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diff --git a/old/64981-0.txt b/old/64981-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index b456463..0000000 --- a/old/64981-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1990 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Negro Journalism, by George W. Gore - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Negro Journalism - An Essay on the History and Present Conditions of the Negro Press - -Author: George W. Gore - -Release Date: April 02, 2021 [eBook #64981] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Charlene Taylor and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team - at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images - generously made available by The Internet Archive/American - Libraries.) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEGRO JOURNALISM *** - - - - - - Negro Journalism - - An Essay on the History and Present - Conditions of the Negro Press - - [Illustration] - - By - GEORGE W. GORE, JR. - Junior in Course in Journalism - De Pauw University - - [Illustration] - - Greencastle, Indiana - 1922 - - Price 35 Cents - - Copyright, 1922 - By George W. Gore - - - - -PREFACE - - -This pamphlet does not pretend to be a detailed or scholarly discussion -of the subject. Lack of experience and funds have limited the author to -a mere outlining or suggesting of the field. In fact, this essay is only -the expansion of a term paper submitted in fulfillment of a semester -requirement in the Course in Journalism. - -The main purpose of this essay is to show the various stages of -development through which the Negro press has evolved with a view of -furnishing a background for the better understanding of its present -status. It is written, too, to present the problems and inherent -possibilities of Negro Journalism; to point out the progress which is -being made today; and to suggest future possibilities. If this attempt, -amateur and incomplete as it may be, in any measure awakens an interest -in the achievements and efforts of Negro newspapers and magazines it has -served its purpose. - -For the period up to 1890, the author frequently has referred to _The -Afro-American Press_ and Its Editors by I. Garland Penn—a work which -is an authority on the subject for the period covered by it. A large -part of the biographical data and information on present day newspapers -was obtained from the Negro Year Book and communications. I especially -wish to thank those editors and publishers who so kindly gave me the -information which I desired. - -I am also very grateful to The Chicago Defender and The Southern Workman -of Hampton, Va., for the loan of some cuts. - -Especially do I wish to acknowledge the valuable assistance and helpful -criticism of my instructor, Prof. L. E. Mitchell, director of the Course -in Journalism, in DePauw University. - - GEORGE W. GORE, JR. - -Greencastle, Indiana. - - - - -CONTENTS - - -Transcriber’s Note: Chapter numbering in this table of contents doesn’t -correspond to the chapter numbering in the text (due, it seems, to a -late insertion of the preface as an extra chapter). - - I. PREFACE— - - II. EARLY ATTEMPTS (1827-1847)— - - 1. Discussion of nine pioneer papers. - - 2. Biographic sketches of their editors. - - III. THE ABOLITIONIST PRESS (1847-1865)— - - 1. Discussion of eleven papers. - - 2. Biographic sketches of editors. - - IV. THE RECONSTRUCTION PERIOD (OR THE PERIOD OF FREEDOM) (1865-1880)— - - 1. Discussion of principal papers and their editors. - - 2. Statistics as to paper published. - - V. THE TRANSITION PERIOD (1880-1900)— - - 1. Discussion of papers established that still exist. - - 2. The Associated Correspondents of Race Newspapers. - - VI. THE DAWN OF A NEW ERA (1900-)— - - 1. Journalism regarded as a vocation. - - 2. Discussion of organization, staffs, circulation and - advertisements. - - 3. News service and syndicates. - - VII. PRESENT DAY NEWSPAPERS— - - 1. Discussion of mechanical equipment, news handling, etc. - - 2. Circulation and staffs. - - 3. Twelve best Negro newspapers. - - VIII. DAILY NEGRO NEWSPAPERS— - - 1. Early attempts. - - 2. Daily editions for special periods. - - 3. Present day dailies. - - IX. NEGRO MAGAZINES— - - 1. Precursors. - - 2. Discussions of the development. - - 3. Present day publications—characteristics, size, circulation, - and aim. - - X. JOURNALISM AND NEGRO SCHOOLS— - - 1. High School and College papers. - - 2. College courses in Journalism—Howard, Fisk, and Wilberforce. - - 3. Training in printing—Tuskegee and Hampton. - - XI. A FORECAST OF THE FUTURE— - - 1. Development, opportunity for advancement, and achievement. - - XII. APPENDIX—LIST OF NEWSPAPERS AND MAGAZINES PUBLISHED TODAY. - - - - -A History of Negro Journalism In the United States - - - - -CHAPTER I - -EARLY NEGRO NEWSPAPERS - - -[Sidenote: FREEDOM’S JOURNAL] - -Seven years after Benjamin Lundy began _The Genius of Universal -Emancipation_, and four years before William Lloyd Garrison started to -publish _The Liberator_, Negro Journalism in America was born. The first -publication was _Freedom’s Journal_[1], issued March 16, 1827. It was -in form a medium-sized, neat-looking, well-printed weekly, about nine -by twelve inches. _Freedom’s Journal_ was a thorough-going abolitionist -sheet, having been called into being to defend the Negro against the vile -attacks of a New York editor of Jewish descent who had pro-slavery and -Negro-hating tendencies. This new organ had for its motto, “Righteousness -Exalteth a Nation,” and its columns were filled with long dissertations -on the immorality of slavery. - -[Sidenote: JOHN RUSSWURM FIRST EDITOR] - -The editor, John Russwurm, one of the first Negroes to graduate from a -college in the United States, graduated from Bowdoin College in 1826. -Russwurm was born in Jamaica in 1799. He published _The Journal_ until -1829, when he went to Liberia, where he became editor of _The Liberia -Herald_. - -[Sidenote: THE COLORED AMERICAN] - -A period of about eight years elapsed before the founding of a second -Negro newspaper. In January, 1837, Rev. Samuel Cornish began the -publishing of _The Weekly Advocate_. The name was changed in March, -however, to _The Colored American_, and under that name it continued to -be issued weekly until 1842. The first editor, Rev. Cornish, was one -of the leading Negro journalists of the period. He had been associated -with _Freedom’s Journal_, and throughout a period of twenty years he was -actively connected with some newspaper. - -[Sidenote: ADVOCATED EMANCIPATION] - -The subscription price of _The Colored American_ was two dollars per year -in advance. Its objects were, according to its flag, “the moral, social -and political elevation of the free Colored people; and the peaceful -emancipation of the enslaved.” The paper was well received by the -American press of the period, and many favorable comments on it appeared -from time to time. - -[Sidenote: THE ELEVATOR] - -The first two Negro newspapers had their headquarters in New York City, -but their successor was established in Albany, N. Y. _The Elevator_ came -into being in 1842, with Stephen Myers as its publisher. The paper was -strongly backed by the Abolitionists. Among its influential supporters -and backers was Horace Greeley of _The New York Tribune_. - -[Sidenote: THE NATIONAL WATCHMAN] - -Contemporaneous with _The Elevator_ appeared _The National Watchman and -Clarion_, which was established in Troy, N. Y., in the latter part of -1842. Its publisher and editor was William G. Allen. It was short-lived, -as was also _The People’s Press_ which was published by Thomas Hamilton -in New York City the following year. - -[Sidenote: THE MYSTERY] - -Following the lead taken by the empire state, Pennsylvania became a -field of activity for the Negro journalist. In 1843, _The Mystery_ was -published at Pittsburgh by Dr. Martin Delaney, a graduate of Harvard -College. At first it was conducted as the personal property of its -editor, but as such it survived only nine months when it became necessary -to transfer its ownership to a joint-stock company. After the change -Delaney was retained in the capacity of editor. - -Delaney was the first Negro editor to be sued for libel. He was fined for -his statements; but his popularity was so great that the fine was paid by -popular subscription. - -_The Mystery_ ceased publication under that name in 1848, at which time -it was purchased by the African Methodist Episcopal Church. - -[Sidenote: STATEMENT BY N. Y. SUN, ORIGIN OF THE RAM’S HORN] - -As the result of a statement by the editor of _The New York Sun_, “The -_Sun_ shines for all white men and not for colored men,” in January, -1847, _The Ram’s Horn_ was begun. Its editor was Willis Hodges, who -according to _The Afro-American Press and Its Editor_[2], furnished the -money necessary to publish the first issue by whitewashing in New York -City for two months. Within a short period of time the circulation of -the paper reached two thousand five hundred copies. The subscription -price was $1.50 to subscribers within the state, and $1 a year to those -outside the state. Its motto was—“We are men, and therefore interested in -whatever concerns men.” The publication was a five column folio, printed -on both sides. It suspended publication in June 1848. - -[1] March 21, 1828, the name was changed to _Rights of All_. - -[2] Published by I. Garland Penn in 1891. - - - - -CHAPTER II - -THE ABOLITIONIST PRESS (1847-1865) - - -[Sidenote: DOUGLASS FOUNDS NORTH STAR] - -With the founding of the _North Star_, at Rochester. N. Y., November -1, 1847, a new era in Negro Journalism was begun. The new paper was -conducted on a much higher plane than any of the preceding publications. -The editor of the _North Star_ was Frederick Douglass, a man who stood -head and shoulders above his colleagues. In fact, Douglass is in Negro -Journalism what Bennett, or Pulitzer, or Greeley, or Dana is in American -Journalism. The personal fame of the man gave his paper at once a place -among the first journals of the country. - -The columns of the _North Star_ were filled with contributions from -correspondents in Europe and the West Indies, as well as from all parts -of the United States. It was the first Negro newspaper to have any -considerable circulation among the American people outside of its own -race group. - -[Sidenote: LIFE OF FRED DOUGLASS] - -The life of the founder of this paper is a most interesting one. Born -a slave at Tuckahoe, Md., February, 1817, he escaped from his master -in 1833, going first to New York City, and then to New Bedford, Mass. -In 1841, he was sent out as a lecturer under the auspices of the -Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society. He was one of the most prominent -anti-slavery agitators of his day; a series of lectures on the immorality -of human slavery was given by him in England. Douglass’ power as a writer -was great, and his ready and vigorous use of the English language was -always effective. The paper was discontinued shortly after the abolition -of slavery. - -[Sidenote: THE IMPARTIAL CITIZEN] - -Around the brilliancy of the _North Star_ moved several satellites, which -somewhat reflected the light of the major planet. Among these was _The -Impartial Citizen_, published at Syracuse, N. Y., in 1848, by Samuel -Ward. It is said that the paper was conducted on a high plane and was -ably edited. - -[Sidenote: COLORED MAN’S JOURNAL RUNS TEN YEARS] - -The suspension of _The Ram’s Horn_ in 1848 left the Negroes of New York -City without a newspaper. However, in 1851, Louis H. Putman began the -publication of _The Colored Man’s Journal_. It was backed by a friend who -financially supported it, and as a result the paper was able to run for -a period of ten years—a record unequalled during the period before the -Emancipation by any paper with the exception of the _North Star_. - -[Sidenote: ALIENATED AMERICAN] - -_The Alienated American_, edited by W. H. Day, was the first Negro -newspaper published in Ohio. It entered upon its career in Cleveland, -Ohio, in 1852, five years after its editor was graduated from Oberlin -College. _The Alienated American_ was one of the best journals published -by Negroes in the nineteenth century. - -Day was a prolific, scholarly writer. His publication was a creditable -one and realized a good support. The paper ceased publication in 1856, -when its editor made a trip to England. - -[Sidenote: A. M. E. CHURCH BUYS THE MYSTERY] - -In 1848, the African Methodist Episcopal Church purchased _The Mystery_ -of Pittsburgh, Pa., of which Martin Delaney was editor. During the -four years of its existence in Pittsburgh, the paper was known as the -_Christian Herald_. In 1852, the paper was moved to Philadelphia, and its -name was changed to _Christian Recorder_. Rev, M. M. Clarke became its -first editor. - -[Sidenote: CHRISTIAN RECORDER OLDEST NEGRO NEWSPAPER] - -The beginning of the _Christian Recorder_ in 1852, marks the founding of -the oldest Negro newspaper in existence today. It is also significant in -that it marks the first serious attempt in Negro Journalism to establish -a religious newspaper. The early years of the paper were beset with many -difficulties, and oftimes the paper was not issued regularly. Not until -Elisha Weaver became editor in 1861 did it appear weekly. The size of the -paper has increased from 5 columns, 4 pages, 12 by 16 inches, in 1848, to -its present size, 4 columns, 16 pages, 10 by 16 inches. - -The present circulation of the paper is about 5,000. Its editor is R. -R. Wright Jr., who received the degree of Ph.D. from the University of -Pennsylvania in 1911. - -[Sidenote: NEGRO JOURNALISM ON PACIFIC COAST] - -The year 1855 saw Negro Journalism starting on the Pacific coast. Within -a space of less than thirty years Negro Journalism had made its way -from the Atlantic to the Pacific seaboard. The first publication was -established at San Francisco under the name of _The Mirror of the Times_. -Its editor was Judge Gibbs. It was published for seven years, and in 1862 -was merged into _The Pacific Appeal_. - -[Sidenote: THE HERALD OF FREEDOM] - -Another contemporary of the _North Star_ was _The Herald of Freedom_, -published in 1855, in Ohio, by Peter H. Clark. It was short-lived but -during its existence it was one of the best advocates of Abolition. -Its editor was a man of good common sense and vast knowledge. After the -suspension of his paper, Clark was associated with Douglass on the _North -Star_. - -[Sidenote: THE ANGLO-AFRICAN] - -Thomas Hamilton, the publisher of the short-lived _People’s Press_, again -attempted a publication in New York City. On July 23, 1859, he began -publishing _The Anglo-African_. The paper was well printed and in the -opinion of Frederick Douglass “had more promise and more journalistic -ability about it, than any of the other papers.” The motto of the papers -of the period was highly indicative of their editorial outlook and -policy. Practically every paper had its motto, and _The Anglo-African_ -was no exception. Its motto was: “Man must be free; if not through law, -then above the law.” - -[Sidenote: ADVOCATES HAYTIAN EMIGRATION] - -In 1860, the paper was bought by James Redpath—the object of his purchase -being to advocate the Haytian Emigration Movement. With the change in -ownership the paper was known as _The Weekly Anglo-African_. Later, in -1861, the paper reverted to the Hamilton family, being published by -Robert Hamilton. The original name of the paper was resumed, and under -its new publisher became an ardent supporter of the Republican party. -With the freeing of the slaves, _The Anglo-African_ began to advocate the -need of educational facilities for the freedman, especially in the South. -The paper was suspended shortly after Emancipation. - -[Sidenote: COLORED CITIZEN ORGAN OF NEGRO SOLDIERS DURING WAR] - -During the period of the Civil War only two Negro newspapers were -established, one of which was _The Colored Citizen_, published at -Cincinnati, Ohio, by John P. Sampson. It was issued in the interest of -the Negro soldiers fighting in the war. It was commonly referred to as -the “Soldiers’ Organ,” and was widely disseminated among the soldiers. -Sampson was well educated—being a product of the Boston public school -system—and as an editor he was both able and enterprising. _The Colored -Citizen_ was suspended the latter part of 1865. - -[Sidenote: THE PACIFIC APPEAL] - -In 1862, _The Pacific Appeal_ came into being in San Francisco, but it -was not a new publication, however, it was merely the successor to _The -Mirror of the Times_. Its editor was William H. Carter. It became the -index of the activities of the Negroes on the Pacific coast. The paper’s -motto was: “He who would be free, himself must strike the blow.” It was -a six column folio, well-printed, and contained editorials which on the -whole were sober and sound. - -[Sidenote: THE ELEVATOR, EDITED BY BELL] - -The second paper established on the western coast was _The Elevator_, -which was begun by Phillip Bell, April 18, 1865, in San Francisco, -Cal. The paper stated its mission thus: “We shall labor for the civil -and political enfranchisement of the Colored people—not as a distinct -and separate race, but as American citizens.” The publisher encouraged -advertisements and quoted his rates as being 60 cents for one insertion -and 25 cents for each subsequent insertion. - -[Sidenote: BELL A MAN OF LEARNING] - -Bell had been connected with the journalistic field for twenty-five -years, and as a result was experienced in the work. His editorials -were of a high quality. His paper was neatly printed and contained -contributions relating to science, art, literature and drama. In fact, it -is said that Bell himself was well-versed in belles-lettres and dramatic -criticism. By many of his contemporaries he was considered the Napoleon -of the Negro press. Although he died in 1889, his paper continued for -many years thereafter. - - - - -CHAPTER III - -THE RECONSTRUCTION PERIOD (1865-1880) - - -[Sidenote: EMANCIPATION GOAL OF NEGRO PRESS] - -With the emancipation, a new period in Negro Journalism is begun. For -nearly forty years newspapers had been published by Negroes who had -obtained their freedom, but the circulation of these papers among the -race group of necessity was limited. Emancipation marked the realization -of the goal of the Negro press prior to that time, and with the ushering -in of freedom many of the newspapers ceased publication. There was, -however, still another great, if not even more important task for the -Negro press—the education of the masses of illiterate. This task the -surviving newspapers, together with many new ones, set out to accomplish. - -[Sidenote: FIRST SOUTHERN NEGRO NEWSPAPER] - -The first notable development of the period was the beginning of Negro -newspapers in the South, where the large majority of Negroes were -located. The first Negro newspaper published in the South was _The -Colored American_ of Augusta, Ga., issued for the first time in October, -1865. The following paragraph from its prospectus will suffice to show -the paper’s attitude and policy: - -[Sidenote: COLORED AMERICAN’S PROSPECTUS] - -“It (_The Colored American_) is designated to be a vehicle for the -diffusion of Religious, Political and General Intelligence. It will be -devoted to the promotion of harmony and good-will between the whites and -Colored people of the south, and untiring in its advocacy of Industry and -Education among all classes; but particularly the class most in need of -our agency. - -“Accepting, at all times, the decision of public sentiment and -Legislative Assemblies, and bowing to the majesty of law, it will -fearlessly remonstrate against legal and constitutional proscription by -appeal to the public sense of justice.”[3] - -[Sidenote: SHUFTEN’S EDITORIAL ON THE RACE PROBLEM] - -The editor of the paper was J. T. Shuften, who was ably assisted by Dr. -James Lynch. Shuften was credited by _The New York World_ as having -written the best article of the time on the “Negro Question.” The paper -was short-lived and suspended February, 1866. - -[Sidenote: PRECURSORS IN SOUTHERN STATES] - -With the beginning of Negro Journalism in the South, papers sprung up in -other states: _The Colored Tennessean_ and _The True Communicator_, of -Baltimore, Md., being among the more noted ones. Many of the papers were -short-lived; others changed hands and names frequently and continued for -several years. - -[Sidenote: PAPERS GROW IN INFLUENCE AND CIRCULATION] - -The year 1868 saw the founding of _The Charleston Leader_, at Charleston, -S. C. By 1870, the Negro press began to make itself felt. _The People’s -Journal_, with a circulation of over 10,000 was being edited by Dr. R. -L. Perry. In Mississippi, James J. Spellman and John Lynch began _The -Colored Citizen_. December, 1870, marked the founding of _The New Orleans -Louisianian_, by P. B. S. Pinchback[4], who in 1873 became governor of -Louisiana, being the only Negro ever to hold this position. - -[Sidenote: EDITORS HIGHLY EDUCATED] - -August 1861, John J. Freeman started _The Progressive American_, in New -York City, which existed for ten years. The one outstanding achievement -of this paper is the fact that as a result of its fight for Negro -teachers in the public schools twenty-three were appointed. Between 1865 -and 1880, over 30 newspapers of more or less merit came into existence; -Negro newspapers were being published in 21 states. The papers of the -period were ably edited and were the product of some of the most highly -educated Negroes. - -[3] Pinchback died in Washington, D. C., Dec. 22, 1921. - -[4] Afro-American Press. - - - - -CHAPTER IV - -THE PERIOD OF TRANSITION (1880-1900) - - -[Sidenote: NUMBER OF PAPERS INCREASES] - -The last twenty years of the nineteenth century were marked by an -increase in the number of papers published. More than 150 papers were -being published by Negroes in thirty different states before the dawn of -the new century. To trace the history of all of these papers would be -useless, if not well nigh impossible, as but few of them were long-lived -or permanent. Most of them were started for the achievement of a single -end, and having served the temporary need disappeared. There are, -however, several papers which were established during this period that -demand treatment because of their longevity and present existence. - -[Sidenote: PHILADELPHIA TRIBUNE] - -Among this group is _The Philadelphia Tribune_, founded by Christopher -J. Perry in 1884. Perry, who was sole owner of his paper, had had much -experience in Journalism before becoming a publisher. His work as editor -of the Colored Department of _The Sunday Mercury_, had established his -reputation as a journalist. - -[Sidenote: REMARKABLE SUCCESS UNDER PERRY] - -Since its founding, its editor has worked unceasingly towards its -development and as a result the success of the paper has been remarkable. -Today the paper exists, and in spite of the death of its founder in -1920, is still carried on by his heirs. Today _The Philadelphia Tribune_ -occupies an enviable position among Negro papers, and is undoubtedly one -of the twelve best Negro papers in the United States. At the time of -his death, Christopher Perry was president of The National Negro Press -Association. - -[Sidenote: THE AGE OLDEST NEGRO PAPER IN NEW YORK CITY] - -The oldest Negro newspaper published in New York City at the present time -is _The New York Age_. It was founded in 1888 by T. Thomas Fortune, the -living dean of Negro newspaper editors. Fortune began his journalistic -career as a boy in the office of a white paper published in Marianna, -Fla. His first editorship came in 1880, when he became connected with -_The New York Globe_. Under the guidance of Fortune, _The Age_ was -perhaps the greatest Negro newspaper of the period. Garland Penn, in his -_Afro-American Press_ (published in 1891), styles, Fortune as “the most -noted man in Afro-American journalism.” - -[Sidenote: RICHMOND PLANET EDITED BY MITCHELL] - -_The Richmond Planet_, founded by John Mitchell, Jr., in 1884, is another -Negro newspaper that has enjoyed longevity. Mitchell seems to have been a -born newspaperman, and practically all of his life he has devoted himself -to journalism. Despite his location in the Southland, Mitchell has ever -been a bold and fearless writer. Today _The Richmond Planet_ still -exists, with John Mitchell, Jr., at its head, and has a circulation of -over 25,000. - -[Sidenote: SMITH AND THE CLEVELAND GAZETTE] - -_The Cleveland Gazette_ was begun in August, 1883, with H. C. Smith -as sole owner. It was considered as one of the best edited papers in -the United States. Smith was an ardent politician, and his editorials -advocating Republicanism were exceptionally pointed and well put. The -paper was one of the few Negro papers of the period that was a financial -success. _The Cleveland Gazette_ is still published by H. C. Smith. It -has a circulation of approximately 20,000. - -[Sidenote: WILLIAM CHASE AND THE BEE] - -Perhaps the strongest Negro newspaper ever published in Washington, D. -C., is _The Washington Bee_, of which William Calvin Chase is editor -and founder. Chase is especially noted for his bull-dog tenacity in -exposing and attacking fraud. He has always been one of the “big guns” in -editorial artillery. Chase is still editor of his paper, and _The Bee_ -buzzes as of old. - -[Sidenote: THE FREEMAN FIRST ILLUSTRATED NEGRO WEEKLY] - -The first illustrated Negro newspaper was _The Indianapolis Freeman_, -founded by Edward Cooper of Indianapolis, Ind., July 14, 1888. The paper -consisted of eight pages, and gave a complete review of the doings of -Negroes everywhere. The extensive use of cuts and illustrations made -the paper famous. As an all around newspaperman, Cooper was without a -peer, and under his management the paper reached a pre-eminent position -in Negro Journalism. Today _The Freeman_ is owned and controlled by -George L. Knox, and it still enjoys a wide range of popularity. The paper -features theatricals and sports. The present circulation is about 30,000. - -[Sidenote: AFRO-AMERICAN FOUNDED IN 1893] - -The founding of _The Afro-American_ in 1893, by W. M. Alexander marks -the beginning of a paper which today figures most conspicuously in Negro -Journalism. About 1896, the paper came into the hands of J. H. Murphy, -Sr.,[5] who is now its managing editor at the age of eighty. More will -be said of _The Afro-American_ in connection with the chapter on Present -Day Papers. - -[Sidenote: LEADING PAPERS IN 1897] - -A list of the leading Negro newspapers in America in 1897, compiled by -J. T. Haley in his book _Sparkling Gems of Race Knowledge_, includes -the following: _The Colored American_, Washington, D. C.; _The New -York Age_; _The Indianapolis Freeman_; _The Cleveland Gazette_; _The -Boston Courant_; _The Richmond_ (Va.) _Planet_; _The Huntsville_ (Ala.) -_Gazette_; _The Southern Age_, Atlanta, Ga.; _The Progress_, Helena, -Ark.; _The Elevator_, San Francisco, Cal.; _The Colorado Statesman_, -Denver, Colo.; _The Appeal_, Chicago, Ill.; _The Afro-American_, -Baltimore, Md., and _The Denver_ (Colo.) _Star_. - -[Sidenote: ORGANIZATION OF NEGRO CORRESPONDENTS] - -It would be improper to close a discussion of the period without -mentioning the organizing of the “Associated Correspondents of Race -Papers” on April 23, 1890. The object of the organization was to -establish a better medium of communication from the capital. This step -was perhaps the first real effort for unison among Negro newspapers, and -marked a growing spirit of journalistic co-operation and interdependency. - -[5] Murphy died in April, 1922, at the age of 80 years. - - - - -CHAPTER V - -THE DAWN OF A NEW ERA (1900-⸺) - - -[Sidenote: JOURNALISM BECOMING A PROFESSION] - -Without doubt the first two decades of the twentieth century mark the -highest progress in Negro Journalism. More papers have been established, -and better papers have been produced. A realization of the power of -the press has grown as the period of freedom has increased and race -consciousness has been developed. More men with capital have invested in -newspapers. Publishers and editors began for the first time to consider -Journalism a profession from which a living could be derived. - -[Sidenote: LACK FUNDS AND NEED EQUIPMENT] - -Lack of adequate funds to fully develop a well-balanced newspaper has -been and still is the greatest drawback to the Negro publisher. Until in -very recent years, no Negro newspaper did all of its mechanical work. -In many cases the newspaper office merely collected and arranged the -news, and then carried it to some publishing concern. In other cases, -the paper was printed by a publishing house, although the “forms” were -made-up in the paper’s own shop. Thus, Negro newspapers have not been -independent concerns. - -[Sidenote: LACK OF LIVE NEWS STORIES] - -In his effort to seriously make journalistic progress, the publisher of -a Negro newspaper has always found it difficult to obtain sufficient -live material to fill up his sheet. There have been no news bureaus or -syndicates to supply him with the type of news needed to make his paper -a real newsy sheet. In his endeavor to “pad out” in order to continually -fill the standard size of his paper, the Negro publisher has been -compelled to “clip” news previously featured by the daily newspapers -or rewrite news from other Negro papers—a task rendered difficult by -the corresponding dearth of real news in all Negro papers during “dull” -seasons. - -[Sidenote: POOR ORGANIZATION A SERIOUS HANDICAP] - -Prior to and at the beginning of the twentieth century, the organization -of the average Negro newspaper amounted to a printer-editor, perhaps an -assistant whose duties were varied and manifold, an office girl, who in -addition to keeping books, also performed the duties of copy-reader, -and two or three agents who worked part time on a percentage basis. The -typographical and grammatical structure of many of the papers suffered -greatly through the lack of having a staff sufficiently trained and -equipped with the proper facilities for turning out a well-edited, -well-printed sheet. - -Dependence on a small, under-paid and inefficient organization—a -condition analogous, and in many instances worse than that which exists -on the small town newspaper—has seriously handicapped the Negro newspaper -of the past. - -[Sidenote: NEWS BUREAUS AND SYNDICATES FOUNDED] - -The past twenty years have witnessed the evolution of a new Negro -press. Stronger papers have been begun, and news syndicates and news -associations have been founded. Examples of the latter are: The Hampton -Institute Service, The Tuskegee Institute Press Service, Allen’s News -Agency, The R. W. Thompson News Agency, The National Negro Press -Association and The Associated Negro Press. Especially is the last named -organization rendering a great service and filling a great need. - -[Sidenote: ASSOCIATED NEGRO PRESS] - -The Associated Negro Press has been in existence less than four years but -during that time it has rapidly grown and achieved great success. Today -it has a membership of more than 100 newspapers. The establishment of -the A. N. P. was the first effort in Negro Journalism to assemble and -distribute regularly general news from all sections of the United States -and other countries affecting Colored people. Through the work of this -organization big news stories now appear simultaneously in all of the -leading Negro newspapers. The A. N. P. maintains executive offices in -Chicago and permanent bureaus in Washington and New York. - -[Sidenote: PAPERS OF THE PERIOD] - -Among the present day papers established in this period are: _The Boston -Guardian_, _The Nashville Globe_, _The Atlanta Independent_, _The Chicago -Defender_, _The Detroit Leader_, _The Pittsburgh Courier_, _The St. -Louis Argus_, _The Dallas Express_, _The Cleveland Advocate_, _The Negro -World_, _The Indianapolis Ledger_, _The Indianapolis Recorder_, and _The -Chicago Whip_. - - - - -CHAPTER VI - -PRESENT DAY PAPERS - - -[Sidenote: 250 SECULAR WEEKLIES] - -Today over 250 secular Negro newspapers are being published in the -United States, with a total circulation of over one million five hundred -thousand copies. These papers are published in 34 states and in the -district of Columbia. - -[Sidenote: PAPERS HAVE JOURNALISTIC APPEARANCE] - -Papers published in the larger centers where the Negro population is -large, such as New York City, Chicago, Boston, Philadelphia, Cleveland, -St. Louis, Washington, Detroit, Indianapolis, Baltimore, Pittsburgh, -Nashville and Atlanta have developed to a high degree. Their make-up on -the whole is good; their news stories for the most part conform with -accepted journalistic style; their leads are of the summary type; their -headlines, although somewhat sensational, are usually well constructed; -their news treatment is becoming more impersonal; on the whole they are a -great improvement over the Negro papers of the past. - -[Sidenote: DEFENDER HOUSED IN $200,000 PLANT] - -Negro newspaper offices are being transformed from mere receiving -stations for news to newspaper plants. During May, 1921, _The Chicago -Defender_, one of the leading Negro newspapers, moved into a new building -fitted up by its owner, Robert S. Abbott, at an expense of over $200,000. -The new _Defender_ plant compares favorably with that of any paper of -its size in the United States. Its equipment includes four linotype -machines, each equipped with two magazines, geared to cast seven lines -per minute. The press on which _The Defender_ is printed is a 32-page and -color machine, made by the celebrated Goss Printing Press Company. It is -driven by a 30 H.P. motor and six men are required for its operation. It -prints, folds and counts the papers all in one operation at a speed of -35,000 copies per hour. The paper’s circulation is over 200,000. - -[Illustration: Abbott, Editor and Owner of The Chicago Defender, Chicago, -Illinois] - -[Sidenote: AFRO-AMERICAN EMPLOYS 21] - -Another paper which is representative of the new order of things in Negro -Journalism is _The Afro-American_ of Baltimore, Md. _The Afro-American_ -was among the first Negro papers to own and operate its own plant. Today -the plant consists of a three-story building, Goss Press, three linotype -machines, etc. The paper has twenty-one active employees and over two -hundred agents in the state. The sworn circulation of the paper for -1920-21 was twenty thousand and one hundred copies weekly. - -[Sidenote: TRIBUNE OWNS $100,000 PLANT] - -From a humble beginning in 1884, _The Philadelphia Tribune_ has grown -until today it has its own hundred thousand dollar plant, fully equipped -to do modern job and commercial work in addition to printing the paper. -Christopher J. Perry remained sole owner of the paper from its founding -to the time of his death. Today the paper is being published by his -children, and is continuing along the conservative lines which have -characterized the paper for more than 35 years. - -[Illustration: First page of the Chicago Defender, a leading Negro weekly -newspaper with a $200,000 plant and a subscription list which is over -175,000. A view of the plant is also shown.] - -[Sidenote: BETTER STAFFS AND NEWS] - -In the past, the editorial page has been the one redeeming feature of -the average Negro newspaper. Today the papers are beginning to have -well-balanced staffs, reporters, city editors, cartoonists, etc. News -stories are being better written, copy is being handled more carefully, -accuracy is being insisted upon, and make-up in general is being improved. - -[Sidenote: SECTIONAL DIFFERENCES IN DEVELOPMENT] - -Papers printed in different parts of the country vary quite significantly -in their make-up and quality. The best papers are probably published in -the Middle West and the East. The Southern press is still in the rear, -although signs are evident that it is beginning to wake up. At the -present four Southern papers have a very high national rating. They are -_The Afro-American_, _The Atlanta Independent_, _The Nashville Globe_ and -_The Dallas Express_. - -[Sidenote: PAPERS HAVING OVER 30,000] - -Seven papers have over 30,000 subscribers. The list includes the -following papers in the order named: _The Chicago Defender_, _The Negro -World_, _The Indianapolis Ledger_, _The Atlanta Independent_, _The New -York News_, _The Pittsburgh Courier_ and _The Birmingham Reporter_. - -[Sidenote: TWELVE LEADING NEGRO WEEKLIES] - -Any attempt to select the leading Negro newspapers of necessity must be -more or less arbitrary, and dependent upon prejudices toward certain -types of journalism. A probable list of the best twelve weeklies might -include: _The Chicago Defender_, _The Afro-American_, _The Cleveland -Advocate_, _The Philadelphia Tribune_, _The New York Age_, _The -Pittsburgh Courier_, _The Chicago Whip_, _The St. Louis Argus_, _The -Indianapolis Ledger_, _The Atlanta Independent_, _The Detroit Leader_ and -_The Boston Guardian_. - - - - -CHAPTER VII - -DAILY NEGRO NEWSPAPERS - - -[Sidenote: FIRST DAILY CAIRO GAZETTE] - -The first attempt of the Negro journalist to publish a daily newspaper -was _The Cairo_ (Ill.) _Gazette_, which was first issued April 23, 1882. -The editor was W. S. Scott. The paper was issued regularly for six -months when the plant was destroyed by fire. It was a readable sheet, -contained much original matter, and had a good force of reporters. - -[Sidenote: COLUMBUS MESSENGER] - -The next attempt was _The Columbus Messenger_, published at Columbus. Ga. -It was first issued as a daily in 1888. It was edited by B. T. Harvey, a -graduate of Tuskegee Institute. The sheet was 12 by 20 inches. - -[Sidenote: DAILIES ISSUED FOR SHORT PERIODS] - -Several newspapers have issued daily editions for short periods. _The -Knoxville_ (Tenn.) _Negro World_ was issued daily as an advertising -medium for two weeks. About 1890 _The Public Ledger_ of Baltimore, Md., -was issued daily by Wesley Adams, for a short period. _The Nashville -Globe_ published a daily during the $30,000 Y. M. C. A. campaign in -Nashville, Tenn., June 1-12, 1913. It proved a tremendous success for the -twelve days and had an average circulation of 5,000 per day. During the -World War _The Herald_ of Baltimore, Md., edited by W. T. Andrews, was -issued daily. - -[Sidenote: DAILIES IN FORM OF “BROADSIDES”] - -Three daily papers are being published at present. Two of these, _The -Richmond_ (Va.) _Colored American_ and _The Washington Colored American_ -are published by the American Publicity Bureau, Inc. and The National -Negro Publicity Bureau, Inc., respectively with D. Eugene Taylor listed -as general manager of both. In form these papers are “broadsides”—a -bulletin type of sheet printed on only one side. They are printed on a -sheet measuring 24 inches by 36 inches. The news is set in two double -columns, running down the center of the page between a double column of -advertising on each side. - -[Sidenote: DAILY STANDARD] - -The third paper is _The Indianapolis Daily Standard_ which began -publication the latter part of April, 1922, under the editorship of C. C. -Shelby. It is a 7 column, 4-page paper and retails at 2 cents per copy. - -[Sidenote: DRAWBACKS TO NEGRO DAILY] - -The slow development of the Negro daily is due chiefly to the fact: (1) -That the field of such papers is already covered to a large extent by -the American daily press; and (2) That a daily paper, with a restricted -field from which to gather news, and denied the service of the Associated -Press, is well nigh impossible. With the further development of the -Associated Negro Press more Negro dailies may be possible. - - - - -CHAPTER VIII - -NEGRO MAGAZINES - - -[Sidenote: EARLY MAGAZINES] - -The magazine field has not been entered as rapidly or as fully by the -Negro journalist as the newspaper field. The first Negro magazine, -nevertheless, early followed the beginning made by the first Negro -newspaper. In 1837, the first magazine—_The Mirror of Liberty_—was -published by David Ruggles. It was devoted to the advancement of the free -Negroes in the North, and was issued quarterly from New York City. - -[Sidenote: ANGLO-AFRICAN MAGAZINE] - -The next serious attempt to publish a Negro magazine was in 1856, when -Thomas Hamilton, of New York City, issued _The Anglo-African Magazine_, -which was the outgrowth of his newspaper, The Anglo-African. It was -devoted to literature, science, statistics and contained articles on the -abolition of slavery. It existed for about four years. - -[Sidenote: A. M. E. REVIEW OLDEST MAGAZINE] - -The oldest Negro magazine, like the oldest newspaper, was established -by the A. M. E. Church. In 1884, that denomination began the publishing -of _The A. M. E. Review_ in Baltimore, Md. Today it still exists and is -published in Philadelphia, Pa. - -[Sidenote: OUR WOMEN AND CHILDREN] - -Another noteworthy periodical is _Our Women and Children_, first -published in 1888, by Dr. William J. Simmons. It was unique in that it -practically confined itself to the feminine world. Its contributors were -chiefly women and the articles which appeared on its pages concerned -themselves primarily with questions which affected home-life. - -[Sidenote: OVER 100 MAGAZINES IN EXISTENCE] - -Many other Negro magazines have been attempted; many of more or less -note, but of the magazines established prior to 1900, scarcely a one, -if any, are in existence today. Of the leading present day magazines, -none can boast of as long a period of publication as the present day -newspapers. At present about one hundred magazines are being published by -Negroes. However, this number includes school periodicals, church organs -and fraternal organs, and only a small fraction of the total number are -purely literary or secular publications. - -[Sidenote: THE CRISIS EDITED BY DR. DUBOIS] - -Among the foremost Negro magazines of general literature is _The Crisis_, -published at New York City, under the editorship of Dr. W. E. B. DuBois, -perhaps the leading literary figure among the race today. While the -publication is the official organ of the National Association for the -Advancement of Colored People, it contains short stories, essays, -sketches and poetry of a high literary quality. - -[Sidenote: SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL NUMBER] - -A special feature of _The Crisis_ is the emphasis it places on higher -education. Each July it publishes an educational number containing the -photographs of Negro college graduates from white Northern institutions -during the past school year. The issue also contains a resume of the -educational progress of the year. - -[Sidenote: THE MESSENGER, A JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE] - -_The Messenger_, published in New York City by Phillip Randolph and -Chandler Owen, is devoted to economic, political and sociological -subject-matter, with special emphasis upon the Negro and his relation to -the labor problem. The tremendous influence of this magazine, devoted -as it is to such a special field, is clearly shown by the fact that at -present it has a circulation of over 26,000. - -[Sidenote: A MAGAZINE DEVOTED TO MUSIC AND SPORTS] - -Another magazine which confines itself to a limited field is _The -American Musician and Sportsman Magazine_. This publication is printed -in Philadelphia, Pa., by William A. Potter, editor. It is intended to -afford opportunity for the expression of opinion on things musical, -and in addition to its emphasis on music it deals with all branches of -professional and amateur sports. The magazine has a circulation of 5500. - -[Sidenote: JOURNAL OF NEGRO HISTORY] - -One of the most scholarly periodicals published by Negroes is _The -Journal of Negro History_ edited by Carter G. Woodson, Ph.D., at -Washington, D. C. The publication treats in a thorough-going and detailed -manner the history of the Negro race. - -[Sidenote: BROWNIES’ BOOK FOR NEGRO YOUTH] - -_The Brownies’ Book_, a magazine devoted to the activities of the Negro -youth, is also published in New York City and has at its head Dr. DuBois -and Augustus Dill. It contains stories, the life and deeds of famous men -and women of the Negro race, and current events of the world told in -language suitable for children. In a similar manner to _The Crisis_, it -features the photographs of Negro high school graduates. - -[Sidenote: FEATURED NEGRO SHORT STORIES] - -Two magazines of national importance and published in Chicago, Ill., -are _The Half-Century_, edited by Katherine Williams Irmin and _The -Favorite_, edited by Fenton Johnson. Both of these periodicals feature -literary material and short stories dealing with Negro life. - -[Sidenote: THE RADIATOR] - -Another periodical dealing with a special field is _The Radiator_, a -bi-monthly insurance magazine, edited by Sadie T. Mossell at Durham, N. -C. Its purpose is to disseminate news and information to Negro insurance -companies and workers. - -[Sidenote: LEADING PRESENT DAY MAGAZINES] - -Other magazines published at the present time are: _The Journal of the -National Medical Association_, issued quarterly by the National Medical -Association at Tuskegee Institute, Ala.; _The Pullman Porter’s Review_, -Chicago, Ill.; _The Search Light_, Raleigh, N. C.; _The Rainbow_, New -York City, and _The Crusader_, New York City. - - - - -CHAPTER IX - -TRAINING IN NEGRO SCHOOLS - - -[Sidenote: ELEMENTARY TRAINING IN HIGH SCHOOLS] - -Definite steps are being taken by Negro schools and colleges to -provide academic training in Journalism. Even in the high schools, -the development of a vague appreciation of, and elementary training -in Journalism is afforded by the publishing of school papers, under -the supervision of the English department. Such schools as Dunbar High -School, Washington, D. C.; Summer High School, St. Louis, Mo.; Central -High School, Louisville, Ky.; Pearl High School, Nashville, Tenn., and -Langston High School, Hot Springs, Ark., illustrate the point. - -[Sidenote: COLLEGE PUBLICATIONS] - -What is true of the high schools is true of the Normal and Industrial -schools and colleges on a larger scale. Approximately one hundred -periodicals are published by such institutions at least once a month. -Some of these are purely the product of the student body; a few of them -are the product of both students and faculty; still others are the -publication of the administration and faculty, and under the supervision -of a university editor. Many of the latter have developed to the -place where they are nationally known. Such periodicals as _The Fisk -University News_, _The Southern Workman_ (Hampton Institute), _Howard -University Record_ (quarterly), _The Tuskegee Student_ and _The Atlanta -University Bulletin_ (quarterly) are among the best Negro publications in -the United States. - -[Sidenote: JOURNALISM COURSES AT FISK UNIVERSITY] - -This, however, is not all. The training of Negro journalists is -being attempted through college courses. Fisk University, Nashville, -Tenn., perhaps, was the first school to give such courses. Under the -professorship of Isaac Fisher, one of the foremost Negro editors today, -four courses in Journalism are offered. The course as outlined in the -latest Fisk University catalog includes: (1) Essentials in Newspaper -Technique—a course including practise in writing, editing, and methods -of presentation; (2) The Law of Journalism—a study of libel, copyright, -rights and duties of the press in reporting judicial proceedings, and -the liabilities of the publisher, editor, reporter and contributor; (3) -Ethics of Journalism—lectures discussing the proper responsibility to -the public on the part of newspaper writers; (4) Art of Newspaper and -Magazine Making—a course devoted to the studying of actual work of making -a newspaper and magazine, with laboratory practice to supplement the -theory studied. - -[Sidenote: PROFESSIONAL TRAINING] - -What will in all probabilities mark the real beginning of professional -training in Journalism among Negroes is the opening of the proposed -School of Journalism by Howard University, Washington, D. C. Owing to a -limitation of finances, unfortunately the school has not yet been put in -operation. - -[Sidenote: PROPOSED COURSES AT HOWARD UNIVERSITY JOURNALISM SCHOOL] - -The course as outlined in the Howard University catalog is based upon -two years of college work, including a reading knowledge of at least -two modern languages, and advanced work in English Composition. The -professional work covers two years and leads to the degree of Bachelor -of Science in Journalism. The subjects offered are: Practice in Writing, -Newspaper Technique, Newspaper Editing, The History of Journalism, -Advertising, Journalistic French, Journalistic German, Journalistic -Spanish, Elements of Law, Freehand and Applied Drawing, and certain -college courses in History, Economics, Sociology, Literature and Politics. - -[Sidenote: JOURNALISM AT WILBERFORCE] - -While it does not have a separate department in Journalism, Wilberforce -University offers courses in journalistic writing as a part of the work -in the department of English. Three courses are given at present: -Business English, Short Story Writing and Editorial Writing. - -[Sidenote: PRINTING] - -On the mechanical side of newspaper publishing, work is offered in -printing at Hampton Institute (Va.), Tuskegee Institute (Ala.), and -Wilberforce University (Ohio). Many of the present printer-editors are -products of these schools. - - - - -CHAPTER X - -A FORECAST OF THE FUTURE - - -From its small beginning in 1827, Negro Journalism has steadily grown -in the United States. Today it stands as a definite factor in Negro -life. In truth, the Negro press reflects the growing race consciousness -of eleven million American citizens of African descent. The status of -the Negro newspaper is fixed—it is here to stay. While daily newspapers -may devote space to “News of Interest to Colored People;” yet they can -never take the place of the newspapers which are published solely for -the race group. The appeal of the Negro newspaper is direct and racial. -In a manner similar to that of the rural press, the Negro paper has an -unlimited field because of its personal relationship to its readers. - -During the first half century of Negro Journalism, it is doubtful if -any of the papers were financial successes; in truth, most of them were -published as purely partisan or propagandists organs, and were supported -through the contributions of sympathizers. Today Negro newspapers are -conducted on business principles and pay reasonable returns to their -investors. - -Papers in the large cities have built up enormous subscription lists of -bona fide, paid-up subscribers. Likewise, they carry a large amount of -well-paying advertisements, and as a result of these sources of income -they are able to give attractive remuneration to their publishers, -editorial staff and business staff. No longer must the Negro journalist -necessarily be an unpaid worker. Trained journalists can obtain -respectable salaries and find as many openings as their fellow workers on -metropolitan dailies and national weeklies and monthlies. - -That the calibre of the work done on Negro publications will continue -to improve is highly probable in view of the fact that every year an -increasing number of trained young men and women are entering the -field, and bringing with them burning enthusiasm and high professional -ideals. The Courses in Journalism in the Negro colleges, also, will -soon be having a telling effect on the future Negro journalist. Already -a few of the twentieth century Negro youths are being attracted to the -professional study of Journalism, preferring the possibilities of its -virgin field to the overcrowded professions of law, teaching, medicine -and theology. - -The future of Negro Journalism is limited only by the zeal and -conscientious effort which its workers bestir themselves to exert. A -marvelous growth and success has been recorded within the past 95 years, -but greater achievement is yet to be accomplished. Negro semi-weeklies, -and eventually dailies in the larger cities, will undoubtedly be -developed within the next decade. The size of many of the present -weeklies will be increased of necessity. Better news stories and more -real news will be the result of the successful functioning of such news -syndicates as the Associated Negro Press. - -The decreasing of illiteracy among the Negroes will continue to be -carried forward by the Negro press, with a mutual benefit to the race -and its publications. Higher standards of literacy will bring greater -appreciation for reading and thereby create a stronger support for the -Negro publisher. - -In the immediate future, perhaps, the great field for development -in Negro Journalism is in the South where the great mass of Negro -population, despite the Northern immigration, resides. There Negro -Journalism needs and will continue to need its best trained editors and -managers. There it will need men of sound judgment and common sense; men -of purpose and high professional ideals; men of broad sympathy and great -patience. - - - - -PARTIAL LIST OF NEWSPAPERS PUBLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES - - - ALABAMA - - The Birmingham Reporter Birmingham - The Emancipator Montgomery - The Mobile Forum Mobile - The Mobile Advocate Mobile - The Mobile Weekly Press Mobile - The Negro Leader Uniontown - The Times Plaindealer Birmingham - The Voice of the People Birmingham - The Voice of the Negro Dothan - - ARKANSAS - - Hot Springs Echo Hot Springs - Arkansas Banner Little Rock - The Appreciator-Union Fort Smith - The Negro Advocate Fordyce - The Interstate Reporter Helena - The Opinion-Enterprise Marianna - Western Review Little Rock - White River Advocate Newport - The School Herald Warren - - ARIZONA - - The Phoenix Tribune Phoenix - - CALIFORNIA - - The Eagle Los Angeles - The Liberator Los Angeles - The Citizens Advocate Los Angeles - Oakland Sunshine Oakland - The Western Outlook Oakland - The New Age Los Angeles - The Western Review Sacramento - - COLORADO - - Colorado Statesman Denver - The Denver Advocate Colorado Springs - The Rising Sun Pueblo - - CONNECTICUT - - Hartford Herald Hartford - - DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA - - The Washington Eagle Washington - The Washington Bee Washington - - FLORIDA - - Florida Sentinel Jacksonville - Labor Templar Jacksonville - West Florida Bugle Marianna - The Tampa Bulletin Tampa - Metropolitan Tallahassee - The Palatka Advocate Palatka - The Colored Citizen Pensacola - - GEORGIA - - The Savannah Journal Savannah - The Savannah Tribune Savannah - The Americus Chronicle Americus - The Athens Clipper Athens - The Atlanta Post Atlanta - The Atlanta Independent Atlanta - Rome Enterprise Rome - The Advocate Brunswick - The Augusta News Augusta - Supreme Circle News Albany - - ILLINOIS - - Inter-State Echo Danville - The Broad Axe Chicago - The Chicago Defender Chicago - The Chicago Idea Chicago - The Peoples Advocate Chicago - The Searchlight Chicago - The Whip Chicago - The Forum Springfield - The Weekly Star Mound City - The Illinois Conservator Springfield - Advance Citizens Springfield - - INDIANA - - The Indianapolis Freeman Indianapolis - The Indianapolis Recorder Indianapolis - The Indianapolis Ledger Indianapolis - The Indianapolis World Indianapolis - The Terre Haute Citizen Terre Haute - National Defender and Sun Gary - The Gary Dispatch Gary - - IOWA - - Iowa State Bystander Des Moines - Buxton Gazette Buxton - - KANSAS - - The Topeka Plaindealer Topeka - The Negro Star Wichita - Wichita Protest Wichita - The Coffeyville Globe Coffeyville - Hutchinson Blade Hutchinson - - KENTUCKY - - The Kentucky Reporter Louisville - The Columbian Herald Louisville - The Louisville News Louisville - Kentucky Home Finder Louisville - Lexington Weekly News Lexington - The Torchlight Danville - Saturday News Hopkinsville - The New Age Hopkinsville - - LOUISIANA - - The Advance Messenger Alexandria - The News-Enterprise Shreveport - The Watchman Shreveport - - MARYLAND - - The Afro-American Baltimore - The Crusader Baltimore - The Herald-Commonwealth Baltimore - - MASSACHUSETTS - - The Guardian Boston - The Boston Chronicle Boston - - MICHIGAN - - The Michigan Age Ann Arbor - The Detroit Leader Detroit - - MINNESOTA - - The National Advocate Minneapolis - The Appeal St. Paul - - MISSISSIPPI - - The Cotton Farmer Scott - The Delta Lighthouse Greenville - The Natchez Weekly Herald Natchez - The National Star Vicksburg - The Star Columbus - The Morning Star Columbus - The Mississippi Monitor Meridan - The Light Vicksburg - The New Era Indianola - The Weekly Times Hattiesburg - The Weekly Reporter Natchez - Central Mississippi Signal Kosciusko - The Progressive Torchlight Greenwood - The Advance Mound Bayou - The National Defender Clarksdale - The Informer Gulfport - The National News Digest Mound Bayou - - MISSOURI - - The St. Louis Independent-Clarion St. Louis - The St. Louis Argus St. Louis - The Anchor Caruthersville - The Missouri State Register Hannibal - Kansas City Sun Kansas City - The National Mirror Kansas City - The Western Messenger Jefferson City - The St. Louis Independent News St. Louis - - NEBRASKA - - The Monitor Omaha - - NEW JERSEY - - The Eastern Observer Montclair - The Echo Red Bank - The Atlantic Advocate Atlantic City - The New Jersey Informer Newark - - NEW YORK - - The New York News New York City - The Amsterdam News New York City - The New York Age New York City - The Negro World New York City - The Commoner New York City - - NORTH CAROLINA - - The Gate City Argus Greensboro - High Point Colored American High Point - The Charlotte Advertiser Charlotte - The Voice Rocky Mount - The Raleigh Independent Raleigh - The Home News Wilmington - The Gazette Charlotte - Signs of the Times Elizabeth City - The Winston-Salem News Winston-Salem - - OHIO - - The Dayton Forum Dayton - The Cleveland Gazette Cleveland - The Cleveland Advocate Cleveland - The Union Cincinnati - The Cincinnati Journal Cincinnati - - OKLAHOMA - - The Boley Progress Boley - The Oklahoma Guide Guthrie - The Muskogee Scimetar Muskogee - Rentiesville News Rentiesville - Clearview Patriarch Clearview - The Tulsa Star Tulsa - The Oklahoma Sun Tulsa - The Black Dispatch Oklahoma City - - OREGON - - The Advocate Portland - - PENNSYLVANIA - - The Advocate Verdict Harrisburgh - The Philadelphia Courant Philadelphia - The Philadelphia Tribune Philadelphia - The Philadelphia American Philadelphia - The Public Journal Philadelphia - The Pittsburgh Courier Pittsburgh - The Pittsburgh American Pittsburgh - The Advocate Wilkes-Barre - - RHODE ISLAND - - The Advance Providence - - SOUTH CAROLINA - - The Charleston Messenger Charleston - The New Era Charleston - The Allendale Advocate Allendale - The Southern Indicator Columbia - The Informer Columbia - The Light Columbia - The Plowman Columbia - The Negro Chronicle Greenville - The People’s Recorder Orangeburg - The Rockhill Messenger Rockhill - - TENNESSEE - - Bluff City News Memphis - East Tennessee News Knoxville - Chattanooga Defender Chattanooga - Memphis Times Memphis - The Western World Reporter Memphis - The Nashville Globe Nashville - The Nashville Clarion Nashville - - TEXAS - - Texas Guide Victoria - The Victoria Guard Victoria - The Calvert Bugle Calvert - The City Times Galveston - The Galveston New Idea Galveston - The Dallas Express Dallas - The Industrial Era Beaumont - The Herald Austin - The Watchman Austin - The Houston Informer Houston - The Houston Observer Houston - The Texas Freeman Houston - The Western Star Houston - The Houston Informer Houston - Independence Heights Record Houston - The San Antonio Inquirer San Antonio - The Gem City Bulletin Denison - The Conservative Counselor Waco - Fort Worth Hornet Fort Worth - - VIRGINIA - - The Charlottesville Messenger Charlottesville - The Colored Virginian Petersburg - The Weekly Review Petersburg - The Richmond Planet Richmond - The Virginia Headlight Charlottesville - The Virginia Advocate Roanoke - The Star Newport News - The Journal and Guide Norfolk - - WASHINGTON - - The Seattle Searchlight Seattle - - WEST VIRGINIA - - The Advocate Charleston - The Mountain Leader Charleston - The Charleston Observer Charleston - The Pioneer Press Martinsburg - - WISCONSIN - - The Wisconsin Weekly Blade Madison - - - - -[Illustration: LINOTYPE - -® TRADE MARK ® - -Every important improvement in methods of composition for the past 36 -years has been the result of LINOTYPE initiative. - -Every part of the LINOTYPE is there because the machine is better for it -and every part fits into the big scheme of simple operation. The LINOTYPE -is the machine of no compromise. - -_The illustration shows the Model 21, text and display LINOTYPE. As many -as ten faces in six different sizes are immediately available from the -keyboard._] - -_This advertisement composed entirely on the LINOTYPE_ - - * * * * * - -We represent at the present time in the advertising field, practically -every paper of consequence reaching the Colored people of the United -States. - -We are pleased to extend our most cordial greetings to our newspaper -friends and will continue to extend the same reliable service in the -future, we have given in the past. - - W. B. ZIFF CO. - Per E. C. Auld, General Mgr. - - Transportation Bldg., Morton Bldg. Bryant Bldg. - Chicago, Ill. New York, N. Y. 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