Ct. Sauvagii_. The _clypeus_, -although transversely impressed, yet slopes forward more gradually -than in either of those species, its breadth is about equal to that -of the ocular area, or amounts to half that of the facial space. The -colour of the cephalothorax, taken from the specimen preserved in -spirit of wine, is a deep reddish-yellow brown, gradually getting -paler towards the margins. When alive, I understand that the general -colour of the whole spider was a dark blackish chocolate brown, the -legs and cephalothorax being darker than the abdomen; there are a few -prominent bristly hairs in the medial line both before and behind the -ocular area. - -The _eyes_ form a narrow transverse oblong figure, its length being -about two and a half times its width, and its fore side is a little -the shortest; the fore-lateral eyes are large and oval, and by far -the largest of the eight; the rest do not differ much in size, though -perhaps the hind laterals, which are also oval, are a little the -largest; the longest diameter of these, however, is less than half -the longest diameter of the fore laterals. The interval between the -fore and hind laterals is small, only equal to the shortest diameter -of the hind lateral; and this interval is nearly double that which -separates each hind lateral and the hind central nearest to it. The -hind laterals and hind centrals form an almost perfectly straight -line, the former being very slightly indeed within the straight line -of the former; the intervals which separate the fore centrals from -each other, and each of them from the fore lateral on its side, are -as nearly as possible equal, though very slightly, if at all, less -than that which separates each of them from the hind central on its -side: the interval which separates the fore laterals is double the -length of the longest diameter of one of them. - -The _legs_ are short and very strong; they are like the cephalothorax -in colour, but paler underneath the femora; this joint in the third -pair is proportionally much stronger than in the other legs; all are -furnished with hairs, bristles, and spines, a group of erect bristles -among the rest occupies the fore part of the upper side of the -metatarsi of the first and second pairs; strong spines of different -lengths are thickly placed beneath and on the lower part of the sides -of the tibiæ tarsi and metatarsi of the first and second pairs. On -the tarsi and metatarsi of the third and fourth pairs similar spines -are distributed more uniformly over the whole surface of the joints, -and on the genual joint of the 3rd pair there is one short strong -spine near its extremity on the outer side, those on the tibiæ both -of the third and fourth pairs being confined to a few on the outer -side, and towards the lower side only. Each tarsus terminates with -three claws, of which the two superior ones have a single strong -tooth towards the base on the lower side. - -The _palpi_ are rather long, strong, and similar in colour to the -legs. They are furnished with hairs, bristles, and spines; of the -latter the radial and digital joints have some short and strong ones, -pretty thickly grouped along both their outer and inner sides; the -digital joint ends with a single untoothed claw. - -The _falces_ are strong and massive, more so than in _Ct. Sauvagii_, -but of normal form. They are furnished with hairs and bristles, and -with strong spines near their inner extremities on the upper side; -the fangs are strong, folded along the under side of the falces in a -furrow which is toothed along either edge. The colour of the falces -is a rich deep red-brown. - -The _maxillæ_ are strong, straight, divergent, with a prominent point -at the inner extremity, and some very short, strong, tooth-like -spines at their base; their colour is dull yellow-brown, and, with -the labium and sternum, they are thickly clothed with short strong -hairs. - -The _labium_ is dark yellow-brown, tipped slightly with black; it is -of a somewhat semilunar form, and has a few very short tooth-like -spines near its apex. - -The _sternum_ is of a rough oval form, broadest behind and shorter -and broader in proportion than that of _Ct. Sauvagii_ and _Ct. -Moggridgii_; its colour is dull yellow-brown, and it is destitute of -the two shining bare patches conspicuous in both those species. - -The _abdomen_ is large, short-oval, broadest behind and very convex -above; it is of a dull yellowish-brown colour, thickly mottled with -minute dark points seen through a lens to be little rings, from the -centre of each of which springs a bristly hair; the underside is -paler; the spinners and spiracular openings are normal. As observed -above, the colour of the abdomen was rather different in life; it -was then of a deep blackish chocolate brown, with an indistinct -longitudinal line along the middle of its fore part on the upper -side, intersected by a similar line at right angles; but these lines -soon disappeared after death; the specimen had been in spirit of wine -some months before the present description was made. - -A single example, with its tubular nest of the cork-lid type, was -received alive from California in 1873, and appears to have been -hitherto undescribed; though no larger than _Ct. Sauvagii_, it is yet -a stouter and more massive spider, and may readily be distinguished -by the large size of its fore-lateral eyes, the narrower ocular area -arising from the far greater proximity to each other of the eyes of -each lateral pair, the less convexity of the caput, and the greater -convexity of the thorax, as well as by its being altogether a darker -coloured spider, and having shorter stouter legs. - -_Habitat._ Visalia, 350 miles south of San Francisco, California. - - -Gen. Nemesia, Savigny. - -Nemesia Cæmentaria, Plate XIX., fig. B, p. 229. - -_Mygale cæmentaria_ (Latr.) _Hist. Nat. des Crust._ t. vii. p. 164. - ---♀--Walck., _Hist. Nat. des Ins. Apt._ 1, p. 235. - ----- ---- _Cuvier's Règne Animal_, ed. Paris. 20 vols. 18--? Pl I., -_A. Dugès del._ ♂ _et_ ♀. - -Adult female, length 7 to 9 lines. - -_Cephalothorax_ oval, truncated and almost equally broad at each -end; the upper surface is moderately convex, the caput elevated a -little above the rest, and equally rounded on the sides and upper -part; the profile of the whole cephalothorax forms a general sloping -slightly curved line, broken by the thoracic junctional pit or -fovea, which is narrow but strong, and gently but equally curved, the -convexity of the curve directed forwards; the thorax next to this -fovea is rather gibbous, but not over any great extent of surface; -the other normal indentations are tolerably strong; the colour of the -cephalothorax is yellow-brown, darkest on the sides of the caput, -and along the thoracic indentations, palest on the margins, forming -a pale marginal border indistinctly vandyked on the inner edge. The -surface is clothed, but not densely, with yellowish-grey adpressed -hairs; there are a few black bristles in a straight transverse -line, directed forwards from the lower margin of the clypeus; also -a few more bristles curved and of various lengths before and behind -the ocular area, their points meeting over this area, and a row of -strong, nearly erect ones in a longitudinal central line from the -ocular area to the junctional fovea; besides these are a few more, -finer and less conspicuous, along the middle both of the caput and -thorax; the colour on either side and in front of the ocular area is -orange yellow-brown, and joining with this a broad band of the same -runs backwards from the ocular area to the thoracic fovea. The band -begins as wide as this area, it then directly enlarges a little, and -thence tapers slightly and gradually to its termination, forming a -truncate wedge, with the margins rather irregular, but on the whole -a little curved. This band is not immaculate, there being two dark -yellow-brown tapering lines or bars along the greater part of its -length; these bars begin from each outer pair of eyes of the hinder -row, and tapering to a fine line, converge to the thoracic fovea, -but do not quite meet. It is important to note the exact form and -distribution of the central band and these tapering bars, as their -differences from the character of the similar part in another closely -allied species are strongly specific; the above description holds -good in above twenty examples before me. - -The _eyes_ are in two transverse lines, forming an area whose length -is rather less than 2-1/2 times its width; the foremost line is -curved, and the curve directed backwards, the hinder one is also -curved and in a similar direction, but less strongly, looking -laterally the extreme margin of the four eyes of the hinder row forms -a straight line. Considered as in pairs, those of the fore-central -pair are separated by an interval equal to that which separates -each from the fore-lateral and hind-central nearest to it; the -fore-laterals are divided by about two and a half diameters; they are -the largest of the eight, only slightly however, in some examples, -larger than the hind-laterals. Each of them is separated from the -hind-lateral on its side by not quite half the diameter of the -latter, and each hind-lateral is very nearly but not quite contiguous -to the hind-central on its side; the hind-centrals are roughly -rounded, smallest of the eight, though in some examples equal in size -to the fore-centrals, and are separated from the fore-central nearest -to it by about one diameter, which gives a clue to the absolute -distance between the eyes of the foremost pair. The four lateral eyes -are oval, the fore-centrals round; those of the foremost row are -darkish coloured, while those of the hinder row are pearly white. - -Although it is of great importance to observe as accurately as -possible the relative position and size of the eyes, yet we must be -prepared to find exceptions to the rule derived from the most exact -measurements in any individual instance. - -In the present species the above conclusions, as to position and -size, are drawn from a consideration and comparison of 20 examples, -and are, it is believed, pretty true, but yet in one example, one -of the hind central eyes was but half the size of the other, and -in another example one of the same eyes was but one-fourth of that -of the other, a mere dot in fact, and the relative size of the -respective lateral eyes of the two rows do not appear to maintain -exactly the same proportions in all individuals. The height of the -clypeus appeared to be as nearly as possible half that of the facial -space. - -The _legs_ are strong, moderately long, their relative length 4, -1, 2, 3, though in some examples those of the second and third -pairs are equal in length; in others, those of the third pair are -slightly longer than those of the second; here again, as with the -eyes, although the relative proportion of the legs of spiders is an -important specific point, and in general tolerably reliable, yet -accurate observation and measurements prove that there are small -differences in individual instances. The legs are yellow-brown -in colour, furnished with hairs, bristles, and a few spines. The -outer sides of the genual joints of the third pair are destitute of -spines; in two instances only out of 20, this joint had a single, not -very conspicuous, spine. The superior tarsal claws have 4-5 minute -pectinations underneath near their base. - -The _palpi_ are moderately long and strong, and similar in colour -and general armature to the legs; they terminate with a single, -strong, sharply curved untoothed claw. - -The _falces_ are of a deep black red-brown colour, strong and -prominent, and flat, but not cut away, on their inner sides; they are -furnished on their upper sides with black bristles and yellowish-grey -hairs, disposed in longitudinal lines; these bristles are strongest -and most numerous on the inner margin of the upper side, increasing -in strength forwards where, near the extremity, are some strong -spines. - -On the inner edge of the under side of each falx is a row of teeth, -and each fang is also denticulate or finely serrate, beneath towards -its hinder part. - -The _maxillæ_ are strong, cylindrical, and divergent; and each has a -small bluntish angular prominence at the extremity on the inner side; -their inner margin has a thick fringe of pale reddish hairs, the fore -surface being clothed (as ordinarily) with dark bristly hairs, and -there are a few black minute tooth-like spines in a line (sometimes -in a small group) near the inner corner of their base. - -The _labium_ is short, broad, its breadth nearly double its length, -and the upper corners rather rounded off; there are some strongish -bristles, mostly towards the apex, but no tooth-like spines nor -denticulations. - -The _sternum_ is oval, rather convex, broadest towards the hinder -part, which is pointed at this extremity but hollow-truncate before. - -The _abdomen_ is sparingly clothed with hairs; it is of a stoutish -regular oval form, and of a dull brownish yellow colour; its -fore extremity on the upper side is thickly blotched with deep -blackish-brown, and the whole length spanned by a series of about -five curved, or slightly angular, stoutish bars or chevrons, -formed of more or less confluent, dark, blackish-brown blotches -and markings; a more or less indistinct line of a similar nature -also divides the fore part of the upper side of the abdomen -longitudinally. There is some variety in the extent, depth, and -distinctness of these markings, but the figures given (Pl. XIX., p. -229, figs. B, B 1) show the appearance of an average example. - -It must be remembered that this description is made from examples -in spirit of wine, and that in life the markings (especially on the -cephalothorax) are often considerably obscured by the hairs on the -surface; when seen through spirit the actual tints of colour are -sometimes misrepresented, but the characteristic markings are seen -more distinctly. - -The lower part of the sides and the underside of the abdomen are of a -uniform pale dull brownish-yellow; the spinners of the superior pair -are short, strong, and 2-jointed; those of the inferior pair are very -minute, and near together at the base of, and almost between, the -others. - -Adult and immature females were found in 1873-4 abundantly at -Montpellier in France, in unbranched tubular nests closed at the -surface with a close-fitting "cork" lid. - -In _Harvesting Ants and Trap-door Spiders_, p. 92, a spider -inhabiting similar nests, and found commonly at _Cannes_ and Mentone -was described as _N. cæmentaria_, Latr. The subsequent discovery -however of a very closely allied, but certainly distinct, species -in abundance at Montpellier (the locality in which the original -_N. cæmentaria_, Latr., was found) makes it more than probable that -the _Montpellier_, and not the Mentone, species is the true _N. -cæmentaria_. Certainly as yet no other species more likely than this -to be the one described by Latreille has been found at Montpellier; -in fact, the one here described is the common one found there, and -alone answers to Latreille's character of having a nest with a lid of -the cork type. - -It has become therefore necessary now to record the Mentone species -under another name, and under that name, "_N. Moggridgii_" (p. 273) -will be noted the specific differences by which the two species may -be at once distinguished from each other. - -The male of the spider here described has not been yet found. A -description is given (p. 276) of a male spider, _Nemesia incerta_ -(no doubt closely allied), found by M. Eugène Simon at Digne; -but reasons will be given why it is not probable that this Digne -spider should be, as conjectured by M. Simon, the male of the -Montpellier species. Whether the _N. carminans_ (Latr.) is the male -of _N. cæmentaria_ (Latr.) or not, is another question, and one -surrounded with some obscurity and difficulty. Latreille described -_N. cæmentaria_ (female) from Montpellier, and _N. carminans_ (male) -from Aix in Provence; the latter being specially characterized by a -bifid point to the prolongation of the palpal bulb; L. Dufour appears -subsequently to have considered _N. carminans_, Latr. (male) to be -the male of _N. cæmentaria_, and Latreille appears to have agreed -with L. Dufour upon this, _vide_ Walck. _Ins. Apt._, i. p. 236; but -Dufour afterwards (_Ann. Gen. Sc. Phys._, tom. v. Bruxelles, 1820, -p. 103) introduced an element of confusion into the question by -describing _N. carminans_ as having the point of the palpal organs -simple, "nullement bifid," and throwing out a suggestion that it -might be the male of _N. Sauvagii_, Latr., (= _N. pionnière_ or -_fodiens_, Walck.) Latreille upon this (_Vues générales sur les -Aranéides, Acad. Roy. des Sc._, 1830, pp. 64, 65) explains Dufour's -suggestion as an inadvertence, but takes no notice of the difference -of the form of the palpal organs as described by him; at the same -time however Latreille explains why, probably, Walckenaer "still -considers (in his _Faune française_) _N. carminans_ to be a distinct -species." We may conclude from this that Latreille never altered -_his_ opinion that his own _N. cæmentaria_ and _N. carminans_ were -the two sexes of the same species; and we shall probably rightly -agree with Walckenaer that Dufour had another species before him, -which he wrongly (l.c.) described as _N. carminans_. - -Subsequently again a male and female spider, evidently of one -species, were figured by Dugès to illustrate _N. cæmentaria_ male and -female in Cuvier's _Règne Animal_--Edition in 20 vols. not numbered -and without date, published in Paris, "_accompagnée de Planches par -une réunion de disciples de Cuvier, MM. Audouin, Blanchard, Deshayes, -Aleide d'Orbigny, Doyère, Dugès, Duvernoy, Laurillard, Milne Edwards, -Roulin, et Valenciennes_." Of these figures, that of the male has the -point of the palpal organs distinctly bifid, and the nest figured is -of the cork-lid type. - -On the whole it may be concluded that the male of the true _N. -cæmentaria_, Latr., will be found to have the bifid point to the -palpal organs, but the question cannot be considered settled until -further researches at Montpellier and Aix (in Provence) shall have -furnished _males_ of the _N. cæmentaria_ now described, and _females_ -of the bifid pointed male--_N. carminans_, Latr.--for of course it -is possible that Latreille's _first_ views of the distinctness of -_cæmentaria_ and _carminans_ may be the correct ones. - -The characters of the species now described accord so well with -the figures of the female in Dugès' plate (above mentioned) that -little doubt can be entertained of _their_ identity, and if so there -would seem to be little doubt also, but that further research at -Montpellier will reveal a male similar to the male figured by Dugès. - -_Habitat._ Montpellier, France. - - -Nemesia Eleanora. - -_Syn. Nemesia Eleanora_, Cambr., male and female, in _Harvesting Ants -and Trap-door Spiders_, by J. T. Moggridge, p. 180, Pl. XII. and -woodcuts, p. 109. - -_Nemesia Alpigrada_ (Simon) male, _Aranéides nouv. ou peu connus du -Midi de l'Europe_, 2^e Mémoire. Liège, 1873, 2^e sér. t. v. p. 27 -(separate copy.). - -There is but little to add to the descriptions given (l.c. _supra_). -It must however be noted that the spines on the outer side of the -genual joints of the third pair of legs, then supposed to be a -characteristic of the present species only, are now found to exist -in several others, with some small exceptions in regard to number, -and also in respect to strict uniformity, on both legs of the same -individual. In _N. cæmentaria_ (p. 264), however, there is rarely -found even a single spine on either of these joints; and not one out -of ten examples of another species, _N. Simoni_ (p. 297), had even -one of these spines. - -Shortly after the publication of _Harvesting Ants and Trap-door -Spiders_ the male of this species was described by M. Simon (l.c.) -from two examples taken at Vaucluse near Avignon. - -_Habitats._ San Remo, Mentone, Cannes, Vaucluse near Avignon, and, -according to M. Simon, Digne, Basses Alpes. - - -Nemesia Moggridgii, sp. n., Plate XIX., fig. C, p. 229. - -_Syn. Nemesia Cæmentaria_, Cambr., in _Harvesting Ants and Trap-door -Spiders_, (by J. T. Moggridge), p. 93, Pl. VIII. - -This spider is exceedingly closely allied to the foregoing and was -thought to be the true _N. cæmentaria_, Latr., until subsequent -researches at Montpellier (the locality where Latreille's types were -found) have resulted in the belief that the Montpellier, rather -than the Mentone species, is that described by him. At present the -females only of the two species are known, and these may readily be -distinguished by the pattern on the caput. - -In the foregoing (the _Montpellier Spider_) a broad orange -yellow-brown band runs from the ocular area to the thoracic -fovea, tapering gradually to that part, where it is truncated, -forming a wedge with the point cut off. This wedge-shaped band is -charged with two longitudinal, more or less distinct, dark brown -irregularly-tapering lines, running throughout its whole length and -converging towards each other but not touching. - -In the _Mentone Spider_ there are three orange-yellow-brown -well-defined bars or longitudinal lines between the ocular area -and the thoracic fovea; the central bar tapers and reaches from -the eyes to the fovea, the lateral ones never more than two-thirds -of the distance from it to the eyes, diverging a little from the -central bar as they run forwards. These two lateral bars are not -straight, _i.e._, their margins are more or less notched or roughly -angular, forming in some examples a line of a somewhat zigzag or bent -character. It may perhaps be observed that when the two dark brown -lines which run along the broad orange-yellow-brown band on the caput -of the Montpellier spider, are well marked, this also leaves three -longitudinal yellow lines, somewhat similar to those just described -in the Mentone species, but there is this difference even then (and -it is constant throughout a long series of examples), the lateral -lines in the Montpellier spider _always run through to the eyes_, -equalling in length the central line, while in the Mentone spider the -_lateral bars never reach the eyes_, always stopping short of the -ocular area, by one-half, or nearly so, of their length. - -Another distinction which appears constant is the form of the -thoracic fovea; in the Montpellier species this forms a slight -but uniform curve; in the Mentone spider it is more sharply bent -at the apex (or centre of the curve), forming in most examples a -bluntish-angular line. - -In the eyes there appears to be but little reliable difference; if -there be any at all constant, it seems to be that in the present -(Mentone) species the fore-laterals are constantly smaller than the -hind-laterals, and sometimes smaller than the fore-centrals. A close -examination, however, of the relative size and position of the eyes -in a series of examples, lowers one's estimation of the _absolute_ -value of this character in the determination of the species of -_Nemesia_; still it is a specific character not by any means to -be overlooked, though to be used guardedly, and often with great -reservation. - -In regard to other characters and general description there seems but -little to add to the description given (l.c. _supra_), except that -the labium has no denticulations at its apex and the outer sides of -the genual joints of the third pair of legs are generally without -spines. Occasionally (in one example out of sixteen) there is a -single spine on this joint, of either the right or left leg. In this -character, however (differing from several others described below), -the Montpellier spider agrees with that from Mentone. - -In both spiders, the fangs of the falces are (in some instances at -least) denticulated. Also in regard to the relative lengths of the -legs, like those of the Montpellier spider, the second and third -pairs of the Mentone species are not constant in their relative -proportions, though the differences either way are very slight, and -there is often no difference whatever. - -The nest and habits of the two species appear to be nearly, if not -quite, similar. - -In naming the present species (at the suggestion of M. Eugène -Simon) the writer of these descriptions gladly testifies to his -appreciation of the great value attaching to Mr. Traherne Moggridge's -investigations of the habits of the closely-allied species of this -very difficult, though most interesting group of spiders. - -M. Eugène Simon (_Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr._ 1873, Bull, c.), perceiving -the difference between the present species and the one known to -himself as _N. cæmentaria_, Latr., concludes it to be identical with -_N. meridionalis_, Sim. Examples, however, of this latter, from M. -Simon's cabinet, show that they are very distinct. - -On _N. meridionalis_, Sim., see p. 289; and on _N. cæmentaria_, Sim., -p. 280, M. Simon has, I understand, subsequently admitted the error -of his conclusion, published l.c. _supra_. - -_Habitat._ San Remo, Mentone, Cannes, Hyères, and Marseilles. - - -Nemesia incerta, sp. n., Plate XIX., fig. D, p. 229. - -Adult male, length slightly above 4-1/2 lines. - -_Cephalothorax_ oval, truncate at each end; moderately convex -above, the profile line forming a pretty even, sloping, curved -line, but flattish in the middle near the thoracic fovea, which is -of a strongly curved form; the other normal indentations are not -strong, though fairly defined; the colour of the cephalothorax is -yellow-brown, palish and clothed with yellowish-grey adpressed hairs -on the margins, and inclining to orange on the caput. The clypeus -is somewhat steep, about equal to half the height of the facial -space, and the sides of the caput are dark blackish-brown, leaving -a longitudinal, central reddish orange-brown band tapering to the -thoracic fovea. - -The upper and hinder part of the thorax is strongly suffused with -brown, leaving broad but irregular pale lateral margins; there is a -group of strong bristles directed forwards from the margin of the -clypeus, and two or three more in the median line behind the ocular -area. - -The _eyes_ are on a strongish oblong dark brown transverse -tubercular eminence; the fore-laterals are rather smaller than -the hind-laterals, and the fore-centrals are larger than the -hind-centrals, the latter being much the smallest of the eight; the -interval between those of each lateral pair is about equal to, or -slightly larger than, the diameter of one of the fore-central eyes; -the intervals between the four eyes of the front row are equal, each -interval being equal to the diameter of one of the fore-centrals; -and each hind-central eye is separated from the fore-central nearest -to it by as nearly as possible a similar distance, and from the -hind-lateral on its side by a very small but distinct interval. - -The _legs_ are rather long, strong, of a brownish-yellow colour, -suffused with blackish-brown on the upper sides of the femora, and -furnished with hairs, bristles, and spines. Those of the hinder -(fourth) pair were wanting, the relative lengths of the others -being 1, 2, 3; 2 and 3 being very nearly equal. The spines are not -numerous, being disposed mostly on the tibiæ and metatarsi of the -third pair; some, however, had been evidently broken off; all the -tarsi were without spines; each tarsus ends with three claws, the -superior pair with several--6-8?--teeth on their under sides. - -The tibial joint of each of the first pair is short, no longer than -the genual joint, but it is strong and enlarged gradually beneath -to its fore extremity, where it ends in a strong, sharp-pointed, -tapering red-brown curved spine, directed downwards, forwards, and -inwards. Each tarsus of the first and second pairs is pretty thickly -fringed just below on each side along its whole length, with short -strongish hairs of an even length. - -On the outer side of the genual joint of the third pair (left leg) -are three spines in a longitudinal row; the other leg of this pair -was wanting. - -The _palpi_ are moderately long, and similar in colour and general -armature to the legs; the radial joint is strong, a little tapering -forwards, and somewhat curved underneath towards its hinder part; -its length is about double that of the digital joint, and from its -fore extremity on the upper side, three strong, somewhat sessile, -spines of equal length, and directed forwards issue, in a straight -transverse line. - -The palpal organs consist of a roundish corneous bulb drawn out into -a longish, tapering, curved, sharp-pointed spine, the point being -very fine, gradual, and directed outwards. - -The _falces_ are strong, prominent, of a deep red-brown colour, -furnished above with dull greyish-yellow hairs mixed with dark -bristles, and disposed in longitudinal stripes; and near the upper -extremity on the inner side are four strongish spines. - -The _maxillæ_ are strong, divergent, cylindrical, with a small -angular prominence at their inner extremity; they are furnished with -hairs, but no denticulations, and there is a strong fringe of reddish -hairs on their inner margins. The maxillæ are of the same colour as -the palpi. - -The _labium_ is short and broad; its breadth double its height and -its apex rounded. Its junction with the _sternum_ appeared to be -about at right angles. It is darker in colour than the maxillæ, but -with a paler apex; its surface is furnished with bristly hairs, but -there are no denticulations at its apex. _Sternum_ oval, truncate -before, pointed behind, furnished with bristly hairs, and of the same -colour as the legs. - -The _abdomen_ is of an oblong-oval form, truncate before, and -tolerably convex above; it is of a pale dull yellowish colour clothed -with yellow-grey hairs, among which are a good many prominent -dark bristly ones; the fore part of the upper side is irregularly -marked with black-brown; following this towards the hinder part, -and reaching half way or more to the spinners, is an indistinct -longitudinal central line of the same colour, throwing off numerous -short lateral lines at right angles; towards either side of the -hinder two-thirds of the abdomen are several oblique black-brown -lines extending more or less over the sides; one, about the middle, -extends farther over the sides than the rest, and almost unites with -a curved deep black-brown transverse line crossing the under side of -the abdomen a little way in front of the spinners. - -The under side of the abdomen is similar in colour to the upper -side, and, besides the transverse dark line above mentioned, there -is another touching the anterior margins of the posterior spiracular -plates; the superior pair of spinners are short and strong; the -inferior pair small, and in the ordinary position, but apparently not -(proportionally) so small as in the females of some other species. - -A single adult male was received for examination from M. Eugène -Simon, by whom it was found at Digne (Basses Alpes, France). M. Simon -conjectures that it may be the male of _Nemesia Moggridgii_ (p. 273), -but some slight differences in the size and positions of the eyes, -and in the pattern on the cephalothorax, and on the under, as well -as the upper, side of the abdomen, lead me to believe that it is of -a different, and hitherto undescribed species, though probably very -closely allied to some others, especially to _Nemesia Manderstjernæ_ -(_N. meridionalis_, Cambr., described, p. 283); in the present -species however the hind-lateral eyes are much larger in proportion -than in _N. Manderstjernæ_. - -_Habitat._ Digne, Basses Alpes, France. - - -Nemesia dubia, sp. n., Plate XIX., fig. E, p. 229. - -Syn. _Nemesia cæmentaria_, Simon, _Aranéides nouv. ou peu connus du -Midi de l'Europe_, Mém. Liège, 1873 (separate copy), p. 24. - -Adult male, length 5-1/2 lines to 6 lines. - -M. Eugène Simon (l.c.) describes, as _N. cæmentaria_, Latr., both -sexes of a spider found by himself in the Pyrenees and Spanish -mountain regions. - -Languedoc and Provence are also given as localities, but it is not -clear that he has himself found it in these latter parts, certainly -not the male. - -Two examples of this sex, found in the Pyrenees, and received from M. -Simon, are now before me; these correspond, so far, very exactly to -the description he gives (l.c.); the female I have not seen. - -If the position assumed (p. 271) on Latreille's own authority, that -the true male of _N. cæmentaria_, Latr., (_N. carminans_, Latr.), has -a bifid point to the prolongation of the palpal bulb, it is clear -that the present species is distinct from that of Latreille. - -M. Simon describes this palpal bulb as having its extreme point -"simple et plus effilée" (_i.e._ more slender than in the preceding -species he has described _N. meridionalis_). That the examples now -before me, agreeing exactly with this description, are not the males -of the species above described by myself as _N. cæmentaria_, Latr., -from numerous females found at Montpellier, appears to me clear, -not only because I assume that of the true _N. cæmentaria_, Latr., -males will be found to have the point of the palpal bulb bifid, but -because the position of the eyes is markedly different in M. Simon's -Pyrenean males and the Montpellier females. In the latter the eyes -of the front row are separated from each other by equal intervals, -in the former the interval between those of the central pair is -very perceptibly greater than that between each and the lateral of -the same row nearest to it. The interval also between each of the -fore-central eyes and the hind-central on its side is proportionally -much less. - -It appears therefore necessary to characterize _N. cæmentaria_ (Sim. -l.c.) by some other name, for if eventually it should be found that -Latreille has erred in _N. carminans_ (with the _bifid point_ to the -palpal bulb) being the male of his _N. cæmentaria_, and that the -Montpellier species has a male with a _simple point_ to this part, -even then the present spider cannot retain its name (_cæmentaria_), -being distinct from the females found at Montpellier. - -It is possible, of course, that the present species may hereafter -be found, perhaps abundantly, at Montpellier; in that case it -will have to be decided which of the two is most likely to be the -species described by Latreille. In that eventuality it seems to me -that the spider, above described from Montpellier, would be more -probably Latreille's species, for one of its specific characters is -a tolerably distinct and bold series of, not more than, five dark -angular bars along the middle of the upper side of the abdomen, -agreeing exactly with Dugès' figures in the _Règne Animal_ of Cuvier, -quoted above (p. 271); while in M. Simon's Pyrenean spider, the -abdominal pattern of the female described by him, does not agree -with this: "il est orné d'une fine ligne noire longitudinale, un peu -ondulée, présentant de nombreuses ramifications, s'étendant sur les -parties latérales" (l.c. p. 26). The males before me accord with -this description, though (as M. Simon also remarks) the "série de -fins accents bruns transverses" is "peu visibles et souvent effacés" -(l.c., p. 25); in one example this pattern is fairly distinct, in the -other it is scarcely recognisable. - -The present is a larger spider than _N. incerta_ (the male found by -M. Simon at Digne); it is also less distinctly marked both on the -cephalothorax and abdomen. The position of the eyes is different, -and so also is the palpal bulb; in that species the spine describes -a simple curve with a strong outward direction; in the present it -is slightly but perceptibly _sinuous_, and its general direction is -_parallel to the radial joint of the palpus_; the spines also at the -upper fore extremity of the radial joint are 5-6 in number instead of -three. The outer side of the genual joint of each of the legs of the -third pair has three spines; that on the left side, however, of one -example, has four. The palpal bulb also appears to be proportionally -smaller than that of _N. dubia_, or of _N. Manderstjernæ_, Auss. (_N. -meridionalis_, Cambr.) - -Another difference may here be noted between the present species and -the Montpellier _cæmentaria_. M. Simon (_in lit._) separates his _N. -cæmentaria_ from all others by the length of the patella and tibia -(genual and tibial joints) of the fourth pair of legs, exceeding in -length that of the cephalothorax and falces. - -This character has not been found to exist in several females of the -Montpellier species, minutely measured by Mr. Moggridge; in them the -length of the cephalothorax and falces were found to exceed that of -the genual and tibial joints of the fourth pair of legs, by from -1-1/2 to 2 mm. - -In regard to the relative length of the legs of the present species -this was 4, 1, 2, 3 in the one example examined, and 4, 1, 2-3 in the -other, both being males. - -It is a matter of regret that nothing, as yet, has been accurately -observed in regard to the particular type or form of the nest of _N. -dubia_. - -_Habitat._ Pyrenees and Spanish mountain regions. - - -Nemesia Manderstjernæ, Plate XX., fig. B, C, p. 254. - -Syn. _Nemesia Manderstjernæ_, Auss. ♂, _Beitr. zur Kenntn. der -Arachn. Fam. der Territelariæ_, p. 54. - -_Nemesia meridionalis_, Cambr. (female), _Harvesting Ants and -Trap-door Spiders_, by J. T. Moggridge, p. 101. Plates IX. X. XI. - -Adult male, length 6-1/4 to 7-1/2 lines. - -Since the publication of the description of _N. meridionalis_, -Cambr. (♀ l.c. _supra_), I have had an opportunity of examining an -adult example of each sex of a _Nemesia_, described about the same -time by M. Eugène Simon as _N. meridionalis_, Costa, in _Aranéides -nouv. ou peu connus du Midi de l'Europe_, p. 21 (separate copy). -The species described by M. Simon was found by himself abundantly -in Corsica. He also gives Italy and Provence as localities, but the -former of these two is, I conclude, given as being _Costa's_ locality -for the spider described by this latter author in _Fauna d. Regn. -Napl. Arachn._, p. 14; the other locality (Provence) would seem to -have been doubtfully given. On careful examination of the Corsican -examples (male and female), and on comparing them with the male and -female of _N. meridionalis_, Cambr., as well as the description and -figure given by Costa, I feel no doubt but that M. Simon is right in -according to the Corsican species M. Costa's name--_meridionalis_. It -agrees, I think, decidedly better, on the whole, with Costa's figure -and description than the species to which (l.c.) I had allotted the -specific name _meridionalis_ conferred by that author. Nor had I any -hesitation in accepting the determination made by M. Simon, in _Bull. -Ent. Soc. Fr._, 1873, sér. v. tom. 3, c.; that my _N. meridionalis_ -♀ is the female of _N. Manderstjernæ_, Auss., the more especially -as since the publication of my description I have received from the -same locality (Mentone) not only the male of the spider described by -myself (l.c.), but also the type of M. Ausserer's description of _N. -Manderstjernæ_ (found at Nice), and believe these to be identical in -species. There is, indeed, a difference in the, apparent, relative -positions and colour of the eyes of the two spiders, but no more than -may be well accounted for by the condition of M. Ausserer's type -(most kindly lent to me for examination by its owner, Dr. Ludwig -Koch); this example is much shrunken, having the appearance of having -been allowed to get dry and then to have been again immersed in -spirit. This would (I have frequently found it so in other spiders) -cause even the hard integument of the cephalothorax to contract, -and so cause the eyes to shrink up together into a closer group, as -well as to sink down into the cuticle, making some of them appear -smaller than they really are. Alternate drying and wetting again in -spirit would also account for the yellowish brown colour of the eyes, -whereas in the male of the Mentone spider the eyes of the hinder -row are pearly grey, and of the front row dark grey. Beyond these -differences I can find no distinction between them. - -The male of the present species is very nearly allied to both _N. -incerta_ (p. 276) from the Pyrenees, and _N. dubia_ (p. 280) from -Digne, of both of which, as remarked (l.c.), the male sex alone -is known to me; it is, however, larger than either, more richly -coloured, and more distinctly marked. In all three species the -elongated portion of the palpal bulb has a simple point, but in -the present spider it is not drawn out so finely and gradually: -some portion of its extremity being, though very fine yet really, -cylindrical, and not tapering off into a hair-like termination; the -general direction of the palpal bulb is parallel with the radial -joint, but the point which is equally curved is directed outwards -and a little downwards; the radial joint has four spines at the -fore extremity on the upper side (in one of the examples there were -however seven on the radial joint of the right palpus), and the -genual joint of each leg of the third pair, in both examples from -Mentone as well as in M. Ausserer's example from Nice, has three -spines on its outer side. This character was not remarked upon in -the description of _N. meridionalis_ ♀ (Cambr. l.c.). It is not -invariable in a long series of female examples; occasionally one -is found with four spines on one of these genual joints, in others -there is occasionally but one spine and sometimes (but rarely) -none; perhaps in this case broken off? I am inclined to attach -some importance as a specific character to the number, presence, -or absence of these spines on the outer side of the genual joint -of the third pair of legs; not that it is an invariable character, -few, if any, specific characters are absolute and invariable, nor -that it is of more importance than the armature of other portions -of the different legs, but as being more easily observed and less -liable to injury than the larger and more numerous spines on other -parts. Equally useful in specific determination are the spines at the -fore-extremity on the upper side of the radial joint of the palpus. -This, however, applies only to the male, whereas the character -derived from the spines on the genual joints of the third pair of -legs applies to both sexes. - -Another character by which the present species (♀) may be -distinguished from _N. dubia_ (_N. cæmentaria_, Sim.) is that the -former is rather narrower at the fore-extremity of the caput, which -is also less elevated, being almost equally level with the thorax. - -The description of the female given (l.c. _supra_) needs but little -addition. It may be noticed, however, that the central longitudinal -tapering orange band on the caput is faintly continued to the extreme -hinder margin of the thorax, and the thoracic fovea is rather sharply -curved. The intervals between the eyes is the same as in those of _N. -Moggridgii_, though their absolute size in some examples appeared to -be smaller. In both sexes there are several small, black, tooth-like, -tubercular spines on the inner side of the base of each maxilla, but -none at the apex of the labium. - -The colour of the _cephalothorax_ in the male is bright-reddish -orange-yellow; a large portion of the sides of the caput, and the -ocular area also, is black-brown; the middle of the thorax is -distinctly marked with black-brown lines radiating to the thoracic -fovea. - -Other, less deep, brown markings are mixed with these radiating -lines; there are a few prominent bristles in front of the ocular -area, a single longitudinal line of erect bristles along the middle -of the orange band from the eyes to the thoracic fovea, and the whole -cephalothorax is more or less clothed with greyish-yellow adpressed -hairs. - -The _falces_ are of a deep blackish red-brown colour, longitudinally -striped with yellow-greyish hairs mixed with dark bristles; and there -are some strong spines at the fore extremity on the inner side. - -The _abdomen_ is oval, tolerably convex above, of a dull, pale, -straw colour, suffused with brown at its fore extremity, whence an -indistinct central longitudinal band tapers to a point rather more -than half way to the spinners; on either side of this band are some -oblique, lateral, brown lines, which become broken chevrons, between -the termination of the central band and the spinners. The sides are -obscurely and irregularly marked with brown, and the under side is -of a uniform dull straw-yellow; the abdomen is clothed thickly with -mixed yellow-grey and dark hairs; the upper side is furnished also -with strong, nearly erect bristly black ones. - -Each _tarsus_ terminates with three claws; those of the superior pair -are pectinated beneath, but the number of teeth appears to vary in -the different legs, from six to eight. The tibial joint of the first -pair is of the same character as that in the males of other species: -it has a strong black curved spine directed inwards from the fore -extremity of the under side, and a short bluntish-conical, but very -distinct prominence at the same extremity on the inner side, not far -from the base of the curved spine, Plate XX., fig. B 4 and C; the -colour of the legs is yellow, tinged with orange, the upper sides of -the femora being nearly black; the palpi are similar in colour, the -upper side of the humeral joints being suffused with a blackish hue. - -The relative length of the legs is not constant; in one example it -was 4, 3, 1, 2, in the other 4, 1, 2, 3, 2 and 3 being very nearly -equal. Similar variations are also found in the legs of the female. - -In regard to the nest of this species, researches made subsequently -to the publication of _Harvesting Ants and Trap-door Spiders_ -have proved it to be of rather a different form from that there -represented; thus in the main tube, just before the inner door is -reached, there is a descending branch running off from the main -tube at the same angle as the ascending branch, but in an opposite -direction; in the older and larger nests the descending branch -becomes choked with débris; it is more distinct in the nests of the -younger spiders, and is always more or less distinctly traceable. - -_N.B._--In the above details there have been only one or two special -distinctions observed between the two male examples examined. It -should however be noted that in one (the one captured behind a stone -wall) the ocular area was slightly narrower in proportion to its -length, and the interval between the eyes of each lateral pair rather -less. - -_Habitat._ San Remo, Bordighera, Mentone, Cannes, and Hyères. - - -Nemesia Meridionalis, Plate XVII., fig. B, p. 215. - -Syn. _Nemesia meridionalis_, Costa, _Fauna d. Regn. Napl. Arachn._, -p. 14, Pl. I., figs. 2, 3. - ----- ---- Simon, _Aranéides nouv. ou peu connus du Midi de l' -Europe_, Mém. Liège, 1873 (separate copy), p. 21. - -Adult male, length 6-3/4 lines (14 mm.), female adult, length 10-1/2 -lines (22 mm.). - -The examination of an adult example of each sex of this spider -received from M. Simon, by whom they were found in Corsica, leads -me to conclude that we have here the true _N. meridionalis_, Costa, -as certainly at least as it is possible at present to identify the -species by the insufficient description and figures given by this -author. - -The _eyes_ appear to be less closely massed together than in _N. -Manderstjernæ_, but in other respects no particularly tangible -difference is to be noted; the interval however between the eyes of -each lateral pair is perhaps rather greater. Between the male and the -female of the present species there is a decided difference in the -relative position of the eyes. In the female the fore-centrals are -nearer together than each is to the fore-lateral on its side, while -in the male, the fore-centrals are wider apart than each is from its -fore-lateral. I have also noted a similar difference in regard to _N. -Manderstjernæ_. The fore-centrals are also smaller in the female than -in the male. - -The two species, although bearing such great general similarity to -each other, may be at once distinguished by several very tangible -differences. First in regard to the _male_. The _cephalothorax_ of -_N. meridionalis_ has the whole caput of an almost uniform dark brown -colour, two slender yellow lines beginning, one a little way behind -each lateral pair of eyes, and converging rather quickly towards each -other, run on nearly parallel, but in close proximity together to -the thoracic fovea. The centre of the thorax is also dark brown, the -brown portion formed by radiating confluent patches, rather than by -distinct lines as in _Manderstjernæ_. The curve of the thoracic fovea -is sharp, in fact more in the form of a straight line with the ends -bent down. - -The _cephalothorax_ is of nearly one uniform level and convexity -above; the caput being a little more rounded than the thorax; the -eye eminence seemed to be rather higher than in _N. Manderstjernæ_, -and the _clypeus_, which is steepish, is impressed in the middle and -exceeds in height half that of the facial space; on the lower margin -of the _clypeus_ is a transverse row of several strong prominent -bristles. There were no bristles behind the eyes, and no appearance -of any having been broken off there (the female, however, has a -single longitudinal row on the caput). The lateral and hinder margins -of the cephalothorax, however, are, in the male (but not in the -female) clothed with black bristles and bristly hairs. - -The _palpi_ are longer than in _Manderstjernæ_. The radial joints -have, at the upper fore extremity of each, five spines, _three_ in -front in a transverse line, and _two_ immediately behind them. The -palpal bulb is more globular, and the spiny production, which is not -very long, springs from it more suddenly, and is _strongly sinuous_, -its sharp tapering point directed outwards. The strong sinuosity of -this part distinguishes it at once both from _N. Manderstjernæ_ and -all other known European males with a simple point to the palpal -organs. - -The _legs_ are longish and strong; their relative length 4-1, 3, 2 -(male); 4-1, 2, 3 (female); they are furnished with hairs, bristles, -and spines. These do not appear to call for special notice, except -that each genual joint of those of the third pair has two spines on -its outer side in both sexes. - -The superior tarsal claws are denticulated, but the denticulations -differ in number and strength, not only in the two sexes and in the -different legs, but in some instances in the two superior claws of -the same leg. The denticulations seemed to be more numerous in the -female than in the male. - -The _abdomen_ is elongate oval, and of a straw yellow colour. In -the _male_ the fore part of the upper side is irregularly black -brown, followed by an irregular somewhat broken longitudinal central -bar, and some broken oblique lines and portions of chevrons. In -the _female_ the fore part is less densely blackish, the central -longitudinal line is obscure, but the oblique lateral lines are more -distinct and less broken, but none are quite united so as to form -chevrons, though the two or three nearest to the spinners almost do -so. - -The upper side is furnished with numerous strong nearly erect black -bristles. - -The _labium_ has a row, of bristles only, at its apex. - -The markings of the cephalothorax in the female are very nearly like -those of that sex in _N. Manderstjernæ_; the tapering orange yellow -band, however, behind the eyes appears to be rather bolder, as in -that species this band also is faintly traceable quite to the hinder -thoracic margin. The inner corner of the base of the maxillæ, in both -sexes, has several minute tooth-like black spines. - -The form of the cephalothorax in the female differs from that of -the male; in the latter sex (male) it is narrower before and rather -rounded behind; in the former sex (female) it is broadest before and -more distinctly hollow-truncate behind; the caput is also rounder and -more elevated. In the female the tarsi and metatarsi of the two first -pairs of legs have close set brush-like hairs beneath; these are -wanting in the two hinder pairs, and also almost entirely wanting on -the two first pairs in the male. - -Various other characters, both peculiar and differential, are noted -in regard to this species by M. Simon (l.c.). It is to be regretted -that this painstaking observer did not note more exactly the form and -type of its nest; from his description of it, however, it appears to -be branched, but whether the door is of the wafer or cork type, or -whether it has an inner door or not, is not mentioned. - -_Habitat._ Corsica. - - -Nemesia Congener, sp. n., Plate XVIII., fig. A, p. 225. - -Adult female, length 9 lines (19 mm.). - -In general appearance, colours, and markings this spider bears -great resemblance to _N. cæmentaria_. The eyes, however, appeared -to be smaller, and the hind-centrals also smaller in proportion to -the rest. The pale margins of the cephalothorax are in the present -species generally confined to some rather indistinct pale patches. - -The central orange band from the eyes to the thoracic fovea is, -especially in immature examples, often only a simple tapering line; -in others it is larger, and often composed of three converging narrow -orange bands, which form, in some examples, a broad central tapering -band, marked with two longitudinal dark lines. The thoracic fovea is -curved, but not sharply. - -The _abdomen_ is broadish oval, of a dull clay colour, marked with -dark brown lines, and markings on the sides and upper side. In -some examples these form a longitudinal central series of curved -or slightly angular lines; in others but little trace of regular -chevrons can be seen. - -In the present spider there is also a longitudinal pale yellowish -patch on the inner upper margin of the falces near their base; they -are furnished with hairs in longitudinal bands, and spines, like -others of the genus. - -The _legs_ are moderately long, strong, and furnished with hairs and -bristles, and, sparingly, with spines. The genual joints of the third -pair have some spines on the outer side, varying from one to three in -different examples. The tarsi and metatarsi of the first and second -pairs, as well as the radial and digital joints of the palpi, have -strong lateral brush-like fringes of close-set sooty black hairs. The -superior pair of tarsal claws are denticulated, but not uniformly -either in strength, number, or position. - -No doubt this will prove a very troublesome spider to distinguish -with certainty from _N. cæmentaria_, but the almost constant presence -of a spine or spines on the outer face of the genual joint of the -third pair of legs seems to be a good distinguishing character; in -no one example out of nine carefully examined could I detect their -absence altogether, while a single spine even on _N. cæmentaria_ is -rare. - -In the present species five examples had three spines on each of -these joints; two had two spines on each; one had a single spine on -each; another had one on one side, two on the other. - -The nest, however, is very characteristic and peculiar. It is of the -wafer-lid type, and so cannot, from even the outside, be mistaken -for that of _N. cæmentaria_, which is of the cork-lid type; it is, -moreover, branched below, while that of _N. cæmentaria_ is a single -unbranched tube. It has also an inside door, or valve, of very -remarkable construction, having two perfect cork-like faces, securely -shutting off either the branch, or the main tube just above the -branch, at pleasure. By this latter character it is distinguished -also from the tube of _N. Manderstjernæ_, as well as by the absence -of a second short branch or cavity, lately discovered in the nest -of this last spider. Examples of this spider were found, not -unfrequently, but invariably in such nests as that above described, -at Hyères. - -The female sex only has yet been met with. - -_Habitat._ Hyères. - - -Nemesia Suffusa, sp. n., Plate XVII., fig. A, p. 215. - -Immature female, length 7-1/2 lines (15-1/2 mm.). - -Although no example was quite adult, this species may readily be -distinguished from all others yet known to me, by its more elongated -form, particularly the cylindrico-ovate form of the abdomen. - -The _cephalothorax_ is oval, broadest towards its posterior -extremity, where it is rounded, the fore-margin being truncated; the -caput is well rounded and convex, and the thorax perhaps more so -than in other species, so that when looked at in profile there is a -considerable dip or hollow at the thoracic fovea; this fovea forms a -slight curve. Except that the lateral margins are rather broadly pale -towards the hinder part (though the pale portion is ill-defined), -the whole of the cephalothorax is of a uniform dull yellowish-brown -colour; the extreme lateral margin is marked by a black line, and -in one or two examples there was an indistinct yellowish central -longitudinal line from the eyes to the thoracic junction, having a -single row of prominent bristles upon it. The whole surface of the -cephalothorax is fairly clothed with dusky yellowish-grey adpressed -hairs: the ordinary grooves and indentations are well marked. - -The _eyes_ are on the usual eye eminence, which is perhaps rather -more elevated than ordinary, and its summit black; their position -is ordinary. It may, however, be noticed that the fore-centrals are -placed more forward than in most of the other known species; the -fore-centrals are about _equally_ separated from each other, and -from the fore-laterals nearest to each respectively; they are also -separated from the hind-central nearest to each, by an interval -not differing much from that between each other; the hind-centrals -are distinctly oval, or rather somewhat semilunar in form, smallest -of the eight (except in one example, when they were almost, if not -quite, as large as the fore-centrals), and at their hindermost point -very near, but not quite contiguous, to the hind-laterals. The eyes -of each lateral pair (of which the hinder is very nearly equal in -size to the fore one), are very near, but not quite contiguous, to -each other; the interval between them is narrower than that between -the corresponding eyes in almost any other yet described species. - -The _legs_ are neither long nor very strong; their relative length is -4, 1, 2, 3, though between 2 and 3 there is in different examples the -same variation observed in other species; sometimes they are equal, -and sometimes one, and then the other, very slightly the longest: -their colour is pale yellowish, and they are furnished with hairs, -bristles, and spines, but the latter are not numerous, and appeared -to be both longer and slenderer than usual; the genual joints of the -third pair have spines, from one to three on the outer side, for the -most part, three; the superior tarsal claws are pectinated (but not -uniformly on all the legs) beneath their hinder portion. - -The _falces_ are strong, and similar in colour to the cephalothorax, -but they do not appear to call for any special remark. - -The _maxillæ_ have a few minute tuberculiform black teeth at their -base on the inner side, and, with the _labium_ (which has no hairs at -its apex) and _sternum_, are similar in colour to the legs. - -The _abdomen_ is of an elongated, or cylindrico-ovate form, of a -dull drab-yellowish colour, with a central, longitudinal, irregular, -rather chocolate-brown bar on its upper side, and 6 to 7 well-defined -lateral oblique slightly curved lines of the same colour and touching -the central line; between these lines are some other irregular, but -similarly coloured, markings. - -The sides are almost immaculate, and the underside quite so; the -spinners are ordinary. - -About 10 examples (all immature) were found at Montpellier in -branched tubes closed at the entrance with a wafer-lid. The branch -arises some way below the entrance and runs up to the surface at an -acute angle with the main tube; there is no lower door, and thus this -tube forms the type of a new form of nest, being branched, with a -wafer-lid, but without a lower door. - -This species cannot be confused with _N. cæmentaria_, which is found -abundantly in the same locality; both the general form, colours, -markings, and nest readily distinguish it from that species. - -_Habitat._ Montpellier. - - -Nemesia Simoni, sp. n., Plate XVI., fig. A, p. 211. - -Adult female, length rather more than 9-1/4 lines (20 mm.). - -This spider is of a proportionally broader and stouter form than -others of the genus _Nemesia_, and the cephalothorax (which is -entirely glabrous and destitute of adpressed hairs) has the caput -more rounded and elevated than in any other species of _Nemesia_ -known to me, approaching _Cteniza_ in these respects. - -The _cephalothorax_ is oval, truncate, and about equally broad at -each end; the ordinary grooves and indentations are strong; besides -the groove which indicates its union with the thorax, the caput has -an indented or pinched-in appearance towards its hinder part on each -side. Except that this was present in all the examples examined (ten) -it might have been taken to be accidental. - -The colour of the cephalothorax is dark brown tinged with yellow, -darkest on the sides of the caput, which is divided longitudinally -by a narrow, dull, orange-yellow line, and lightest on the margins -towards the hinder part; the thoracic fovea is curved, but more -deeply indented and the indentation is wider at each end than in -other species, the ends being a little turned back: there is a single -longitudinal row of long erect bristles along the central line of the -caput, and a few more on the lower margin of the clypeus. - -The _eyes_ form a narrower oblong area than usual, owing chiefly -to their small size and to those of each lateral pair being almost -contiguous to each other, separated only by an interval equal to that -which divides each hind-lateral from the hind-central nearest to it. -The hind-centrals are smallest of the eight, and vary in form, being -round, semilunar, or roughly wedge-shaped, differing at times in the -same example. The eye eminence is less elevated than in most species, -and this brings the fore-centrals nearer to the straight line of the -fore-laterals; these last are the largest of the eight. The height of -the clypeus exceeds half that of the facial space. - -The _legs_ are short and strong; their relative length 4, 1, 3, 2, -or 4, 1, 2, 3, or 4, 1, 2-3; they are of a brownish yellow colour, -deeper on their fore-sides, furnished with hairs, bristles, and -spines, the latter not very numerous nor unusually strong; there -are no spines on the outer sides of the genual joints of the third -pair; the tarsal claws are longish and strong. Those of the superior -pair have but one, two, or three pectinations on their underside; on -some of the legs I could not detect any. There seemed to be no more -uniformity in the tarsal-claw pectinations in this species than in -others. The tarsal and metatarsal joints of the legs of the first -pair have a fringe of close-set short blackish hairs on either side, -as also have the digital joints of the palpi, these being similar to -the legs in colour and armature; the humeral joints are very deep but -narrow, being apparently bent and hollowed on their inner sides to -allow of meeting well over the falces. - -The terminal palpal claw has two teeth towards its base on the -underside. I could not ascertain satisfactorily whether this is -or not a uniform character in all examples; in one example these -denticulations were very plain, but they seemed to be wanting in -others. - -The _falces_ are very strong and massive, round in their profile, -and very roundly prominent near their base on the upper side. They -are of a rich deep black-brown colour, glossy, and furnished along -their inner margins with black bristles and hairs, and with strong -spines at their extremity on the upper side. The fang is strong, and -the outer margin of the groove in which it lies when at rest has some -strong teeth. - -The _maxillæ_ are strong, of normal form, but very convex on their -outer surface. - -The small tuberculous teeth noticed at the base on the inner side of -the maxillæ of all the other species I have examined, were visible -(though with difficulty) in this species also. - -The _labium_ is broader than it is high, convex on its face, and -rounded at the apex; it is (as also are the _maxillæ_ and _sternum_) -of the same colour as the legs, and clothed with numerous strong -bristly hairs. - -The _abdomen_ is short-oval, and strongly convex above; it is of a -dull clay-coloured brown tinged with chocolate, and along the centre -of its upper side is a series of six strong angular bars or chevrons -of a dark chocolate-brown colour, and pretty distinctly defined, -though, when examined closely, broken in parts. - -The intervening spaces between the angular bars and the sides have a -few irregular markings of a similar colour; and they are connected -by a longitudinal central line of the same hue running through their -apices. - -The abdomen is very sparingly clothed with hairs and fine bristles; -the superior pair of spinners are strong; those of the inferior pair -very small and short. - -Examples of this fine and very distinct spider were found at Bordeaux -in simple unbranched tubes, covered with a wafer-lid, running down -very deep into the earth, in some cases as much as fifteen inches -into an exceedingly hard soil, making it a work of great labour and -care to get them out without injury. - -This species can scarcely be confused with any other yet known; its -short robust form, short legs, more elevated caput, general dark -colour, distinct angular bars on the abdomen, and almost contiguous -lateral eyes, as well as the form of the nest, will readily -distinguish it. - -It is with great pleasure that I connect with this spider the name of -my most kind friend and brother arachnologist, Monsieur Eugène Simon, -to whom I am so greatly indebted for much information and numerous -examples of rare spiders. - -I must not conclude these descriptions without expressing my sense of -obligation to Mr. Moggridge for so kindly allowing me to add them to -the far more popular, and more interesting, portion of this volume, -in which the _habits_ of these spiders are recorded. - -Descriptions of _colour_, _form_, and _structure_ are but dry -details, though very necessary for the determination of species; and -in the present case it is very important as well as interesting to be -able to conclude with some certainty that differences of type in the -tubular nests of the spiders Mr. Moggridge has observed so closely -and accurately, are joined to well-marked specific differences -obtained from those other characters above mentioned, and which it -has been my endeavour to detail as fully and faithfully as possible. - - - - -INDEX TO SUPPLEMENT. - - -PART I.--HARVESTING ANTS. - - Alyssocarpus, seeds of, collected by ants, 175 - - Amphisbæna, found in nests of Lauba ants, 177 - - _André_ (M. Ernest), on number of species of ants found in Europe, - 160 (note) - - _Arabia_, custom in, relative to ants, 176 - - Atta, species of, found in Europe, 160 (note); - _barbara_, 158; - found in Palestine, 165; - _megacephala_, 160; - _structor_, 158; - experiment with, 172; - found harvesting at Cadenabbia, 159 - - - _Cadenabbia_, harvesting ants at, 159 - - Camponotus _sylvatica_, 178 - - Cicendela, capturing ants, 164 - - Coluocera _attæ_, found in ants' nests, 177 - - _Cricket_ (Gryllus _myrmecophilus_), found in ants' nests, 178 - - - _England_, do ants harvest in, 159 (note) - - - _Formic acid_, experiments with, 173 - - Formica _erratica_, 164; - _nigra_, collecting violet seeds, 159 (note) - - - Gryllus _myrmecophilus_, found in ants' nests, 178 - - - _Hindoos_, custom of scattering rice for ants, 176 - - - _India_, observations in, 175 - - _Insects_ found in ants' nests, 177 - - - _Jews_, laws treating of rights over ants' stores, 165 - - - _King_ (Dr.), observations in India, 175 - - - _Lizards_ capturing ants, 162 - - - _Misna_, allusion to harvesting ants in, 165 - - _Montpellier_, harvesting ants at, 160 - - - _Nests_, quantity of seeds contained in, 170 - - - _Palestine_, harvesting ants in, 165 - - Pheidole _megacephala_, 160 - - Pterocles _exustus_, feeding on seeds collected by ants, 175 - - - _Robin_ eating ants, 163 (note) - - - _Seed-stores_ of ants, Jewish laws about, 165 - - _Seeds_, intervention of ants necessary to prevent germination of, 172; - non-germination of in granaries, 171 - - - _Wakefield_ (Mr.), on ants collecting violet seeds, 159 (note) - - -PART II.--TRAP-DOOR SPIDERS. - - _Ants_ form a large part of food of trap-door spiders, 237 - - Atypus _bleodonticus_ (Sim.), 183 (note); - _piceus_ (Sulzer), nests of, 182-3, 248; - species of in England, 181, 185 - - _Australia_, nest of wafer type from, 217 - - - _Bates_ (Mr. H. W.), on the nest of _Theraphosa Blondii_, 188 - - _Beetle_ (Chrysomela _Banksii_) rejected by trap-door spider, 241 - - _Blackwall_ (Mr. J.), on the poison of spiders, 201 - - _Bordeaux_, new type of nest at, 211 - - _Brown_ (Mr. Joshua), discovery of _Atypus_ in England, 185 - - - _California_, trap-door spider from, 198-9; - habits of in captivity, 203, &c.; - indifference to sounds, 206 - - _Captive spiders_, habits of, 203, 218, 242-6 - - _Caterpillar_ (larva of Cucullia _verbasci_), eaten by trap-door - spider, 239 - - _Cell and tube_ made by _N. Eleanora_, 218; - hygrometricity of, 220 - - _Chrysomela Banksii_, distasteful to trap-door spider, 241 - - _Cork nest_, 193; - structure of door of, 193 - - Cteniza _californica_ (Camb.), 198, 202, 248; - description of, 260; - eggs laid by, 203; - habits of in captivity, 203, &c.; - indifference to sounds, 206; - mode of excavating, 208; - _fodiens_ (Walck.), 195, 248, 259; - _ionica_, 210; - _Moggridgii_ (Camb.), 196; - description of, 254; - habits of in captivity, 243, 246 - - Cucullia _verbasci_, larva of, eaten by trap-door spider, 239 - - Cyrtauchenius _elongatus_ (Sim.), nest of, 189, 248 - - - _Diagrams_ representing different types of nest, 193 - - - _Earwig_ (_Forficula_) eaten by trap-door spiders, 238 - - _Eggs of_ Cteniza _californica_, 203 - - _Enemies of spiders_, 200, 205 - - _Enlargement of nests_, 245 - - _Excavation_ of trap-door nests, 208, 243-4 - - - _Food of trap-door spiders_, 237-9, 241; - mode of procuring, 238 - - _Funnel type_ of nest, constructed by _Cyrtauchenius elongatus_, 189 - - - _Geographical distribution_, 247-9, 250 - - - _Hyères_ double-door, branched wafer type, 223 - - - Idioctis _helva_ (L. Koch), nest of, 217 - - - _Koch_ (Dr. L.), on nest of _Idioctis helva_ from Australia, 217 - - - _Lanzwert_ (Dr.), on trap-door spiders in California, 199 - - _Latreille_ (P. A.), on the nest of Lycosa _tarentula_, 236 - - Lycosa _tarentula_, nests of at Cannes, 233; - nests closed in the winter, 235 - - - _Montpellier_, Nemesia _cæmentaria_ at, 196, 198; - _N. suffusa_ at, 215 - - - Nemesia _cæmentaria_ (Latr.), 195-6, 249; - description of, 264; - _congener_ (Camb.), 224, 249; - description of, 292; - _dubia_ (Camb.), description of, 280; - _Eleanora_ (Camb.), 218, 249, 272; - _incerta_ (Camb.), description of, 276; - _Manderstjernæ_ (Auss.), 226, 249; - description of, 283; - _meridionalis_ (Costa), 227, 250; - description of, 289; - _Moggridgii_ (Camb.), 197-8, 249; - description of, 273; - _Simoni_ (Camb.), 211, 249; - description of, 297; - _suffusa_ (Camb.), 215, 249; - description of, 295 - - _Nests enlarged_, not deserted, 245 - - _Nocturnal habits_ of trap-door spiders, 240 - - - _Oniscus_ (wood-louse) eaten by trap-door spider, 241 - - - _Poison_ of spiders, 200-1 - - - _Simon_ (M. E.), on _Atypus piceus_ (Sulzer), 182; - on Cyrtauchenius _elongatus_ (Sim.), 189 - - - _Tarantula_, 233, 235 - - _Theraphosa Blondii_, nest of, 188 - - - _Wafer nests_ of single-door unbranched type, 193 (note), 211; - of single-door branched type, 193, 214; - of double-door unbranched type, 193, 218; - of Hyères double-door branched type, 193, 223; - of double-door branched cavity type, 193, 228 - - _Wood-louse_ (Oniscus) eaten by trap-door spider, 241 - - _Worms_ the food of _Atypus_, 182, 186 - - -THE END. - - -LIST OF WORKS - -PUBLISHED BY - -L. REEVE & CO., - -5, Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, W.C. - -=NEW SERIES OF NATURAL HISTORY FOR BEGINNERS.= - - -∵ A good introductory series of books on Natural History for the -use of students and amateurs is still a _desideratum_. 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Traherne Moggridge</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Supplement to Harvesting Ants and Trap-Door Spiders</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: J. Traherne Moggridge</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: March 27, 2021 [eBook #64941]</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Mark C. Orton, T. Cosmas and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</div> - -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SUPPLEMENT TO HARVESTING ANTS AND TRAP-DOOR SPIDERS ***</div> - - - - - -<div class="fig_center x-ebookmaker-drop" style="width: 263px;"> -<img src="images/cover.png" width="263" height="423" alt="Supplement to Harvesting Ants and Trap-door Spiders, by J. Traherne Moggridge" /> -</div> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[ iii ]</a></span></p> - - - - - -<p class="pmt4 caption3nb gesperrt">SUPPLEMENT</p> - -<p class="tdc">TO</p> - -<p class="caption1">HARVESTING ANTS</p> - -<p class="tdc">AND</p> - -<p class="caption1 pmb4">TRAP-DOOR SPIDERS.</p> - - -<p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[ iv ]</a></span></p> - -<p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[ v ]</a></span></p> - - - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p class="pmt4 caption3nb gesperrt">SUPPLEMENT</p> - -<p class="tdc">TO</p> - -<p class="caption1">HARVESTING ANTS</p> - -<p class="tdc">AND</p> - -<p class="caption1 pmb4">TRAP-DOOR SPIDERS.</p> - - -<p class="tdc">BY</p> - -<h2>J. TRAHERNE MOGGRIDGE, F.L.S., F.Z.S.</h2> - - -<p class="tdc"><i>WITH SPECIFIC DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SPIDERS,</i></p> - -<p class="tdc">BY THE</p> - -<p class="caption3nb pmb2">REV. O. PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE.</p> - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 74px;"> -<img src="images/logo.png" width="74" height="90" alt="Logo" /> -</div> - - -<p class="pmt2 pmb4 tdc"> -LONDON:<br /> -L. REEVE & CO., 5, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN.<br /> -1874.<br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[ vi ]</a></span></p> - - -<p class="pmt2 pmb4 tdc vsmall"> -LONDON:<br /> -SAVILL, EDWARDS AND CO., PRINTERS, CHANDOS STREET,<br /> -COVENT GARDEN.<br /> -</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[ vii ]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS">CONTENTS.</a></h2> - - -<table class="tblcont" summary="TOC"> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr smaller">PAGE</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">SUPPLEMENT TO HARVESTING ANTS</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#SUPPLEMENT1">157</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">SUPPLEMENT TO TRAP-DOOR SPIDERS</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#SUPPLEMENT2">180</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">SPECIFIC DESCRIPTIONS OF SPIDERS</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#SPECIFIC_DESCRIPTIONS_OF_TRAP-DOOR_SPIDERS">254</a></td> -</tr> -</table> - - -<p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[ viii ]</a></span></p> - -<p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[ ix ]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="EXPLANATION_OF_PLATES" id="EXPLANATION_OF_PLATES">EXPLANATION OF PLATES.</a></h2> - -<p class="pmt1 pmb1 caption4nb"><b>NOTE:</b> Click on Plate images to view larger sized view.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><a href="#Plate_XIII"><span class="smcap">Plate XIII.</span></a>, p. 183, fig. A.—Silk lining of tube of <i>Atypus piceus</i> (Sulz.), taken -at Troyes in Champagne, and communicated to me by M. E. Simon; -B, drawing of portion of nest of <i>Cyrtauchenius elongatus</i> (Sim.) made -after the description of the discoverer, and subject to his (M. E. Simon's) -corrections. This is the only illustration in the present work not taken -from an actual specimen. These figures are of the natural size.</p> - -<p><a href="#Plate_XIV"><span class="smcap">Plate XIV.</span></a>, p. 193.—Diagrams of the known types of trap-door nest. -Fig. A, nest of <i>Atypus piceus</i> (Sulz.); B, nest of cork type; B 1, the -layers of silk with earth rims of which a cork door is composed; C, -single-door unbranched wafer type; D, single-door branched wafer -type; E double-door unbranched wafer type; E 1, lower door of the -same, of the natural size; F, Hyères double-door branched wafer type; -F 1, lower door of the same, of the natural size; G, and G 1, double-door -branched cavity wafer type. At G 1 the perfect type is seen, while -at G, the descending cavity, the outlines of which are indicated by -dotted lines, has been filled up; G 2, lower door of the same of the -natural size. (Figs. A, B, C, D, E, F, G and G 1, diagrammatic representations -of nest on a reduced scale, Figs. B 1, E 1, F 1 and G 2, of the -natural size).</p> - -<p><a href="#Plate_XV"><span class="smcap">Plate XV.</span></a>, p. 198, fig. A.—Nest of <i>Cteniza Californica</i> (Camb.) nearly -entire, enclosed in the clayey earth of the bank from which the specimen -was taken, the door being artificially represented as being partly open; -A 1, door of the same as seen when closed; B, <i>Cteniza Californica</i> -(Camb.) from a living specimen; B 1, the same seen in spirits, the legs -not represented; B 2, the same seen sideways; (figs. A, A 1, B, B 1 -and B 2, are of the natural size); B 3, the eyes, greatly magnified; -B 4, the three claws terminating the tarsal joint of the hindmost -left leg; B 5, line representing the measured length of the spider -excluding the falces and spinners, the uppermost division gives the -length of the caput terminating at the half-moon-shaped fovea, the -middle division that of the thorax, and the lowest that of the abdomen, -while the transverse line gives the breadth of the cephalothorax; -B 6, eggs laid by the spider in captivity on the under side of the gauze -which covered the box (the position is reversed here) of the natural -size; B 7, the same magnified; B 8, another group of eggs, magnified; -B 9, a portion of the same still more highly magnified; B 10, lines -showing measured lengths of legs of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th pairs, and -of palpus, with those of the several joints.</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[ x ]</a></span></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><a href="#Plate_XVI"><span class="smcap">Plate XVI.</span></a>, p. 211, fig. A.—Part of the nest of <i>Nemesia Simoni</i> (Camb.) taken -at Bordeaux; A 1, <i>N. Simoni</i> (Camb.) from life, of the natural size; -A 2, the same seen in spirits, the legs not represented; A 3, the same -seen sideways and magnified; A 4, the eyes, magnified; A 5, the thoracic -fovea, magnified; A 6, line showing measured length of spider, -(see above explanation of fig. B 5, plate XV.); A 7, lines showing -measured lengths of legs of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th pairs, and palpus -of spider, with those of the several joints. B, cephalothorax and -abdomen of another specimen of <i>N. Simoni</i>, in which the proportions -are different, taken from life, of the natural size.</p> - -<p><a href="#Plate_XVII"><span class="smcap">Plate XVII.</span></a>, p. 215, fig. A.—Part of the nest of <i>N. suffusa</i> (Camb.) taken -at Montpellier; A 1, <i>N. suffusa</i> (Camb.) from life, of the natural size; -A 2, the same in spirits, seen sideways and magnified, the legs not -represented; A 3, another view of the same; A 4, the eyes, magnified; -A 5, length of spider (see above, fig. B 5, plate XV.); A 6, measurements -of legs and palpus; B, <i>N. meridionalis</i> (Costa and Sim.), male, -from a specimen in spirits, of the natural size, legs not represented; B 1, -the same magnified; B 2, the eyes, magnified; B 3, radial and digital -joints of the left palpus with bulb, magnified; B 4, another view of the -same, magnified; B 5, back view of the same, magnified, but less highly; -B 6, length of spider (see above, fig. B 5, plate XV.); C, <i>N. meridionalis</i> -(Costa and Sim.) female, from a specimen in spirit of wine, of the -natural size, legs not represented; C 1, eyes of the same, magnified; -C 2, length of spider. These two specimens (male and female) were -collected in Corsica, and named by M. E. Simon, who kindly presented -them to me; they are now in the possession of the Rev. O. Pickard-Cambridge.</p> - -<p><a href="#Plate_XIV"><span class="smcap">Plate XVIII.</span></a>, p. 225, fig. A.—Part of nest of <i>N. congener</i> (Camb.) taken -at Hyères; A 1, lower door of this nest viewed from above, of the -natural size; A 2, side view of the same; A 3, <i>N. congener</i> (Camb.) -taken from life, of the natural size; A 4, side view of the same, enlarged -to twice the natural size, the legs not represented; A 5, cephalothorax -and falces from specimen in spirits, magnified;<a name="FNanchor_108" id="FNanchor_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_108" class="fnanchor">108</a> A 6, the eyes, magnified; -A 7, femur, patella (or genual joint) and tibia of leg of third pair, showing -the three spines on the outer side of the patella, magnified. B, lower -door from a smaller and younger nest, viewed from above, of the natural -size; B 1, the same viewed sideways.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_108" id="Footnote_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> While these pages were passing through the press (Hyères, Oct. '74), -I have had an opportunity of examining 17 additional specimens of <i>N. congener</i>. -I learn from this that the pattern represented on the caput in fig. A 5, -does not accord with that in the majority of adult specimens, being usually -less defined and composed of three converging bands. Mr. Pickard-Cambridge's -description (<a href="#Page_293">p. 293</a> below) is, however, quite correct. I may -mention that three spines were present on the patella (genual joint) of -legs III in 16 specimens, the 17th specimen having but a single spine.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[ xi ]</a></span></p></div> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><a href="#Plate_XIX"><span class="smcap">Plate XIX.</span></a>, p. 229, fig. A.—Nest of a young specimen of <i>N. Manderstjernæ</i> -(Ausserer = <i>N. meridionalis</i> Camb., in "Ants and Spiders," p. 101) from -Mentone, showing the descending cavity, with the lower door pushed -across, so as to close the main tube and join the cavity; A 1, upper -portion of the same, showing the lower door closing the branch. B, -<i>N. cæmentaria</i> (Latr.) from a living specimen taken at Montpellier; B 1, -the same seen in spirits of wine, legs not represented; B 2, the eyes, -magnified; B 3, one of the two larger claws; and B 4, the small claw of -the tarsus of one of the hindmost legs; B 5, length of spider; B 6, -measurements of legs and palpus. C, the eyes of <i>N. Moggridgii</i> (Camb.) -(= <i>N. cæmentaria</i>, Camb., in "Ants and Spiders," p. 92), magnified. D, -<i>N. incerta</i> (Camb.), male, from a specimen preserved in spirits, collected -at Digne in the Basses Alpes, by M. E. Simon, who kindly lent me the -specimen for examination, represented of twice the natural size, and -without the legs; D 1, another view of the same; D 2, radial and digital -joints of the palpus and palpal bulb, magnified; D 3, back view of the -same; D 4, the eyes magnified. E, eyes of <i>N. dubia</i> (Camb.), male -(= <i>N. cæmentaria</i>, Sim.), from a specimen in spirits, collected in the -Pyrénées Orientales, communicated by M. Simon, magnified; E 1, -radial and digital joints of the palpus with palpal bulb of the same, -magnified; E 2, another view of the same.</p> - -<p><a href="#Plate_XIV"><span class="smcap">Plate XX.</span></a>, p. 254, fig. A, <i>Cteniza Moggridgii</i> (Camb.), male (= <i>Ct. fodiens</i>, -Camb., in "Ants and Spiders," p. 89), from a living specimen taken at -Mentone, of the natural size; A 1, the same seen sideways, the legs -not represented; A 2, cephalothorax and falces of the same; A 3, the -eyes; A 4, radial and digital joints and the palpal bulb; A 5, another -view of the same; A 6, one of the two large claws, and A 7, the small -claw of the tarsus of one of the legs of the hindmost pair; A 8, length -of the spider and breadth of the cephalothorax; A 9, measurements of -legs and palpus. (Figs. A 1, A 2, A 3, A 4, A 5, A 6, and A 7, are all magnified.) -B, <i>N. Manderstjernæ</i> (Ausserer), male (= <i>N. meridionalis</i>, Camb., -in "Ants and Spiders," p. 101), from a living specimen taken at Mentone, -of the natural size; B 1, the same seen in spirits and magnified to twice -the natural size; B 2, the same viewed sideways; B 3, the eyes; B 4, -tibia, metatarsus and tarsus of the right leg of the first pair showing the -spine and process on the under and inner side of the enlarged tibia; B 5, -right leg of the third pair showing the three short spines on the patella; -B 6, one of the two large claws, and B 7, the small claw of the tarsus of -one of the legs of the hindmost pair; B 8, radial and digital joints of -palpus with palpal bulb; B 9, another view of the same; B 10, back -view of the same (figs. B 1 to B 10, all magnified); B 11, measurements -of legs and palpus. C, tibia, metatarsus and tarsus of right leg of -<i>N. Manderstjernæ</i> (Ausserer), male, viewed from the under side and magnified, -drawn from the original specimen belonging to Dr. L. Koch, -collected at Nice, and described as <i>N. Manderstjernæ</i> by Professor Ausserer. -My best thanks are due to Dr. L. Koch for having enabled me -to examine this valuable specimen. [In fig. C, the curved spine should -bend towards, and not away from, the process on its right and inner -side.]</p></div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[ xii ]</a></span></p> - - -<p class="caption3nb">LIST OF SPIDERS DESCRIBED.</p> - - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Cteniza Moggridgii, sp. n.</td> - <td class="tdl">♂</td> - <td class="tdl"><a href="#Plate_XX">p. 254, pl. XX.</a></td> - <td class="tdl">fig. A.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> " Californica, sp. n.</td> - <td class="tdl">♀</td> - <td class="tdl"><a href="#Plate_XV">p. 260, pl. XV.</a></td> - <td class="tdl">fig. B.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Nemesia cæmentaria (Latr.)</td> - <td class="tdl"> ♀</td> - <td class="tdl"><a href="#Plate_XIX">p. 264, pl. XIX.</a></td> - <td class="tdl">fig. B.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> " Eleanora (Cambr.)</td> - <td></td> - <td class="tdl"><a href="#Nemesia">p. 272.</a></td> - <td></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> " Moggridgii, sp. n.</td> - <td class="tdl">♀</td> - <td class="tdl"><a href="#Plate_XIX">p. 273, pl. XIX.</a></td> - <td class="tdl">fig. C.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> " incerta, sp. n.</td> - <td class="tdl">♂</td> - <td class="tdl"><a href="#Plate_XIX">p. 276, pl. XIX.</a></td> - <td class="tdl">fig. D.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> " dubia, sp. n.</td> - <td class="tdl">♂</td> - <td class="tdl"><a href="#Plate_XIX">p. 280, pl. XIX.</a></td> - <td class="tdl">fig. E.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> " Manderstjernæ (Auss.)</td> - <td class="tdl">♂ and ♀</td> - <td class="tdl"><a href="#Plate_XX">p. 283, pl. XX.</a></td> - <td class="tdl">fig. B.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> " meridionalis (Costa)</td> - <td class="tdl">♂ and ♀</td> - <td class="tdl"><a href="#Plate_XVII">p. 289, pl. XVII.</a></td> - <td class="tdl">fig. B.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> " congener, sp. n.</td> - <td class="tdl">♀</td> - <td class="tdl"><a href="#Plate_XVIII">p. 292, pl. XVIII.</a></td> - <td class="tdl">fig. A 3.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> " suffusa, sp. n.</td> - <td class="tdl">♀</td> - <td class="tdl"><a href="#Plate_XVII">p. 295, pl. XVII.</a></td> - <td class="tdl">fig. A 1.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"> " Simoni, sp. n.</td> - <td class="tdl">♀</td> - <td class="tdl"><a href="#Plate_XVI">p. 297, pl. XVI.</a></td> - <td class="tdl">fig. A 1.</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[ 157 ]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h1><a name="SUPPLEMENT1" id="SUPPLEMENT1">SUPPLEMENT<br /> -TO<br /> -HARVESTING ANTS.</a></h1> - - -<p>During the short time which has elapsed since <i>Harvesting -Ants and Trap-door Spiders</i> left the printer's -hands, fresh material has rapidly accumulated, and -an assiduous search after these creatures, and the -continued study of their works and ways, has met -with ample reward and encouragement.</p> - -<p>It was my wish, when originally publishing these -observations, many of which were due to the active -co-operation of friends, to invite my readers to take -part with me in my pleasure and pursuits, so that we -should from that time work together, and, by communicating -our discoveries to each other, increase our -knowledge, and at the same time enlarge the field of -our research. My intention was that we should -leave to others the necessary work of collection, -preservation, and arrangement, and that, while our -fellow naturalists pin specimens into classified cabinets, -and devote long hours to the description of -peculiarities of form and colour, we should undertake -the lighter task of complementing their labours by -observing and recording the habits and conditions of -existence of the creatures themselves.</p> - -<p>Looked at in this light, the present pages and -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[ 158 ]</a></span> -those of the preceding work may be regarded as so -many drawers in our <i>Cabinet of Habits</i>, and though, -as we open drawer after drawer, many gaps and -blank spaces remind us how much remains to be -done in order to complete the collection, yet the -interest and suggestiveness of the specimen-facts already -secured, should encourage and direct us onwards. -There have not been wanting instances in -which my readers have associated themselves with -me in the way indicated, and it is with pleasure, -when reviewing the entire work, that I recall how -many of its most interesting features are due to the -researches and assistance of friends,<a name="FNanchor_109" id="FNanchor_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_109" class="fnanchor">109</a> and commemorate -at once their discoveries and unfailing kindness. -I had certainly expected that before this time some -new species of harvesting ants would have been discovered, -either on the Riviera, where attention has -been especially called to the subject, or in other parts -of Europe, where dissimilar conditions might have -been expected to be associated with a different fauna; -but this has hitherto not been the case.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_109" id="Footnote_109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_109"><span class="label">[109]</span></a> To all who have rendered me this valuable help I tender my cordial -thanks. I am under very special obligations to Mr. Pickard-Cambridge, -for descriptions of spiders, and to Mr. F. Smith for the names of the Ants; -assistance which I should have found it almost impossible to dispense with or -to replace.</p></div> - -<p>One might naturally suppose that if harvesting ants -were discovered in localities very widely distant from -each other, they would prove to belong to different -species, but thus far, both in Europe and Northern -Africa, it is the same two well-known species of <i>Atta -barbara</i> and <i>A. structor</i> that constantly reappear.</p> - -<p>For instance, I have recently learned that harvesting -ants are found at Cadenabbia on the lake of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[ 159 ]</a></span> -Como, and at Montpellier in Southern France; but -on examination, the ants from the former place are -clearly seen to belong to the species <i>structor</i>, and -those from Montpellier to the two species <i>structor</i> and -<i>barbara</i>.</p> - -<p>I was greatly interested to receive specimens of -ants, and of the seeds which they were carrying and -storing beneath the stones of a paved road at Cadenabbia, -for this is the northernmost point<a name="FNanchor_110" id="FNanchor_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_110" class="fnanchor">110</a> at which -the habit of harvesting has as yet been noted. This -discovery suggests the possibility of the occurrence of -the habit in the warmer and more sheltered of the -Swiss valleys. When at Montpellier in May last I -frequently observed long trains of ants bringing -seeds and small dry fruits to their nests, but these -harvesters also turned out on close inspection to be -<i>Atta structor</i> and <i>A. barbara</i>, with its red-headed -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[ 160 ]</a></span> -variety. These, it will be remembered, are the only -species of European ants which have as yet been -proved to be harvesters and seed-storers in the fullest -sense of the term, that is to say, which not only -gather and carry seeds, but also store them in large -quantities below the surface of the ground.<a name="FNanchor_111" id="FNanchor_111"></a><a href="#Footnote_111" class="fnanchor">111</a></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_110" id="Footnote_110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_110"><span class="label">[110]</span></a> I have related in a note at the foot of p. 4 in <i>Ants and Spiders</i> how -<i>Formica nigra</i> in England, though paying no attention to seeds generally, will -sometimes collect the fresh seeds of the sweet violet (<i>Viola odorata</i>). -</p> -<p> -When I published this account I was quite unaware that the fact that certain -English ants collect sweet violet seeds had been observed by Mr. R. Wakefield -forty years before. -</p> -<p> -This was communicated by Mr. Wakefield in a letter to Mr. John Curtis, the -substance of which was read before the Linnean Society in 1854, and published -in their Proceedings (see Proceedings of the Linnean Society, ii. 293), where we -read: "He (Mr. Wakefield) states that he has seen the black species (<i>Formica -nigra</i>, L.) for days and nights together industriously occupied in dragging to -its cells the seeds of the common violet (<i>Viola odorata</i>, L.) -</p> -<p> -"He first noticed this fact on the 3rd of July, 1832; and he regards it as a -curious subject of inquiry for what purpose, if not for their own future provision, -they could accumulate these stores?" Mr. Wakefield appears to accept this as -evidence that these ants possess the habit of storing seeds; but this is not so, as -will be seen by reference to my note alluded to above, and I am inclined to -believe that they collect these particular seeds either under the mistaken -belief that they are larvæ, to which when fresh they bear some resemblance, or -for the sake of some juices which they may obtain from the fleshy appendage -attached to the seed.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_111" id="Footnote_111"></a><a href="#FNanchor_111"><span class="label">[111]</span></a> Six other species belonging to the genus <i>Atta</i> are found in Europe, but they -are all unknown to me. -</p> -<p> -It seems likely that, if other harvesting ants do exist in Europe they may -belong to one of these six species; for we have seen (<i>Ants and Spiders</i>, p. 59) -that all the ants which are known to possess this habit are either members of -the genus <i>Atta</i> or belong to genera closely related to it.</p></div> - -<p>In the case of <i>Pheidole megacephala</i> (the only other -European ant which I have detected collecting seeds -in large numbers), I have never been able to find -granaries or subterranean stores of any kind, though -I have frequently made extensive search for them, -and explored, to all appearance, the whole nest.</p> - -<p>When we remember the great variety of ants -which inhabit Europe alone (a recent list<a name="FNanchor_112" id="FNanchor_112"></a><a href="#Footnote_112" class="fnanchor">112</a> enumerating -no fewer than 104 distinct species), it certainly -may seem strange at first that only two of their -number should possess this habit. Perhaps, however, -we may yet discover that some other of these species -are true harvesters; but at present the chances seem -rather against it, since the harvesters found at such -distant points as Algiers, Cadenabbia, and Montpellier -have all turned out to belong to one or other -of the two species, <i>structor</i> or <i>barbara</i>.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_112" id="Footnote_112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_112"><span class="label">[112]</span></a> <i>Description des Fourmis d'Europe pour servir à l'étude des insectes -myrmecophilis</i>, by Ernest André, in <i>Rev. et Mag. de Zool.</i> 3<sup>e</sup> ser. tom. ii. -(1874), p. 152, &c.</p></div> - -<p>Indeed it may very well be that the numerical -superiority and wide distribution of these two species -have served to secure to them a more or less exclusive -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[ 161 ]</a></span> -right to the habit of harvesting, for it is clear that a -given tract of country can only afford supplies of -grain to a limited number of colonies; so that, if -these ants have taken up the ground and are strong -enough to maintain possession, no others would have -a chance. However this may be, I find that the -more insight I gain into the distinctive habits and -relations of animals, the more the belief impresses -itself upon me that wherever we find many closely-allied -species inhabiting restricted areas, there we -may safely look for important differences among these -species in respect of their modes of life, and in the -development of their instinct and intelligence. And -indeed this may be considered as a corollary of the -great law of natural selection, which uniformly tends -to secure the greatest possible amount of divergence -in this respect, and to prevent the co-existence in close -proximity to each other of distinct species having the -same requirements and manner of life.</p> - -<p>Thus, for example, even <i>Atta barbara</i> and <i>structor</i>, -though most closely related as species, differ in habit; -the former leading a much more active life during -the winter months at Mentone than the latter, and -seeking its home rather in wild than cultivated ground. -Then what differences different ants present in respect -of strength, speed, powers of offence and defence, -numerical strength of colonies, timidity, date and -frequency of departure of winged ants from the nest, -odour emitted, combativeness, architecture and selection -of localities, nature of food, nocturnal and -diurnal habits, and in many other properties and conditions! -It is doubtless owing to dissimilarity in -these and other respects that it becomes possible for -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[ 162 ]</a></span> -so many species to co-exist within very narrow limits, -so that even three or four distinct kinds sometimes -form their nests so close to each other that their -galleries interlace and almost touch.</p> - -<p>There are probably very few conditions of life -(except those concerned with the nature and manner -of obtaining food) which have a greater influence -either in keeping creatures apart or in bringing them -into collision, than those which constitute differences -in their respective periods of activity and development. -Thus, two species of which one has nocturnal and the -other diurnal habits, or of which one is dormant while -the other is active, may be said to travel different -roads and to be complete strangers to one another. -Complete separation of this kind is, of course, not the -rule, and the greater number of species find themselves -in more or less constant rivalry, but possess a -sufficient number of points of dissimilarity in habit -and requirements to make their co-existence possible.</p> - -<p>It is curious to note what little differences, as they -seem to us, may determine the fate of an ant. For -example, the lizards will lie in wait for and greedily -seize and devour the winged males and females of -<i>structor</i> and <i>barbara</i>, though they dare not attack the -assembled workers. It is curious to watch the way -in which these worker ants will protect the winged -ants which are about to leave the nest, by gathering -round and swarming over them. When, as often -happens, the nest is placed in an old terrace-wall, one -may see the lizards creeping along or lying moulded -into the inequalities of the stones, all having their -eager eyes directed towards the swarm. One may -then see the worker ants walk with impunity straight -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[ 163 ]</a></span> -up to the very noses of the lizards, while the male or -female which should chance to straggle in the same -direction would infallibly be eaten up. The lizards -plainly show their fear of the workers by the way in -which, when they make up their mind to try a dash -at some outlying part of the ant colony, they leap -through the lines in the utmost haste as if traversing -a ring of fire.</p> - -<p>Now these worker ants are destitute of stings, and -I can only suppose that their power of combination, -stronger jaws and more horny coats, have gained -them this immunity. I remarked that the smaller -lizards appeared to have some difficulty in dealing -with the males and females which they captured, and -would beat and pound them against the stones before -devouring them, while the larger ones would often -make but one mouthful of them, swallowing wings -and all!</p> - -<p>If it were not for this body-guard of workers it is -difficult to see how the males and females in such -situations could ever escape. It is also plain that if -the worker harvesting ants were as liable to be seized -and devoured as their winged companions, the species -would soon become extinct, for they expose themselves -more than ants ordinarily do, and their long provision-laden -trains would be almost at the mercy of -any enemy which could attack them without fear of -results.<a name="FNanchor_113" id="FNanchor_113"></a><a href="#Footnote_113" class="fnanchor">113</a></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_113" id="Footnote_113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_113"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> Speaking of the enemies of ants, I may mention having seen a young robin -in England picking up and swallowing the workers of <i>Formica nigra</i> just as -if they were crumbs. I knew that birds would eat the male and female ants, -but I had thought the workers were exempt from their attacks, and, indeed, -they must be so as a rule, for otherwise they would speedily become extinct.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[ 164 ]</a></span></p></div> - -<p>Remembering this, it is interesting to note how -differently the tiger-beetle (<i>Cicendela</i>) behaves when -hunting the powerful harvesting ants and when -preying upon the weak little <i>Formica (Tapinoma) -erratica</i>; for, while it seizes the latter without taking -any precautions, it is evidently more than half afraid -of the former.</p> - -<p>I have seen this beetle lying in wait near a train -of <i>structor</i> or <i>barbara</i> ants, watching until some individual -separated a little from the main body, when it -would rush forward and make a snap at it, retiring -again as quickly as it came. If the tiger-beetle fails -to seize its prey exactly behind the head it will let it -go again, and two or three ants are often thus cruelly -mutilated before a single one is carried off.</p> - -<p>No doubt the beetle has learned that if once this -ant clasps its mandibles upon either antennæ or legs, -nothing, not even death itself, will make it release -its hold. It therefore tries to pin the ant in such a -way that it cannot use its formidable jaws. Perhaps -the habit of forming long compact trains may have -been acquired by the ants partly with a view to -guarding against attacks of this kind.</p> - -<p>The colonies of the little <i>F. erratica</i>, on the other -hand, apparently have to trust to their habit of -working under the covered ways which they construct, -as well as to their activity and great numbers -for their preservation.</p> - -<p>I had thought that the very powerful, and, to me, -disagreeable, odour of these little ants might have -rendered them distasteful to the tiger-beetle, but this -is evidently not the case.</p> - -<p>I have said above that, as far as our present knowledge -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[ 165 ]</a></span> -goes, only two out of the 104 species of European -ants are possessed of the habit of collecting and -storing seed, and it may be reasonably asked how it -can have come about, if this is the case, that the -ancient authors were so well acquainted with the fact.</p> - -<p>The explanation is that these writers lived on the -shores of the Mediterranean, where these two species—<i>Atta -barbara</i> and <i>structor</i>—are extremely common -objects, both on account of their abundance and their -habits. The long trains of harvesters remain exposed -to view for hours together, and <i>structor</i> seeks the -neighbourhood or even the interior of towns, so that -these ants arrest the attention even of the unobservant, -and often become familiar as the sparrows.</p> - -<p>There can be little doubt that these two ants -display the same habits throughout all the warmer -districts which they inhabit, but whether they do so -in Switzerland, Germany, Northern France, and the -other colder portions of their range, remains one of -the many interesting questions which still await -investigation.</p> - -<p>Mr. F. Smith has recorded the presence of <i>Atta -barbara</i> in Palestine, and I have lately obtained some -curious evidence which goes to show that harvesting -ants not only carried on their operations in times -past in that country, but that their seed-stores were -on a much larger scale than any I have observed on -the Riviera.</p> - -<p>I am indebted to Dr. F. A. Pratt for the information -that mention was made of ants and their -stores in the Misna, that codification of the traditionary -and unwritten laws of the Jews, which was -commenced after the birth of Christ under the presidency -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[ 166 ]</a></span> -of Hillel, and which has at least the merit of -serving as a record of a multitude of very ancient -customs and observances which, but for it, would probably -have long ago been forgotten.</p> - -<p>Now it so happens that the very first section of -the Misna is called <i>Zeraim</i>, and has to do with seeds -and crops, and I was thus enabled, without any very -prolonged search, to light upon one of the passages -in question.<a name="FNanchor_114" id="FNanchor_114"></a><a href="#Footnote_114" class="fnanchor">114</a> It occurs in a chapter entitled <i>De -Angulo</i> in the Latin version, treating of the <i>corner</i> of -the fields bearing crops which should be set aside for -the poor, and of the rights of the gleaners, and may -be freely rendered as follows: "The granaries of ants -(<i>Formicarum cavernulæ</i>), which may be found in the -midst of a growing crop of corn, shall belong to the -owner of the crop; but, if these granaries are found -after the reapers have passed, the upper part (of each -heap contained in these granaries) shall go to the -poor and the lower to the proprietor." And then is -added: "The Rabbi Meir is of opinion that the -whole should go to the poor, because whenever any -doubt arises about a question of gleaning the doubt -is to be given in favour of the gleaner."</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_114" id="Footnote_114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_114"><span class="label">[114]</span></a> "Formicarum cavernulæ in media segete proprietarii censentur; pone -messores superiore parte pauperum, inferiore proprietarii. R. Meir totum -pauperum esse censet, quia quod dubium est in spicelegio, spicilegium est." -And to this the following explanatory note is appended: "Formicarum -cavernulæ, Frumentum inibi repertum." Misna, Sect. I. Zeraim. Cap. IV. p. -25. Latine vertit et commentario illustravit Gulielmus Guisius. <i>Accedit</i> -Mosis Maimonidis <i>Præfatio in</i> Misnam, Edo. Pocockio <i>Interprete</i>, Oxoniæ -A.D. 1690.</p></div> - -<p>The intention of this very quaint bit of legislation, -or rather of the ancient custom which gave rise to it, -appears to have been the following; it was to settle -once and for all a nice point of conscience with reference -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[ 167 ]</a></span> -to the claims of the poor upon these ant stores. -If the heaps of grain were found among the standing -corn before the reapers reached the spot or while -they were still at work, the proprietor might claim -them without any hesitation; but, if they were discovered -after the passing of the reapers, then it was -conceivable that the ants, which during the whole time -had never ceased their labours, might have collected -some of the grain from the fallen ears of corn which -lay upon the ground, and were the property of the -gleaners. These grains would be those which the -ants had collected most recently, and would therefore -lie on the surface of each granary heap. Thus it was -settled that the upper portion of each heap should -belong to the poor, and the lower, that collected from -the standing crop, to the proprietor.</p> - -<p>We may perhaps laugh at the notion of critically -discussing and legislating upon such a subject, and -think that such a pitiful matter might have been -allowed to pass among those <i>minima</i> about which even -the Jewish law need not care.</p> - -<p>Be this as it may, it is interesting for us to learn -that a custom of the kind had its place among the -recognised traditions of the people, and that the -harvesting ants of Syria had earned a place in these -records by amassing stores of sufficient size, and so -disposed as to make them worth collecting.</p> - -<p>This reminds us of what M. Germain de St. Pierre -has related (<i>Ants and Spiders</i>, p. 29) of the extent of -the depredations made among the corn crops at -Hyères by these ants; and doubtless other observers -who have opportunities for watching the ants -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[ 168 ]</a></span> -during the summer months might supply further confirmation.</p> - -<p>It would be of interest to learn the extent and -manner of concealment of these large stores of grain, -but, during the months from October to May, I have -never seen corn in any quantity in the granaries, -though there was frequent evidence of its late presence -in the dense masses of husks of oats and other -large grain lying near the nests. In October, 1873, I -found near the entrances to a nest of <i>structor</i> a circular -mound formed of this refuse, twenty-seven inches in -diameter, and averaging two inches in thickness, while -near other nests I have found the chinks between -the stones of the terrace-wall behind which the nest -lay, literally stuffed with husks. It was plain that -these grains of cereals and the larger grasses had been -collected during the summer. The granaries in the -winter and spring contain the grains of some few of -the autumnal grasses, but are principally filled with -seeds of the other more abundant autumn-fruiting -plants belonging to the neighbourhood.</p> - -<p>I have now collected from the granaries of these -ants the seeds or small dry fruits of fifty-four distinct -species of wild plants, and on examination I find that -during my stay in the south (from October to May) -the seeds of the distinctively spring and summer-flowering -plants are either entirely absent or are very -scarce, while the great bulk of the seeds belong to -plants which ripen their fruits in the autumn. -Thus the grains of oats, of the large fescue and brome -grasses, of quaking grasses (<i>Melica</i>), and other kinds -common near the nests in May, are conspicuously -absent in the winter, as are the fruits of all the sedges -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[ 169 ]</a></span> -but one, and this one (<i>Carex distans</i>) retains its fruits -till late in the autumn. Among other spring-flowering -plants common near the nests, the seeds of which are also -absent, I may mention violets (<i>Viola odorata</i>), poppies, -(<i>Papaver</i>), certain species of <i>Veronica</i>, <i>Helianthemum -guttatum</i>, <i>Silene quinque-vulnera</i> and <i>Plantago Bellardi</i>.</p> - -<p>Here a curious question arises—viz., What becomes -of the large stores of seeds which one may still find -in the nests in May, when the ants are busy pouring -fresh supplies into the nest? The answer probably is, -that, as the weather becomes warmer, ever-increasing -calls are made by the larvæ upon the food-resources -of the nest, and that old and new seeds rapidly disappear -together, and all the energy and activity of -the colony is needed to meet the increased demand.</p> - -<p>Still, it would be interesting, if it were possible, -to assure oneself whether this is the case; that -is to say, whether the residue of the winter -stores is really consumed during the summer, or -whether a portion of it remains in the granaries until -the following autumn. One might perhaps learn -something as to this if one had an opportunity of -opening a nest late in July, and before the characteristic -autumn-fruiting plants had set their seed. -If the granaries were then principally filled with seeds -of spring-fruiting plants, and the winter seeds were -almost or entirely absent, this would afford tolerably -good negative evidence in favour of the latter having -been eaten during the summer.</p> - -<p>One thing is certain, and that is, that these harvesting -ants do not habitually abandon their nests every year. -On the contrary, while many swarms leave the nests at -different seasons, a portion of the original colony, or -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[ 170 ]</a></span> -of its descendants, still remains in the old home, and -very few out of the many nests which I have watched -during the past three years, and of which I have -noted and mapped the positions, have been deserted. -On my return to Mentone in October, 1873, I hastened -to examine the nests between which war had -been carried on in the previous year (<i>Ants and Spiders</i>, -p. 38), and found in one case that the vanquished nest -was completely lifeless and abandoned, while the victorious -colony was remarkably thriving, and its granaries -teemed with seeds. The locality occupied by -the other belligerent colonies had unfortunately been -built over.</p> - -<p>I have often been asked whether I could give an -approximate estimate of the quantity of seeds contained -in a nest of average size, but I have hitherto felt -unable to do this in a satisfactory manner. I am now -in possession of more reliable data, and believe that -the following calculation may be taken as a near -approximation to the truth. During the spring of -1873 I removed with but very little loss the contents -of two granaries from a very extensive nest of <i>Atta -structor</i>, consisting principally of seeds of clover, fumitory, -and pellitory. These seeds, when perfectly clean -and freed from earth, weighed in the one case -4 sc. 4 grs., and in the other 5 sc. 8 grs. Now -there cannot have been less than eighty such granaries -in this nest, so that, if we take five scruples as the -average weight of the seeds in each granary, and this, -allowing for loss in collection, which we may fairly -do, we should have a total weight of more than sixteen -ounces, or one pound avoirdupois weight of seeds contained -in the nest. But, though this mass of seeds -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[ 171 ]</a></span> -represents the result of infinite labour on the part of -the ants, each individual granary contains but an -insignificant quantity, and the store-chambers often -lie at great distances apart; it is therefore impossible -to believe that the stores alluded to in the -Misna can have been as small and scattered as these -were, and we must, on the contrary, suppose them to -have been both larger and more accessible.<a name="FNanchor_115" id="FNanchor_115"></a><a href="#Footnote_115" class="fnanchor">115</a></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_115" id="Footnote_115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_115"><span class="label">[115]</span></a> Perhaps these heaps of corn may have been piled up at the entrance to the -nest, as is sometimes the case when the workers, in their eagerness to secure as -much as possible of a passing harvest, bring in the supplies too fast for their -companions within the nest to be able to find room for and accommodate. When -this happens the seeds lie outside the nest until fresh chambers are prepared -for their reception.</p></div> - -<p>The means employed by the ants to prevent the -germination of the seeds contained in their granaries -still remain secret, and all the experiments and investigations -which I have hitherto been able to make -have failed to give me the clue.</p> - -<p>The problem to be solved is the following: Given -seeds, the readiness of which to germinate has been -proved, to place them in damp soil at depths varying -from half an inch to twenty inches below the surface -in such a manner that they shall remain there dormant, -neither germinating nor decaying, for weeks -and even months. These very seeds must be capable -of germinating after the conclusion of the experiment.</p> - -<p>This is what the ants do for millions of seeds, for -the instances in which a few seeds appear to have -sprouted within the nest in defiance of the ants, are -very rare and wholly exceptional; and when after -prolonged wet weather germinated seeds are seen -outside the nest, it will usually be found that these -have the little root cut off, and are eventually carried -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[ 172 ]</a></span> -back into the nest and used as food. By a fortunate -chance I have been able to prove that the seeds will -germinate in an undisturbed granary when the ants -are prevented from obtaining access to it; and this -goes to show not only that the structure and nature -of the granary chamber is not sufficient of itself to -prevent germination, but also that the presence of the -ants is essential to secure the dormant condition of -the seeds.</p> - -<p>I discovered in two places portions of distinct nests -of <i>Atta structor</i> which had been isolated owing to the -destruction of the terrace-wall behind which they lay, -and there the granaries were filled up and literally -choked with growing seeds, though the earth in -which they lay completely enclosed and concealed -them, until by chance I laid them bare! In one case -I knew that the destruction of the wall had only -taken place ten days before, so that the seeds had -sprouted in this interval.</p> - -<p>My experiments also tend to confirm this, and to -favour the belief that the non-germination of the -seeds is due to some direct influence voluntarily exercised -by the ants, and not merely to the conditions -found in the nest, or to acid vapours which in certain -cases are given off by the ants themselves.</p> - -<p>In order to put this latter point to the test of -experiment, I confined about a hundred harvesting -ants (<i>A. structor</i>), with their queen and several larvæ, -in a glass test-tube eight inches long and one inch in -diameter, closed with a cork and filled up to within -about an inch of the cork with damp sandy soil, most -of which was taken from the ants' nest.</p> - -<p>I added six peas, six cress and six millet, and then -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[ 173 ]</a></span> -kept the tube tightly corked for nine days, only once -removing the cork for a few seconds in order to -sprinkle a little water on the ants, which were evidently -in need of it. On the ninth day I turned out -the contents of the tube and found that all the peas, -millet and cress, had germinated and were growing -strongly. One of the cress, however, had had its -root, which lay across the gallery constructed by -the ants, gnawed off; four clover seeds, which had -come with the soil taken from the nest, and which -had formed part of the ants' stores, had germinated -also. Here the small quantity of air contained -in the test-tube must certainly have become saturated -with any vapour which the ants may be supposed -to give off, and we cannot therefore accept this -as the cause of the dormant condition of the granary -seeds.</p> - -<p>I made other experiments in which harvesting ants -were imprisoned along with various seeds in small, -cylindrical, closed vessels containing a little damp -sand. Here the vessels were frequently rolled from -side to side or shaken, during the twenty-two hours -for which the experiment lasted, so as to excite the -ants and make them give off such odours as they -possessed, but no trace of injurious influence was -produced upon the seeds, which germinated and grew -normally afterwards.</p> - -<p>At Mr. Darwin's suggestion I made a long series -of experiments with formic acid, in which measured -quantities, pure or diluted, were placed in a watch-glass -on damp sand and surrounded by seeds, the -whole being enclosed in a covered tumbler, so that -the effects produced on the seeds by the vapour -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[ 174 ]</a></span> -rising from the acid might be noted. Similar seeds -were sown at the same time and in the same way, -but without the acid, so as to permit of comparison. -These experiments have afforded some interesting -results,<a name="FNanchor_116" id="FNanchor_116"></a><a href="#Footnote_116" class="fnanchor">116</a> but do not supply any positive data which -might help us to discover the secret of the ants. -They narrow, indeed, the area in which search can -profitably be made, indicating as they do that the -vapour of formic acid is incapable of rendering the -seeds dormant after the manner of the ants, and -showing, on the contrary, that its influence is always -injurious to the seeds, even when present only in -excessively minute quantities.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_116" id="Footnote_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_116"><span class="label">[116]</span></a> I hope shortly to offer these observations, together with another series of a -similar nature in which my friend Mr. J. B. Andrews has taken part, to the -Linnean Society.</p></div> - -<p>It appears to me now that the most promising -field for experiments made with a view to clearing up -this difficulty, is that afforded by the closer investigation -of the phenomena of normal germination, and -by a study of the conditions under which seeds -remain dormant, as they are occasionally known to -do, in situations which our general experience would -have selected as favourable to germination.</p> - -<p>I have good hopes, also, that when we come -to know more of the habits of harvesting ants in -tropical countries, and when naturalists have excavated -and described their subterranean stores—a thing -which has not yet been done as far as I know—we -may gather fresh indications to guide us in our -search.</p> - -<p>I am puzzled to account for the fact, which I have -seen stated by more than one observer in India, that -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[ 175 ]</a></span> -the ants there have a habit of bringing out large -quantities of grain and seed and laying them in heaps -outside their nests at the commencement of the wet -season. Dr. King, the director of the Royal Botanic -Gardens at Calcutta, has told me that when in the -Gwalior territory during the beginning of the rainy -season, he saw heaps of seeds, principally those of a -leguminous plant (<i>Alyssocarpus</i>), piled up round the -entrances to the ants' nests, and that it was precisely -at that time that flocks of a rock-grouse (<i>Pterocles -exustus</i>) first made their appearance. They fed freely -upon the seeds, and Dr. King found the crops of -some of these birds, which he had shot, filled with -them.</p> - -<p>It is difficult to imagine why these Indian ants -should turn out from their nests the very seeds which -it had cost them so much labour to collect, and the -more so as we find that these seeds are devoured by -birds. It seems just possible, however, that the ants, -remaining torpid during the rainy season, do not -require the seeds, and know that, under these circumstances, -if left in the nest, they would sprout, -and choke up the galleries and granaries. Perhaps -also they may have learned that a certain number of -the ejected seeds will spring up and afford future -harvests within easy reach of the nest.</p> - -<p>All this, however, and especially the suggestion as -to the dormant condition of the ants during the rainy -season, might easily be proved or disproved by direct -observation; and at present we have nothing but -mere speculation to go upon.</p> - -<p>It is curious to find that the native population in a -certain part of India pay a kind of tribute to the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[ 176 ]</a></span> -ants, for Dr. King informs me that the Hindoos in -Rajputana, a province in which the old traditions and -superstitions retain especial hold, have a custom of -scattering dry rice and sugar for the ants, and thus -apparently recognise both their love of sweet things -and their habit of collecting seeds. It may be that -this custom is now little more than a meaningless -rite; but in the past it probably had its origin, either -in a wish to propitiate the good will and avert the -destructive attacks of creatures which are the scourge -and dread of entire districts, or in a sentiment of -combined fear and admiration—fear of the power, -and admiration of the energy, forethought, perseverance, -and sense of duty to the community displayed -by these marvellous insects.</p> - -<p>That the latter feeling may have had some share in -prompting this act is suggested by another custom -which is stated<a name="FNanchor_117" id="FNanchor_117"></a><a href="#Footnote_117" class="fnanchor">117</a> to prevail in Arabia, in accordance -with which an ant is placed in the hand of a newly-born -child, in order that its virtues may pass into -and possess the infant.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_117" id="Footnote_117"></a><a href="#FNanchor_117"><span class="label">[117]</span></a> Freytag, paragraph under the Arabic word for Ant, in his <i>Lexicon Arabico-Latinum</i>, -vol. iv. p. 339, where he quotes from a local dictionary.</p></div> - -<p>Among the many curious and obscure features in -the economy of ants, one of the most interesting is -the occasional presence in their nests of different -creatures which live among and often in harmony -with them, the nature of the relations between host -and guest being for the most part quite unknown.</p> - -<p>When examining the contents of some granaries -from an extensive nest of <i>Atta structor</i> at Mentone -last spring (1874), I found large numbers of a -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[ 177 ]</a></span> -minute, shining-brown beetle moving about among -the seeds. These little creatures were themselves not -unlike some very small seeds, and were of an elliptic -form, measuring a trifle less than one line in length. -They proved to belong to the scarce and very restricted -genus <i>Coluocera</i>.<a name="FNanchor_118" id="FNanchor_118"></a><a href="#Footnote_118" class="fnanchor">118</a> This species, named by -Kraatz <i>C. attæ</i>, on account of its inhabiting the nests -of ants belonging to the genus <i>Atta</i>, has been found -in Greece.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_118" id="Footnote_118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_118"><span class="label">[118]</span></a> I am indebted to Mr. F. Smith of the British Museum for the name of this -beetle and for the following reference to its description; Kraatz in <i>Berliner -Entomologische Zeitschrift</i> for 1858-9, p. 140.</p></div> - -<p>Mr. Bates,<a name="FNanchor_119" id="FNanchor_119"></a><a href="#Footnote_119" class="fnanchor">119</a> in his most interesting account of his -travels on the Amazons, remarks upon the singular -fact, of which the above instance is an example: -"that some of the most anomalous forms of Coleopterous -insects are those which live solely in the nests of -ants," and he then goes on to allude to the strange -snake <i>Amphisbæna</i>, a native of that region, which also -lives in the nests of the Sauba ants (<i>Œcodoma cephalotes</i>), -observing how curious it is that an abnormal -form of snakes should be found in the society of these -insects. He is of opinion, however, that the <i>Amphisbæna</i> -is not an inoffensive guest, but lives upon the -ants whose nest it selects for its home.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_119" id="Footnote_119"></a><a href="#FNanchor_119"><span class="label">[119]</span></a> <i>Naturalist on the Amazons</i>, p. 61-2 (Ed. 2, 1864).</p></div> - -<p>Another remarkable inhabitant of ants' nests is a -minute cricket, of which I found a single example in -the midst of a colony of black ants at Mentone in -February, 1874. This miniature cricket is scarcely -as large as a grain of wheat, the body, excluding the -antennæ and other appendages, measuring only two -lines in length. It has been described by Dr. Paolo -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[ 178 ]</a></span> -Savi<a name="FNanchor_120" id="FNanchor_120"></a><a href="#Footnote_120" class="fnanchor">120</a> under the name of <i>Gryllus myrmecophilus</i>. He -detected it in the nests of several species of ants in -Tuscany, where it lived on the best terms with its -hosts, playing round their nests in warm, and retiring -into them in stormy weather, while allowing the -ants to carry it from place to place during their -migrations.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_120" id="Footnote_120"></a><a href="#FNanchor_120"><span class="label">[120]</span></a> Dr. P. Savi, <i>Osservazione sopra la Blatta acervorum di Panzer</i> in -<i>Bibliotheco Italiana</i>, tom. xv. p. 217.</p></div> - -<p><i>Gryllus myrmecophilus</i> has also been observed in -nests of the turf ant (<i>Tetramorium cæspitum</i>) near -Paris.<a name="FNanchor_121" id="FNanchor_121"></a><a href="#Footnote_121" class="fnanchor">121</a></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_121" id="Footnote_121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_121"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> <i>Bulletin Soc. Entom. de France</i> (1872), p. li.</p></div> - -<p>At Mentone I have never found more than this -one specimen, and the ants among which it was -domiciliated were of a species new to me (<i>Camponotus</i> -(<i>Formica</i>) <i>lateralis</i>, Oliv.). This colony of ants was -composed of many winged males and females, as well -as workers, the last-named measuring from two and a -half to three lines in length, and black in colour. In -other colonies I have found the workers black, with -red head and thorax.</p> - -<p>Another ant, not enumerated in my list in <i>Ants -and Spiders</i>, is <i>Camponotus</i> (<i>Formica</i>) <i>sylvatica</i>, which -I detected in March last under stones on Cap Martin, -near Mentone. When disturbed, this ant runs along -with its abdomen raised vertically in the air, much as -the devil's coachhorse (<i>Staphylinus</i>) does. The same -curious habit of erecting the abdomen is found in -another ant, not uncommon in decaying wood in the -South, <i>Crematogaster scutellaris</i>; and probably all -three insects adopt this threatening attitude, which is -that of the scorpion preparing to strike and sting, in -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[ 179 ]</a></span> -order to intimidate their enemies, though <i>Crematogaster</i> -is the only one which really possesses a sting.</p> - -<p><i>Camponotus sylvatica</i> has the same long legs and -slender body as <i>Formica cursor</i>, and is of about the -same size; the workers, which are of a dark brown -colour, measuring about 3<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> lines in length.</p> - -<p>Perhaps it may be well, in concluding these remarks -on Harvesting Ants, to call attention to the -principal questions which still await solution. The -first is one which any observer who travels in Central -Europe during the summer may help to solve.</p> - -<p>1. Do <i>any</i> ants collect and store seed in Switzerland, -Germany, North France, England, or indeed in -any of the colder parts of the world?</p> - -<p>2. What are the habits of <i>Atta structor</i> and <i>A. -barbara</i> when living, as they are known to do, in -Switzerland, Germany, and Northern France?</p> - -<p>3. How do the ants contrive to preserve the seeds -in their granaries free from germination and decay?</p> - -<p>4. How are the seed-stores of tropical ants disposed -below ground, and of what do they consist?</p> - -<p>5. Do harvesting ants exist in the southern states -of North America, in Australia, New Zealand, or at -the Cape?</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[ 180 ]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h1><a name="SUPPLEMENT2" id="SUPPLEMENT2">SUPPLEMENT</a><br /> - -TO<br /> - -TRAP-DOOR SPIDERS.</h1> - - -<p>There would doubtless be a just feeling of pride and -satisfaction in the heart of a naturalist who could say -that he had made himself thoroughly acquainted with -all the species of a particular group of animals, had -learned their most secret habits, and mastered their -several relations to the objects, animate and inanimate, -which surrounded them. But perhaps a still -keener pleasure is enjoyed by one who carries about -with him some problem of the kind but partially -solved, and who, holding in his hand the clue which -shall guide him onwards, sees in each new place that -he visits fresh opportunities of discovery. The latter -is certainly the condition of those who take an interest -in searching out the habits and characters of trap-door -spiders; for this subject, far from being exhausted, -expands under the light of recently acquired facts, -and invites research in many parts of Europe, north -as well as south.</p> - -<p>We have only to compare the number of types of -trap-door nest which were known before the publication -of <i>Ants and Spiders</i>, with those at present recorded, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[ 181 ]</a></span> -to see how fruitful this field of inquiry has -already proved.</p> - -<p>Before this little work was published, only one -type of trap-door nest was known in Europe: two -new types were described in its pages, and I have -now the pleasure of being able to bring three more -hitherto unknown European types before the notice -of my readers, thus raising the number to six in all. -I do not include in these six types the very curious, -and still imperfectly-known nest of <i>Atypus</i>;<a name="FNanchor_122" id="FNanchor_122"></a><a href="#Footnote_122" class="fnanchor">122</a> a spider -which is a true representative of the trap-door group -as far as its structural characters are concerned, but -which, although it excavates a silk-lined burrow in -the earth, does not appear to construct any kind of -door at the mouth of its tube.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_122" id="Footnote_122"></a><a href="#FNanchor_122"><span class="label">[122]</span></a> See <i>Ants and Spiders</i>, page 78. <i>Atypus</i> belongs to the sub-family <i>Atypinæ</i>, -a division which does not include any of the <i>Nemesias</i> or <i>Ctenizas</i>, and of -which indeed <i>Atypus</i> is the only European representative.</p></div> - -<p>Much uncertainty still hangs over the habits of -this spider, as the facts hitherto recorded, though -perfectly authentic, are difficult to piece together into -a satisfactory whole. One thing, however, is clear, -and that is, that the nests and habits of the spiders -of the genus <i>Atypus</i> (of which, as Mr. Pickard-Cambridge, -informs me, two if not three distinct -species inhabit England) merit attentive study, and -would most certainly repay it. Hastings, Portland, -the coast of Dorsetshire, and the neighbourhood of -London and Exeter, are the habitats hitherto cited -for this spider, but I cannot doubt its existence in -many sheltered localities on the south coast of -England.</p> - -<p>The most recent contribution to our knowledge of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[ 182 ]</a></span> -this genus is contained in a paper by M. Eugène -Simon,<a name="FNanchor_123" id="FNanchor_123"></a><a href="#Footnote_123" class="fnanchor">123</a> who describes three species (two of which are -new), as inhabiting France, and it remains to be -ascertained whether our British <i>Atypi</i> agree in their -characters with any of these.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_123" id="Footnote_123"></a><a href="#FNanchor_123"><span class="label">[123]</span></a> Note sur les Espèces françaises du genre <i>Atypus</i>, Latr. in Ann. Soc. -Entomologique de France, 5<sup>e</sup> ser. tom. iii. (1873), p. 109.</p></div> - -<p>He describes (p. 113-4) the nest and mode of life -of <i>Atypus piceus</i>, Sulzer (=<i>A. Sulzeri</i>, Latr.),<a name="FNanchor_124" id="FNanchor_124"></a><a href="#Footnote_124" class="fnanchor">124</a> the -commonest of the three species, as follows:—"They -(the spiders) seek dry and somewhat sandy slopes, -sometimes also woods, chiefly plantations of evergreens; -their retreat is always concealed either by -stones, or in moss which one must remove carefully -and in large masses (<i>plâques</i>) in order to detect -them."</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_124" id="Footnote_124"></a><a href="#FNanchor_124"><span class="label">[124]</span></a> Thus named by M. Simon.</p></div> - -<p>"This Atypus excavates an oblique hole of 15 to 20 -centimetres deep, and of the size of its body; it lines -it with a rather narrow silken tube of a very close -texture, the upper part of which, exceeding the subterranean -portion in length, lies horizontally on the -surface of the ground, and ends in an open tapering -point. Near its lower extremity the tube is suddenly -contracted, and then dilates into the form of a fairly -spacious apartment, in which the spider lives; the -cocoon enclosing the eggs is suspended by a few -threads at the contraction. I have frequently surprised -<i>Atypus</i> in the act of holding earth-worms in -their falces, and I think that these Annelids constitute -the larger part of their food; indeed, if one -examines the lower portion of the silk chamber, one -may remark a part where the tissue is thinner and -more transparent. I have not been able to detect an -opening, but it is probable that the <i>Atypus</i> can easily -part the not very compact threads, and thus obtain -for itself an easy prey, and dispense with the necessity -of ascending to the surface of the ground. When -taken out of its tube, <i>Atypus</i> does not even attempt to -escape; it is therefore plain that it is not organized -for the pursuit of an active prey; and, on the other -hand, the upper extremity of the tube is ill-adapted -for an ambuscade, being almost closed, and without -support. This small opening would seem to be solely -intended for the entrance and exit of the male (a very -much smaller creature than the female) during the -breeding season, which occurs in the month of -October."</p> - -<div id="Plate_XIII" class="fig_center" style="width: 343px;"> -<div class="fig_caption"><i>Plate XIII</i></div> -<a href="images/plate13lg.png"><img src="images/plate13.png" width="343" height="598" alt="" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[ 183 ]</a></span></p> - -<p>M. Simon says that this species of <i>Atypus</i> is -common in all the centre, east and west of France, -and that he has detected it in great abundance in the -neighbourhood of Troyes, in Champagne, in the -month of October, when the male was inhabiting the -same tube with the female.<a name="FNanchor_125" id="FNanchor_125"></a><a href="#Footnote_125" class="fnanchor">125</a> I am greatly indebted -to M. Simon for having given me the specimen of a -silk tube taken entire from a nest found in this -locality, which I have figured in <a href="#Plate_XIII">Plate XIII</a>, fig. A. It -will be seen that the tube has collapsed, but one may -still trace the enlargement near the base which forms -the chamber, the elbow where it is bent at the surface -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[ 184 ]</a></span> -of the ground, the moss, scales, and fibres of plants -which are woven into, and serve to conceal the aërial -portion, and its termination in a twisted and apparently-closed -mouth.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_125" id="Footnote_125"></a><a href="#FNanchor_125"><span class="label">[125]</span></a> M. Simon has discovered another species of <i>Atypus</i> at Digne in the -Basses Alpes which constructs a similar nest to that described above. This -species was detected for the first time by M. Simon and described by him under -the name of <i>Atypus bleodonticus</i>.</p></div> - -<p>Indeed, I believe that, in this specimen, the upper -extremity of the tube is really closed, for, when I -succeeded in inflating this aërial portion, the lips did -not part, but remained drawn together.</p> - -<p>It seems very extraordinary that the mouth of the -tube should be thus closed, so that the female spider -becomes a prisoner, self-immured, and I can only -suppose that this is a temporary condition, limited -perhaps to the period during which she receives the -visits of the male.</p> - -<p>At the very base of the tube I found a mass of -earth, roots and vegetable fibres, and in this I hoped -to have detected the <i>débris</i> of insects or other food, -such as I sometimes find at the bottom of and below -the tubes of the trap-door nests in the South, but of -this there was no trace.</p> - -<p>It is difficult to me to imagine how the spider -could contrive to live by the capture of worms, after -the fashion suggested by M. Simon; for who does -not know the speed with which, on the slightest -alarm, worms draw back into their holes and escape -pursuit, and the muscular power which they exert -in resisting any attempts to drag them out of the -earth?</p> - -<p>M. Simon's account of the closed tube and capture -of worms by this spider corresponds, however, with -that given by Mr. Joshua Brown, the first discoverer -of <i>Atypus</i> in England.</p> - -<p>This gentleman communicated his discovery to Mr. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[ 185 ]</a></span> -Edward Newman<a name="FNanchor_126" id="FNanchor_126"></a><a href="#Footnote_126" class="fnanchor">126</a> in 1856, since which time (with -the exception of M. Simon's paper quoted above) -little or nothing seems to have been done to clear up -the points which remain doubtful in the history of -these singular creatures.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_126" id="Footnote_126"></a><a href="#FNanchor_126"><span class="label">[126]</span></a> Note on <i>Atypus Sulzeri</i> of Latreille, by Mr. Edward Newman, read before -the Linnean Society; a report of this communication is given in <i>The Zoologist</i>, -vol. xiv. (1856), p. 5021.</p></div> - -<p>Several nests of <i>Atypus</i> were discovered by Mr. -Joshua Brown in the neighbourhood of Hastings, -when traversing a lane bounded on either side by -high and steep sand-banks, partially covered with -grass and bushes.</p> - -<p>His attention was at first arrested by the sight of -"something hanging down which looked like the -cocoon of some moth;" but, on closer examination, -the silk case proved to be empty, and was continued -as a tube into the ground to a depth of 9 inches, -where he came upon the spider lying at the bottom. -Further research revealed the existence of a number -of these nests in the same locality, but the length of -the different tubes varied much; they were usually -about 9 inches long, but some were much longer, -often baffling his attempts to follow them; the longest -which he was able to secure entire measured 11 inches. -All the nests were, however, alike in having a tubular -silk lining, about <sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub> of an inch in diameter, a part of -which protruded from the ground for about 2 inches, -and was pendent, inflated, and covered with particles -of sand, assimilating it to the surrounding surface; it -was closed at the upper extremity, leaving no exit to -the open air.</p> - -<p>Mr. Brown took home some of these tubes in a -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[ 186 ]</a></span> -collapsed state with the spider at the bottom. In -one case, on opening the box in which the nest was -placed, he perceived a movement throughout the tube, -as if it were being inflated; this however soon subsided, -but the following morning he was surprised to -see that the whole tube was inflated, especially at the -end which had lain exposed on the bank. He failed -to find any aperture by which the spider could enter -or leave her nest, and his captives, though passing -backwards and forwards in their tubes, never came -out at either end. He never saw flies or any fragments -of insects in the nests; but, on drawing out one of -the tubes, he observed a worm at the lower end, partially -within it, partially outside, and he perceived -that the spider had evidently been eating a considerable -portion of its anterior extremity.</p> - -<p>It will readily be seen that there are some discrepancies -between the different accounts which have -been given of the nests of <i>Atypus</i> found in England -and France,<a name="FNanchor_127" id="FNanchor_127"></a><a href="#Footnote_127" class="fnanchor">127</a> and I think it quite probable that some -at least of the nests described may really differ, and -be the work of distinct species belonging to this -genus. Mr. Brown describes his nests as having by -far the greater part of their length under ground, -while in those observed by M. Simon, as shown in -my figure, <a href="#Plate_XIII">Plate XIII</a> fig. A, the exposed portion of -the tube equalled or exceeded the subterranean.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_127" id="Footnote_127"></a><a href="#FNanchor_127"><span class="label">[127]</span></a> A subject already alluded to in <i>Ants and Spiders</i>, at p. 78.</p></div> - -<p>An imperfect specimen at the British Museum, -from some English station (exact habitat not given), -appears to have the proportions described by Mr. -Brown; the length of the aërial portion of the tube -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[ 187 ]</a></span> -being less than one-fourth of that of the subterranean; -the upper end of the tube is however open, but I am -doubtful whether this was originally so or not, for -the silk is torn at this point, and the opening may be -a rent caused by rough handling.</p> - -<p>After a comparison of the above description, it -appears to me that the following are the principal -points which remain to be cleared up:</p> - -<p>1. What is the precise structure of the nests of -Atypus, and are they always uniform in character at -all seasons of the year?</p> - -<p>2. What is the use of the exposed aërial portion -of the tube?</p> - -<p>3. Do the two British species make similar nests?</p> - -<p>4. What food, besides worms, does the female live -upon, and how does she obtain it?</p> - -<p>5. Does she ever leave the nest?</p> - -<p>6. What becomes of these spiders and their nests -in the winter, and how long do they live?</p> - -<p>7. When do the young leave the nest; and do they, -like their relatives in the South, construct nests like -those of their parents in miniature?</p> - -<p>I would commend all these points to any lover -of Nature who may seek the southern coasts of -England during the autumn and winter months, -and I think it more than likely that a careful search -in the sandy banks near St. Leonards, the slopes -under the fir-woods of Bournemouth, and the deep -lanes in the neighbourhood of Torquay, would be -rewarded with success.</p> - -<p>If the breeding season in England only commences -in October, as appears to be the case in France, it -would seem most probable that the spiders survive -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[ 188 ]</a></span> -the winter. Very possibly these spiders and their -nests might be transplanted and placed for observation -in a garden; and if room were granted them in -a greenhouse or Wardian case, or even in a large -flower-pot in a living-room, it is not unlikely that -the warmer temperature might waken them up to -renewed activity.</p> - -<p>It seems clear that <i>Atypus</i> has to fear the insidious -attacks of enemies; for not only is the external portion -of the tube closed or almost closed at certain seasons, -but it is covered outside with such materials as may -serve to make it resemble the surrounding surface of -the ground. Thus Mr. Brown's nests, lying on a -sandy bank, were covered with particles of sand, while -my specimen from Troyes has moss and fibres of plants -woven into its upper extremity.</p> - -<p>Indeed, all the European representatives of the suborder -<i>Territelariæ</i> which I have myself met with, -conceal their nests with great care and skill. There -appear to be others, however, which either make no -nests at all but hide under stones, or only construct -a simple silk tube, open at the mouth, and without any -special contrivance for its dissimulation. Further -observation of the habits and dwellings of these apparently -unworthy members of the trap-door group -is much to be desired.</p> - -<p>Mr. Bates,<a name="FNanchor_128" id="FNanchor_128"></a><a href="#Footnote_128" class="fnanchor">128</a> in his work on the Amazons, describes -<i>Mygale (Theraphosa) Blondii</i>, a large and powerful -spider of that region, as burrowing into the earth -and "forming a broad slanting gallery about three -feet long, the sides of which he lines beautifully with -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[ 189 ]</a></span> -silk." This spider "is nocturnal in his habits," and -maybe seen "just before sunset keeping watch within -the mouth of his tunnel, disappearing suddenly when -he hears a heavy foot-tread near his hiding place."</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_128" id="Footnote_128"></a><a href="#FNanchor_128"><span class="label">[128]</span></a> Bates, H. W., <i>Naturalist on the Amazons</i>, Ed. 2. (1864).</p></div> - -<p>This nest would therefore appear to have an open -tube undefended by any door; but in this case the -great size of the spider and the depth of the burrow, -which is more than twice as long as that of the -average European nests, may help to explain this -apparent want of precaution.</p> - -<p>But, if we wish to learn with what different materials -and by what varied means the same end of self-preservation -can be attained, we have only to cast a -glance at the sketch of a portion of a nest at fig. B, -<a href="#Plate_XIII">Plate XIII</a>, p. 183, where it will be seen that the -entrance to the nest, far from being concealed or -obscured in any way, is rendered a most striking -object, and one which appears devised for the very -purpose of attracting attention. The nest to which I -refer is the work of <i>Cyrtauchenius elongatus</i>, from Morocco, -and consists, according to the account given me -by its discoverer, M. Simon, of a deep cylindrical -burrow in the soil, the silk lining of which is prolonged -upwards for about three inches above the surface of -the ground, and enlarged into a funnel shape, so that -it becomes from two to three inches across at the -orifice. This aërial portion being snow-white, at once -attracts the eye even from a considerable distance, and -the nests rising up amid the sparse grasses and other -small plants which serve to support but not to conceal -them, present the appearance of scattered white fungi.</p> - -<p>This is therefore quite a new type among the nests -constructed by trap-door spiders, new in form and -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[ 190 ]</a></span> -probably in function also, and I would propose to -distinguish it provisionally as the <i>funnel type</i>.</p> - -<p>Now the female <i>Cyrtauchenius</i> is, like its near relatives -the <i>Nemesias</i>, a sluggish and rather helpless -creature, and shows no apparent physical superiority -which might countenance its dispensing with the -methods of concealment which form the characteristic -habit of the group.</p> - -<p>How then does this spider manage to escape its -many enemies, especially the insidious attacks of -the insects of the <i>Sphex</i> and <i>Ichneumon</i> families, which -certainly abound in Morocco?</p> - -<p>Mr. Wallace, to whom I put the question, suggested -that this species may perhaps be chiefly nocturnal in -its habits, and that, if this is the case, the bright -white and flower-like tube of the nest may possibly -serve to attract night flying insects, which would thus -become its prey.</p> - -<p>In any case, whether we can discover them or not, -some curious points of difference must exist between -this spider and its allies, which secure to it a comparative -immunity.</p> - -<p>It appears to me that there are few questions -which can be of greater interest to the naturalist -than those which have to do with the conditions determining -the existence of a given species in a given -place.</p> - -<p>Of the questions, Who are your relatives? Where -do they live? and How are you able to live here? -surely the last is not the least important.</p> - -<p>And, if we wish to try to answer this question, we -must do all in our power to find out how the habits -and conditions of life of the creature in question, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[ 191 ]</a></span> -differ from those of its competitors; for we may be -quite certain that it does not exist where we see it -by grace and favour, but by merit; if it is neither -stronger, cleverer nor more numerous than its neighbours, -we may be sure that it has found some means -of living which does not interfere fatally with their -requirements. Hence the endless diversity of function -and habits in all living creatures, which forms such a -prolific and marvellous subject for our study and contemplation.</p> - -<p>I am indebted to M. Simon for permission to -publish the details given above on <i>Cyrtauchenius -elongatus</i>, and also for having given me such directions -as enabled me to make the sketch from which the -drawing at <a href="#Plate_XIII">Plate XIII</a>, fig. B, was copied.</p> - -<p>I must however state that this illustration is not -taken from an actual specimen, but is prepared solely -from his description; so that it cannot pretend to -complete accuracy of detail. M. Simon assured me -nevertheless that it conveyed the general appearance -of this remarkable nest with sufficient fidelity, and I -have been induced to reproduce it here in the hope -that it may serve to make my meaning plainer, and to -suggest the kind of object which one should look -for, if an opportunity offered.</p> - -<p>Another species of the same genus, <i>Cyrtauchenius -Doleschallii</i>, is known to inhabit Sicily, but the nest is -undescribed. M. Lucas has described two species,<a name="FNanchor_129" id="FNanchor_129"></a><a href="#Footnote_129" class="fnanchor">129</a> -belonging to the closely-allied genus <i>Cyrtocephalus</i>, -both of which appear to construct nests somewhat -similar in form to that discovered by M. Simon. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[ 192 ]</a></span> -Whether these nests are equally showy we cannot -tell, as the account is brief and few details are given; -but one, that of <i>Cyrtocephalus terricola</i>, appears to -differ in having threads stretched from the opening -of its funnel, which serve to ensnare insects and to -give notice of these captures.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_129" id="Footnote_129"></a><a href="#FNanchor_129"><span class="label">[129]</span></a> <i>Cyrtocephalus Walckenaëri</i> and <i>terricola</i>, Lucas (H.), <i>Animaux articulés -de l'Algérie</i> (Paris, 1847-9), vol. i. p. 94-5.</p></div> - -<p>The great trap-door group therefore comprises -spiders which differ widely in respect of their dwelling -places. Some construct no nest at all or only an -irregular web, and live under stones; others, like -<i>Theraphosa Blondii</i>, make a simple cylindrical tunnel, -or, like those just described, a tube having a prolonged, -uncovered, funnel-shaped mouth: others -again, belonging to the genus <i>Atypus</i>, form the -curious and as yet imperfectly-understood nests with a -silken tubular lining, part of which hangs down outside; -while on the highest rung of the architectural -ladder, stand the builders of the veritable trap-door -nests.</p> - -<p>It seems quite possible that, when we know more -of the structures made by <i>Territelariæ</i> generally in -various parts of the world, we shall find that nests of -various degrees of complexity and perfection of -structure exist, bridging over the gulf between the -barbarous dwellers under stones and the highly civilized -inhabitants of the branched wafer and cork -nests.</p> - -<p>Indeed, thanks to recent discoveries, I am already -able to do something of this kind for one small group -of spiders, namely, for that of the European <i>Nemesias</i> -having nests with wafer doors.</p> - -<div id="Plate_XIV" class="fig_center" style="width: 601px;"> -<div class="fig_caption"><i>Plate XIV.</i></div> -<a href="images/plate14lg.png"><img src="images/plate14.png" width="601" height="408" alt="" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[ 193 ]</a></span></p> - -<p>I hope to make this plain by reference to the -diagrams on <a href="#Plate_XIV">Plate XIV</a>, where the figures C, D, E, F, -and G represent on a reduced scale five types of wafer -nest constructed by as many distinct spiders, and -where a gradation may readily be traced between the -simplest type at C and the most complicated at G; but -we shall speak more fully of this matter by-and-by.</p> - -<p>In these diagrams I have placed that representing -the nest of <i>Atypus</i> on the extreme left (A);<a name="FNanchor_130" id="FNanchor_130"></a><a href="#Footnote_130" class="fnanchor">130</a> next to -this stands that of a nest of the cork type (B), a -type which must be carefully distinguished from all -the rest. It must not be supposed that the solid -cork door (so called from its resemblance to a short -cork closing the neck of a bottle), is nothing more -than a thicker edition of the wafer door; it is not so, -but, on the contrary, possesses a very characteristic -structure of its own, being composed of many layers -of silk, each furnished with a sloping rim of earth, -while the wafer door consists of but a single layer of -silk.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_130" id="Footnote_130"></a><a href="#FNanchor_130"><span class="label">[130]</span></a> These types may be briefly enumerated as follows:</p> - -<table summary="data"> -<tr> - <td class="tdl vtop">A, </td> - <td class="tdl">nest of <i>Atypus</i>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl vtop">B, </td> - <td class="tdl">cork nest, and B, 1, layers of silk and earth forming the door of the cork nest.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl vtop">C, </td> - <td class="tdl">single-door, unbranched wafer nest.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl vtop">D, </td> - <td class="tdl">single door, branched wafer nest.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl vtop">E, </td> - <td class="tdl">double-door, unbranched wafer nest, and E, 1, lower door of the same.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl vtop">F, </td> - <td class="tdl">the Hyères double-door branched wafer nest, and F, 1, lower door of the same.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl vtop">G, </td> - <td class="tdl">double-door branched cavity wafer nest, as seen in the oldest and largest - specimens, and G, 1, the same in the younger specimens. G, 2, the lower door - of this nest, being of the same form in young and old nests.</td> -</tr> -</table> - -</div> - -<p>I have represented at B 1 the 14 layers of silk -and earth which went to make a single cork door -examined by me. It will be seen that the outermost -of these layers is the largest, and the innermost the -smallest, and I have already (<i>Ants and Spiders</i>, p. 150) -shown reason for believing that the latter constituted -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[ 194 ]</a></span> -the first door the spider ever made, and that the consecutive -layers mark successive stages in the enlargement -of the nest.</p> - -<p>There is therefore a broad distinction as to construction -between cork nests and wafer nests; moreover, -while the former are, as far as we know at -present, all of one type, and only differ in size or -proportion, the latter appear under five distinct types.</p> - -<p>Thus, every known cork nest, whether found in -Europe, America, or the Antipodes, has the same -solid door and simple tube; while of the wafer nests, -some have branched and others simple tubes, and -some again possess a lower door in addition to the -upper or surface door.</p> - -<p>In the following pages I intend to treat of the -trap-door spiders and their nests in the same order in -which the latter are placed in the diagram, commencing -with those of the cork type B, and then -dealing successively with the several wafer nests from -C to G. We have already spoken of A, the nest of -<i>Atypus piceus</i>, and seen that our present knowledge of -this nest, of the habits of its occupant and of those of -its relations, is still far from complete.</p> - -<p>The cork type is, as my readers will perhaps remember, -the great cosmopolitan type which ranges -round the world, and which, curious to say, is built by -many different spiders belonging to distinct genera.</p> - -<p>The idea of planning this very perfect bit of mechanism -appears to be the common inheritance of -these several spiders, separated though they are by -wide intervals of geographical space as well as to -structural divergence.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[ 195 ]</a></span></p> - -<p>At Mentone two distinct spiders construct nests of -the cork type, one of these being a <i>Nemesia</i> and the -other a <i>Cteniza</i>. They are as unlike each other as -they well can be, and it seems remarkably strange -that their nest-building instinct should be so similar. -The nest of the <i>Cteniza</i> is indeed shallower than that -of the <i>Nemesia</i>, and a practised eye can usually trace -a difference between the slightly less angular lower -surface and more semi-circular outline of the door of -the former, and the more abruptly bevelled and more -circular door of the latter.</p> - -<p>These spiders and their nests have been already -described and figured in <i>Ants and Spiders</i> under the -names of <i>Ct. fodiens</i> and <i>Nemesia cæmentaria</i>. Recent -discoveries have however shown that these spiders -possess distinctive characters of their own, and, though -closely allied to the species indicated, should be separated -from them.</p> - -<p>Last spring when pulling down an old terrace-wall -(by permission) I had the good fortune to discover -the very remarkable male <i>Cteniza</i> drawn at fig. A, -<a href="#Plate_XX">Pl. XX</a>, p. 254. I found no trace of a nest or web of -any kind, and the spider was merely hiding between -the stones.</p> - -<p>There appears to be scarcely any doubt that this is -the male of the female Mentonese <i>Cteniza</i> which has, -up to this time, been called <i>Ct. fodiens</i>. A comparison -with typical specimens of the true <i>Ct. fodiens</i> from -Corsica, has however shown that the two are certainly -distinct, and Mr. Pickard-Cambridge<a name="FNanchor_131" id="FNanchor_131"></a><a href="#Footnote_131" class="fnanchor">131</a> now -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[ 196 ]</a></span> -describes the Mentonese form under the name of <i>Ct. -Moggridgii</i>.<a name="FNanchor_132" id="FNanchor_132"></a><a href="#Footnote_132" class="fnanchor">132</a></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_131" id="Footnote_131"></a><a href="#FNanchor_131"><span class="label">[131]</span></a> Mr. Pickard-Cambridge has once more kindly undertaken the task of -naming and describing my collections of trap-door spiders, and the results of -his labours will be found at the end of the present work.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_132" id="Footnote_132"></a><a href="#FNanchor_132"><span class="label">[132]</span></a> I take this opportunity of thanking him for the compliment. A description -of this new species will be found at p. 254, below.</p></div> - -<p>The females of the true <i>Cteniza fodiens</i> are far larger -than those of our new Mentonese species, and construct -their nests in dry and exposed places, instead -of in the moist and shady ivy-covered banks selected -by the latter. I have found <i>Cteniza Moggridgii</i> at -San Remo and Mentone, and it will probably be also -discovered at Nice, but I failed to detect it either at -Cannes or Hyères.</p> - -<p>The Corsican male at the first glance curiously resembles -that found at Mentone, but differs essentially -in details and especially in having the surface of -the caput unbroken, whereas the caput of the -latter presents a very peculiar character in an -impressed line which runs across it from side to side -(figs. A 1 and A 2). Both agree, however, in being -strangely unlike their females.</p> - -<p>The other builder of a nest of the cork type at -Mentone was, as has been already stated, described -and figured in <i>Ants and Spiders</i> under the name of -<i>Nemesia cæmentaria</i>. Now the true <i>N. cæmentaria</i> of -Latreille is found at Montpellier, the classical habitat -where the first discovery of trap-door spiders in -Europe was made towards the end of the last century, -but its true characters have been hitherto but imperfectly -known.</p> - -<p>I have lately been able to secure several specimens -at this place, and they certainly differed in their -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[ 197 ]</a></span> -markings from the so-called <i>cæmentaria</i> of Mentone. -M. Simon had previously informed me that he considered -our Mentonese spider distinct from the typical -<i>cæmentaria</i>, and had kindly proposed to give my -name to the Mentonese species; and now Mr. Pickard-Cambridge, -on the receipt of the specimens collected -by me at Montpellier, coincides with M. Simon, and -adopts his nomenclature, calling the Mentonese -<i>Nemesia N. Moggridgii</i>.<a name="FNanchor_133" id="FNanchor_133"></a><a href="#Footnote_133" class="fnanchor">133</a></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_133" id="Footnote_133"></a><a href="#FNanchor_133"><span class="label">[133]</span></a> See below, p. 273.</p></div> - -<p>I found but one nest of the cork type at Montpellier, -where it was most abundant, and invariably -inhabited by the same spider, so that there can be -little doubt that this is the celebrated <i>Nemesia cæmentaria</i> -of Latreille, the nests of which were described -by the Abbé Sauvages in 1763.</p> - -<p>When living, the pattern on the abdomen is far -more distinct and is traced on a paler ground than in -<i>N. Moggridgii</i>, and the patterns on the back of the -caput, as seen in specimens preserved in spirits, and -the relative sizes of the lateral eyes, as well as other -details enumerated by Mr. Pickard-Cambridge, afford -characters by which they may be known apart; and -it is probable that when the males, which are at -present unknown, shall be discovered, they will be -found to present other distinctive peculiarities. In -the present instance we have the reverse of the -case described above, in which two very distinct -spiders constructed a similar nest, for here both -spiders and nests are much alike.</p> - -<p>We have yet to learn what are the special advantages -which each type of nest affords; but it is plain -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[ 198 ]</a></span> -from the fact of the same type being adopted indifferently -by both nearly- and most distantly-related -spiders, that the form of the nest is governed far -more by the conditions which it is contrived to meet, -than by the affinity or resemblance of the spiders -which construct it.</p> - -<p>I have found <i>N. Moggridgii</i> at San Remo, Mentone, -Cannes, Hyères, and Marseilles, but thus far, I only -know of the true <i>N. cæmentaria</i> at Montpellier.</p> - -<p>The latter spider is rather bolder than the former, -and I frequently saw it at Montpellier watching at -the slightly raised door, with the tips of the claws -projecting from the nest, and it rarely failed to -resist most vigorously any attempt of mine to force -the door open.</p> - -<p>During the summer of 1873, I received two specimens -of trap-door nests from California. Both of -these nests were of the cork type and nearly entire, -wanting only a small portion of the base of the tube; -they most closely resembled one another and were -probably the work of the same spider. For one -of these, coming from the San Joaquin valley, -between the Calaveras and the Tejon, I have to -thank M. J. C. Puls, a Belgian entomologist residing -at Ghent; and for the other, containing the spider -which had constructed it <i>alive within its tube</i> (!), I -am indebted to Mr. G. H. Treadwell of San Francisco. -The former nest is drawn at fig. A, <a href="#Plate_XV">Plate XV</a>, and -the spider<a name="FNanchor_134" id="FNanchor_134"></a><a href="#Footnote_134" class="fnanchor">134</a> from the latter at fig. B of the same -plate.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_134" id="Footnote_134"></a><a href="#FNanchor_134"><span class="label">[134]</span></a> This spider, which proves to be a new species, is described below (p. 260) as -<i>Cteniza Californica</i>.</p></div> - -<div id="Plate_XV" class="fig_center" style="width: 364px;"> -<div class="fig_caption"><i>Plate XV.</i></div> -<a href="images/plate15lg.png"><img src="images/plate15.png" width="364" height="608" alt="" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[ 199 ]</a></span></p> - -<p>Mr. Treadwell had carried this spider and its nest, -with the block of earth in which it lay, all the way -from Visalia, a town about 350 miles south of San -Francisco, where he had taken it; the nest and spider -travelled safe to London enclosed in an empty cocoatina -tin, 4<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> inches deep, and 2<sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub> across.</p> - -<p>The nest was then entire, for these spiders appear -to make singularly shallow tubes; and it might have -remained so up to the present day had it not been -for the rash curiosity of a chambermaid in the London -hotel where Mr. Treadwell was staying, who, smitten -with a great desire to learn what the heavy little box -which came from the land of gold might contain, -proceeded to examine the earth, when the sudden -appearance of the spider frightened her so much that -box and nest and all were thrown with a crash upon -the floor.</p> - -<p>Were it not for this unlucky incident I might have -seen a complete specimen of this curious nest; but as -it was, though the spider miraculously escaped uninjured, -the bottom of the nest was pounded into dust, -and only the upper portion remained intact.</p> - -<p>Both this nest and that sent to me by M. Puls, -were of the true cork type, and presented a solid door -with a bevelled edge, fitting into the correspondingly -bevelled lip of the tube, and shutting flush with -the surface of the ground. The lining of the tube -was strong and thick, but soft and silky to the -touch.</p> - -<p>The tube itself in Mr. Treadwell's specimen, when -intact, cannot have measured more than 3<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> inches in -length; and we learn from Dr. Lanzwert, who collected -the other specimen, that the average length of -these nests does not exceed three inches. Dr. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[ 200 ]</a></span> -Lanzwert, writing in one of the local papers<a name="FNanchor_135" id="FNanchor_135"></a><a href="#Footnote_135" class="fnanchor">135</a> of "The -Mygales or Ground Spiders," says, "the poisonous -black tarantulas, so well known to naturalists, are -extremely common in California, but only in places -upland, or lowland which are very hot and dry. -Their principal haunts are the San Joaquin valley, -between the Calaveras and the Tejon. A similar -species from the coast is not only smaller than the interior -variety, but the colours are much deeper. -They both make a curious habitation under the -ground, composed of a glutinized, web-worked purse, -about three inches long, and which is furnished with -a tightly-fitting lid which they can open or shut at -pleasure, and which is as cunning a piece of insect -architecture as is to be found in nature. These ugly -loathsome Californian spiders are often mentioned by -thoughtless scribes as carrying no more danger than -a common wasp, like the species of Italy, but it is -well known that several persons, young and old, have -lost their lives in this State from the bite of such -tarantulas as are met with in our coast and interior -country. Their enemy in the Tulare valley is an -immense shining black wasp,<a name="FNanchor_136" id="FNanchor_136"></a><a href="#Footnote_136" class="fnanchor">136</a> fully an inch long, -which will pounce upon them, and after a short -battle drag the tarantula along in the most valiant -style of heroic conquest. These interior tarantulas -are often seen measuring two inches in the -spread."</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_135" id="Footnote_135"></a><a href="#FNanchor_135"><span class="label">[135]</span></a> <i>The Evening Bulletin</i> for Oct. 25, 1866.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_136" id="Footnote_136"></a><a href="#FNanchor_136"><span class="label">[136]</span></a> This insect was probably not a true wasp, though belonging to an allied -family; it may perhaps have been a <i>Pepsis</i>, certain species of which genus -Mr. Bates informs me he has frequently seen near Santarem on the Amazon, -hawking over the ground where the huge trap-door spiders lived, and suddenly -pouncing down upon one of these creatures, often many times larger than -themselves, when, after paralysing their victim with their sting, they would -deliberately saw off the legs before dragging away the bodies!</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[ 201 ]</a></span></p></div> - -<p>Mr. Treadwell was quite as much impressed as Dr. -Lanzwert with the belief that the bite of these spiders -is fatal, but it does not appear that either of these -gentlemen have obtained conclusive evidence in support -of this allegation.</p> - -<p>I have occasionally been bitten by the trap-door -spiders in South France, but have never experienced -the slightest subsequent inconvenience, nor was -there any trace of inflammation or poisoning about -the punctures which they made. Mr. Blackwall<a name="FNanchor_137" id="FNanchor_137"></a><a href="#Footnote_137" class="fnanchor">137</a> -has made a very careful set of observations on this -head, and has caused some of the largest species of -British spiders to bite his finger and wrist until the -blood flowed, without the slightest ill effects. He also -inoculated himself at the same time with the poisonous -secretion of the spider and with that of the wasp; -when the latter wound became extremely painful, -while the former was not perceptibly aggravated. -Mr. Blackwall obtained the spiders' poison by causing -a spider to seize a slip of clean glass with its mandibles, -when a small quantity of a liquid showing a slightly -acid reaction was deposited.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_137" id="Footnote_137"></a><a href="#FNanchor_137"><span class="label">[137]</span></a> Mr. J. Blackwall, <i>Researches in Zoology</i>, ed. 2, 1873; chapter on "The -Poison of the Araneidea," pp. 240-256.</p></div> - -<p>Mr. Treadwell informed me that these Californian -trap-door spiders leave their nests in the daytime, -and may be seen walking by the roadside, though -they are always prepared to hurry back to their nests -on the approach of danger.</p> - -<p>I received the spider which I have represented at -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[ 202 ]</a></span> -fig. B, <a href="#Plate_XV">Pl. XV</a>, p. 198 (<i>Cteniza Californica</i>), from this -gentleman alive, and still within the remaining portion -of her nest, on the 6th of July, 1873. She then had -the legs and cephalothorax of a brownish-black, and -the abdomen of a dull, uniform, dusky chocolate brown, -but with an indistinct median line near the anterior end -on the upper side, intersected at right angles by a -shorter line. Mr. Treadwell said, however, that when -captured, this spider was much darker, and of a pitchy -black colour. The hairs all over the body were short, -but especially so on the abdomen, which had the appearance -of cloth or felt.</p> - -<p>This creature in many ways recalls <i>Cteniza fodiens</i> -of Corsica, and in a less degree the <i>Cteniza</i> of Mentone -and San Remo.</p> - -<p>We find not only the same general form of body, -but also the same claws furnished with only one -tooth, instead of many as in <i>Nemesia</i>, and other -distinctive features; and it is interesting to observe -in the nest that the more semi-circular form of the -door and the wider hinge also connect it rather with -<i>Cteniza</i> than with <i>Nemesia</i>.</p> - -<p>Here, as in all spiders yet observed in cork nests, -we find the habit of resisting any attempt to open the -door, and many a time when I have wished to raise -the lid in order to drop in flies or other food, I have -been obliged to desist because the bending blade of -my penknife showed that I should injure the nest if -I used greater force.</p> - -<p>No doubt the shallowness of the nest is an advantage -to its occupant in one way—namely, that it -enables the spider to start up at the shortest notice, -and cling on to the door.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[ 203 ]</a></span></p> - -<p>It is curious to find that, far as California is removed -from the Riviera, the same habits of construction and -self-defence are common to the spiders of both countries, -and that the bond of kinship sets time and space -at defiance.</p> - -<p>I kept this spider all through the summer and early -autumn at Richmond (Surrey), sprinkling the nest -from time to time with water, and constantly supplying -its inhabitant with flies, wood-lice, grasshoppers, -earwigs, and other similar dainties. She did not, -however, seem eager for food, and the insects provided -for her, and actually placed within the nest, were -often turned out again almost untouched.</p> - -<p>When I placed living insects, such as grasshoppers, -for example, within the nest over-night, she would -often allow them to remain there unharmed, so that -I found them ready to escape on opening the door -the following morning.</p> - -<p>I never saw her leave the nest of her own free -will, and when I made her come out and set her to -run in the garden, she began at once to seek for a -place to hide in, hobbling along in an ungainly way -and at a slow pace.</p> - -<p>She must, however, have left the nest on more -than one occasion, unseen by me, for she deposited -several clusters of eggs at various times upon the -under-surface of the gauze net which was fastened over -the mouth of the box in which she was imprisoned.</p> - -<p>The first of these groups of eggs was laid during -the night between the 12th and 13th of July, and -formed a raspberry-shaped cluster attached to the gauze.</p> - -<p>I have represented this cluster of the natural size -at fig. B, 6, and magnified at fig. B, 7, on <a href="#Plate_XV">Plate XV</a>, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[ 204 ]</a></span> -only in an inverted position, for they really hung -downwards from the under side of the net.</p> - -<p>These eggs were greyish white or pale brown, and -varied in shape from globose to oblong.</p> - -<p>All were very small, the largest only measuring <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> -line in its greatest length, but it is doubtful whether -any of these eggs were fertile, and, though they -appeared full and plump, many presented an irregular -and fissured surface.</p> - -<p>A fortnight later (July 27) another cluster of eggs -was laid, and this time between the hours of five and -eight <span class="smcap">P.M.</span> When the lamp was brought in at the -latter hour, I perceived what I took to be a drop of -water hanging from the gauze cover above and rather -in front of the spider's door, the very position occupied -by the cluster of eggs previously described. -On closer inspection this proved to be a drop of a -pellucid colourless liquid, in which some thirty eggs -floated. One egg was laid on the gauze at some -distance from the main group, and several were also -attached to the inside of the tin box.</p> - -<p>At midnight I found that the drop had coagulated -and contracted, and by the following morning the -mass was quite dry and resembled the former group, -only that it was not quite so convex.</p> - -<p>Some of the eggs forming this cluster were much -larger than any in the preceding one, and one -measured as much as a line in length by half a line -in breadth. This group is shown magnified at fig. B, 8, -<a href="#Plate_XV">Plate XV</a>, and some of the separate eggs more highly -magnified at fig. B, 9.</p> - -<p>Between this date and the end of November when -the spider died, eggs were laid on seven distinct occasions—viz., -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[ 205 ]</a></span> -on July 31, August 11, 15, 31 (when I -again found the eggs floating in a drop of liquid, -having been deposited on the gauze between two and -half-past four o'clock in the afternoon); September 9 -(23 eggs laid on the earth near the entrance to the -nest); September 19 (about 30 eggs on the gauze), and -November 4 (about 30 eggs on the gauze).</p> - -<p>Thus, between July 13 and November 4, this -spider laid nine clusters of eggs, all but one of which -were placed on the same part of the gauze cover, -above and a little in front of the door, and the total -number of eggs deposited cannot have been less than -250. It is difficult to understand why she should -have laid these eggs outside the nest, unless indeed -she knew them to be sterile, and so treated them as -refuse. I can scarcely believe that such a procedure -is in accordance with the ordinary habits of these -spiders; for, if the eggs and young are habitually -exposed, then the perfect concealment of the nest -would lose one of its most important uses. When we -remember that there are minute hymenopterous -insects which lay their eggs within the eggs of the -spiders, we can see how important it may be that the -entrance to a nest, which is at once nursery and -stronghold, should be closed by a well-fitting door, -and one which may exclude, not only the larger and -more powerful enemies of the full-grown spiders, but -also the tiny and almost imperceptible assailants of -the eggs and young.</p> - -<p>This Californian spider was always careful to eject -from the nest the remains of insects with which I -had supplied her, and, as she did so deliberately and -by day as well as by night, I had frequent opportunities -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[ 206 ]</a></span> -of watching her. Sometimes, if not alarmed -by any sudden movement, she would remain for one -or two minutes at the mouth of the nest with the -door partly raised, and I was glad to seize these -opportunities for making some experiments, with a -view to learning whether she would prove as sensitive -to sound as she did to other vibrations and to the -sight of moving objects.</p> - -<p>Placing myself so that the partly-opened door -screened me from her view, I was able to approach -close to the nest without causing her alarm, and to -make different sounds and noises at distances varying -from three to fourteen inches.</p> - -<p>In no case, however, did she pay the slightest -attention; and neither shrill and sudden whistling, -deep chest and buzzing sounds, an octave of piercing -notes struck upon brass bells, my best imitation of -the whirring of the fern owl, or finally, the angry -hum of a large humble-bee imprisoned in a paper -box, and held within three inches of the door of the -nest, appeared to produce any kind of effect. This -surprised me, I confess, for, though I am aware that -no auditory apparatus has as yet been discovered in -spiders, I can scarcely believe that they stand at so -great a disadvantage as creatures would seem to do -which lack the power of hearing.</p> - -<p>These experiments must not, however, be taken -for more than they are worth; and the results -obtained may have been due rather to apathy in the -individual spider than to a want of perception in -the race generally. In any case they suggest the -need of further experiment and observation in this -direction.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[ 207 ]</a></span></p> - -<p>In October I carried this Californian spider out -with me to Mentone, and she lived there and appeared -plump and well until the end of the following month, -when she suddenly died, having laid one more group -of eggs in the interval. On examination, I found a -dark brown spot on one side of the abdomen, and -this, I think, probably indicates that her death was -caused by some insect of the ichneumon family, -which had laid its eggs within the spider's body, -after having stabbed it at the place indicated by the -discolouration.</p> - -<p>Not very long before this melancholy event occurred, -I had put the spider to some inconvenience -in order to secure her portrait from life, to effect -which I took her from her nest and placed her in a -deep china saucer.</p> - -<p>She exhibited the strongest dislike to exposure, -and sought to hide herself even under a fold of -blotting-paper which lay in the saucer with her. I -also noted that she appeared quite incapable of walking -up the sides of the saucer, and it would therefore -seem that she was destitute of the viscid hairs which -enable some spiders to traverse glazed and polished -surfaces.</p> - -<p>Seeing this anxiety on the part of the spider for -concealment, it came into my mind that, perhaps, if -she were placed on the surface of a pot full of garden -mould she might excavate a tunnel in order to hide -herself from view. This I accordingly did in the -evening of November 15, and on the following morning -I was delighted to find that she had commenced -to dig and was still at work.</p> - -<p>In little more than an hour's time the hollow had -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[ 208 ]</a></span> -become about the size of half a walnut, and resembled -in its nearly semi-circular outline and size the surface -of the door of her own nest. I was greatly pleased -to be able to watch the creature at the work of excavation, -a sight which I believe no naturalist has ever -had before.</p> - -<p>The legs took no part in the digging, and the palpi -were but little used, the mandibles and their fangs -being the implements chiefly employed. As soon as -a little earth had been loosened and gathered up, the -spider walked up to the edge of her excavation and -deposited there her mouthful of particles of earth, -separating and working the mandibles up and down -in the effort to part with the pellet, which had been -carried between the fangs and the mouth-organs. -Each pellet was very small, and the operation appeared -to be excessively tedious and laborious. I -had expected to see the spider scrape out large quantities -of earth at a time, and either drag it backwards -or kick it out behind her as a terrier does when -working at a rabbit-burrow; but no, every little -pellet removed was carried forwards, and deposited -separately on the "tip."</p> - -<p>On the two following days, the 17th and 18th -November, the spider remained almost inactive, and -brooded over the cavity she had made, and which -still remained too shallow to conceal or even contain -her. At 4 <span class="smcap">P.M.</span> on the latter day I made a hole for -her in the earth, and, after some indecision, she took -possession of it. Next day, however, finding that she -remained motionless in the hole which I had made, -and displayed no apparent intention of either lining -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[ 209 ]</a></span> -it with silk or furnishing it with a door, I replaced -her in her own nest.</p> - -<p>Within a few days after this date I found her dead -at the bottom of her tube, and at first I was inclined -to fear that the treatment to which she had lately -been subjected might have caused her end. When, -however, I detected the brown spot on the side of the -abdomen, described above, and which so strongly recalled -the marks frequently observable in caterpillars -attacked by ichneumons, I came to the conclusion -that she had really died from the internal injuries -caused by the gnawing of these cruel parasites; and -that the eggs, laid long before by one of these insects, -had been hatched within her body and developed -into larvæ, which, living upon her tissues, had at -length destroyed some vital part. It is surprising -that a creature, carrying within itself such a fatal -brood, should not only live, but be capable of undergoing -such adventures and misadventures as this -travelled spider endured with seeming indifference; -but similar facts are familiar to all those who have -attended to the rearing of caterpillars, and the -frequent disappointment caused by the death of apparently -sound specimens which have been attacked -in this way is but too well known.</p> - -<p>It would appear that <i>Cteniza Californica</i> is peculiarly -amenable to captivity, and indeed to captivity -of the strictest kind.</p> - -<p>My specimen lived during all the time she was in -my possession in a cocoatina tin, a cylindrical box -4<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> in. deep and 2<sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub> in. in diameter, which always -stood among the books and papers on my writing-table. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[ 210 ]</a></span> -It is probable that those trap-door spiders -which inhabit nests with short tubes, and which -therefore can be transported nest and all, would be -less disconcerted by imprisonment than is the case -with other kinds living at the bottom of a long -burrow which it is almost impossible to carry away -entire. This is borne out by what has been related -(<i>Ants and Spiders</i>, p. 122) of the habits of <i>Cteniza -ionica</i> in captivity, which not only endured to have -its nest set upside down in a flower-pot, but actually -furnished the inverted base of the tube with a door -appropriate to its new position.</p> - -<p>Canon Tristram (the well-known author and naturalist) -was so kind as to send me two trap-door -nests from Palestine for inspection; these were small -cork nests, the doors of which resembled those of the -Mentonese <i>Cteniza</i> (<i>Ct. Moggridgii</i>), but the tubes -were exceedingly short, and that of the more perfect -specimen, as I gather from Canon Tristram, measured -only two inches and an eighth in length when -entire.</p> - -<p>The nests of <i>Cteniza ionica</i> are but little longer, -and that of the Mentonese <i>Cteniza</i>, though never so -shallow as these, are far less deep than those of -<i>Nemesia cæmentaria</i>, the builder of the typical cork -nest.</p> - -<p>And now we will leave the nests of the cork type -and their inhabitants, and turn to the more intricate -group of nests belonging to the wafer type. Following -the order indicated in the diagrams, we will begin -with the simplest type of all, fig. C, and afterwards -take the remaining types one after the other, advancing -until we reach the most complex type, G. -The nest represented diagrammatically at fig. C, in -<a href="#Plate_XIV">Plate XIV</a>, is shown of the natural size in <a href="#Plate_XVI">Plate XVI.</a>, -with the spider (<i>Nemesia Simoni</i>, Camb.) which constructs -it (fig. A 1).</p> - -<div id="Plate_XVI" class="fig_center" style="width: 354px;"> -<div class="fig_caption"><i>Plate XVI.</i></div> -<a href="images/plate16lg.png"><img src="images/plate16.png" width="354" height="641" alt="" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[ 211 ]</a></span></p> - -<p>It belongs to the single-door unbranched wafer -type, of which one example has already been described -in the West Indian nest (see <i>Ants and Spiders</i>, p. 79, -fig. B in woodcut); for, though this latter has a shorter -tube and a much stouter silk lining than is the case -with its European representative, there does not -appear to be sufficient difference to justify their separation -as distinct types.</p> - -<p>This, which is the simplest known form of trap-door -nest, is quite new to Europe, and the spider -inhabiting it proves also to be one hitherto undescribed; -it has received from Mr. Pickard-Cambridge, -the name of <i>Nemesia Simoni</i>,<a name="FNanchor_138" id="FNanchor_138"></a><a href="#Footnote_138" class="fnanchor">138</a> being so called in -honour of M. E. Simon, the well-known arachnologist.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_138" id="Footnote_138"></a><a href="#FNanchor_138"><span class="label">[138]</span></a> Mr. Pickard-Cambridge describes <i>N. Simoni</i> at p. 297 below. This -species is remarkably well characterized, an assertion rarely to be made in the -case of those <i>Nemesias</i> of which, as in the present instance, the female only is -known. The elevated, rounded, and glabrous caput at once distinguishes it, -not to speak of other peculiarities. Mr. Pickard-Cambridge alludes to the -presence, in the specimens forwarded to him in spirits, of two singular indentations -on either side of the caput (fig. A 3, <a href="#Plate_XVI">Plate XVI</a>). I did not observe this -when these spiders were alive, but I remember that the caput of one of these -spiders which had been injured in capture contracted and expanded spasmodically, -presenting a painful resemblance to laboured breathing. I have not -observed this in other spiders.</p></div> - -<p>During last May (1874) we spent a few days at -Bordeaux on our homeward route. While there my -sister was fortunate enough to discover a single nest -of this type when we were out together on a spider-hunt -near the little village of Lormont, which is -situated on the opposite bank of the river to that on -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[ 212 ]</a></span> -which the city stands. We subsequently found these -nests in tolerable abundance in a deep shady lane near -a restaurant called Mon Répos, on the same side of -the river, but rather farther up.</p> - -<p>Here the hedge banks were high, and the soil was -composed of a fine even-grained loam of great depth, -which permitted the spiders to carry their tubes very -far down, some of them attaining a length of 15 -inches.</p> - -<p>This made it very difficult to follow them throughout -their whole course and so to assure oneself of the -real structure of the nests, but I succeeded in doing -this in twelve instances.</p> - -<p>In every one of these I found the tube cylindrical -and unbranched throughout, and destitute of any -trace of a lower door.</p> - -<p>This deficiency alone distinguishes the present type -from that to which the nest of <i>Nemesia Eleanora</i> -belongs; the latter being of the <i>double-door</i> and the -former of the <i>single-door, unbranched wafer type</i>.</p> - -<p>But perhaps it may be asked whether it is safe to -assume that because twelve examples of this nest -were found to correspond in structure, and were -tenanted by the same occupant, that therefore all the -Bordeaux nests in which this particular spider might -be found would present similar peculiarities.</p> - -<p>I greatly hope that other naturalists will put this -question to the test of actual investigation on the -spot, but I do not hesitate to assert my conviction -that this will prove to be the case.</p> - -<p>The result of my experience among the nests of -the other <i>Nemesias</i>, scores of which I have carefully -examined in many widely separated localities, shows -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[ 213 ]</a></span> -that a given spider is invariably associated with a -fixed type of nest.</p> - -<p>Thus, Cannes is from fifty to sixty miles distant -from San Remo, but the nests of <i>N. cæmentaria</i>, <i>N. -Manderstjernæ</i>, and <i>N. Eleanora</i> show precisely the -same characteristics in either place.</p> - -<p>Moreover, the twelve nests referred to were not all -taken from one restricted locality at Bordeaux, but -were found presenting the same characteristics and -occupied by the same spider in three distinct habitats, -distant some miles from one another. In two nests -several young spiders were found with the mother, -and, in one case where the family consisted of twenty-three -young ones, I observed that they were not all -equally small, and some had nearly attained one-third -of their full size.</p> - -<p>This agreed with the fact that no very small nests -were observed, and it seems probable that the young -are not turned out of their nursery quite so early as -some of their relations are at Mentone. This, however, -varies perhaps in accordance with changes of -climate and local conditions.</p> - -<p>We failed to detect any other type of nest at -Bordeaux than the one described above: and even -the cork nests, which we had shortly before seen in -such abundance at Montpellier, were apparently -absent.</p> - -<p>Bordeaux is by far the north-westernmost point in -Europe<a name="FNanchor_139" id="FNanchor_139"></a><a href="#Footnote_139" class="fnanchor">139</a> at which any spider constructing a true -trap-door nest has as yet been discovered; and the -fact that they exist in a climate so different from -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[ 214 ]</a></span> -that of the Riviera and of the whole Mediterranean -region, leads me to hope that their range may in -reality be much more widely extended than has -hitherto been supposed to be the case.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_139" id="Footnote_139"></a><a href="#FNanchor_139"><span class="label">[139]</span></a> Cork nests have however been mentioned as occurring in the neighbourhood -of Lyons, which lies in nearly the same parallel of latitude with Bordeaux.</p></div> - -<p>A glance at the vegetation of this district will -suffice to show how little there is that betokens either -a warm or dry winter climate; for here the myrtles, -oranges and olives are left far behind, and in their -place we see tall hedgerow elms, and poplars bearing -mistletoe on their branches.</p> - -<p>Here therefore we are met by the question, How do -these Bordeaux spiders contrive to live under conditions -so different from those to which their relations -on the Riviera have adapted themselves? How do -they bear the cold and damp of the long winter, and -how is it that one frail upper door suffices to protect -their nest from molestation?</p> - -<p>The thick coating of dead leaves, which covered -the banks even when we found them, no doubt aids -largely in their concealment, and the colder climate -probably diminishes the number of their enemies, but -their means of subsistence are most likely also less abundant -and their period of active life shorter.</p> - -<p>The next type we have to consider is a totally new -one, and may be distinguished as the <i>single-door -branched wafer nest</i>. I detected this nest at Montpellier -but a few days before the visit to Bordeaux alluded to -above.</p> - -<p>Circumstances unfortunately prevented me from -following up my discovery as closely as I could have -wished, and it appears moreover that this nest is far -less common at Montpellier than the typical cork -nest (<i>Nemesia cæmentaria</i>).</p> - -<div id="Plate_XVII" class="fig_center" style="width: 336px;"> -<div class="fig_caption"><i>Plate XVII.</i></div> -<a href="images/plate17lg.png"><img src="images/plate17.png" width="336" height="609" alt="" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[ 215 ]</a></span></p> - -<p>I hope therefore that other naturalists will make -further investigations, and especially that they will -endeavour to secure the male.</p> - -<p>I obtained twelve spiders and thoroughly followed -the course of ten nests; I opened thirteen more -nests, but failed to trace their structure satisfactorily.</p> - -<p>The upper part of this nest is shown of the natural -size in <a href="#Plate_XVII">Plate XVII</a> with the spider (<i>Nemesia suffusa</i>, -Camb.<a name="FNanchor_140" id="FNanchor_140"></a><a href="#Footnote_140" class="fnanchor">140</a>) which constructs it. This is again a wafer -nest without any lower door, and this absence of a -lower door alone distinguishes it as a type from the -branched nest represented at F in the diagram, just -as the same deficiency separated the Bordeaux type -from that at fig. E.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_140" id="Footnote_140"></a><a href="#FNanchor_140"><span class="label">[140]</span></a> We have again in this instance an exemplification of the rule that a new -type of nest indicates the presence of a new spider, and hitherto, this rule has -proved without exception. Mr. Pickard-Cambridge's description of <i>N. suffusa</i> -will be found at p. 295, below. Its slender proportions, cylindrico-ovate abdomen, -marked with narrow linear chevrons, and caput without, or almost without, -any median line or marking, form some of its more striking characteristics.</p></div> - -<p>In this new single-door branched type, the branch -makes a more or less acute angle with the main tube, -and reaches the surface of the ground, but is there -closed by a layer of particles of earth slightly bound -together with silk, forming an immovable cover or -thatch. This cover constitutes, however, but a slight -obstruction and could easily be torn away by the -spider if she needed to use this passage as a way of -escape.</p> - -<p>These nests were tolerably plentiful at a place -called Les Mourines, a short distance from Montpellier, -where they were mixed with cork nests in the -steep hedge banks. The nests were from 8 to 10 -inches deep, and, as in all the trap-door nests which I -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[ 216 ]</a></span> -have examined, were tenanted by the female alone. -It seems strange that this spider, building as she -does a nest apparently but poorly furnished either for -concealment or defence, should be able to enter into -competition with <i>N. cæmentaria</i>, whose solid, closely-fitting -door appears so perfectly contrived for both. -It will probably be found, however, when we are better -acquainted with their respective ways of life, that -they are really more nearly on a footing than they -seem to be at first sight. I detected the remains of -ants and the elytra of a beetle in one of these branched -single-door nests. Now these may also be found in -cork nests, so that <i>Nemesia suffusa</i> evidently competes -with <i>cæmentaria</i> for its food, and this is of course the -main cause of contention between all living creatures.</p> - -<p>It is possible, that, if we knew all the uses to -which the branch is put by the spider which constructs -it, we should find that the advantages derived -in the way of security from the existence of this -second passage, counterbalance those possessed by -the cork nest, which, though so perfectly closed, has -only the one tube, and no other possible way of -escape.</p> - -<p>It may perhaps be no more than a coincidence, but -we can scarcely avoid commenting upon the fact, -that, just as this Montpellier wafer nest is simpler in -construction than any found along the Riviera, so in -like manner is the Bordeaux nest simpler than that -of Montpellier. It thus becomes tempting to ask -whether, in the case of these wafer nests, we shall -not discover that the colder and damper climates are -the homes of the builders of the simpler types, while -the warmer and drier ones, where more food, more -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[ 217 ]</a></span> -enemies and more competitors are found, are reserved -for the architects of the more complicated nests.</p> - -<p>Doubtless naturalists will soon discover wafer nests -on the slopes of the Pyrenees, as for example at Pau -and other winter stations in South-western France; -and perhaps the coast of the Bay of Biscay may also -yield specimens, even to the north of Bordeaux. If -so, this curious speculation as to whether there is any -relation between simplicity of structure and warmth -of climate, will be put on its trial.</p> - -<p>About the very time when I was engaged in digging -out these new wafer nests at Montpellier, the celebrated -arachnologist, Dr. L. Koch of Nuremberg, had just -published<a name="FNanchor_141" id="FNanchor_141"></a><a href="#Footnote_141" class="fnanchor">141</a> an account and figure of a very remarkable -nest which he had received from Australia, and which, -though differing both in form and proportions from -the Montpellier nest, may nevertheless perhaps be -referred to the present single-door branched wafer type.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_141" id="Footnote_141"></a><a href="#FNanchor_141"><span class="label">[141]</span></a> Dr. L. Koch, <i>Arachniden Australiens</i>, 10te. Lieferuug, Nurnberg, 1874, -tab. xxxvii. fig. 3, p. 484.</p></div> - -<p>This Australian nest, the exact habitat of which -is not mentioned, is constructed by a spider now described -for the first time under the name of <i>Idioctis -helva</i>. The nest has a wafer-door about the size of a -sixpence, closing a vertical tube less than half an -inch long, which meets and opens into a horizontal -tube about three inches in length, and forms with it -what may be roughly likened to the figure of a capital -T inverted, thus, ┹.</p> - -<p>The upstroke of the T is however, very short, and -one of the arms is longer than the other, and curved -downwards at its extremity. This is, as far as I know, -the first recorded example of a wafer-nest from the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[ 218 ]</a></span> -Antipodes, and it may be regarded as one of the first -fruits of a harvest which lies ready for the reaping -of any naturalist resident in those parts. Hitherto the -only nests which I have seen or heard of from Australia -were of the cork type (<i>Ants and Spiders</i>, p. 132).</p> - -<p>Next in order to the single-door branched wafer -comes the <i>double-door unbranched wafer</i> type, which -is the simplest of all the nests possessing two doors. -This habitation, the work of <i>N. Eleanora</i>, has been -already described (<i>Ants and Spiders</i>, p. 106), and I have -not much to add to the account there given.</p> - -<p>Perhaps some of my readers may remember that, -while I was actually engaged on the proofs of <i>Ants -and Spiders</i> I had one of these <i>Eleanora</i> spiders in -captivity, and that I gave an account (p. 148) of her -behaviour up to the latest moment possible. She -had been captured on October 23, 1872, and -placed, together with five young ones found with her -in the nest, on the surface of some earth in a medium-sized -flower-pot covered over with gauze. The young -ones soon made nests for themselves in the earth, each -furnished with its little door, but the mother roamed -about on the surface of the soil, and it was not -until she had been twenty-one days in captivity -that she commenced spinning a silk cell.</p> - -<p>This cell in twelve days' time presented the form -of a rude figure of 8, and had an aperture at either -end; it was just large enough to contain the spider -when the legs were extended; its upper surface -was attached to the gauze covering of the pot, and its -lower to the earth. It was at this stage that the -record was broken off, and I will now relate the -remainder of the history.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[ 219 ]</a></span></p> - -<p>Four days before the cell was commenced, the -spider had covered the under surface of the gauze -with a semi-transparent film of a substance resembling -varnish, which formed a band about three inches -long by half an inch wide, close to where the rim -of the flower-pot threw the most shade. It was at -one extremity of this band that the silk-cell was -formed, but it is important to note that this band of -varnish was longer than the cell, which only measured -an inch and a quarter from end to end, for we shall see -that the layer of varnish was apparently laid with a -view to further operations.</p> - -<p>In four days after the completion of the cell its -form was modified, and, during the next ten days -(up to December 21st), the spider gradually thickened -the walls, and made the form of the cell more and -more cylindrical, sometimes closing and at other times -opening the extremities.</p> - -<p>Between December 14th and 25th, she lengthened -out the cell by spinning a cylindrical silk tube in prolongation -of one end, and this tube followed the -course of the band of varnish, the whole measuring -three-and-a-half inches in length by about half an inch -in diameter.</p> - -<p>It would appear therefore from the correspondence -in length between the band of varnish and this silk -tube, that she had contemplated the construction of -the latter when she first commenced her work on -November 3rd.</p> - -<p>On January 19th the silk tube parted from -the gauze, leaving only the enlarged end which -formed the cell still adhering to it. On the -following day I observed the very curious fact -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[ 220 ]</a></span> -that when I sprinkled the nest with water, as it was -my custom to do every morning, the tube, which had -become somewhat flaccid since it had lost its attachment -to the gauze, gradually recovered its perfect -shape. This was repeated for eleven days, until on the -morning of the twelfth day (January 31st), finding -the tube completely collapsed, instead of merely -sprinkling water over it, I drew a large camel-hair -brush loaded with water along its whole length, when -the tube started up, and almost instantaneously regained -its cylindrical form.</p> - -<p>This morning the spider had left her cell, and was -roaming about the pot when I wetted the tube, thus -proving that she was in no way concerned with its -movements, which were no doubt due to hygrometric -action.</p> - -<p>Between this time and February 25th, I constantly -restored the tube to its shape by wetting it in the -way above described, but on this day it remained very -flaccid, and only expanded partially. For some days -previous to this date, the spider had left the tube when -it collapsed, and only returned to it again when it had -resumed its shape. On the following day I found -the entire silk tube and the cell again collapsed and -lying flat upon the ground, and this time water failed -to produce its previous effect.</p> - -<p>The spider then became very restless and excited, -and I observed that the door of one of the little nests -constructed by one of her five offspring which had -been imprisoned in the same pot with her, had been torn -off, and thrown on one side, and there could be little -doubt but that the mother had been guilty of this -very un-maternal action. By the evening she had -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[ 221 ]</a></span> -pulled up her collapsed tube from its attachment to -the earth, and had coiled it in a confused heap. Seeing -this, and fearing that, in her distress and excitement, -she might do further damage to the young spiders, -which had up to that time thriven well, I made a -cylindrical hole for her in the earth, supposing that -she would at once take possession of it. On the -following morning, however, the mother spider had -advanced some way in building another figure-of-8 cell, -rising the shrivelled silk of her previous dwelling as a -foundation.</p> - -<p>In twenty-four hours this second cell was complete, -and closely resembled the former one, save that the -smaller end of the 8 was turned in the opposite -direction, but, on examining it, I found to my surprise -that it was empty! The spider had taken possession -of the hole I had made for her, which she had at -first refused to notice, and was busily employed in -lining it with silk and furnishing it with a covering -composed of silk with earth and fragments of moss -woven into the surface. By mid-day the aperture -was completely closed, but there was no moveable -door. From this time (February 28) up to April 12, -the spider lived in this hole, which she eventually -furnished with a distinct wafer-door, and, as I found -on opening the nest, with a typical lower door also. -This latter was not neatly made, but still it possessed -all features the essential which characterize these -lower doors in the nests of <i>N. Eleanora</i>.</p> - -<p>So this captive <i>Nemesia Eleanora</i> lived in a flower-pot -in my bedroom for more than five months and a -half, during which time she absolutely refused to -burrow or to attempt any kind of excavation, but -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[ 222 ]</a></span> -passed the greater part of that period on the surface -of the earth in a silk tube ending in an oblong enlargement, -utterly unlike her normal habitation. -Finally, when I had done the digging for her, she -furnished the cylindrical hole I had bored in the -earth with a silk lining, and made it secure with her -own two typical doors.</p> - -<p>The figure-of-8 cell which she constructed at first, -and subsequently modified until it became the oblong -enlargement of the tube alluded to above, was totally -unlike any form of trap-door spider's nest known to -me; but in its ultimate shape (which resembled that -of the glass part of a thermometer with an oblong -bulb, save that it was curved and not straight), I -think we may trace some resemblance to the silk tube -which is made by <i>Atypus</i>, and of which a figure is -given at A, <a href="#Plate_XIII">Plate XIII</a>, p. 183; the mouth of the tube -made by my captive was, however, open. It is curious, -also, when we recall this resemblance, to note that -Mr. Brown has recorded, in his observations alluded -to above (p. 185), that the tube of one of the nests of -<i>Atypus</i>, which he brought home in a collapsed state, -showed a somewhat similar tendency to become distended. -For, on opening the box in which they had -been carried, he perceived a movement throughout -the tube as if it were becoming inflated, and though -this inflation appeared to subside shortly after, yet the -following morning the tube had recovered its cylindrical -shape. I am tempted to believe, though this -is mere conjecture, that the box in which these tubes -were put contained moisture, and that their apparent -inflation was due to the same hygrometric action -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[ 223 ]</a></span> -which, was displayed in the tube of <i>N. Eleanora</i>. -I regretted that I was unable to continue my observations -on this captive spider, as it would have been -interesting to know how long she would have lived -contentedly and in good health under the conditions -described above, but I left Mentone at the end of -April, and was unable to take her alive with me to -England. When removed from her nest in the pot -on April 12, she appeared in perfect condition, and I -placed her in a hole which I made for her among -some stones in a garden at the back of the house, -hoping to find her again on my return to Mentone in -the autumn; this hope was, however, not destined to -be realized.</p> - -<p>I shall, however, have occasion to speak again of -the young captives of this species (<i>N. Eleanora</i>), in -the concluding remarks which will follow these -detailed accounts of the nests and their occupants, -when the behaviour of captive trap-door spiders generally -will be treated of.</p> - -<p>The next type of trap-door nest is one to which I -have found it difficult to assign a descriptive name, -and I am compelled for the present to speak of it as -the <i>Hyères double-door branched wafer</i> nest.</p> - -<p>One of its most distinctive features is found in the -shape of the lower door, fig. F 1, <a href="#Plate_XIV">Plate XIV</a>, and figs. -A 1, A 2, <a href="#Plate_XVIII">Plate XVIII.</a>, which may be said to be double, -presenting two crowns, one of which fits into the main -tube and the other into the branch, but I could not -see my way to employing this character in naming -the type. The nest is, however, quite distinct from -all the others, and is inhabited by a new species of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[ 224 ]</a></span> -trap-door spider (<i>N. congener</i>, Camb.<a name="FNanchor_142" id="FNanchor_142"></a><a href="#Footnote_142" class="fnanchor">142</a>). The characteristic -portions of this nest are shown in <a href="#Plate_XVIII">Plate XVIII</a>, -and fig. A 3, in the same Plate, represents its occupant.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_142" id="Footnote_142"></a><a href="#FNanchor_142"><span class="label">[142]</span></a> Mr. Pickard-Cambridge's description will be found at p. 292, below. In its -characters this female spider (the male is unknown) most nearly resembles <i>N. -cæmentaria</i>, but differs, among other points, in markings and in having one or -more spines on the genual joint of leg, these spines being almost always absent -in the same joint in <i>cæmentaria</i>. The nests of the two species are totally -unlike.</p></div> - -<p>The hedge-banks near Hyères, and also about the -railway station of the same name, which is some -4 miles from the town itself, are frequently tenanted -by this spider. During a short stay there in May, -1873, I secured a large number of specimens, and -verified the structure of the nest by a careful examination -of thirty-eight examples. The nest is invariably -branched and furnished with a lower door, -but the branch is of variable length, usually short, -and never, as far as I could detect, quite reaches the -surface. In some cases this branch was so short that -it could scarcely contain the spider, and, under these -circumstances, it is not easy to conceive any other use -for it than that of retaining the lower door when not -in use. It may, however, enable the spider to take -up a rather better position when engaged, as she -frequently is if disturbed, in keeping the main tube -closed by pressing the lower door upwards with her -feet, for then her head points downwards, and her -abdomen rests in the branch.</p> - -<div id="Plate_XVIII" class="fig_center" style="width: 350px;"> -<div class="fig_caption"><i>Plate XVIII.</i></div> -<a href="images/plate18lg.png"><img src="images/plate18.png" width="350" height="609" alt="" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[ 225 ]</a></span></p> - -<p>I have seen her in this attitude on several occasions -when I had cut out a block of earth similar to that -figured in the plate. The lower door is quite unlike -that of either of the other two double-door wafer -nests, being wedge-shaped, tapering from below upwards -to the hinge, which is always placed at the -point of bifurcation of the tubes, and having two -crowns separated from each other by the gusset-like -web of silk which connects the door on either side -with the lining of the main tube, one of these crowns -fitting into and closing the main tube, while the other -fits into the aperture of the branch.</p> - -<p>The wedge-shaped structure of the door is seen in -its most exaggerated form in the nests of the younger -spiders (figs. B, B 1, <a href="#Plate_XVIII">Plate XVIII</a>), and becomes less -so in the older and larger ones (figs. A 1, A 2). I -have even seen some of these lower doors, evidently -made by old spiders, which were so much flattened as to -bear a considerable resemblance to that of <i>N. Eleanora</i>.</p> - -<p>The main tube of the nest is from 10 to 12 inches -long, and usually enters the earth almost horizontally, -bending downwards from the point at which the -branch joins it, and where the lower door is hung. -This causes the lower door to lie nearly horizontally -when not in use, and its lower crown probably serves, -by fitting into the aperture of the branch, to sustain -it in this position and prevent it from falling forward. -The point of bifurcation is placed, as a rule, much -nearer to the entrance of the nest, than it is in the -two other branched nests, and occurs usually within -two inches of the surface of the earth; so close is it -indeed that, on lifting the upper door and looking in, -one may frequently see the lower door move across -and close the passage down the main tube, pushed by -the spider from below. This frequently enabled me -to secure the spider without having to follow her to -the bottom of the nest; and, when fortune favoured -me, I secured a block of earth by one rapid sweep of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[ 226 ]</a></span> -the knife (a common table-knife), which furnished me -at once with a good specimen of the nest and of its -occupant.</p> - -<p>When the spider has once fairly determined upon -resistance, it is scarcely possible to make her retreat -without destroying the nest, and, in one case, when I -tried to push the lower door down from above, while -she was pressing it upwards from below, I found -that, without crushing my opponent, I could not -succeed.</p> - -<p>There were probably young in the nest on this -occasion, for I have frequently found them in the -nests with the mother at this season. In no case did -I even catch a glimpse of the male, and this sex is at -present unknown.</p> - -<p>The young spiders make their nests at an early -age, and there can be no doubt that <i>N. congener</i> -enlarges its dwelling from time to time as growth -demands, just as the trap-door spiders at Mentone do. -Indeed in one of these new Hyères nests I found, -outside the main tube and some way above the -existing lower door, a former and disused lower door -much smaller than the one then in use, and which -had evidently belonged to the nest at a previous -stage of its development. I have observed this -before in the nests both of <i>N. Manderstjernæ</i> and <i>N. -Eleanora</i>.</p> - -<p>This new type is strictly intermediate between the -double-door unbranched wafer nest constructed by -<i>N. Eleanora</i>, and the double-door branched wafer with -the descending cavity which I am now about to -describe.</p> - -<p>This latter nest, the work of <i>N. Manderstjernæ</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[ 227 ]</a></span> -Auss.<a name="FNanchor_143" id="FNanchor_143"></a><a href="#Footnote_143" class="fnanchor">143</a> (formerly called <i>N. meridionalis</i>), has already -been partially made known by the figures and description -given of it in <i>Ants and Spiders</i> (Plates IX., X., -and XI., pp. 98, 100, and 104); but I have to confess, -with great regret, that when these illustrations and descriptions -were published, I was not fully acquainted -with the true structure of this nest, having overlooked -the existence of a short descending cavity which leaves -the main tube a little above and on the opposite side -to the ascending branch. This cavity is always -present, but the very largest and oldest spiders -usually allow it to become filled up with remains -of food and particles of earth, and sometimes even -spin silk across its entrance, in which case it can only -be traced on very close examination.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_143" id="Footnote_143"></a><a href="#FNanchor_143"><span class="label">[143]</span></a> This spider was described by Mr. Pickard-Cambridge at p. 101 in <i>Ants -and Spiders</i>, under the name of <i>N. meridionalis</i>, Costa. This name has now to -be abandoned for reasons given in full by Mr. Cambridge at p. 283, below. It -would appear that a spider discovered by M. Simon in Corsica corresponds more -closely with the <i>N. meridionalis</i> of Costa than our spider of the Riviera does. -Moreover, since <i>Ants and Spiders</i> was written I have had the good fortune to -obtain at Mentone four male examples of our supposed <i>meridionalis</i>, and these -prove to possess the same characters as those assigned by Prof. Ausserer to a -male spider which was captured at Nice, and named by him <i>N. Manderstjernæ</i>. -This specimen is now in the possession of Dr. L. Koch, to whom I am much -indebted for having kindly entrusted it to me for examination. This enabled -Mr. Pickard-Cambridge to assure himself of the specific identity of his -<i>N. meridionalis</i> with <i>N. Manderstjernæ</i>, which latter name it must for the -future bear.</p></div> - -<p>It was from an old nest such as this, in which the -descending cavity had been closed up, that the large -drawing at fig. A on Plate IX of <i>Ants and -Spiders</i> was made, and this figure, therefore, still -remains substantially correct.</p> - -<p>But in the case of the other illustrations—namely, -fig. B, Plate IX, fig. A, Plate X, and figs. B and B 1, -Plate XI, where nests of young spiders, or of spiders -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[ 228 ]</a></span> -which, though adult, have not attained the maximum -size, are represented, this descending cavity, though -overlooked by me, should have been shown, for it -must certainly have existed.</p> - -<p>Its presence was first observed by the Honourable -L. G. Dillon, who detected it when tracing the course -of the main tube upwards from below. I had always -followed the tube from above downwards, and in so -doing must have unwittingly filled up the descending -cavity (the existence of which I was far from suspecting) -with detached particles of earth.</p> - -<p>I will own that, when Mr. Dillon first showed me -this new feature, I hoped that it might prove to be -something accidental and exceptional; and it was -only after careful examination of a large series of -nests of all sizes, that I gradually and almost unwillingly -admitted that this descending cavity formed -an important feature in the typical structure of the -nests.</p> - -<p>I now see, however, that the presence of this cavity -adds considerably to the interest of the structure as a -whole, and places its architect quite at the head of -all the builders of trap-door nests. This type should -now be called, for the sake of distinction, the <i>double-door, -branched, cavity, wafer</i> nest, to avoid confusion -with the <i>Hyères branched nest</i>.</p> - -<p>I am now about to endeavour to atone for my past -oversight by giving new illustrations (<a href="#Plate_XIX">Plate XIX</a>, -figs. A and B) and descriptions of this very remarkable -nest; while I would at the same time beg the indulgence -of my readers for past and present shortcomings, -reminding them that the interest which attaches to -structures of this kind is proportioned to the complexity -and subtlety of their contrivance, and, therefore, -to the difficulty we experience in properly understanding -and describing them.</p> - -<div id="Plate_XIX" class="fig_center" style="width: 336px;"> -<div class="fig_caption"><i>Plate XIX.</i></div> -<a href="images/plate19lg.png"><img src="images/plate19.png" width="336" height="598" alt="" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[ 229 ]</a></span></p> - -<p>It will be seen by a reference to <a href="#Plate_XIX">Plate XIX</a>,<a name="FNanchor_144" id="FNanchor_144"></a><a href="#Footnote_144" class="fnanchor">144</a> figs. -A and A 1, that in addition to the cylindrical branch, -which mounts upwards, there is a shorter branch -which leaves the main tube on the opposite side (on -the left as seen in the Plate), and takes a downward -course. Now this descending branch, which is barely -more than an inch in length, is a cavity of variable -form, being sometimes cylindrical, and sometimes egg- or -even watch-shaped,<a name="FNanchor_145" id="FNanchor_145"></a><a href="#Footnote_145" class="fnanchor">145</a> but there is one particular in -which it never varies, and that is the position of its -elliptic orifice. This orifice is always situated on the -opposite side of the main tube to that on which the -ascending branch leaves this latter, so that the whole -nest, when seen in section, presents the figure -of a St. Andrew's cross, only with arms of unequal -length.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_144" id="Footnote_144"></a><a href="#FNanchor_144"><span class="label">[144]</span></a> A nest of a scarcely half-grown spider is here represented in order that -sufficient space might be gained to show the lower door in its two positions. -The perfect cavity is still found in nests of much larger dimensions, and occasionally, -indeed, in nests of almost the maximum size.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_145" id="Footnote_145"></a><a href="#FNanchor_145"><span class="label">[145]</span></a> I take the liberty of coining a word to replace "lenticular," the form of a -watch being more familiar than that of a lens.</p></div> - -<p>But the most remarkable point is that, when the -lower door is pushed across so as to close the main -tube (as shown in fig. A, <a href="#Plate_XIX">Plate XIX</a>), it will invariably -be found to lie in such a position that its -lower extremity exactly meets the lower lip of the -orifice of the descending cavity, when it will be seen -that the semi-cylindrical surface of the lower door -then coincides with, and appears to continue and -form part of, the lower wall of the descending cavity -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[ 230 ]</a></span> -on the one side, and of the corresponding wall of the -main tube on the other. When the upper portion of -the main tube is thus united to the cavity the two -combine to form what appears like a short, independent -unbranched nest.</p> - -<p>Now, if we fancy ourselves an insect entering the -nest in search either of the spider, her eggs, or young, -I think it is plain that, when the lower door is in -this position (fig. A), we should probably walk straight -down to the bottom of the cavity, expecting to find -our prey there, and should then return by the way we -came, impressed with the belief that we had explored -the whole nest, the secret of the lower door remaining -undiscovered.</p> - -<p>Whether this imaginary case may, or may not, -represent what really takes place, is of course mere -conjecture; but the constant occurrence of this beautiful -adaptation of the various parts to one another, -surely points to the conclusion that this is no mere -coincidence, but rather a subtle contrivance having -some very definite use and meaning.</p> - -<p>We must admit, however, that it is difficult to -conceive why, if this structure is of such great utility, -it should be abandoned by the oldest and largest -spiders.</p> - -<p>Among the possible answers to this question I -think that one of the more probable is that this -arrangement may have been specially devised for -protection against some enemy which the aged spiders -have ceased to fear.</p> - -<p>Indeed it is not unlikely that these aged spiders -may have come to a time of life when they no longer -lay eggs, and so do not need to keep up all the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[ 231 ]</a></span> -defences which they employed when they had families -to protect.</p> - -<p>Since my attention was drawn to the existence of -this cavity in the dwellings of <i>N. Manderstjernæ</i> I have -never noted the presence of young in those nests in -which the cavity was filled up and disused; but then -I have only exact records with reference to this point -in the case of seven nests.</p> - -<p>In these seven nests, however, there was no free -cavity, and there were no young spiders, though it -was at the season when it was common to find young -in the nests.</p> - -<p>The question, therefore, remains open, and further -observations on this head would be very acceptable. -I detected the <i>débris</i> of insects, and especially the -horny coats of ants, in the descending cavity, in many -nests; and in some of the oldest, where it had become -completely blocked up, these remains still indicated -its former outlines and position.</p> - -<p>The nests of <i>N. Manderstjernæ</i> at Cannes correspond -both in respect of the cavity and of their other characteristics -with those at Mentone. <i>N. Manderstjernæ</i> -occurs pretty abundantly at San Remo in the olive-grounds -east of the Sanctuary, but I can say nothing -as to whether the nests there possessed the cavity or -not, for, when I was there, I was not aware of its -existence. I obtained a single example of <i>N. Manderstjernæ</i> -and its nest at Hyères, and this is the -westernmost point at which this species has as yet -been detected.</p> - -<p>We have now passed in review all the seven known -types of true trap-door nest, and have taken note also -of the lower and more rudimentary forms of nest, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[ 232 ]</a></span> -such as that of <i>Atypus</i>, and the funnel nest of <i>Cyrtauchenius -elongatus</i>, neither of which is furnished with -a door.</p> - -<p>Among the true trap-door nests, those of the cork -type stand in a measure alone, being distinguished -from all the others by their solid surface doors, composed -of many layers of silk and earth; and we do -not at present know of any intermediate forms linking -the cork and wafer types together. But among the -various nests which represent the wafer type the case -is different, for here the types naturally fall into a -progressive series, such as that represented in the -diagrams (<a href="#Plate_XIV">Pl. XIV</a>, p. 193).</p> - -<p>If we try to picture to ourselves the stages through -which the most complicated wafer nest—namely, that -of the <i>double-door, branched, cavity</i> type (Diagram G 1) -may have passed in the course of its development -from a simpler ancestral form, we should <i>à priori</i> -expect to find precisely such structures as the <i>Hyères -double-door branched</i> nest (Diagram F), and the <i>single-door -branched</i> nest (Diagram D) forming successive -halting-places in the advance from the primitive -<i>single-door, unbranched</i> nest (Diagram C).</p> - -<p>The <i>double-door unbranched</i> type may in like manner -find its prototype in the same original single-door unbranched -nest (C), which we may look upon as the -parent idea, from which all these structures have been -derived.</p> - -<p>Bearing this in mind, and remembering that kinship -between living creatures is not only revealed to -us by likeness in structure and colour, but also by -similarity in habits and instincts, it becomes of interest -to trace any resemblance that may exist between -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[ 233 ]</a></span> -these wafer-nests and the dwellings constructed by -<i>Lycosa narbonensis</i>, a species belonging to the allied -family of <i>Lycosidæ</i>, and which closely resembles the -true <i>tarantula</i><a name="FNanchor_146" id="FNanchor_146"></a><a href="#Footnote_146" class="fnanchor">146</a> of Southern Italy.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_146" id="Footnote_146"></a><a href="#FNanchor_146"><span class="label">[146]</span></a> In the United States, and indeed in the New World generally, it seems to -be the custom to call all the larger "ground spiders," and especially the trap-door -spiders, Tarantulas, but these, in fact, form a distinct group by themselves, -belonging to the family <i>Lycosidæ</i>.</p></div> - -<p>I first made the acquaintance of <i>Lycosa narbonensis</i> -near the glass-works west of Cannes, where this -spider may not rarely be found living in tubular -burrows in sandy clearings among the pine woods -along the shore (<i>Pinus pinea</i>, the stone pine).</p> - -<p>I have already (<i>Ants and Spiders</i>, p. 146), alluded -to an account given by M. Léon Dufour of his observations -on the nest and habits of the true tarantula -(<i>Lycosa tarentula</i>), which he discovered in Spain.</p> - -<p>The nests of <i>L. narbonensis</i> at Cannes resembled -those described by M. Dufour, but the cylindrical, -subterranean burrows were apparently shorter. It -was extremely difficult to trace their course, on account -of the loose sand which poured into the tubes -and choked them up, and I only succeeded in doing -so completely in one case, when I stuffed the tube -with cotton-wool before proceeding to dig. Here the -open tube, which was quite simple, and about 1 inch -in diameter, descended vertically for 3<sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub> inches, and -was then suddenly bent so as to become horizontal, -terminating shortly afterwards in a triangular chamber, -the floor of which measured 2 inches across at the -widest part, and was strewed with the remains of -beetles and other insects.</p> - -<p>The nest was lined throughout with coarse silk, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[ 234 ]</a></span> -which had a blackish hue, owing to the presence of -the filaments of what I believe to have been some undeveloped -fungoid growth. The mouth of the tube -was open, and frequently surmounted by a short -tubular prolongation, commencing at the surface of -the ground, which formed a sort of chimney about an -inch high and from an inch to an inch and a quarter -across; this was composed of fibres of plants, pine-needles, -and especially of a large branching lichen, -very common in the neighbourhood of the nests, and -all these materials were woven together and kept -in place by a few threads of silk spun here and -there.</p> - -<p>It was not every nest that was furnished with a -chimney, nor were all the chimneys equally complete, -for in some cases they consisted merely of a small -rim or one-sided lip, while in others they resembled -little birds' nests, and were sufficiently firm and compact -to permit of my carrying them away. It appeared -to me that these chimneys served as screens to -prevent the loose sand from being swept into the -burrows by the winds which rage over that open seashore -plain, and that they were more or less complete -in proportion as the exposure was greater or less, and -the sand looser or more bound together.</p> - -<p>I captured eight of these spiders, and here, as in -the trap-door group, the female alone inhabited the -nest.</p> - -<p>Besides this habit, they have other points in common -with trap-door spiders; such, for example, as -the resemblance which exists between this nest and -that of <i>Theraphosa Blondii</i> from Brazil (see p. 188, -above), and between the chimney of this Tarantula -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[ 235 ]</a></span> -and the aërial prolongation of the tube sometimes -found in nests of the wafer type.</p> - -<p>But perhaps the most suggestive point of resemblance -consists in the habit which this Tarantula -possesses of covering and closing the aperture of the -nest during the winter with a thin layer of materials, -similar to those of which the chimney is composed, -and, like them, bound together with silk. This is, in -fact, an immovable wafer-door, and precisely resembles -those which I have seen constructed by -<i>Nemesia Manderstjernæ</i>, and <i>N. Eleanora</i>, when captive -and placed in an artificial hole in the earth.</p> - -<p>The tubes are, as has been already stated, open -during the spring, and we may suppose that the -spider, on the approach of warm weather, wakes up -from her winter lethargy, and tears away this concealing -thatch. But if one of these spiders should -by chance happen to free this silk-woven thatch by -cutting round some three-fourths of its circumference, -so as to leave it still attached to the rim of the -aperture of the nest by the remaining quarter, she -would then have made for herself a veritable, though -rather rude trap-door of the wafer kind.</p> - -<p>It is most likely, however, that the spider knows -what she is about and that a door to her dwelling -would be the reverse of an advantage to her, for she -is more powerful and swifter than the generality of -European trap-door spiders, and, as she probably -lives by leaping out upon and hunting her prey, she -no doubt needs to have the entrance to her nest free -of all encumbrance.</p> - -<p>I am indebted to the Rev. W. G. Brackenridge -for evidence of the very interesting fact that -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[ 236 ]</a></span> -<i>Lycosa narbonensis</i> closes her nest at Cannes in the -winter.</p> - -<p>I was aware that Latreille stated that the Tarantula -possessed this habit,<a name="FNanchor_147" id="FNanchor_147"></a><a href="#Footnote_147" class="fnanchor">147</a> and I was anxious to know -whether the species which I had detected at Cannes, -inhabiting as it did open nests in the month of May, -would also exhibit this curious custom. Being unable -to visit Cannes myself during the winter, I applied to -Mr. Brackenridge, who, on the 28th of January last -(1874), secured a very perfect specimen of the aërial -portion or chimney of one of the nests having the -orifice closed in the way above described, and most -kindly transmitted it to me.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_147" id="Footnote_147"></a><a href="#FNanchor_147"><span class="label">[147]</span></a> P. A. Latreille, Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat., Paris (an. VII. de la République), -p. 124: "L'araignée <i>tarentule</i> ferme aussi son habitation, mais cet opercule n'est -pas mobile, et n'est construit que pour l'hiver."</p></div> - -<p>I have, on a very few occasions, found the doors of -a wafer or cork nest spun up during the winter at -Mentone, and on digging have discovered the spider -alive, though partially torpid, inside; but this is -quite an exceptional event. I should much like to -know, however, whether this becomes the rule in the -case of the nests of those trap-door spiders which -inhabit climates less favoured than that of Mentone.</p> - -<p>In my concluding remarks in <i>Ants and Spiders</i> I -called attention to the importance which attaches to -a knowledge of the food and manner of feeding of -any creature whose life-history we may wish to study, -and I would now once more press the subject on -the attention of my readers. For the range and distribution -of a species largely depends upon the -nature of its food, and this will also be an indication -of the rivals with which it has to compete in -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[ 237 ]</a></span> -the struggle for existence; the times and seasons -of its activity, and in many cases even the structure -and position of its dwelling-place will be -governed by this same all-important question of food-supply.</p> - -<p>I have now detected the remains of insects, and of -ants especially, in the nest of every species of trap-door -spider which I have examined <i>in situ</i>; very frequently, -however, one may open several nests in -succession without finding any of these <i>débris</i>, and at -other times they will only be detected beneath the -existing bottom of the tube, layers of silk having -been spun over successive layers of refuse.</p> - -<p>The horny coats of ants form by very far the largest -proportion of these remains, and I have lately been -much struck by the number of instances in which, -while digging out ants' nests at Mentone, I have found -trap-door nests (especially those of <i>N. Manderstjernæ</i> -and <i>N. Moggridgii</i>) in their midst, the tubes often -traversing the very heart of the ants' colony and -coming into close contact with the galleries and -chambers of the ants. The doors in these instances -had almost always escaped my notice, and, indeed, -they so closely resembled the surface of the ground -that even when I knew, from having accidentally cut -across the tube below ground, that one of these doors -must lie near a given spot, yet I could only discover -it by following the passage from below upwards. -This perfect concealment is doubtless of essential -importance to the spiders' success in life, for, if they -once alarmed the whole colony of ants and let them -know the exact whereabouts of their lurking-place, -they would soon learn to avoid it.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[ 238 ]</a></span></p> - -<p>But, as it is, the work of opening the door, -snatching in an ant, and closing it again, is but the -affair of a second or two, and before the companions -of the victim have time to realize the nature of the -phenomenon, the gaping earth has closed again and -become once more, to all appearance, part of the solid -and trustworthy ground.</p> - -<p>I have seen <i>N. Manderstjernæ</i> snatch at insects in this -way during the daytime, and I well remember how I -started on one occasion when, as I was looking fixedly -at a small blue gnat which I had taken for a moth, I -saw the earth suddenly open and one of these spiders -partly emerge, make a swift stroke at the insect, and -withdraw again as swiftly.</p> - -<p>I have found the remains of ants, of beetles of -many species and different sizes, of wood-lice (<i>Oniscus</i>), -and of earwigs (<i>Forficula</i>) in the nests of <i>N. Eleanora</i> -and <i>N. Manderstjernæ</i>, and the wings of a large green -field-bug in the nest of the former. I have only once -detected traces of food in the dwellings of <i>Cteniza -Moggridgii</i>, and these consisted of minute fragments -of the integuments of insects, none of which were -certainly recognisable, though I believe that they -partly consisted of the coats of a small species of ant. -The rarity or complete absence of the wings of insects -which habitually fly rather than crawl on the ground, -and my inability to discover either snares or any -evidence that these spiders ever leave the nest, lead -me to believe that they live (at any rate from October -to May) by dragging into their nests any insects -which approach within reach.</p> - -<p>Ants, earwigs, beetles, and wood-lice are precisely -the very creatures which would fall a prey to the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[ 239 ]</a></span> -spider without obliging her to leave her nest, and it is -accordingly their remains that we find.</p> - -<p>On one occasion, however, at Montpellier, my sister -detected <i>N. cæmentaria</i> in the act of devouring a fair-sized -caterpillar, to obtain which there is some reason -to think she must have left her nest. We were out -together on the 8th of May last (1874), hunting for -the new wafer nests of that district, under the kind -guidance of M. Lichtenstein, when my sister called -our attention to a caterpillar, the body of which partly -projected from the tube of a cork nest (<i>N. cæmentaria</i>), -and prevented the lid from closing.</p> - -<p>On closer examination we found that the spider -was in the act of devouring the caterpillar, and had -already sucked out the juices from the anterior portion, -while the middle and posterior parts of the body -still resisted, and the legs clung tenaciously to the lip -of the nest.</p> - -<p>M. Lichtenstein told us that this larva, which when -entire must have been rather more than an inch long, -was that of the mullein moth (<i>Cucullia verbasci</i>).</p> - -<p>It was not full grown, and as there were no mullein -plants within some two feet of the nest and this -caterpillar will not leave the plant on which it feeds -unless compelled, it would seem as if the spider must -have gone afield in order to capture it. It is possible, -nevertheless, that the caterpillar may have fallen -within reach of the spider when blown off the mullein -leaves by the wind.</p> - -<p>I have, unfortunately, but few details to give of the -nocturnal habits of the trap-door spiders. It would -appear, however, that they are more active by night -than by day, and that it is more common to find -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[ 240 ]</a></span> -their doors ajar at night, with the spiders posted -on the look-out at the narrow opening. This is -borne out by my observations on captive spiders, to -which I shall allude shortly.</p> - -<p>When at Hyères on the 11th of May, 1873, the -evening being very warm and a bright moon shining, -I went at 8:30 <span class="smcap">P.M.</span> with my father and sister to see -what the spiders would be doing on a hedge bank -where we had previously marked five cork and eight -wafer nests. The moonlight did not fall upon this -spot, but I was provided with a lantern, and by its -light the nests at first appeared to be tightly closed, -but we soon perceived first one and then another with -the door slightly raised, ready to close on the smallest -alarm, whether from a footfall or from the flickering -of the lamp. When the light of the lantern was -steady it did not appear to frighten the spiders in the -least, even when brought to within a few inches of -the door,<a name="FNanchor_148" id="FNanchor_148"></a><a href="#Footnote_148" class="fnanchor">148</a> and this enabled me to watch them very -closely. On either side of the raised door of one of -the wafer nests I could see the feet of the spider -projecting, and just at that moment I caught sight of -a beetle close at hand, feeding on the topmost spray -of some small plant below. Using every precaution, -I contrived to gather the spray without shaking off -the beetle, and gradually pushed it nearer and nearer -to the nest. When it almost touched the lip of the -nest the door flew open, and the spider snatched at -the beetle and dragged it down below.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_148" id="Footnote_148"></a><a href="#FNanchor_148"><span class="label">[148]</span></a> This had been observed before both by my father and Mr. Dillon when -watching the trap-door spiders at night at Mentone.</p></div> - -<p>For a few seconds the door remained tightly closed, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[ 241 ]</a></span> -and then, to our great surprise, was suddenly opened -again, and the beetle was cast alive and unharmed -out of the nest. I immediately secured the insect, -which proved to be the common <i>Chrysomela Banksii</i>.<a name="FNanchor_149" id="FNanchor_149"></a><a href="#Footnote_149" class="fnanchor">149</a></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_149" id="Footnote_149"></a><a href="#FNanchor_149"><span class="label">[149]</span></a> I am indebted to Mr. F. Smith for the name.</p></div> - -<p>I cannot doubt that this beetle was distasteful in -some way to the spider, for it was neither so large nor -so powerful as many beetles the remains of which I -have found in the spiders' nests, and, besides, it did -not escape from the nest, but was distinctly rejected -by its captor.</p> - -<p>This shows that this spider does not know instinctively -what insects to reject and what to take.</p> - -<p>This little episode was scarcely ended when I -espied a wood-louse (<i>Oniscus</i>) walking down the bank, -not far from another of these wafer nests. By a little -guidance I managed so to turn its course that this -unsuspicious crustacean went straight to the very -point I wished, and made as if it would walk over the -spider's door; but no sooner was it well within reach -than, quick as thought, the spider clutched it and -dragged it in. No rejection followed on this capture, -and, though I could not actually witness the conclusion -of this adventure, I do not doubt that it ended -in a tragedy and a supper.</p> - -<p>In these two cases, as in all those previously noted, -the spiders did not leave the nest nor allow the door -to close behind them, but kept it propped up on the -abdomen and hindmost pair of legs. In this way the -act of seizing their prey, and that of withdrawing -into the nest, were almost simultaneous.</p> - -<p>In no case did we see any of these spiders out of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[ 242 ]</a></span> -their nests, and their behaviour by night appeared to -be the same as by day, only that they were bolder -and more on the alert.</p> - -<p>The spiders in the cork nests (<i>N. Moggridgii</i>) resisted -our attempts to raise their doors just as rigorously -as in the daytime.</p> - -<p>All the spiders which I have kept in captivity have -shown themselves more active at night than during -the day, and I imagine that experience has taught -them that fewer of their enemies are then abroad, -while ants, beetles, wood-lice, and other creatures upon -which they prey are quite as nocturnal as themselves.</p> - -<p>I brought back to England some young cork and -wafer spiders from Hyères, and one adult cork (<i>N. -Moggridgii</i>). The latter was placed in a small tin -box, with moss and a little earth at the bottom, on -the evening of May the 10th, 1873, and by next -morning she had made a silk tube through the moss, -carrying up earth from below for the purpose of -strengthening its walls on the outside. On the 13th -of May the tube was furnished with a perfect door.</p> - -<p>I hoped that this spider might lay eggs in her -prison,<a name="FNanchor_150" id="FNanchor_150"></a><a href="#Footnote_150" class="fnanchor">150</a> and therefore broke up her nest from time to -time after my return to London in order to search -for them. Between the 27th of May (when her nest -had been transferred into a box of earth) and the 6th -of October I destroyed her dwelling four times, and -after each demolition she furnished the cylindrical -hole which I bored for her with a lid, having thus -made five doors since her capture. I got no eggs -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[ 243 ]</a></span> -however, though the spider appeared in perfect -health.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_150" id="Footnote_150"></a><a href="#FNanchor_150"><span class="label">[150]</span></a> Strange to say, though I have opened so many nests at different seasons of -the year, and found young apparently quite recently hatched, I have never been -able to find the eggs of a trap-door spider.</p></div> - -<p>Neither this spider nor the true <i>N. cæmentaria</i> of -Montpellier appears to have any idea of digging a hole -when placed on soft earth if they are adult; and the -same thing is true of <i>N. Manderstjernæ</i> and <i>N. Eleanora</i>, -but the young of all these spiders readily excavate -nests for themselves.</p> - -<p>I have once seen a nearly full grown, and probably -adult, <i>Cteniza Moggridgii</i> make a perfect tube and -furnish it with a moveable door in a single night -when confined under gauze on moist earth, but this -is the only instance (except that of <i>Cteniza Californica</i>, -recorded above) in which I have known an adult trap-door -spider excavate or attempt to do so.</p> - -<p>These <i>Ctenizas</i> seem to be peculiarly able to adapt -themselves to circumstances, for two young ones, -which I sent by post to M. Lucas at the Jardin des -Plantes in Paris in little wide-mouthed, cylindrical, -blue glass bottles, not only lined the bottles with -silk but also closed them at the mouth with a door -fitting accurately into a bevelled lip, in the manufacture -of both of which fragments of moss, the only -material at their disposal, were used in place of -earth.<a name="FNanchor_151" id="FNanchor_151"></a><a href="#Footnote_151" class="fnanchor">151</a> It is curious to see how quickly the young -trap-door spiders, both of the cork and wafer kinds, -when taken from the nest of the mother, will make -their own perfect little dwellings in captivity, and I -have known them construct tube and door within -fifteen hours.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_151" id="Footnote_151"></a><a href="#FNanchor_151"><span class="label">[151]</span></a> M. H. Lucas, in <i>Bull. des Séances de la Soc. Entom. de Fr.</i> No. 27 -(1874), p. 101.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[ 244 ]</a></span></p></div> - -<p>I have watched the proceedings of the young -spiders, when taken from the mother's nest, in the -following species: <i>Nemesia Manderstjernæ</i>, <i>N. Eleanora</i>, -<i>N. congener</i>, and <i>N. Moggridgii</i>, the three first -constructing wafer, and the last a cork nest. All of -these very young spiders will excavate their own -tubes and bring out pellets of the earth, which closely -resemble those carried out from their galleries by -the ants.</p> - -<p>As has been stated before, the young brood, while -still in the mother's nest, will often comprise individuals -of different sizes, and though the majority are -no larger than the baby-spider represented at Fig. -B 2, Pl. IX, <i>Ants and Spiders</i>, some may occasionally -be found that are fully twice as large.</p> - -<p>The little nests which they make in captivity -vary accordingly in size. Thus, out of sixteen -young taken from the mother's nest (<i>N. Eleanora</i>), -eleven, three days after capture, had made nests in the -earth of a flower-pot, and the wafer doors of six of -these nests measured 2 lines across, of four 2<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> -lines, and of one 3 lines. The first nests of another -similar lot of young <i>Eleanora</i> spiders had wafer doors -measuring respectively 2, 2<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub>, 2<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub>, 3 and 3 lines. In -another case when I captured fourteen young (the -entire brood found in the nest of the mother, <i>N. -Manderstjernæ</i>), after the lapse of five days every one -of them had made a nest, but these were smaller and -more uniform, ten of the wafer doors measuring 2 -lines across, one 1<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub>, and one 2<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub>.</p> - -<p>These little spiders need to be kept constantly supplied -with flies, which should be killed and placed near -their nests; they are often so greedy that they will -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[ 245 ]</a></span> -attempt to drag a house-fly entire down their tubes -for which it is much too large, when the door is -pushed open, and the fly remains sticking in the -entrance to the nest with its legs up in the air. One -may even feed these spiders oneself by approaching -carefully and, without causing any vibration, pushing -the fly, placed on the end of a pencil, within reach of -the spider.</p> - -<p>I have given my reasons before (<i>Ants and Spiders</i>, -p. 127) for believing that the trap-door spiders do not -as a rule desert their nests, but enlarge them from time -to time to meet their own requirements of growth; -showing, by a comparison of the measurements of the -doors of eight nests in April with those of the same -nests in the following October, that all had increased -in size.</p> - -<p>Subsequent observations have confirmed this; I find -that the young spiders taken from the mother's nest enlarge -their nests in captivity in a precisely similar way.</p> - -<p>Thus, for example, the wafer doors of three young -<i>Eleanora</i> spiders, made within a few days after their -removal from the mother's nest on February 20th, -1873, and first measured on February 28th, had -increased between that date and Nov. 29th following -from 2 to 4 lines, 2<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> to 4 lines, and 2<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> to 6 lines -respectively.</p> - -<p>It is unfortunate that the male and female spiders -are undistinguishable when very young, as it would -be interesting to know whether the males construct -nests before they take to their adult life, during which -they roam from place to place and hide under stones.</p> - -<p>In one case fourteen young spiders, forming this -entire family taken with a female <i>N. Manderstjernæ</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[ 246 ]</a></span> -made nests; so that unless all of these were females, -we have evidence here to prove that the males do -commence life by building nests for themselves.</p> - -<p>I kept the male <i>Cteniza Moggridgii</i>, for ten days on -damp earth in captivity, but he made no attempt to -excavate or spin, and wandered restlessly about, -scarcely touching the flies<a name="FNanchor_152" id="FNanchor_152"></a><a href="#Footnote_152" class="fnanchor">152</a> with which I supplied him.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_152" id="Footnote_152"></a><a href="#FNanchor_152"><span class="label">[152]</span></a> I habitually fed my captive spiders with common house-flies, and it -was curious to see how entirely the latter were wanting in any instinctive -fear of even the largest spiders. They would creep between the spiders' legs, -causing them to start as if electrified, and frequently it was not until the flies, -after repeating this annoyance several times, actually walked up to and almost -touched the fangs of the spider, that they were punished for their ignorance and -presumption.</p></div> - -<p>Seeing this I could not venture to prolong his -captivity, as I feared to risk injuring a specimen which -was quite unique and which there was little likelihood -of my being able to replace. It is rather curious -that M. Simon should also have found one male, -and one only, of the closely-related <i>Ct. fodiens</i> of -Corsica, and that his specimen should be, like mine, -the only one known.</p> - -<p>Bearing in mind the curious problems which arise -as to the affinities of the flora and fauna of the Alpes -Maritimes with that of Corsica, the fact that the -species of <i>Cteniza</i> which is found at Mentone, though -allied to, is yet distinct from the insular species, gains -a new interest.</p> - -<p>We ask ourselves whether the Corsican species -sprang from that of the Alpes Maritimes, or <i>vice versâ</i>; -or again, whether both diverged in remote times from -a common ancestor. Questions such as these cannot -be answered at present, but I hope the day may -come when the geographical distribution of the various -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[ 247 ]</a></span> -existing forms of life will be traced with sufficient -accuracy to enable us to follow on the map the lines -along which affinity travels; and thus point out at -once the probable relationship between two given -forms, and also the route by which they reached their -present stations. Records of local varieties, and the -careful discrimination between forms which have -small but permanent points of difference, thus acquire -an importance which they would not otherwise possess.</p> - -<p>The geographical distribution of trap-door spiders -is of peculiar interest on account of the sedentary -habits maintained during life by the females. Most -animals are capable of travelling long distances, or of -being accidentally transported from place to place in -such a way that colonies are frequently established -far away from the parent settlement, and we are left -in the dark as to whence they came and who are their -nearest relations. But, in the case of spiders inhabiting -true trap-door nests, this is not so; they begin -life immediately on leaving the parent nest by -making homes for themselves near at hand which -they will not desert, and there is no likelihood of -their being accidentally carried from place to place -unless occasionally by running water. Thus it happens -that whenever we find the same trap-door -spider at two distant localities, we may feel tolerably -sure that the species has travelled from one to the -other by gradual extension, and that, either now or -in times past, it occupied all the intervening country.</p> - -<p>For instance, we find <i>Nemesia Eleanora</i> at Mentone, -and again at Cannes, while it has not yet been -detected at Nice, Antibes, nor any other intermediate -point; but according to this hypothesis, this species -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[ 248 ]</a></span> -either does actually live, or has done so formerly, along -the whole intervening line. I will now enumerate the -species alluded to in the preceding pages and indicate -briefly the habitats which they are known with certainty -to occupy.</p> - -<p>I. <i>Atypus piceus</i>, Sulzer (ex Simon). The builder -of the tubular nest the silk lining of which is -figured at A in <a href="#Plate_XIII">Pl. XIII</a> It is stated by M. -Simon<a name="FNanchor_153" id="FNanchor_153"></a><a href="#Footnote_153" class="fnanchor">153</a> to be common in all the centre, east, and -west of France, but it remains doubtful whether this -exact form is found in England or not, the true -characters and habits of the English species being -still uncertain.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_153" id="Footnote_153"></a><a href="#FNanchor_153"><span class="label">[153]</span></a> l.c. sup., p. 183.</p></div> - -<p>II. <i>Cyrtauchenius elongatus</i>, Simon, constructing the -funnel type of nest. It inhabits the neighbourhood -of Fez in Morocco.</p> - -<p>III. <i>Cteniza Moggridgii</i>, Cambridge (formerly described -under the name of <i>Ct. fodiens</i><a name="FNanchor_154" id="FNanchor_154"></a><a href="#Footnote_154" class="fnanchor">154</a>), one of the -many builders of a nest of the cork type; I have -hitherto found this spider only at Mentone and San -Remo. It will probably be discovered in shady -valleys in the neighbourhood of Nice.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_154" id="Footnote_154"></a><a href="#FNanchor_154"><span class="label">[154]</span></a> <i>Ants and Spiders</i>, p. 89.</p></div> - -<p>IV. <i>Ct. fodiens</i>, Camb. (<i>Ct. Sauvagii</i>, Rossi ex -Simon): large nest of cork type; inhabits Corsica. It -has been said that the species found near Pisa (<i>Ct. -Sauvagii</i>) is the same as that which is so common in -Corsica, but it is desirable to have further confirmation -of this.</p> - -<p>V. <i>Ct. Californica</i>, Camb.—Large nest of cork type. -Found near Visalia, about 350 miles south of San -Francisco, by Mr. G. Treadwell.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[ 249 ]</a></span></p> - -<p>VI. <i>Nemesia cæmentaria</i>, Latr.—Nest of cork type. -Only known with certainty to inhabit the neighbourhood -of Montpellier.</p> - -<p>VII. <i>N. Moggridgii</i>, Camb. (formerly described -under the name of <i>N. cæmentaria</i>, Latr.<a name="FNanchor_155" id="FNanchor_155"></a><a href="#Footnote_155" class="fnanchor">155</a>)—Nest of -cork type; is found at San Remo, Mentone, Cannes, -Hyères, and Marseilles. Its range probably extends -some distance to the eastwards, but I doubt whether -it does so towards the west, for there I think it likely -that it will be found to be replaced by the typical -<i>cæmentaria</i>.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_155" id="Footnote_155"></a><a href="#FNanchor_155"><span class="label">[155]</span></a> <i>Ants and Spiders</i>, p. 92.</p></div> - -<p>VIII. <i>N. Simoni</i>, Camb.—Nest of the single-door -unbranched wafer type, discovered at Bordeaux in -May, 1874.</p> - -<p>IX. <i>N. suffusa</i>, Camb.—Nest of single-door branched -wafer type, discovered at Montpellier in May, 1873.</p> - -<p>X. <i>N. Eleanora</i>, Camb.—Nest of double-door unbranched -wafer type; is found at San Remo, Mentone, -Cannes, Vaucluse near Avignon. M. Simon says<a name="FNanchor_156" id="FNanchor_156"></a><a href="#Footnote_156" class="fnanchor">156</a> -he has also found it at Digne, in the Basses Alpes.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_156" id="Footnote_156"></a><a href="#FNanchor_156"><span class="label">[156]</span></a> E. Simon, <i>Aranéides nouveaux du Midi de l'Europe</i>, in "Mém. Soc. Roy. -Sc. de Liège," 2<sup>me</sup>. ser. tom. v. p. 30.</p></div> - -<p>XI. <i>N. congener</i>, Camb.—Nest of double-door -branched wafer type; discovered at Hyères in May, -1873.</p> - -<p>XII. <i>N. Manderstjernæ</i>, Koch, in Ausserer (formerly -described under the name of <i>N. meridionalis</i>, Costa).<a name="FNanchor_157" id="FNanchor_157"></a><a href="#Footnote_157" class="fnanchor">157</a>—Nest -of double-door, branched, cavity wafer type; is -found at San Remo, Bordighera, Mentone, Nice, -Cannes, and Hyères (apparently very rare at the last-named -place).</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_157" id="Footnote_157"></a><a href="#FNanchor_157"><span class="label">[157]</span></a> <i>Ants and Spiders</i>, p. 101.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[ 250 ]</a></span></p></div> - -<p>XIII. <i>N. meridionalis</i>, Costa.—Structure of nest -doubtful (see description in <i>Ants and Spiders</i>, p. 138). -Found near Naples and in Ischia. M. Simon has -discovered a spider in Corsica which he considers the -same as that described by M. Costa under the name -of <i>meridionalis</i>, but it seems desirable, in order -thoroughly to establish this conclusion, that specimens -of the spiders and their nests from these distant -habitats should be compared together.</p> - -<p>We can scarcely suppose that the real geographical -distribution of the above-named twelve species is as -restricted as it would appear to be from the above -enumeration, and there is little doubt, I think, that -many more habitats will be added in time. Indeed, -our knowledge of the habits and distribution of these -spiders can only as yet be said to be in its infancy, -the whole subject being, for the most part, new and -untrodden ground.</p> - -<p>But, it may be asked, what are the chances in the -future for the discovery of undescribed spiders and -types of nests: and what reward of this kind may the -travelling naturalist expect in order to compensate -him for the time and pains which such a search -demands, and which must divert him in a great -measure from making other collections?</p> - -<p>The reply is not doubtful.</p> - -<p>Europe alone, most probably, contains many trap-door -spiders the specific characters and habits of which -are at present unknown; and as for the warmer -regions of other parts of the globe, we only know -enough to lead us to surmise that still stranger and -more startling discoveries await us there.</p> - -<p>Dr. L. Koch's description of the very remarkable -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[ 251 ]</a></span> -branched-wafer nest from Australia, alluded to above -(p. 217), and the fragmentary specimens of giant cork-nests -from the same country exhibited at the British -Museum, give us a hint of what the Antipodes will -some day reveal to us; while a stray allusion to a -trap-door nest found near Lake Dilolo, in Southern -Africa, by Livingstone,<a name="FNanchor_158" id="FNanchor_158"></a><a href="#Footnote_158" class="fnanchor">158</a> affords an indication of their -existence in another quarter of the globe. Hitherto -but little importance has been attached by naturalists -to the study of the nests of trap-door spiders, but a -knowledge of their structure is often of the greatest -assistance, and will, I venture to predict, be found to -afford a clue leading to the discovery of many new -species; for it not unfrequently happens that, while -two spiders appear so much alike as to pass for representatives -of the same species, their nests are totally -dissimilar and proclaim them, as in fact they are, -quite distinct from one another. For an example of -this we have only to turn to the seven species of -<i>Nemesia</i>, treated of in the foregoing pages, of which -six construct dissimilar nests, and only two, building -nests of the cork type, make them alike, though the -general resemblance between the spiders themselves -is extraordinarily close. Thus far, indeed, it will be -seen that no two distinct species of European trap-door -spider make wafer nests of the same type, -each kind of wafer nest having its own peculiar -spider.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_158" id="Footnote_158"></a><a href="#FNanchor_158"><span class="label">[158]</span></a> "A large reddish spider (<i>Mygale</i>), named by the natives 'sclàli,' runs about -with great velocity. Its nest is most ingeniously covered with a hinged cover -or door, about the size of a shilling, the inner face of which is of a pure white -silky substance like paper, while the outer one is coated with earth precisely -like that in which the hole is made, so that when it is closed it is quite impossible -to detect the situation of the nest. Unfortunately the cavity for breeding is -never seen except when the owner is out, and has left the door open behind her."—<i>Dr. -Livingstone</i>, <i>from</i> "<i>Popular Accounts of Travels in South Africa</i>," chap. -xvii. p. 221.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[ 252 ]</a></span></p></div> - -<p>This strikes me as a very curious fact, and I await -with interest the discovery of new species of wafer-building -spiders in order to learn whether this will -continue to hold good or not.</p> - -<p>That such discoveries will be made I entertain -no doubt; indeed, I have reason to believe that, even -at Mentone, where perhaps more pairs of eyes have -been at work searching for trap-door spiders than -anywhere else, new species still remain to be detected. -In April, 1873, the surface door of a wafer-nest -together with a very small portion of the tube was -brought to me from the summit of the Aiguille -mountain, near Mentone. I was greatly surprised to -learn that a trap-door spider could live in such a -situation, for the earth on that plateau, which has an -elevation of 4032 feet above the sea, is always frozen -hard for weeks and even months together during the -winter, and snow frequently lingers there. The -spider, therefore, which endures these conditions is -scarcely likely to be of the same species as any one of -those inhabiting the lower country. The trap-door -spiders of these spurs of the Maritime Alps, are -probably of distinct species from those of the plains, -but they are absolutely unknown at present.</p> - -<p>Then the males of several species, as, for example, -those of <i>Nemesia Simoni</i>, <i>N. suffusa</i>, <i>N. congener</i>, and -<i>N. Moggridgii</i>, have yet to be discovered; while of -the habits of the males in general we know little or -nothing.</p> - -<p>Indeed, there is no one species with the habits of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[ 253 ]</a></span> -which we can say we are thoroughly acquainted, and we -must admit that up to the present time these ingenious -little architects have been at least as successful in -concealing themselves from the intrusion of naturalists -as from the attacks of their proper enemies.</p> - -<p>Surely these trap-door spiders, which have lain -quiet in the earth century after century, have hidden -themselves long enough from our inquisitive admiration, -and the time has now come for us to seek them -out and learn their ways.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[ 254 ]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="SPECIFIC_DESCRIPTIONS_OF_TRAP-DOOR_SPIDERS" id="SPECIFIC_DESCRIPTIONS_OF_TRAP-DOOR_SPIDERS">SPECIFIC DESCRIPTIONS OF TRAP-DOOR SPIDERS,</a></h2> - -<p class="tdc">BY</p> - -<p class="caption3nb">THE REV O. PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE.</p> - - -<p class="pmt2 caption3nb"><span class="smcap">Genus Cteniza</span>, Latr.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Cteniza Moggridgii</span>, sp. n., <a href="#Plate_XX">Plate XX</a>, fig. A, -p. 254.</p> - -<p><i>Cteniza fodiens</i> (Camb.)? ♀ in <i>Harvesting Ants and -Trap-door Spiders</i>, J. T. Moggridge, 1873, p. 89, -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/64654/64654-h/64654-h.htm#Plate_VII">Plate -VII.</a>, excluding synonyms there quoted.</p> - -<p>Adult male length 5<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> lines, length of cephalothorax -3 lines, breadth 2<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub>.</p> - -<p>The cephalothorax is of a short, broad-oval form, -its length being only half a line greater than its -breadth; it is flattened-convex above, and depressed -near the margins, the <i>caput</i> (when looked at in profile) -scarcely rising above the level of the thorax. At the -junction of the caput and thoracic segments is a deep, -circularly-curved indentation, or fovea, the curve of -which is directed backwards; the extremities of this -indentation are continued obliquely forwards on either -side, forming the normal ones which indicate the junction -of the caput and thorax. Rather more than one-third -of the distance between the above curved indentation -and the fore margin of the caput is a very -perceptible and deep but narrow, slightly curved, -transverse indentation which divides the caput into -two distinct parts; the curve of this indentation is -directed forwards. The normal thoracic indentations -are well marked, but not very strong; the surface of -the thorax, though shining, appeared under a lens to -be covered with fine rugulosities. Its colour is yellow-brown; -a large triangular patch on either side of the -caput being tinged with orange, and the rest suffused -with dark brown. The caput is of a dark reddish -yellow-brown, showing (in spirit of wine) two longitudinal -bars, or strong lines, of a clearer orange yellow-brown -colour; its surface is glossy, though, under a lens, -the sides of the fore part are very finely striated or rugulose. -These lines begin behind the extremities of the -hinder row of eyes, and gradually converge to a -point at the thoracic junction; the ocular region and -central longitudinal line of the fore-segment of the -caput have some long and very prominent black -bristles. When alive, the cephalothorax appears to -have been suffused with a purplish hue, corresponding -to that of the abdomen and other parts.</p> - -<div id="Plate_XX" class="fig_center" style="width: 340px;"> -<div class="fig_caption"><i>Plate XX.</i></div> -<a href="images/plate20lg.png"><img src="images/plate20.png" width="340" height="576" alt="" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[ 255 ]</a></span></p> - -<p>The <i>eyes</i> form a rectangular figure, whose fore side -is a little shorter than the hinder one, and whose -transverse, or longest, diameter is as nearly as possible -double the length of its shortest one; the eyes of -the central or fore-central pair are small, and separated -by a diameter's distance from each other. The -hind laterals are the smallest of the eight, and each -is almost contiguous to the hind-central nearest to it, -this latter being of a sub-triangular form, and separated -from the fore-central on its side by an interval -equal to that which divides the two fore-centrals, but -less than that which separates each fore-central from -the fore-lateral on its side. Looked at as in two -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[ 256 ]</a></span> -transverse rows of four each, those of the foremost -row are darkish coloured, while those of the hinder -row are pearly white. Omitting the eyes of the hind-central -pair, the remaining three on either side form -as nearly as possible an equilateral triangle.</p> - -<p>The <i>legs</i> are long, moderately strong, their relative -length being 4, 1, 2, 3. They are of a dark brown -colour, generally paler on the under sides, furnished -with hairs, fine bristles, and spines; the latter are -numerous and strong beneath the metatarsi and tibiæ -of the first and second pairs; on those of the third -pair they are less strong and more uniformly disposed; -on those of the fourth pair they are fewest and least -conspicuous. The genual joints of the third pair -have some strongish spines on the outer side; the -right leg has eight, the left nine. The toothing of -the superior tarsal claws does not appear to be uniform -on the different legs of the same example; on those of -the fourth pair there were five teeth; on those of the -first pair eight or nine, with two others, quite rudimentary, -towards the point of the claw; and even on one -of the fourth pair of legs one of the claws had six, the -other five teeth. The tarsal claws of the second pair are -toothed throughout nearly their whole length with from -eight to ten teeth; on <i>one</i> of the third pair the teeth -were but five or six, while on the other there were on -one claw but three ordinary teeth and a much stronger -one a little way off in front of them, on the second -claw only a single strong tooth about the middle, and -a smaller one close to its base.</p> - -<p>The <i>palpi</i> are long and rather slender, measuring -rather over six lines in length; they are similar in -colour to the legs, and excepting a few—from twelve -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[ 257 ]</a></span> -to fourteen—short strong spines on the upper side of -the extremity of the digital joint, furnished with hairs -only. The cubital joint is more than half the length -of the radial; this latter is equal in length to the -humeral joint, and nearly as long as the femora of -the first pair of legs. The digital joint is short, of -an oblong oval form, broadest at its extremity. The -palpal organs consist of a nearly spherical corneous -lobe, prolonged at its fore extremity into a long, -slender, tapering, beak-like spine, curving upwards -(<i>i.e.</i>, with its point near to the radial joint), and -inwards.</p> - -<p>A broad, conspicuous, shining, corneous band, of a -deeper red-brown than the rest, runs round the middle -(or equatorial line) of the spherical portion of these -organs, covering the greater part of their surface.</p> - -<p>The <i>falces</i> are of moderate length and strength, -and of ordinary form. They are similar in colour to -the legs, and furnished in front, chiefly on their inner -edges, with hairs, and at their extremities on the inner -sides, with a few, but not very strong nor conspicuous, -short spines; their under side (along which the fang -lies) is toothed on the inner edge only; the fang is -strong and curved, but presents nothing remarkable -in form, nor could I detect either denticulation or -serration.</p> - -<p>The <i>maxillæ</i> are strong, straight, divergent, with a -small prominent point at the inner extremity of each; -they are as strong, but not so long, as the basal (coxal) -joints of the legs of the first pair, of a yellow-brown -colour, furnished with hairs, but with no spines of -any sort or size.</p> - -<p>The <i>labium</i> is similar in colour to the maxillæ, and -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[ 258 ]</a></span> -somewhat quadrate in shape, rounded at the apex; it -is furnished with hairs only.</p> - -<p>The <i>sternum</i> is of a sub-pentagonal form, much -broader behind than in front; its colour is dull yellowish-brown, -and it is furnished with hairs, leaving -two largish, bare, round, slightly impressed patches, -not far from each other, in a transverse line near the -middle.</p> - -<p>The <i>abdomen</i> is short-oval in form, and very convex -above; it projects a little over the base of the cephalothorax, -and its upper side is of a purplish grey-brown -hue, mottled with a pale dull whitish-yellow, and furnished -sparingly with hairs. The sides and under -side are of a uniform dull whitish-yellow. The -<i>spinners</i> (four in number) are, as usual, of very unequal -size, those of the superior pair longish, strong, three-jointed, -and up-turned, the inferior pair short but -stout, consisting of one joint only and pretty close -together.</p> - -<p>The <i>female</i> (as it is conjectured to be) of this -species was described, in the work to which the -present publication is supplementary, from examples -found at Mentone. There is little doubt now but -that it is not <i>Ct. fodiens</i>, Walck., but whether or not -identical with the male above described is not absolutely -certain. I think myself (with Mr. Moggridge, -see <a href="#Page_195">p. 195</a>) that it is so, in spite of some differences -in the relative size of the eyes, the toothing of the -under side of the falces, and the denticulation of -the tarsal claws. With regard to the eyes and -falces, I am not inclined to lay special stress upon -these differences. It is found that in other groups -of spiders whose cephalothorax varies very markedly -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[ 259 ]</a></span> -in development in the two sexes, differences of -this nature occur. In the present genus, the male -has an almost flat caput, while the female has a -strongly elevated one; and with respect to the variation -in the tarsal claws, no special weight can be -attached to it in the present instance, since these -claws are not uniformly denticulated in the different -feet of the same individual. Another difference is the -absence in the male of sundry small but distinct -tooth-like spines at the apex of the labium and the -inner corner of the base of the maxillæ; the female -is also wanting in regard to the very characteristic -transverse indentation which divides the caput of the -male into two parts. I can, however, trace in the -female the slightest possible corresponding depression, -scarcely amounting to an indentation, and placed -rather nearer to the junctional thoracic pit.</p> - -<p>With regard to the differences between this species -and <i>Ct. Sauvagii</i>, Latr. (<i>Ct. fodiens</i>, Walck.), size alone -would suffice to distinguish them; two females of the -latter now before me measuring 13 lines in length; -while the male (<i>Aran. nouv. ou peu connus du Midi de -l'Europe</i>, par Eugène Simon, Mém., Liège, 1873) -measures 8 lines (17 mm.) and the female rather over -14 lines (30 mm.), the fore-central eyes in the female -of <i>Ct. Sauvagii</i> appeared to be smaller than those in -<i>Ct. Moggridgii</i> and placed rather farther forwards, but -the eyes in both are otherwise remarkably similar -both in size and position. The males, however, -cannot be confounded inasmuch as, according to M. -Simon, no trace of any transverse indentation on the -caput exists in <i>Ct. Sauvagii</i>.</p> - -<p>The denticulation of the tarsal claws in the females -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[ 260 ]</a></span> -of both species is similar, but M. Simon does not -mention this portion of the structure of the male he -describes of <i>Ct. Sauvagii</i>.</p> - -<p>The adult male of <i>Ct. Moggridgii</i> above described, -was found behind the stones of an old wall at Mentone, -but not in any kind of nest.</p> - -<p>Nest-making, and excavating for that purpose, is, -probably, no part of the work of the adult males in -this and other allied genera, and hence we can see a -reason for differences in the development of the caput, -and the denticulation of the falces. The usual habitat -of the females and their nests is in damp and shady -spots, whereas <i>Ct. Sauvagii</i> constructs its nests in dry -exposed banks.</p> - -<p class="pmb2"><i>Habitat.</i> Mentone and San Remo.</p> - - -<p><span class="smcap">Cteniza Californica</span>, sp. n., <a href="#Plate_XV">Plate XV</a>, fig. B, -p. 198.</p> - -<p>Adult female; length very nearly 14 lines; length -of the cephalothorax, 5<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub>; greatest breadth of ditto, 5; -breadth of fore part of caput, 4 lines; length of caput -rather over 3 lines.</p> - -<p>The <i>cephalothorax</i> of this spider is rather broader -in proportion to its length than that of <i>Ct. Sauvagii</i>, -Walck., Sim. = <i>Ct. fodiens</i>, Walck. The convexity, or -elevation, of the caput is also less, but that of the -thorax is greater, so that (when looked at in profile) -the profile line of the two forms a tolerably even and -continuous slope, interrupted only by the thoracic -fovea; the profile, however, of the occiput is curved.</p> - -<p>The thoracic fovea, or junctional indentation, is -strong, deep, and semilunar in form, the horns of -the crescent pointing forwards; the other normal -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[ 261 ]</a></span> -indentations are well marked, but those which divide -the caput from the first thoracic segment do not unite -with the extremities of the junctional fovea, being -in this respect unlike <i>Ct. Moggridgii</i>, but more like -<i>Ct. Sauvagii</i>. The <i>clypeus</i>, although transversely impressed, -yet slopes forward more gradually than in -either of those species, its breadth is about equal to -that of the ocular area, or amounts to half that of the -facial space. The colour of the cephalothorax, taken -from the specimen preserved in spirit of wine, is a -deep reddish-yellow brown, gradually getting paler -towards the margins. When alive, I understand that -the general colour of the whole spider was a dark -blackish chocolate brown, the legs and cephalothorax -being darker than the abdomen; there are a few -prominent bristly hairs in the medial line both before -and behind the ocular area.</p> - -<p>The <i>eyes</i> form a narrow transverse oblong figure, -its length being about two and a half times its width, -and its fore side is a little the shortest; the fore-lateral -eyes are large and oval, and by far the largest of -the eight; the rest do not differ much in size, though -perhaps the hind laterals, which are also oval, are a -little the largest; the longest diameter of these, however, -is less than half the longest diameter of the fore -laterals. The interval between the fore and hind -laterals is small, only equal to the shortest diameter -of the hind lateral; and this interval is nearly double -that which separates each hind lateral and the hind -central nearest to it. The hind laterals and hind -centrals form an almost perfectly straight line, the -former being very slightly indeed within the straight -line of the former; the intervals which separate the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[ 262 ]</a></span> -fore centrals from each other, and each of them from -the fore lateral on its side, are as nearly as possible -equal, though very slightly, if at all, less than that -which separates each of them from the hind central -on its side: the interval which separates the fore -laterals is double the length of the longest diameter -of one of them.</p> - -<p>The <i>legs</i> are short and very strong; they are like -the cephalothorax in colour, but paler underneath the -femora; this joint in the third pair is proportionally -much stronger than in the other legs; all are furnished -with hairs, bristles, and spines, a group of -erect bristles among the rest occupies the fore part of -the upper side of the metatarsi of the first and second -pairs; strong spines of different lengths are thickly -placed beneath and on the lower part of the sides of -the tibiæ tarsi and metatarsi of the first and second -pairs. On the tarsi and metatarsi of the third and -fourth pairs similar spines are distributed more uniformly -over the whole surface of the joints, and on -the genual joint of the 3rd pair there is one short -strong spine near its extremity on the outer side, -those on the tibiæ both of the third and fourth pairs -being confined to a few on the outer side, and towards -the lower side only. Each tarsus terminates with -three claws, of which the two superior ones have -a single strong tooth towards the base on the lower -side.</p> - -<p>The <i>palpi</i> are rather long, strong, and similar in -colour to the legs. They are furnished with hairs, -bristles, and spines; of the latter the radial and -digital joints have some short and strong ones, pretty -thickly grouped along both their outer and inner -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[ 263 ]</a></span> -sides; the digital joint ends with a single untoothed -claw.</p> - -<p>The <i>falces</i> are strong and massive, more so than in -<i>Ct. Sauvagii</i>, but of normal form. They are furnished -with hairs and bristles, and with strong spines near -their inner extremities on the upper side; the fangs -are strong, folded along the under side of the falces -in a furrow which is toothed along either edge. The -colour of the falces is a rich deep red-brown.</p> - -<p>The <i>maxillæ</i> are strong, straight, divergent, with a -prominent point at the inner extremity, and some -very short, strong, tooth-like spines at their base; -their colour is dull yellow-brown, and, with the labium -and sternum, they are thickly clothed with short -strong hairs.</p> - -<p>The <i>labium</i> is dark yellow-brown, tipped slightly -with black; it is of a somewhat semilunar form, and -has a few very short tooth-like spines near its apex.</p> - -<p>The <i>sternum</i> is of a rough oval form, broadest -behind and shorter and broader in proportion than -that of <i>Ct. Sauvagii</i> and <i>Ct. Moggridgii</i>; its colour is -dull yellow-brown, and it is destitute of the two -shining bare patches conspicuous in both those -species.</p> - -<p>The <i>abdomen</i> is large, short-oval, broadest behind -and very convex above; it is of a dull yellowish-brown -colour, thickly mottled with minute dark points -seen through a lens to be little rings, from the centre -of each of which springs a bristly hair; the underside -is paler; the spinners and spiracular openings are -normal. As observed above, the colour of the abdomen -was rather different in life; it was then of a -deep blackish chocolate brown, with an indistinct -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[ 264 ]</a></span> -longitudinal line along the middle of its fore part on -the upper side, intersected by a similar line at right -angles; but these lines soon disappeared after death; -the specimen had been in spirit of wine some months -before the present description was made.</p> - -<p>A single example, with its tubular nest of the cork-lid -type, was received alive from California in 1873, -and appears to have been hitherto undescribed; -though no larger than <i>Ct. Sauvagii</i>, it is yet a -stouter and more massive spider, and may readily -be distinguished by the large size of its fore-lateral -eyes, the narrower ocular area arising from the far -greater proximity to each other of the eyes of each -lateral pair, the less convexity of the caput, and the -greater convexity of the thorax, as well as by its -being altogether a darker coloured spider, and having -shorter stouter legs.</p> - -<p class="pmb2"><i>Habitat.</i> Visalia, 350 miles south of San Francisco, -California.</p> - - -<p>Gen. <span class="smcap">Nemesia</span>, Savigny.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Nemesia Cæmentaria</span>, <a href="#Plate_XIX">Plate XIX</a>, fig. B, p. 229.</p> - -<p><i>Mygale cæmentaria</i> (Latr.) <i>Hist. Nat. des Crust.</i> t. vii. -p. 164.</p> - -<p>—♀—Walck., <i>Hist. Nat. des Ins. Apt.</i> 1, p. 235.</p> - -<p>---- —— <i>Cuvier's Règne Animal</i>, ed. Paris. -20 vols. 18—? Pl I., <i>A. Dugès del.</i> ♂ <i>et</i> ♀.</p> - -<p>Adult female, length 7 to 9 lines.</p> - -<p><i>Cephalothorax</i> oval, truncated and almost equally -broad at each end; the upper surface is moderately -convex, the caput elevated a little above the rest, and -equally rounded on the sides and upper part; the -profile of the whole cephalothorax forms a general -sloping slightly curved line, broken by the thoracic -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[ 265 ]</a></span> -junctional pit or fovea, which is narrow but strong, -and gently but equally curved, the convexity of the -curve directed forwards; the thorax next to this -fovea is rather gibbous, but not over any great extent -of surface; the other normal indentations are tolerably -strong; the colour of the cephalothorax is -yellow-brown, darkest on the sides of the caput, and -along the thoracic indentations, palest on the margins, -forming a pale marginal border indistinctly vandyked -on the inner edge. The surface is clothed, but not -densely, with yellowish-grey adpressed hairs; there are -a few black bristles in a straight transverse line, directed -forwards from the lower margin of the clypeus; also a -few more bristles curved and of various lengths before -and behind the ocular area, their points meeting over -this area, and a row of strong, nearly erect ones in a -longitudinal central line from the ocular area to the -junctional fovea; besides these are a few more, finer -and less conspicuous, along the middle both of the -caput and thorax; the colour on either side and in -front of the ocular area is orange yellow-brown, and -joining with this a broad band of the same runs backwards -from the ocular area to the thoracic fovea. -The band begins as wide as this area, it then directly -enlarges a little, and thence tapers slightly and gradually -to its termination, forming a truncate wedge, -with the margins rather irregular, but on the whole -a little curved. This band is not immaculate, there -being two dark yellow-brown tapering lines or bars -along the greater part of its length; these bars begin -from each outer pair of eyes of the hinder row, and -tapering to a fine line, converge to the thoracic fovea, -but do not quite meet. It is important to note the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[ 266 ]</a></span> -exact form and distribution of the central band and -these tapering bars, as their differences from the -character of the similar part in another closely allied -species are strongly specific; the above description -holds good in above twenty examples before me.</p> - -<p>The <i>eyes</i> are in two transverse lines, forming an -area whose length is rather less than 2<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> times its -width; the foremost line is curved, and the curve -directed backwards, the hinder one is also curved and in -a similar direction, but less strongly, looking laterally -the extreme margin of the four eyes of the hinder row -forms a straight line. Considered as in pairs, those of -the fore-central pair are separated by an interval equal -to that which separates each from the fore-lateral and -hind-central nearest to it; the fore-laterals are divided -by about two and a half diameters; they are the largest -of the eight, only slightly however, in some examples, -larger than the hind-laterals. Each of them is separated -from the hind-lateral on its side by not quite -half the diameter of the latter, and each hind-lateral -is very nearly but not quite contiguous to the hind-central -on its side; the hind-centrals are roughly -rounded, smallest of the eight, though in some examples -equal in size to the fore-centrals, and are separated -from the fore-central nearest to it by about one -diameter, which gives a clue to the absolute distance -between the eyes of the foremost pair. The four -lateral eyes are oval, the fore-centrals round; those -of the foremost row are darkish coloured, while those -of the hinder row are pearly white.</p> - -<p>Although it is of great importance to observe as -accurately as possible the relative position and size of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[ 267 ]</a></span> -the eyes, yet we must be prepared to find exceptions -to the rule derived from the most exact measurements -in any individual instance.</p> - -<p>In the present species the above conclusions, as to -position and size, are drawn from a consideration and -comparison of 20 examples, and are, it is believed, -pretty true, but yet in one example, one of the hind -central eyes was but half the size of the other, and in -another example one of the same eyes was but one-fourth -of that of the other, a mere dot in fact, and the -relative size of the respective lateral eyes of the two -rows do not appear to maintain exactly the same -proportions in all individuals. The height of the -clypeus appeared to be as nearly as possible half that -of the facial space.</p> - -<p>The <i>legs</i> are strong, moderately long, their relative -length 4, 1, 2, 3, though in some examples those of the -second and third pairs are equal in length; in others, -those of the third pair are slightly longer than those -of the second; here again, as with the eyes, although -the relative proportion of the legs of spiders is an -important specific point, and in general tolerably -reliable, yet accurate observation and measurements -prove that there are small differences in individual -instances. The legs are yellow-brown in colour, furnished -with hairs, bristles, and a few spines. The -outer sides of the genual joints of the third pair are -destitute of spines; in two instances only out of 20, -this joint had a single, not very conspicuous, spine. -The superior tarsal claws have 4-5 minute pectinations -underneath near their base.</p> - -<p>The <i>palpi</i> are moderately long and strong, and -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[ 268 ]</a></span> -similar in colour and general armature to the legs; -they terminate with a single, strong, sharply curved -untoothed claw.</p> - -<p>The <i>falces</i> are of a deep black red-brown colour, -strong and prominent, and flat, but not cut away, on -their inner sides; they are furnished on their upper -sides with black bristles and yellowish-grey hairs, -disposed in longitudinal lines; these bristles are -strongest and most numerous on the inner margin of -the upper side, increasing in strength forwards where, -near the extremity, are some strong spines.</p> - -<p>On the inner edge of the under side of each falx is -a row of teeth, and each fang is also denticulate or -finely serrate, beneath towards its hinder part.</p> - -<p>The <i>maxillæ</i> are strong, cylindrical, and divergent; -and each has a small bluntish angular prominence at -the extremity on the inner side; their inner margin has -a thick fringe of pale reddish hairs, the fore surface -being clothed (as ordinarily) with dark bristly hairs, -and there are a few black minute tooth-like spines in -a line (sometimes in a small group) near the inner -corner of their base.</p> - -<p>The <i>labium</i> is short, broad, its breadth nearly double -its length, and the upper corners rather rounded off; -there are some strongish bristles, mostly towards the -apex, but no tooth-like spines nor denticulations.</p> - -<p>The <i>sternum</i> is oval, rather convex, broadest towards -the hinder part, which is pointed at this extremity -but hollow-truncate before.</p> - -<p>The <i>abdomen</i> is sparingly clothed with hairs; it is -of a stoutish regular oval form, and of a dull brownish -yellow colour; its fore extremity on the upper side is -thickly blotched with deep blackish-brown, and the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[ 269 ]</a></span> -whole length spanned by a series of about five curved, -or slightly angular, stoutish bars or chevrons, formed -of more or less confluent, dark, blackish-brown blotches -and markings; a more or less indistinct line of a -similar nature also divides the fore part of the upper -side of the abdomen longitudinally. There is some -variety in the extent, depth, and distinctness of these -markings, but the figures given (<a href="#Plate_XIX">Pl. XIX</a>, p. 229, -figs. B, B 1) show the appearance of an average -example.</p> - -<p>It must be remembered that this description is -made from examples in spirit of wine, and that in life -the markings (especially on the cephalothorax) are -often considerably obscured by the hairs on the surface; -when seen through spirit the actual tints of colour -are sometimes misrepresented, but the characteristic -markings are seen more distinctly.</p> - -<p>The lower part of the sides and the underside of -the abdomen are of a uniform pale dull brownish-yellow; -the spinners of the superior pair are short, -strong, and 2-jointed; those of the inferior pair are very -minute, and near together at the base of, and almost -between, the others.</p> - -<p>Adult and immature females were found in 1873-4 -abundantly at Montpellier in France, in unbranched -tubular nests closed at the surface with a close-fitting -"cork" lid.</p> - -<p>In <i>Harvesting Ants and Trap-door Spiders</i>, p. 92, a -spider inhabiting similar nests, and found commonly -at <i>Cannes</i> and Mentone was described as <i>N. cæmentaria</i>, -Latr. The subsequent discovery however of a -very closely allied, but certainly distinct, species in -abundance at Montpellier (the locality in which the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[ 270 ]</a></span> -original <i>N. cæmentaria</i>, Latr., was found) makes it -more than probable that the <i>Montpellier</i>, and not the -Mentone, species is the true <i>N. cæmentaria</i>. Certainly -as yet no other species more likely than this to be -the one described by Latreille has been found at -Montpellier; in fact, the one here described is the -common one found there, and alone answers to -Latreille's character of having a nest with a lid of -the cork type.</p> - -<p>It has become therefore necessary now to record -the Mentone species under another name, and under -that name, "<i>N. Moggridgii</i>" (p. 273) will be noted the -specific differences by which the two species may be -at once distinguished from each other.</p> - -<p>The male of the spider here described has not been -yet found. A description is given (p. 276) of a -male spider, <i>Nemesia incerta</i> (no doubt closely allied), -found by M. Eugène Simon at Digne; but reasons -will be given why it is not probable that this Digne -spider should be, as conjectured by M. Simon, the -male of the Montpellier species. Whether the <i>N. -carminans</i> (Latr.) is the male of <i>N. cæmentaria</i> (Latr.) -or not, is another question, and one surrounded with -some obscurity and difficulty. Latreille described <i>N. -cæmentaria</i> (female) from Montpellier, and <i>N. carminans</i> -(male) from Aix in Provence; the latter being specially -characterized by a bifid point to the prolongation -of the palpal bulb; L. Dufour appears subsequently -to have considered <i>N. carminans</i>, Latr. (male) -to be the male of <i>N. cæmentaria</i>, and Latreille -appears to have agreed with L. Dufour upon this, -<i>vide</i> Walck. <i>Ins. Apt.</i>, i. p. 236; but Dufour afterwards -(<i>Ann. Gen. Sc. Phys.</i>, tom. v. Bruxelles, 1820, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[ 271 ]</a></span> -p. 103) introduced an element of confusion into the -question by describing <i>N. carminans</i> as having the -point of the palpal organs simple, "nullement bifid," -and throwing out a suggestion that it might be the -male of <i>N. Sauvagii</i>, Latr., (= <i>N. pionnière</i> or -<i>fodiens</i>, Walck.) Latreille upon this (<i>Vues générales -sur les Aranéides, Acad. Roy. des Sc.</i>, 1830, pp. 64, -65) explains Dufour's suggestion as an inadvertence, -but takes no notice of the difference of the form of -the palpal organs as described by him; at the same -time however Latreille explains why, probably, Walckenaer -"still considers (in his <i>Faune française</i>) <i>N. -carminans</i> to be a distinct species." We may conclude -from this that Latreille never altered <i>his</i> opinion -that his own <i>N. cæmentaria</i> and <i>N. carminans</i> were -the two sexes of the same species; and we shall probably -rightly agree with Walckenaer that Dufour had -another species before him, which he wrongly (l.c.) -described as <i>N. carminans</i>.</p> - -<p>Subsequently again a male and female spider, evidently -of one species, were figured by Dugès to -illustrate <i>N. cæmentaria</i> male and female in Cuvier's -<i>Règne Animal</i>—Edition in 20 vols. not numbered -and without date, published in Paris, "<i>accompagnée -de Planches par une réunion de disciples de Cuvier, -MM. Audouin, Blanchard, Deshayes, Aleide d'Orbigny, -Doyère, Dugès, Duvernoy, Laurillard, Milne Edwards, -Roulin, et Valenciennes</i>." Of these figures, that of the -male has the point of the palpal organs distinctly bifid, -and the nest figured is of the cork-lid type.</p> - -<p>On the whole it may be concluded that the male -of the true <i>N. cæmentaria</i>, Latr., will be found to -have the bifid point to the palpal organs, but the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[ 272 ]</a></span> -question cannot be considered settled until further -researches at Montpellier and Aix (in Provence) shall -have furnished <i>males</i> of the <i>N. cæmentaria</i> now described, -and <i>females</i> of the bifid pointed male—<i>N. -carminans</i>, Latr.—for of course it is possible that -Latreille's <i>first</i> views of the distinctness of <i>cæmentaria</i> -and <i>carminans</i> may be the correct ones.</p> - -<p>The characters of the species now described accord -so well with the figures of the female in Dugès' plate -(above mentioned) that little doubt can be entertained -of <i>their</i> identity, and if so there would seem to be -little doubt also, but that further research at Montpellier -will reveal a male similar to the male figured -by Dugès.</p> - -<p class="pmb2"><i>Habitat.</i> Montpellier, France.</p> - - -<p><a id="Nemesia"></a><span class="smcap">Nemesia Eleanora.</span></p> - -<p><i>Syn. Nemesia Eleanora</i>, Cambr., male and female, in -<i>Harvesting Ants and Trap-door Spiders</i>, by J. T. Moggridge, -p. 180, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/64654/64654-h/64654-h.htm#Plate_XII">Pl. XII</a> -and woodcuts, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/64654/64654-h/64654-h.htm#Page_109">p. 109</a>.</p> - -<p><i>Nemesia Alpigrada</i> (Simon) male, <i>Aranéides nouv. ou -peu connus du Midi de l'Europe</i>, 2<sup>e</sup> Mémoire. Liège, -1873, 2<sup>e</sup> sér. t. v. p. 27 (separate copy.).</p> - -<p>There is but little to add to the descriptions given -(l.c. <i>supra</i>). It must however be noted that the -spines on the outer side of the genual joints of the -third pair of legs, then supposed to be a characteristic -of the present species only, are now found to exist in -several others, with some small exceptions in regard to -number, and also in respect to strict uniformity, on -both legs of the same individual. In <i>N. cæmentaria</i> -(p. 264), however, there is rarely found even a single -spine on either of these joints; and not one out of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[ 273 ]</a></span> -ten examples of another species, <i>N. Simoni</i> (p. 297), -had even one of these spines.</p> - -<p>Shortly after the publication of <i>Harvesting Ants and -Trap-door Spiders</i> the male of this species was described -by M. Simon (l.c.) from two examples taken -at Vaucluse near Avignon.</p> - -<p class="pmb2"><i>Habitats.</i> San Remo, Mentone, Cannes, Vaucluse -near Avignon, and, according to M. Simon, Digne, -Basses Alpes.</p> - - -<p><span class="smcap">Nemesia Moggridgii</span>, sp. n., <a href="#Plate_XIX">Plate XIX</a>, fig. C, -p. 229.</p> - -<p><i>Syn. Nemesia Cæmentaria</i>, Cambr., in <i>Harvesting -Ants and Trap-door Spiders</i>, (by J. T. Moggridge), -p. 93, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/64654/64654-h/64654-h.htm#Plate_VIII">Pl. VIII</a></p> - -<p>This spider is exceedingly closely allied to the -foregoing and was thought to be the true <i>N. cæmentaria</i>, -Latr., until subsequent researches at Montpellier -(the locality where Latreille's types were found) -have resulted in the belief that the Montpellier, -rather than the Mentone species, is that described by -him. At present the females only of the two species -are known, and these may readily be distinguished by -the pattern on the caput.</p> - -<p>In the foregoing (the <i>Montpellier Spider</i>) a broad -orange yellow-brown band runs from the ocular area -to the thoracic fovea, tapering gradually to that part, -where it is truncated, forming a wedge with the point -cut off. This wedge-shaped band is charged with two -longitudinal, more or less distinct, dark brown irregularly-tapering -lines, running throughout its whole -length and converging towards each other but not -touching.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[ 274 ]</a></span></p> - -<p>In the <i>Mentone Spider</i> there are three orange-yellow-brown -well-defined bars or longitudinal lines between -the ocular area and the thoracic fovea; the central -bar tapers and reaches from the eyes to the fovea, the -lateral ones never more than two-thirds of the distance -from it to the eyes, diverging a little from the central -bar as they run forwards. These two lateral bars are -not straight, <i>i.e.</i>, their margins are more or less -notched or roughly angular, forming in some examples -a line of a somewhat zigzag or bent character. It may -perhaps be observed that when the two dark brown -lines which run along the broad orange-yellow-brown -band on the caput of the Montpellier spider, are well -marked, this also leaves three longitudinal yellow -lines, somewhat similar to those just described in the -Mentone species, but there is this difference even then -(and it is constant throughout a long series of examples), -the lateral lines in the Montpellier spider -<i>always run through to the eyes</i>, equalling in length the -central line, while in the Mentone spider the <i>lateral -bars never reach the eyes</i>, always stopping short of the -ocular area, by one-half, or nearly so, of their length.</p> - -<p>Another distinction which appears constant is the -form of the thoracic fovea; in the Montpellier species -this forms a slight but uniform curve; in the Mentone -spider it is more sharply bent at the apex (or -centre of the curve), forming in most examples a -bluntish-angular line.</p> - -<p>In the eyes there appears to be but little reliable -difference; if there be any at all constant, it seems to -be that in the present (Mentone) species the fore-laterals -are constantly smaller than the hind-laterals, -and sometimes smaller than the fore-centrals. A close -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[ 275 ]</a></span> -examination, however, of the relative size and position -of the eyes in a series of examples, lowers one's estimation -of the <i>absolute</i> value of this character in the -determination of the species of <i>Nemesia</i>; still it is a -specific character not by any means to be overlooked, -though to be used guardedly, and often with great -reservation.</p> - -<p>In regard to other characters and general description -there seems but little to add to the description given -(l.c. <i>supra</i>), except that the labium has no denticulations -at its apex and the outer sides of the genual -joints of the third pair of legs are generally without -spines. Occasionally (in one example out of sixteen) -there is a single spine on this joint, of either the right -or left leg. In this character, however (differing from -several others described below), the Montpellier spider -agrees with that from Mentone.</p> - -<p>In both spiders, the fangs of the falces are (in some -instances at least) denticulated. Also in regard to the -relative lengths of the legs, like those of the Montpellier -spider, the second and third pairs of the -Mentone species are not constant in their relative -proportions, though the differences either way are -very slight, and there is often no difference whatever.</p> - -<p>The nest and habits of the two species appear to be -nearly, if not quite, similar.</p> - -<p>In naming the present species (at the suggestion of -M. Eugène Simon) the writer of these descriptions -gladly testifies to his appreciation of the great value -attaching to Mr. Traherne Moggridge's investigations -of the habits of the closely-allied species of this very -difficult, though most interesting group of spiders.</p> - -<p>M. Eugène Simon (<i>Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.</i> 1873, Bull, c.), -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[ 276 ]</a></span> -perceiving the difference between the present species -and the one known to himself as <i>N. cæmentaria</i>, Latr., -concludes it to be identical with <i>N. meridionalis</i>, Sim. -Examples, however, of this latter, from M. Simon's -cabinet, show that they are very distinct.</p> - -<p>On <i>N. meridionalis</i>, Sim., see p. 289; and on -<i>N. cæmentaria</i>, Sim., p. 280, M. Simon has, I understand, -subsequently admitted the error of his conclusion, -published l.c. <i>supra</i>.</p> - -<p class="pmb2"><i>Habitat.</i> San Remo, Mentone, Cannes, Hyères, and -Marseilles.</p> - - -<p><span class="smcap">Nemesia incerta</span>, sp. n., <a href="#Plate_XIX">Plate XIX</a>, fig. D, p. 229.</p> - -<p>Adult male, length slightly above 4<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> lines.</p> - -<p><i>Cephalothorax</i> oval, truncate at each end; moderately -convex above, the profile line forming a pretty -even, sloping, curved line, but flattish in the middle -near the thoracic fovea, which is of a strongly curved -form; the other normal indentations are not strong, -though fairly defined; the colour of the cephalothorax -is yellow-brown, palish and clothed with -yellowish-grey adpressed hairs on the margins, and inclining -to orange on the caput. The clypeus is -somewhat steep, about equal to half the height of -the facial space, and the sides of the caput are -dark blackish-brown, leaving a longitudinal, central -reddish orange-brown band tapering to the thoracic -fovea.</p> - -<p>The upper and hinder part of the thorax is -strongly suffused with brown, leaving broad but -irregular pale lateral margins; there is a group of -strong bristles directed forwards from the margin -of the clypeus, and two or three more in the median -line behind the ocular area.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[ 277 ]</a></span></p> - -<p>The <i>eyes</i> are on a strongish oblong dark brown -transverse tubercular eminence; the fore-laterals are -rather smaller than the hind-laterals, and the fore-centrals -are larger than the hind-centrals, the latter -being much the smallest of the eight; the interval -between those of each lateral pair is about equal to, -or slightly larger than, the diameter of one of the -fore-central eyes; the intervals between the four eyes -of the front row are equal, each interval being equal -to the diameter of one of the fore-centrals; and each -hind-central eye is separated from the fore-central -nearest to it by as nearly as possible a similar distance, -and from the hind-lateral on its side by a very small -but distinct interval.</p> - -<p>The <i>legs</i> are rather long, strong, of a brownish-yellow -colour, suffused with blackish-brown on the -upper sides of the femora, and furnished with hairs, -bristles, and spines. Those of the hinder (fourth) pair -were wanting, the relative lengths of the others being -1, 2, 3; 2 and 3 being very nearly equal. The spines -are not numerous, being disposed mostly on the tibiæ -and metatarsi of the third pair; some, however, had -been evidently broken off; all the tarsi were without -spines; each tarsus ends with three claws, the superior -pair with several—6-8?—teeth on their under -sides.</p> - -<p>The tibial joint of each of the first pair is short, no -longer than the genual joint, but it is strong and -enlarged gradually beneath to its fore extremity, -where it ends in a strong, sharp-pointed, tapering -red-brown curved spine, directed downwards, forwards, -and inwards. Each tarsus of the first and second pairs -is pretty thickly fringed just below on each side along -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[ 278 ]</a></span> -its whole length, with short strongish hairs of an -even length.</p> - -<p>On the outer side of the genual joint of the third -pair (left leg) are three spines in a longitudinal row; -the other leg of this pair was wanting.</p> - -<p>The <i>palpi</i> are moderately long, and similar in colour -and general armature to the legs; the radial joint is -strong, a little tapering forwards, and somewhat curved -underneath towards its hinder part; its length is about -double that of the digital joint, and from its fore -extremity on the upper side, three strong, somewhat -sessile, spines of equal length, and directed forwards -issue, in a straight transverse line.</p> - -<p>The palpal organs consist of a roundish corneous -bulb drawn out into a longish, tapering, curved, -sharp-pointed spine, the point being very fine, gradual, -and directed outwards.</p> - -<p>The <i>falces</i> are strong, prominent, of a deep red-brown -colour, furnished above with dull greyish-yellow -hairs mixed with dark bristles, and disposed in longitudinal -stripes; and near the upper extremity on the -inner side are four strongish spines.</p> - -<p>The <i>maxillæ</i> are strong, divergent, cylindrical, with -a small angular prominence at their inner extremity; -they are furnished with hairs, but no denticulations, -and there is a strong fringe of reddish hairs on -their inner margins. The maxillæ are of the same -colour as the palpi.</p> - -<p>The <i>labium</i> is short and broad; its breadth double -its height and its apex rounded. Its junction with -the <i>sternum</i> appeared to be about at right angles. It is -darker in colour than the maxillæ, but with a paler apex; -its surface is furnished with bristly hairs, but there -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[ 279 ]</a></span> -are no denticulations at its apex. <i>Sternum</i> oval, -truncate before, pointed behind, furnished with -bristly hairs, and of the same colour as the legs.</p> - -<p>The <i>abdomen</i> is of an oblong-oval form, truncate -before, and tolerably convex above; it is of a pale -dull yellowish colour clothed with yellow-grey hairs, -among which are a good many prominent dark -bristly ones; the fore part of the upper side is irregularly -marked with black-brown; following this towards -the hinder part, and reaching half way or more to the -spinners, is an indistinct longitudinal central line of -the same colour, throwing off numerous short lateral -lines at right angles; towards either side of the hinder -two-thirds of the abdomen are several oblique black-brown -lines extending more or less over the sides; -one, about the middle, extends farther over the sides -than the rest, and almost unites with a curved deep -black-brown transverse line crossing the under side of -the abdomen a little way in front of the spinners.</p> - -<p>The under side of the abdomen is similar in colour -to the upper side, and, besides the transverse dark -line above mentioned, there is another touching the -anterior margins of the posterior spiracular plates; -the superior pair of spinners are short and strong; -the inferior pair small, and in the ordinary position, -but apparently not (proportionally) so small as -in the females of some other species.</p> - -<p>A single adult male was received for examination -from M. Eugène Simon, by whom it was found at Digne -(Basses Alpes, France). M. Simon conjectures that it -may be the male of <i>Nemesia Moggridgii</i> (p. 273), -but some slight differences in the size and positions of -the eyes, and in the pattern on the cephalothorax, and -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[ 280 ]</a></span> -on the under, as well as the upper, side of the abdomen, -lead me to believe that it is of a different, and hitherto -undescribed species, though probably very closely -allied to some others, especially to <i>Nemesia Manderstjernæ</i> -(<i>N. meridionalis</i>, Cambr., described, p. 283); in -the present species however the hind-lateral eyes are -much larger in proportion than in <i>N. Manderstjernæ</i>.</p> - -<p class="pmb2"><i>Habitat.</i> Digne, Basses Alpes, France.</p> - - -<p><span class="smcap">Nemesia dubia</span>, sp. n., <a href="#Plate_XIX">Plate XIX</a>, fig. E, p. 229.</p> - -<p>Syn. <i>Nemesia cæmentaria</i>, Simon, <i>Aranéides nouv. -ou peu connus du Midi de l'Europe</i>, Mém. Liège, -1873 (separate copy), p. 24.</p> - -<p>Adult male, length 5<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> lines to 6 lines.</p> - -<p>M. Eugène Simon (l.c.) describes, as <i>N. cæmentaria</i>, -Latr., both sexes of a spider found by himself in -the Pyrenees and Spanish mountain regions.</p> - -<p>Languedoc and Provence are also given as localities, -but it is not clear that he has himself found it in these -latter parts, certainly not the male.</p> - -<p>Two examples of this sex, found in the Pyrenees, -and received from M. Simon, are now before me; these -correspond, so far, very exactly to the description he -gives (l.c.); the female I have not seen.</p> - -<p>If the position assumed (p. 271) on Latreille's -own authority, that the true male of <i>N. cæmentaria</i>, -Latr., (<i>N. carminans</i>, Latr.), has a bifid point to the -prolongation of the palpal bulb, it is clear that the -present species is distinct from that of Latreille.</p> - -<p>M. Simon describes this palpal bulb as having its -extreme point "simple et plus effilée" (<i>i.e.</i> more -slender than in the preceding species he has described -<i>N. meridionalis</i>). That the examples now before me, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[ 281 ]</a></span> -agreeing exactly with this description, are not the males -of the species above described by myself as <i>N. cæmentaria</i>, -Latr., from numerous females found at Montpellier, -appears to me clear, not only because I assume that -of the true <i>N. cæmentaria</i>, Latr., males will be found to -have the point of the palpal bulb bifid, but because the -position of the eyes is markedly different in M. -Simon's Pyrenean males and the Montpellier females. -In the latter the eyes of the front row are separated -from each other by equal intervals, in the former -the interval between those of the central pair is very -perceptibly greater than that between each and the -lateral of the same row nearest to it. The interval -also between each of the fore-central eyes and the -hind-central on its side is proportionally much less.</p> - -<p>It appears therefore necessary to characterize <i>N. -cæmentaria</i> (Sim. l.c.) by some other name, for if -eventually it should be found that Latreille has erred in -<i>N. carminans</i> (with the <i>bifid point</i> to the palpal bulb) -being the male of his <i>N. cæmentaria</i>, and that the -Montpellier species has a male with a <i>simple point</i> -to this part, even then the present spider cannot retain -its name (<i>cæmentaria</i>), being distinct from the -females found at Montpellier.</p> - -<p>It is possible, of course, that the present species -may hereafter be found, perhaps abundantly, at Montpellier; -in that case it will have to be decided which -of the two is most likely to be the species described -by Latreille. In that eventuality it seems to me -that the spider, above described from Montpellier, -would be more probably Latreille's species, for one -of its specific characters is a tolerably distinct and -bold series of, not more than, five dark angular bars -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[ 282 ]</a></span> -along the middle of the upper side of the abdomen, -agreeing exactly with Dugès' figures in the <i>Règne -Animal</i> of Cuvier, quoted above (p. 271); while in -M. Simon's Pyrenean spider, the abdominal pattern -of the female described by him, does not agree with -this: "il est orné d'une fine ligne noire longitudinale, -un peu ondulée, présentant de nombreuses ramifications, -s'étendant sur les parties latérales" (l.c. -p. 26). The males before me accord with this description, -though (as M. Simon also remarks) the "série -de fins accents bruns transverses" is "peu visibles et -souvent effacés" (l.c., p. 25); in one example this -pattern is fairly distinct, in the other it is scarcely -recognisable.</p> - -<p>The present is a larger spider than <i>N. incerta</i> (the -male found by M. Simon at Digne); it is also less -distinctly marked both on the cephalothorax and -abdomen. The position of the eyes is different, and -so also is the palpal bulb; in that species the spine -describes a simple curve with a strong outward direction; -in the present it is slightly but perceptibly -<i>sinuous</i>, and its general direction is <i>parallel to the -radial joint of the palpus</i>; the spines also at the -upper fore extremity of the radial joint are 5-6 in -number instead of three. The outer side of the genual -joint of each of the legs of the third pair has three -spines; that on the left side, however, of one example, -has four. The palpal bulb also appears to be proportionally -smaller than that of <i>N. dubia</i>, or of <i>N. Manderstjernæ</i>, -Auss. (<i>N. meridionalis</i>, Cambr.)</p> - -<p>Another difference may here be noted between the -present species and the Montpellier <i>cæmentaria</i>. M. -Simon (<i>in lit.</i>) separates his <i>N. cæmentaria</i> from all -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[ 283 ]</a></span> -others by the length of the patella and tibia (genual -and tibial joints) of the fourth pair of legs, exceeding -in length that of the cephalothorax and falces.</p> - -<p>This character has not been found to exist in -several females of the Montpellier species, minutely -measured by Mr. Moggridge; in them the length of -the cephalothorax and falces were found to exceed -that of the genual and tibial joints of the fourth pair -of legs, by from 1<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> to 2 mm.</p> - -<p>In regard to the relative length of the legs of the -present species this was 4, 1, 2, 3 in the one example -examined, and 4, 1, 2-3 in the other, both being -males.</p> - -<p>It is a matter of regret that nothing, as yet, has -been accurately observed in regard to the particular -type or form of the nest of <i>N. dubia</i>.</p> - -<p class="pmb2"><i>Habitat.</i> Pyrenees and Spanish mountain regions.</p> - - -<p><span class="smcap">Nemesia Manderstjernæ</span>, <a href="#Plate_XX">Plate XX</a>, fig. B, C, -p. 254.</p> - -<p>Syn. <i>Nemesia Manderstjernæ</i>, Auss. ♂, <i>Beitr. zur -Kenntn. der Arachn. Fam. der Territelariæ</i>, p. 54.</p> - -<p><i>Nemesia meridionalis</i>, Cambr. (female), <i>Harvesting -Ants and Trap-door Spiders</i>, by J. T. Moggridge, -p. 101. Plates <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/64654/64654-h/64654-h.htm#Plate_IX">IX.</a> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/64654/64654-h/64654-h.htm#Plate_X">X.</a> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/64654/64654-h/64654-h.htm#Plate_XI">XI.</a></p> - -<p>Adult male, length 6<sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub> to 7<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> lines.</p> - -<p>Since the publication of the description of <i>N. -meridionalis</i>, Cambr. (♀ l.c. <i>supra</i>), I have had an -opportunity of examining an adult example of each -sex of a <i>Nemesia</i>, described about the same time by -M. Eugène Simon as <i>N. meridionalis</i>, Costa, in <i>Aranéides -nouv. ou peu connus du Midi de l'Europe</i>, p. 21 -(separate copy). The species described by M. Simon -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[ 284 ]</a></span> -was found by himself abundantly in Corsica. He also -gives Italy and Provence as localities, but the former -of these two is, I conclude, given as being <i>Costa's</i> -locality for the spider described by this latter author -in <i>Fauna d. Regn. Napl. Arachn.</i>, p. 14; the other -locality (Provence) would seem to have been doubtfully -given. On careful examination of the Corsican -examples (male and female), and on comparing them -with the male and female of <i>N. meridionalis</i>, Cambr., -as well as the description and figure given by Costa, I -feel no doubt but that M. Simon is right in according -to the Corsican species M. Costa's name—<i>meridionalis</i>. -It agrees, I think, decidedly better, on the whole, -with Costa's figure and description than the species -to which (l.c.) I had allotted the specific name <i>meridionalis</i> -conferred by that author. Nor had I any -hesitation in accepting the determination made by -M. Simon, in <i>Bull. Ent. Soc. Fr.</i>, 1873, sér. v. tom. -3, c.; that my <i>N. meridionalis</i> ♀ is the female of -<i>N. Manderstjernæ</i>, Auss., the more especially as -since the publication of my description I have -received from the same locality (Mentone) not -only the male of the spider described by myself -(l.c.), but also the type of M. Ausserer's description -of <i>N. Manderstjernæ</i> (found at Nice), and -believe these to be identical in species. There is, -indeed, a difference in the, apparent, relative positions -and colour of the eyes of the two spiders, but no more -than may be well accounted for by the condition of -M. Ausserer's type (most kindly lent to me for examination -by its owner, Dr. Ludwig Koch); this -example is much shrunken, having the appearance of -having been allowed to get dry and then to have been -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[ 285 ]</a></span> -again immersed in spirit. This would (I have -frequently found it so in other spiders) cause even -the hard integument of the cephalothorax to contract, -and so cause the eyes to shrink up together into a -closer group, as well as to sink down into the cuticle, -making some of them appear smaller than they -really are. Alternate drying and wetting again in -spirit would also account for the yellowish brown -colour of the eyes, whereas in the male of the Mentone -spider the eyes of the hinder row are pearly grey, and -of the front row dark grey. Beyond these differences -I can find no distinction between them.</p> - -<p>The male of the present species is very nearly -allied to both <i>N. incerta</i> (p. 276) from the Pyrenees, -and <i>N. dubia</i> (p. 280) from Digne, of both of which, -as remarked (l.c.), the male sex alone is known to -me; it is, however, larger than either, more richly -coloured, and more distinctly marked. In all three -species the elongated portion of the palpal bulb has a -simple point, but in the present spider it is not drawn -out so finely and gradually: some portion of its -extremity being, though very fine yet really, cylindrical, -and not tapering off into a hair-like termination; -the general direction of the palpal bulb is parallel -with the radial joint, but the point which is equally -curved is directed outwards and a little downwards; -the radial joint has four spines at the fore extremity -on the upper side (in one of the examples there were -however seven on the radial joint of the right palpus), -and the genual joint of each leg of the third pair, in -both examples from Mentone as well as in M. Ausserer's -example from Nice, has three spines on its outer -side. This character was not remarked upon in the description -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[ 286 ]</a></span> -of <i>N. meridionalis</i> ♀ (Cambr. l.c.). It is not -invariable in a long series of female examples; occasionally -one is found with four spines on one of these -genual joints, in others there is occasionally but one -spine and sometimes (but rarely) none; perhaps in this -case broken off? I am inclined to attach some importance -as a specific character to the number, presence, -or absence of these spines on the outer side of the -genual joint of the third pair of legs; not that it is an -invariable character, few, if any, specific characters are -absolute and invariable, nor that it is of more importance -than the armature of other portions of the different -legs, but as being more easily observed and -less liable to injury than the larger and more numerous -spines on other parts. Equally useful in -specific determination are the spines at the fore-extremity -on the upper side of the radial joint of the -palpus. This, however, applies only to the male, -whereas the character derived from the spines on -the genual joints of the third pair of legs applies to -both sexes.</p> - -<p>Another character by which the present species -(♀) may be distinguished from <i>N. dubia</i> (<i>N. cæmentaria</i>, -Sim.) is that the former is rather narrower -at the fore-extremity of the caput, which is also less -elevated, being almost equally level with the thorax.</p> - -<p>The description of the female given (l.c. <i>supra</i>) -needs but little addition. It may be noticed, however, -that the central longitudinal tapering orange -band on the caput is faintly continued to the extreme -hinder margin of the thorax, and the thoracic fovea is -rather sharply curved. The intervals between the -eyes is the same as in those of <i>N. Moggridgii</i>, though -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[ 287 ]</a></span> -their absolute size in some examples appeared to be -smaller. In both sexes there are several small, black, -tooth-like, tubercular spines on the inner side of the -base of each maxilla, but none at the apex of the -labium.</p> - -<p>The colour of the <i>cephalothorax</i> in the male is -bright-reddish orange-yellow; a large portion of the -sides of the caput, and the ocular area also, is black-brown; -the middle of the thorax is distinctly marked -with black-brown lines radiating to the thoracic -fovea.</p> - -<p>Other, less deep, brown markings are mixed with -these radiating lines; there are a few prominent -bristles in front of the ocular area, a single longitudinal -line of erect bristles along the middle of the -orange band from the eyes to the thoracic fovea, -and the whole cephalothorax is more or less clothed -with greyish-yellow adpressed hairs.</p> - -<p>The <i>falces</i> are of a deep blackish red-brown colour, -longitudinally striped with yellow-greyish hairs mixed -with dark bristles; and there are some strong spines -at the fore extremity on the inner side.</p> - -<p>The <i>abdomen</i> is oval, tolerably convex above, of a -dull, pale, straw colour, suffused with brown at its -fore extremity, whence an indistinct central longitudinal -band tapers to a point rather more than half -way to the spinners; on either side of this band -are some oblique, lateral, brown lines, which become -broken chevrons, between the termination of the -central band and the spinners. The sides are -obscurely and irregularly marked with brown, and -the under side is of a uniform dull straw-yellow; the -abdomen is clothed thickly with mixed yellow-grey -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[ 288 ]</a></span> -and dark hairs; the upper side is furnished also with -strong, nearly erect bristly black ones.</p> - -<p>Each <i>tarsus</i> terminates with three claws; those of -the superior pair are pectinated beneath, but the -number of teeth appears to vary in the different legs, -from six to eight. The tibial joint of the first pair -is of the same character as that in the males of other -species: it has a strong black curved spine directed -inwards from the fore extremity of the under side, -and a short bluntish-conical, but very distinct prominence -at the same extremity on the inner side, not -far from the base of the curved spine, <a href="#Plate_XX">Plate XX</a>, -fig. B 4 and C; the colour of the legs is yellow, -tinged with orange, the upper sides of the femora -being nearly black; the palpi are similar in colour, -the upper side of the humeral joints being suffused -with a blackish hue.</p> - -<p>The relative length of the legs is not constant; in -one example it was 4, 3, 1, 2, in the other 4, 1, 2, 3, -2 and 3 being very nearly equal. Similar variations -are also found in the legs of the female.</p> - -<p>In regard to the nest of this species, researches made -subsequently to the publication of <i>Harvesting Ants and -Trap-door Spiders</i> have proved it to be of rather a -different form from that there represented; thus in -the main tube, just before the inner door is reached, -there is a descending branch running off from the -main tube at the same angle as the ascending branch, -but in an opposite direction; in the older and larger -nests the descending branch becomes choked with -débris; it is more distinct in the nests of the younger -spiders, and is always more or less distinctly traceable.</p> - -<p><i>N.B.</i>—In the above details there have been only -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[ 289 ]</a></span> -one or two special distinctions observed between the -two male examples examined. It should however be -noted that in one (the one captured behind a stone -wall) the ocular area was slightly narrower in proportion -to its length, and the interval between the eyes -of each lateral pair rather less.</p> - -<p class="pmb2"><i>Habitat.</i> San Remo, Bordighera, Mentone, Cannes, -and Hyères.</p> - - -<p><span class="smcap">Nemesia Meridionalis</span>, <a href="#Plate_XVII">Plate XVII</a>, fig. B, p. 215.</p> - -<p>Syn. <i>Nemesia meridionalis</i>, Costa, <i>Fauna d. Regn. -Napl. Arachn.</i>, p. 14, Pl. I, figs. 2, 3.</p> - -<p>---- —— Simon, <i>Aranéides nouv. ou peu connus du -Midi de l' Europe</i>, Mém. Liège, 1873 (separate copy), -p. 21.</p> - -<p>Adult male, length 6<sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub> lines (14 mm.), female adult, -length 10<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> lines (22 mm.).</p> - -<p>The examination of an adult example of each sex -of this spider received from M. Simon, by whom they -were found in Corsica, leads me to conclude that we -have here the true <i>N. meridionalis</i>, Costa, as certainly -at least as it is possible at present to identify the -species by the insufficient description and figures -given by this author.</p> - -<p>The <i>eyes</i> appear to be less closely massed together -than in <i>N. Manderstjernæ</i>, but in other respects no -particularly tangible difference is to be noted; the -interval however between the eyes of each lateral pair -is perhaps rather greater. Between the male and the -female of the present species there is a decided difference -in the relative position of the eyes. In the -female the fore-centrals are nearer together than each -is to the fore-lateral on its side, while in the male, the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[ 290 ]</a></span> -fore-centrals are wider apart than each is from its fore-lateral. -I have also noted a similar difference in -regard to <i>N. Manderstjernæ</i>. The fore-centrals are -also smaller in the female than in the male.</p> - -<p>The two species, although bearing such great general -similarity to each other, may be at once distinguished -by several very tangible differences. First in regard -to the <i>male</i>. The <i>cephalothorax</i> of <i>N. meridionalis</i> has -the whole caput of an almost uniform dark brown -colour, two slender yellow lines beginning, one a little -way behind each lateral pair of eyes, and converging -rather quickly towards each other, run on nearly -parallel, but in close proximity together to the -thoracic fovea. The centre of the thorax is -also dark brown, the brown portion formed by radiating -confluent patches, rather than by distinct lines as -in <i>Manderstjernæ</i>. The curve of the thoracic fovea is -sharp, in fact more in the form of a straight line with -the ends bent down.</p> - -<p>The <i>cephalothorax</i> is of nearly one uniform level -and convexity above; the caput being a little more -rounded than the thorax; the eye eminence seemed -to be rather higher than in <i>N. Manderstjernæ</i>, and -the <i>clypeus</i>, which is steepish, is impressed in the middle -and exceeds in height half that of the facial space; -on the lower margin of the <i>clypeus</i> is a transverse row -of several strong prominent bristles. There were no -bristles behind the eyes, and no appearance of any -having been broken off there (the female, however, -has a single longitudinal row on the caput). The -lateral and hinder margins of the cephalothorax, however, -are, in the male (but not in the female) clothed -with black bristles and bristly hairs.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[ 291 ]</a></span></p> - -<p>The <i>palpi</i> are longer than in <i>Manderstjernæ</i>. The -radial joints have, at the upper fore extremity of each, -five spines, <i>three</i> in front in a transverse line, and <i>two</i> -immediately behind them. The palpal bulb is more -globular, and the spiny production, which is not very -long, springs from it more suddenly, and is <i>strongly -sinuous</i>, its sharp tapering point directed outwards. -The strong sinuosity of this part distinguishes it at -once both from <i>N. Manderstjernæ</i> and all other known -European males with a simple point to the palpal -organs.</p> - -<p>The <i>legs</i> are longish and strong; their relative -length 4-1, 3, 2 (male); 4-1, 2, 3 (female); they are -furnished with hairs, bristles, and spines. These do -not appear to call for special notice, except that each -genual joint of those of the third pair has two spines -on its outer side in both sexes.</p> - -<p>The superior tarsal claws are denticulated, but the -denticulations differ in number and strength, not only -in the two sexes and in the different legs, but in some -instances in the two superior claws of the same leg. -The denticulations seemed to be more numerous in -the female than in the male.</p> - -<p>The <i>abdomen</i> is elongate oval, and of a straw yellow -colour. In the <i>male</i> the fore part of the upper side -is irregularly black brown, followed by an irregular -somewhat broken longitudinal central bar, and some -broken oblique lines and portions of chevrons. In the -<i>female</i> the fore part is less densely blackish, the -central longitudinal line is obscure, but the oblique -lateral lines are more distinct and less broken, but -none are quite united so as to form chevrons, though -the two or three nearest to the spinners almost do so.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[ 292 ]</a></span></p> - -<p>The upper side is furnished with numerous strong -nearly erect black bristles.</p> - -<p>The <i>labium</i> has a row, of bristles only, at its apex.</p> - -<p>The markings of the cephalothorax in the female -are very nearly like those of that sex in <i>N. Manderstjernæ</i>; -the tapering orange yellow band, however, -behind the eyes appears to be rather bolder, as in -that species this band also is faintly traceable quite -to the hinder thoracic margin. The inner corner of -the base of the maxillæ, in both sexes, has several -minute tooth-like black spines.</p> - -<p>The form of the cephalothorax in the female differs -from that of the male; in the latter sex (male) it is -narrower before and rather rounded behind; in the -former sex (female) it is broadest before and more -distinctly hollow-truncate behind; the caput is also -rounder and more elevated. In the female the tarsi -and metatarsi of the two first pairs of legs have close -set brush-like hairs beneath; these are wanting in the -two hinder pairs, and also almost entirely wanting -on the two first pairs in the male.</p> - -<p>Various other characters, both peculiar and differential, -are noted in regard to this species by M. -Simon (l.c.). It is to be regretted that this painstaking -observer did not note more exactly the form -and type of its nest; from his description of it, however, -it appears to be branched, but whether the door -is of the wafer or cork type, or whether it has an inner -door or not, is not mentioned.</p> - -<p class="pmb2"><i>Habitat.</i> Corsica.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[ 293 ]</a></span></p> - - -<p><span class="smcap">Nemesia Congener</span>, sp. n., <a href="#Plate_XVIII">Plate XVIII</a>, fig. A, -p. 225.</p> - -<p>Adult female, length 9 lines (19 mm.).</p> - -<p>In general appearance, colours, and markings this -spider bears great resemblance to <i>N. cæmentaria</i>. -The eyes, however, appeared to be smaller, and the -hind-centrals also smaller in proportion to the rest. -The pale margins of the cephalothorax are in the -present species generally confined to some rather indistinct -pale patches.</p> - -<p>The central orange band from the eyes to the -thoracic fovea is, especially in immature examples, -often only a simple tapering line; in others it is larger, -and often composed of three converging narrow orange -bands, which form, in some examples, a broad central -tapering band, marked with two longitudinal dark -lines. The thoracic fovea is curved, but not sharply.</p> - -<p>The <i>abdomen</i> is broadish oval, of a dull clay colour, -marked with dark brown lines, and markings on the -sides and upper side. In some examples these form a -longitudinal central series of curved or slightly angular -lines; in others but little trace of regular chevrons -can be seen.</p> - -<p>In the present spider there is also a longitudinal -pale yellowish patch on the inner upper margin of the -falces near their base; they are furnished with hairs in -longitudinal bands, and spines, like others of the genus.</p> - -<p>The <i>legs</i> are moderately long, strong, and furnished -with hairs and bristles, and, sparingly, with spines. -The genual joints of the third pair have some spines -on the outer side, varying from one to three in different -examples. The tarsi and metatarsi of the first -and second pairs, as well as the radial and digital -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[ 294 ]</a></span> -joints of the palpi, have strong lateral brush-like -fringes of close-set sooty black hairs. The superior -pair of tarsal claws are denticulated, but not uniformly -either in strength, number, or position.</p> - -<p>No doubt this will prove a very troublesome spider -to distinguish with certainty from <i>N. cæmentaria</i>, but -the almost constant presence of a spine or spines on -the outer face of the genual joint of the third pair of -legs seems to be a good distinguishing character; in -no one example out of nine carefully examined could -I detect their absence altogether, while a single spine -even on <i>N. cæmentaria</i> is rare.</p> - -<p>In the present species five examples had three spines -on each of these joints; two had two spines on each; -one had a single spine on each; another had one on -one side, two on the other.</p> - -<p>The nest, however, is very characteristic and -peculiar. It is of the wafer-lid type, and so cannot, -from even the outside, be mistaken for that of <i>N. -cæmentaria</i>, which is of the cork-lid type; it is, moreover, -branched below, while that of <i>N. cæmentaria</i> is -a single unbranched tube. It has also an inside door, -or valve, of very remarkable construction, having two -perfect cork-like faces, securely shutting off either the -branch, or the main tube just above the branch, at -pleasure. By this latter character it is distinguished -also from the tube of <i>N. Manderstjernæ</i>, as well as by -the absence of a second short branch or cavity, lately -discovered in the nest of this last spider. Examples of -this spider were found, not unfrequently, but invariably -in such nests as that above described, at Hyères.</p> - -<p>The female sex only has yet been met with.</p> - -<p class="pmb2"><i>Habitat.</i> Hyères.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[ 295 ]</a></span></p> - - -<p><span class="smcap">Nemesia Suffusa</span>, sp. n., <a href="#Plate_XVII">Plate XVII</a>, fig. A, -p. 215.</p> - -<p>Immature female, length 7<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> lines (15<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> mm.).</p> - -<p>Although no example was quite adult, this species -may readily be distinguished from all others yet -known to me, by its more elongated form, particularly -the cylindrico-ovate form of the abdomen.</p> - -<p>The <i>cephalothorax</i> is oval, broadest towards its posterior -extremity, where it is rounded, the fore-margin -being truncated; the caput is well rounded and convex, -and the thorax perhaps more so than in other species, so -that when looked at in profile there is a considerable -dip or hollow at the thoracic fovea; this fovea forms -a slight curve. Except that the lateral margins are -rather broadly pale towards the hinder part (though -the pale portion is ill-defined), the whole of the cephalothorax -is of a uniform dull yellowish-brown colour; -the extreme lateral margin is marked by a black line, -and in one or two examples there was an indistinct -yellowish central longitudinal line from the eyes to -the thoracic junction, having a single row of prominent -bristles upon it. The whole surface of the -cephalothorax is fairly clothed with dusky yellowish-grey -adpressed hairs: the ordinary grooves and indentations -are well marked.</p> - -<p>The <i>eyes</i> are on the usual eye eminence, which is -perhaps rather more elevated than ordinary, and its -summit black; their position is ordinary. It may, -however, be noticed that the fore-centrals are placed -more forward than in most of the other known -species; the fore-centrals are about <i>equally</i> separated -from each other, and from the fore-laterals nearest to -each respectively; they are also separated from the hind-central -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[ 296 ]</a></span> -nearest to each, by an interval not differing -much from that between each other; the hind-centrals -are distinctly oval, or rather somewhat semilunar in -form, smallest of the eight (except in one example, -when they were almost, if not quite, as large as the -fore-centrals), and at their hindermost point very near, -but not quite contiguous, to the hind-laterals. The -eyes of each lateral pair (of which the hinder is very -nearly equal in size to the fore one), are very near, but not -quite contiguous, to each other; the interval between -them is narrower than that between the corresponding -eyes in almost any other yet described species.</p> - -<p>The <i>legs</i> are neither long nor very strong; their -relative length is 4, 1, 2, 3, though between 2 and 3 -there is in different examples the same variation -observed in other species; sometimes they are equal, -and sometimes one, and then the other, very slightly -the longest: their colour is pale yellowish, and they -are furnished with hairs, bristles, and spines, but the -latter are not numerous, and appeared to be both -longer and slenderer than usual; the genual joints of -the third pair have spines, from one to three on the -outer side, for the most part, three; the superior tarsal -claws are pectinated (but not uniformly on all the -legs) beneath their hinder portion.</p> - -<p>The <i>falces</i> are strong, and similar in colour to the -cephalothorax, but they do not appear to call for any -special remark.</p> - -<p>The <i>maxillæ</i> have a few minute tuberculiform black -teeth at their base on the inner side, and, with the -<i>labium</i> (which has no hairs at its apex) and <i>sternum</i>, -are similar in colour to the legs.</p> - -<p>The <i>abdomen</i> is of an elongated, or cylindrico-ovate -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[ 297 ]</a></span> -form, of a dull drab-yellowish colour, with a central, -longitudinal, irregular, rather chocolate-brown bar on -its upper side, and 6 to 7 well-defined lateral oblique -slightly curved lines of the same colour and touching -the central line; between these lines are some other -irregular, but similarly coloured, markings.</p> - -<p>The sides are almost immaculate, and the underside -quite so; the spinners are ordinary.</p> - -<p>About 10 examples (all immature) were found at -Montpellier in branched tubes closed at the entrance -with a wafer-lid. The branch arises some way below -the entrance and runs up to the surface at an acute -angle with the main tube; there is no lower door, -and thus this tube forms the type of a new form of -nest, being branched, with a wafer-lid, but without a -lower door.</p> - -<p>This species cannot be confused with <i>N. cæmentaria</i>, -which is found abundantly in the same locality; -both the general form, colours, markings, and nest -readily distinguish it from that species.</p> - -<p class="pmb2"><i>Habitat.</i> Montpellier.</p> - - -<p><span class="smcap">Nemesia Simoni</span>, sp. n., <a href="#Plate_XVI">Plate XVI</a>, fig. A, -p. 211.</p> - -<p>Adult female, length rather more than 9<sup>1</sup>/<sub>4</sub> lines -(20 mm.).</p> - -<p>This spider is of a proportionally broader and -stouter form than others of the genus <i>Nemesia</i>, and -the cephalothorax (which is entirely glabrous and -destitute of adpressed hairs) has the caput more -rounded and elevated than in any other species of -<i>Nemesia</i> known to me, approaching <i>Cteniza</i> in these -respects.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[ 298 ]</a></span></p> - -<p>The <i>cephalothorax</i> is oval, truncate, and about -equally broad at each end; the ordinary grooves -and indentations are strong; besides the groove -which indicates its union with the thorax, the caput -has an indented or pinched-in appearance towards its -hinder part on each side. Except that this was -present in all the examples examined (ten) it might -have been taken to be accidental.</p> - -<p>The colour of the cephalothorax is dark brown -tinged with yellow, darkest on the sides of the caput, -which is divided longitudinally by a narrow, dull, -orange-yellow line, and lightest on the margins -towards the hinder part; the thoracic fovea is curved, -but more deeply indented and the indentation is wider -at each end than in other species, the ends being a -little turned back: there is a single longitudinal row -of long erect bristles along the central line of the -caput, and a few more on the lower margin of the -clypeus.</p> - -<p>The <i>eyes</i> form a narrower oblong area than usual, -owing chiefly to their small size and to those of each -lateral pair being almost contiguous to each other, -separated only by an interval equal to that which -divides each hind-lateral from the hind-central nearest -to it. The hind-centrals are smallest of the eight, -and vary in form, being round, semilunar, or roughly -wedge-shaped, differing at times in the same example. -The eye eminence is less elevated than in -most species, and this brings the fore-centrals nearer -to the straight line of the fore-laterals; these last are -the largest of the eight. The height of the clypeus -exceeds half that of the facial space.</p> - -<p>The <i>legs</i> are short and strong; their relative length -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[ 299 ]</a></span> -4, 1, 3, 2, or 4, 1, 2, 3, or 4, 1, 2-3; they are of a -brownish yellow colour, deeper on their fore-sides, -furnished with hairs, bristles, and spines, the latter -not very numerous nor unusually strong; there are -no spines on the outer sides of the genual joints of the -third pair; the tarsal claws are longish and strong. -Those of the superior pair have but one, two, or three -pectinations on their underside; on some of the legs -I could not detect any. There seemed to be no more -uniformity in the tarsal-claw pectinations in this -species than in others. The tarsal and metatarsal -joints of the legs of the first pair have a fringe of -close-set short blackish hairs on either side, as also -have the digital joints of the palpi, these being similar -to the legs in colour and armature; the humeral joints -are very deep but narrow, being apparently bent and -hollowed on their inner sides to allow of meeting well -over the falces.</p> - -<p>The terminal palpal claw has two teeth towards its -base on the underside. I could not ascertain satisfactorily -whether this is or not a uniform character -in all examples; in one example these denticulations -were very plain, but they seemed to be wanting in -others.</p> - -<p>The <i>falces</i> are very strong and massive, round in -their profile, and very roundly prominent near their -base on the upper side. They are of a rich deep -black-brown colour, glossy, and furnished along their -inner margins with black bristles and hairs, and with -strong spines at their extremity on the upper side. -The fang is strong, and the outer margin of the -groove in which it lies when at rest has some strong -teeth.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[ 300 ]</a></span></p> - -<p>The <i>maxillæ</i> are strong, of normal form, but very -convex on their outer surface.</p> - -<p>The small tuberculous teeth noticed at the base on -the inner side of the maxillæ of all the other species I -have examined, were visible (though with difficulty) -in this species also.</p> - -<p>The <i>labium</i> is broader than it is high, convex on -its face, and rounded at the apex; it is (as also are -the <i>maxillæ</i> and <i>sternum</i>) of the same colour as the -legs, and clothed with numerous strong bristly hairs.</p> - -<p>The <i>abdomen</i> is short-oval, and strongly convex -above; it is of a dull clay-coloured brown tinged with -chocolate, and along the centre of its upper side is a -series of six strong angular bars or chevrons of a dark -chocolate-brown colour, and pretty distinctly defined, -though, when examined closely, broken in parts.</p> - -<p>The intervening spaces between the angular bars -and the sides have a few irregular markings of a -similar colour; and they are connected by a longitudinal -central line of the same hue running through -their apices.</p> - -<p>The abdomen is very sparingly clothed with hairs -and fine bristles; the superior pair of spinners are -strong; those of the inferior pair very small and -short.</p> - -<p>Examples of this fine and very distinct spider -were found at Bordeaux in simple unbranched tubes, -covered with a wafer-lid, running down very deep into -the earth, in some cases as much as fifteen inches into -an exceedingly hard soil, making it a work of great -labour and care to get them out without injury.</p> - -<p>This species can scarcely be confused with any -other yet known; its short robust form, short legs, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[ 301 ]</a></span> -more elevated caput, general dark colour, distinct angular -bars on the abdomen, and almost contiguous -lateral eyes, as well as the form of the nest, will -readily distinguish it.</p> - -<p>It is with great pleasure that I connect with this -spider the name of my most kind friend and brother -arachnologist, Monsieur Eugène Simon, to whom I -am so greatly indebted for much information and -numerous examples of rare spiders.</p> - -<p>I must not conclude these descriptions without -expressing my sense of obligation to Mr. Moggridge -for so kindly allowing me to add them to the far -more popular, and more interesting, portion of this -volume, in which the <i>habits</i> of these spiders are -recorded.</p> - -<p>Descriptions of <i>colour</i>, <i>form</i>, and <i>structure</i> are but -dry details, though very necessary for the determination -of species; and in the present case it is -very important as well as interesting to be able to -conclude with some certainty that differences of type -in the tubular nests of the spiders Mr. Moggridge -has observed so closely and accurately, are joined to -well-marked specific differences obtained from those -other characters above mentioned, and which it has -been my endeavour to detail as fully and faithfully as -possible.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[ 302 ]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="INDEX_TO_SUPPLEMENT" id="INDEX_TO_SUPPLEMENT">INDEX TO SUPPLEMENT.</a></h2> - - -<p class="caption3nb">PART I.—HARVESTING ANTS.</p> - -<p class="p0"> -<span class="smcap">Alyssocarpus</span>, seeds of, collected by ants, <a href="#Page_175">175</a><br /> -<span class="smcap">Amphisbæna</span>, found in nests of Lauba ants, <a href="#Page_177">177</a><br /> -<i>André</i> (M. Ernest), on number of species of ants found in Europe, <a href="#Page_160">160</a> (note)<br /> -<i>Arabia</i>, custom in, relative to ants, <a href="#Page_176">176</a><br /> -<span class="smcap">Atta</span>, species of, found in Europe, <a href="#Page_160">160</a> (note);<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>barbara</i>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">found in Palestine, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>megacephala</i>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>structor</i>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">experiment with, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">found harvesting at Cadenabbia, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<i>Cadenabbia</i>, harvesting ants at, <a href="#Page_159">159</a><br /> -<span class="smcap">Camponotus</span> <i>sylvatica</i>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a><br /> -<span class="smcap">Cicendela</span>, capturing ants, <a href="#Page_164">164</a><br /> -<span class="smcap">Coluocera</span> <i>attæ</i>, found in ants' nests, <a href="#Page_177">177</a><br /> -<i>Cricket</i> (<span class="smcap">Gryllus</span> <i>myrmecophilus</i>), found in ants' nests, <a href="#Page_178">178</a><br /> -<br /> -<i>England</i>, do ants harvest in, <a href="#Page_159">159</a> (note)<br /> -<br /> -<i>Formic acid</i>, experiments with, <a href="#Page_173">173</a><br /> -<span class="smcap">Formica</span> <i>erratica</i>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>nigra</i>, collecting violet seeds, <a href="#Page_159">159</a> (note)</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="smcap">Gryllus</span> <i>myrmecophilus</i>, found in ants' nests, <a href="#Page_178">178</a><br /> -<br /> -<i>Hindoos</i>, custom of scattering rice for ants, <a href="#Page_176">176</a><br /> -<br /> -<i>India</i>, observations in, <a href="#Page_175">175</a><br /> -<i>Insects</i> found in ants' nests, <a href="#Page_177">177</a><br /> -<br /> -<i>Jews</i>, laws treating of rights over ants' stores, <a href="#Page_165">165</a><br /> -<br /> -<i>King</i> (Dr.), observations in India, <a href="#Page_175">175</a><br /> -<br /> -<i>Lizards</i> capturing ants, <a href="#Page_162">162</a><br /> -<br /> -<i>Misna</i>, allusion to harvesting ants in, <a href="#Page_165">165</a><br /> -<i>Montpellier</i>, harvesting ants at, <a href="#Page_160">160</a><br /> -<br /> -<i>Nests</i>, quantity of seeds contained in, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /> -<br /> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[ 303 ]</a></span><i>Palestine</i>, harvesting ants in, <a href="#Page_165">165</a><br /> -<span class="smcap">Pheidole</span> <i>megacephala</i>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a><br /> -<span class="smcap">Pterocles</span> <i>exustus</i>, feeding on seeds collected by ants, <a href="#Page_175">175</a><br /> -<br /> -<i>Robin</i> eating ants, <a href="#Page_163">163</a> (note)<br /> -<br /> -<i>Seed-stores</i> of ants, Jewish laws about, <a href="#Page_165">165</a><br /> -<i>Seeds</i>, intervention of ants necessary to prevent germination of, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">non-germination of in granaries, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<i>Wakefield</i> (Mr.), on ants collecting violet seeds, <a href="#Page_159">159</a> (note)<br /> -</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb">PART II.—TRAP-DOOR SPIDERS.</p> - -<p class="p0"> -<i>Ants</i> form a large part of food of trap-door spiders, <a href="#Page_237">237</a><br /> -<span class="smcap">Atypus</span> <i>bleodonticus</i> (Sim.), <a href="#Page_183">183</a> (note);<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>piceus</i> (Sulzer), nests of, <a href="#Page_182">182-3</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">species of in England, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></span><br /> -<i>Australia</i>, nest of wafer type from, <a href="#Page_217">217</a><br /> -<br /> -<i>Bates</i> (Mr. H. W.), on the nest of <i>Theraphosa Blondii</i>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a><br /> -<i>Beetle</i> (<span class="smcap">Chrysomela</span> <i>Banksii</i>) rejected by trap-door spider, <a href="#Page_241">241</a><br /> -<i>Blackwall</i> (Mr. J.), on the poison of spiders, <a href="#Page_201">201</a><br /> -<i>Bordeaux</i>, new type of nest at, <a href="#Page_211">211</a><br /> -<i>Brown</i> (Mr. Joshua), discovery of <i>Atypus</i> in England, <a href="#Page_185">185</a><br /> -<br /> -<i>California</i>, trap-door spider from, <a href="#Page_198">198-9</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">habits of in captivity, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, &c.;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">indifference to sounds, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></span><br /> -<i>Captive spiders</i>, habits of, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242-6</a><br /> -<i>Caterpillar</i> (larva of <span class="smcap">Cucullia</span> <i>verbasci</i>), eaten by trap-door spider, <a href="#Page_239">239</a><br /> -<i>Cell and tube</i> made by <i>N. Eleanora</i>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">hygrometricity of, <a href="#Page_220">220</a></span><br /> -<i>Chrysomela Banksii</i>, distasteful to trap-door spider, <a href="#Page_241">241</a><br /> -<i>Cork nest</i>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">structure of door of, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></span><br /> -<span class="smcap">Cteniza</span> <i>californica</i> (Camb.), <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">description of, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">eggs laid by, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">habits of in captivity, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, &c.;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">indifference to sounds, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">mode of excavating, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>fodiens</i> (Walck.), <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>ionica</i>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Moggridgii</i> (Camb.), <a href="#Page_196">196</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">description of, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">habits of in captivity, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></span><br /> -<span class="smcap">Cucullia</span> <i>verbasci</i>, larva of, eaten by trap-door spider, <a href="#Page_239">239</a><br /> -<span class="smcap">Cyrtauchenius</span> <i>elongatus</i> (Sim.), nest of, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a><br /> -<br /> -<i>Diagrams</i> representing different types of nest, <a href="#Page_193">193</a><br /> -<br /> -<i>Earwig</i> (<i>Forficula</i>) eaten by trap-door spiders, <a href="#Page_238">238</a><br /> -<i>Eggs of</i> <span class="smcap">Cteniza</span> <i>californica</i>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a><br /> -<i>Enemies of spiders</i>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a><br /> -<i>Enlargement of nests</i>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a><br /> -<i>Excavation</i> of trap-door nests, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243-4</a><br /> -<br /> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[ 304 ]</a></span> -<i>Food of trap-door spiders</i>, <a href="#Page_237">237-9</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">mode of procuring, <a href="#Page_238">238</a></span><br /> -<i>Funnel type</i> of nest, constructed by <i>Cyrtauchenius elongatus</i>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a><br /> -<br /> -<i>Geographical distribution</i>, <a href="#Page_247">247-9</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a><br /> -<br /> -<i>Hyères</i> double-door, branched wafer type, <a href="#Page_223">223</a><br /> -<br /> -<span class="smcap">Idioctis</span> <i>helva</i> (L. Koch), nest of, <a href="#Page_217">217</a><br /> -<br /> -<i>Koch</i> (Dr. L.), on nest of <i>Idioctis helva</i> from Australia, <a href="#Page_217">217</a><br /> -<br /> -<i>Lanzwert</i> (Dr.), on trap-door spiders in California, <a href="#Page_199">199</a><br /> -<i>Latreille</i> (P. A.), on the nest of <span class="smcap">Lycosa</span> <i>tarentula</i>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a><br /> -<span class="smcap">Lycosa</span> <i>tarentula</i>, nests of at Cannes, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">nests closed in the winter, <a href="#Page_235">235</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<i>Montpellier</i>, <span class="smcap">Nemesia</span> <i>cæmentaria</i> at, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>N. suffusa</i> at, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="smcap">Nemesia</span> <i>cæmentaria</i> (Latr.), <a href="#Page_195">195-6</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">description of, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>congener</i> (Camb.), <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">description of, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>dubia</i> (Camb.), description of, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Eleanora</i> (Camb.), <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>incerta</i> (Camb.), description of, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Manderstjernæ</i> (Auss.), <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">description of, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>meridionalis</i> (Costa), <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">description of, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Moggridgii</i> (Camb.), <a href="#Page_197">197-8</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">description of, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Simoni</i> (Camb.), <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">description of, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>suffusa</i> (Camb.), <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">description of, <a href="#Page_295">295</a></span><br /> -<i>Nests enlarged</i>, not deserted, <a href="#Page_245">245</a><br /> -<i>Nocturnal habits</i> of trap-door spiders, <a href="#Page_240">240</a><br /> -<br /> -<i>Oniscus</i> (wood-louse) eaten by trap-door spider, <a href="#Page_241">241</a><br /> -<br /> -<i>Poison</i> of spiders, <a href="#Page_200">200-1</a><br /> -<br /> -<i>Simon</i> (M. E.), on <i>Atypus piceus</i> (Sulzer), <a href="#Page_182">182</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on <span class="smcap">Cyrtauchenius</span> <i>elongatus</i> (Sim.), <a href="#Page_189">189</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<i>Tarantula</i>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a><br /> -<i>Theraphosa Blondii</i>, nest of, <a href="#Page_188">188</a><br /> -<br /> -<i>Wafer nests</i> of single-door unbranched type, <a href="#Page_193">193</a> (note), <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of single-door branched type, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of double-door unbranched type, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Hyères double-door branched type, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of double-door branched cavity type, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a></span><br /> -<i>Wood-louse</i> (<span class="smcap">Oniscus</span>) eaten by trap-door spider, <a href="#Page_241">241</a><br /> -<i>Worms</i> the food of <i>Atypus</i>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a><br /> -</p> - - -<p class="caption3nb pmb4">THE END.</p> - - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[ 1 ]</a></span></p> - -<p class="caption3nb gesperrt pmt2">LIST OF WORKS</p> - -<p class="tdc">PUBLISHED BY</p> - -<p class="caption2nb">L. 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Vol. III., 18<i>s.</i></p></div> - -<hr class="r10" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[ 6 ]</a></span></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>Flora of Tasmania. By Dr. <span class="smcap">J. D. Hooker</span>, -F.R.S. 2 vols. Royal 4to. 200 Plates, £17 10<i>s.</i>, coloured. -Published under the authority of the Lords Commissioners of -the Admiralty.</p> - -<hr class="r10" /> - -<p>On the Flora of Australia, its Origin, Affinities, -and Distribution; being an Introductory Essay to the -"Flora of Tasmania." By Dr. <span class="smcap">J. D. Hooker</span>, F.R.S., 10<i>s.</i></p> - -<hr class="r10" /> - -<p>Genera Plantarum, ad Exemplaria imprimis -in Herbariis Kewensibus servata definita. By <span class="smcap">George Bentham</span>, -F.R.S., President of the Linnæan Society, and Dr. <span class="smcap">J. D. -Hooker</span>, F.R.S., Director of the Royal Gardens, Kew. Vol. I. -Part I. Royal 8vo, 21<i>s.</i> Part II., 14<i>s.</i>; Part III, 15<i>s.</i>; or -Vol. I. complete, 50<i>s.</i> Part IV. (being Vol. II. Part I.) 24<i>s.</i></p> - -<hr class="r10" /> - -<p>Illustrations of the Genus Carex. By <span class="smcap">Francis -Boott</span>, M.D. Folio, 600 Plates. Part I., 10<i>l.</i> Parts II. and -III., each 5<i>l.</i> Part IV., 10<i>l.</i></p> - -<hr class="r10" /> - -<p>Illustrations of the Nueva Quinologia of -Pavon, with Observations on the Barks described. By <span class="smcap">J. E. -Howard</span>, F.L.S. With 27 coloured Plates by <span class="smcap">W. Fitch</span>. Imperial -folio, half-morocco, gilt edges, 6<i>l.</i> 6<i>s.</i></p> - -<hr class="r10" /> - -<p>The Quinology of the East Indian Plantations. -By <span class="smcap">J. E. Howard</span>, F.L.S. Folio, 3 Coloured Plates, 21<i>s.</i></p> - -<hr class="r10" /> - -<p>Revision of the Natural Order Hederaceæ, -being a reprint, with numerous additions and corrections, of a -series of papers published in the "Journal of Botany, British -and Foreign." By <span class="smcap">Berthold Seemann</span>, Ph.D., F.L.S. 7 Plates, -10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> - -<hr class="r10" /> - -<p>Icones Plantarum. Figures, with Brief Descriptive -Characters and Remarks, of New and Rare Plants, -selected from the Author's Herbarium. By Sir <span class="smcap">W. J. Hooker</span>, -F.R.S. New Series, Vol. V. 100 Plates, 31<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div> - -<hr class="r10" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[ 7 ]</a></span></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>Orchids: and How to Grow them in India and -other Tropical Climates. By <span class="smcap">Samuel Jennings</span>, F.L.S., -F.R.H.S., late Vice-President of the Agri-Horticultural Society -of India. Royal 4to. In Monthly Parts, with 4 Coloured -Plates, 5<i>s.</i> each.</p> - -<hr class="r10" /> - -<p>A Second Century of Orchidaceous Plants, -selected from the Subjects published in Curtis's "Botanical Magazine" -since the issue of the "First Century." Edited by <span class="smcap">James -Bateman</span>, Esq., F.R.S. Complete in 1 Vol. royal 4to, 100 -Coloured Plates, 5<i>l.</i> 5<i>s.</i></p> - -<hr class="r10" /> - -<p>Monograph of Odontoglossum, a Genus of the -Vandeous Section of Orchidaceous Plants. By <span class="smcap">James Bateman</span>, -Esq., F.R.S. Imperial folio, complete in 6 Parts, each -with 5 Coloured Plates, and occasional Wood-Engravings, 21<i>s.</i>, -or in one vol., half morocco, gilt edges, 7<i>l.</i> 7<i>s.</i></p> - -<hr class="r10" /> - -<p>Select Orchidaceous Plants. By <span class="smcap">Robert -Warner</span>, F.R.H.S. With Notes on Culture by <span class="smcap">B. S. Williams</span>. -Folio, cloth gilt, 6<i>l.</i> 6<i>s.</i></p></div> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>Second Series, Parts I. to X., each, with 3 Coloured Plates, -10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div> - -<hr class="r10" /> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>The Rhododendrons of Sikkim-Himalaya; -being an Account, Botanical and Geographical, of the Rhododendrons -recently discovered in the Mountains of Eastern -Himalaya, by Dr. J. D. Hooker, F.R.S. By Sir <span class="smcap">W. J. -Hooker</span>, F.R.S. Folio, 30 Coloured Plates, 4<i>l.</i> 14<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div> - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 150px;"> -<img src="images/bar_double.png" width="150" height="14" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="caption3">FERNS.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>British Ferns; an Introduction to the Study -of the <span class="smcap">Ferns</span>, <span class="smcap">Lycopods</span>, and <span class="smcap">Equiseta</span> indigenous to the British -Isles. With Chapters on the Structure, Propagation, Cultivation, -Diseases, Uses, Preservation, and Distribution of -Ferns. By <span class="smcap">M. Plues</span>. Crown 8vo, with 16 Coloured Plates -by <span class="smcap">W. Fitch</span>, and 55 Wood-Engravings, 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> - -<hr class="r10" /> - -<p>The British Ferns; Coloured Figures and Descriptions, -with Analysis of the Fructification and Venation of -the Ferns of Great Britain and Ireland. By Sir <span class="smcap">W. J. Hooker</span>, -F.R.S. Royal 8vo, 66 Coloured Plates, 2<i>l.</i> 2<i>s.</i></p></div> - -<hr class="r10" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[ 8 ]</a></span></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>Garden Ferns; Coloured Figures and Descriptions, -with Analysis of the Fructification and Venation, of a -Selection of Exotic Ferns, adapted for Cultivation in the Garden, -Hothouse, and Conservatory. By Sir <span class="smcap">W. J. Hooker</span>, -F.R.S. Royal 8vo, 64 Coloured Plates, 2<i>l.</i> 2<i>s.</i></p> - -<hr class="r10" /> - -<p>Filices Exoticæ; Coloured Figures and Description -of Exotic Ferns. By Sir <span class="smcap">W. J. Hooker</span>, F.R.S. -Royal 4to, 100 Coloured Plates, 6<i>l.</i> 11<i>s.</i></p> - -<hr class="r10" /> - -<p>Ferny Combes; a Ramble after Ferns in the -Glens and Valleys of Devonshire. By <span class="smcap">Charlotte Chanter</span>. -<i>Third Edition</i>. Fcap. 8vo, 8 Coloured Plates by <span class="smcap">Fitch</span>, and a -Map of the County, 5<i>s.</i></p></div> - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 150px;"> -<img src="images/bar_double.png" width="150" height="14" alt="" /> -</div> - - -<p class="caption3">MOSSES.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>Handbook of British Mosses, containing all -that are known to be natives of the British Isles. By the Rev. -<span class="smcap">M. J. Berkeley</span>, M.A., F.L.S. Demy 8vo, 24 Coloured -Plates, 21<i>s.</i></p> - -<hr class="r10" /> - -<p>Synopsis of British Mosses, containing Descriptions -of all the Genera and Species (with localities of the rarer -ones) found in Great Britain and Ireland. By <span class="smcap">Charles P. -Hobkirk</span>, President of the Huddersfield Naturalist's Society. -Crown 8vo, 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div> - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 150px;"> -<img src="images/bar_double.png" width="150" height="14" alt="" /> -</div> - - -<p class="caption3">SEAWEEDS.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>British Seaweeds; an Introduction to the -Study of the Marine <span class="smcap">Algæ</span> of Great Britain, Ireland, and the -Channel Islands. By <span class="smcap">S. O. Gray</span>. Crown 8vo, with 16 -Coloured Plates, drawn expressly for the work by <span class="smcap">W. Fitch</span>, -10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> - -<hr class="r10" /> - -<p>Phycologia Britannica; or, History of British -Seaweeds, containing Coloured Figures, Generic and Specific -Characters, Synonyms and Descriptions of all the Species of -Algæ inhabiting the Shores of the British Islands. By Dr. <span class="smcap">W. -H. Harvey</span>, F.R.S. New Edition. Royal 8vo, 4 vols. 360 -Coloured Plates, 7<i>l.</i> 10<i>s.</i></p></div> - -<hr class="r10" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[ 9 ]</a></span></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>Phycologia Australica: a History of Australian -Seaweeds, comprising Coloured Figures and Descriptions -of the more characteristic Marine Algæ of New South Wales, -Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia and Western Australia, -and a Synopsis of all known Australian Algæ. By Dr. <span class="smcap">Harvey</span>, -F.R.S. Royal 8vo, 5 vols., 300 Coloured Plates, 7<i>l.</i> 13<i>s.</i></p> - -<hr class="r10" /> - -<p>Nereis Australia; or, Algæ of the Southern -Ocean, being Figures and Descriptions of Marine Plants collected -on the Shores of the Cape of Good Hope, the extratropical -Australian Colonies, Tasmania, New Zealand, and the -Antarctic Regions. By Dr. <span class="smcap">Harvey</span>, F.R.S. Imperial 8vo, -50 Coloured Plates, 2<i>l.</i> 2<i>s.</i></p></div> - - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 150px;"> -<img src="images/bar_double.png" width="150" height="14" alt="" /> -</div> - - -<p class="caption3">FUNGI.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>Outlines of British Fungology, containing -Characters of above a Thousand Species of Fungi, and a Complete -List of all that have been described as Natives of the -British Isles. By the Rev. <span class="smcap">M. J. Berkeley</span>, M.A., F.L.S. -Demy 8vo, 24 Coloured Plates, 30<i>s.</i></p> - -<hr class="r10" /> - -<p>The Esculent Funguses of England. Containing -an Account of their Classical History, Uses, Characters, -Development, Structure, Nutritious Properties, Modes of Cooking -and Preserving, &c. By <span class="smcap">C. D. Badham</span>, M.D. Second -Edition. Edited by <span class="smcap">F. Currey</span>, F.R.S. Demy 8vo, 12 Coloured -Plates, 12<i>s.</i></p> - -<hr class="r10" /> - -<p>Illustrations of British Mycology, comprising -Figures and Descriptions of the Funguses of interest and novelty -indigenous to Britain. By Mrs. <span class="smcap">T. J. Hussey</span>. Royal 4to. -Second Series, 50 Coloured Plates, £4 10<i>s.</i></p> - -<hr class="r10" /> - -<p>Clavis Agaricinorum: an Analytical Key to -the British Agaricini, with Characters of the Genera and Subgenera. -By <span class="smcap">Worthington G. Smith</span>, F.L.S. Six Plates. -2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[ 10 ]</a></span></p> - - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 150px;"> -<img src="images/bar_double.png" width="150" height="14" alt="" /> -</div> - - -<p class="caption3">SHELLS AND MOLLUSKS.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>Elements of Conchology; an Introduction to the Natural History -of Shells, and of the Animals which form them. By <span class="smcap">Lovell -Reeve</span>, F.L.S. Royal 8vo, 2 vols. 62 Coloured Plates, £2 -16<i>s.</i></p> - -<hr class="r10" /> - -<p>Conchologia Iconica; or, Figures and Descriptions of the Shells -of Mollusks, with remarks on their Affinities, Synonymy, and -Geographical Distribution. By <span class="smcap">Lovell Reeve</span>, F.L.S. -Demy 4to, in double Parts, with 16 Coloured Plates. 20<i>s.</i></p></div> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>A detailed list of Monographs and Volumes published may be -had.</p></div> - -<hr class="r10" /> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>Conchologia Indica; Illustrations of the Land and Freshwater Shells -of British India. Edited by <span class="smcap">Sylvanus Hanley</span>, F.L.S., -and <span class="smcap">William Theobald</span>, of the Geological Survey of -India. 4to, Parts I. to VI., each with 20 Coloured Plates, -20<i>s.</i></p> - -<hr class="r10" /> - -<p>The Edible Mollusks of Great Britain and Ireland, with the Modes -of Cooking them. By <span class="smcap">M. S. Lovell</span>. Crown 8vo, with 12 -Coloured Plates, 8<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div> - - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 150px;"> -<img src="images/bar_double.png" width="150" height="14" alt="" /> -</div> - - -<p class="caption3">INSECTS.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/64654/64654-h/64654-h.htm">Harvesting Ants and Trap-door Spiders</a>; -Notes and Observations on their Habits and Dwellings. By -<span class="smcap">J. T. Moggridge</span>, F.L.S. Coloured Plates, 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> - -<hr class="r10" /> - -<p>British Insects. A Familiar Description of -the Form, Structure, Habits, and Transformations of Insects. -By <span class="smcap">E. F. Staveley</span>, Author of "British Spiders." Crown -8vo, with 16 beautifully Coloured Steel Plates and numerous -Wood-Engravings, 14<i>s.</i></p> - -<hr class="r10" /> - -<p>British Beetles; an Introduction to the Study -of our Indigenous <span class="smcap">Coleoptera</span>. By <span class="smcap">E. C. Rye</span>. Crown 8vo, -16 Coloured Steel Plates, comprising Figures of nearly 100 -Species, engraved from Natural Specimens, expressly for the -work, by <span class="smcap">E. W. Robinson</span>, and 11 Wood-Engravings of Dissections -by the Author, 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p></div> - -<hr class="r10" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[ 11 ]</a></span></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>British Bees; an Introduction to the Study -of the Natural History and Economy of the Bees Indigenous to -the British Isles. By <span class="smcap">W. E. Shuckard</span>. Crown 8vo, 16 Coloured -Steel Plates, containing nearly 100 Figures, engraved from -Natural Specimens, expressly for the work, by <span class="smcap">E. W. Robinson</span>, -and Woodcuts of Dissections, 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> - -<hr class="r10" /> - -<p>British Butterflies and Moths; an Introduction -to the Study of our Native <span class="smcap">Lepidoptera</span>. By <span class="smcap">H. T. -Stainton</span>. Crown 8vo, 16 Coloured Steel Plates, containing -Figures of 100 Species, engraved from Natural Specimens expressly -for the work by <span class="smcap">E. W. Robinson</span>, and Wood-Engravings, -10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> - -<hr class="r10" /> - -<p>British Spiders; an Introduction to the Study -of the <span class="smcap">Araneidæ</span> found in Great Britain and Ireland. By <span class="smcap">E. -F. Staveley</span>. Crown 8vo, 16 Plates, containing Coloured -Figures of nearly 100 Species, and 40 Diagrams, showing the -number and position of the eyes in various Genera, drawn expressly -for the work by <span class="smcap">Tuffen West</span>, and 44 Wood-Engravings, -10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> - -<hr class="r10" /> - -<p>Curtis's British Entomology. Illustrations -and Descriptions of the Genera of Insects found in Great -Britain and Ireland, containing Coloured Figures, from Nature, -of the most rare and beautiful Species, and, in many instances, -upon the plants on which they are found. 8 vols. Royal 8vo, -770 Coloured Plates, £28.</p></div> - - -<p class="pmb1 tdc"><b>Or in separate Monographs.</b></p> - -<table summary="monographs"> -<tr> - <td style="width: 6em"><i>Orders.</i></td> - <td style="width: 3em"><i>Plates.</i></td> - <td style="width: 2em">£</td> - <td style="width: 2em"><i>s.</i></td> - <td style="width: 2em"><i>d.</i></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Aphaniptera</span></td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Coleoptera</span></td> - <td class="tdr">256</td> - <td class="tdr">12</td> - <td class="tdr">16</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Dermaptera</span></td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Dictyoptera</span></td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Diptera</span></td> - <td class="tdr">103</td> - <td class="tdr">5</td> - <td class="tdr">3</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Hemiptera</span></td> - <td class="tdr">32</td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td class="tdr">12</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Homoptera</span></td> - <td class="tdr">21</td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Hymenoptera</span></td> - <td class="tdr">125</td> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - <td class="tdr">5</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Lepidoptera</span></td> - <td class="tdr">193</td> - <td class="tdr">9</td> - <td class="tdr">13</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Neuroptera</span></td> - <td class="tdr">13</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> - <td class="tdr">13</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Omaloptera</span></td> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Orthoptera</span></td> - <td class="tdr">5</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> - <td class="tdr">5</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Strepsiptera</span></td> - <td class="tdr">3</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> - <td class="tdr">3</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Trichoptera</span></td> - <td class="tdr">9</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> - <td class="tdr">9</td> - <td class="tdr">0</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p>"Curtis's Entomology," which Cuvier pronounced to have "reached -the ultimatum of perfection," is still the standard work on the -Genera of British Insects. The Figures executed by the author -himself, with wonderful minuteness and accuracy, have never been -surpassed, even if equalled. The price at which the work was originally -published was £43 16<i>s.</i></p> - -<hr class="r10" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[ 12 ]</a></span></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>Insecta Britannica; Vol. III., Diptera. By -<span class="smcap">Francis Walker</span>, F.L.S. 8vo, with 10 Plates, 25<i>s.</i></p></div> - - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 150px;"> -<img src="images/bar_double.png" width="150" height="14" alt="" /> -</div> - - -<p class="caption3">ANTIQUARIAN.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>Bewick's Woodcuts. Impressions of Upwards -of 2000 Woodblocks, engraved, for the most part, by <span class="smcap">Thomas</span> and -<span class="smcap">John Bewick</span>; including Illustrations of various kinds for -Books, Pamphlets, and Broadsides; Cuts for Private Gentlemen, -Public Companies, Clubs, &c.; Exhibitions, Races, Newspapers, -Shop Cards, Invoice Heads, Bar Bills, &c. With an -Introduction, a Descriptive Catalogue of the Blocks, and a List -of the Books and Pamphlets illustrated. By the Rev. <span class="smcap">T. -Hugo</span>, M.A., F.R.S.L., F.S.A. In one large volume, imperial -4to, gilt top, with full-length steel Portrait of Thomas Bewick. -£6 6<i>s.</i></p> - -<hr class="r10" /> - -<p>The Bewick Collector and Supplement. A -Descriptive Catalogue of the Works of <span class="smcap">Thomas</span> and <span class="smcap">John -Bewick</span>, including Cuts, in various states, for Books and Pamphlets, -Private Gentlemen, Public Companies, Exhibitions, -Races, Newspapers, Shop Cards, Invoice Heads, Bar Bills, -Coal Certificates, Broadsides, and other miscellaneous purposes, -and Wood Blocks. With an Appendix of Portraits, Autographs, -Works of Pupils, &c. 292 Cuts from Bewick's own -Blocks. By the Rev. <span class="smcap">Thomas Hugo</span>, M.A., F.S.A. 2 vols. -demy 8vo, price 42<i>s.</i>; imperial 8vo (limited to 100 copies), with -a fine Steel Engraving of Thomas Bewick, £4 4<i>s.</i> The <span class="smcap">Supplement</span>, -with 180 Cuts, may be had separately; price, small -paper, 21<i>s.</i>; large paper, 42<i>s.</i></p> - -<hr class="r10" /> - -<p>Sacred Archæology; a Popular Dictionary of -Ecclesiastical Art and Institutions, from Primitive to Modern -Times. Comprising Architecture, Music, Vestments, Furniture -Arrangement, Offices, Customs, Ritual Symbolism, Ceremonial -Traditions, Religious Orders, &c., of the Church Catholic -in all Ages. By <span class="smcap">Mackenzie E. C. Walcott</span>, B.D. Oxon., -F.S.A., Præcentor and Prebendary of Chichester Cathedral. -Demy 8vo, 18<i>s.</i></p></div> - -<hr class="r10" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[ 13 ]</a></span></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>A Manual of British Archæology. By -<span class="smcap">Charles Boutell</span>, M.A. 20 Coloured Plates, 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> - -<hr class="r10" /> - -<p>Man's Age in the World according to Holy -Scripture and Science. By An <span class="smcap">Essex Rector</span>. 8<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> - -<hr class="r10" /> - -<p>The Antiquity of Man; an Examination of -Sir Charles Lyell's recent Work. By <span class="smcap">S. R. Pattison</span>, F.G.S. -Second Edition. 8vo, 1<i>s.</i></p></div> - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 150px;"> -<img src="images/bar_double.png" width="150" height="14" alt="" /> -</div> - - -<p class="caption3">MISCELLANEOUS.</p> - -<p><b>International Series of Elementary Text Books on Natural Science.</b></p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>Zoology. By <span class="smcap">Adrian J. Ebell</span>, Ph.B., M.D. -Part I.: Structural Distinctions, Functions, and Classification -of the Orders of Animals, 1<i>s.</i></p> - -<hr class="r10" /> - -<p>Lahore to Yarkand. Incidents of the Route -and Natural History of the Countries traversed by the Expedition -of 1870, under <span class="smcap">T. D. Forsyth</span>, Esq., C.B. By <span class="smcap">George -Henderson</span>, M.D., F.L.S., F.R.G.S., and <span class="smcap">Allan O. Hume</span>, -Esq., C.B., F.Z.S. 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