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diff --git a/old/65002-0.txt b/old/65002-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 5dfcf79..0000000 --- a/old/65002-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,14947 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Birds of Australia, Vol. 1 of 7, by John -Gould - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: The Birds of Australia, Vol. 1 of 7 - -Author: John Gould - -Release Date: April 05, 2021 [eBook #65002] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Richard Tonsing, MWS, and the Online Distributed Proofreading - Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from - images generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BIRDS OF AUSTRALIA, VOL. 1 OF -7 *** - - - - - THE - BIRDS OF AUSTRALIA. - - - BY - - JOHN GOULD, F.R.S., - F.L.S., F.Z.S., M.E.S., F.ETHN.S., F.R.GEOG.S., M. RAY S., HON. MEMB. OF - THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF TURIN, OF THE ROY. ZOOL. SOC. OF - IRELAND, OF THE PENZANCE NAT. HIST. SOC., OF THE WORCESTER NAT. HIST. - SOC., OF THE NORTHUMBERLAND, DURHAM AND NEWCASTLE NAT. HIST. SOC., OF - THE NAT. HIST. SOC. OF DARMSTADT AND OF THE TASMANIAN SOCIETY OF VAN - DIEMEN’S LAND, ETC. - - - IN SEVEN VOLUMES. - - - VOL. I. - - - LONDON: - PRINTED BY RICHARD AND JOHN E. TAYLOR, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. - PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR, 20, BROAD STREET, GOLDEN SQUARE. - 1848. - - - - - TO - HER MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY - VICTORIA, - QUEEN OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, - THIS WORK, - ON THE - BIRDS OF AUSTRALIA, - IS, WITH HER ROYAL PERMISSION, - DEDICATED - BY HER MAJESTY’S - MOST OBEDIENT AND FAITHFUL - SUBJECT AND SERVANT, - - JOHN GOULD. - - - - - LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. - - - HER MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY THE QUEEN. - - HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE PRINCE ALBERT. - HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF PRUSSIA. - HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF THE FRENCH. - HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF DENMARK. - HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF SARDINIA. - HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF THE BELGIANS. - HIS IMPERIAL AND ROYAL HIGHNESS THE GRAND DUKE OF TUSCANY. - HIS IMPERIAL HIGHNESS THE DUKE OF LEUCHTENBURG. - HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE GRAND DUKE OF HESSE DARMSTADT. - HIS HIGHNESS THE PRINCE MAXIMILIAN DE WIED. - HIS HIGHNESS THE PRINCE OF CANINO. - HIS HIGHNESS THE PRINCE D’ESSLING. - - Aberdeen, the University and King’s College of. - - Ancauthe Museum, the Library of the. _Van Diemen’s Land._ - - Archer, T., Esq. _Van Diemen’s Land._ - - Artaria and Fontaine, Messrs. _Mannheim._ - - Australian Subscription Library, The. _Sydney, New South Wales._ - - Aylesford, the Right Hon. the Earl of. _Packington Hall, Coventry, - Warwickshire; and Aylesford, Maidstone, Kent._ - - Baker, T. B. L., Esq., F.G.S. &c. _Hardwicke Court, Gloucester._ - - Barclay, R., Esq. _Lombard-street._ - - Bell, Jacob, Esq., F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c. _Langham-place._ - - Bell, John, Esq., M.P. _Thirsk, Yorkshire._ - - Bell, T., Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S. &c. _New Broad-street; and Selborne, - Hampshire._ - - Bennett, G., Esq. _Sydney, New South Wales._ - - Bent, J., Esq. _Liverpool._ - - Berlin, the Royal Library of. - - Bicheno, J. E., Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S. &c., Colonial Secretary. _Van - Diemen’s Land._ - - Bodleian Library, The. _Oxford._ - - Bolton, Mrs. _Storr’s Hall, Windermere, Westmoreland._ - - Boone, Mr. _New Bond-street_; three copies. - - Booth, Mr. _Duke-street, Portland-place_; two copies. - - Bosville, A., Esq. _Thorpe Hall, Burlington, Yorkshire._ - - Bowles, Rear-Admiral. - - Broderip, W. J., Esq., B.A., F.R.S., F.L.S. &c. _Raymond’s-buildings, - Gray’s Inn._ - - Brussels, the Royal Library of. - - Buccleuch, His Grace the Duke of, K.T., D.C.L., F.R.S.L. & E., F.L.S., - F.Z.S. &c. _Whitehall Gardens; Broughton House, Kettering, - Northamptonshire; Richmond, Surrey; Dalkeith, Edinburgh; - Drumlanrig Castle, and Langholm Lodge, Dumfries-shire; and - Bowhill, Selkirk, North Britain._ - - Burlington, the Right Hon. the Earl of, F.R.S., F.Z.S., M.R.I. &c. - _Belgrave Square; Holkar Hall, Milnthorpe, Northamptonshire; and - Compton-place, Eastbourn, Sussex._ - - Cabbell, B. B., Esq., M.P., F.R.S., F.H.S., F.A.S. &c. _Brick-court, - Temple._ - - Calcutta Public Library, The (per Messrs. Longmans). - - Cambridge University, The. - - Campbell, —, Esq. _Sydney, New South Wales._ - - Campbell, W. F., Esq. _Islay House, Isle of Islay, North Britain._ - - Canning, the Rev. W. _The Cloisters, Windsor Castle._ - - Cheetham Library, The. Manchester. - - Classensche Library at Copenhagen, The (per Messrs. Longmans). - - Coxen, Captain E. 60th Rifles. - - Craven, the Right Hon. the Earl of. _Charles-street, Berkeley-square; - Coombe Abbey, near Coventry, Warwickshire; and Hampstead Park, - Bracknell, Berkshire._ - - Crowley, H., Esq. _Thornton Heath, Croydon, Surrey._ - - Currer, Miss. _Eshton Hall, Gargrave, Skipton, Yorkshire._ - - Dalen, Dr. _Rotterdam._ - - De Jersey, Dr. _Riversfield House, Southampton._ - - De la Fresnaye, Mons. le Baron. _Calvados, Falaise, Normandy._ - - Derby, the Right Hon. the Earl of, K.G., LL.D., Pres. Z.S., F.H.S., - Trust. Brit. Mus. &c. _Grosvenor-square; and Knowsley Hall, - Prescot, Lancashire._ - - De Tabley, the Right Hon. Lord Warren. _Tabley House, Knutsford, - Cheshire._ - - Drummond, C., Esq. _Stratton-street, Piccadilly; and Newsells Park, - Royston, Hertfordshire._ - - Dry, ——, Esq. _Van Diemen’s Land._ - - Du Bus, Monsieur le Chevalier. _Brussels._ - - East India Company, The Honourable the. - - Edinburgh, the Royal Society of. - - Edinburgh, the Library of the University of. - - Egerton, Sir Philip de Malpas Grey, Bart., M.P., F.R.S., F.G.S., - F.Z.S. &c. _Oulton Park, Tarporley, Cheshire._ - - Ewing, the Rev. Thomas James. _Newtown Parsonage, Hobart Town, Van - Diemen’s Land._ - - Eyton, T. C., Esq. _Donnerville, Wellington, Salop._ - - Folliott, G., Esq. _Vicar’s Cross, near Chester._ - - France, the Royal Institute of. - - Franklin, His Excellency Captain Sir John, R.N., F.R.S., F.L.S. &c., - Governor of Van Diemen’s Land. - - Fuller, ——, Esq., F.H.S. &c. _St. James’s-street; and Streatham, - Surrey._ - - Gibson, W. G., Esq. _Saffron Walden, Essex._ - - Gipps, His Excellency Sir George, Governor-General of New South Wales, - &c. - - Glasgow, the University of. - - Gott, W., Esq. _Leeds, Yorkshire._ - - Grey, His Excellency Captain Sir George, Governor of New Zealand. - - Guise, Lieut.-Gen. Sir John W., Bart. _Bournemouth, near Christ - Church, Hampshire._ - - Gunn, R. C., Esq. _Launceston, Van Diemen’s Land._ - - Gurney, Hudson, Esq., F.R.S., F.S.A. &c. _St. James’s-square; and - Keswick Hall, Norwich._ - - Gurney, J. H., Esq. _Earlham Hall, Norwich._ - - Hall, R. B., Esq., M.P. _Bolton-street, Piccadilly; and Cottles, - Melksham, Wiltshire._ - - Haslar Hospital Library, The. _Gosport, Hampshire._ - - Hewson, John, Esq. _Newland, Lincoln._ - - Hill, the Right Hon. Viscount Hill. _Hawkstone, Market-Drayton; and - Hardwicke Grange, Shrewsbury, Salop._ - - Housman, Mrs. _Bath_ (per Mr. C. Empson). - - Howard, the Hon. Mrs. _Ashstead Park, Epsom, Surrey._ - - Hull Subscription Library, The. - - Hullmandel, C., Esq. _Great Marlborough-street._ - - Hurt, Miss. _Alderwasley, Derbyshire._ - - Hutt, His Excellency, John, Esq., Governor of Western Australia. - - Jardin des Plantes, the Library of the. _Paris._ - - Jardine, Sir William, Bart., F.R.S.E., F.L.S., M.W.S. &c. _Jardine - Hall, Lockerby, Dumfries-shire._ - - Kenmare, The Right Hon. the Earl of. _Belgrave-square; and Killarney, - Ireland._ - - Lea, —, Esq. _Sydney, New South Wales._ - - Leadbeater, Mr. John. _Brewer-street, Golden-square._ - - Leeds, His Grace the Duke of. _Hornby Castle, Catterick, Yorkshire._ - - Legh, G. C., Esq., M.P. _High Legh, Warrington, Lancashire._ - - Linnean Society of London, The. - - Little and Brown, Messrs. _Boston, North America_; two copies. - - Liverpool Library, The. - - Liverpool, The Royal Institution of. - - Llewelyn, J. D., Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S. _Pennlergare, Swansea, South - Wales._ - - Lomax, J., Esq. - - London Institution, The. _Finsbury Circus._ - - Lyons, S., Esq. _Sydney, New South Wales._ - - McArthur, James, Esq. _Camden, New South Wales._ - - Malcolm, N., Esq. _Stanhope-street, May Fair._ - - Mitchell, D. W., Esq., M.A., F.L.S., Sec. Zool. Soc. &c. _Great - Russell-street, Bloomsbury._ - - Mitford, Rear-Admiral. _Hunmanby, near Scarborough, Yorkshire._ - - Moore, W., Esq. _Grimeshill, Kirby Lonsdale, Westmoreland._ - - Munich, The Royal Library of. - - Neville, The Hon. Charles. _New Burlington-street; and Audley End, - Essex._ - - Newcastle-upon-Tyne, The Literary and Philosophical Society of. - - Northampton, The Most Noble the Marquess of, F.R.S., F.L.S. &c. - _Piccadilly; Castle Ashby, Northampton; and Compton Wyngates, - Shipston-on-Stour, Warwickshire._ - - Northumberland, His Grace the Duke of, F.R.S., &c. _Northumberland - House, Charing Cross; Sion House, Isleworth, Middlesex; Alnwick - Castle, Northumberland; and Warrington Park, Launceston, - Cornwall._ - - Norwich, The Right Rev. The Lord Bishop of, F.R.S., P.L.S. &c. - _Brook-street; and the Palace, Norwich._ - - Ostell and Lepage, Messrs. _Calcutta._ - - Oxley, C. C., Esq. _Redcar, near Guisborough, Yorkshire._ - - Paris, The Royal Library of. - - Parker, J. C., Esq. - - Perkins, H., Esq., F.H.S., F.G.S. &c. _Springfield, Surrey._ - - Powell, J. P., Esq. _Fulham, Middlesex; and Quex Park, near Margate, - Kent._ - - Radcliffe Library, The. _Oxford._ - - Reeves, J., Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S. &c. _Clapham._ - - Richardson, C. G., Esq. _Tanfield-court, Temple._ - - Robyns, Monsieur M. J. _Brussels._ - - Rodgers, J., Esq. _Sheffield, Yorkshire._ - - Rolle, The Right Hon. Lady. _Upper Grosvenor-street; Stevenston, near - Torrington; Bicton, near Exeter; and Bovey, near Axminster, - Devonshire._ - - Rouen, Le Musée d’Histoire Naturelle de. - - Rüppell, Dr. _Frankfort-on-the-Maine._ - - St. Andrew’s, The University of. - - Saye and Sele, The Right Hon. Lord. _Grosvenor-street; Belvidere, - Erith, Kent; and Broughton Castle, Banbury, Oxon._ - - Shelley, Lady. _Elcott House, Hungerford, Berkshire._ - - Shrewsbury, The Right Hon. the Earl of. _Haythrop House, Oxfordshire; - and Alton Towers, Cheadle, Staffordshire._ - - Shuttleworth, R. J., Esq. _Berne, Switzerland._ - - Skaife, J., Esq. _Union-street, Blackburn, Lancashire._ - - Somerset, His Grace the Duke of, K.G., D.C.L., F.R.S., F.L.S. &c. - _Park-lane; Bradley House, Mere, Wilts; and Stobec House, Newton - Abbott, Devonshire._ - - Stamford and Warrington, The Right Hon. the Earl of. _Hill-street, - Berkeley-square; Dunham Massey, Altringham, Cheshire; and Enville - Hall, Stourbridge, Staffordshire._ - - Strasbourg, Le Musée d’Histoire Naturelle du. - - Strickland, Mrs. _Apperley Court, Gloucestershire._ - - Surgeons of England, The Royal College of. - - Sutherland, His Grace the Duke of, M.A., F.Z.S. &c. _Stafford-House, - St. James’s; Trentham Hall, Staffordshire; and Dunrobin Castle, - Sutherlandshire._ - - Sydney Mechanics’ School of Arts, The. _New South Wales._ - - Temminck, Monsieur C. J., Chevalier de l’ordre du Lion Neerlandais; - Directeur du Musée Royal des Pays-bas; Membre de l’institut, des - Académies de Stockholm et de Bonn; des Sociétés Royales de - Médecine et de Chirurgie, Linnéenne et Zoologique de Londres; des - Sociétés Impériales de Moscou et de celle des Naturalistes - d’Utrecht, de Groningue, de Leiden, de Paris, Lausanne, Lille, - Frankfort, Mayence, Halle, Marbourg, Wurzbourg, Heidelberg, - Stockholm, Hanau, Batavia, Philadelphia, et Cap de Bonne - Espérance. _Leyden._ - - Templeman, J., Esq. _Bath_ (per Mr. C. Empson). - - Teylerian Library, The. _Haarlem._ - - Thorold, H., Esq. _Gloucester-square, Hyde-park; and Eshing Park, - Godalming, Surrey._ - - Trinity College, Dublin. - - Van Der Hoop, M. _Amsterdam._ - - Vienna, The Imperial Library of (per M. Rohrmann). - - Weigel, Mr. T. O. _Leipsic_ (per Messrs. Longmans). - - Wells, W., Esq. _Redleaf, Penshurst, Kent._ - - Wenlock, The Right Hon. Lord. _Berkeley-square; and Escrick Park, near - York._ - - Westermann, M. _Amsterdam._ - - Wheble, J., Esq. _Bulmershe-court, Reading, Berkshire._ - - Wilson, Edward, Esq. _Lydstip House, near Tenby, Pembrokeshire._ - - Wilson, Dr. T. B. _Philadelphia, North America._ - - Worcestershire Natural History Society, The. - - Wright, Captain. _Sydney, New South Wales._ - - Yarrell, W., Esq., V.P.Z.S., F.L.S. &c. _Ryder-street, St. James’s._ - - Yass Subscription Library, The. _New South Wales._ - - Yorkshire Philosophical Society, The. - - Zoological Society of London, The. - - - - - GENERAL INDEX - - - Vol. Page - Ægialitis bicinctus VI. 16 - Monachus VI. 18 - nigrifrons VI. 20 - Ægotheles Australis II. 1 - cristatus II. 1 - leucogaster. Vol. I. p. xxvii II. 2 - lunulatus II. 1 - Novæ-Hollandiæ. Vol. I. p. xxvii II. 1 - Acanthiza albifrons III. 64 - apicalis. Vol. I. p. xlvi III. 57 - Chestnut-rumped V. 56 - chrysorrhœa. Vol. I. p. xlvi III. 63 - Diemenensis. Vol. I. p. xlv V. 54 - Ewingii. Vol. I. p. xlvi V. 55 - Ewing’s V. 55 - frontalis III. 49 - inornata. Vol. I. p. xlvi III. 59 - lineata. Vol. I. p. xlvi III. 61 - Little III. 60 - Little Brown III. 53 - nana. Vol. I. p. xlvi III. 60 - Plain-coloured III. 59 - pyrrhopygia. Vol. I. p. xlvi III. 39, 58 - pusilla. Vol. I. p. xlvi III. 53 - Red-rumped III. 58 - Reguloïdes. Vol. I. p. xlvi III. 62 - Regulus-like III. 62 - Striated III. 61 - Tasmanian V. 54 - uropygialis. Vol. I. p. xlvi V. 56 - Western III. 57 - Yellow-tailed III. 63 - Acanthogenys rufogularis. Vol. I. p. lviii IV. 53 - Acanthorhynchus dubius. Vol. I. p. lix IV. 61 - superciliosus. Vol. I. p. lix IV. 62 - tenuirostris. Vol. I. p. lix IV. 61 - Acanthylis caudacuta. Vol. I. p. xxix II. 10 - Accipiter approximans. Vol. I. p. xxi - cirrhocephalus. Vol. I. p. xxi - torquatus. Vol. I. p. xxiv 19 - Acrocephalus Australis. Vol. I. p. xlv III. 37 - longirostris. Vol. I. p. xlv III. 38 - Actitis empusa. Vol. I. p. lxxxv VI. 35 - Albatros, Black VII. 44 - Black-eyebrowed VII. 43 - Cautious VII. 40 - Culminated VII. 41 - Short-tailed VII. 39 - Sooty VII. 44 - Wandering VII. 38 - Yellow-billed VII. 42 - Yellow-nosed VII. 42 - Albatrus VII. 38 - Alcedo fusca II. 18 - gigantea II. 18 - gigas II. 18 - tribrachys II. 25 - Alcyone Australis II. 25 - azurea. Vol. I. p. xxxi II. 25 - Diemenensis. Vol. I. p. xxx - pulchra. Vol. I. p. xxxi - pusilla. Vol. I. p. xxxii II. 26 - Alectura Lathami V. 77 - Amadina acuticauda III. 90 - annulosa III. 81 - castaneothorax III. 94 - castanotis. Vol. I. p. xlix III. 87 - cincta III. 93 - Gouldiæ. Vol. I. p. xlix III. 88 - Lathami. Vol. I. p. xlix III. 86 - modesta. Vol. I. p. xlix III. 85 - pectoralis III. 95 - ruficauda III. 84 - Amytis leucopterus III. 25 - macrourus. Vol. I. p. xliv III. 30 - striatus. Vol. I. p. xliv III. 29 - textilis. Vol. I. p. xliv III. 28, 29 - Anas arcuata VII. 14 - atrata VII. 6 - carunculata VII. 18 - Coromandeliana VII. 5 - fasciata VII. 13 - jubata VII. 3 - leucophrys VII. 9 - lobata VII. 18 - melanoleuca VII. 2 - membranacea VII. 13 - nævosa. Vol. I. p. xcii VII. 10 - plutonia VII. 6 - punctata. Vol. I. p. xcii VII. 11 - Radjah VII. 8 - Rhynchotis VII. 12 - semipalmata VII. 2 - superciliosa. Vol. I. p. xci VII. 9 - Tadornoïdes VII. 7 - Anoüs ——? VII. 35 - cinereus. Vol. I. p. xcvi VII. 37 - leucocapillus. Vol. I. p. xcv VII. 36 - melanops. Vol. I. p. xcvi VII. 35 - niger VII. 34 - stolidus. Vol. I. p. xcvi VII. 34 - Anser Girra VII. 5 - griseus VII. 1 - Anseranas melanoleuca. Vol. I. p. xci VII. 2 - Anthochæra carunculata. Vol. I. p. lviii IV. 54, 55 - inauris. Vol. I. p. lviii IV. 54 - Lewinii IV. 55 - lunulata. Vol. I. p. lviii IV. 57 - mellivora. Vol. I. p. lviii IV. 56 - Phrygia IV. 48 - Anthus Australis. Vol. I. p. xlviii III. 73 - fuliginosus III. 70 - minimus III. 72 - pallescens III. 73 - rufescens III. 76 - Aprosmictus erythropterus. Vol. I. - p. lxv V. 18 - scapulatus. Vol. I. p. lxv V. 17 - Aptenodyta minor VII. 84 - Aptenodytes chrysocome VII. 83 - minor VII. 84 - Undina VII. 85 - Apteryx Australis. Vol. I. p. lxxxi VI. 2 - Owenii. Vol. I. p. lxxxi VI. 3 - Owen’s VI. 3 - Aquila albirostris I. 1 - cuneicaudata. Vol. I. p. xxi - fucosa. Vol. I. p. xxi 1 - Morphnoïdes. Vol. I. p. xxi 2 - (Uroaëtus) audax. Vol. I. p. xxi - Ardea Bullaragang VI. 52 - Caledonica VI. 63 - cœrulea, var. VI. 60 - flavicollis VI. 65 - (Herodias) picata VI. 62 - jugularis VI. 60 - leucophæa. Vol. I. p. lxxxvii VI. 55 - leucops VI. 53 - maculata VI. 68 - Matook VI. 60 - nigra VI. 65 - Novæ-Hollandiæ. Vol. I. p. lxxxvii VI. 53 - Pacifica. Vol. I. p. lxxxvii VI. 52 - pusilla VI. 68 - rectirostris. Vol. I. p. lxxxvii VI. 54 - Sparmannii VI. 63 - Ardetta flavicollis. Vol. I. p. lxxxvii VI. 65 - macrorhyncha. Vol. I. p. lxxxviii VI. 66 - pusilla. Vol. I. p. lxxxviii VI. 68 - stagnatilis. Vol. I. p. lxxxviii VI. 67 - Artamus albiventris. Vol. I. p. xxxii II. 30 - albovittatus II. 27 - cinereus. Vol. I. p. xxxii II. 29 - leucopygialis. Vol. I. p. xxxii II. 33 - lineatus II. 27 - minor II. 28 - sordidus II. 27 - personatus. Vol. I. p. xxxii II. 31 - superciliosus. Vol. I. p. xxxii II. 32 - Astur albus I. 15 - approximans. Vol. I. p. xxiv 17 - cruentus. Vol. I. p. xxiv 18 - fasciatus I. 17 - Novæ-Hollandiæ. Vol. I. p. xxiv 14 - (Leucospiza) Novæ-Hollandiæ. Vol. I. p. xxi - (Micronisus) torquatus. Vol. I. p. xxi - Novæ-Hollandiæ, albino I. 15 - radiatus. Vol. I. p. xxiv 16, 17 - Raii I. 14 - testaceus (Ernest). Vol. I. p. xxi - Athene? connivens. Vol. I. p. xxvii 34 - Athene Boobook Vol. I. p. xxvi 32 - ? fortis I. 34 - maculata Vol. I. p. xxvi 33 - marmorata Vol. I. p. xxvi - rufa Vol. I. p. xxvii 36 - strenua Vol. I. p. xxvii 35 - Atrichia clamosa Vol. I. p. xliv III. 34 - Attagen Ariel Vol. I. p. c VII. 72 - Atticora leucosternon Vol. I. p. xxix II. 12 - Avocet, Red-necked VI. 27 - Avoset, Terek VI. 34 - - Banksianus Australis Vol. I. p. lxiv - galeatus V. 14 - Barita Anaphonensis II. 45 - destructor II. 52 - Quoyi II. 53 - strepera II. 42 - Tibicen II. 46, 47 - Baza subcristata Vol. I. p. xxvi - Bee-eater II. 16 - Australian II. 16 - Black and Yellow IV. 48 - Blue-cheeked IV. 68 - Chattering IV. 76 - Cowled IV. 58 - Dusky IV. 20 - Embroidered IV. 48 - Golden-winged IV. 56 - Knob-fronted IV. 58 - Mountain II. 16 - Variegated II. 16 - Wattled IV. 55 - Bernicla Coromandeliana VII. 5 - Girra VII. 5 - jubata Vol. I. p. xci VII. 3 - Bird, Alarm VI. 9 - Australian Bell- IV. 80 - Bell- II. 81 - IV. 80 - Blood IV. 63 - Brush Wattle- IV. 56 - Butcher II. 52 - Cat IV. 11 - Coach-whip III. 15 - Friar IV. 68 - Great Bower- IV. 9 - Little Wattle- IV. 57 - Lunulated Wattle- IV. 57 - Man-of-War VII. 38 - Mock Regent IV. 48 - Nankeen VI. 63 - New Holland, Tropic VII. 73 - Noisy Brush- III. 34 - Regent IV. 12 - Red-tailed Tropic VII. 73 - Rifle IV. 100 - Satin IV. 10 - Satin Bower- IV. 10 - Silvery-backed Butcher II. 51 - Silvery-crowned Friar- IV. 59 - Small Frigate VII. 72 - Spotted Bower- IV. 8 - Wattle IV. 54, 55 - Yellow-throated Friar- IV. 60 - Bittern, Australian VI. 64 - Little Brown VI. 65 - Little Grey VI. 67 - Minute VI. 68 - Thick-billed Green VI. 66 - Yellow-necked VI. 65 - Biziura lobata Vol. I. p. xciii VII. 18 - Novæ-Hollandiæ VII. 18 - Blue-eye IV. 68 - Booby VII. 78 - Brown VII. 78 - Botaurus Australis. Vol. I. p. lxxxviii VI. 64 - Brachyptrallus Ralloïdes? VI. 71 - Brachystoma cinerea IV. 17 - Bristle-Bird III. 32 - Long-billed III. 33 - Bronze-wing, Harlequin V. 66 - Smith’s Partridge V. 68 - Partridge V. 67 - Plumed Partridge V. 69 - Brown-tail V. 54 - Burhinus magnirostris VI. 6 - Bustard, Australian VI. 4 - Buteo melanosternon. Vol. I. p. xxv I. 20 - Buzzard, Black-breasted I. 20 - - Cacatua chrysolophus V. 1 - Eos. Vol. I. p. lxiii V. 4 - galeata V. 14 - galerita. Vol. I. p. lxiii V. 1 - Leadbeateri. Vol. I. p. lxiii V. 2 - nasica V. 5 - rosea V. 4 - roseicapilla V. 4 - sanguinea. Vol. I. p. lxiii V. 3 - Calamanthus campestris. Vol. I. p. xlviii III. 71 - fuliginosus. Vol. I. p. xlviii III. 70 - Calamoherpe longirostris III. 38 - Calidris Australis VI. 31 - Callocephalon Australe V. 14 - galeatum. Vol. I. p. lxv V. 14 - Calodera maculata IV. 8 - nuchalis IV. 9 - Callopsitta, Guy V. 45 - Calyptorhynchus Banksii. Vol. I. p. lxiv V. 7 - Baudinii. Vol. I. p. lxv V. 13 - Cookii V. 10 - funereus. Vol. I. p. lxiv V. 11 - galeatus V. 14 - Leachii. Vol. I. p. lxiv V. 10 - macrorhynchus. Vol. I. p. lxiv V. 8 - naso. Vol. I. p. lxiv V. 9 - Solandri V. 10 - stellatus V. 7, 10 - Temminckii V. 10 - xanthonotus. Vol. I. p. lxiv V. 12 - Campephaga, Black and White II. 62 - humeralis. Vol. I. p. xxxvi II. 63 - Jardine’s II. 60 - Jardinii. Vol. I. p. xxxvi II. 60 - Karu. Vol. I. p. xxxvi II. 61 - leucomela. Vol. I. p. xxxvi II. 62 - Northern II. 61 - White-shouldered II. 63 - Caprimulgus albogularis II. 7 - cristatus II. 1 - gracilis? II. 3 - guttatus II. 8 - macrurus. Vol. I. p. xxix II. 9 - megacephalus. Vol. I. p. xxvii - mystacalis II. 7 - Novæ-Hollandiæ II. 1 - vittatus II. 1 - Carbo hypoleucus VII. 68 - sulcirostris VII. 67 - Carpophaga leucomela. Vol. I. p. lxix V. 59 - luctuosa. Vol. I. p. lxix V. 60 - magnifica. Vol. I. p. lxix V. 58 - Carvanaca grisea VI. 6 - Casarca Tadornoïdes. Vol. I. p. xci VII. 7 - Cassowary, New Holland VI. 1 - Southern VI. 1 - Van Diemen’s Land VI. 1 - Casuarius Novæ-Hollandiæ VI. 1 - Catharacta Skua VII. 21 - Catheturus Australis V. 77 - Ceblepyris humeralis II. 63 - lineatus II. 58 - melanops II. 55 - Centropus macrourus. Vol. I. p. lx - melanurus. Vol. I. p. lx - Phasianus. Vol. I. p. lxi IV. 92 - variegatus IV. 92 - Cerchneis immaculatus. Vol. I. p. xxii - Cereopsis Australis VII. 1 - cinereus VII. 1 - New Holland VII. 1 - Novæ-Hollandiæ. Vol. I. p. xc VII. 1 - Certhia agilis. Vol. I. p. li - auriculata IV. 37 - Australasiæ IV. 63 - Australasiana IV. 27 - canescens. Vol. I. p. xxxvi - cœrulescens IV. 81 - chrysotis IV. 32 - dibapha IV. 63 - diluta IV. 81 - erythropygia IV. 63 - leucophæa. Vol. I. p. lxi - leucoptera? IV. 98 - lunulata IV. 72 - melanops? Vol. I. p. l - mellivora IV. 56 - Novæ-Hollandiæ IV. 23 - picumnus IV. 98 - pyrrhoptera? Vol. I. p. l - tenuirostris IV. 61 - sanguinolenta IV. 63 - Ceyx azurea II. 25 - cyanea II. 25 - pusilla II. 26 - Chætura Australis II. 10 - macroptera II. 10 - Chalcites lucidus IV. 89 - osculans. Vol. I. p. lxi IV. 88 - Chalcophaps chrysochlora. Vol. I. p. lxix V. 62 - longirostris. Vol. I. p. lxi - Channel-Bill IV. 90 - Australasian IV. 90 - Charadrius bicinctus VI. 16 - cucullatus VI. 18 - frenatus VI. 5 - fuscus VI. 5 - grallarius VI. 5 - griseus VI. 5 - hypomelas VI. 12 - lobatus VI. 9 - longipes VI. 5 - magnirostris VI. 6 - marginatus VI. 17 - melanops VI. 20 - Monachus VI. 18 - nigrifrons VI. 20 - pectoralis VI. 11 - ruficapillus VI. 17 - tricolor VI. 11 - veredus. Vol. I. p. lxxxii VI. 14 - xanthocheilus. Vol. I. p. lxxxii VI. 13 - Chelidon arborea. Vol. I. p. xx - Ariel. Vol. I. p. xx - Cheniscus Coromandelianus VII. 5 - Chenopis atrata VII. 6 - Cherry-picker IV. 70 - Chladorhynchus pectoralis. Vol. I. p. lxxxiv VI. 26 - Chlamydera maculata. Vol. I. p. lii IV. 8 - nuchalis. Vol. I. p. lii IV. 9 - Choristopus semipalmatus VII. 2 - Chough, White-winged IV. 16 - Chrysococcyx osculans. Vol. I. p. lx - lucidus. Vol. I. p. lxi IV. 89 - Chthonicola, Little III. 72 - minima. Vol. I. p. xlviii III. 72 - Ciconia Australis VI. 51 - leucoptera VI. 51 - Cincloramphus, Black-breasted III. 75 - Brown III. 74 - Cantatoris III. 75 - Cantillans. Vol. I. p. xlviii III. 75 - cruralis. Vol. I. p. xlviii III. 74 - rufescens. Vol. I. p. xlviii III. 76 - Rufous-tinted III. 76 - Cinclosoma castanotus. Vol. I. p. li IV. 5 - cinnamomeus. Vol. I. p. li IV. 6 - Cinnamon-coloured IV. 6 - punctatum. Vol. I. p. li IV. 4 - Circus assimilis. Vol. I. p. xxvi 26 - axillaris I. 23 - Jardinii. Vol. I. p. xxvi 27 - (Spilocercus) Jardinii. Vol. I. p. xxv - Climacteris erythrops. Vol. I. p. lxi IV. 95 - melanotus. Vol. I. p. lxi IV. 96 - melanura. Vol. I. p. lxi IV. 97 - picumnus. Vol. I. p. lxii IV. 98 - rufa. Vol. I. p. lxi IV. 94 - scandens. Vol. I. p. lxi IV. 93 - Cobbler’s Awl IV. 61 - Cockatoo, Banksian V. 7, 10, 11 - Baudin’s V. 13 - Blood-stained V. 3 - Cook’s V. 10 - Funereal V. 11 - Gang-gang V. 14 - Great-billed Black V. 8 - Great Sulphur-crested V. 1 - Leach’s V. 10 - Leadbeater’s V. 2 - Long-billed V. 5 - Long-nosed V. 5 - Pink V. 2 - Red-tailed Black V. 9 - Rose-breasted V. 4 - Rose-coloured V. 4 - Crested V. 1 - Solander’s V. 10 - The Red-vented V. 5 - The Rose V. 4 - Western Black V. 9 - White-tailed Black V. 13 - Yellow-eared Black V. 12 - Collared Plain Wanderer V. 80 - Callocalia arborea. Vol. I. p. xxx II. 14 - Ariel. Vol. I. p. xxx II. 15 - Colluricincla, Brown II. 76 - brunnea. Vol. I. p. xxxvii II. 76 - Buff-bellied II. 75 - cinerea II. 74 - harmonica. Vol. I. p. xxxvii II. 74 - Harmonious II. 74 - Little II. 78 - parvula. Vol. I. p. xxxvii II. 78 - rectirostris II. 77 - Colluricincla rufiventris. Vol. I. p. xxxvii II. 75 - rufogaster Vol. I. p. xxxvii - Selbii Vol. I. p. xxxvii II. 77 - strigata II. 77 - Columba Antarctica V. 61 - armillaris V. 63 - chalcoptera V. 64 - chrysochlora V. 62 - cuneata V. 74 - dilopha V. 61 - elegans V. 65 - humeralis V. 72 - Jamesonii V. 63 - Javanica V. 62 - Lawsonii V. 65 - leucomela V. 59 - leucomelana V. 59 - Lophotes V. 70 - luctuosa V. 60 - Macquarie V. 74 - magnifica V. 58 - melanoleuca V. 63 - Norfolciensis V. 59 - pallida. Vol. I. p. lx - Phasianella V. 75 - picata V. 63 - purpurata V. 55 - scripta V. 67 - Smithii V. 68 - spiloptera V. 74 - superba V. 57 - Coot, Australian VI. 74 - Coracias pacifica II. 17 - sagittata IV. 13 - strepera II. 42 - Tibicen II. 44 - Corcorax Australis IV. 16 - leucopterus. Vol. I. p. liii IV. 16 - Cormorant, Australian VII. 66 - Groove-billed VII. 67 - Pied VII. 68, 70 - Spotted VII. 71 - White-breasted VII. 69 - Coronica fuliginosa II. 43 - strepera II. 42 - Corvus auritus Vol. I. p. xliii - Australis IV. 18 - carunculatus IV. 55 - Coronoïdes Vol. I. p. liv IV. 18 - cyanoleucos II. 54 - graculinus II. 42 - melanops II. 55 - squamulosus IV. 10 - streperus II. 42 - paradoxus IV. 55 - Corydon galeatus V. 14 - Coturnix Australis V. 89 - Chinensis V. 92 - excalfatoria V. 92 - pectoralis Vol. I. p. lxxx V. 88 - Phillippensis V. 92 - Coucal, New Holland IV. 92 - variegated IV. 92 - Cracticus argenteus Vol. I. p. xxxv II. 51 - cinereus Vol. I. p. xxxv - destructor Vol. I. p. xxxv II. 52 - fuliginosus II. 43 - hypoleucus II. 48 - leucopterus Vol. I. p. xxxv - nigrogularis Vol. I. p. xxxv II. 49 - picatus Vol. I. p. xxxv II. 50 - streperus II. 42 - Cracticus Tibicen II. 46 - Quoyii Vol. I. p. xxxv II. 53 - varius II. 49 - Crake, Water VI. 80 - Spotted Water VI. 79 - White-eyebrowed Water VI. 81 - Crane, Australian VI. 48 - Blue VI. 53, 60 - White VI. 58 - Creadion carunculatus IV. 54, 55 - Creeper, Black-backed Tree- IV. 96 - Black-tailed Tree- IV. 97 - Bluish-breasted IV. 81 - Brown Tree- IV. 93 - cœrulean IV. 81 - Cochineal IV. 6 - The Common IV. 98 - Dirigang? IV. 98 - Goruck IV. 56 - Graculine IV. 68 - Hooded IV. 61 - mellivorus IV. 56 - New Holland IV. 23, 25 - Red-eyebrowed Tree- IV. 95 - Red-rumped IV. 63 - Rufous Tree- IV. 94 - Sanguineous IV. 63 - Slender-billed IV. 61 - Small-crested IV. 63 - Spot-eared IV. 32 - White-throated Tree- IV. 98 - Crow IV. 18 - Black-faced II. 55 - Wattled IV. 55 - White-eyed IV. 18 - Crow-Shrike, Black-throated II. 49 - Grey II. 45 - Hill II. 44 - Quoy’s II. 53 - Pied II. 42, 50 - Piping II. 46 - Sooty II. 43 - Tasmanian II. 48 - White-backed II. 47 - Cuculus albostrigatus IV. 85 - cineraceus. Vol. I. p. lx IV. 86 - cyanocephalus IV. 91 - dumetorum Vol. I. p. lx - flabelliformis IV. 86 - incertus IV. 86 - inornatus. Vol. I. p. lx IV. 85 - insperatus. Vol. I. p. lx IV. 87 - lucidus IV. 89 - optatus. Vol. I. p. lx IV. 84 - Phasianus IV. 92 - variolosus IV. 86 - Cuckoo, Ash-coloured IV. 86 - Australian IV. 84 - Barred-tailed IV. 86 - Black-eared IV. 88 - Blue-headed IV. 91 - Brush IV. 87 - Fan-tailed IV. 86 - Flinders’ IV. 91 - Golden or Bronze IV. 89 - Greater IV. 85 - Lesser IV. 86 - Pheasant IV. 92 - Shining IV. 89 - Unadorned IV. 85 - Cuncuma leucogaster Vol. I. p. xxi - Curlew VI. 42 - Curlew, Australian VI. 42 - Pygmy VI. 32 - Cygnus atratus VII. 5 - Cypselus Australis. Vol. I. p. xxix II. 11 - Cysticola campestris III. 41 - exilis. Vol. I. p. xlv III. 42 - lineocapilla. Vol. I. p. xlv III. 43 - magna. Vol. I. p. xlv III. 41 - isura. Vol. I. p. xlv III. 44 - ruficeps. Vol. I. p. xlv III. 45 - - Dab-chick VII. 82 - Dacelo cervina. Vol. I. p. xxxi II. 20 - chlorocephala II. 21 - gigantea. Vol. I. p. xxxi II. 18 - gigas II. 18 - Leachii. Vol. I. p. xxxi II. 19 - Dædalion candidum. Vol. I. p. xxiv - Daption Capensis. Vol. I. p. xcix VII. 53 - Darter, New Holland VII. 75 - Dasyornis III. 29 - Australis. Vol. I. p. xliv III. 32 - ? brunneus. Vol. I. p. xliv - longirostris. Vol. I. p. xliv III. 33 - Dendrocygna arcuata. Vol. I. p. xcii VII. 14 - Eytoni. Vol. I. p. xcii VII. 15 - Diamond Bird II. 35 - Dicæum atrogaster II. 34 - hirundinaceum. Vol. I. p. xxxii II. 34 - Swallow II. 34 - Dicrurus Balicassius II. 82 - bracteatus. Vol. I. p. xxxviii II. 82 - Didunculus strigirostris. Vol. I. p. lxxii - Diomedea Antarctica VII. 44 - brachyura. Vol. I. p. xcvii VII. 39 - cauta. Vol. I. p. xcvii VII. 40 - chlororhynchos. Vol. I. p. xcvii VII. 42 - chrysostoma VII. 42 - culminata. Vol. I. p. xcvii VII. 41 - exulans. Vol. I. p. xcvii VII. 38 - fuliginosa. Vol. I. p. xcvii VII. 44 - fusca VII. 44 - gibbosa. Vol. I. p. xcvii - melanophrys. Vol. I. p. xcvii VII. 43 - olivaceorhyncha. Vol. I. p. xcvii - palpebrata VII. 44 - Diver VII. 80 - Dollar Bird II. 17 - Donacola castaneothorax. Vol. I. p. 1 III. 94 - flaviprymna. Vol. I. p. 1 III. 96 - pectoralis. Vol. I. p. 1 III. 95 - Dottrel, Allied VI. 19 - Australian VI. 15 - Black-fronted VI. 20 - Double-banded VI. 16 - Hooded VI. 18 - Red-capped VI. 17 - Dove, Barred-shouldered Ground- V. 72 - Peaceful V. 73 - Peaceful Ground- V. 74 - White-quilled Rock V. 71 - Turtle V. 74 - Dromaius ater VI. 1 - Novæ-Hollandiæ. Vol. I. p. lxxx VI. 1 - Dromiceus Australis VI. 1 - Emu VI. 1 - Novæ-Zelandiæ VI. 2 - Drongo, Spangled II. 82 - Drymodes bruneopygia. Vol. I. p. xlii III. 10 - Drymophila carinata II. 95 - trivirgata II. 96 - Duck, Australian Wild VII. 9 - Duck, Black VII. 9 - Blue-billed VII. 17 - Chestnut-breasted VII. 11 - Eyton’s VII. 15 - Freckled VII. 10 - Grey VII. 9 - Hawkesbury VII. 3 - Lobated VII. 18 - Membranaceous VII. 13 - Mountain VII. 7 - Musk VII. 18 - New Holland VII. 13 - Pink-eyed VII. 13 - Shovel-nosed VII. 12 - Supercilious VII. 9 - Whistling VII. 14 - White VII. 8 - White-eyed VII. 16 - White-winged VII. 16 - Wood VII. 3 - - Eagle Hawk I. 1 - Lacteous I. 15 - Little Australian I. 2 - Little Swamp I. 5 - Mountain, of New S. Wales I. 1 - New Holland White I. 15 - Wedge-tailed I. 1 - Whistling I. 5 - White-bellied I. 3 - White-bellied Sea- I. 3 - White-breasted Rufous I. 4 - White-breasted Sea- I. 4 - Egret, Australian VI. 56 - Pied VI. 62 - Plumed VI. 57 - Sombre VI. 59 - Spotless VI. 58 - Eidopsaris bicinctus IV. 70 - Elanus axillaris. Vol. I. p. xxv 23 - melanopterus. Vol. I. p. xxv - notatus I. 23 - scriptus. Vol. I. p. xxv 24 - Emblema picta. Vol. I. p. 1 III. 97 - Emu, The VI. 1 - of New South Wales VI. 1 - Entomophila albogularis. Vol. I. p. lvii IV. 51 - rufogularis. Vol. I. p. lvii IV. 52 - picta. Vol. I. p. lvii IV. 50 - Entomyza albipennis. Vol. I. p. lix IV. 69 - Blue-faced IV. 68 - cyanotis. Vol. I. p. lix IV. 68 - Eöpsaltria Australis. Vol. I. p. xlii III. 11 - flavicollis III. 11 - griseogularis. Vol. I. p. xlii III. 12 - leucogaster. Vol. I. p. xlii III. 13 - parvula III. 11 - Ephthianura albifrons. Vol. I. p. xlvii III. 64 - aurifrons. Vol. I. p. xlvii III. 65 - Orange-fronted III. 65 - tricolor. Vol. I. p. xlvii III. 66 - Tri-coloured III. 66 - White-fronted III. 64 - Epimachus Brisbanii IV. 100 - regius IV. 100 - Erismatura Australis. Vol. I. p. xciii VII. 17 - Erythrodryas rhodinogaster. Vol. I. p. xli III. 1 - rosea. Vol. I. p. xli III. 2 - Erythrogonys cinctus. Vol. I. p. lxxxiii VI. 21 - Esacus magnirostris. Vol. I. p. lxxxi VI. 6 - Estrelda annulosa. Vol. I. p. xlix III. 81 - bella. Vol. I. p. xlix III. 78 - Bichenovii. Vol. I. p. xlix III. 80 - modesta Vol. I. p. 1. - oculea. Vol. I. p. xlix III. 79 - Phaëton. Vol. I. p. xlix III. 83 - ruficauda. Vol. I. p. xlix III. 84 - temporalis. Vol. I. p. xlix III. 82 - Eudromias Australis. Vol. I. p. lxxxii VI. 15 - Eudynamys Australis IV. 91 - Flindersii. Vol. I. p. lxi IV. 91 - Orientalis IV. 91 - Eudyptes chrysocome. Vol. I. p. cii VII. 83 - chrysolopha VII. 83 - demersus VII. 83 - Eulabeornis castaneoventris. Vol. I. p. xc VI. 78 - Euphema aurantia. Vol. I. p. lxvi V. 39 - Bourkii. Vol. I. p. lxvii V. 43 - chrysostoma. Vol. I. p. lxvi V. 37 - discolor V. 47 - elegans. Vol. I. p. lxvi V. 38 - petrophila. Vol. I. p. lxvi V. 40 - pulchella. Vol. I. p. lxvi V. 41 - splendida. Vol. I. p. lxvi V. 42 - undulata V. 44 - Eurostopodus albogularis. Vol. I. p. xxviii II. 7 - guttatus. Vol. I. p xxviii II. 8 - Eurystomus Australis. Vol. I. p. xxx II. 18 - Orientalis II. 17 - - Falcinellus igneus. Vol. I. p. lxxxvi VI. 47 - Falco albus I. 15 - axillaris I. 23 - Berigora I. 11 - Cenchroïdes I. 13 - clarus I. 14 - connivens I. 34 - frontatus. Vol. I. p. xxiii 10 - fucosus I. 1 - (Hierofalco) subniger I. 9 - hypoleucus. Vol. I. p. xxii 7 - (Hypotriorchis) frontatus Vol. I. p. xxiii - leucaëtos. Vol. I. p. xxiv - leucogaster I. 3 - longipennis. Vol. I. p. xxiii - lunulatus. Vol. I. p. xxiii - macropus. Vol. I. p. xxii - melanogenys. Vol. I. p. xxii 8 - melanops. Vol. I. p. xxiv - nisus I. 19 - Novæ-Hollandiæ I. 15 - Peregrinus I. 8 - Ponticerianus. Vol. I. p. xxii - radiatus I. 16,17 - subbuteo. Vol. I. p. xxiii - subniger. Vol. I. p. xxiii 9 - torquatus I. 19 - Falcon, Black I. 9 - Black-cheeked I. 8 - Fair I. 14 - Grey I. 7 - Little I. 10 - Radiated I. 16 - White-fronted I. 10 - Winking I. 34 - Falcunculus flavigulus II. 79 - frontatus. Vol. I. p. xxxviii II. 79 - gutturalis II. 81 - leucogaster. Vol. I. p. xxxviii II. 80 - Fantail, Northern II. 85 - Rufous-fronted II. 84 - Fantail, White-shafted II. 83 - Fig-eater IV. 82 - Finch, Banded Grass- III. 93 - Beautiful Grass- III. 89 - Bicheno’s III. 80 - Black-rumped III. 81 - Chestnut-breasted III. 94 - Chestnut-eared III. 87 - Crimson III. 83 - Fire-tailed III. 78 - Gouldian III. 88 - Long-tailed Grass- III. 90 - Masked Grass- III. 91 - Painted III. 97 - Plain-coloured III. 85 - Red III. 83 - Red-eared III. 79 - Red-eyebrowed III. 82 - Red-tailed III. 84 - Spotted-sided III. 86 - Temporal III. 82 - White-breasted III. 95 - White-eared Grass- III. 92 - White-headed III. 86 - Yellow-rumped III. 96 - Fire-tail III. 78 - Flycatcher, Black Fantailed II. 86 - Black-fronted II. 96 - Broad-billed II. 92 - Brown II. 93, 94 - Carinated II. 95 - Coach-whip III. 15 - Hooded III. 7 - Orange-rumped II. 84 - Plumbeous II. 89 - Pretty II. 90 - Red-bellied III. 4 - Restless II. 87 - Rufous-fronted II. 84 - Shining II. 88, 91 - Soft-tailed III. 31 - Solitary III. 69 - Southern III. 11 - Wagtail II. 86 - Yellow-eared IV. 45 - Yellow-tufted IV. 37 - Forty-spot II. 37 - Fregilus leucopterus IV. 16 - Friar IV. 58 - Yellow-throated IV. 60 - Fringilla bella III. 78 - Bichenovii III. 80 - Lathami III. 86 - leucocephala III. 86 - oculea III. 79 - Phaëton III. 83 - quinticolor III. 82 - temporalis III. 82 - Fulica Australis. Vol. I. p. lxxxix VI. 74 - - Gaira fusca VII. 34 - Gallinago Australis VI. 40 - Gallinula immaculata VI. 82 - tenebrosa. Vol. I. p. lxxxix VI. 73 - ventralis VI. 72 - Black-backed VI. 69 - Sombre VI. 73 - Spotless VI. 82 - Gannet, Australian VII. 76 - Brown VII. 78 - Lesser VII. 79 - Masked VII. 77 - Red-legged VII. 79 - Geopelia cuneata. Vol. I. p. lxxii V. 74 - humeralis. Vol. I. p. lxxi V. 72 - placida. Vol. I. p. lxxi V. 73 - tranquilla. Vol. I. p. lxxi V. 73 - Geophaps plumifera. Vol. I. p. lxxi V. 69 - scripta. Vol. I. p. lxx V. 67 - Smithii. Vol. I. p. lxx V. 68 - Geronticus spinicollis. Vol. I. p. lxxxvi VI. 45 - Gerygone albogularis. Vol. I. p. xli II. 97 - Buff-breasted II. 101 - chloronotus. Vol. I. p. xli II. 102 - culicivorus. Vol. I. p. xli II. 99 - fusca. Vol. I. p. xli II. 98 - Fuscous II. 98 - Great-billed II. 100 - Green-backed II. 102 - lævigaster. Vol. I. p. xli II. 101 - magnirostris. Vol. I. p. xli II. 100 - White-throated II. 97 - Western II. 99 - Glareola Australis VI. 22 - grallaria. Vol. I. p. lxxxiii VI. 22 - Isabella VI. 22 - Orientalis. Vol. I. p. lxxxiii VI. 23 - Glottis Glottoïdes. Vol. I. p. lxxxv VI. 36 - Glyciphila albifrons. Vol. I. p. lv IV. 29 - fasciata. Vol. I. p. lv IV. 30 - fulvifrons. Vol. I. p. lv IV. 28 - ocularis. Vol. I. p. lv IV. 31 - subocularis IV. 31 - Gnathodon V. 76 - strigirostris. Vol. I. p. lxxii V. 76 - Goatsucker, Banded II. 1 - Bristled II. 1 - Cold-River II. 3 - Crested II. 1 - Fichtel’s Vol. I. p. xxvii - Gracile II. 3 - Great-headed. Vol. I. p. xxvii - Large-tailed II. 9 - New Holland II. 1 - Spotted II. 8 - Wedge-tailed Vol. I. p. xxvii - White-throated II. 7 - Godwit, Barred-rumped VI. 29 - Black-tailed VI. 28 - Terek VI. 34 - Goose, Beautiful Pygmy VII. 4 - Black and White VII. 2 - Cape Barren VII. 1 - Cereopsis VII. 1 - Little VII. 4 - Maned VII. 3 - Mother Cary’s VII. 45 - Semipalmated VII. 2 - Pygmy VII. 5 - Goshawk, Australian I. 17 - New Holland I. 14 - Radiated I. 16 - West Australian I. 18 - White I. 15 - Gracula cyanotis IV. 68 - picata II. 54 - strepera II. 42 - viridis IV. 13 - Grallina Australis. Vol. I. p. xxxv II. 54 - bicolor II. 54 - melanoleuca II. 54 - picata II. 54 - Pied II. 54 - Grakle, Blue-eared IV. 68 - Grakle, Green IV. 13 - Pied II. 54 - Satin IV. 10 - Grape-eater IV. 82 - Graucalus, Ground II. 59 - hypoleucus. Vol. I. p. xxxvi II. 57 - melanops. Vol. I. p. xxxv II. 55 - melanotis Vol. I. p. xxxv - mentalis. Vol. I. p. xxxvi II. 56 - parvirostris Vol. I. p. xxxv - Phasianellus II. 59 - Swainsonii. Vol. I. p. xxxvi II. 58 - Swainson’s II. 58 - tenuirostris II. 60 - varied II. 56 - White-bellied II. 57 - Grebe, Australian Tippet VII. 80 - Black-throated VII. 81 - Hoary-headed VII. 82 - Green-leek V. 15 - Greenshank, Australian VI. 36 - Grinder, The II. 87 - Grosbeak, Black-lined III. 78 - Fascinating II. 93 - Spotted III. 86 - Spotted-sided III. 86 - Grus Australasianus. Vol. I. p. lxxxvii VI. 48 - Gull, Crimson-billed VII. 20 - Jameson’s VII. 20 - Larger VII. 19 - Little VII. 20 - Pacific VII. 19 - Silver VII. 20 - Skua VII. 21 - Gygis candida. Vol. I. p. xcv VII. 30 - Gymnophrys torquatus IV. 72 - Gymnorhina leuconota. Vol. I. p. xxxiv II. 47 - organicum. Vol. I. p. xxxiv II. 48 - Tibicen. Vol. I. p. xxxiv II. 46 - - Hæmatops lunulatus IV. 72 - validirostris IV. 70 - Hæmatopus Australasianus VI. 7 - fuliginosus. Vol. I. p. lxxxii VI. 8 - longirostris. Vol. I. p. lxxxii VI. 7 - picatus VI. 7 - Haladroma Urinatrix VII. 60 - Haladrome, Diving VII. 60 - Halcyon incinctus II. 24 - MacLeayii. Vol. I. p. xxxi II. 24 - MacLeay’s II. 24 - pyrrhopygia. Vol. I. p. xxxi II. 22 - Red-backed II. 22 - sacra II. 21 - Sacred II. 21 - sanctus. Vol. I. p. xxxi II. 21 - Sordid II. 23 - sordidus. Vol. I. p. xxxi II. 23 - Haliæetus canorus I. 5 - leucogaster I. 3 - leucosternus I. 4 - sphenurus I. 3 - Haliaëtus Calei I. 16 - (Ictinoaëtus) canorus Vol. I. p. xxii - (Ictinoaëtus) leucosternon Vol. I. p. xxii - (Pontoaëtus) leucogaster Vol. I. p. xxi - Haliastur leucosternus Vol. I. p. xxii 4 - ? sphenurus Vol. I. p. xxii 5 - Harrier, Allied I. 26 - Jardine’s I. 27 - Hawk, Blue I. 8 - Brown I. 11 - Collared Sparrow I. 19 - Crested I. 25 - Fish I. 6 - Little I. 19 - Little Fish I. 6 - Nankeen I. 13 - New Holland Sparrow I. 19 - Orange-speckled I. 11 - Swamp I. 26 - Western Brown I. 12 - Whistling I. 5 - White I. 15 - Hemipode, Black-backed V. 84 - Black-breasted V. 81 - Chestnut-backed V. 85 - Red-chested V. 86 - Sparkling V. 83 - Swift-flying V. 87 - varied V. 82 - Hemipodius castanotus. Vol. I. p. lxxix V. 85 - melanogaster. Vol. I. p. lxxix V. 81 - melanotus. Vol. I. p. lxxix V. 84 - pyrrhothorax. Vol. I. p. lxxx V. 86 - scintillans. Vol. I. p. lxxix V. 83 - varius. Vol. I. p. lxxix V. 82 - velox. Vol. I. p. lxxx V. 87 - Hen, Port Egmont VII. 21 - Herodias Greyi. Vol. I. p. lxxxviii VI. 61 - immaculata. Vol. I. p. lxxxviii VI. 58 - jugularis. Vol. I. p. lxxxviii VI. 60 - Novæ-Hollandiæ VI. 53 - pannosus. Vol. I. p. lxxxviii VI. 59 - plumiferus. Vol. I. p. lxxxviii VI. 57 - picata. Vol. I. p. lxxxviii VI. 62 - syrmatophorus. Vol. I. p. lxxxvii VI. 56 - Heron, Australian VI. 55 - Blue Beef VI. 60 - Caledonian Night VI. 63 - Great-billed VI. 54 - Nankeen Night VI. 63 - New Holland Night VI. 63 - Pacific VI. 52 - Spotted VI. 68 - White-fronted VI. 53 - White-necked VI. 52 - White Reef VI. 61 - Yellow-necked VI. 65 - Hiaticula bicincta. Vol. I. p. lxxxiii VI. 16 - inornata. Vol. I. p. lxxxiii VI. 19 - monacha. Vol. I. p. lxxxiii VI. 18 - nigrifrons. Vol. I. p. lxxxiii VI. 20 - ruficapilla. Vol. I. p. lxxxiii VI. 17 - Himantopus leucocephalus. Vol. I. p. lxxxiv VI. 24 - Novæ-Zealandiæ. Vol. I. p. lxxxiv VI. 25 - palmatus VI. 26 - Hirundo caudacuta II. 10 - Javanica II. 13 - leucosternus II. 12 - neoxena. Vol. I. p. xxx II. 13 - nigricans II. 14 - pacifica. Vol. I. p. xxix II. 10 - pyrrhonota II. 14 - Honey-eater, Banded IV. 65 - Barred-tailed? IV. 98 - Black IV. 66 - Black and Yellow IV. 48 - Black-cheeked IV. 45 - Black-headed IV. 75 - Honey-eater, Black-throated IV. 71 - Blue-cheeked IV. 68 - Brown IV. 31 - Buff-winged IV. 93 - Chattering IV. 76 - Coach-whip III. 15 - Cochineal IV. 63 - Cœrulean IV. 81 - Cowled IV. 58 - Dirigang IV. 98 - Fasciated IV. 30 - Flapping IV. 61 - Fulvous-fronted IV. 28 - Fuscous IV. 44 - Garrulous IV. 76 - Golden-crowned IV. 12 - Golden-winged IV. 56 - Graculine IV. 68 - Knob-fronted IV. 58 - Lanceolate IV. 47 - Long-billed IV. 24 - Lunulated IV. 7, 72 - Luteous IV. 78 - Mellivorous IV. 56 - Moustached IV. 26 - Mustachoe IV. 37 - New Holland IV. 23 - Obscure IV. 67 - Painted IV. 50 - Pale-cheeked IV. 68 - Pied IV. 49 - Red-eyed IV. 72 - Red-headed IV. 64 - Red-throated IV. 52 - Rufous-vented II. 67 - Sanguineous IV. 63 - Singing IV. 33 - Slender-billed IV. 61 - Sombre IV. 77 - Spiny-cheeked IV. 53 - Strong-billed IV. 70 - Swan River IV. 73 - Tasmanian IV. 27 - Tufted-eared IV. 37 - Uniform IV. 46 - Varied IV. 34 - Warty-faced IV. 48 - Wattled IV. 54, 56 - Wattle-cheeked IV. 38 - White-cheeked IV. 25 - White-crowned IV. 68 - White-eared IV. 36 - White-eyebrowed? IV. 27 - White-fronted IV. 29 - White-pinioned IV. 69 - White-plumed IV. 43 - White-throated IV. 51, 74 - Yellow IV. 42 - Yellow-eared IV. 32 - Yellow-faced IV. 45 - Yellow-throated IV. 35 - Yellow-tinted IV. 41 - Yellow-tufted IV. 37 - Yellow-winged IV. 24 - Honey-sucker, Black-crowned IV. 72 - Black-throated IV. 29 - Blue-cheeked IV. 68 - Brown IV. 31 - Crimson-throated II. 34 - Larger IV. 33 - White-throated IV. 28 - Hornbill, Psittaceous IV. 90 - Hornbill, Anomalous IV. 90 - Hydrobates lobatus VII. 18 - Hydrochelidon fluviatilis. Vol. I. p. xcv VII. 31 - Hylacola cauta. Vol. I. p. xlv III. 40 - pyrrhopygia. Vol. I. p. xlv III. 39 - - Ibis, Black-necked VI. 46 - Falcinellus VI. 47 - Glossy VI. 47 - lamellicollis VI. 45 - New Holland VI. 45 - spinicollis VI. 45 - Straw-necked VI. 45 - strictipennis VI. 46 - White VI. 46 - Ichthyiaëtus leucogaster. Vol. I. p. xx - Ieracidea Berigora Vol. I. p. xxiii 11 - Occidentalis Vol. I. p. xxiii 12 - - Jabiru, New Holland VI. 51 - Jackass, Laughing II. 18 - Jungle-fowl V. 79 - - Kestril, Nankeen I. 13 - Kingfisher II. 21 - Azure II. 25 - Bush II. 24 - Fawn-breasted II. 20 - Giant II. 18 - Great Brown II. 18 - Leach’s II. 19 - Little II. 26 - Sacred II. 21 - Tridigitated II. 25 - Kite I. 22 - Allied I. 21 - Black-shouldered I. 23 - Letter-winged I. 24 - Square-tailed I. 22 - Kitta holosericea IV. 10 - virescens IV. 11 - Kiwi-kiwi VI. 2 - - Laniarius albicollis II. 64 - Lanius curvirostris Vol. I. p. xxx - frontatus II. 79 - Karu II. 61 - macularius II. 67 - robustus II. 56 - robustus? Vol. I. p. xxx - Saturninus II. 74 - torquatus Vol. I. p. xxx - Lark, Common III. 73 - Sand VI. 17 - Singing III. 76 - Sky- III. 75 - Larus Catarractes VII. 21 - frontalis VII. 19 - fuscus VII. 21 - Georgii VII. 19 - Jamesonii VII. 20 - leucomelas VII. 19 - Pacificus. Vol. I. p. xciii VII. 19 - scopulinus VII. 20 - Lathamus azureus V. 41 - concinnus V. 52 - discolor. Vol. I. p. lxvii V. 47 - pusillus V. 54 - rubrifrons V. 47 - Leather-neck IV. 60 - Leipoa ocellata. Vol. I. p. lxxiii V. 78 - Ocellated V. 78 - Lepidogenys subcristatus Vol. I. p. xxvi 25 - Leptolophus auricomis V. 45 - Leptopteryx albovittata II. 27 - minor II. 28 - Leptorhynchus pectoralis VI. 26 - Leptotarsis Eytoni. Vol. I. p. xcii VII. 15 - Lestris Catarractes. Vol. I. p. xciii VII. 21 - Leucosarcia picata. Vol. I. p. lxx V. 63 - Licmetis nasicus. Vol. I. p. lxiii V. 5 - pastinator Vol. I. p. lxiii - tenuirostris V. 5 - Limosa Melanuroïdes. Vol. I. p. lxxxiv VI. 28 - recurvirostra VI. 34 - Terek VI. 34 - uropygialis. Vol. I. p. lxxxiv VI. 29 - Lobivanellus lobatus. Vol. I. p. lxxxii VI. 9 - personatus. Vol. I. p. lxxxii VI. 10 - Lopholaimus Antarcticus Vol. I. p. lxix V. 61 - Lophorhynchus Antarcticus V. 61 - dilophus V. 61 - Lorikeet, Porphyry-crowned V. 53 - Red-collared V. 49 - Scaly-breasted V. 50 - Swainson’s V. 48 - Swift V. 47 - Varied V. 51 - Lory, King V. 17 - Red-winged V. 18 - Loxia bella III. 78 - fascinans II. 93 - Lyre-Bird III. 14 - - Macropygia Phasianella. Vol. I. p. lxxii V. 75 - Magpie II. 50 - Black II. 43 - Lark II. 54 - Little II. 54 - White II. 48 - Malacorhynchus fasciatus VII. 13 - membranaceus. Vol. I. p. xcii VII. 13 - Malurus Brownii Vol. I. p. xliii III. 26, 27 - cruentatus III. 27 - cyaneus. Vol. I. p. xliii III. 18 - elegans. Vol. I. p. xliii III. 22 - exilis III. 42 - galactotes III. 35 - Lamberti. Vol. I. p. xliii III. 24 - leucopterus. Vol. I. p. xliii III. 25 - longicaudus. Vol. I. p. xliii III. 19 - malachurus III. 31 - melanocephalus. Vol. I. p. xliii III. 26 - melanotus. Vol. I. p. xliii III. 20 - pectoralis III. 21 - pulcherrimus. Vol. I. p. xliii III. 23 - splendens. Vol. I. p. xliii III. 21 - textilis III. 28 - Manakin, Desmaretian II. 34 - Striped-headed II. 38, 39 - Manorhina viridis IV. 80 - Manorina viridis IV. 80 - Manikin, Speckled II. 35 - Mareca castanea VII. 11 - punctata VII. 11 - Martin II. 14 - Fairy II. 15 - Tree II. 14 - Mawepawk, Little II. 1 - Megalopterus stolidus VII. 34 - Megalurus cruralis III. 74 - galactotes III. 35 - Megapode, Mound-raising V. 79 - Megapodius menura III. 14 - Megapodius Tumulus. Vol. I. p. lxxvii V. 79 - Meleagris Lindsayii V. 77 - Melicophila picata. Vol. I. p. lvii IV. 49 - Meliornis Novæ-Hollandiæ IV. 23 - Meliphaga atricapilla IV. 72 - auricomis IV. 37 - Australasiana. Vol. I. p. lv IV. 27 - Balgonera IV. 23 - barbata IV. 23 - Cardinalis IV. 63 - cœrulea IV. 81 - chrysocephala IV. 12 - chrysops IV. 45 - chrysotis IV. 32 - cyanops IV. 68 - fulvifrons IV. 28 - fusca IV. 44 - inornata IV. 27 - leucotis IV. 36 - longirostris. Vol. I. p. lv IV. 24 - lunulata IV. 72 - Novæ-Hollandiæ. Vol. I. p. lv VI. 23 - penicillata IV. 43 - Phrygia IV. 48 - sericea. Vol. I. p. lv IV. 25 - sericeola IV. 25 - tenuirostris IV. 61 - torquata IV. 72 - mystacalis. Vol. I. p. lv IV. 26 - Melithreptus albogularis. Vol. I. p. lix IV. 74 - chloropsis. Vol. I. p. lix IV. 73 - gularis. Vol. I. p. lix IV. 71 - lunulatus. Vol. I. p. lix IV. 72 - melanocephalus. Vol. I. p. lix IV. 75 - Novæ-Hollandiæ IV. 23 - validirostris. Vol. I. p. lix IV. 70 - Melopsittacus undulatus. Vol. I. p. lxvii V. 44 - Menura Lyra III. 14 - Novæ-Hollandiæ III. 14 - paradisea III. 14 - Superb III. 14 - superba. Vol. I. p. xlii III. 14 - vulgaris III. 14 - Merops carunculatus IV. 55 - chrysopterus IV. 56 - corniculatus IV. 58 - cyanops IV. 68 - garrulus IV. 76 - melanurus II. 16 - monachus IV. 58 - ornatus. Vol. I. p. xxx II. 16 - Phrygius IV. 48 - Micrœca assimilis Vol. I. p. x - flavigaster. Vol. I. p. xl II. 94 - Great-winged II. 93 - macroptera. Vol. I. p. xl II. 93 - Yellow-bellied II. 94 - Microcygna Coromandeliana VII. 5 - Milvus affinis Vol. I. p. xxv 21 - (Hydroictinia) affinis Vol. I. p. xx - isurus Vol. I. p. xxv 22 - sphenurus Vol. I. p. xxii 5 - Mimeta flavo-cincta IV. 14 - Meruloïdes IV. 13 - viridis IV. 13 - Mimetes flavo-cinctus IV. 14 - viridis IV. 13 - Miner IV. 76 - Yellow-throated IV. 79 - Mirafra Horsfieldii. Vol. I. p. xlix III. 77 - Horsfield’s III. 77 - Monarcha carinata. Vol. I. p. xl II. 95 - Monarcha trivirgata. Vol. I. p. x II. 96 - Moor Hen VI. 72 - Morepork II. 4 - Motacilla Australis III. 11 - cyanea III. 18 - pusilla III. 53 - solitaria III. 69 - Southern III. 11 - superba III. 18 - Muscicapa auricomis IV. 37 - Australis III. 11 - barbata Vol. I. p. xlv - crepitans III. 15 - cucullata III. 7 - erythrogaster Vol. I. p. xli - erythrogastra III. 4 - Georgiana Vol. I. p. xli - Goodenovii III. 5 - gularis Vol. I. p. xli - Lathami III. 1 - malachura III. 31 - multicolor III. 3 - mystacea IV. 37 - pectoralis II. 67 - rufifrons II. 84 - vittata Vol. I. p. xli - Muscipeta carinata II. 95 - Mycteria, Australian VI. 51 - Australis. Vol. I. p. lxxxvii VI. 51 - Myiägra concinna. Vol. I. p. xxxix II. 90 - latirostris. Vol. I. p. xxxix II. 92 - macroptera II. 93 - nitida. Vol. I. p. xxxix II. 89 - plumbea. Vol. I. p. xxxix II. 89 - Rubeculoïdes II. 91 - Myzantha flavigula. Vol. I. p. lx IV. 79 - flavirostris IV. 80 - garrula. Vol. I. p. lx IV. 76 - lutea. Vol. I. p. lx IV. 78 - melanophrys. Vol. I. p. lx IV. 80 - obscura. Vol. I. p. lx IV. 77 - Myzomela obscura. Vol. I. p. lix IV. 67 - erythrocephala. Vol. I. p. lix IV. 64 - nigra. Vol. I. p. lix IV. 66 - pectoralis. Vol. I. p. lix IV. 65 - sanguinolenta. Vol. I. p. lix IV. 63 - - Nanodes Bourkii V. 43 - discolor V. 47 - elegans V. 38 - pulchellus V. 41 - undulatus V. 44 - venustus V. 37 - ? zonarius V. 20 - Native Companion VI. 48 - Hen VI. 71 - Neomorpha acutirostris IV. 19 - crassirostris IV. 19 - Gouldii Vol. I. p. liv IV. 19 - Gould’s IV. 19 - Neops chrysoptera IV. 101 - Nettapus albipennis Vol. I. p. xc - Coromandelianus. Vol. I. p. xci VII. 5 - pulchellus. Vol. I. p. xci VII. 4 - Nestor productus. Vol. I. p. lxiv V. 6 - Nightjar, Owlet- II. 1 - White-bellied Owlet- II. 2 - Nisus Australis I. 19 - (Urospiza) approximans Vol. I. p. xxi - (Urospiza) radiatus Vol. I. p. xxi - (Urospiza) torquatus Vol. I. p. xxi - Noctua Boobook I. 32 - maculata I. 33 - Noddy VII. 32, 34 - Black VII. 34 - Grey VII. 37 - Lesser VII. 35 - Noisy Roller II. 42 - Notodela Karu II. 61 - Numenius Australis. Vol. I. p. lxxxvi VI. 42 - minutus. Vol. I. p. lxxxvi VI. 44 - uropygialis. Vol. I. p. lxxxvi VI. 43 - Nuthatch, New Holland IV. 98 - Orange-winged IV. 101 - Nycticorax Caledonicus. Vol. I. p. lxxxviii VI. 63 - Nymphicus Novæ-Hollandiæ. Vol. I. p. lxvii V. 45 - Nyroca Australis. Vol. I. p. xcii VII. 16 - - Oceanites Wilsonii VII. 65 - Ocyphaps Lophotes. Vol. I. p. lxx V. 70 - Ocypteras albovittatus II. 27 - cinereus II. 29 - fuscatus II. 29 - minor II. 28 - superciliosus II. 32 - Œdicnemus grallarius. Vol. I. p. lxxxi VI. 5 - longipes VI. 5 - magnirostris VI. 6 - recurvirostris VI. 6 - Onychoprion fuliginosus? Vol. I. p. xcv VII. 32 - Panaya. Vol. I. p. xcvi VII. 33 - serratus VII. 32 - Oreocincla lunulata. Vol. I. p. li IV. 7 - macrorhyncha IV. 7 - Novæ-Hollandiæ IV. 7 - Oreoïca, Crested II. 81 - gutturalis. Vol. I. p. xxxviii II. 81 - Organ-Bird II. 48 - Origma rubricata. Vol. I. p. xlvii III. 69 - solitaria III. 69 - Oriole, Crescent-marked IV. 14 - New South Wales IV. 13 - Oriolus affinis Vol. I. p. liii - flavocinctus. Vol. I. p. liii IV. 14 - regens IV. 12 - variegatus IV. 13 - viridis. Vol. I. p. liii IV. 13 - Orthonyx maculatus IV. 99 - Spine-tailed IV. 99 - spinicaudus. Vol. I. p. lxii IV. 99 - Temminckii IV. 99 - Osprey, White-headed I. 6 - Otis Australis Vol. I. p. lxxxi - Australasianus. Vol. I. p. lxxxi VI. 4 - Owl, Boobook I. 32 - Brown or Cuckoo I. 32 - Chestnut-faced I. 28 - Delicate I. 31 - Masked Barn I. 29 - Rufous I. 36 - Powerful I. 35 - Sooty I. 30 - Spotted I. 33 - Winking I. 34 - Oxyura Australis VII. 17 - Oyster-catcher, Black VI. 8 - Sooty VI. 8 - White-breasted VI. 7 - - Pachycephala Australis III. 11 - Black-tailed II. 66 - falcata. Vol. I. p. xxxvii II. 68 - Pachycephala fuliginosa II. 64 - fusca II. 64 - Gilbertii. Vol. I. p. xxxvii II. 71 - Gilbert’s II. 71 - glaucura. Vol. I. p. xxxvii II. 65 - Grey-tailed II. 65 - gutturalis. Vol. I. p. xxxvii II. 64 - inornata Vol. I. p. xxxvi - Lanoïdes. Vol. I. p. xxxvii II. 69 - Lunulated II. 68 - melanura. Vol. I. p. xxxvii II. 66 - olivacea. Vol. I. p. xxxvii II. 73 - Olivaceous II. 73 - pectoralis. Vol. I. p. xxxvii II. 67 - Plain-coloured II. 72 - Red-throated II. 70 - rufogularis. Vol. I. p. xxxvii II. 70 - Shrike-like II. 69 - simplex. Vol. I. p. xxxvii II. 72 - striata II. 67 - Pachyptila Banksii Vol. I. p. xci - Forsteri VII. 55 - vittata VII. 55 - Palæornis anthopeplus V. 16 - Barrabandi V. 15 - melanura V. 16 - Novæ-Hollandiæ V. 45 - rosaceus V. 15 - Pandion Gouldii Vol. I. p. xxi - leucocephalus Vol. I. p. xxi 6 - Paralcyon gigas II. 18 - Pardalote, Allied II. 39 - Black-headed II. 40 - Forty-spotted II. 37 - Red-lored II. 36 - Spotted II. 35 - Striated II. 38 - Yellow-rumped II. 41 - Paradalotus affinis. Vol. I. p. xxxiii II. 39 - melanocephalus. Vol. I. p. xxxiii II. 40 - ornatus II. 38 - punctatus. Vol. I. p. xxxiii II. 35 - quadragintus. Vol. I. p. xxxiii II. 37 - rubricatus. Vol. I. p. xxxiii II. 36 - striatus. Vol. I. p. xxxiii II. 38 - uropygialis. Vol. I. p. xxxiii II. 41 - Parkinsonius mirabilis III. 14 - Paroquet, Pacific V. 52 - Red-shouldered V. 47 - Small V. 54 - Parra Gallinacea. Vol. I. p. xc VI. 75 - Gallinaceous VI. 75 - Partridge, Australian V. 89 - New Holland V. 82 - Sombre V. 91 - Van Diemen’s Land V. 90 - Parrakeet, Adelaide V. 22 - Barnard’s V. 21 - Barraband’s V. 15 - Bauer’s V. 20 - Beautiful V. 34 - Black-spotted, of Van Diemen’s Land V. 46 - Black-tailed V. 16 - Blue-banded V. 37 - Blue-Banded Grass- V. 37 - Blue-bellied V. 48 - Bourke’s Grass- V. 43 - Brown’s V. 31 - Cockatoo V. 45 - Chestnut-shouldered Grass- V. 41 - Crested V. 45 - Crimson-bellied V. 33 - Crimson-fronted V. 52 - Elegant Grass- V. 38 - Fiery V. 30 - Ground V. 38, 46 - Little V. 54 - Long-billed? V. 6 - Many-coloured V. 35 - Musk V. 52 - Musky V. 52 - Orange-bellied V. 41 - Orange-bellied Grass- V. 39 - Pacific V. 52 - Pale-headed V. 26 - Red-backed V. 36 - Pennant’s V. 23 - Red-capped V. 32 - Red-shouldered V. 47 - Rock V. 40 - Rock Grass- V. 40 - Rose-hill V. 27 - Small V. 54 - Splendid V. 28 - Splendid Grass- V. 42 - Swamp V. 46 - Swift V. 47 - The Earl of Derby’s V. 29 - Turcosine V. 41 - Twenty-eight V. 19 - Undulated V. 44 - Warbling Grass- V. 44 - Wilson’s? V. 6 - Yellow-bellied V. 24 - Yellow-collared V. 19 - Yellow-rumped V. 25 - Parrot, Barnard’s V. 21 - Bauer’s V. 20 - Blue V. 32 - Blue-bellied V. 48 - Brown’s V. 31 - Caledonian? V. 24 - Canary V. 44 - Crimson-winged V. 18 - Green V. 24 - Ground V. 46 - Mountain V. 16 - New Caledonian? V. 24 - Nonpareil V. 27 - Orange-bellied V. 41 - Pacific V. 52 - Pheasant V. 22 - Phillip Island V. 6 - Pennantian V. 23 - Red-crowned V. 14 - Scarlet and Green V. 17 - Scarlet-breasted V. 15 - Small V. 54 - Smutty V. 31 - Sulphur-headed? V. 24 - Tabuan V. 17 - Undulated V. 44 - Van Diemen’s V. 24 - Varied V. 35 - Passer stultus VII. 34 - Pedionomus microurus Vol. I. p. lxxix - torquatus. Vol. I. p. lxxix V. 80 - Pelican, Australian VII. 74 - Pelecanoïdes Urinatrix VII. 60 - Pelecanopus Pelecanoïdes VII. 23 - Pelecanus conspicillatus. Vol. I. p. ci VII. 74 - fiber VII. 78 - nævius VII. 71 - Pelecanus plotus VII. 78 - punctatus VII. 71 - Sula VII. 78 - varius VII. 68 - Pelidna subarquata VI. 32 - Penguin, Apterous VI. 2 - Crested VII. 83 - Fairy VII. 85 - Little VII. 84 - Perdix Australis V. 89 - Chinensis V. 92 - Manillensis V. 92 - varia V. 82 - Peristera chalcoptera. Vol. I. p. lxx V. 64 - elegans. Vol. I. p. lxx V. 65 - histrionica. Vol. I. p. lxx V. 66 - Pernis (Hyptiopus) subcristatus Vol. I. p. xxvi - Petrel, Allied VII. 59 - Another Blue VII. 52 - Black-bellied Storm VII. 62 - Blue VII. 52 - Broad-billed VII. 55 - Cape VII. 53 - Cook’s VII. 51 - Diving VII. 60 - Fleshy-footed VII. 57 - Frigate VII. 61 - Giant VII. 45 - Great Grey VII. 47 - Grey-backed Storm VII. 64 - Pintado VII. 53 - Short-tailed VII. 56 - Silvery-grey VII. 48 - Soft-plumaged VII. 50 - Spectacled VII. 46 - Wedge-tailed VII. 58 - White-and-Black spotted VII. 53 - White-bellied Storm VII. 63 - White-faced Storm VII. 61 - White-headed VII. 49 - Wilson’s Storm VII. 65 - Petroïca bicolor. Vol. I. p. xlii III. 7 - erythrogastra. Vol. I. p. xlii III. 4 - fusca. Vol. I. p. xlii III. 8 - Goodenovii. Vol. I. p. xlii III. 5 - modesta III. 4 - multicolor. Vol. I. p. xlii III. 3 - phœnicea. Vol. I. p. xlii III. 6 - pulchella III. 4 - rhodinogaster III. 1 - rosea III. 2 - superciliosa. Vol. I. p. xlii III. 9 - Petrophassa albipennis. Vol. I. p. lxxi V. 71 - Pewit, Black-breasted VI. 11 - Masked VI. 10 - Wattled VI. 9 - Pezoporus formosus. Vol. I. p. lxvii V. 46 - rufifrons V. 46 - Phaëton erubescens VII. 73 - phœnicurus. Vol. I. p. ci VII. 73 - Phalacrocorax Carboïdes. Vol. I. p. c VII. 66 - hypoleucus. Vol. I. p. c VII. 68 - leucogaster. Vol. I. p. c VII. 69 - melanoleucus. Vol. I. p. c VII. 70 - pica VII. 68 - punctatus. Vol. I. p. c VII. 71 - sulcirostris. Vol. I. p. c VII. 67 - Phaps chalcoptera. Vol. I. p. lxx V. 64 - elegans Vol. I. p. lx - histrionica Vol. I. p. lx - Pheasant III. 14 - Native V. 78 - Philedon cœruleus IV. 81 - rubrifrons IV. 28 - Philemon garrulus IV. 76 - Phrygius IV. 48 - Piezorhynchus nitidus. Vol. I. p. xxxix II. 88 - Pigeon, Blue II. 55 - Bronze V. 64 - Bronze-winged V. 64 - Brush Bronze-winged V. 65 - Cape VII. 53 - Crested V. 70 - Ewing’s Fruit- V. 56 - Little Bronze V. 65 - Little Green V. 62 - Magnificent Fruit- V. 58 - Mangrove V. 72 - Norfolk V. 59 - of the Marshes, The Crested V. 70 - Opaline V. 68 - Partridge V. 68 - Pheasant-tailed V. 75 - Pied V. 63 - Superb Fruit- V. 57 - Swainson’s Fruit- V. 55 - Top-knot V. 61 - Torres’ Strait Fruit- V. 60 - White-faced V. 63 - White-fleshed V. 63 - White-headed Fruit- V. 59 - Pinguinaria cristata VII. 83 - Pipit, Australian III. 73 - Pipra Desmaretii II. 34 - punctata II. 35 - striata II. 38 - striata? II. 39 - Pitta brachyura IV. 2 - Iris. Vol. I. p. li IV. 3 - Noisy IV. 1 - Rainbow IV. 3 - strepitans. Vol. I. p. 1 IV. 1 - versicolor IV. 1 - Vigorsii. Vol. I. p. li IV. 2 - Vigors’ IV. 2 - Platalea flavipes. Vol. I. p. lxxxvii VI. 49 - regia. Vol. I. p. lxxxvii VI. 50 - Platycercus Adelaidiæ. Vol. I. p. lxv V. 22 - Barnardi. Vol. I. p. lxv V. 21 - Baueri. Vol. I. p. lxv V. 20 - Brownii. Vol. I. p. lxvi V. 31 - erythropterus V. 18 - eximius. Vol. I. p. lxvi V. 27 - flaveolus. Vol. I. p. lxvi V. 25 - flaviventris. Vol. I. p. lxv V. 24 - hæmatogaster V. 33 - hæmatonotus V. 36 - icterodes V. 29 - icterotis. Vol. I. p. lxvi V. 29 - ignitus. Vol. I. p. lxvi V. 30 - multicolor V. 35 - palliceps. Vol. I. p. lxvi V. 26 - Pennantii. Vol. I. p. lxv V. 23 - pileatus. Vol. I. p. lxvi V. 32 - pulcherrimus V. 34 - semitorquatus. Vol. I. p. lxv V. 19 - splendidus. Vol. I. p. lxvi V. 28 - scapularis V. 17 - scapulatus V. 17 - Stanleyii V. 29 - zonarius V. 20 - Plautus albatrus VII. 38 - Plectorhyncha lanceolata. Vol. I. p. lvi IV. 47 - Plotus Novæ-Hollandiæ. Vol. I. p. ci VII. 75 - Plover, Australian Golden VI. 13 - Bridled VI. 5 - Brown VI. 55, 14 - Chestnut-breasted VI. 16 - Great-billed VI. 6 - Grey VI. 12 - Grisled VI. 5 - High-legged VI. 5 - Long-billed VI. 6 - Red-necked VI. 17 - Southern Stone VI. 5 - Wattled VI. 10 - Plyctolophus Eos V. 4 - funeralis V. 11 - galeatus V. 14 - galeritus V. 1 - Leadbeateri V. 2 - productus V. 6 - tenuirostris V. 5 - Podargus Australis? II. 3 - brachypterus Vol. I. p. xxvii - cinereus? II. 3 - Cuvieri II. 4 - Cuvier’s II. 4 - ? gracilis? II. 3 - humeralis. Vol. I. p. xxviii II. 3 - megacephalus Vol. I. p. xxvii - Moth-plumaged II. 5 - Phalænoïdes. Vol. I. p. xxviii II. 5 - Plumed II. 6 - plumiferus. Vol. I. p. xxviii II. 6 - Stanleyanus Vol. I. p. xxviii - Tawny-shouldered II. 3 - Podiceps Australis. Vol. I. p. cii VII. 80 - Dominicus, var. Vol. I. p. cii - gularis. Vol. I. p. cii VII. 81 - Nestor VII. 82 - poliocephalus. Vol. I. p. cii VII. 82 - Poëphila acuticauda. Vol. I. p. l III. 90 - cincta. Vol. I. p. l III. 93 - Gouldiæ. Vol. I. p. l - leucotis. Vol. I. p. l III. 92 - mirabilis. Vol. I. p. xlix III. 89 - personata. Vol. I. p. l III. 91 - Polophilus leucogaster IV. 92 - Phasianus IV. 92 - variegatus IV. 92 - Polytelis Barrabandi. Vol. I. p. lxv V. 15 - melanura. Vol. I. p. lxv V. 16 - Pomatorhinus, Red-breasted IV. 21 - rubeculus. Vol. I. p. lv IV. 21 - superciliosus. Vol. I. p. lv IV. 22 - Temporal IV. 20 - temporalis. Vol. I. p. lv IV. 20 - trivirgatus IV. 20 - White-eyebrowed IV. 22 - Porphyrio, Azure-breasted VI. 70 - bellus. Vol. I. p. lxxxix VI. 70 - Black-backed VI. 69 - melanotus. Vol. I. p. lxxxix VI. 69 - Porzana fluminea. Vol. I. p. xc VI. 79 - ? immaculata. Vol. I. p. xc VI. 82 - leucophrys. Vol. I. p. xc VI. 81 - palustris. Vol. I. p. xc VI. 80 - Praticola campestris III. 71 - fuliginosa III. 70 - Pratincole, Australasian VI. 22 - Oriental VI. 23 - Prion, Ariel Vol. I. p. xcix - Banksii Vol. I. p. xcix - Broad-billed VII. 55 - Dove-like VII. 54 - Turtur. Vol. I. p. xcix VII. 54 - vittatus. Vol. I. p. xcix VII. 55 - Procellaria Æquinoctialis Vol. I. p. xcvi - Antarctica Vol. I. p. xcvii - cœrulea. Vol. I. p. xcviii VII. 52 - conspicillata, Vol. I. p. xcvii VII. 46 - Cookii. Vol. I. p. xcviii VII. 51 - flavirostris Vol. I. p. xcvii - Forsteri VII. 52, 55 - gigantea. Vol. I. p. xcvii VII. 45 - Glacialoïdes. Vol. I. p. xcviii VII. 48 - hasitata. Vol. I. p. xcvii VII. 47 - Lessonii. Vol. I. p. xcviii VII. 49 - leucocephala VII. 49 - leucoptera VII. 51 - macroptera Vol. I. p. xcvii - marina VII. 61 - mollis. Vol. I. p. xcviii VII. 50 - nævia VII. 53 - nivea Vol. I. p. xcvii - pelagica VII. 65 - similis VII. 52 - Solandri Vol. I. p. xcvii - tridactyla VII. 60 - Turtur VII. 54 - Urinatrix VII. 60 - vagabunda VII. 49 - velox VII. 51 - vittata VII. 55 - Wilsonii VII. 65 - Psephotus hæmatogaster. Vol. I. p. lxvi V. 33 - hæmatonotus. Vol. I. p. lxvi V. 36 - multicolor. Vol. I. p. lxvi V. 35 - pulcherrimus. Vol. I. p. lxvi V. 34 - Psilopus albogularis II. 97 - brevirostris II. 103 - culicivorus II. 99 - fuscus II. 98 - olivaceus Vol. I. p. xl - Psittacula Florentis V. 53 - Psittacus Australis V. 47, 52 - Banksianus V. 47 - Banksii V. 7, 10 - Barrabandii V. 15 - Baueri V. 20 - Brownii V. 24, 31 - Caledonicus? V. 24 - capitatus V. 27 - chlorolepidotus V. 50 - chrysogaster V. 41 - chrysostomus V. 37 - concinnus V. 52 - Cookii V. 10 - cyanomelas V. 20 - cyanopygius V. 17 - discolor V. 47 - Edwardsii V. 41 - elegans V. 23 - Eos V. 4 - erythropterus V. 18 - eximius V. 27 - flaviventris V. 24 - formosus V. 46 - funereus V. 11 - galeatus V. 14 - galeritus V. 1 - gloriosus V. 23 - humeralis V. 47 - icterotis V. 29 - Leachii V. 10 - magnificus V. 7 - melanotus V. 18 - multicolor V. 35 - nasicus V. 5 - Novæ-Hollandiæ V. 45 - Pacificus V. 52 - Pennantii V. 23 - phœnicocephalus V. 14 - pulchellus V. 41 - purpurea V. 53 - purpureocephalus V. 32 - purpureus V. 53 - pusillus V. 54 - rubrifrons V. 52 - sagittifer Barrabandi V. 15 - scapulatus V. 17 - semitorquatus V. 19 - Solandri V. 10 - splendidus V. 23 - Tabuensis V. 17 - Temminckii V. 10 - tenuirostris V. 5 - terrestris V. 46 - undulatus V. 44 - velatus V. 52 - venustus V. 31, 37 - viridis V. 20 - zonarius V. 20 - Psophodes, Black-throated III. 16 - crepitans. Vol. I. p. xliii III. 15 - nigrogularis. Vol. I. p. xliii III. 16 - Pteropodocys Phasianella. Vol. I. p. xxxvi II. 59 - Ptilinopus Ewingii. Vol. I. p. lxix V. 56 - purpuratus, var. Regina V. 55 - superbus. Vol. I. p. lxix V. 57 - Swainsonii. Vol. I. p. lxix V. 55 - Ptilonorhynchus holosericeus. Vol. I. p. lii IV. 10 - MacLeayii IV. 10 - nuchalis IV. 9 - Smithii. Vol. I. p. lii IV. 11 - squamulosus IV. 10 - viridis IV. 11 - Ptiloris paradisea IV. 100 - paradiseus. Vol. I. p. lxii IV. 100 - Ptilotis auricomis. Vol. I. p. lvi IV. 37 - chrysops. Vol. I. p. lvi IV. 45 - chrysotis. Vol. I. p. lvi IV. 32 - cratitius. Vol. I. p. lvi IV. 38 - flava. Vol. I. p. lvi IV. 42 - flavescens. Vol. I. p. lvi IV. 41 - flavigula. Vol. I. p. lvi IV. 35 - fusca IV. 44 - fuscus. Vol. I. p. lvi IV. 44 - Graceful IV. 39 - leucotis. Vol. I. p. lvi IV. 36 - Lewinii? Vol. I. p. lvi - ornatus. Vol. I. p. lvi IV. 39 - penicillatus. Vol. I. p. lvi IV. 43 - Plumed IV. 40 - plumulus. Vol. I. p. lvi IV. 40 - sonorus. Vol. I. p. lvi IV. 33 - unicolor. Vol. I. p. lvi IV. 46 - versicolor. Vol. I. p. lvi IV. 34 - Puffinuria Garnotii VII. 60 - Urinatrix. Vol. I. p. c VII. 60 - Puffinus assimilis. Vol. I. p. xcix VII. 59 - Australis VII. 59 - brevicaudus. Vol. I. p. xcix VII. 56 - carneipes. Vol. I. p. xcix VII. 57 - sphenurus. Vol. I. p. xcix VII. 58 - Pyrrhocorax leucopterus IV. 16 - violaceus IV. 10 - Pyrrholæmus brunneus. Vol. I. p. xlvii III. 68 - - Quail, Brown V. 89 - Chinese V. 92 - Greater Brown V. 90 - Little V. 87 - Manilla V. 92 - New Holland V. 89 - Painted V. 82 - Pectoral V. 88 - Stubble V. 88 - Thick-billed V. 85 - Varied V. 82 - Quaker VI. 63 - - Rail VI. 78 - Land VI. 76 - Lewin’s Water VI. 77 - Pectoral VI. 76 - Rallus brachipus VI. 77 - Lewinii. Vol. I. p. xc VI. 77 - pectoralis. Vol. I. p. xc VI. 76 - Raven, South Sea IV. 18 - Recurvirostra Novæ-Hollandiæ VI. 27 - rubricollis. Vol. I. p. lxxxiv VI. 27 - Red-bill III. 82 - Red-knee, Banded VI. 21 - Red-throat, Brown III. 68 - Reed-Lark, Field III. 71 - Striated III. 70 - Rhipidura albiscapa. Vol. I. p. xxxix II. 83 - Dryas Vol. I. p. xxxix - flabellifera II. 83 - isura. Vol. I. p. xxxix II. 85 - Motacilloïdes. Vol. I. p. xxxix II. 86 - picata Vol. I. p. xxxix - rufifrons. Vol. I. p. xxxix II. 84 - Rhynchæa, Australian VI. 41 - Australis. Vol. I. p. lxxxvi VI. 41 - Rhynchaspis fasciata VII. 13 - maculatus VII. 12 - membranacea VII. 13 - Rhynchotis VII. 12 - Robin III. 3 - Black III. 7 - Dusky III. 8 - Flame-breasted III. 6 - Grey-breasted III. 12 - Norfolk Island III. 4 - Pied III. 7 - Pink-breasted III. 1 - Pink-breasted Wood- III. 1 - Red-capped III. 5 - Rose-breasted Wood- III. 2 - Scarlet-breasted III. 3, 4 - Scrub III. 10 - White-bellied III. 13 - White-eyebrowed III. 9 - Yellow III. 11 - Yellow-breasted III. 11 - Roller, Australian II. 17 - Pacific II. 17 - Piping II. 46 - Streaked IV. 13 - Striated IV. 13 - Varied IV. 11 - Rose-hill V. 29 - Moreton Bay V. 26 - - Sandpiper, Curlew VI. 32 - Fairy VI. 35 - Great VI. 33 - Green VI. 35 - Grey VI. 12 - Grey-rumped VI. 38 - Least VI. 31 - Little VI. 31 - Marsh VI. 37 - Swiss VI. 12 - Wattled VI. 9 - Sarciophorus pectoralis. Vol. I. p. lxxxii VI. 11 - Saxicola chrysorrhœa III. 63 - rhodinogaster III. 1 - solitaria. III. 69 - splendens III. 21 - Schœniclus albescens. Vol. I. p. lxxxiv VI. 31 - Australis. Vol. I. p. lxxxiv VI. 30 - magnus. Vol. I. p. lxxxiv VI. 33 - subarquatus. Vol. I. p. lxxxiv VI. 32 - Scolopax Australis. Vol. I. p. lxxxv VI. 40 - cinerea VI. 34 - Hardwickii VI. 40 - subarquata VI. 32 - Terek VI. 34 - Scythrops Australasiæ IV. 90 - Australis IV. 90 - Novæ-Hollandiæ. Vol. I. p. lxi IV. 90 - Seïsura inquieta. Vol. I. p. xxxix II. 87 - volitans II. 87 - Sericornis, Allied III. 48 - Buff-breasted III. 50 - citreogularis. Vol. I. p. xlvi III. 46 - frontalis. Vol. I. p. xlvi III. 49 - humilis. Vol. I. p. xlvi III. 47 - lævigaster. Vol. I. p. xlvi III. 50 - Large-billed III. 52 - maculatus. Vol. I. p. xlvi III. 51 - magnirostris. Vol. I. p. xlvi III. 52 - osculans Vol. I. p. xlvi III. 48 - parvulus III. 49 - Sombre-coloured III. 47 - Spotted III. 51 - White-fronted III. 49 - Yellow-throated III. 46 - Sericulus chrysocephalus. Vol. I. p. lii IV. 12 - magnirostris. Vol. I. p. lii - regens IV. 12 - Shag, Black VII. 66 - Black and White VII. 68 - Crested VII. 71 - Little VII. 70 - Pied VII. 68 - Spotted VII. 71 - Shieldrake, Chestnut-coloured VII. 7 - New Holland VII. 7 - Radjah VII. 8 - Shoveller, Australian VII. 12 - New Holland VII. 12 - Shrike, Frontal II. 79 - Robust II. 56 - Shrike-Tit, Frontal II. 79 - White-bellied II. 80 - Sitta? chrysoptera IV. 101 - Sittella, Black-capped IV. 104 - chrysoptera. Vol. I. p. lxii IV. 101 - leucocephala. Vol. I. p. lxii IV. 102 - leucoptera. Vol. I. p. lxii IV. 103 - melanocephala IV. 104 - Orange-winged IV. 101 - pileata. Vol. I. p. lxii IV. 104 - White-headed IV. 102 - White-winged IV. 103 - Smicrornis brevirostris. Vol. I. p. xli II. 103 - flavescens. Vol. I. p. xli II. 104 - Short-billed II. 103 - Yellow-tinted II. 104 - Snipe, Land VI. 31 - New Holland VI. 40 - Terek VI. 34 - Soldier, Poor IV. 58 - Sparrow, Native III. 79 - Satin II. 91 - Sparvius cirrhocephalus Vol. I. p. xxiv - lunulatus Vol. I. p. xxiii - melanops Vol. I. p. xxiv - niveus Vol. I. p. xxiv - tricolor Vol. I. p. xxiv - Spatula Rhynchotis. Vol. I. p. xcii VII. 12 - Sphecotheres Australis. Vol. I. p. liii IV. 15 - Australian IV. 15 - canicollis IV. 15 - virescens IV. 15 - viridis IV. 15 - Spheniscus VII. 83 - minor. Vol. I. p. cii VII. 84 - Undina. Vol. I. p. cii VII. 85 - Sphenœacus galactotes. Vol. I. p. xliv III. 35 - gramineus. Vol. I. p. xliv III. 36 - Grass-loving III. 36 - Tawny III. 35 - Sphenostoma cristatum. Vol. I. p. xliii III. 17 - Spine-bill IV. 61 - Slender-billed IV. 61 - White-eyebrowed IV. 62 - Spoonbill, Royal VI. 50 - Yellow-legged VI. 49 - Squatarola Helvetica. Vol. I. p. lxxxii VI. 12 - Squeaker II. 45 - Sterna alba VII. 30 - candida VII. 30 - gracilis. Vol. I. p. xciv VII. 27 - guttata VII. 32 - melanauchen. Vol. I. p. xciv VII. 28 - melanorhyncha. Vol. I. p. xciv VII. 26 - Oahuensis. VII. 32 - Panaya VII. 33 - Pelecanoïdes VII. 23 - poliocerca VII. 24 - serrata VII. 32 - stolida VII. 34 - (Sylochelidon) strenuus VII. 22 - velox VII. 26 - Sternula Nereis. Vol. I. p. xciv VII. 29 - Stilt, Banded VI. 26 - New Zealand VI. 25 - White-headed VI. 24 - Stipiturus malachurus. Vol. I. p. xliv III. 31 - Strepera II. 42 - arguta. Vol. I. p. xxxiv II. 44 - Anaphonensis. Vol. I. p. xxxiv II. 45 - fuliginosa. Vol. I. p. xxxiv II. 43 - graculina. Vol. I. p. xxxiv II. 42 - melanoptera. Vol. I. p. xxxiv - plumbea II. 45 - Strepsilas collaris VI. 39 - Interpres. Vol. I. p. lxxxv VI. 39 - Strix Boobook I. 32 - castanops. Vol. I. p. xxvi 28 - Cyclops I. 29 - delicatulus. Vol. I. p. xxvi 31 - flammea?. Vol. I. p. xxvi - personata. Vol. I. p. xxvi 29 - tenebricosus. Vol. I. p. xxvi 30 - Struthidea, Grey IV. 17 - cinerea. Vol. I. p. liii IV. 17 - Sula Australis. Vol. I. p. ci VII. 76 - Brasiliensis VII. 78 - candida VII. 79 - erythrorhyncha VII. 79 - fiber VII. 78 - fusca. Vol. I. p. ci VII. 78 - personata. Vol. I. p. ci VII. 77 - piscator. Vol. I. p. ci VII. 79 - rubripes VII. 79 - Swallow, Australian Spine-tailed II. 10 - Black-and-white II. 12 - Dun-rumped II. 14 - Grey-breasted Wood- II. 29 - Little Wood- II. 28 - Masked Wood- II. 31 - Needle-tailed? II. 10 - New Holland II. 13 - New Holland? II. 10 - Pin-tailed II. 10 - Welcome II. 13 - White-breasted II. 12 - White eyebrowed Wood- II. 32 - White-rumped Wood- II. 33 - White-vented Wood- II. 30 - Wood- II. 27, 29 - Swamp-Hen VI. 70 - Little VI. 82 - Swan, Black. Vol. I. p. xci VII. 6 - Black, of Van Diemen VII. 6 - Shawian or Black VII. 6 - Swift, Australian II. 11 - Sylvia annulosa IV. 81 - chrysops IV. 45 - cyanea III. 18 - flavigastra. Vol. I. p. xlii - hirundinacea II. 34 - lateralis IV. 81 - leucophæa. Vol. I. p. xl - pusilla III. 53 - rubricata III. 69 - rufiventris. Vol. I. p. xxxvii - versicolor. Vol. I. p. lxi - Sylochelidon poliocerca VII. 24 - strenuus. Vol. I. p. xciv VII. 22 - Synoïcus Australis. Vol. I. p. lxxx V. 89 - ? Chinensis. Vol. I. p. lxxx V. 92 - Diemenensis. Vol. I. p. lxxx V. 90 - sordidus. Vol. I. p. lxxx V. 91 - - Tadorna Radjah. Vol. I. p. xci VII. 8 - Talegalla Lathami. Vol.I. p. lxxiii V. 77 - Wattled V. 77 - Tantalus Falcinellus VI. 47 - igneus VI. 47 - Tanypus Australis II. 54 - Teal VII. 11 - Coromandel VII. 5 - Girra VII. 5 - Terekia cinerea. Vol. I. p. lxxxv VI. 34 - Javanica VI. 34 - Tern, Bass’s Straits VII. 24 - Black-billed VII. 26 - Black-naped VII. 28 - Caspian VII. 23 - Crested VII. 23 - Graceful VII. 27 - Marsh VII. 31 - Noddy VII. 34 - Panayan VII. 33 - Powerful VII. 22 - Little VII. 29 - Little Australian VII. 29 - Sooty VII. 32 - Torres VII. 25 - Torres’ Straits VII. 23 - White VII. 30 - White-capped VII. 36 - Yellow-billed VII. 23 - Tetrao Chinensis V. 92 - Manillensis V. 92 - Thalasseus Pelecanoïdes. Vol. I. p. xciv VII. 23 - poliocercus. Vol. I. p. xciv VII. 24 - Torresii. Vol. I. p. xciv VII. 25 - Thalassidroma Tropica. Vol. I. p. c - leucogaster. Vol. I. p. c VII. 63 - marina. Vol. I. p. c VII. 61 - melanogaster. Vol. I. p. c VII. 62 - Nereis. Vol. I. p. c VII. 64 - Oceanica VII. 65 - Wilsonii. Vol. I. p. c VII. 65 - Thick-head, Banded II. 67 - Threskiornis strictipennis. Vol. I. p. lxxxvi VI. 46 - Thrush II. 75 - Australian II. 74 - Black-browed IV. 80 - Black-crowned II. 64 - Blue-cheeked IV. 68 - Chestnut-backed Ground- IV. 5 - Crested II. 81 - Dilute II. 74 - Grey-headed II. 74 - Guttural II. 64 - Harmonic II. 74 - Lunulated IV. 7 - Mountain IV. 7 - Orange-breasted II. 67 - Port Jackson II. 74 - Punctated IV. 4 - Restless II. 87 - Sordid II. 27 - Spotted Ground- IV. 4 - Volatile II. 87 - White-eared IV. 36 - Yellow-breasted III. 11 - Thunder Bird II. 64 - Tinnunculus Cenchroïdes. Vol. I. p. xxiii 13 - Tody, Red-breasted II. 91 - Todus Rubecula II. 91 - Totanus Glottoïdes VI. 36 - griseopygius. Vol. I. p. lxxxv VI. 38 - Javanicus VI. 34 - stagnatilis. Vol. I. p. lxxxv VI. 37 - Tribonyx, Black-tailed VI. 72 - Mortieri. Vol. I. p. lxxxix VI. 71 - Mortier’s VI. 71 - ventralis. Vol. I. p. lxxxix VI. 72 - Trichoglossus Australis V. 52 - chlorolepidotus. Vol. I. p. lxviii V. 50 - concinnus. Vol. I. p. lxviii V. 52 - hæmatodus V. 48 - Matoni V. 50 - multicolor V. 48 - porphyrocephalus. Vol. I. p. lxviii V. 53 - pusillus. Vol. I. p. lxviii V. 54 - rubritorquis. Vol. I. p. lxviii V. 49 - Swainsonii. Vol. I. p. lxviii V. 84 - versicolor. Vol. I. p. lxviii V. 51 - Tringa albescens VI. 31 - Australis VI. 30 - Australian VI. 30 - Helvetica VI. 12 - Interpres VI. 39 - lobata VI. 9 - Squatarola VI. 12 - subarquata VI. 32 - Tropidorhynchus argenticeps. Vol. I. p. lviii IV. 59 - citreogularis. Vol. I. p. lviii IV. 60 - corniculatus. Vol. I. p. lviii IV. 58 - cyanotis IV. 68 - monachus IV. 58 - Turdus badius II. 74 - cyaneus IV. 68 - dilutus II. 74 - dubius. Vol. I. p. xxxix - frivolus. Vol. I. p. lv - gutturalis II. 64 - harmonicus II. 74 - inquietus II. 87 - leucotis IV. 36 - lunularis II. 64 - lunulatus IV. 7 - maxillaris. Vol. I. p. liii - melanophrys IV. 80 - muscicola. Vol. I. p. xxxix - prasinus. Vol. I. p. xxxvii - punctatus IV. 4 - sordidus II. 27 - varius IV. 7 - volitans II. 87 - Turkey VI. 4 - Brush V. 77 - Native VI. 4 - Turnix castanotus. Vol. I. p. lxxix - melanogaster. Vol. I. p. lxxix - melanotus. Vol. I. p. lxxix V. 84 - pyrrhothorax. Vol. I. p. lxxx - scintillans. Vol. I. p. lxxix - varius. Vol. I. p. lxxix V. 82 - velox. Vol. I. p. lxxx - Turnstone VI. 39 - Turtur? Lophotes V. 70 - - Vanga cinerea. Vol. I. p. xxxv - destructor II. 52 - nigrogularis II. 49 - Vanellus gallinaceus VI. 9 - griseus VI. 12 - Helveticus VI. 12 - lobatus VI. 9 - Vanellus melanogaster VI. 12 - Novæ-Hollandiæ VI. 9 - Vultur Audax. Vol. I. p. xxi - Vulture, New Holland V. 77 - - Warbler, Dwarf III. 60, 62; V. 53 - Exile III. 42 - Lineated III. 43 - Long-billed Sedge- III. 38 - Red-breasted III. 3 - Reed III. 37 - Rock- III. 69 - Ruddy III. 69 - Rufous-headed III. 45 - Rufous-vented. Vol. I. p. xxxvi - Rusty-side IV. 81 - Scarlet-backed III. 26 - Soft-tailed III. 31 - Square-tailed III. 44 - Superb III. 18, 24 - Swallow II. 34 - Variegated III. 24 - Wedge-bill, Crested III. 17 - Whimbrel, Australian VI. 43 - Little VI. 44 - Whistling Dick II. 77 - White-eye IV. 81 - Wonga-wonga V. 63 - Wren III. 57 - Banded III. 21 - Beautiful III. 23 - Black-backed III. 20 - Black-headed III. 26 - Blue III. 18 - Brown’s III. 27 - Cautious III. 40 - Emu III. 31 - Graceful III. 22 - Lambert’s III. 24 - Large-tailed III. 30 - Long-tailed III. 19 - Red-rumped III. 39 - Striated III. 29 - Textile III. 28 - White-winged III. 25 - - Xanthomyza Phrygia. Vol. I. p. lvii IV. 48 - Xema Jamesonii. Vol. I. p. xciii VII. 20 - Xenus cinereus VI. 34 - Xerophila leucopsis. Vol. I. p. xlvii III. 67 - white-faced III. 67 - - Zosterops chloronotus. Vol. I. p. lx IV. 82 - dorsalis. Vol. I. p. lx IV. 81 - Green-backed IV. 82 - Grey-backed IV. 81 - luteus. Vol. I. p. lx IV. 83 - Yellow IV. 83 - - The References to the Pages in the above Index will be found correct if - the Subscribers will cause them to be numbered in the order in which - the respective volumes are arranged, which could not be done in the - course of publication. - - - - - PREFACE. - - -Having in the summer of 1837 brought my work on the “Birds of Europe” to -a successful termination, I was naturally desirous of turning my -attention to the Ornithology of some other region; and a variety of -concurring circumstances induced me to select that of Australia, the -Birds of which, though invested with the highest degree of interest, had -been almost entirely neglected. Dr. Shaw, in his “Zoology of New -Holland,” had devoted a few plates to the subject, from specimens -collected by Sir Joseph Banks during the first voyage of Captain Cook; -the “Birds of New Holland” by Lewin comprised not more than twenty-six -plates; and figures and descriptions of a few species were given in the -earlier voyages of Phillip, White and Collins, and the more recent one -of King. At a subsequent period the late Mr. Vigors and Dr. Horsfield -commenced an elaborate memoir on the Collection of Australian Birds in -the possession of the Linnean Society; but unfortunately, they did not -proceed farther than the _Meliphagidæ_, and the non-completion of their -labours is the more to be regretted, inasmuch as the Linnean Society’s -collection of Australian birds, at that time the finest extant, -comprised many species collected by Mr. Brown during his voyage with the -celebrated navigator Flinders, and was moreover enriched with some -interesting notes by the late Mr. George Caley, by whom the collection -was chiefly formed. Descriptions of many Australian birds were also -included in the works of Latham, Shaw, Cuvier and Vieillot, as well as -in several of the recent French voyages of discovery; still no general -work on the subject had been undertaken, and nearly all that had been -recorded by the various writers above enumerated, had reference almost -exclusively to the productions of New South Wales and Van Diemen’s Land, -these being almost the only explored portions of that great country. In -the absence, then, of any general work on the Birds of Australia, the -field was comparatively a new one, and of no ordinary degree of -interest, from the circumstance of its being one of the finest -possessions of the British Crown, and from its natural productions being -as remarkable for the anomalous nature of their forms, as for their -beauty, and the singularity of their habits. In the attempt to supply -this desideratum I commenced publishing from the materials then -accessible, but soon found, from the paucity of information extant upon -the subject, that it could not be executed in a manner that would be -satisfactory to my own mind or commensurate with the exigencies of -science; I therefore determined to proceed to Australia and personally -investigate (so far as a stay of two years would allow) the habits and -manners of its birds in a state of nature. Accordingly in May 1838 I -left England, provided, by the liberality of Government, with letters -from Lord Glenelg, at that time Secretary of State for the Colonies, Sir -George Grey, Bart., and Gordon Gairdner, Esq., of the Colonial Office, -recommending me to the countenance and protection of the various -Governors, and requesting them to afford me such aid and assistance in -furtherance of my objects as they might have it in their power to -render; similar favours were also granted me by the authorities of the -Admiralty, who, through their Secretary, Sir John Barrow, directed the -captains and commanders of Her Majesty’s ships and vessels employed on -the coasts of Australia to further my views, by giving myself and my -assistant a passage to such part of the coasts as either of us might be -desirous of visiting, only stipulating that the ships under their -command should not be detained on any parts of the coasts they were not -ordered to visit. His late Royal Highness the Duke of Sussex, in his -capacity of President of the Royal Society, was pleased to favour me -with a letter addressed to the authorities, civil and military, of Her -Majesty’s Colonies, recommending me to their kind offices and -protection, as he felt assured that my exertions would materially -promote the interests of Natural History. I was also under considerable -obligations to the kindness of Captain Washington, R.N., at that time -Secretary of the Royal Geographical Society, who furnished me with -introductions to Captains Sir John Franklin and Sir Gordon Bremer, R.N., -and other influential persons. Having thus acknowledged the facilities -afforded me by the home authorities, it becomes my pleasing duty to -state that their recommendations and wishes were responded to in the -warmest manner by Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N., Governor of Van -Diemen’s Land; Sir George Gipps, Governor-General of New South Wales; -Lieut.-Colonel Gawler, Governor of South Australia; John Hutt, Esq., -Governor of Western Australia; and Captain M’Arthur, Commandant of Port -Essington; all of whom rendered me every assistance compatible with the -instructions under which they were acting. I should be wanting, however, -both in courtesy and gratitude, did I not especially acknowledge the -warm friendship, and the many acts of genuine kindness which I received -at the hands of my valued friends Sir John and Lady Franklin, who, -besides facilitating my views in every way, both publicly and privately, -with the most generous hospitality received myself and family into their -house, where Mrs. Gould and my eldest son, who had accompanied us, -remained for nearly ten months, while I pursued my researches in various -parts of Van Diemen’s Land and the continent of Australia; and it is -only by those who, like myself, have had the advantage of residing in -the bosom of this amiable family, that the kindness of their nature and -the goodness of their hearts can be duly appreciated, and which can -never be erased from my memory. I must acknowledge not less gratefully -the many acts of kindness rendered to me by Sir George and Lady Gipps -during my stay in Sydney. After exploring Van Diemen’s Land, the islands -in Bass’s Straits, South Australia, and New South Wales, into the -interior of which country I penetrated to the distance of nearly four -hundred miles from the coast-line, I despatched my able assistant, Mr. -Gilbert, to explore the western and northern portions of the country, -and returned to England in August 1840; I immediately commenced the work -_de novo_, and the result of my labours is now before the public. It -fortunately happened at the commencement and during the progress of the -work, Her Majesty’s ships the Beagle, under the command of Captains -Wickham and Stokes; the Britomart, under Captain Stanley; the Fly, under -Captain Blackwood, and the Pelorus under Captain Chambers were employed -in surveying the northern and north-western coasts of Australia; and the -Erebus and Terror under Captain Sir James C. Ross, in a voyage of -discovery towards the south pole. While engaged in the performance of -their arduous duties, the officers of those vessels succeeded in -procuring many interesting novelties, which, with the greatest -liberality, were communicated to me for the present work, whereby its -value has been much enhanced. This liberality will be found duly -acknowledged in the histories of the species, for the use of which I am -indebted to the kindness of B. Bynoe, Esq., Surgeon R.N., Lieut. Emery, -R.N., Commander J. M. R. Ince, R.N., Edward Dring, Esq., Purser R.N., -Dr. Robertson and Robert M’Cormick, Esq., Surgeons R.N., and John -M’Gillivray, Esq. - -After spending two years in Western and Northern Australia, Mr. Gilbert -returned to England in September 1841, bringing with him the result of -his labours, which proved of sufficient value and importance to induce -me to believe that much yet remained to be discovered in those -countries, and to direct him to return thither, which he accordingly did -in the ensuing spring; and after again visiting Swan River, and -sedulously exploring the interior so far as practicable, he proceeded to -Sydney, and, unfortunately for himself, allowed his love of science, in -the advancement of which no one was more ardent, to induce him to join -Dr. Leichardt in his overland journey from Moreton Bay to Port -Essington. On this expedition, he, as usual, displayed his wonted zeal -and activity until the 28th of June, when, the party being treacherously -attacked by the natives, his valuable life was sacrificed, I lost a most -able coadjutor, and science has to deplore one of her most devoted -servants; fortunately, however, in despite of the many difficulties and -dangers which beset the party during the remainder of their journey, his -journals and notes, together with the specimens he had been able to -procure, were preserved and transmitted to me by Dr. Leichardt, and -proved of valuable assistance in determining the range of many of the -species. - -My own researches commenced immediately after passing the Equator, from -whence, throughout the entire route to Australia, I omitted no -opportunity of studying the habits, and collecting the different species -of the oceanic birds that came under my notice: these observations were -again resumed on my return to England; and as the outward passage was by -the Cape of Good Hope, and the homeward one by Cape Horn, they extended -round the globe, and, as will be seen in the course of the work, have -led to some important results. And here I must acknowledge my -obligations to the various captains with whom I sailed, namely Captain -M^cKellar of the “Parsee,” which vessel conveyed me to Van Diemen’s -Land; Captain Harding of the “Black Joke,” in which I proceeded from -Launceston to Adelaide; Captain Fell of the “Catherine Stewart Forbes,” -in which I returned from Adelaide to Hobart Town; Captain Gilchrist of -the “Potentate,” in which I sailed from Hobart Town to Sydney; and -Lieutenant Mallard, R.N., of the “Kinnear,” which brought me to England; -all of whom rendered me every assistance in their power, and the use of -a boat and crew whenever the weather would admit of one being lowered, -by which means I was enabled to obtain nearly forty species of Petrel, -being the finest collection of the _Procellaridæ_ ever brought together. - -At the commencement of the work it was not expected that it would prove -so extensive as it has become, since not more than about 300 species -were then known, which number has now been increased, by the united -efforts of myself and those who have so kindly aided my views, to -upwards of 600 species, among which are comprised many forms remarkable -for their novelty, the anomalous character of their structure, and the -singularity of their habits, such as the Bower Birds (_Ptilonorhynchi_ -and _Chlamyderæ_) and the Mound-raising Birds (_Talegalla_, _Leipoa_ and -_Megapodius_). The singular runs or bowers of the _Chlamyderæ_ were -considered by some explorers to be the cradles of the infants of the -aborigines, and the mounds of the _Megapodius_ to be tumuli, errors -which have been rectified in the present work. - -It is not to be supposed that an undertaking of such magnitude as the -present could have been brought to a successful termination by the -unaided efforts of a single individual, and I have, therefore, very -great pleasure in stating that my views were most ably seconded by every -one with whom the nature of my investigations brought me in contact; but -by none more than by the Rev. Thomas James Ewing, who, besides -manifesting the warmest friendship, has ever taken especial interest in -promoting the success of the present work; nor must I omit to mention R. -C. Gunn, Esq., Lieut. Breton, R.N., the Hon. Henry Elliot, Aide-de-camp -to the Governor, Lieut. Friend, R.N., and Captain Booth, all of Van -Diemen’s Land. In New South Wales my best thanks are due to George -Bennett, Esq., who, like Mr. Ewing, favoured me with his warmest -friendship, and evinced an equal anxiety for the success of my -undertaking; the Messrs. James and William M’Arthur, of Camden; the -Messrs. Stephen and Charles Coxen, of Yarrundi; Charles Throsby, Esq., -of Bong-bong; Alexander and William S. MacLeay, Esqs.; Captain P. P. -King, and many others. Much valuable information has been communicated -to me by George Grey, Esq. (now Governor of New Zealand), whose -exertions during his expedition along the north-western coasts of -Australia were characterized by a degree of energy of character and -perseverance but rarely equalled; whose ornithological collection made -during this arduous enterprise, although small, was by no means -destitute of interest; and who, upon succeeding Colonel Gawler in the -Governorship of South Australia, found time amidst his multifarious -occupations to devote considerable attention to Natural History, and to -send me some interesting drawings and other details respecting the -mounds raised by the _Leipoa_, &c. In South Australia I received many -acts of kind attention and assistance from my friend Captain Sturt, whom -I accompanied on one of his expeditions into the interior; and I have -much pleasure in acknowledging my obligations to Mr. Eyre, now -Lieut.-Governor of New Zealand, and the late J. B. Harvey, Esq. - -Nor must I conclude my acknowledgements of the kindness of those who -have rendered me their aid, without especially recording the liberality -of the Right Hon. The Earl of Derby, who has at all times most readily -submitted to my inspection every collection of which he has become the -possessor, and allowed me the free use of any objects desirable for the -enhancement of the “Birds of Australia;” neither is the kindness of His -Highness the Prince of Canino, Sir Wm. Jardine, Bart., Robert Brown, -Professor Owen, H. E. Strickland, W. Yarrell, T. C. Eyton, J. J. -Bennett, D. W. Mitchell, and E. Blyth, Esqs., forgotten by one whom they -have ever been sedulous to oblige. My thanks are also due to the -Trustees, to J. E. Gray, and G. R. Gray, Esqs., of the British Museum; -and to the authorities of the Linnean and Zoological Societies of -London, the Royal Museums of Berlin, Leyden and Paris, and the Museum at -Sydney. I am also considerably indebted to my friend W. C. L. Martin, -Esq., author of many valuable works and papers on natural history, for -the readiness with which his varied literary attainments and critical -acumen have at all times been rendered, whenever solicited, to enhance -the accuracy of my labours. - -At the conclusion of my “Birds of Europe,” I had the pleasing duty of -stating that nearly the whole of the Plates had been lithographed by my -amiable wife. Would that I had the happiness of recording a similar -statement with regard to the present work; but such, alas! is not the -case, it having pleased the All-wise Disposer of Events to remove her -from this sublunary world within one short year after our return from -Australia, during her sojourn in which country an immense mass of -drawings, both ornithological and botanical, were made by her inimitable -hand and pencil, and which has enabled Mr. H. C. Richter, to whom, after -her lamented death, the execution of the Plates was entrusted, to -perform his task in a manner highly satisfactory to myself, and I trust -equally so to the Subscribers. The colouring, as in the case of the -“Birds of Europe,” and my other works, has been entirely executed by Mr. -Bayfield, to whose unwearied exertions and punctuality I must not fail -to bear testimony, as well as to the minute accuracy with which his -labours have been performed. The printing of the Plates, by Messrs. -Hullmandel and Walton, and the letter-press, by Messrs. R. and J. E. -Taylor, has also been equally satisfactory. - -And I cannot refrain from speaking in the highest terms of my assistant, -Mr. Edwin C. Prince, who has been with me from the commencement of my -various works. I left him in charge of the whole of my affairs during my -absence from England, with a perfect conviction that he would zealously -exert himself for my interest, and the confidence I reposed in him has -been fully realized, not only during my absence, but during the long -period of eighteen years. - -It was my most anxious wish that the unique and perfect collection of -Australian Birds, forming the originals of the present work, should have -found a resting-place in the National Museum of this country, inasmuch -as it comprised examples of both sexes of nearly every known species in -various stages of plumage, each carefully labelled with its correct -scientific appellation, the date when and the place where killed, the -sex ascertained by dissection, and the colouring of the soft parts; -besides which, it comprised the finest specimens I had been able to -procure during the long period of ten years, collected together at an -expense of more than £2000, and at the cost of three valuable lives, -namely, that of Mr. Gilbert above referred to; that of Mr. Johnson -Drummond, who was killed by a native while seeking for specimens in -Western Australia; and that of a fine young man, one of the attendants -assigned to me by Sir John Franklin, who was accidentally killed by the -explosion of a gun he was removing from a boat when landing on one of -the islands in Bass’s Straits. Regretting that I could not afford to -make a donation of it, I addressed a letter to J. E. Gray, Esq., the -chief Zoological officer of the British Museum, in which, after stating -that the entire collection amounted to nearly 600 species, and upwards -of 1800 specimens, with the full complements of eggs of more than 300 -species, I made the following offer,—“I believe that in some instances -the Government has lent its aid and support to works of such magnitude -as the ‘Birds of Australia’ by taking a certain number of copies; were -this done in my own case, and not less than twenty-five copies were -taken, I should be most happy to present to the Museum both the -Collections above-mentioned, but should such an arrangement be declined -then I beg to offer them to the Trustees for the sum of £1000.” To my -own, as well as to the regret of nearly every scientific man in Europe, -my offer was declined by the Trustees. Upon this circumstance becoming -known to Edward Wilson, Esq., of Lydstip House, near Tenby in -Pembrokeshire, that gentleman immediately purchased the entire -collection for his brother, Dr. T. B. Wilson, of Philadelphia in North -America, whither it will be shortly removed, and where it will be at all -times available for the purposes of science, and form a portion of -perhaps the most extensive ornithological collection in the world. - -In conclusion I would beg to say, that having brought the “Birds of -Australia” to a close, after devoting nearly ten years to its -production, I trust it will be admitted that it has been terminated in -the same spirit with which it was commenced, and that any errors which -may be found will be viewed with leniency, when the extent of the work, -and the difficulty of procuring and arranging so large a mass of -materials, is taken into consideration; should my labours, such as they -are, merit the approbation of those who have so liberally supported it, -my own efforts will be amply repaid. Although the work comprises every -species known to inhabit Australia up to the present time, it is not to -be supposed that it contains the whole of the birds of that vast -country, of which so large a portion is yet a _terra incognita_. Every -new district towards the north-west that may be explored will doubtless -afford additional species, and which may hereafter form the materials -for a supplement. - -I originally intended to include the Birds of New Zealand in the present -work, but upon further investigation of the subject I found that they -belong to a distinct Fauna, which fact, coupled with the vast accession -of new species from the continent of Australia, induced me to omit all -but those that had been published in the first instance, and one or two -others remarkable for their great interest. - -Enjoying, by the blessing of Providence, constant good health, and -energies as yet unimpaired, I propose still to devote my humble efforts -to the advancement of Ornithology, that science which treats of one of -the most pleasing portions of the Almighty’s many wonderful works; and -with ample materials at my command for illustrating the Birds of another -magnificent portion of the domains of the British Crown—India—my next -work will probably be on “the Birds of Asia,” which will, irrespective -of all other considerations, be of no little interest as forming the -connecting link between the Birds of Europe and the Birds of Australia. - - JOHN GOULD. - -June 12, 1848. - - - - - INTRODUCTION. - - -Geological researches into the structure of the globe show that a -succession of physical changes have modified its surface from the -earliest period up to the present time, and that these changes have been -accompanied with variations not only in the phases of animal and -vegetable life, but often in the development also of organization; and -as these changes cannot be supposed to have been operating uniformly -over the entire surface of the globe in the same periods of time, we -should naturally be prepared for finding the now existing fauna of some -regions exhibiting a higher state of development than that of others; -accordingly, if we contrast the fauna of the old continents of -geographers with the zoology of Australia and New Zealand, we find a -wide difference in the degree of organization which creation has reached -in these respective regions. In New Zealand, with the exception of a -_Vespertilio_ and a _Mus_, which latter is said to exist there, but -which has not yet been sent to this country, the most highly organized -animal hitherto discovered, either fossil or recent, is a bird; in -Australia, if compared with New Zealand, creation appears to have -considerably advanced, but even here the order _Rodentia_ is the highest -in the scale of its indigenous animal productions; the great majority of -its quadrupeds being the MARSUPIATA (Kangaroos, &c.) and the MONOTREMATA -(_Echidna_ and _Ornithorhynchus_), which are the very lowest of the -Mammalia; and its ornithology being characterized by the presence of -certain peculiar genera, _Talegalla_, _Leipoa_ and _Megapodius_; birds -which do not incubate their own eggs, and which are perhaps the lowest -representatives of their class, while the low organization of its botany -is indicated by the remarkable absence of fruit-bearing trees, the -_Cerealia_, &c. - -My investigation of the natural productions of Australia induces me to -believe, that at some remote period that country was divided into at -least two portions, since, with a few exceptions, I find the species -inhabiting the same latitudes of its eastern and western divisions -differing from, but representing each other. Some writers, Captain Sturt -and Mr. Jukes, _e.g._ are of opinion that its subdivision was even -greater, and that the sandy deserts now met with in the interior were -formerly the beds of the seas that flowed between the archipelago of -islands of which they suppose it to have been composed. In a valuable -paper by Mr. Jukes, entitled ‘Notes on the Geology of the Coasts of -Australia,’ read at the meeting of the Geological Society on the 17th of -November 1847, that gentleman stated, that “The eastern coast is -occupied by a great range of high land, appearing like a continuous -chain of mountains when seen from the sea, and rising in several places -to 5000 feet or more above the sea-level. This chain has an axis of -granite, with occasional large masses of greenstone, basalt and other -igneous rocks. It is flanked on both sides by thick beds of palæozoic -formations, chiefly sandstone, but also containing limestone and coal. -In the northern portion of the chain Dr. Leichardt found similar -formations—and especially trap and granite near the Burdekin river. In -the Port Phillip district there are similar igneous rocks, and on the -coast tertiary formations resting on the edges of upturned palæozoic -beds. In West Australia, the Darling range consists of granite below, -covered by metamorphic rocks; and between it and the sea is a plain -composed of tertiary beds. In the colony of North Australia there is a -great sandstone plateau, rising about 1800 feet above the sea, and -probably of palæozoic age; whilst on the immediate shore and round the -Gulf of Carpentaria are beds supposed to belong to the tertiary period. -Similar formations constitute the substratum of the central desert; in -which Captain Sturt was compelled to turn back, when half-way to the -Gulf of Carpentaria, from the southern coast. Hence these tertiary rocks -are probably continuous through the whole centre of the island, and -during the tertiary period all this portion of the country was -submerged, whilst the high lands on the coast rose like four groups of -islands from the shallow sea.”—_Athenæum_, _Nov. 24, 1847_. - -Whichever of these opinions be the correct one, we certainly find the -natural productions of all these portions of the country composed of -precisely the same types, the generality of which differ entirely from -those of the islands of the Indian Archipelago on the one hand, and of -New Zealand and Polynesia on the other. - -With respect to the position of Australia, it will only be necessary to -state that it is situated between the 10th and 45th degrees of south -latitude, and the 112th and 154th degrees of longitude east from -Greenwich; its extent, in round numbers, may therefore be said to be -3000 miles in length, or from west to east, and inclusive of Van -Diemen’s Land nearly the same in breadth, or from north to south. In its -present uplifted position its form is nearly square, with a depressed -centre bounded by an almost continuous range of hills and plateaux, -which, varying in altitude from one to six thousand feet above the level -of the sea, in some places approach the coast and present lofty and -inaccessible cliffs to the ocean, while in others they trend towards the -interior of the country at a distance of from twenty to eighty miles -from the coast-line; but inasmuch as these elevations are all of an -undulating and not of a precipitous character, no part of the country -can be considered as strictly alpine. Nothing can be more different than -the features of the country on the exterior and interior of this great -barrier, particularly on the eastern coast, where, between the mountains -and the sea, the vegetation partakes to a great extent of a tropical -character; it is there, on the rich alluvial soil, formed by the debris -washed down from the hills, that we find various species of _Eucalypti_, -_Fici_,and other trees, many of which attain an immense altitude, and -forests of towering palms; the surface of the ground beneath clothed -with a dense and impervious underwood, composed of dwarf trees, shrubs -and tree-ferns festooned with creepers and parasitic plants in the -richest profusion, the continuity of which is here and there broken by -rich open meadow-like districts admirably adapted for the pasturing of -cattle, and to which, from the frequent occurrence of the _Angophoræ_, a -tribe of trees in which the settlers see a fancied resemblance to the -apple-trees of Europe, the name of Apple-tree Flats has been given. -Within the ranges, on the other hand, we find immense open downs and -grassy plains, studded here and there with detached belts and forests of -_Eucalypti_, _Acaciæ_, &c., presenting a park-like appearance, to which, -as we advance farther towards the interior, succeed either extensive -marshes or land of a most sterile description. The face of this vast -country consequently presents much variety of aspect; the infrequency of -rain tends much to give a sombre brown hue to the surface of the ground, -which however is relieved by the constant verdure of its trees, the -peculiar lanceolate form and the pendent position of which render them -almost shadowless. It is in the neighbourhood of the few rivers which -intersect the country, and in the lower flats flooded by the waters, -when floods occur, that we find the vegetation more luxuriant and the -trees attaining a far greater size; the sides of the rivers are moreover -fringed with _Casuarinæ_ and other trees, which, although of large size, -never arrive at the altitude of the stately _Eucalypti_, which attain, -under favourable circumstances, a size and height which appear perfectly -incredible. Mr. Backhouse states that one measured by him on the Lopham -Road, near Emu Bay in Van Diemen’s Land, which, “was rather hollow at -the bottom and broken at the top, was 49 feet round at about 5 feet from -the ground; another that was solid, and supposed to be 200 feet high, -was 41 feet round; and a third, supposed to be 250 feet high, was 55½ -feet round. As this tree spread much at the base, it would be nearly 70 -feet in circumference at the surface of the ground. My companions spoke -to each other when at the opposite side of this tree from myself, and -their voices sounded so distant that I concluded they had inadvertently -left me, to see some other object, and immediately called to them. They -in answer remarked the distant sound of my voice, and inquired if I were -behind the tree! When the road through this forest was forming, a man -who had only about two hundred yards to go, from one company of -work-people to another, lost himself: he called, and was repeatedly -answered; but getting further astray, his voice became more indistinct, -till it ceased to be heard, and he perished. The largest trees do not -always carry up their width in proportion to their height, but many that -are mere spars are 200 feet high.” - -A prostrate tree noticed by Mr. Backhouse in the forest near the -junction of the Emu River with the Loudwater “was 35 feet in -circumference at the base, 22 feet at 66 feet up, 19 feet at 110 feet -up; there were two large branches at 120 feet; the general head branched -off at 150 feet; the elevation of the tree, traceable by the branches on -the ground, was 213 feet. We ascended this tree on an inclined plane, -formed by one of its limbs, and walked four abreast with ease upon its -trunk! In its fall it had overturned another 168 feet high, which had -brought up with its roots a ball of earth 20 feet across.” There are -other remarkable features, which, as they appertain to districts -frequently alluded to in the course of the work, it becomes necessary to -notice, namely the immense deltas formed by the descent of the waters of -the interior, such as the valley of the Murray near its embouchure into -the sea, spoken of as the great Murray scrub of South Australia; this -enormous flat of nearly one hundred miles in length by more than twenty -in breadth is clothed with a vegetation peculiarly its own, the -prevailing trees which form a belt down the centre consisting of dwarf -_Eucalypti_, while the margins are fringed with shrub-like trees of -various kinds. Nor must the immense belts of _Banksiæ_, which grow on -the sand-hills bordering the sea-coast and in some parts of the -interior, or the districts clothed with grass-trees (_Xanthorrhæa_), be -passed over unnoticed; in the intertropical regions of Australia, of -which at present so little is known, we find, besides the _Eucalypti_, -_Banksiæ_ and other trees of the southern coast, dense forests of canes, -mangroves, &c. Each of these districts has a zoology peculiarly its own: -for instance, the _Banksiæ_ are everywhere tenanted by the true -_Meliphagi_; the _Eucalypti_ by the _Ptiloti_ and _Trichoglossi_; the -towering fig-trees by the Regent and Satin birds; the palms by the -_Carpophagæ_ or fruit-eating Pigeons, and the grassy plains by the -ground Pigeons, Finches and grass Parrakeets. The circumstance of the -boles of the trees being destitute of a thick corrugated rind or bark -will doubtless account for the total absence of any member of the genus -_Picus_ or Woodpeckers, a group of birds found in all parts of the world -with the exception of Australia and Polynesia. - -Such then is a transient view of a few of the great physical features of -Australia to which I have thought it requisite to allude in the -Introduction of the present work, and I cannot conclude this portion of -the subject without mentioning the very remarkable manner in which many -of the Australian Birds represent other nearly allied species belonging -to the Old World, as if some particular law existed in reference to the -subject, the species so represented being evidently destined to fulfil -the same offices in either hemisphere. As instances in point, I may -mention among the FALCONIDÆ the _F. hypoleucus_ and _F. melanogenys_, -which represent the _F. Islandicus_ and _F. Peregrinus_; our Merlin and -Kestril are equally well represented by the _Falco frontatus_ and -_Tinnunculus Cenchroïdes_ of Australia; the Osprey of Europe also is -represented by the _P. leucocephala_; among the wading birds, the Curlew -and the Whimbrel of Europe are beautifully represented by the _Numenius -Australis_ and _N. uropygialis_, and the bar-tailed and black-tailed -Godwits by the _Limosa uropygialis_ and _L. Melanuroïdes_. Both Europe -and Australia have each one Stilted Plover, one Dottrell (_Eudromias_), -and one Avocet. Among the water birds the Cormorants and Grebes of -Europe are similarly represented by the _Phalacrocorax Carboïdes_, &c., -and _Podiceps Australis_, _P. Nestor_ and _P. gularis_; and other -instances might be noticed, but as they will all be found in the body of -the work, it will not be necessary to recapitulate them here. Although -so many curious instances of representation and of nearly allied species -are found to occur, no country possesses so many genera peculiar to -itself as Australia, such as _Ægotheles_, _Falcunculus_, -_Colluricincla_, _Grallina_, _Gymnorhina_, _Strepera_, _Cinclosoma_, -_Menura_, _Psophodes_, _Malurus_, _Sericornis_, _Ephthianura_, -_Pardalotus_, _Chlamydera_, _Ptilonorhynchus_, _Struthidea_, _Licmetis_, -_Calyptorhynchus_, _Platycercus_, _Euphema_, _Nymphicus_, _Climacteris_, -_Scythrops_, _Myzantha_, _Talegalla_, _Leipoa_, _Pedionomus_, -_Cladorhynchus_, _Tribonyx_, _Cereopsis_, _Anseranas_, and _Biziura_. - -In a country of such vast extent as Australia, spreading over so many -degrees of latitude, we might naturally expect to find much diversity in -the climate, and such is really the case. Van Diemen’s Land, from its -isolated and more southern position, is cooler and characterized by -greater humidity than Australia; its vegetation is therefore abundant, -and its forests dense and difficult of access. The climate of the -continent, on the other hand, between the 25th and 35th degrees of -latitude, is much drier, and has a temperature which is probably higher -than that of any other part of the world; the thermometer frequently -rising to 110°, 120°, and even 130° in the shade; and this high -temperature is not unfrequently increased by the hot winds which sweep -over the country from the northward, and which indicate most strongly -the parched and sterile nature of the interior. Unlike other hot -countries, this great heat and dryness is unaccompanied by night dews, -and the falls of rain being uncertain and irregular, droughts of many -months’ duration sometimes occur, during which the rivers and lagoons -are dried up, the land becomes a parched waste, vegetation is burnt up, -and famine spreads destruction on every side. It is easier for the -imagination to conceive than the pen to depict the horrors of so -dreadful a visitation. The indigenous animals and birds retire to the -mountains, or to more distant regions exempt from its influence. -Thousands of sheep and oxen perish, bullocks are seen dead by the -road-side or in the dried-up water-holes, to which, in the hope of -relief, they had dragged themselves, there to fall and die; trees are -cut down for the sake of the twigs as fodder; the flocks are driven to -the mountains in the hope that water may there be found, and every -effort is made to avert the impending ruin; but in spite of all that can -be done the loss is extreme. At length a change takes place, rain falls -abundantly, and the plains, on which but lately not a blade of herbage -was to be seen, and over which the stillness of desolation reigned, -become green with luxuriant vegetation. _Orchideæ_ and thousands of -flowers of the loveliest hues are profusely spread around, as if nature -rejoiced in her renovation, and the grain springing up vigorously gives -promise of an abundant harvest. This change from sterility to abundance -in the vegetable world is accompanied by a correspondent increase of -animal life, the waters become stocked with fish, the marshy districts -with frogs and other reptiles; hosts of caterpillars and other insects -make their appearance, and spreading over the surface of the country -commence the work of devastation, which however is speedily checked by -the birds of various kinds that follow in their train. Attracted by the -abundance of food, hawks of three or four species, in flocks of -hundreds, depart from their usual solitary habits, become gregarious and -busy at the feast, and thousands of Straw-necked Ibises (_Ibis -spinicollis_), and other species of the feathered race, revel in the -profusion of a welcome banquet. It must not however be imagined that -this change is effected without its attendant horrors; the heavy rains -often filling the river-beds so suddenly, that the onward pouring flood -carries with it everything that may impede its course; and woe to the -unhappy settler whose house or grounds may lie within the influence of -the overwhelming floods! A painful instance of the desolating effects of -this sudden irruption of the waters came under my own observation while -travelling in the plains bordering the Lower Namoi in New South Wales. -On pulling up my horse at one of the huts erected by the stock-keepers -charged with the flocks and herds depastured in this vast -grazing-ground, I found it occupied by Lieut. Lowe and his nephew, who -had gone thither for the purpose of being present at the shearing of the -flocks belonging to the former gentleman. Although strangers, their -reception of me was warm and hospitable, and I left them with a promise -of making their abode a resting-place on my return. My second welcome -was such as friends receive from friends, and rejoicing that I had made -the acquaintance of persons so worthy and estimable, I left them busy in -their operations, happy and prosperous. Seven days after my departure -from their dwelling heavy rains suddenly set in; the mountain-streams -swelled into foaming torrents, filling the deep gullies; the rivers -rose, some to the height of forty feet, bearing all before them. The -Namoi having widely overflowed its banks, rolled along with impetuous -fury, sweeping away the huts of the stock-keepers in its course, tearing -up trees, and hurrying affrighted men and flocks to destruction. Before -there was time to escape, the hut in which Lieut. Lowe and his nephew -were sojourning was torn up and washed away, and the nephew and two men, -overwhelmed by the torrent, sank and perished. Lieut. Lowe stripped to -swim, and getting on the trunk of an uprooted tree, hoped to be carried -down the eddying flood to some part where he could obtain assistance. -But he was floated into the midst of a sea of water stretching as far as -he could discern on every side around him. Here he slowly drifted; the -rains had ceased, the thermometer was at 100°, a glaring sun and a -coppery sky were above him; he looked in vain for help, but no prospect -of escape animated him, and the hot sun began its dreadful work. His -skin blistered, dried, became parched and hard, like the bark of a tree, -and life began to ebb. At length assistance arrived—it came too late; he -was indeed just alive, but died almost immediately. He was scorched to -death. - -Sir Thomas Mitchell, in his recently published “Journal of an Expedition -into the interior of Tropical Australia,” has given a most vivid picture -of the manner in which floods occasioned by distant rains fill the -river-beds, and which I beg leave to transcribe. Sir Thomas being -somewhat unwell while encamped on the banks of the Macquarie, the -channel of which was deep and dry, sent Mr. Stephenson, one of his -party, to Mount Foster, to make inquiries about the river and the -stations on it lower down. Mr. Stephenson returned early with two of the -mounted police. To his most important question, “What water was to be -found lower down in the river, the reply was, ‘Plenty, and a _flood -coming down_ from the Turòn mountains.’ The two policemen said that they -had travelled twenty miles with it on the day previous, and that it -would still take some time to arrive near our camp.... In the afternoon, -two of the men taking a walk up the river, reported on their return, -that the flood poured in upon them when in the river-bed so suddenly, -that they narrowly escaped it. Still the bed of the Macquarie before our -camp continued so dry and silent, that I could scarcely believe the -flood coming to be real, and so near to us, who had been put to so many -shifts for the want of water. Towards evening I stationed a man with a -gun a little way up the river, with orders to fire on the flood’s -appearance, that I might have time to run and witness what I so much -wished to see, as well from curiosity as from urgent need. The shades of -evening came, however, but no flood, and the man on the look-out -returned to the camp. Some hours later, and after the moon had risen, a -murmuring sound, like that of a distant waterfall, mingled with -occasional cracks, as of breaking timber, drew our attention, and I -hastened to the river-bank. By very slow degrees the sound grew louder, -and at length so audible as to draw various persons besides from the -camp to the river-side. Still no flood appeared, although its approach -was indicated by the occasional rending of trees with a loud noise. Such -a phænomenon in a most serene moonlight night was new to us all. At -length the rushing sound of waters, and loud cracking of timber, -announced that the flood was in the next bend. It rushed into our sight, -glittering in the moonbeams, a moving cataract, tossing before it -ancient trees, and snapping them against its banks. It was preceded by a -point of meandering water, picking its way, like a thing of life, -through the deepest parts of the dark, dry and shady bed, of what thus -again became a flowing river. By my party, situated as we were at that -time, beating about the country, and impeded in our journey solely by -the almost total absence of water,—suffering excessively from thirst and -extreme heat,—I am convinced the scene never can be forgotten. Here came -at once abundance, the produce of storms in the far-off mountains that -overlooked our homes.... The river gradually filled up the channel -nearly bank-high, while the living cataract travelled onward much slower -than I had expected to see it; so slowly, indeed, that more than an hour -after its first arrival the sweet music of the head of the flood was -distinctly audible, as the murmur of waters and diapason crash of logs -travelled slowly through the tortuous windings.... The next morning the -river had risen to within six feet of the top of its banks, and poured -its turbid waters along in fulness and strength, but no longer with -noise. All night that body of water had been in motion downwards, and -seemed to me enough to deluge the whole country.” - -So little has as yet been ascertained respecting the climatology of -western, north-western and northern Australia, that it is not known -whether they also are subject to these tremendous visitations; but as we -have reason to believe that the intertropical parts of the country are -favoured with a more constant supply of rain as well as a lower degree -of temperature, it is most probable that they do not there occur. - -Independently of the vast accession of birds attracted by the great -supply of food, as mentioned above, there are many species which make -regular migrations, visiting the southern parts of the continent and Van -Diemen’s Land during the months of summer, for the purpose of breeding -and rearing their progeny, and which retire again northwards on the -approach of winter, following in fact the same law which governs the -migrations of the species inhabiting similar latitudes of the Old World. -There are also periods when some species of birds appear to entirely -forsake the part of the country in which they have been accustomed to -dwell, and to betake themselves to some distant locality, where they -remain for five or ten years, or even for a longer period, and whence -they as suddenly disappear as they had arrived. Some remarkable -instances of this kind came under my own observation. The beautiful -little warbling Grass Parrakeet (_Melopsittacus undulatus_), which, -prior to 1838, was so rare in the southern parts of Australia that only -a single example had been sent to Europe, arrived in that year in such -countless multitudes on the Liverpool plains, that I could have procured -any number of specimens, and more than once their delicate bodies formed -an excellent article of food for myself and party. The _Nymphicus -Novæ-Hollandiæ_ forms another case in point, and the Harlequin -Bronze-winged Pigeon (_Peristera histrionica_) a third; this latter bird -occurred in such numbers on the plains near the Namoi in 1839, that -eight fell to a single discharge of my gun; both the settlers and -natives assured me that they had suddenly arrived, and that they had -never before been seen in that part of the country. The aborigines who -were with me, and of whom I must speak in the highest praise, for the -readiness with which they rendered me their assistance, affirmed, upon -learning the nature of my pursuits, that they had come to meet me. The -_Tribonyx ventralis_ may be cited as another species whose movements are -influenced by the same law. This bird visited the colony of Swan River -in 1833, and that of South Australia in 1840, in such countless myriads, -that whole fields of corn were trodden down and destroyed in a single -night; and even the streets and gardens of Adelaide were, according to -Captain Sturt, alive with them. - -If we compare the ornithology of Australia with that of any other -country in similar latitudes and of the same extent, we shall find that -it fully equals, if it does not exceed them all, in the number of -species it comprises; and those parts of the country that are still -unexplored doubtless contain many yet to be added to the list of its -Fauna. - -In the course of the present work it will be found that I have given a -wide range of habitat to some of the species, and that I have at the -same time pointed out slight variations, not amounting to a specific -difference, in individuals from different localities. This difference I -am unable to account for. I do not believe the birds to be distinct -species, but am inclined to regard them as varieties or races of the -same species, modified by the character of the situations they frequent. -I may mention some curious instances in point: the _Artamus sordidus_ is -a migratory bird in Van Diemen’s Land, and is partially stationary in -New South Wales, yet all the examples procured in the former country are -the largest and most vigorous, which we should naturally attribute to -the excess of food afforded by its more humid climate; but precisely the -reverse of this occurs with regard to the _Graucalus parvirostris_, -which is also a migratory bird in Van Diemen’s Land, and examples of -which, killed in that island, are much more feeble and diminutive than -the _Graucali_ obtained in New South Wales. The _Halcyon sanctus_, -again, whose distribution is universal in Australia, varies somewhat in -size in every colony, still not sufficiently so as to afford any -tangible specific characters. - -Upon taking a general view of the Australian ornithology, we find no -species of Vulture, only one typical Eagle, and indeed a remarkable -deficiency in the number of the species of its birds of prey, with the -exception of the nocturnal Owls, among which the members of the -restricted genus _Strix_ are more numerous than in any other part of the -world; a circumstance which is probably attributable to the great -abundance of small nocturnal quadrupeds. - -Among the perching birds there is a great excess of the -INSECTIVORÆ—_Podargi_, _Meliphagidæ_, _Maluridæ_, _Gymnorhinæ_, &c., of -the GRANIVORÆ, such as various species of the _Fringillidæ_ and of the -_Psittacidæ_. The latter tribe of birds is more numerous in Australia -than in any other part of the world, and forms four great groups, viz. -the Calyptorhynchi, which mainly procure their food from the _Banksiæ_, -_Casuarinæ_ and _Eucalypti_; the _Cacatuæ_, which feed upon the -terrestrial _Orchideæ_, &c.; the _Trichoglossi_, which subsist upon the -nectar they extract from the flower-cups and blossoms of the -_Eucalypti_; and the ground and grass Parrakeets, which feed almost -exclusively on the seeds of the various grasses that abound on the -plains; the united groups amounting to nearly sixty species. - -Of the Rasorial forms,—while the Pigeons and Hemipodes are numerous, the -larger and typical GALLINACEÆ are entirely wanting; their only -representatives being a few species of _Coturnix_ and _Synoïcus_. The -Grallatorial birds are about equal in number to those of other -countries; and among the water birds the true Ducks are but few, while -the _Procellaridæ_ which visit the coast are more abundant than in any -other part of the world. On a retrospect of the whole we find a greater -number of nocturnal birds than is comprised in the ornithology of any -other section of the globe. I must not omit to mention too the -extraordinary fecundity which prevails in Australia, many of its smaller -birds breeding three or four times in a season; but laying fewer eggs in -the early spring when insect life is less developed, and a greater -number later in the season when the supply of insect food has become -more abundant. I have also some reason to believe that the young of many -species breed during the first season, for among others I frequently -found one section of the Honey-eaters (the _Melithrepti_) sitting upon -eggs while still clothed in the brown dress of immaturity; and we know -that such is the case with the introduced GALLINACEÆ, three or four -generations of which have been often produced in the course of a year. - -Another peculiar feature connected with the Australian ornithology is -that of its comprising several forms endowed with the power of -sustaining and enjoying life without a supply of water, that element -without which most others languish and die; for instance, the Halcyons, -which I found living and even breeding on the parched plains of the -interior during the severe drought of 1838–39, far removed from any -water; the food of these birds being insects and lizards. - -A considerable number of the older-known of the Australian birds have -been described in the general works of Vieillot, Latham, Shaw and -others; but their descriptions are so vague, and the species themselves -so frequently referred to genera widely different from those to which -they really belong, that it has been impossible to identify the whole of -them; but wherever they could be identified with certainty their names -have been adopted, or quoted in the synonyms. - -The “Birds of Europe” were arranged according to the views of the late -Mr. Vigors; and in the “Birds of Australia” the arrangement is mainly -the same, with some modifications of my own which appeared to me to be -necessary. - -I have been constrained, for the sake of uniformity in size, to divide -the present work into seven volumes; the first of which comprises the -RAPTORES, the small number of which will account for its being somewhat -thinner than the others; the second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth -volumes comprise the INSESSORES, RASORES and GRALLATORES in one -continuous series, and the seventh the NATATORES. - -The following synoptical table will give a general view of the whole; it -contains all the additional information I have received, or been able to -procure, during the progress of the work; the characters of the new -genera I have found it necessary to institute, &c.; and the references -to the volumes in which the respective plates are arranged will render -it easy to consult and to quote them. - - - - - Order RAPTORES, _Ill._ - - - Family FALCONIDÆ, _Leach._ - - - Genus AQUILA, _Briss._ - -Numerous species of this genus exist in Asia and Europe; the form also -occurs in Africa, and in North America; so far as I am aware it is not -found in South America, and two species are all that are known in -Australia. - - 1. Aquila fucosa, _Cuv._ Vol. I. Pl. 1. - - _Vultur audax_, Lath. Ind. Orn. Supp., p. ii. - - _Aquila cuneicaudata_, Brehm, Isis, 1845, p. 356. - - —— (_Uroaëtus_) _audax_, Kaup, Classif. der Säug. und Vög., p. 12. - -This fine Eagle ranges over the whole of the southern portion of -Australia and Van Diemen’s Land, but I have no positive evidence of its -having been seen in the intertropical regions of the country. - - 2. Aquila Morphnoïdes, _Gould_ Vol. I. Pl. 2. - -A beautiful representative of the _Aquila pennata_ of Europe and India. -Since the discovery of this bird at Yarrundi in New South Wales, when I -obtained only a single specimen, T. C. Eyton, Esq. has received a second -example in a collection obtained at Port Phillip, and a third was -procured by Captain Sturt at the Depôt in South Australia. - - - Genus ICHTHYIAËTUS, _Lafr._ - -The members of this genus inhabit India and the whole of the Indian -Islands, and enjoy an equally extensive range over the continent of -Africa. Their natural abode is the margins of large rivers and inlets of -the sea; and their chief food consists of fish, dead cetacea and -carrion. - - 3. Ichthyiaëtus leucogaster Vol. I. Pl. 3. - - _Haliaëtus_ (_Pontoaëtus_) _leucogaster_, Kaup, Classif. der Säug. - und Vög., p. 122. - - _Cuncuma leucogaster_, List of Birds in Brit. Mus. Coll., Part I. - 2nd edit. p. 24. - -Found all round the coast of Australia, and said to extend its range to -India and even to Africa; but this wants confirmation. - -An opinion has been lately expressed that the enormous nests observed by -Captains Cook and Flinders had been constructed by some species of -_Dinornis_; but it is quite evident from the account given by Flinders -that they must have been formed by a bird of the Raptorial order, and I -have no doubt that they were the nests of the present bird. - -“Near Point Possession,” says Flinders, “were found two nests of -extraordinary magnitude. They were built upon the ground, from which -they rose above two feet; and were of vast circumference and great -interior capacity, the branches of trees and other matter, of which each -nest was composed, being enough to fill a small cart. Captain Cook found -one of these enormous nests upon Eagle Island, on the east coast.” -Subsequently Flinders found another of these nests in which were -“several masses resembling those which contain the hair and bones of -mice, and are disgorged by the Owls in England after the flesh is -digested. These masses were larger, and consisted of the hair of seals -and of land animals, of the scaly feathers of penguins, and the bones of -birds and small quadrupeds. Possibly the constructor of the nest might -be an enormous Owl; and if so, the cause of the bird being never seen, -whilst the nests were not scarce, would be from its not going out until -dark; but from the very open and exposed situations in which the nests -were found, I should rather judge it to be of the Eagle kind; and that -its powers are such as to render it heedless of any attempts of the -natives upon its young.”—Flinders’ Voyage, vol. i. pp. 64 and 81. - -The accumulation of so large a mass of materials is readily accounted -for when we remember that the bird is in the habit of resorting to the -same eyry for a long succession of years, and of annually carrying -additional materials to reconstruct the nest. - -I myself found and took young birds of this species from similar nests -placed on the points of rocks and promontories of the islands in Bass’s -Straits. - - - Genus HALIASTUR, _Selby._ - -The range of the members of this genus extends over Australia and all -the islands to India. - - 4. Haliastur leucosternus, _Gould_ Vol. I. Pl. 4. - - _Falco Ponticerianus_, Shaw, Nat. Misc., pl. 389. - - _Haliaëtus (Ictinoaëtus) leucosternon_, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 277. - -Confined, so far as I am aware, to Australia, and forming a beautiful -representative of the _Haliastur Ponticerianus_ of India. - - 5. Haliastur sphenurus Vol. I. Pl. 5. - - _Milvus sphenurus_, Swains. Class. of Birds, vol. ii. p. 211. - - _Haliaëtus (Ictinoaëtus) canorus_, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 277. - -Inhabits all parts of Australia yet visited by travellers, even the -Depôt in the interior. - - - Genus PANDION, _Sav._ - -Of the genus _Pandion_ four species are now known; one inhabiting -America, another Europe and Asia, a third the Indian Islands, and the -fourth Australia. - - 6. Pandion leucocephalus, _Gould_ Vol. I. Pl. 6. - - _Pandion Gouldii_, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 270.—List of Birds in - Brit. Mus. Coll., Part I. 2nd edit. p. 22. - -This species of _Pandion_ performs precisely the same office in -Australia that the _P. haliaëtus_ does in Europe and the _P. -Carolinensis_ in America; to both of which species it is very nearly -allied. - - - Genus Falco, Linn. - -As they are the most typical of all the Hawks, so are the members of the -genus _Falco_ the most universally dispersed over the face of the globe; -and I question whether the law of representation is in any case more -beautifully and clearly shown than by the members of the present group. - - 7. Falco hypoleucus, _Gould_ Vol. I. Pl. 7. - -Up to the present time only four examples of this fine Falcon have been -procured; it is a species admirably adapted for the sport of Falconry, -and is a beautiful representative of the _Falco Gyrfalco_ of Europe. Its -native habitat is the interior of the southern and western portions of -Australia. - - 8. Falco melanogenys, _Gould_ Vol. I. Pl. 8. - - _Falco macropus_, Swains. Anim. in Menag., p. 341. - - —— _melanogenys_, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 75. - -India, Europe, and North America on the one hand, and Cape Horn, the -Cape of Good Hope and Australia on the other, are all inhabited by -Falcons so nearly allied to each other as to favour the opinion that -they are merely varieties of each other; but I agree with the Prince of -Canino and Professor Kaup in considering them to be distinct and -representatives of each other in the respective countries they inhabit. -It will doubtless be found that the habits and economy of the whole are -as similar as they are in outward appearance; and that the _Falco -melanogenys_ is as destructive to the ducks of the interior of Australia -as the _Falco Anatum_ is in North America. - - 9. Falco subniger, _Gray_ Vol. I. Pl. 9. - -A powerful Falcon differing somewhat in structure from the _F. -hypoleucus_ and _F. melanogenys_. Nothing is known of its habits, and as -yet I have only seen four examples, all of which were procured in the -interior of South Australia. - - 10. Falco frontatus, _Gould_ Vol. I. Pl. 10. - - _Falco lunulatus_, Lath. Ind. Orn. Suppl., p. xiii.? - - _Sparvius lunulatus_, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., tom. x. p. - 324. - - _Falco longipennis_, Swains. Anim. in Menag., p. 341.? - - —— _subbuteo_, Brehm, Isis, 1845, p. 347.? - - —— (_Hypotriorchis_) _frontatus_, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 65. - -A little Falcon with the habits of the Hobby and Merlin combined; found -in all parts of Australia to the southward of the 25th degree of S. -lat.; among other birds it preys upon the Quails and the little -Partridges belonging to the genus _Synoïcus_. - - - Genus IERACIDEA, _Gould_. - -Generic characters. - -_Bill_ and general form of _Falco_, but the _wings_ less powerful, and -the third quill-feather the longest; _tarsi_ more elongated, slender, -and covered anteriorly with hexagonal scales; _toes_ more feeble, the -hind-toe shorter, and the _claws_ less robust. - -So far as our present knowledge extends, the members of this genus are -only three in number, all of which are confined to Australia and New -Zealand. - - 11. Ieracidea Berigora Vol. I. Pl. 11. - - _Ieracidea Berigora_, Kaup, Class, der Säug. und Vög., p. 112. - -Professor Kaup considers this species and the succeeding one, _I. -occidentalis_, to be identical, but having had numerous opportunities of -observing them, I am satisfied that they are distinct; and in -confirmation of this opinion I may state that the _I. Berigora_, which -is from the eastern coast, is always the largest, has the cere -blue-grey, and the plumage of the adult light brown, sparingly blotched -with white on the breast; while the _I. occidentalis_, from the western -coast, is a more delicately formed bird, has the cere yellow and the -breast white, with faint lines of brown down the centre of each feather. - - 12. Ieracidea occidentalis, _Gould_ Vol. I. Pl. 12. - - - Genus TINNUNCULUS, _Vieill_. - - 13. Tinnunculus Cenchroïdes Vol. I. Pl. 13. - - _Cerchneis immaculatus_, Brehm, Isis. - -A beautiful representative of the Kestrils of Europe and India, where, -as well as in Africa and in most parts of America, members of this group -are to be found. - -The range of the _Tinnunculus Cenchroïdes_ extends over the whole of the -southern parts of Australia, and that it extends far towards the -northern portion of the country is proved by Mr. Gilbert having found -it, as well as its nest, during the expedition of Dr. Leichardt from -Moreton Bay to Port Essington. - -The following is an extract from his Journal:—“October 2. Found, for the -first time, the eggs of _Tinnunculus Cenchroïdes_, four in number, -deposited in a hollow spout of a gum-tree overhanging a creek; there was -no nest, the eggs being merely deposited on a bed of decayed wood.” They -are freckled all over with blotches and minute dots of rich reddish -chestnut on a paler ground, and are one inch and five-eighths in length -by one inch and a quarter in breadth. - - - Genus ASTUR, _Lacep._ - - 14. Astur Novæ-Hollandiæ Vol. I. Pl. 14. - 15. Astur Novæ-Hollandiæ, albino Vol. I. Pl. 15. - - _Astur Novæ-Hollandiæ_, Cuv. Règ. An., 1817, p. 320. - - _Sparvius niveus_, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., tom. x. p. - 338. - - _Dædalion candidum_, Less. Traité d’Orn., p. 66. - - _Falco leucaëtos_, Forst. Descr. Anim. and Drawings, No. 35. - - _Astur (Leucospiza) Novæ-Hollandiæ_, Kaup, Class, der Säug. und - Vög., p. 119. - -I think Professor Kaup is right in proposing a new generic title for -this species, differing as it does both in structure and habits from the -true _Asturs_; he also, like myself, considers the white birds to be -merely albino varieties of the other; but my friends, the Rev. T. J. -Ewing and Ronald C. Gunn, Esq. of Van Diemen’s Land, are both most -decidedly opposed to this view of the subject, and found their dissent -upon the circumstance of there being none other than white individuals -in Van Diemen’s Land. - -So far as it is at present known, the southern and eastern portions of -Australia and the island of Van Diemen’s Land constitute the habitat of -the species. - - 16. Astur radiatus Vol. I. Pl. 16. - - _Astur testaceus_ (_Ernest._), Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 367. - -A curious form not quite agreeing with _Astur_; it is very rare, and -nothing whatever is known of its habits. - - 17. Astur approximans, _Vig. & Horsf._ Vol. I. Pl. 17. - - _Astur radiatus_, Cuv. Règ. An., 1829, p. 332. - - _Nisus_ (_Urospiza_) _radiatus_, Kaup, Mus. Senckenb., 1845, p. - 259. - - —— (——) _approximans_, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 182. - - _Accipiter approximans_, List of Birds in Brit. Mus. Coll., Part - I. 2nd edit. p. 74. - -The _Astur approximans_ has been with propriety removed to the genus -_Accipiter_ by Mr. G. R. Gray, and to this genus my _A. cruentus_ is -also referable; for although of a larger size than the other members of -that form, their structure, except in the shorter middle toe, is very -similar. - - 18. Astur cruentus, _Gould_ Vol. I. Pl. 18. - - _Astur cruentus_, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part X. p. 113. - -This species and the preceding are representatives of each other in the -eastern and western portions of the continent. - -I have lately seen specimens from Port Essington. - - - Genus ACCIPITER, _Briss_. - - 19. Accipiter torquatus Vol. I. Pl. 19. - - _Sparvius cirrhocephalus_, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., tom. - x. p. 328. - - —— _tricolor_, Vieill. ibid. p. 329. - - _Falco melanops_, Lath. Ind. Orn. Supp., p. 12? - - _Sparvius melanops_, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., tom. x. p. - 239? - - _Astur_ (_Micronisus_) _torquatus_, Kaup, Mus. Senckenb. 1845, p. - 259. - - _Nisus_ (_Urospiza_) _torquatus_, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 181. - - _Accipiter cirrhocephalus_, List of Birds in Brit. Mus. Coll., - Part I. 2nd edit. p. 73. - -Precisely similar in all its actions and in its economy to the Sparrow -Hawk, _Accipiter nisus_ of Europe. - - - Genus BUTEO, _Cuv._ - -Species of the genus _Buteo_ are dispersed over the great continents of -Europe, Asia, Africa and America, but only one has yet been discovered -in Australia. - - 20. Buteo melanosternon, _Gould_ Vol. I. Pl. 20. - -This bird departs somewhat in form from the typical species of the genus -_Buteo_; but so little is known respecting it that we are ignorant how -far this departure may influence its habits and economy. One most -singular story has been transmitted to me and is here given as I -received it; without vouching for its truth, I may remark that the -testimony of the natives may generally be relied upon. - -“The natives, Mr. Drummond, and his son Mr. Johnson Drummond, tell me,” -says Mr. Gilbert, “that this bird is so bold, that upon discovering an -Emu sitting on her eggs it will attack her with great ferocity until it -succeeds in driving her from them; when it takes up a stone with its -feet, and while hovering over the eggs lets the stone fall upon and -crush them, and then descends and devours their contents. I have had -numerous opportunities of observing the bird myself, and can bear -testimony to its great powers of scent or vision; for upon several -occasions, when the natives had placed a small kangaroo or kangaroo-rat -in the fork of a tree or on the top of a _Xanthorrhæa_ with the -intention of taking it again on our return, we have found that the bird -during our short absence had discovered and devoured every part of it -except the skin, which was left so perfect, that at first I could not -believe that it had not been done by the hand of man.” - - - Genus MILVUS, _Cuv._ - -Asia is the great stronghold of the Kites or restricted genus _Milvus_; -a few species occur in Europe, Africa, and the Indian Islands, and two -are natives of Australia. - - 21. Milvus affinis, _Gould_ Vol. I. Pl. 21. - - _Milvus_ (_Hydroictinia_) _affinis_, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 118. - -This representative of the _Milvus ater_ of Europe is found all over -Australia, even at Port Essington: Captain Sturt observed it flying over -the far interior of South Australia in great numbers. - - 22. Milvus isurus, _Gould_ Vol. I. Pl. 22. - -This species, which is sparingly dispersed over the whole of the -southern part of Australia, is an equally beautiful representative of -the common Kite, _Milvus regalis_ of Europe. - - - Genus ELANUS, _Sav._ - -Species of this well-defined genus inhabit nearly every part of the -world: two are natives of Australia. - - 23. Elanus axillaris Vol. I. Pl. 23. - - _Elanus melanopterus_, Vig. & Horsf. in Linn. Trans., vol. xv. p. - 185. - -The _Elanus axillaris_ is a representative of the _Elanus melanopterus_ -of Europe. - - 24. Elanus scriptus, _Gould_ Vol. I. Pl. 24. - -A fine new species rendered conspicuously different from all the other -members of the genus by the black-lettered form of the markings under -the wings. - -Captain Sturt found this bird abundant at the Depôt towards the interior -of Australia. - - - Genus LEPIDOGENYS, _J. E. Gray_. - -Of this genus three species are known; they inhabit India, the Indian -Islands and Australia. - - 25. Lepidogenys subcristatus, _Gould_ Vol. I. Pl. 25. - - _Baza subcristata_, G. R. Gray, List of Birds in Brit. Mus. Coll., - Part I. p. 19. 2nd edit. p. 41. - - _Pernis (Hyptiopus) subcristatus_, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 343. - -I have no additional information respecting this noble species; all the -examples of which, that have come under my notice, have been obtained in -the brushes of the east coast of Australia. - - - Genus CIRCUS, _Lacep_. - -Two if not three kinds of Harriers inhabit Australia, consequently the -number of species is nearly equal in Europe, Asia, Africa, America, and -Australia; those inhabiting the latter country are precisely of the same -form, and perform the same offices as their near allies do in the other -parts of the world. - - 26. Circus assimilis, _Jard. & Selb._ Vol. I. Pl. 26. - 27. Circus Jardinii, _Gould_ Vol. I. Pl. 27. - - _Circus (Spilocircus) Jardinii_, Kaup, Isis, 847, p. 102. - - - Family STRIGIDÆ, _Leach_. - - - Genus STRIX, _Linn_. - -While as a general rule other countries are only inhabited by a single -species of the restricted genus _Strix_, the Fauna of Australia -comprises no less than four, all of which appear to be necessary in -order to prevent an inordinate increase of the smaller quadrupeds which -there abound. - - 28. Strix castanops, _Gould_ Vol. I. Pl. 28. - 29. Strix personata, _Vig._ Vol. I. Pl. 29. - 30. Strix tenebricosus, _Gould_ Vol. I. Pl. 30. - 31. Strix delicatulus, _Gould_ Vol. I. Pl. 31. - - _Strix flammea?_ Vig. & Horsf. in Linn. Trans., vol. xv. p. 190. - - - Genus ATHENE, _Boie_. - -A genus of diurnal Owls, of which five species are natives of Australia; -the smaller kinds are represented in Europe and Asia by the _Athene -noctua_, _A. Cuculoides_ and _A. Brama_; the larger kinds have no -representatives in the northern hemisphere. - - 32. Athene Boobook Vol. I. Pl. 32. - 33. Athene maculata Vol. I. Pl. 33. - 34. Athene marmorata, _Gould_. - - _Athene marmorata_, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part XIV. p. 18. - -All the upper surface, wings and tail dark brown, obscurely spotted with -white round the back of the neck, on the wing-coverts and scapularies; -inner webs of the primaries at their base, and the inner webs of the -lateral tail-feathers crossed by bands, which are buff next the shaft -and white towards the extremity of the webs; face and chin whitish; -under surface dark brown, blotched with white and sandy brown; legs and -thighs fawn-colour; bill horn-colour; feet yellow. - -Inhabits South Australia, is much larger than _A. maculata_, but so -nearly allied to, and so much like that species, that I have not thought -it necessary to give a separate figure of it. - - 35. Athene connivens Vol. I. Pl. 34. - - _Buteo connivens_, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., tom. iv. p. - 481. - - 36. Athene strenua, _Gould_ Vol. I. Pl. 35. - 37. Athene rufa, _Gould_ Vol. I. Pl. 36. - - - - - Order INSESSORES, _Vig._ - - - Family CAPRIMULGIDÆ, _Vig._ - - - Genus ÆGOTHELES, _Vig. & Horsf._ - -The known species of this genus are two in number, both of which, so far -as has yet been ascertained, are confined to Australia. In many of their -actions, and in their nidification, they are very owl-like, depositing, -like those birds, their four or five round white eggs in the hollows of -trees, without any nest. - - 38. Ægotheles Novæ-Hollandiæ Vol. II. Pl. 1. - -Inhabits the whole of the southern parts of Australia and Van Diemen’s -Land. - - 39. Ægotheles leucogaster, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 2. - -Inhabits the northern or intertropical parts of Australia, where it -represents the _Æ. Novæ-Hollandiæ_. - - - Genus PODARGUS, _Cuv._ - -With no one group of the Australian birds have I had so much difficulty -in discriminating the species as the genus _Podargus_. It is almost -impossible to determine with certainty the older species described by -Latham; could this have been done satisfactorily, even in a single -instance, it would have greatly facilitated the investigation of the -remainder. Messrs. Vigors and Horsfield regarded the specimens in the -Linnean Collection as referable to three species, and have described -them under the names of _Stanleyanus_, _humeralis_, and _Cuvieri_; -Latham’s description of the species named by him _megacephalus_ accords -so well with the _P. Stanleyanus_, that I suspect both those terms have -been applied to one and the same species, an opinion strengthened by -Latham’s remarks as to the great size of the head and mandibles of his -bird, the total length of which he states to be thirty inches, which is -evidently an error. - -After examining a large number of specimens comprising individuals of -all ages, I have come to the conclusion that the Australian members of -this genus constitute six species; four of which, namely, _P. -megacephalus_, _P. humeralis_, _P. Cuvieri_, and _P. brachypterus_, are -most closely allied to each other; and two, namely, _P. plumiferus_ and -_P. Phalænoides_, which present specific characters that cannot be -mistaken. We have then in Australia a large group of nocturnal birds of -this form destined, as it would seem, to keep in check the great -families of _Cicadæ_ and _Phasmidæ_, upon which they mainly subsist; but -they do not refuse other insects, and even berries have been found in -their stomachs. They are an inanimate and sluggish group of birds, and -do not procure their food on the wing so much as other _Caprimulgi_, but -obtain it by traversing the branches of the various trees upon which -their favourite insects reside; at intervals during the night they sit -about in open places, on rails, stumps of trees, on the roofs of houses -and on the tombstones in the churchyards, and by superstitious persons -are regarded as omens of death, their hoarse disagreeable voice adding -not a little to the terrors induced by their presence. - -In their nidification the _Podargi_ differ in a most remarkable manner -from all the other _Caprimulgidæ_, inasmuch as while the eggs of the -_Ægothelæ_ are deposited in the holes of trees, and those of the members -of the other genera of this family on the ground, these birds construct -a flat nest of small sticks on the horizontal branches of trees for the -reception of theirs, which are moreover of the purest white. - -Although I have no satisfactory evidence that these birds resort to a -kind of hybernation for short periods during some portions of the year, -I must not omit to mention that I have been assured that they do -occasionally retire to and remain secluded in the hollow parts of the -trees; and if such should prove to be the case, it may account for the -extreme obesity of many of the individuals I procured, which was often -so great as to prevent me from preserving their skins. I trust that -these remarks will cause the subject to be investigated by those who are -favourably situated for so doing; for my own part I see no reason why a -bird should not pass a portion of its existence in a state of -hybernation as well as some species of quadrupeds, animals much higher -in the scale of creation. - -So great a similarity in plumage reigns throughout the first four of the -species enumerated below that I have thought it unnecessary to figure -more than two, viz. _P. humeralis_ and _P. Cuvieri_; the other two may -be readily distinguished by the descriptions I have given of them, -particularly if the localities be attended to. - - 40. Podargus megacephalus. - - _Caprimulgus megacephalus_, Lath. Ind. Orn. Supp., p. lviii. - - _Great-headed Goatsucker_, Lath. Gen. Syn. Supp., vol. ii. p. - 265.—Shaw, Gen. Zool., vol. x. p. 141.—Lath. Gen. Hist., vol. - vii. p. 364. - - _Wedge-tailed Goatsucker_, Lath. Gen. Hist., vol. vii. p. 368? - - _Podargus Stanleyanus_, Lath. MSS., Vig. & Horsf. in Linn. Trans., - vol. xv. p. 197? - -In the general colouring, form and arrangement of its markings, this -species so closely resembles the _P. humeralis_, that one description -applies equally to both; but it may be distinguished by its being -somewhat larger in the body and much larger in the head, and by the very -great development of the mandibles. - -It inhabits the brushes of the east coast, and in its habits and economy -resembles the other species of the group. - - 41. Podargus humeralis, _Vig. & Horsf._ Vol. II. Pl. 3. - 42. Podargus Cuvieri, _Vig. & Horsf._ Vol. II. Pl. 4. - 43. Podargus brachypterus, _Gould_. - - _Podargus brachypterus_, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part VIII. - p. 163. - -In its general appearance this bird closely resembles the _P. -humeralis_, but is even smaller in size than _P. Cuvieri_, while at the -same time the bill is larger than that of the former species, and -projects much farther from the face than in any other of its congeners; -it also differs in the shortness of its wings, which circumstance -suggested the specific appellation I have assigned to it. - -It is a native of Western Australia. - - 44. Podargus Phalænoïdes, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 5. - 45. Podargus plumiferus, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 6. - - - Genus EUROSTOPODUS, _Gould_. - -Generic characters. - -_Bill_ somewhat more produced and stouter than in _Caprimulgus_; -_nostrils_ lateral and linear; _rictus_ entirely devoid of bristles, but -furnished with short, weak, divided and branching hairs; _wings_ longer -and more powerful than in _Caprimulgus_; first and second quills equal -and longest; _tail_ moderately long and nearly square; _tarsi_ stout, -and clothed anteriorly for their whole length; _toes_ short, thick and -fleshy; outer ones equal, and united to the middle one by a membrane for -more than half their length; nail of the middle toe strongly pectinated -on the inner side. - -This genus, so far as is yet known, comprises but two species, both of -which are natives of and confined to Australia. They differ considerably -in their habits from the true _Caprimulgi_. Their wing-powers being -enormous, they pass through the air with great rapidity, and while -hawking for insects during the twilight of the early dawn and evening, -they make the most abrupt and sudden turns in order to secure their -prey. Like the typical _Caprimulgi_, they rest on the ground during the -day. In every instance in which the site employed for incubation has -been discovered, a single egg only has been found; it is deposited on -the bare ground, and differs from those of the other _Caprimulgi_ in -being much more round in form, and of a dull olive-green spotted with -jet black. - -The members of this genus are very nearly allied to the _Lyncorni_, a -group of birds inhabiting the Indian Islands. - - 46. Eurostopodus albogularis Vol. II. Pl. 7. - 47. Eurostopodus guttatus Vol. II. Pl. 8. - - _Fichtel’s Goatsucker_, Lath. Gen. Hist., vol. vii. p. 345. - - - Genus CAPRIMULGUS, _Linn._ - -Europe, Asia and Africa are the great strongholds of the members of this -genus as at present restricted. A single species only has yet been -discovered in Australia, where it frequents the northern or -intertropical parts of the country. - - 48. Caprimulgus macrurus, _Horsf._ Vol. II. Pl. 9. - -This bird is found in Java, and I believe in Southern India. - - - Family HIRUNDINIDÆ, _Vig._ - - - Genus ACANTHYLIS, _Boie_. - -A group of birds possessing enormous powers of flight, and the members -of which are distributed over the Indian Islands and Asia; the form is -also found in Africa and in America, but in those countries the species -are fewer in number: one species only has yet been discovered in -Australia. - - 49. Acanthylis caudacuta Vol. II. Pl. 10. - -A migratory bird in most parts of Australia, but whence it comes or -whither it goes has not yet been ascertained; of its nidification also -nothing is known. - -I have alluded to the great wing-powers of the birds of the genus -_Acanthylis_, and in confirmation of which I may mention that an -individual of this species was killed in England during the past year: -it would be interesting to know the route pursued by the bird in -travelling so great a distance as it must have done. - - - Genus CYPSELUS, _Ill._ - -Of this genus, as of _Acanthylis_, there is but one species peculiar to -Australia: other members of the group inhabit the continents of Europe, -Asia and Africa, but not America. - - 50. Cypselus Australis, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 11. - - _Hirundo pacifica_, Lath.? - - - Genus ATTICORA, _Boie_. - -The members of this genus are principally American. - -I am not fully satisfied of the propriety of placing the bird I -described in the ‘Proceedings of the Zoological Society’ as _Hirundo -leucosternon_ in the present genus: if on a further knowledge of the -Australian birds it should prove that I have been correct in so doing, -the species will be found to inhabit Australia, Africa and America. - - 51. Atticora leucosternon, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 12. - -Since I described and figured this species I have received numerous -examples from Swan River, where Mr. Gilbert observed it on the 19th of -August flying about the holes of the Boodee (_Bettongia Grayii_) in -pairs; but it was not until the latter end of September that he -succeeded in finding their nests placed at the extremities of holes -bored in the side of a bank. All the holes that he saw were perfectly -round, not more than two inches in diameter, running horizontally, and -of the same dimensions, for three feet from the entrance, and then -expanding to the extent of four inches and forming the receptacle of the -nest, which is constructed of the broad portions of dried grasses and -the dry dead leaves of the Acacia. Mr. Johnson Drummond informed him -that he had frequently found seven and even nine eggs in a single nest, -from which he inferred that more than one female lays in the same nest: -the eggs are white, somewhat lengthened, and pointed in form. It would -seem that the holes are not constructed exclusively for the purpose of -nidification, for upon Mr. Gilbert’s inserting a long grass stalk into -one of them five birds made their way out, all of which he succeeded in -catching; upon his digging to the extremity in the hope of procuring -their eggs, no nest was found, and hence he concludes that their holes -are also used as places of resort for the night. - - - Genus HIRUNDO, _Linn._ - -The members of the genus _Hirundo_, or true Swallows, inhabit Europe, -Asia, Africa, North America, the Indian Islands and Australia, where the -European and American chimney Swallows, _Hirundo rustica_ and _H. rufa_, -are beautifully represented by the _H. neoxena_. - - 52. Hirundo neoxena, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 13. - - _Hirundo neoxena_, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part X. p. 113. - - - Genus CHELIDON, _Boie_. - -I find that by some unaccountable mistake I have placed the Australian -members of this genus in that of _Collocalia_,—an error which I take -this opportunity of correcting. - -The two species inhabiting Australia are both represented by others in -Europe, Asia, Africa and America. They differ somewhat from each other -in habits, one always resorting to the holes of trees for the purpose of -nidification, and the other building a clay nest similar to those -constructed by the martins of Europe and America. - - 53. Chelidon arborea. - Collocalia arborea, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 14. - 54. Chelidon Ariel. - Collocalia Ariel, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 15. - - - Family MEROPIDÆ, _Vig._ - - - Genus MEROPS, _Linn._ - -India and Africa may be said to be the great nursery of this lovely -group of birds; one species of which, common in the southern parts of -Europe, is beautifully represented in Australia by the _Merops ornatus_, -the only species inhabiting that country. - - 55. Merops ornatus, _Lath._ Vol. II. Pl. 16. - - - Family ——? - - - Genus EURYSTOMUS, _Vieill._ - -One species of this genus is found in Australia, and others inhabit -India and Africa. They are closely allied to the Rollers, and not very -distantly related to the Halcyons. - - 56. Eurystomus Australis, _Swains._ Vol. II. Pl. 17. - - - Family HALCYONIDÆ, _Vig._ - - - Genus DACELO, _Leach_. - -The members of the genus _Dacelo_ comprise the largest species of the -great family of the _Halcyonidæ_, and form a conspicuous portion of the -ornithology of Australia; but remarkably enough are confined to the -south-eastern and northern portions of the country, the south-western -parts being uninhabited by any species of this group. I believe that -water is not essential to their existence, and that they seldom if ever -drink. They feed almost exclusively upon animal substances, small -quadrupeds, birds, snakes, lizards, and insects of every kind being -equally acceptable. - -Three species inhabit Australia. - - 57. Dacelo gigantea Vol. II. Pl. 18. - -Inhabits the south-eastern portion of Australia, from South Australia to -Moreton Bay. - - 58. Dacelo Leachii, _Vig. & Horsf._ Vol. II. Pl. 19. - -Inhabits the north-eastern portion of Australia, and is common at Cape -York. - - 59. Dacelo cervina, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 20. - -Inhabits the north-western parts of Australia, particularly the Cobourg -Peninsula. - -In his ‘Journal of an Overland Expedition from Moreton Bay to Port -Essington,’ Dr. Leichardt states that when near the Gulf of Carpentaria, -“The laughing jackass (Dacelo Cervina, _Gould_) of this part of the -country is of a different species from that of the eastern coast, is of -a smaller size and speaks a different language; but the noise is by no -means so ridiculous as that of _Dacelo gigantea_; he is heard before -sunrise, and immediately after sunset, like his representative of the -eastern coast; the latter was observed as far as the upper Lynd, where -the new one made its appearance.”—P. 326. - - - Genus HALCYON, _Swains._ - -The members of this genus, as now restricted, are found in all the -islands of the Indian Archipelago, Australia, and New Zealand. The -Australian species, which are four in number, have many habits in common -with the _Dacelos_, and like them dwell among other places on the open -plains, far away from water, and consequently must live for considerable -periods without a supply of that element. - - 60. Halcyon sanctus, _Vig. & Horsf._ Vol. II. Pl. 21. - 61. Halcyon pyrrhopygia, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 22. - -Captain Sturt found this species at the Depôt, and I have received -specimens from the Swan River Settlement; consequently it has a very -wide range, but is more an inhabitant of the interior than of the -districts near the coast. - - 62. Halcyon sordidus, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 23. - 63. Halcyon MacLeayii, _Jard. & Selb._ Vol. II. Pl. 24. - -Independently of the Cobourg Peninsula, I have received specimens of -this bird from Moreton Bay and other parts of the east coast. - - - Genus ALCYONE, _Swains._ - -The Australian members of this genus are so intimately allied that I -have only deemed it necessary to figure two species, viz. _Alcyone -azurea_ and _A. pusilla_; the two species not figured are both nearly -allied to _A. azurea_, and may be considered its northern and southern -prototypes, since the one to which I have given the name of _pulchra_ -inhabits the north coast, and the other, which I have called -_Diemenensis_, inhabits Van Diemen’s Land. The _A. azurea_ inhabits the -intermediate or rather the south-eastern portions of the country, but no -species of the genus has yet been found in Western Australia. They all -frequent the margins of rivers, and live on small fish and insects, and -have many habits in common with the members of the genus _Alcedo_, of -which the Kingfisher of Europe, _A. Ispida_, is the type. Although some -species are found in New Guinea and the Indian Islands, Australia is the -country in which birds of this form are most abundant. - - 64. Alcyone azurea Vol. II. Pl. 25. - 65. Alcyone Diemenensis, _Gould_. - - _Alcyone Diemenensis_, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part XIV. p. - 19. - -All the upper surface deep blue, becoming more vivid on the rump and -upper tail-coverts; wings black washed with blue; throat buff; under -surface of the body and wings ferruginous orange; on each side of the -chest a patch of bluish black; lores and a small patch behind the ears -buff; crown of the head indistinctly barred with black; irides and bill -black; feet orange. Total length 6½ inches; bill, 2; wing, 3⅛; tail, 1¾; -tarsi, ½. - -Inhabits Van Diemen’s Land. - -More robust than _Alcyone azurea_, or _A. pulchra_, and differing from -both in the blue of the upper surface being tinged with green. - - 66. Alcyone pulchra, _Gould_. - - _Alcyone pulchra_, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part XIV. p. 19. - -All the upper surface shining purplish blue; wings brownish black; -lores, tuft behind the ear, and throat buff; under surface deep -ferruginous orange; sides of the chest fine purplish blue, passing into -a rich vinous tint on the flanks; irides and bill black; feet orange. -Total length 6 inches; bill, 2; wing, 2⅞; tail, 1½; tarsi ½. - -Inhabits the north coast of Australia. - -This is the finest coloured species of the Australian _Alcyones_, and is -distinguished by the beautiful vinous colouring of the flanks. - - 67. Alcyone pusilla Vol. II. Pl. 26. - - - Family ——? - - - Genus ARTAMUS, _Vieill._ - -The members of this singular genus are distributed over New Guinea, -Ceram, the Indian Islands and the continent of India, but are more -numerous in Australia than elsewhere, its fauna comprising no less than -seven well-defined species. - - 68. Artamus sordidus Vol. II. Pl. 27. - 69. Artamus minor, _Vieill._ Vol. II. Pl. 28. - -Mr. Gilbert found this species breeding in the interior of the country -during Dr. Leichardt’s overland journey to Port Essington. - - 70. Artamus cinereus, _Vieill._ Vol. II. Pl. 29. - 71. Artamus albiventris, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 30. - 72. Artamus personatus, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 31. - 73. Artamus superciliosus, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 32. - 74. Artamus leucopygialis, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 33. - - - Family ——? - - - Genus DICÆUM, _Cuv._ - -The continent of India, the Indian Islands and New Guinea are the -countries in which the members of this genus abound; as yet only a -single species has been found in Australia. - - 75. Dicæum hirundinaceum Vol. II. Pl. 34. - - - Family PIPRIDÆ, _Vig._ - - - Genus PARDALOTUS, _Vieill._ - -This form is peculiar to Australia, in every portion of which great -country, including Van Diemen’s Land, one or other of the species I have -figured are to be found; some of them associated in the same district, -and even inhabiting the same trees, while in other parts only a single -species exists; for instance, the _P. punctatus_, _P. quadragintus_ and -_P. affinis_ inhabit Van Diemen’s Land; on the whole of the southern -coast of the continent from east to west _P. punctatus_ and _P. -striatus_ are associated; the north coast is the cradle of the species I -have called _P. uropygialis_, and the east coast that of _P. -melanocephalus_, from both of which countries the others are excluded; -the true habitat of the beautiful species I have figured and described -as _P. rubricatus_ is not yet known. - -The seven species of this little group are each individually very -numerous, which, together with their general distribution, may enable -them to effect some important operation in the economy of nature; their -chief food consisting of the larvæ of insects. - - 76. Pardalotus punctatus Vol. II. Pl. 35. - 77. Pardalotus rubricatus, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 36. - 78. Pardalotus quadragintus, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 37. - 79. Pardalotus striatus Vol. II. Pl. 38. - 80. Pardalotus affinis, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 39. - 81. Pardalotus melanocephalus, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 40. - 82. Pardalotus uropygialis, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 41. - - - Family LANIADÆ, _Vig._ - - - Genus STREPERA, _Less._ - -Prior to the commencement of the present work only two species of this -form (_S. graculina_ and _S. Anaphonensis_) had been described, and -these had been referred to a different genus by almost every author who -had occasion to mention them; the older writers assigning them to -_Corvus_, _Coracias_ and _Gracula_, and the more modern ones to -_Cracticus_ and _Barita_: finding that their structure did not agree -with the character of either of those genera, I (in 1837) proposed to -make the first-mentioned species the type of a new genus (_Coronica_), -not being aware at the time that this had been done some years before by -M. Lesson, whose name, having the priority, is necessarily the one -adopted. - -My researches in Australia have enabled me to add four other species to -the group, three possessing well-defined specific characters, and one, -the distinctive markings of which are not so apparent, but which, in my -opinion, is equally distinct; the specific characters of some groups of -birds are, in fact, so difficult to be determined, both from the -similarity of the species and the want of a knowledge of their natural -habits, as to cause the naturalist no little trouble and research in -properly distinguishing them; and to no group does this remark more -strongly apply than to the one under consideration; the ample materials, -however, at my command, and the possession of a large number of -specimens, the sexes of which have all been ascertained by dissection, -and the habits of which have been observed in their native localities, -enables me to give as perfect an account of this curious group as any I -have yet attempted. - -On a careful examination of the members of this genus, it will be -perceived that their relationship to the _Corvidæ_, to which they have -been usually assigned, is very remote, their size and colour being, in -fact, the only features of resemblance; their whole structure and -economy is indeed very different from those of every other bird known, -except those of _Gymnorhina_ and _Cracticus_, with which genera they -form a very natural group among the great family of _Laniadæ_ or -Shrikes. - -All the species yet discovered are not only peculiar to Australia, but -are strictly confined to the southern portion of that continent; their -range being limited to the country comprised within the 25th and 40th -degrees of south latitude; future research may, however, add both to the -number of species and to the extent of their range; still their great -stronghold is undoubtedly the most southern portion of the Australian -continent, the islands of Bass’s Straits and Van Diemen’s Land. - -Most of these birds seek their food on or near the ground, sometimes in -swampy situations, and even on the sea-shore, at others on the most -sterile plains far distant from water; grasshoppers and insects of every -order are eaten by them with avidity, and to these grain, seeds and -fruits are frequently added; they hop with remarkable agility over the -broken surface of the ground, and leap from branch to branch with great -alacrity: their flight is feeble and protracted, and they seldom mount -high in the air, except for the purpose of crossing a gully, or for -passing from one part of the forest to another, and then merely over the -tops of the trees; during flight they usually utter a peculiar shrill -cry, which is frequently repeated and answered by other birds of the -same troop, for they mostly flit about in small companies of from four -to six in number, apparently the parents and their offspring of the -year. All the species occasionally descend to the cultivated grounds, -orchards and gardens of the settlers, and commit considerable havoc -among their fruits and grain; in many parts of Australia, particularly -in Van Diemen’s Land, they form an article of food, and are considered -good and even delicate eating. They usually build open cup-shaped nests -as large as that of the Crow, composed of sticks and other coarse -materials, lined with grasses or any other suitable substance that may -be at hand; the eggs are generally three, but are sometimes four, in -number. The sexes are similar in plumage, and the young assume the -livery of the adult from the time they leave the nest. - - 83. Strepera graculina Vol. II. Pl. 42. - 84. Strepera fuliginosa, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 43. - 85. Strepera Arguta, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 44. - 86. Strepera Anaphonensis Vol. II. Pl. 45. - - _Corvus versicolor_, Lath.? - - 87. Strepera melanoptera, _Gould_. - - _Strepera melanoptera_, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part XIV. p. - 20. - -All the upper surface, wings, and tail black; under surface brownish -black, tinged with grey on the abdomen; under tail-coverts and tips of -all but the two centre tail-feathers white; irides yellow; bill and feet -black. - -Total length, 19 inches; _bill_, 2; _wings_, 11; _tail_, 9; _tarsi_, 2⅝. - -This species inhabits South Australia, and is distinguished from all its -congeners by the total absence of any white mark on the wings; in other -respects it is so similar to _S. Arguta_, that I have not considered it -necessary to give a figure of it. - - - Genus GYMNORHINA, _G. R. Gray_. - -Like _Strepera_ this is strictly an Australian form, all the species of -which frequent exclusively the southern parts of the country. Their -structure is a mere modification of that of the members of the last -genus adapted to a somewhat different mode of life and habits. They are -more pastoral than the _Streperæ_, frequenting as they do the open -plains and grassy downs, over which they run or rather hop with great -facility. Their chief food consists of grasshoppers and other insects, -to which berries and fruits are added, when such kinds of food are -procurable. If unmolested in their natural haunts they may be considered -a more familiar race than the _Streperæ_, but if persecuted they become -extremely shy and distrustful. Few birds are more ornamental, or give a -more animated appearance to the country than the members of this genus, -either when running over the surface of the lawn-like ground, or when -pouring forth their singular choral-like notes while perched together on -the bare branches of a fallen _Eucalyptus_. The form and situation of -the nest is the same as those of the _Streperæ_, larger, but not unlike -that of the European Crow. - -Specimens of this form from Western Australia exhibit some trifling -differences, but I have not as yet been able to satisfy myself whether -they are or are not distinct. - - 88. Gymnorhina Tibicen Vol. II. Pl. 46. - 89. Gymnorhina leuconota, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 47. - 90. Gymnorhina organicum, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 48. - - - Genus CRACTICUS, _Vieill._ - -The members of this genus, which are universally dispersed over -Australia, prey upon small quadrupeds, birds, lizards and insects, which -they frequently impale after the manner of the ordinary Shrikes. Their -nidification resembles that of the species belonging to the genera -_Strepera_ and _Gymnorhina_, the nest being a large round structure -placed among the branches of the trees, and the eggs four in number. So -great a similarity exists between the birds inhabiting New South Wales, -Van Diemen’s Land, and Swan River, that I have thought it unnecessary to -figure the whole, but the annexed descriptions, with a due attention to -the localities, will obviate all difficulty in determining the species. - - 91. Cracticus nigrogularis, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 49. - - _Lanius robustus_, Lath. Gen. Hist. vol. ii. p. 67? - - 92. Cracticus picatus, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 50. - 93. Cracticus argenteus, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl 51. - 94. Cracticus destructor Vol. II. Pl. 52. - - _Lanius curvirostris_, Lath. Gen. Hist. vol. ii. p. 52. - - _Lanius torquatus_, Lath. Gen. Hist. vol. ii. p. 70. - - 95. Cracticus cinereus, _Gould_. - - _Vanga cinerea_, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part IV. p. 143. - -Inhabits Van Diemen’s Land, and may be distinguished from _C. -destructor_ by its much longer bill, and, when fully adult, by its grey -back. - - 96. Cracticus leucopterus, _Gould_. - -Inhabits Western Australia; is of the same size as _C. destructor_, but -has the white mark on the wings much larger and more clearly defined. - - 97. Cracticus Quoyii Vol. II. Pl. 53. - - - Genus GRALLINA, _Vieill._ - -Only one species of this genus is at present known. It is peculiar to -Australia, over every portion of which country it is dispersed; and it -may be considered one of the anomalies of the Australian ornithology, -since its alliance to any group of birds with which we are acquainted is -very remote. - - 98. Grallina Australis Vol. II. Pl. 54. - - - Genus GRAUCALUS, _Cuv._ - -The woods of every part of the Old World from India to Australia are -tenanted by species of this genus, which, from their great size, their -being strictly insectivorous, and individually very numerous, must tend -to keep insect life in check, and consequently perform a most important -part in the economy of nature. - -In my description of _Graucalus melanops_, I have stated that New South -Wales, Van Diemen’s Land, Swan River and Port Essington, are each -inhabited by _Grauculi_ so nearly allied to each other that it was -questionable whether they were not one and the same species, and that -the slight differences they present were attributable to some -peculiarity in the districts they inhabit; after much attention to the -subject, I have been induced to regard the Van Diemen’s Land bird as -distinct, and I have therefore assigned it a name, _parvirostris_; those -of the other countries appear to be local varieties or races peculiar to -their respective habitats. - -All the members of the group build a flat slight nest of fine short dead -twigs, curiously joined together with cobwebs, on which they lay two -eggs. - - 99. Graucalus melanops Vol. II. Pl. 55. - - _Graucalus melanotis_, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part V. p. - 143; and in Syn. Birds of Australia, Part IV. Young. - - 100. Graucalus parvirostris, _Gould_. - - _Graucalus parvirostris_, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part V. p. - 143; and Syn. Birds of Australia, Part. IV. - -Forehead, sides of the face and the throat jet black; crown of the head, -all the upper surface and centre of the wings delicate grey; primaries -and the inner webs of the secondaries deep brownish black, the former -narrowly and the latter broadly margined with greyish white; tail grey -at the base, passing into deep brownish black and largely tipped with -white, the grey colour predominating on the two centre feathers, which -are destitute of the white tips; chest grey, into which the black of the -throat gradually passes; lower part of the abdomen, under surface of the -wing and under tail-coverts white; flanks and thighs grey; bill and feet -brownish black. - -Total length, 12 inches; _bill_, 1½; _wing_, 7½; _tail_, 6; _tarsi_, 1. - -Inhabits Van Diemen’s Land. - - 101. Graucalus mentalis, _Vig. & Horsf._ Vol. II. Pl. 56. - 102. Graucalus hypoleucus, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 57. - 103. Graucalus Swainsonii, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 58. - - - Genus PTEROPODOCYS, _Gould_. - -Generic characters. - -_Bill_ small, shorter than the head, nearly cylindrical; _tomia_ curved -and pointing downwards; a well-defined notch at the extremity of the -upper mandible; _nostrils_ basal, round, and covered with the short -feathers of the forehead; _wings_ long and pointed, the fourth feather -the longest; _tail_ lengthened, the four middle and the lateral feather -on each side shorter than the rest; _tarsi_ long, stout; _toes_ rather -short, the inner toe longer than the outer one, hind-toe large and -lengthened, the toe and nail nearly equalling in length the middle toe -and nail. - -The general structure of the only known species of this form resembles -that of _Graucalus_ and of _Campephaga_, but the bill is so small as to -be quite out of proportion with the body; its lengthened wings and tarsi -adapt it both for flight and for moving rapidly over the surface of the -ground. - - 104. Pteropodocys Phasianellus, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 59. - -Inhabits the whole of the interior of Southern Australia from east to -west; the extent of its range northward has not been ascertained. It has -many habits in common with the _Graucali_; but while those birds are -destined for the trees the present bird is adapted for the ground, where -it procures and feeds upon insects of various genera, particularly -locusts and grasshoppers. It frequents the open plains in small -companies of from three to six or eight in number, and is very animated -in its actions, but at the same time most cautious and shy. - - - Genus CAMPEPHAGA, _Vieill._ - -The members of this genus are spread over India and the Indian Islands, -and the fauna of Australia comprises four species; they are allied to -the _Graucali_, but are much smaller in size, and more active among the -branches. - -The sexes are generally very dissimilar in colour and markings, while in -_Graucalus_ they are alike. The nidification and the form of the nests -of the two genera are very similar. - - 105. Campephaga Jardinii, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 60. - 106. Campephaga Karu Vol. II. Pl. 61. - 107. Campephaga leucomela, _Vig. & Horsf._ Vol. II. Pl. 62. - 108. Campephaga humeralis, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 63. - - - Genus PACHYCEPHALA, _Swains._ - -The _Pachycephala gutturalis_ may be regarded as the type of this group -of birds, which is peculiarly Australian, and comprises many species, -universally distributed over the country. Their habits differ from those -of most other insectivorous birds, particularly in their quiet mode of -hopping about and traversing the branches of the trees in search of -insects and their larvæ: caterpillars constitute a great portion of -their food; but coleoptera and other insects are not rejected. The more -gaily-attired species, such as _P. gutturalis_, _P. glaucura_, _P. -melanura_ and _P. pectoralis_, resort to the flowering _Acaciæ_, -_Eucalypti_ and other stately trees, while the more dull-coloured ones -frequent the ground: they all build a neat, round, cup-shaped nest, and -the eggs are generally four in number. Their powers of flight are not -great: some of the species enjoy a wide range of habitat, while others -are extremely local. The song of some is loud and rather pleasing, while -others merely emit a whistling note, slowly but frequently repeated. - - 109. Pachycephala gutturalis Vol. II. Pl. 64. - 110. Pachycephala glaucura, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 65. - 111. Pachycephala melanura, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 66. - 112. Pachycephala pectoralis Vol. II. Pl. 67. - - _Sylvia rufiventris_, Lath. Ind. Orn. Supp., p. liv. - - _Rufous-vented Warbler_, Lath. Gen. Syn. Supp., vol. ii. p. - 248.—Shaw, Gen. Zool., vol. x. p. 696. - - _Turdus prasinus_, Lath. Gen. Hist. vol. v. p. 121? - - 113. Pachycephala falcata, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 68. - 114. Pachycephala Lanoïdes, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 69. - 115. Pachycephala rufogularis, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 70. - 116. Pachycephala Gilbertii, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 71. - - _Pachycephala inornata_, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part VIII. - p. 164. Young? - - 117. Pachycephala simplex, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 72. - 118. Pachycephala olivacea, _Vig. & Horsf._ Vol. II. Pl. 73. - -The two birds described by me in the Proceedings of the Zoological -Society, Part V. p. 164, as _P. xanthoprocta_ and _P. longirostris_, are -both immature birds, and are, I believe, from Norfolk Island. - - - Genus COLLURICINCLA, _Vig. & Horsf._ - -Like the last group, the present is strictly confined to Australia, -every one of the colonies of which country, from north to south and from -east to west, is inhabited by a species peculiarly and restrictedly its -own. They have many characters in common with the _Pachycephalæ_, which -they also resemble in their actions, food, economy and nidification. -They are neither Shrikes nor Thrushes, but are most nearly allied to the -former; they are insect-feeders to a very great extent, but occasionally -partake of mollusks and berries. Some of them defend themselves -vigorously with both bill and claws when attacked. Their voice is a loud -whistle, some parts of which are not devoid of melody, particularly the -loud swelling notes. - -The nest is rather slightly built, round and cup-shaped in form, and is -mostly placed in the hollow spout of a tree: the eggs are four in -number. - - 119. Colluricincla harmonica Vol. II. Pl. 74. - - _Certhia canescens_, Lath. Gen. Hist. vol. iv. p. 180? - -Inhabits New South Wales. - - 120. Colluricincla rufiventris, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 75. - -Inhabits Western Australia. - - 121. Colluricincla brunnea, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 76. - -Inhabits Port Essington. - - 122. Colluricincla Selbii, _Jard._ Vol. II. Pl. 77. - -Inhabits Van Diemen’s Land. - - 123. Colluricincla parvula, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 78. - -Inhabits the northern parts of the country. - - 124. Colluricincla rufogaster, _Gould_. - - _Colluricincla rufogaster_, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part - XIII. p. 80. - -I have assigned this name to a bird lately sent to me by Mr. Strange -from the brushes of the Clarence in New South Wales; it may hereafter -prove to be identical with the last-mentioned species, _C. parvula_, the -form and admeasurements being precisely the same; but the bird from New -South Wales has a lighter coloured bill, and the whole of the under -surface washed with deep rufous. - -The locality of the bird described by me in the Proceedings of the -Zoological Society, Part IV. p. 6, as _Colluricincla fusca_, being still -unknown, that species has not been included. - - - Genus FALCUNCULUS, _Vieill._ - -The two species of this genus are not only strictly Australian, but are -confined to the southern parts of the country; the _F. frontatus_ -inhabiting New South Wales and South Australia, and the _F. leucogaster_ -Western Australia. When attacked by their natural enemies or by man, -both species defend themselves with their powerful bill and claws with -the utmost fury; they also by the same means readily tear off pieces of -rotten wood and the thin scaly bark of the _Eucalypti_ in search of -insects. The branches of trees are their usual place of resort, and in -many of their actions and habits they closely resemble the Tits of -Europe and India (genus _Parus_), while they also assimilate to the -_Pachycephalæ_. They build a round, cup-shaped nest. - - 125. Falcunculus frontatus Vol. II. Pl. 79. - 126. Falcunculus leucogaster, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 80. - -Mr. Gilbert states that while staying in the Toodyay district of Western -Australia in the month of October, he found the nest of this species -among the topmost and weakest perpendicular branches of a Eucalyptus, at -a height of at least fifty feet: it was of a deep cup-shaped form, -composed of the stringy bark of the gum-tree, and lined with fine -grasses, the whole matted together externally with cobwebs; the eggs, -which are three or four in number, are of a glossy white with numerous -minute speckles of dark olive most thickly disposed at the larger end; -they are seven-eighths of an inch long by five-eighths of an inch in -breadth. He adds, that under ordinary circumstances it is a somewhat shy -bird, but when breeding becomes bold and familiar; as an evidence of -which he adduces the fact that a flock of sheep were driven every night -beneath the tree upon which the nest was being constructed without -giving the least alarm to the birds. - - - Genus OREOÏCA, _Gould_. - -Generic characters. - -_Bill_ shorter than the head, stout, compressed laterally, and notched -at the tip; _culmen_ bent gradually downwards from the base; lower -mandible nearly as stout as the upper; _nostrils_ basal, round, and -nearly covered with very fine short hair-like feathers directed -forwards, among which are intermingled a few long fine hairs; _wings_ -rather long, the first quill short, the third the longest; tertiaries -very long, and nearly equalling the primaries; _tail_ short and very -slightly rounded; _tarsi_ moderately long and stout, entire posteriorly, -and defended anteriorly with hard scuta; feet adapted for the ground; -_toes_ very short, particularly the hind one, inner toe rather shorter -than the outer; _claws_ short, and nearly straight. - -The only species known of this form is strictly Australian, and is a -sprightly animated bird frequenting the sterile districts studded with -large trees, scrubs, and open glades, where it hops about on the ground -in search of insects. Notwithstanding the singularly lengthened form of -its scapularies and its terrestrial habits, it appears to me to belong -to the same type of form as the _Pachycephalæ_; its loud piping note and -mode of nidification also favours this opinion. It lays three or four -eggs, in a round, cup-shaped nest, placed either in a grass tree -(_Xanthorrhœa_) or in a hole or stump of a decayed upright tree. - - 127. Oreoïca gutturalis Vol. II. Pl. 81. - - - Genus DICRURUS, _Vieill._ - -A genus of which many species inhabit India and Africa, but of which -only one has yet been found in Australia. - - 128. Dicrurus bracteatus, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 82. - - - Family MUSCICAPIDÆ, _Vig._ - - - Genus RHIPIDURA, _Vig. & Horsf._ - -Many species of this genus occur in India, the Indian Islands, New -Guinea, and Polynesia; and five or six are comprised in the fauna of -Australia, over every part of which country, including Van Diemen’s -Land, one or other member of the group is found to exist. - - 129. Rhipidura albiscapa, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 83. - 130. Rhipidura rufifrons Vol. II. Pl. 84. - 131. Rhipidura Dryas, _Gould_. - -Inhabits the north coast. I have not figured this species because it -only differs from _R. rufifrons_ in being of a smaller size, and in the -red colouring at the base of the tail-feathers being more extensive. - - 132. Rhipidura isura, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 85. - 133. Rhipidura Motacilloïdes, _Vig. & Horsf._ Vol. II. Pl. 86. - 134. Rhipidura picata, _Gould_. - -Not figured, being similar in colour but much smaller than _R. -Motacilloïdes_; it inhabits Port Essington. - - - Genus SEÏSURA, _Vig. & Horsf._ - -The present genus and _Rhipidura_ are mere modifications of each other; -a difference of structure, however, exists of sufficient importance to -justify their separation, and, as is always the case, a corresponding -difference is found in the habits of the species. - -The present form is restricted to Australia. - - 135. Seïsura inquieta Vol. II. Pl. 87. - - _Turdus muscicola_, Lath. Gen. Hist. vol. v. p. 123. - - —— _dubius_, Lath. - - - Genus PIEZORHYNCHUS, _Gould_. - -Generic characters. - -_Bill_ longer than the head; deeper than broad, almost cylindrical; -compressed on the sides, notched at the tip; _nostrils_ basal, small and -round; _wings_ short; first primary moderate, the fourth the longest; -_tail_ rather short and round; _tarsi_ moderately long and somewhat -feeble; the inner and middle toes connected as far as the first joint, -the outer one the longest. - -The only species of this genus yet discovered is a native of the -northern parts of Australia, from Cape York to Port Essington, where it -frequents the dense beds of Mangroves. - - 136. Piezorhynchus nitidus, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 88. - - - Genus MYIÄGRA, _Vig. & Horsf._ - -A group of insectivorous birds, the greater number of which inhabit the -Indian Islands and Polynesia, and of which four species are found in -Australia. - - 137. Myiägra plumbea, _Vig. & Horsf._ Vol. II. Pl. 89. - 138. Myiägra concinna, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 90. - 139. Myiägra nitida, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 91. - 140. Myiägra latirostris, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 92. - - - Genus MICRŒCA, _Gould_. - -Generic characters. - -_Bill_ shorter than the head, depressed, broad at the base; _gonys_ -straight; curving downwards and slightly notched at the tip; _nostrils_ -round, placed at the base of the bill, which is beset with strong -bristles; _wings_ lengthened and powerful, first primary short, the -third the longest; _tail_ rather short and nearly square; _tarsi_ -moderate and feeble; _toes_ feeble, the external toe much longer than -the internal one. - -Three species of this genus inhabit Australia, to which country they are -confined. - - 141. Micrœca macroptera. Vol. II. Pl. 93. - - _Sylvia leucophœa_, Lath. Gen. Hist. vol. vii. p. 139. - - 142. Micrœca assimilis, _Gould_. - - _Micrœca assimilis_, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part VIII. p. - 172. - -All the upper surface brown, primaries dark brown; tail brownish black; -the tips and the terminal half of the external margins of the two outer -feathers white; the three next on each side also tipped with white, the -extent of the white becoming less upon each feather as they approach the -centre of the tail; the four middle feathers without the white tip; -throat, centre of the abdomen and under tail-coverts white, passing into -pale brown on the sides of the chest and flanks; irides reddish brown; -bill and feet blackish brown. - -Total length, 4⅝ inches; _bill_, 9/16; _wings_, 3⅜; _tail_, 2⅛; _tarsi_, -9/16. - -Inhabits Western Australia; and is so nearly allied to the _Micrœca -macroptera_, from which it only differs in being much less in size and -in having the base of the outer tail-feather brown, that I have not -considered it necessary to figure it. - - 143. Micrœca flavigaster Vol. II. Pl. 94. - - - Genus MONARCHA, _Vig. & Horsf._ - -Several species of this genus occur in the Indian Islands and two in -Australia. They are insectivorous birds, and procure their food by -quietly hopping about among the branches of the trees. - - 144. Monarcha carinata Vol. II. Pl. 95. - 145. Monarcha trivirgata Vol. II. Pl. 96. - - - Genus GERYGONE, _Gould_. - -Generic characters. - -_Bill_ shorter than the head, swollen, notched at the tip; commissure -straight; _nostrils_ basal, lateral, oval; _rictus_ beset with two or -three extremely fine and weak bristles; _wings_ moderately long, first -quill almost spurious, second long, third, fourth and fifth equal and -longest; _tail_ rather short and square; _tarsi_ entire, slender, -moderately long; _toes_ extremely short and small, the lateral toes -even, and united to the middle one nearly to the first joint; _claws_ -much curved. - -The term _Psilopus_ was originally proposed by me for this genus, but -that name having been previously employed, _Gerygone_ was substituted -for it. - -A group inhabiting every part of Australia, and probably New Guinea and -Polynesia. Their chief food consists of insects of the most diminutive -size, such as aphides, gnats and mosquitos. The more thickly-billed -species may probably feed upon larger insects and their larvæ. They -mostly frequent the thick umbrageous woods, where they dart about for -insects under the canopy of the dense foliage, or sally forth into the -open glade like true Flycatchers. Their nests are of a domed form, with -the entrance near the top, some species protecting the opening by -constructing a projection above it like the eaves of a house; the eggs -are generally four in number, and spotted with red like those of the -_Maluri_ and _Pari_. - - 146. Gerygone albogularis, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 97. - - _Psilopus olivaceus_, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part V. p. - 147, Young. - - 147. Gerygone fusca, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 98. - 148. Gerygone culicivorus, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 99. - 149. Gerygone magnirostris, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 100. - 150. Gerygone lævigaster, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 101. - 151. Gerygone chloronotus, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 102. - - - Genus SMICRORNIS, _Gould_. - -Generic characters. - -_Bill_ very small and short, swollen at the sides; _nostrils_ basal, -oblong and protected by an operculum; at the base of the bill a few fine -hairs; _wings_ moderately long, first quill very short; the first, -third, fourth and fifth equal and the longest; _tail_ short and square; -tarsi moderate; _toes_ rather short, adapted for clinging; the hinder -and the middle toes equal in length. - -The members of this genus are the smallest birds of the Australian -fauna. I have described two species, one inhabiting New South Wales and -the other Port Essington; and had I characterized the bird of this form -inhabiting Western Australia as distinct, I should most likely not have -been in error, as it is probable that when the subject has been more -fully investigated it will prove to be so. - - 152. Smicrornis brevirostris, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 103. - 153. Smicrornis flavescens, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 104. - - - Family SYLVIADÆ, _Vig._ - -Subfamily SAXICOLINÆ, _Bonap._ - - - Genus ERYTHRODRYAS, _Gould_. - -Generic characters. - -As in _Petroïca_, but with the _bill_ shorter and more flattened at the -base, where it is beset with a number of fine hairs which curve forward -and overhang the nostrils; _wings_ shorter and more rounded; first and -second primaries much shorter than the rest; the fifth the longest; -_tarsi_ shorter; _toes_ more lengthened; lateral toes nearly even; -_claws_ much sharper and more curved. - -The members of the genus _Erythrodryas_ are much more delicate in -structure than the _Petroïcæ_, have their feeble bill strongly beset -with bristles, and are more arboreal in their habits; their usual places -of resort being the innermost recesses of the forest, where, in a state -of quiet seclusion, they flit about in search of insects; the true -_Petroïcæ_, on the other hand, frequent open plains, are more bold and -vigorous, and possess a structure which adapts them for the ground over -which they pass like the _Saxicolæ_. - -The two species of this genus, all that are at present known, are -confined to the south-eastern portions of Australia and Van Diemen’s -Land. - - 154. Erythrodryas rhodinogaster Vol. II. Pl. 1. - 155. Erythrodryas rosea, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 2. - - - Genus PETROÏCA, _Swains._ - -The birds I have retained in this genus might with propriety be divided -by separating the pied Robins from the red-breasted species. The dusky -Robin of Van Diemen’s Land and the white eyebrowed Robin of the -north-east coast of Australia would also constitute another group of -equal value with _Erythrodryas_, _Drymodes_ and _Eöpsaltria_. - -The red-breasted _Petroïcæ_ are confined to the south-eastern portions -of Australia, Van Diemen’s Land and Norfolk Island; but I believe that -the range of the pied birds extends to New Guinea. - -Each of the sections I have indicated present some difference in their -nidification and in the colouring of their eggs, which tends to confirm -the propriety of the view I have taken of the subject. - - 156. Petroïca multicolor Vol. II. Pl. 3. - 157. Petroïca erythrogastra Vol. II. Pl. 4. - 158. Petroïca Goodenovii Vol. II. Pl. 5. - 159. Petroïca phœnicea, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 6. - - _Muscicapa erythrogaster_, var. Lath. Gen. Hist. vol. vi. p. 217. - - 160. Petroïca bicolor, _Swains._ Vol. II. Pl. 7. - 161. Petroïca fusca, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 8. - - _Muscicapa vittata_, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de l’Astrolabe, pl. 3, - fig. 2? - - 162. Petroïca superciliosa, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 9. - - - Genus DRYMODES, _Gould_. - -Generic characters. - -_Bill_ straight, rather compressed on the sides near the tip, nearly as -long as the head; a slight notch at the tip; beset at the base with a -few fine bristles; _wings_ moderately long, rounded, the first quill -very short, the fifth the longest; _tail_ rather long, slightly rounded; -_tarsi_ long, slender, entire before; _toes_ moderately long, the outer -toe rather longer than the inner; the hind-toe and nail shorter than the -middle toe and nail. - -The only species of this genus yet discovered ranges over the whole of -the country from Southern to Western Australia. Its form is adapted for -the ground, but it occasionally resorts to low shrubby trees. - - 163. Drymodes brunneopygia, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 10. - - - Genus EÖPSALTRIA, _Swains._ - -Three species of this genus are all that are yet known; two of these are -natives of Western Australia, and the third of New South Wales. - - 164. Eöpsaltria Australis Vol. II. Pl. 11. - - _Sylvia flavigastra_, Lath. Gen. Hist. vol. vii. p. 137? - - 165. Eöpsaltria griseogularis, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 12. - - _Muscicapa Georgiana_, Quoy. et Gaim. Voy. de l’Astrolabe, pl. 3, - fig. 4? - - 166. Eöpsaltria leucogaster, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 13. - - _Muscicapa gularis_, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de l’Astrolabe, pl. 4, - fig. 1? - -Subfamily MENURINÆ, _G. R. Gray_. - - - Genus MENURA, _Dav._ - -It might have been expected that the various explorations which have of -late years been made into the previously unknown regions of Australia -would have led to the discovery of some additional species of this -genus, or of some new form more nearly allied to it than those with -which it is associated, but nothing of the kind has occurred. - - 167. Menura superba, _Dav._ Vol. II. Pl. 14. - -This remarkable bird is not only confined to Australia, but exclusively -to the south-eastern part of the country. I regret to say that I have -not been able to gain any further information respecting its -nidification, although I have urged many persons in Australia to pay -particular attention to the subject. - - - Genus PSOPHODES, _Vig. & Horsf._ - -Among the many novelties comprised in the present work is a second -species of this form, of which only one was previously known. - - 168. Psophodes crepitans Vol. II. Pl. 15. - - _Corvus auritus_, Lath. Gen. Hist. vol. iii. p. 42. - -Inhabits the south-eastern parts of Australia. - - 169. Psophodes nigrogularis, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 16. - -This new species is a native of the western coast. - - - Genus SPHENOSTOMA, _Gould_. - -Generic characters. - -_Bill_ very short, compressed laterally, wedge-shaped, upper mandible -without a notch at the tip, two or three fine hairs at the base; _tomia_ -straight; _nostrils_ basal, round, open; _wings_ very short and round, -the fourth, fifth and sixth primaries nearly equal and the longest; -_tail_ long and graduated; _tarsi_ moderately long and strong, shielded -before with several plates, entire behind; _toes_ short, hind-toe -strong, lateral toes unequal, the inner one the shortest. - -The only known species of this genus frequents the sterile parts of the -interior of Australia generally, particularly those portions of the -country clothed with low shrubs and bushes. - - 170. Sphenostoma cristata, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 17. - - - Genus MALURUS, _Vieill._ - -The members of this genus are among the most beautiful of the Australian -birds; in no group, in fact, with the exception of the _Trochilidæ_ or -Humming-birds, is the splendour of their plumage excelled. Their gay -attire is, however, only assumed during the pairing season, and is -retained for a very short period, after which the sexes are alike in -colouring. - -The genus is strictly an Australian one, and with one or two exceptions, -all the species are confined to the southern parts of the continent and -Van Diemen’s Land. - - 171. Malurus cyaneus Vol. II. Pl. 18. - 172. Malurus longicaudus, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 19. - 173. Malurus melanotus, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 20. - 174. Malurus splendens Vol. II. Pl. 21. - 175. Malurus elegans, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 22. - 176. Malurus pulcherrimus, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 23. - 177. Malurus Lamberti, _Vig. & Horsf._ Vol. II. Pl. 24. - 178. Malurus leucopterus, _Quoy & Gaim._ Vol. II. Pl. 25. - 179. Malurus melanocephalus, _Vig. & Horsf._ Vol. II. Pl. 26. - 180. Malurus Brownii, _Vig. & Horsf._ Vol. II. Pl. 27. - - - Genus AMYTIS, _Less._ - -A form nearly allied to _Malurus_, strictly Australian, and of which -three species are known, inhabiting the southern half of the country and -not occurring in Van Diemen’s Land. - - 181. Amytis textilis Vol. II. Pl. 28. - 182. Amytis striatus Vol. II. Pl. 29. - 183. Amytis macrourus, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 30. - - - Genus STIPITURUS, _Less._ - -A form confined to Australia. Although some slight variation occurs in -the specimens from Van Diemen’s Land, Southern and Western Australia, I -believe that they are all referable to one and the same species, viz.— - - 184. Stipiturus malachurus Vol. II. Pl. 31. - - - Genus DASYORNIS, _Vig. & Horsf._ - -A group of birds adapted for situations covered with an almost -impenetrable vegetation, reed-beds, &c. The two species figured are all -that are at present known; of these one is from the eastern and the -other from the western parts of Australia. - - 185. Dasyornis Australis, _Vig. & Horsf._ Vol. II. Pl. 32. - 186. Dasyornis longirostris, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 33. - -Prior to my visit to Australia, I described a bird in the ‘Proceedings -of the Zoological Society,’ Part V. p. 150, as _D.? brunneus_, but as I -have not since met with the bird in any collection from Australia I -presume it is not a native of that country. - - - Genus ATRICHIA, _Gould_. - -_Rictus_ totally devoid of bristles; _bill_ as long as the head, -compressed laterally; the upper mandible distinctly notched at the tip; -_gonys_ ascending from the rictus and then following the line of the -bill; _culmen_ ascending high in front; _nostrils_ moderately large, -covered with an operculum, and placed in a groove near the base of the -bill; _wings_ short, round, concave, the first three primaries -graduated, the fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh equal; _tail_ -lengthened, rounded, the stems rigid, the webs loose and decomposed; -_tarsi_ and feet robust, the hind-toe armed with a strong nail; outer -and inner toes equal in length. - -The only species of this genus yet discovered is as singular in its -structure as it is shy and retiring in its habits; the total absence of -vibrissæ in a bird apparently closely allied to _Dasyornis_, in which -they are so much developed, renders it one of the anomalies of the -Australian fauna. - - 187. Atrichia clamosa, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 34. - -Subfamily ——? - - - Genus SPHENŒACUS, _Strickl._ - -A group of reed- and grass-frequenting birds, which are found not only -in every part of Australia, but also in the Indian Islands and India. - - 188. Sphenœacus galactotes Vol. II. Pl. 35. - 189. Sphenœacus gramineus, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 36. - - - Genus ACROCEPHALUS, _Naum._ - -Of this European and Indian form two species inhabit Australia, where -they frequent the reed-beds and the dense herbage of marshy situations. - - 190. Acrocephalus Australis, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 37. - 191. Acrocephalus longirostris, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 38. - -Subfamily ——? - - - Genus HYLACOLA, _Gould_. - -_Bill_ shorter than the head, compressed; equally broad and high at the -base; _culmen_ gradually declining from the base to the tip; slightly -notched at the apex; _rictus_ beset with a few fine hairs; _nostrils_ -basal, oblong, rather large and defended by an operculum; _wings_ short, -round and concave; first, second and third primaries graduated; the -fourth, fifth and sixth equal, and the longest; _tail_ rather long and -round; _tarsi_ moderate in size; _toes_ rather lengthened, the lateral -toes equal. - -A genus comprising two species peculiar to the southern parts of the -country, one of which enjoys an extensive range from South Australia to -Moreton Bay; the other has, as yet, only been found in the Great Murray -Scrub. - - 192. Hylacola pyrrhopygia Vol. II. Pl. 39. - - 193. Hylacola cauta, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 40. - -When I characterized this species in the ‘Proceedings of the Zoological -Society of London,’ I had only seen a single example; I have since -received a second, proving the correctness of my view of its being quite -distinct from the _H. pyrrhopygia_, a fact disputed by Mr. Strickland, -who had stated it to be his opinion that my figures were referable to -one and the same species, but who upon an examination of the specimens -themselves acknowledged he was in error. - -Subfamily ——? - - - Genus CYSTICOLA, _Less._ - -However numerous birds of this form may be in Europe, Africa, Asia and -the Indian Islands, Australia outvies them all in the number of species -that frequent its grassy plains. With the exception of Van Diemen’s -Land, every colony is inhabited by one or more species performing there -precisely similar offices to those executed by the remaining species in -the other parts of the world. - - 194. Cysticola magna, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 41. - 195. Cysticola exilis Vol. II. Pl. 42. - 196. Cysticola lineocapilla, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 43. - 197. Cysticola isura, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 44. - 198. Cysticola ruficeps, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 45. - -Subfamily ——? - - - Genus SERICORNIS, _Gould_. - -Generic characters. - -_Bill_ strong, straight, nearly as long as the head, compressed -laterally towards and notched at the tip; _nostrils_ basal, lateral, -oval, and covered by an operculum; _wings_ moderate, rounded, the first -quill very short, the fourth, fifth and sixth nearly equal and the -longest; _tail_ moderate and square; _tarsi_ long; hind-toe and claw -strong, and nearly equal to the middle toe and claw in length; outer and -inner toes equal; _plumage_ soft and silky to the touch. - -A group of small birds peculiar to Australia, and confined almost -exclusively to the southern portion of the country. Their habits lead -them to frequent the most retired parts of the forests, damp and -secluded places and scrubby gullies where the herbage is thick and -dense; but some species are found on the flat islands near the coast, -covered with _Salsolæ_ and other shrub-like trees; they usually frequent -the ground, over which they pass with celerity, and when their haunts -are intruded upon conceal themselves under the fallen or elided herbage. -Their flight is peculiar and never protracted, and they all build domed -nests like that of the common Wren (_Troglodytes Europæus_). - - 199. Sericornis citreogularis, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 46. - - _Muscicapa barbata_, Lath. Gen. Hist. vol. vi. p. 215? - - 200. Sericornis humilis, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 47. - 201. Sericornis osculans, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 48. - 202. Sericornis frontalis Vol. II. Pl. 49. - 203. Sericornis lævigaster, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 50. - 204. Sericornis maculatus, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 51. - 205. Sericornis magnirostris, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 52. - -Subfamily ——? - - - Genus ACANTHIZA, _Vig. & Horsf._ - -With the exception of the north coast, the _Acanthizæ_ are dispersed -over all the wooded districts of Australia and Van Diemen’s Land; some -species frequenting the brushes, while others tenant the shrubs and -belts of trees on the plains; others again are only found in such -districts as the belts of the Murray. - -Like some other large groups at present included under one generic -title, the _Acanthizæ_ might be divided with propriety; thus the _A. -pusilla_, _A. Diemenensis_, &c., which are feeble in structure and -strictly arboreal, might form one section; while the _A. chrysorrhœa_, -_A. Reguloïdes_, &c., which resort to the ground, might form another. -The nests of all the species that I have seen are of a domed form like -that of the European Wren. - -The members of this genus and the _Maluri_ are frequently the -foster-parents of the shining Cuckoo (_Chrysococcyx lucidus_). - - 206. Acanthiza pusilla Vol. II. Pl. 53. - 207. Acanthiza Diemenensis, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 54. - 208. Acanthiza Ewingii, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 55. - 209. Acanthiza uropygialis, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 56. - 210. Acanthiza apicalis, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 57. - 211. Acanthiza pyrrhopygia, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 58. - 212. Acanthiza inornata, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 59. - 213. Acanthiza nana, _Vig. & Horsf._ Vol. II. Pl. 60. - 214. Acanthiza lineata, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 61. - 215. Acanthiza Reguloïdes, _Vig. & Horsf._ Vol. II. Pl. 62. - 216. Acanthiza chrysorrhœa Vol. II. Pl. 63. - - - Genus EPHTHIANURA, _Gould_. - -_Bill_ shorter than the head, nearly straight, compressed laterally, -notched at the tip, gonys incurved; _nostrils_ basal, linear, and -covered by a membrane; _wings_ long, first quill spurious, second very -long, third and fourth equal and longest; _tertials_ very long; _tail_ -short and truncate; _tarsi_ entire, moderately long, slight; _toes_ -slender, the hinder toe and claw shorter than the middle one, the inner -toe rather shorter than the outer. - -Three species of this form are all that are at present known, and of -these two are figured for the first time in the present work. They all -inhabit the southern part of Australia, where they frequent the open -districts studded with bushes and low trees; the _E. albifrons_ is -occasionally found on the open plains. - - 217. Ephthianura albifrons Vol. II. Pl. 64. - 218. Ephthianura aurifrons, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 65. - 219. Ephthianura tricolor, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 66. - - - Genus XEROPHILA, _Gould_. - - Generic characters. - -_Bill_ short, semiconical, robust at the base, without any notch at the -tip; and provided with a few hairs at the base of the upper mandible; -_nostrils_ round and covered by minute feathers; _wings_ moderate in -size; first primary short, the third and fourth the longest; tertiaries -broad and somewhat elongated; _tail_ moderate, square and slightly -concave; _tarsi_ robust; hind-toe strong, anterior toes feeble, the -exterior longer than the inner one. - -A curious form, of which only one species is known, and the situation of -which in the natural system is quite undetermined. It has many of the -actions and manners of the _Acanthizæ_, but its robust and gibbose bill -precludes its being placed with that group. It is mainly terrestrial in -its habits and builds a domed nest. - - 220. Xerophila leucopsis, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 67. - - - Genus PYRRHOLÆMUS, _Gould_. - - Generic characters. - -_Bill_ shorter than the head, slightly compressed at the sides, with a -very minute notch at the tip, and beset with a few hairs at the base; -_nostrils_ linear and covered with an operculum; _wings_ short, round, -first primary rather short, the third the longest; _tail_ short, round -and concave, _tarsi_ moderate; external toe longer than the inner one. - -Another anomalous form, the structure of which does not approximate very -nearly to that of any other genus, but is perhaps most nearly allied to -_Acanthiza_. The only species known frequents scrubby places and thick -underwood; is much on the ground, but occasionally mounts on a twig to -sing. - - 221. Pyrrholæmus brunneus, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 68. - - - Genus ORIGMA, _Gould_. - -_Bill_ nearly as long as the head, incurved, carinated, indented near -the tip; _nostrils_ oval, lateral, basal, and covered by an operculum; -_wings_ moderate, rounded, first quill short, fourth, fifth, sixth and -seventh nearly equal and longest; _tail_ moderate and slightly rounded; -_tarsi_ moderate; _toes_ rather short, the outer toe much longer than -the inner; _plumage_ dense. - -We are here again presented with another form, the structure, habits, -and manners of which are all equally singular. The only species yet -discovered inhabits New South Wales, where it frequents stony gullies -and rocky situations in the neighbourhood of caverns, to the roofs of -which it attaches its pendent nest, as shown in the Plate. - - 222. Origma rubricata Vol. II. Pl. 69. - - - Genus CALAMANTHUS, _Gould_. - - Generic characters. - -_Bill_ shorter than the head, dilated at the base, compressed laterally -towards the tip; _culmen_ sharp and advancing upon the forehead; -_nostrils_ lateral, large, oval, and covered by an operculum; rictus -destitute of bristles; _wings_ short, round, the fourth quill the -longest, the third, fifth, sixth and seventh equal; _tail_ rather short -and round; _tarsi_ moderately long, defended anteriorly with indistinct -scales; hind-toe rather long, with a long claw; lateral toes uneven, the -outer one the shortest. - -This group comprises two species, one inhabiting Van Diemen’s Land, the -other Southern and Western Australia; they are terrestrial in their -habits, but occasionally perch on the smaller branches of the trees. - - 223. Calamanthus fuliginosus Vol. II. Pl. 70. - 224. Calamanthus campestris, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 71. - - - Genus CHTHONICOLA, _Gould_. - - Generic characters. - -_Bill_ short, gradually descending from the base; the upper mandible -slightly notched at the tip, compressed laterally; _tomia_ curving -inwards; _wings_ concave; the first primary very short, the third, -fourth, fifth and sixth nearly equal and the longest; _tail_ slightly -concave, and all the feathers of an equal length; _tarsi_ moderately -long; _toes_ short, the hinder toe somewhat longer than the middle one; -front claws more curved than in the genus _Anthus_. - -The single species known of this genus combines in a remarkable manner -the outward appearance, habits and manners of the _Acanthizæ_ and -_Anthi_, but is, I believe, more nearly allied to the former than to the -latter. - - 225. Chthonicola minima Vol. II. Pl. 72. - - _Sylvia sagittata_, Lath. Gen. Hist. vol. vii. p. 136? - -Rather widely dispersed over the grassy flats of New South Wales, and -constructs a domed nest in a depression of the ground like the true -_Sylviæ_. - -Subfamily MOTACILLINÆ, _Bonap._ - - - Genus ANTHUS, _Bechst._ - -Whether this Old World form is represented in Australia by more than a -single species, is a point I have not satisfactorily determined; every -part of its extra-tropical regions, including Van Diemen’s Land, is -inhabited by Pipits which differ somewhat in size in almost every -colony; still their difference is so slight that I have hitherto -regarded them as mere varieties or local races. - - 226. Anthus Australis, _Vig. & Horsf._ Vol. II. Pl. 73. - -Subfamily ——? - - - Genus CINCLORAMPHUS, _Gould_. - -_Bill_ rather shorter than the head; _culmen_ slightly arched; the tip -distinctly notched; the commissure slightly angulated at the base, and -somewhat incurved for the remainder of its length; _nostrils_ lateral, -oval; _wings_ moderate, rigid, first quill very long and nearly equal to -the second and third, which are the longest; tertials nearly as long as -the primaries; _tail_ rather small and cuneiform; _tarsi_ very strong -and scutellated anteriorly; _toes_ long and powerful, particularly the -hinder one and claw, which is articulated on the same plane with the -inner toe; lateral toes nearly equal. - -The members of this genus, which are three in number, are closely allied -to the Indian genus _Megalurus_, and present even a greater disparity in -the size of the sexes; they are all confined to Australia, where they -frequent the grassy plains and open districts. The song of the males is -more animated than that of any other bird inhabiting the country. - - 227. Cincloramphus cruralis Vol. II. Pl. 74. - 228. Cincloramphus cantillans, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 75. - 229. Cincloramphus rufescens, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 76. - -Subfamily ALAUDINÆ, _Bonap._ - - - Genus MIRAFRA, _Horsf._ - -One, if not two, species of this well-defined genus inhabit Australia. -At present one only has been characterized; but the bird of this form, -frequenting the intertropical portions of the country, may prove to be a -distinct species. - - 230. Mirafra Horsfieldii, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 77. - - - Family FRINGILLIDÆ, _Vig._ - -The Finches of Australia comprise twenty well-marked species, referable -to several genera or subgenera, each of which exhibit a slight -difference in structure, accompanied, as is always the case, by a -difference in habit, and in the districts inhabited; thus the true -_Estreldæ_ frequent grassy patches in the glades of the forests, the -open parts of gullies, &c.; the _Amadinæ_, the stony hills and flats; -the _Poëphilæ_, the grass beds of the open plains; and the _Donacolæ_, -the grasses of the marshy districts and reed-beds: of the habits of -_Emblema_ nothing is known; its pointed bill indicates some peculiarity -in its economy differing from those of the other genera. - -All the species build, I believe, large grassy nests with a spout-like -opening. - -The whole of those figured are peculiar to Australia. - - - Genus ESTRELDA, _Swains._ - - 231. Estrelda bella Vol. II. Pl. 78. - - _Loxia nitida_, Lath. Gen. Hist. vol. v. p. 268? - - 232. Estrelda oculea Vol. II. Pl. 79. - 233. Estrelda Bichenovii Vol. II. Pl. 80. - 234. Estrelda annulosa, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 81. - 235. Estrelda temporalis Vol. II. Pl. 82. - 236. Estrelda Phaëton, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 83. - 237. Estrelda ruficauda, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 84. - 238. Estrelda modesta. - Amadina modesta, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 85. - - - Genus AMADINA, _Swains._ - - 239. Amadina Lathami Vol. II. Pl. 86. - 240. Amadina castanotis, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 87. - - - Genus POËPHILA, _Gould_. - - Generic characters. - -_Bill_ considerably swollen at the base, rendering it nearly as deep and -broad as it is long; _wings_ moderately long, the first quill -rudimentary, the four next equal in length; _feet_ plantigrade, _toes_ -slender; the middle toe much longer than the lateral ones, which are -equal in length; hind-toe much shorter than the middle one; _tail_ -strictly cuneiform, the two middle feathers much produced. - - 241. Poëphila Gouldiæ. - Amadina Gouldiæ, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 88. - 242. Poëphila mirabilis, _Homb. et Jacq._ Vol. II. Pl. 89. - 243. Poëphila acuticauda, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 90. - 244. Poëphila personata, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 91. - 245. Poëphila leucotis, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 92. - 246. Poëphila cincta, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 93. - - - Genus DONACOLA, _Gould_. - -Generic characters. - -As in the genus _Amadina_, but with the _bill_ much more developed and -gibbose at the base, with the _culmen_ elevated and the lower mandible -retiring backward on the face; _wings_ shorter and rounder; feet more -adapted for clinging, and remarkable for the greater development of the -hind-toe and nail; _tail_-feathers rigid. - - 247. Donacola castaneothorax, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 94. - 248. Donacola pectoralis, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 95. - 249. Donacola flaviprymna, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 96. - - - Genus EMBLEMA, _Gould_. - -Generic characters. - -_Bill_ nearly as long as the head, conical, and much resembling that of -the genus _Ploceus_; _wings_ moderately long as compared with the body; -first quill rudimentary, the four next equal in length; _tertiaries_ -much lengthened; _tail_ moderately long and nearly square, or slightly -rounded; _feet_ plantigrade; _toes_ extremely slender, the middle toe -much longer than the lateral ones, which are equal in length. - - 250. Emblema picta, _Gould_ Vol. II. Pl. 97. - -The single example of this beautiful bird, which was procured and -presented to me by B. Bynoe, Esq., is I believe all that has ever been -seen; I regret to say it no longer graces my collection, having been -stolen therefrom, together with some other valuable birds, in the year -1846. - - - Family MERULIDÆ, _Vig._ - - - Genus PITTA, _Vieill._ - -The members of this genus extend from tropical India throughout the -islands of the Indian Archipelago to Australia; one or two species also -occur in Africa. Of the three inhabiting Australia the _Pitta Iris_ is -figured for the first time in the present work, and is one of the very -finest species of this lovely group of birds. - - 251. Pitta strepitans, _Temm._ Vol. IV. Pl. 1. - -Since my account of this species was printed I have received its eggs, -accompanied by the following notes from Mr. Strange of Sydney:— - -“I never saw any bird whose actions are more graceful than those of the -_Pitta strepitans_, when seen in its native brushes, where its presence -is indicated by its singular call, resembling the words ‘_want a -watch_,’ by imitating which you can call it close to the muzzle of your -gun; no sooner, however, does it commence breeding than it becomes shy -and retiring, keeping out of sight in the most artful manner, moving -about from place to place, and occasionally uttering its cry until it -has drawn you away from the nest. The nests I have seen were placed in -the spur of a fig-tree near the ground, outwardly constructed of sticks -and lined with moss, leaves and fine pieces of bark; the eggs are four -in number,” of a pale creamy-white marked all over with -irregularly-shaped blotches of brown and deep vinous grey, the latter -appearing as if beneath the surface of the shell; they are one inch and -a quarter in length by seven-eighths of an inch in breadth. - - 252. Pitta Vigorsii, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 2. - -I regret to say that up to the present time I have not been able to -obtain any information respecting this species, the specimen of which, -in the Linnean Society’s Collection, is the only evidence we have of its -occurring in Australia; I believe New Guinea to be its true habitat. - - 253. Pitta Iris, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 3. - - - Genus CINCLOSOMA, _Vig. & Horsf._ - -Among the novelties comprised in the present work, there are none more -important than the additional members of this genus; three well-defined -species being described and figured, of which only one was previously -known. The form is peculiar to Australia, and is, I believe, closely -allied to my genus _Ianthocincla_, a group of birds confined to India. - - 254. Cinclosoma punctatum, _Vig. & Horsf._ Vol. IV. Pl. 4. - 255. Cinclosoma castanotus, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 5. - 256. Cinclosoma cinnamomeus, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl 6. - -When my drawing of this species was made, I had only seen the male; -since then Captain Sturt has presented me with a female, which differs -from the opposite sex in the absence of the black markings of the -throat, breast and wings, which parts are brownish grey. - - - Genus OREOCINCLA, _Gould_. - -_Bill_ as long, or longer than the head, slightly incurved, compressed -laterally; the tip of the upper mandible overhanging the under; notch -considerably removed from the tip; _tomia_ or cutting edges sharp; -_nostrils_ basal, oval; _rictus_ beset with a few short hairs; _wings_ -moderately long and rigid, first quill very short, the fourth and fifth -nearly equal, and the longest; _tail_ rather short and square, the -feathers rigid, and running to a point exteriorly; _tarsi_ moderate, -scales entire; _toes_ slender, particularly the hinder one; outer toes -nearly equal, but the inner one rather the shortest; _general plumage_ -silky to the touch; the _rump-feathers_ spinous, as in _Ceblepyris_ and -_Graucalus_. - -Species of this genus inhabit India, the Indian Islands and Australia, -in which latter country, although much difference in size is observable -in specimens from different localities, I believe only one exists. It is -decidedly a brush bird, and has many habits in common with the typical -Thrushes, but is more shy and retiring. - - 257. Oreocincla lunulata Vol. IV. Pl. 7. - - - Family PARADISEIDÆ, _G. R. Gray_. - -I certainly consider the accounts I have given of the extraordinary -habits of the _Chlamyderæ_ and _Ptilonorhynchi_ as some of the most -valuable and interesting portions of my work, and however incredible -they may appear I am happy to say they have been fully confirmed by -other observers. - - - Genus CHLAMYDERA, _Gould_. - -Generic characters. - -_Bill_ moderate, _culmen_ elevated, and arched to the tip which is -emarginated, compressed on the sides; _gonys_ slightly advancing -upwards; _nostrils_ basal, lateral, exposed, rounded, and pierced in a -membrane; _wings_ long and pointed, first primary short, second primary -shorter than the third and fourth, which are equal, and the longest; -_tail_ long and slightly rounded; _tarsi_ robust, defended anteriorly -with broad scuta; _toes_ long and strong; outer toe longer than the -inner, hind-toe long and robust; _claws_ long, curved, and acute. - - 258. Chlamydera maculata, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 8. - -Inhabits South Australia, New South Wales, and according to Mr. -Gilbert’s Journal of his overland journey to Port Essington, the -intertropical regions of the east coast. - -In one of Mr. Gilbert’s many interesting letters received since the -account above referred to was printed, he says, “the questions as to the -nidification of _Chlamydera_ is now settled by Mr. C. Coxon having found -a nest in December with three young birds; in form it was very similar -to that of the common Thrush of Europe, being of a cup-shape, -constructed of dried sticks with a slight lining of feathers, and fine -grass, and was placed among the smaller branches of an Acacia -overhanging a pool of water.” - - 259. Chlamydera nuchalis Vol. IV. Pl. 9. - -“I found matter for conjecture,” says Captain Stokes, “in noticing a -number of twigs with their ends stuck in the ground, which was strewed -over with shells, and their tops brought together so as to form a small -bower; this was 2½ feet long, 1½ feet wide at either end. it was not -until my next visit to Port Essington that I thought this anything but -some Australian mother’s toy to amuse her child; there I was asked, one -day, to go and see the ‘birds’ playhouse,’ when I immediately recognised -the same kind of construction I had seen at the Victoria River; the bird -(_Chlamydera nuchalis_ of Mr. Gould’s work) was amusing itself by flying -backwards and forwards, taking a shell alternately from each side, and -carrying it through the archway in its mouth.”—_Discoveries in -Australia_, vol. ii, p. 97. - - - Genus PTILONORHYNCHUS, _Kuhl_. - - 260. Ptilonorhynchus holosericeus, _Kuhl_. Vol. IV. Pl. 10. - -That this bird continues its singular habits under the disadvantages of -captivity, I learn from the following passage in a letter lately -received from Mr. Strange of Sydney. - -“My aviary is now tenanted by a pair of Satin Birds, which I hoped would -have bred, as for the last two months they have been constantly engaged -in constructing bowers, which I find are built for the express purpose -of courting the female in. Both sexes assist in their erection, but the -male is the principal workman. At times the male will chase the female -all over the aviary, then go to the bower, pick up a gay feather or a -large leaf, utter a curious kind of noise, set all his feather erect, -and run around the bower, into which at length the female proceeds, when -he becomes so excited that his eyes appear ready to start from his head, -and he continues opening first one wing and then the other, uttering a -low whistling note, and like the common Cock, seems to be picking up -something from the ground, until at last the female goes gently towards -him, when, after two turns around her, he suddenly makes a dash and the -scene ends.” This pair of birds was sent to England by Mr. Strange for -the Earl of Derby, and had they not unfortunately died from cold while -rounding Cape Horn, they would doubtless have continued their singular -habits in his lordship’s magnificent aviary at Knowsley. - -The habitat of this species appears to be confined to the south-eastern -part of New South Wales, for it has not as yet been found in any other -portion of the country. - - 261. Ptilonorhynchus Smithii, _Vig. & Horsf._ Vol. IV. Pl. 11. - - - Genus SERICULUS, _Swains._ - -A single species only of this form has yet been discovered. - - 262. Sericulus chrysocephalus Vol. IV. Pl. 12. - - _Sericulus magnirostris_, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part V. p. - 145; and in Syn. Birds of Australia, Part IV. Young. - -The brushes of the south-eastern part of Australia is the only locality -in which this bird has yet been found. - -Family ——? - -Subfamily ORIOLINÆ, _G. R. Gray_. - - - Genus ORIOLUS, _Linn._ - -Typical Orioles are widely distributed over Europe, Africa, Asia, the -Indian Islands and Australia, but none have yet been discovered in -Polynesia or America. - -Three species inhabit Australia, two of which are figured; the third -from the northern part of the country is so nearly allied to the _O. -viridis_, that a description alone will be sufficient. - - 263. Oriolus viridis, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 13. - 264. Oriolus affinis, _Gould_. - -Inhabits the neighbourhood of Port Essington, and only differs from the -preceding species in having a shorter wing, a much larger bill, and the -white spots at the tip of the lateral tail-feathers much smaller. - - 265. Oriolus flavovinctus Vol. IV. Pl. 14. - - - Genus SPHECOTHERES, _Vieill._ - -Australia presents us with a single species of this genus; others -inhabit New Guinea and the neighbouring islands; but as yet we have no -evidence of the form occurring on the continent of India. - - 266. Sphecotheres Australis, _Swains._ Vol. IV. Pl. 15. - - _Turdus maxillaris_, Lath. Gen. Hist. vol. v. p. 129? - -Nothing whatever is known of the nidification of this bird; in all -probability it will prove to be very similar to that of the Orioles. - -Family ——? - - - Genus CORCORAX, _Less._ - -A genus containing only one species which possesses many singular -habits; its actions among the branches, its mode of progression over the -ground, and its nidification, being equally remarkable. - - 267. Corcorax leucopterus Vol. IV. Pl. 16. - -Family ——? - - - Genus STRUTHIDEA, _Gould_. - -Generic characters. - -_Bill_ shorter than the head, robust, swollen, arched above, deeper than -broad; _gonys_ angular; _nostrils_ basal, lateral, round and open; -_wings_ moderate, round, first primary short, the fourth and fifth the -longest; secondaries long and broad; _tarsi_ scutellated in front, plain -behind; _toes_ long and strong, the outer one longer than the inner one; -_claws_ strong, compressed and much curved. - -The only known species of this form is confined to the interior of the -southern and eastern parts of Australia, where it inhabits stony ridges, -and is mostly observed on the _Callitris_. - - 268. Struthidea cinerea, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl 17. - -In my account of this species, I have stated that its actions are very -similar to those of the _Corcorax leucopterus_, and the following -extract from Mr. Gilbert’s Journal of his overland journey to Port -Essington shows that the two birds assimilate still more closely in -their nidification:— - -“Oct. 19.—Strolled about in search of novelties, and was amply repaid by -finding the eggs of _Struthidea cinerea_. I disturbed the bird several -times from a rosewood-tree growing in a small patch of scrub, and felt -assured it had a nest, but could only find one, which I considered to be -that of a _Grallina_; determined, if possible, to solve the difficulty, -I lay down at a short distance within full view of the tree, and was not -a little surprised at seeing the bird take possession of, as I believed, -the _Grallina’s_ nest; I immediately climbed the tree and found four -eggs, the medium length of which was one inch and a quarter by -seven-eighths of an inch in breadth; their colour was white, with -blotches, principally at the larger end, of reddish brown, purplish grey -and greenish grey; some of the blotches appearing as if they had been -laid on with a soft brush. From the appearance of the nest I should say -it was an old one of a _Grallina_, but it contained a much greater -quantity of grass for a lining than I ever observed in the nest of that -bird; if this be not the case, then the nests of the two birds are -precisely similar, being like a great basin made of mud, and placed on a -horizontal branch. - -“Oct. 21.—In the evening I again met with the _Struthidea_, which I -disturbed from a nest like the one above described, and from the new -appearance of the structure I am inclined to believe it to be -constructed by the bird itself, although it does so closely resemble -that of _Grallina_, especially as in this case the nest was placed in a -situation far from water, and there were no _Grallinæ_ in the -neighbourhood. This nest, like the last, had a very thick lining of fine -grass, and appeared as if just finished for the reception of the eggs.” - -There is no doubt that the nests above described by Mr. Gilbert were -those of _Struthidea_; those of _Corcorax_ and _Grallina_ are precisely -similar; and it is somewhat singular that three birds differing so much -in structure should build the same kind of mud nests. - - - Family CORVIDÆ, _Leach_. - - - Genus CORVUS, _Linn._ - -It is exceedingly interesting to trace the range of the members of this -genus or the true Crows; not so much on account of their wide -distribution, as from the circumstance of the form being non-existent in -some countries which appear admirably adapted for their well-being; thus -while the species are widely distributed over the whole of Europe, Asia, -Africa, North America, the Indian Islands and Australia, none are to be -found in South America, Polynesia or New Zealand. - - 269. Corvus Coronoides, _Vig. & Horsf._ Vol. IV. Pl. 18. - -This is the only species that has yet been discovered in Australia. - -Family ——? - - - Genus NEOMORPHA, _Gould_. - -This form is strictly Polynesian, and the species confined to New -Zealand. - - 270. Neomorpha Gouldii, _G. R. Gray_ Vol. IV. Pl. 19 - - - Genus POMATORHINUS, _Horsf._ - -The members of this genus range from India throughout all the islands to -Australia, but are not found in Africa or Polynesia; three species are -comprised in the fauna of Australia. - -Much diversity of opinion exists among ornithologists as to the place -this group should occupy in the general system; by most writers they -have been placed with the _Meliphagidæ_, but having had ample -opportunities of observing the Australian species in a state of nature, -I am enabled to affirm that they do not assimilate in any degree with -those birds either in their habits, actions, economy or nidification, in -all which particulars they differ from every group of birds that has -come under my notice. - - 271. Pomatorhinus temporalis Vol. IV. Pl. 20. - - _Turdus frivolus_, Lath. Gen. Hist. vol. v. p. 127? - - 272. Pomatorhinus rubeculus, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 21. - - 273. Pomatorhinus superciliosus, _Vig. & Vol. IV. Pl. 22. - Horsf._ - - - Family MELIPHAGIDÆ, _Vig._ - -By far the greater and most prominent portion of the botany of Australia -consisting of only two or three genera of trees—the _Eucalypti_, -_Banksiæ_, &c.—we should naturally expect its ornithology to comprise -some great groups of birds destined to dwell thereon, and such we find -to be the case, the true Honey-eaters and the Honey-feeding Parrakeets -being remarkably numerous; the former tribe of birds comprise no less -than fifty-eight species, which appear to be naturally divided into -several groups, each characterized by some modification of structure: -although the whole are truly insectivorous, the pollen and the honey in -the flower-cups of the _Eucalypti_ are largely partaken of, and for -procuring which their lengthened tongue terminating in filaments -assuming the form of a brush is most admirably adapted, combined with -which is a remarkably narrow gape and an incapacious stomach. - -Australia is the great nursery of this tribe of birds, but a few species -are found in New Guinea and some of the Polynesian islands. - - - Genus MELIPHAGA, _Vig. & Horsf._ - -No example of this genus has yet been discovered in the northern or -intertropical regions of Australia, all the species known being confined -to the southern parts of the continent, the islands in Bass’s Straits -and Van Diemen’s Land. The members of this group feed principally upon -the pollen and honey of the flower-cups, but occasionally upon insects; -in disposition they are tame and familiar; and they frequent the -_Banksiæ_ in preference to other trees. - -The sexes are alike in plumage, and the young assume the adult plumage -at an early period of their existence. - - 274. Meliphaga Novæ-Hollandiæ Vol. IV. Pl. 23. - 275. Meliphaga longirostris, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 24. - 276. Meliphaga sericea, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 25. - 277. Meliphaga mystacalis, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 26. - 278. Meliphaga Australasiana Vol. IV. Pl. 27. - - _Certhia pyrrhoptera_, Lath. Gen. Hist. vol. iv. p. 197? - - - Genus GLYCIPHILA, _Swains._ - -The members of this genus resort to higher trees than the _Meliphaga_, -are more shy in disposition, possess considerable powers of flight, and -partake more exclusively of insect food. Of the four Australian species, -two, _G. fulvifrons_ and _G. albifrons_, inhabit the southern parts of -the country, the _G. fasciata_ the northern portion, and the little _G. -ocularis_ is universally distributed over the country, and if I mistake -not, is also found in New Guinea and Timor. - -The young of _G. fulvifrons_ and _G. albifrons_ differ considerably from -the adult in their markings. - - 279. Glyciphila fulvifrons Vol. IV. Pl. 28. - - _Certhia melanops_, Lath. Gen. Hist. vol. iv. p. 173? - - 280. Glyciphila albifrons, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 29. - 281. Glyciphila fasciata, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 30. - 282. Glyciphila ocularis, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 31. - - - Genus PTILOTIS, _Swains._ - -The species of this group are not only more numerous than those of any -other division of the _Meliphagidæ_, but they also comprise some of the -most beautiful and gaily-coloured members of the family. Nearly all the -species are either prettily marked about the face, or have the -ear-coverts largely developed and characterized by a colouring different -from that of the other parts of the plumage. The _Eucalypti_ and -_Acaciæ_ are the trees upon which they are usually found; the species -with olive-green backs, such as _P. flavigula_ and _P. leucotis_, -frequent the dwarf or thickly-leaved kinds, the foliage of which -assimilates in colour to that of their plumage; the more gaily-attired -species with bright yellow cheeks and ear-coverts, such as _P. ornatus_ -and _P. plumulus_, are most frequently found among the flowering -_Acaciæ_; some species, particularly _P. penicillata_, descend from the -trees and seek Coleoptera and other insects on the ground; the -_Casuarinæ_ are the favourite trees of _P. sonorus_ and _P. versicolor_; -while the _P. chrysotis_, _P. chrysops_ and _P. fusca_ are almost -entirely confined to the brushes and seek their food among the -_Eucalypti_, the hanging festoons of _Tecoma_ and other beautiful brush -creepers. The members of this group are principally Australian, but I -believe that some species inhabit New Guinea; they mainly subsist upon -insects, to which berries are sometimes added. - -The sexes are alike in plumage, but the females are smaller than the -males, and the young assume the adult livery from the nest. - - 283. Ptilotis chrysotis Vol. IV. Pl 32. - - _Ptilotis Lewinii_, Swains. Class. of Birds, vol. ii. p. 326? - - 284. Ptilotis sonorus, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 33. - 285. Ptilotis versicolor, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 34. - 286. Ptilotis flavigula, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 35. - 287. Ptilotis leucotis Vol. IV. Pl. 36. - 288. Ptilotis auricomis Vol. IV. Pl 37. - 289. Ptilotis cratitius, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 38. - 290. Ptilotis ornatus, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 39. - 291. Ptilotis plumulus, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 40. - 292. Ptilotis flavescens, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 41. - 293. Ptilotis flava, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 42. - 294. Ptilotis penicillatus, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 43. - 295. Ptilotis fusca, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 44. - 296. Ptilotis chrysops Vol. IV. Pl. 45. - 297. Ptilotis unicolor, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 46. - - - Genus PLECTORHYNCHA, _Gould_. - -Generic characters. - -_Bill_ shorter than the head, slightly arched, very pointed, almost -conical and acute; _nostrils_ basal and partly covered by an operculum; -an obsolete notch near the tip of the upper mandible; _wings_ moderate, -the first feather short, the third and fourth the longest; _tail_ -moderate and square; _tarsi_ strong; hind-toe and claw long, powerful -and longer than the middle toe and claw; lateral toes unequal; the outer -one the longest, and united to the middle one nearly to the first joint. - -Of this singular form only one species has yet been discovered. It -inhabits the plains of the eastern portion of Australia, where it dwells -among the _Eucalypti_ and _Acaciæ_; and is a very noisy garrulous bird. - -The sexes are alike in plumage, and the young assume the adult plumage -at a very early age. - - 298. Plectorhyncha lanceolata, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 47. - - - Genus XANTHOMYZA, _Swains._ - -Of this genus only one species is known. - - 299. Xanthomyza Phrygia Vol. IV. Pl. 48. - -The habitat of this bird appears to be confined to the south-eastern -portion of Australia. It generally frequents the highest branches of the -lofty _Eucalypti_, both of the brushes and of the plains, but is most -abundant in the districts near the coast. In its disposition it is bold -and extremely pugnacious. - -The sexes are alike in plumage, and but little difference is observable -between nestling and adult birds. - -The nests I saw were round and cup-shaped, and were mostly placed in the -fork of a tree. - - - Genus MELICOPHILA, _Gould_. - -Generic characters. - -_Bill_ as long as the head, gradually curving downwards from the base, -nearly cylindrical and very pointed; _nostrils_ basal and covered with -an operculum; _wings_ rather lengthened, the first primary short, the -third the longest; _tail_ moderately long, and nearly square; _tarsi_ -long and stout. - -A genus containing only a single species, which so far as we yet know is -confined to Southern and Western Australia. - - 300. Melicophila picata, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 49. - -Possesses many singular habits, and differs from most other species of -the _Meliphagidæ_ in the totally different colouring of the sexes; as -well as in assembling in vast flocks, which continue soaring about -during the greater portion of the day. I was not aware until after my -drawing was made that this bird has a small fleshy appendage beneath the -eye of an ashy-grey colour, which is invisible in a dried skin. The nest -and eggs are said to be very similar to those of _Petroïca multicolor_, -and to be placed in similar situations. - - - Genus ENTOMOPHILA, _Gould_. - -Generic characters. - -_Bill_ nearly as long as the head, somewhat broad at the base, becoming -compressed and pointed at the apex; _tomia_ of the upper mandible arched -and slightly notched at the tip; _nostrils_ basal, oval, pierced in a -membrane and protected by an operculum; _wings_ rather long, first quill -spurious, the second nearly as long as the third, which is the longest; -_tail_ short and nearly square; _tarsi_ short and rather feeble; -hind-toe short and stout; lateral toes unequal, the inner one being -rather the shortest. - - 301. Entomophila picta, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 50. - -The pointed wings of the examples of this bird I had seen prior to my -visit to Australia, led me to infer that its habits were more aërial -than those of the other members of the family, and such proved to be the -case; for while the greater number of the latter cling to and creep -about the branches, the present bird flies about the trees, captures -insects on the wing, and during flight displays the beautiful yellow of -its wings and the white markings of its tail to the greatest advantage. - -Its frail cup-shaped nest is sometimes suspended among the drooping -leaves of the _Acacia pendula_. - - 302. Entomophila albogularis, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 51. - 303. Entomophila rufogularis, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 52. - -I fear I have committed an error in referring the birds from the north -coast (_E. albogularis_ and _E. rufogularis_) to the present genus, for -upon further consideration I believe they will prove to be sufficiently -different from every other form yet characterized to justify their being -separated into a distinct genus. - - - Genus ACANTHOGENYS, _Gould_. - -Generic characters. - -_Bill_ as long as the head, compressed, slightly arched, acute at the -tip; the edges of the upper mandible notched near the tip, and -delicately serrated; _nostrils_ sub-basal; from the base of the -mandibles a naked stripe runs below the eyes, and below this the cheeks -are covered with stiff spines; _wings_ moderate, the first quill-feather -very short, third, fourth and fifth equal and the longest; _tail_ -moderate, nearly equal; _feet_ robust, hind-toe strong and longer than -the middle one, outer toe united at its base to the middle toe; _claws_ -hooked. - -The genus _Acanthogenys_, of which only one species is known, is a form -intermediate in size and in structure between the smaller Honey-eaters -(_Meliphagæ_, _Ptiloti_, &c.) on the one hand, and the larger kinds -(_Anthochæræ_) on the other. - - 304. Acanthogenys rufogularis, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 53. - -This species is widely distributed over the interior of the southern -portion of Australia, from east to west; the sexes are alike in plumage, -and the young are very similar, but are destitute of the spines on the -cheek, which are scarcely assumed during the first year. The _Banksiæ_ -are the trees mostly frequented by this bird, the presence of which is -indicative of sterile sandy districts. - - - Genus ANTHOCHÆRA, _Vig. & Horsf._ - -A genus peculiarly Australian, three species of which are exclusively -confined to the southern or extra-tropical parts of the country, and one -to Van Diemen’s Land. - - 305. Anthochæra inauris, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 54. - 306. Anthochæra carunculata Vol. IV. Pl. 55. - 307. Anthochæra mellivora Vol. IV. Pl. 56. - 308. Anthochæra lunulata, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 57. - -These four birds might with propriety be separated into two genera, -those with auricular appendages, _A. inauris_ and _A. carunculata_, -having many characters differing from those of _A. mellivora_ and _A. -lunulata_. - - - Genus TROPIDORHYNCHUS, _Vig. & Horsf._ - -The law of representation in Australia is chiefly confined to the -species inhabiting the eastern and western coasts, but with the members -of this genus it takes the opposite direction, or north and south, for -more singular and perfect representatives of each other cannot be found -than are the _T. corniculatus_ and _T. citreogularis_ of the -south-eastern parts of the country, the _T. argenticeps_ and _T. -sordidus_ of the north-western. Extra Australian species inhabit New -Guinea and the neighbouring countries. - - 309. Tropidorhynchus corniculatus Vol. IV. Pl. 58. - 310. Tropidorhynchus argenticeps, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 59. - 311. Tropidorhynchus citreogularis, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 60. - 312. Tropidorhynchus sordidus. - -Inhabits the Cobourg Peninsula, and is precisely similar to _T. -citreogularis_, but is smaller in all its admeasurements except in the -bill, which is more developed. - - - Genus ACANTHORHYNCHUS, _Gould_. - -_Bill_ elongated, slender and acute, compressed on the sides; _tomia_ -incurved; _culmen_ acute and elevated; _nostrils_ basal, elongated, and -covered with an operculum; _wings_ moderate in size and semi-rotund; -first and fifth primaries equal; the third and fourth nearly equal in -length, and the longest; _tail_ moderate in size and slightly forked; -_tarsi_ lengthened and strong; middle toe long and robust, external toe -exceeding the inner one in length. - -This genus, like many others of the family, may be regarded as strictly -Australian: it comprises two, if not three, well-marked species, each of -which is confined to a particular part of the country; the _A. -tenuirostris_ dwelling in the eastern, and the _A. superciliosus_ in the -western districts: both inhabit countries precisely in the same degree -of latitude, and form beautiful representatives of each other. Van -Diemen’s Land is the native habitat of the species I have named _A. -dubius_, which, as will be seen, I had made synonymous with _A. -tenuirostris_, but which I am now inclined to consider distinct, an -opinion in which Mr. Blyth coincides. - - 313. Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris Vol. IV. Pl. 61. - 314. Acanthorhynchus dubius, _Gould_. - 315. Acanthorhynchus superciliosus, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 62. - - - Genus MYZOMELA, _Vig. & Horsf._ - -Five well-marked species of this genus are distributed over Australia; -numerous others are found in New Guinea and the neighbouring islands; -the form also occurs in the Polynesian Islands, but is not found in Van -Diemen’s Land. - - 316. Myzomela sanguineolenta Vol. IV. Pl. 63. - 317. Myzomela erythrocephala, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 64. - 318. Myzomela pectoralis, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 65. - 319. Myzomela nigra, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 66. - 320. Myzomela obscura, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 67. - - - Genus ENTOMYZA, _Swains._ - -Two species of this well-defined genus are comprised in the Australian -fauna, one of which inhabits the south-eastern parts of the country, or -New South Wales; the other, which so far as we yet know is strictly -confined to the north-eastern coast, is very plentiful at Port Essington -and in the neighbouring districts. - -The form appears to be confined to Australia, for I have never seen it -from any other country. - - 321. Entomyza cyanotis Vol. IV. Pl. 68. - -This bird has the habit—a somewhat remarkable one among the -Honey-eaters—of selecting the nest of _Pomatorhinus temporalis_ for the -reception of its eggs. - - 322. Entomyza albipennis, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 69. - - - Genus MELITHREPTUS, _Vieill._ - -No one group of birds is more universally distributed over Australia -than the _Melithrepti_, for their range extends from Van Diemen’s Land -on the south to the most northern part of the continent; and they are -equally numerous from east to west, each part of country being inhabited -by a species peculiarly its own. The _Eucalypti_ are the trees upon -which they are almost exclusively found. I believe the form is unknown -out of Australia. - - 323. Melithreptus validirostris, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 70. - 324. Melithreptus gularis, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 71. - 325. Melithreptus lunulatus Vol. IV. Pl. 72. - 326. Melithreptus chloropsis, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 73. - 327. Melithreptus albogularis, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 74. - 328. Melithreptus melanocephalus, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 75. - - _Certhia agilis_, Lath. Gen. Hist. vol. iv. p. 204. - - - Genus MYZANTHA, _Vig. & Horsf._ - -During the progress of this work three additional species of this genus -have been discovered, one in the interior of New South Wales, the second -at Swan River, and the third on the north-west coast; consequently it is -a genus the members of which are widely distributed over nearly every -part of Australia. - - 329. Myzantha garrula Vol. IV. Pl. 76. - 330. Myzantha obscura, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 77. - 331. Myzantha lutea, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 78. - 332. Myzantha flavigula, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 79. - 333. Myzantha melanophrys Vol. IV. Pl. 80. - -Family ——? - - - Genus ZOSTEROPS, _Vig. & Horsf._ - -Three well-defined species of this genus inhabit the continent of -Australia and Van Diemen’s Land; two are found on Norfolk Island, and -numerous others inhabit the Indian Islands and the continent of India -even to the Himalaya Mountains. - -In placing this group next to the Honey-eaters, I have been influenced -by their approximation to those birds in some of their habits: they also -exhibit a further degree of affinity in the form and structure of their -nest, but not in the colouring of their eggs, which are always blue in -colour. - - 334. Zosterops dorsalis, _Vig. & Horsf._ Vol. IV. Pl. 81. - 335. Zosterops chloronotus, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 82. - 336. Zosterops luteus, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 83. - - - Family CUCULIDÆ, _Leach_. - -The family _Cuculidæ_ is very fairly represented in Australia, since we -there find species belonging to the greater number of the Old World -genera, and one, _Scythrops_, which has not hitherto, I believe, been -found elsewhere. With the exception of _Centropus_ and _Eudynamys_, -they, like their prototypes, are parasitic in their nidification, and -depend upon other birds for the hatching of their eggs and the feeding -of their offspring. - - - Genus CUCULUS, _Linn._ - - 337. Cuculus optatus, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 84. - -Since my description of this species was printed I have seen specimens -from India, with the name of _Cuculus micropterus_ attached to them: -should this name have been published prior to the one I have assigned to -it, my name must sink into a synonym. - - 338. Cuculus inornatus, _Vig. & Horsf._ Vol. IV. Pl. 85. - - _Columba pallida_, Lath. Gen. Hist. vol. - viii. p. 30. - - 339. Cuculus cineraceus, _Vig. & Horsf._ Vol. IV. Pl. 86. - - 340. Cuculus insperatus, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 87. - - 341. Cuculus dumetorum, _Gould_ - -This species, which inhabits the north-western coast, differs from _C. -insperatus_ in being of a much smaller size and in the whole of the -plumage being of a browner hue. - - - Genus CHRYSOCOCCYX, _Boie_. - -The members of this genus are distributed over most parts of the Old -World; two species occur in Australia. - - 342. Chrysococcyx osculans. - Chalcites osculans, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 88. - 343. Chrysococcyx lucidus Vol. IV. Pl. 89. - - _Sylvia versicolor_, Lath. in Lambert’s Drawings. - - - Genus SCYTHROPS, _Lath._ - -The only known species of this remarkable form inhabits the eastern -parts of Australia, and according to information derived from the notes -made by Mr. Gilbert during Dr. Leichardt’s Expedition, extends its range -northward from thence to within the tropics. - -I have recently had a young specimen presented to me by Lady Dowling, -one of two taken from a branch of a tree while being fed by birds not of -its own species, an important fact as showing the parasitic habits of -the bird. - - 344. Scythrops Novæ-Hollandiæ, _Lath._ Vol. IV. Pl. 90. - - - Genus EUDYNAMYS, _Vig. & Horsf._ - -One species only of this form inhabits Australia; others are found in -the Indian Islands and on the continent of India. - - 345. Eudynamys Flindersii Vol. IV. Pl. 91. - - - Genus CENTROPUS, _Ill._ - -On reference to my account of the _Centropus Phasianus_, it will be seen -I have stated that some variation exists in the form of the bill in -specimens from different localities, intimated a belief of there being -more than one species, and remarked that should such prove to be the -case, the term _macrourus_ might be applied to the Port Essington birds, -and _melanurus_ to those from the north-west coast; and these names are -provisionally given until future research has proved whether they be or -be not distinct. - - 346. Centropus Phasianus Vol. IV. Pl. 92. - 347. Centropus macrourus, _Gould_. - 348. Centropus melanurus, _Gould_. - - - Family CERTHIADÆ, _Vig._ - - - Genus CLIMACTERIS, _Temm._ - -Several species of this well-defined and singular group of Australian -birds have lately been discovered; two out of the six now known are all -that had been described prior to the publication of the present work. -With the exception of Van Diemen’s Land and the Cobourg Peninsula, every -colony is inhabited by one or other of the following species:— - - 349. Climacteris scandens, _Temm._ Vol. IV. Pl. 93. - 350. Climacteris rufa, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 94. - 351. Climacteris erythrops, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 95. - 352. Climacteris melanotus, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 96. - 353. Climacteris melanura, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 97. - 354. Climacteris picumnus, _Temm._ Vol. IV. Pl. 98. - - _Certhia leucophæa_, Lath. Gen. Hist., vol. iv. p. 182. - - - Genus ORTHONYX, _Temm._ - -Much difference of opinion has arisen among ornithologists respecting -the situation of this bird in the natural system, and as to what genus -it is most nearly allied; I regret to say that not having seen much of -it in its native wilds, I am unable to clear up these disputed points. -The form is strictly Australian, and the single species known is -confined to the south-eastern part of the country. - - 355. Orthonyx spinicaudus, _Temm._ Vol. IV. Pl. 99. - -M. Jules Verreaux, who has written a highly interesting account of this -bird, states that it is strictly terrestrial, and scratches among the -detritus and fallen leaves for its food, throwing back the earth like -the _Gallinaceæ_. It never climbs, as was formerly supposed, but runs -over fallen trunks of trees;—is rather solitary in its habits, seldom -more than two being seen together. Its often-repeated cry of -_cri-cri-cri-crite_ betrays its presence, when its native haunts, the -most retired parts of the forest, are visited. Its chief food consists -of insects, their larvæ, and woodbugs. It builds a large domed nest, of -slender mosses; the entrance being by a lateral hole near the bottom. -The eggs are white and disproportionately large. The situation of the -nest is the side of a slanting rock or large stone, the entrance-hole -being level with the surface.—_Revue Zoologique_, July 1847. - - - Genus PTILORIS, _Swains._ - -In placing this beautiful bird near the _Climacteres_, I am influenced -in the first place by the great similarity of its structure, and in the -next by the account I have received of its actions in a state of nature; -I allude more particularly to its mode of ascending the trees, which -precisely resembles that of the _Certhiæ_. One species only of this form -is found in Australia, but many allied genera, _Promerops_, &c., inhabit -New Guinea and the neighbouring islands. - - 356. Ptiloris paradiseus, _Swains._ Vol. IV. Pl. 100. - -That the range of this species extends from the eastern parts of -Australia to within the tropics, is proved by Mr. Gilbert’s having once -seen it near the Gulf of Carpentaria during his last Expedition. - - - Genus SITTELLA, _Swains._ - -The _Sittella chrysoptera_ was the only species of this Australian form -known to previous writers; to this has been added one from Southern and -Western Australia, another from Moreton Bay, and a third from the north -coast. - -The form does not exist in Van Diemen’s Land. - - 357. Sittella chrysoptera Vol. IV. Pl. 101. - 358. Sittella leucocephala, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 102. - 359. Sittella leucoptera, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 103. - 360. Sittella pileata, _Gould_ Vol. IV. Pl. 104. - - - Family PSITTACIDÆ, _Leach_. - -No one group of birds gives to Australia so tropical and foreign an air -as the numerous species of this great family, by which it is tenanted, -each and all of which are individually very abundant. Immense flocks of -white Cockatoos may be seen perched among the green foliage of the -_Eucalypti_; the brilliant scarlet breasts of the Rose-hills blaze forth -from the yellow-flowering _Acaciæ_; the _Trichoglossi_ or Honey-eating -Parrakeets enliven the flowering branches of the larger _Eucalypti_ with -their beauty and their lively actions; the little Grass Parrakeets -frequent the plains of the interior and render these solitary spots a -world of animation; nay, the very towns, particularly Hobart Town and -Adelaide, are constantly visited by flights of this beautiful tribe of -birds, which traverse the streets with arrow-like swiftness, and chase -each other precisely after the manner the Swifts are seen to do in our -own islands. In the public roads of Van Diemen’s Land the beautiful -_Platycerci_ may be constantly seen in small companies, performing -precisely the same offices as the Sparrow in England. I have also seen -flocks of from fifty to a hundred, like tame pigeons, at the barn-doors -in the farm-yards of the settlers, to which they descend for the refuse -grain thrown out with the straw by the threshers. As might naturally be -expected, the agriculturist is often sadly annoyed by the destruction -certain species effect among his newly-sown and ripening corn, -particularly where the land has been recently cleared and is adjacent to -the brushes. Fifty-five well-defined species of this great family are -described and figured in the present work. They appear to constitute -four great groups, each comprising several genera, nearly the whole of -which are strictly and peculiarly Australian; for instance, neither -_Calyptorhynchus_, _Platycercus_, _Euphema_, _Psephotus_, -_Melopsittacus_, or _Nymphicus_ have been found in any other country; -and whether we consider the elegance of their forms or the beauty of -their plumage, they may vie with the members of this extensive family -from any part of the world. - - - Genus CACATUA, _Briss._ - -Australia, the Molucca and Philippine Islands and New Guinea are the -great nurseries of the members of this genus. They incubate in holes of -trees or in rocks, and lay two eggs. - - 361. Cacatua galerita Vol. V. Pl. 1. - -There are evidently several varieties or races of this species in -Australia, each possessing a modification in the form of the bill -doubtless given for some specific purpose; the Van Diemen’s Land bird is -the largest, and has the upper mandible attenuated, while the Port -Essington bird is altogether smaller, and has a much more arched bill. - - 362. Cacatua Leadbeaterii Vol. V. Pl. 2. - -This species ranges over all the southern portions of Australia between -the 20th and 30th degrees of S. latitude. I have never seen a specimen -from the north, and I believe it does not inhabit that part of the -country; its true habitat appears to be the interior, for it is never -found near the coast. - - 363. Cacatua sanguinea, _Gould_ Vol. V. Pl. 3. - -This species has been found on the north coast, and was observed by -Captain Sturt at the Depôt in Central Australia; we may hence infer that -its range extends over all the intermediate country. - - 364. Cacatua Eos Vol. V. Pl. 4. - -This fine bird, which is strictly Australian, is distributed over all -parts of the interior of the country, and is as abundant in the north as -it is in the south; it was also observed by Captain Sturt at the Depôt. - -The specimens from the north are of a larger size and have the orbits -more denuded than those from the south. - - - Genus LICMETIS, _Wagl._ - -The two species forming the genus _Licmetis_ are not only confined to -Australia, but, so far as we yet know, to the southern portions of that -continent; one inhabits the western and the other the eastern part of -the country. Their singularly formed bill being admirably adapted for -procuring their food on the ground, they are more terrestrial in their -habits than the other members of the family. - - 365. Licmetis nasicus Vol. V. Pl. 5. - 366. Licmetis pastinator, _Gould_. - - _Licmetis pastinator_, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part VIII. p. - 175. - -Lores scarlet; general plumage white; the base of the feathers of the -head and front of the neck scarlet, showing through and giving those -parts a stained appearance; the basal half of the inner webs of the -primaries, the inner webs of all the other feathers of the wing, and the -inner webs of the tail-feathers beautiful brimstone-yellow; naked space -round the eye greenish blue; irides light brown; bill white; feet dull -olive-grey. - -Inhabits Western Australia. - -Differs from _L. nasicus_ in being of a much larger size; but the -colouring being similar, I have not thought it necessary to figure it. - - - Genus NESTOR, _Wagl._ - -Of this genus two species are known, one of which was exclusively -confined to Phillip Island, and the other inhabits New Zealand; they are -evidently the remains of a race, all the other members of which are -probably extinct. - - 367. Nestor productus, _Gould_ Vol. V. Pl. 6. - -The few examples of this species that may exist in captivity are all -that survive, none remaining on Phillip Island, their native habitat. - - - Genus CALYPTORHYNCHUS, _Vig. & Horsf._ - -The _Calyptorhynchi_ are strictly arboreal, and are evidently formed to -live upon the seeds of the _Banksiæ_, _Eucalypti_, and other trees -peculiar to the country they inhabit; they diversify their food by -occasionally devouring large caterpillars; as they mostly move about in -small companies of from four to six in number they can scarcely be -considered gregarious. Their flight is rather powerful, but at the same -time laboured and heavy; and their voice is a low crying call, totally -different from the harsh screaming notes of the _Cacatuæ_. Each division -of the country, from the north coast of the continent to Van Diemen’s -Land, is inhabited by its own peculiar species. - -I have never seen a member of this genus from any other country than -Australia, but I have heard that an extraordinary Parrot, said to be -larger than any at present in our collections, inhabits New Guinea, and -which, from the description given of it, will probably be of this form. -The _Calyptorhynchi_ lay from two to four eggs in the holes of trees. - - 368. Calyptorhynchus Banksii Vol. V. Pl. 7. - 369. Calyptorhynchus macrorhynchus, _Gould_ Vol. V. Pl. 8. - -Inhabits the north coast, where it represents the _C. Banksii_ of the -eastern and the _C. naso_ of the western coasts. - - 370. Calyptorhynchus naso, _Gould_ Vol. V. Pl. 9. - -This species, which is confined to Western Australia, is rendered -conspicuous by the small size of its crest, and by its bill being nearly -as large as that of _C. macrorhynchus_, while its wings are much shorter -than those of that species. - - 371. Calyptorhynchus Leachii Vol. V. Pl. 10. - - _Banksianus Australis_, Less. Traité d’Orn. p. 180, Atlas, pl. 18, - fig. 2, fem. - -Inhabits the south-eastern parts of the continent, and differs from all -the others in its smaller size, the gibbose form of its bill, and in the -paucity of its crest. - - 372. Calyptorhynchus funereus Vol. V. Pl. 11. - -Confined, I believe, to New South Wales, and South Australia? - - 373. Calyptorhynchus xanthonotus, _Gould_ Vol. V. Pl. 12. - -The true habitat of this species is Van Diemen’s Land, but I have lately -received a specimen from Port Lincoln, which proves that its range -extends to South Australia. It is distinguished from _C. funereus_ by -its much smaller size, and by the uniformity of the yellow colouring of -the tail. - - 374. Calyptorhynchus Baudinii, _Vig._ Vol. V. Pl. 13. - -Inhabits Western Australia, and is distinguished by its small size and -by the white marks on the tail. - - - Genus CALLOCEPHALON, _Less._ - -Of this form only a single species is known. - - 375. Callocephalon galeatum Vol. V. Pl. 14. - -Inhabits the southern coast of Australia and Van Diemen’s Land. - - - Genus POLYTELIS, _Wagl._ - -This genus comprises two species, both of which are peculiar to the -southern portions of Australia. They have many characters common to, and -resemble in appearance, the _Palæorni_ of India. - - 376. Polytelis Barrabandi Vol. V. Pl. 15. - 377. Polytelis melanura Vol. V. Pl. 16. - - - Genus APROSMICTUS, _Gould_. - - Generic characters. - -As in _Platycercus_, but the _bill_ more feeble; _cere_ and _nostrils_ -covered with fine hair-like feathers; _wings_ longer and less concave; -_tail_ more square; _tarsi_ shorter and _toes_ longer than in that -genus. - -Two, if not three species of this form inhabit Australia, and others are -found in New Guinea and the neighbouring islands. They are distinguished -from the _Platycerci_ by the possession of a well-developed _os -furcatorium_, a bone which is entirely wanting in the members of that -genus; in their habits they are mainly arboreal, and in their -disposition are morose and sullen. - - 378. Aprosmictus scapulatus Vol. V. Pl. 17. - -This species appears to be confined to New South Wales. - - 379. Aprosmictus erythropterus Vol. V. Pl. 18. - -The red-winged Parrakeets from the north coast are nearly a fourth -smaller than those inhabiting the Liverpool plains and similar districts -of the south coast; are they varieties of each other or distinct -species? - - - Genus PLATYCERCUS, _Vig._ - -In my opinion the New Zealand birds that have been placed in this genus -are not true _Platycerci_, all the known species of which are confined -to Australia; they comprise fourteen species which appear to be -naturally divisible into minor groups, to which generic appellations may -hereafter be given; for instance the _P. semitorquatus_, _P. Baueri_, -_P. Barnardi_, &c. form one; the _P. Adelaidiæ_, _P. Pennantii_, _P. -flaveolus_, _P. flaviventris_, &c. form another; _P. eximius_, _P. -splendidus_, _P. icterotis_, &c. form a third; and _P. pileatus_ a -fourth. - -The members of this and the two next genera lay from seven to ten eggs -in the holes of trees. - - 380. Platycercus semitorquatus Vol. V. Pl. 19. - 381. Platycercus Baueri Vol. V. Pl. 20. - 382. Platycercus Barnardii, _Vig. & Horsf._ Vol. V. Pl. 21. - 383. Platycercus Adelaidiæ, _Gould_ Vol. V. Pl. 22. - 384. Platycercus Pennantii Vol. V. Pl. 23. - 385. Platycercus flaviventris Vol. V. Pl. 24. - 386. Platycercus flaveolus, _Gould_ Vol. V. Pl. 25 - 387. Platycercus palliceps, _Vig._ Vol. V. Pl. 26. - 388. Platycercus eximius Vol. V. Pl. 27. - 389. Platycercus splendidus, _Gould_ Vol. V. Pl. 28. - 390. Platycercus icterotis Vol. V. Pl. 29. - 391. Platycercus ignitus, _Leadb._ Vol. V. Pl. 30. - 392. Platycercus Brownii Vol. V. Pl. 31. - 393. Platycercus pileatus, _Vig._ Vol. V. Pl. 32. - - - Genus PSEPHOTUS, _Gould_. - - Generic characters. - -As in _Euphema_, but the _cere_, in which the nostrils are placed, more -swollen or developed; _wings_ rather short and the _tail_ much -lengthened; the lateral feathers short and not so regularly graduated; -_feet_ more adapted for terrestrial progression. - -All the members of this genus are confined to Australia, and hold an -intermediate station between the _Platycerci_ on the one hand and the -_Euphemæ_ on the other. They pass much of their time on the ground, -where the principal part of their food is procured; inhabit the interior -rather than the country near the coast, and are adapted for the open -plains, where they often assemble in vast flocks. - -I have figured four species, and I have seen a drawing in the possession -of Mr. Brown, made by Ferdinand Bauer from a bird said to have been -found near the Gulf of Carpentaria, which will probably form a fifth. - - 394. Psephotus hæmatogaster, _Gould_ Vol. V. Pl. 33. - -This species differs from all the other members of the genus, as well as -from those of the allied genera, in the pointed form of the tips of its -primaries. - -If they be not local varieties of each other, there are two birds -confounded under this name, one having yellow and the other scarlet -under tail-coverts; it will be necessary, however, to see other examples -before we can decide whether they are or are not distinct. Captain Sturt -brought specimens with yellow under tail-coverts from the Depôt in the -interior of South Australia. - - 395. Psephotus pulcherrimus, _Gould_ Vol. V. Pl. 34. - 396. Psephotus multicolor Vol. V. Pl. 35. - 397. Psephotus hæmatonotus, _Gould_ Vol. V. Pl. 36. - - - Genus EUPHEMA, _Wagl._ - -The members of this genus are exclusively Australian and appear to be -confined to the extra-tropical parts of the country, no species having -yet been seen from the north coast. Our knowledge of this group has been -extended from three to seven species, all of which are abundantly -distributed over the southern portions of the continent, and two of them -over Van Diemen’s Land. - - 398. Euphema chrysostoma Vol. V. Pl. 37. - 399. Euphema elegans, _Gould_ Vol. V. Pl. 38. - 400. Euphema aurantia, _Gould_ Vol. V. Pl. 39. - 401. Euphema petrophila, _Gould_ Vol. V. Pl. 40. - 402. Euphema pulchella Vol. V. Pl. 41. - 403. Euphema splendida, _Gould_ Vol. V. Pl. 42. - -Captain Sturt procured a single male example of this beautiful bird -during his journey into the interior of South Australia. - - 404. Euphema Bourkii Vol. V. Pl. 43. - -Captain Sturt found this species in abundance at the Depôt in Central -Australia. - - - Genus MELOPSITTACUS, _Gould_. - -Generic characters. - -_Bill_ moderate; _culmen_ arched; _tomia_ descending at the base, then -ascending and curving downwards to the tip; _nostrils_ basal, lateral, -open, and seated in a broad swollen cere; _wings_ rather long, pointed, -first primary very long, the second the longest; _tail_ long and much -graduated; _tarsi_ moderate and covered with minute scales; _toes_ -slender, the outer toe much longer than the inner one. - -The only known species of this form is strictly gregarious, assembles in -vast flocks, and is admirably adapted for plains and downs covered with -grasses, upon the seeds of which it entirely subsists. - - 405. Melopsittacus undulatus Vol. V. Pl. 44. - -In all probability this bird is universally dispersed over the whole of -the interior of Australia, since independently of its previously known -range from Swan River on the west to New South Wales on the east, Mr. -Gilbert observed it in every part of the country between Moreton Bay and -the Gulf of Carpentaria. - - - Genus NYMPHICUS, _Wagl._ - -As of _Melopsittacus_, there is only one species known of this genus. It -is strictly Australian, and will doubtless hereafter be found to be -universally distributed over that vast country; it is equally adapted -for the plains, and the two birds are frequently found associated. - - 406. Nymphicus Novæ-Hollandiæ Vol. V. Pl. 45. - -There are two distinct varieties of this species, one having a much -darker colouring than the other. - - - Genus PEZOPORUS, _Ill._ - -Of this terrestrial form but one species is known, which is very -generally distributed over the temperate portions of Australia, the -islands in Bass’s Straits and Van Diemen’s Land. The eggs are laid on -the bare ground. - - 407. Pezoporus formosus Vol. V. Pl. 46. - - - Genus LATHAMUS, _Less._ - -Of this form only a single species is known to exist in Australia, and -that species had been assigned to a different genus by almost every -recent writer on ornithology, Messrs. Vigors and Horsfield placing it in -their genus _Nanodes_, Wagler in his genus _Euphema_, &c.; subsequently -M. Lesson made it the type of his genus _Lathamus_, giving it at the -same time the specific appellation of _rubrifrons_, which must of course -give place to that of _discolor_, long before applied to it by Latham. - -Having had ample opportunities of observing this bird in a state of -nature, I concur in the propriety of M. Lesson’s views in separating it -into a distinct genus; at the same time I must remark that in its -habits, nidification, food and whole economy, it is most closely allied -to the _Trichoglossi_ or honey-eating Parrakeets, and in no degree -related to the _Euphemæ_. - - 408. Lathamus discolor Vol. V. Pl. 47. - - - Genus TRICHOGLOSSUS, _Vig. & Horsf._ - -The arboreal group of _Trichoglossi_ or honey-eating Lorikeets, if not -so numerous in species as the grass-feeding Parrakeets, are individually -much more abundant and are more universally dispersed, being found in -every part of the country yet visited; several species inhabit New South -Wales: only one has yet been found in Western Australia. Other members -of the genus are found in New Guinea and the Moluccas, but Australia is -the great nursery for the birds of this form. - -In their structure, habits and mode of nidification, and in their -economy, no two groups of the same family can be more widely different -than the _Trichoglossi_ and the _Platycerci_; the pencilled tongue, -diminutive stomach, thick skin, tough flesh, and fœtid odour of the -former presenting a decided contrast to the simple tongue, capacious -crop and stomach, thin skin, delicate flesh and freedom from odour of -the latter; besides which the _Trichoglossi_ possess a strong _os -furcatorium_, which organ is wanting in the _Platycerci_; hence while -the _Trichoglossi_ are powerful, swift and arrow-like in their flight, -the _Platycerci_ are feeble, pass through the air in a succession of -undulations near the ground, and never fly to any great distance. The -mode in which the two groups approach and alight upon and quit the trees -is also remarkably different; the _Trichoglossi_ dashing among and -alighting upon the branches simultaneously, and with the utmost -rapidity, and quitting them in like manner, leaving the deafening sound -of their thousand voices echoing through the woods; while the -_Platycerci_ rise to the branches after their undulating flight and -leave them again in the like quiet manner, no sound being heard but -their inward piping note. - -The eggs of the _Trichoglossi_ are from two to four in number. - - 409. Trichoglossus Swainsonii, _Jard. & Selb._ Vol. V. Pl. 48. - - 410. Trichoglossus rubritorquis, _Vig. & Vol. V. Pl. 49. - Horsf._ - - “Procured at Port Molle on the north-east coast, previously only -found at Port Essington.”—J. M’Gillivray. - - 411. Trichoglossus chlorolepidotus. Vol. V. Pl. 50. - 412. Trichoglossus versicolor, _Vig._ Vol. V. Pl. 51. - 413. Trichoglossus concinnus. Vol. V. Pl. 52. - 414. Trichoglossus porphyrocephalus, _Diet._ Vol. V. Pl. 53. - 415. Trichoglossus pusillus. Vol. V. Pl. 54. - - - - - Order RASORES, _Ill._ - - - Family COLUMBIDÆ, _Leach_. - -The members of this important family are distributed over every portion -of the globe, in no part of which are they more numerous than in -Australia, since that country is inhabited by no less than twenty-one -species, which, like its _Psittacidæ_, comprise several well-marked and -distinct genera, and appear to be naturally divided into two great -groups, the one arboreal, the other terrestrial; the _Ptilinopi_, -_Carpophagæ_ and _Lopholaimus_, with their expansive gullets and broad -hand-like feet forming part of the former, and the _Phaps_, _Geophaps_ -and _Geopeliæ_ the latter. The _Ptilinopi_ and other allied forms are, -in consequence of the peculiar character of the vegetation, confined, -without a single exception, to the eastern and northern parts of the -country. - -The species of the genus _Phaps_, a form which I believe to be confined -to Australia, are more widely dispersed than those of any other section -of the family, being universally distributed over the entire country -from north to south and from east to west; even the parched deserts of -the interior are visited by them if a supply of water be within reach of -their evening flight, which is performed with the most extraordinary -rapidity and power. - - - Genus PTILINOPUS, _Swains._ - -The species of this genus, the most brilliant and highly-coloured of the -_Columbidæ_, range over Australia, New Guinea, Malacca, Celebes, and -Polynesia; two of the three Australian species are I believe confined to -that country. - - 416. Ptilinopus Swainsonii, _Gould_ Vol. V. Pl. 55. - 417. Ptilinopus Ewingii, _Gould_ Vol. V. Pl. 56. - 418. Ptilinopus superbus Vol. V. Pl. 57. - - _Ptilinopus superbus_, Steph. cont. of Shaw’s Gen. Zool., vol. - xiv. p. 279. - - - Genus CARPOPHAGA, _Selby_. - -The species of this genus are widely dispersed over Australia, New -Guinea, Malacca, Celebes and Polynesia. Strictly arboreal in their -habits and feeding entirely upon fruits, berries and seeds, they -frequent the towering fig-trees when their fruit is ripe, and the lofty -palms for the sake of their large round seeds. I have frequently -observed large flocks moving about from one part of the forest to -another, consequently they may be considered a gregarious race; their -short tarsi and dilated feet are ill-adapted for the ground, and I have -never seen them descend from the trees, not even for water. - - 419. Carpophaga magnifica Vol. V. Pl. 58. - 420. Carpophaga leucomela Vol. V. Pl. 59. - 421. Carpophaga luctuosa Vol. V. Pl. 60. - - - Genus LOPHOLAIMUS, _G. R. Gray_. - -The single species of this genus is strictly a fruit-eating Pigeon, and -is confined, so far as we yet know, to the brushes of New South Wales, -where it moves about in large flocks and feeds upon the wild figs and -other fruits and berries which the trees of the brushes afford. - - 422. Lopholaimus Antarcticus Vol. V. Pl. 61. - -A noble bird ornamented with a large occipital crest. - - - Genus CHALCOPHAPS, _Gould_. - -Generic characters. - -“_Bill_ slender, moderate and straight, the tip vaulted and rather -arched; _nostrils_ lateral, membranous and swollen, with the opening in -the middle of the bill; _wings_ long, second and third primaries nearly -equal and the longest; _tail_ moderate and much rounded; _tarsi_ rather -shorter than the middle toe, robust and covered with transverse scales; -_toes_ long, the lateral and the hind-toes nearly as long as the outer; -_claws_ moderate and curved.”—Gray and Mitchell’s Genera of Birds, Art. -GOURINÆ. - -A genus of Brush Pigeons, the members of which seek their food on the -ground and live on the fallen seeds and berries they find there. Two -species inhabit Australia, one of which is confined to the eastern and -the other to the northern coast; other species are found in Java, -Sumatra, and on the continent of India, the whole forming a group well -worthy of investigation by the scientific ornithologist. - - 423. Chalcophaps chrysochlora Vol. V. Pl. 62. - -The bird of this form inhabiting the country in the neighbourhood of -Port Essington differs from those inhabiting New South Wales in the much -greater length of the mandibles, and is altogether a much finer bird: -consequently I am induced to believe that it is distinct from its -southern prototype; I would therefore provisionally name it— - - 424. Chalcophaps longirostris. - -I have not figured it, inasmuch as the colouring is similar, but more -brilliant, and has the bands across the rump more distinct than in _C. -chrysochlora_. - - - Genus LEUCOSARCIA, _Gould_. - -Generic characters. - -_Bill_ lengthened, almost cylindrical, fleshy for two-thirds of its -length from the base; _nostrils_ lateral and covered by an oval swollen -operculum; _wings_ very short and concave; _tail_ short; _tarsi_ -lengthened and defended in front by large distinct scuta; _toes_ rather -short, hind-toe situated high upon the tarsus. - -A genus proposed by me for the reception of the Wonga-Wonga Pigeon of -the Australian Brushes, a bird having many peculiar habits, but which, -being mainly terrestrial, lead it to frequent the ground in the midst of -the dense forests, where it moves about in pairs, feeding upon seeds and -berries. Its flesh being remarkably white and extremely delicate, it is -one of the best birds for the table inhabiting Australia, or indeed any -other country. - -The colour of the flesh suggested the generic term I have assigned to -it. - - 425. Leucosarcia picata Vol. V. Pl. 63. - - - Genus PHAPS, _Selby_. - -The members of this genus, generally known by the name of Bronze-wings, -form an excellent viand for the settlers, and one of the greatest boons -bestowed upon the explorer, since they not only furnish him with a -supply of nutritious food, but direct him by their straight and -arrow-like evening flight to the situations where he may find water, -that element without which man cannot exist. - - 426. Phaps chalcoptera. - Peristera chalcoptera Vol. V. Pl. 64. - 427. Phaps elegans. - Peristera elegans Vol. V. Pl. 65. - 428. Phaps histrionica. - Peristera histrionica, _Gould_ Vol. V. Pl. 66. - -“This beautiful pigeon,” says Captain Sturt, “is an inhabitant of the -interior. It lays its eggs in February, depositing them under any low -bush in the middle of the open plains. In the end of March and the -beginning of April they collect in large flocks and live on the seed of -the rice-grass, which the natives also collect for food. During the -short period this harvest lasts the flavour of this pigeon is most -delicious, but at other times it is indifferent. It flies to water at -sunset, but like the Bronze-wing only wets the bill. It is astonishing -indeed that so small a quantity as a bare mouthful should be sufficient -to quench its thirst in the burning deserts it inhabits. It left us in -the beginning of May, and I think migrated to the N.E., for the further -we went to the westward the fewer did we see of it.” - -Mr. Gilbert observed this species in vast flocks on the plains in -latitude 19° S. - - - Genus GEOPHAPS, _Gould_. - -Generic characters. - -_Bill_ very short and robust; _eyes_ surrounded with a bare skin; -_wings_ very short and rounded; _tertiaries_ long, and broad at their -ends; _tarsi_ moderately long; _toes_ shorter than the tarsus, the inner -toe rather the longest. - -The members of this genus are peculiar to Australia; are more -terrestrial in their habits than any other form of pigeons inhabiting -that country; incubate on the ground; squat like the partridges when -their haunts are intruded upon; inhabit the plains and open downs; have -white pectoral muscles; are excellent food for man; run with great -rapidity; fly swiftly for short distances; and when disturbed either -perch on the larger branches, on which they squat lengthwise, or descend -to the ground and run off after the manner of the true _Gallinaceæ_. - - 429. Geophaps scripta Vol. V. Pl. 67. - 430. Geophaps Smithii Vol. V. Pl. 68. - 431. Geophaps plumifera, _Gould_ Vol. V. Pl. 69. - -“Lat. 17° 30′, March 6. I was fortunate enough to kill for the first -time _Geophaps plumifera_, a species hitherto only known from a single -specimen sent home by Mr. Bynoe of H.M.S. Beagle. The irides are bright -orange, the naked skin before and surrounding the eyes bright crimson; -the bill dark greenish grey; the scales of the legs and toes greenish -grey; skin between the scales light ashy grey. Its flight and actions on -the ground are precisely similar to those of the other species of the -genus. I only saw the specimen I killed, but afterwards learned that one -of my companions had seen a flock rise precisely like _Geophaps -scripta_.”—_Gilbert’s Journal._ - -“It was on the return of my party from the eastern extremity of Cooper’s -Creek,” says Captain Sturt, “that we first saw and procured specimens of -this beautiful little bird. Its locality was entirely confined to about -thirty miles along the banks of the creek in question; it was generally -perched on some rock fully exposed to the sun’s rays, and evidently -taking a pleasure in basking in the tremendous heat. It was very wild -and took wing on hearing the least noise, but its flight was short and -rapid. In the afternoon this little pigeon was seen running in the grass -on the creek side, and could hardly be distinguished from a quail. It -never perched on the trees; when it dropped after rising from the -ground, it could seldom be flushed again, but ran with such speed -through the grass as to elude our search.” - - - Genus OCYPHAPS, _Gould_. - -Generic characters. - -_Head_ furnished with a lengthened occipital crest; _wings_ rather -short, the third primary gradually narrowed to a point; _tail_ rather -long and much rounded; _tarsi_ as long as the middle toe; the inner -_toe_ shorter than the outer. - -A genus consisting of a single species whose natural habitat is the -basin of the interior of Australia, over the vast expanse of which its -long pointed wings enable it to pass at pleasure from one district to -another whenever a scarcity of food prompts it so to do: although mainly -terrestrial in its habits, it is more frequently seen on the trees than -the members of the genus _Phaps_; its food consists of small seeds and -berries. - - 432. Ocyphaps Lophotes Vol. V. Pl. 70. - - - Genus PETROPHASSA, _Gould_. - -Generic characters. - -As in _Ocyphaps_, but with the wings shorter, more rounded and destitute -of the bronzy lustre; and with a more rounded tail. - -So little is known respecting the single species of this Australian -genus that I am unable to say more than that it inhabits rocky -situations near the sea-coast. - - 433. Petrophassa albipennis, _Gould_ Vol. V. Pl. 71. - - - Genus GEOPELIA, _Swains._ - -A form of Ground Doves very generally distributed over the Indian -Islands and Australia, and of which three or four species are peculiar -to the latter country; grassy hills, flats and extensive plains are the -situations these birds affect, consequently in Australia they are almost -exclusively confined to the interior; they pass over the ground in a -quiet and peaceful manner; and when disturbed fly to some neighbouring -tree, descend again almost immediately and search about for the minute -seeds of annuals and other plants, upon which they principally subsist. - - 434. Geopelia humeralis Vol. V. Pl. 72. - 435. Geopelia tranquilla, _Gould_ Vol. V. Pl. 73. - 436. Geopelia placida, _Gould_. - -Inhabits the neighbourhood of Port Essington, is much smaller than _G. -tranquilla_, but in colour and marking is precisely similar to that -species. - - 437. Geopelia cuneata Vol. V. Pl. 74. - -“All that we read or imagine of the softness and innocence of the dove,” -says Captain Sturt, “is realized in this beautiful and delicate bird; it -is common on the Murray and the Darling, and was met with in various -parts of the interior. Two remained with us at the Depôt in latitude 39° -40′, longitude 142°, during a great part of the winter, and on one -occasion roosted on the tent-ropes near the fire. Its note is -exceedingly plaintive, similar to, but softer than, that of the -turtle-dove of Europe.” - - - Genus MACROPYGIA, _Swains._ - -A genus the members of which are distributed over India, Java, New -Guinea, Ceram, the Moluccas, Australia, &c. Only one species, _M. -Phasianella_, has yet been found in the last-mentioned country, but -others may be discovered when its eastern and northern parts have been -more fully explored. - - 438. Macropygia Phasianella Vol. V. Pl. 75. - -The interior of the dense brushes are the favourite haunts of this bird, -but it occasionally resorts to the crowns of the low hills and the open -glades of the forest, where it searches for its food on the ground; on -being disturbed it flies to the branches of the nearest tree, spreading -out its broad tail at the moment of alighting. - - - Genus DIDUNCULUS, _Peale_. - -Since I drew and described this most anomalous form, under the name -assigned to it by Sir William Jardine, two important facts have been -ascertained respecting it, viz. that it is identical with the bird -described by Mr. Titian Peale of America under the name of _Didunculus_, -and that the Samoan Islands and not Australia is its true habitat. - -Didunculus strigirostris. - - 439. Gnathodon strigirostris, _Jard._ Vol. V. Pl. 76. - - - Family MEGAPODIDÆ, _G. R. Gray_. - -The genera _Talegalla_, _Leipoa_ and _Megapodius_ form part of a great -family of birds inhabiting Australia, New Guinea, Celebes, and the -Philippine Islands, whose habits and economy are most singular and -differ from those of every other group of birds which now exists upon -the surface of our globe. In their structure they are most nearly allied -to the _Gallinaceæ_, while in some of their actions and in their mode of -flight they much resemble the _Rallidæ_; the small size of their brain, -coupled with the extraordinary means employed for the incubation of -their eggs, indicates an extremely low degree of organization. - -The three species of the family inhabiting Australia, although referable -to three distinct genera, have many habits in common, particularly in -their mode of nidification—each and all depositing their eggs in mounds -of earth and leaves, which, becoming heated either by the fermentation -of the vegetable matter, or by the sun’s rays, form a kind of natural -hatching-apparatus, from which the young at length emerge fully -feathered, and capable of sustaining life by their own unaided efforts. - - - Genus TALEGALLA, _Less._ - - 440. Talegalla Lathami Vol. V. Pl. 77. - -Inhabits all the brushes and scrubby forests of the eastern parts of -Australia. Mr. M’Gillivray informs me, in a letter lately received from -him, dated on board H.M.S. “Rattlesnake,” February 6th, 1848, “At Port -Molle I shot in the brushes both _Megapodius_ and _Talegalla_,” which -proves that the range of the latter bird is much greater than I have -stated. - - - Genus LEIPOA, _Gould_. - -Generic characters. - -_Bill_ nearly as long as the head, slender, swollen at the base; _tomia_ -undulating, and curving downwards; _nostrils_ large, oblong, defended by -an operculum and placed in the centre of a groove; _head_ sub-crested; -_wings_ large, round and concave; the first five primaries equal and -longest; tertiaries nearly as long as the primaries; _tail_ round and -composed of fourteen feathers; _tarsi_ moderately robust, scutellated in -front, posteriorly defended with round scales; _toes_ somewhat short; -the lateral toes nearly equal in length. - - 441. Leipoa ocellata, _Gould_ Vol. V. Pl. 78. - -Since I wrote my account of this bird, it has been found to be -abundantly dispersed over all parts of the Murray Scrub in South -Australia. - -The following highly interesting account has been forwarded to me by His -Excellency Captain Sir George Grey, being the result of his observations -of the bird made while Governor of South Australia:— - - “Government House, Adelaide, December 12th, 1842. - - “MY DEAR MR. GOULD, - - “I have lately returned from the Murray, where I have been studying - the habits and manners of the _Leipoa ocellata_, which is very - plentiful in the sandy districts of the Scrub. The eyes of the living - bird are of a bright, light hazel; its legs and feet dark brown, but - not so dark as shown in your Plate; whilst the bare parts on the head - and face are of a very delicate and clear blue. The gizzard is very - large and muscular; the inner coats peculiarly horny and hard. Its - food consists chiefly of insects, such as _Phasmidæ_ and a species of - _Cimex_; it also feeds on the seeds of various shrubs. The entire - lungs and intestines of the one which I dissected were full of - _Tænioïdes_. I have never seen any other animal infested with them to - anything like the same extent, and yet the bird was perfectly healthy. - It possesses the power of running with extraordinary rapidity; it - roosts at night on trees, and never flies if it can avoid so - doing;—the male bird weighs about four pounds and a half. - - “The mounds they construct are from 12 to 13 yards in circumference at - the base, and from 2 to 3 feet in height; the general form being that - of a dome. The sand and grass are sometimes scraped up for a distance - of from 15 to 16 feet from its outer edge. - - “The mound appears to be constructed as follows: a nearly circular - hole of about 18 inches in diameter, is scratched in the ground to the - depth of 7 or 8 inches, and filled with dead leaves, dead grass and - similar materials; and a large mass of the same substances is placed - all round it upon the ground. Over this first layer a large mound of - sand, mixed with dried grass, &c., is thrown, and finally the whole - assumes the form of a dome, as I have before stated. - - “When an egg is to be deposited, the top is laid open, and a hole - scraped in its centre to within 2 or 3 inches of the bottom of the - layer of dead leaves. The egg is placed in the sand just at the edge - of the hole, in a vertical position, with the smaller end downwards. - The sand is then thrown in again, and the mound left in its original - form. The egg which has been thus deposited is therefore completely - surrounded and enveloped in soft sand, having from 4 to 6 inches of - sand between the lower end of the egg and the layer of dead leaves. - When a second egg is laid it is deposited in precisely the same plane - as the first, but at the opposite side of the hole before alluded to. - When a third egg is laid it is placed in the same plane as the others, - but, as it were, at the third corner of a square. When the fourth egg - is laid, it is still placed in the same plane; but in the fourth - corner of the square, or rather of the lozenge, the figure being of - this form, ⁘; the next four eggs in succession are placed in the - interstices, but always in the same plane, so that at last there is a - circle of eight eggs all standing upright in the sand with several - inches of sand intervening between each. The male bird assists the - female in opening and covering up the mound; and provided the birds - are not themselves disturbed, the female continues to lay in the same - mound, even after it has been several times robbed. The natives say - that the females lay an egg every day. - - “Eight is the greatest number I have heard of from good authority as - having been found in one nest; but I opened a mound which had been - previously robbed of several eggs, and found that two had been laid - opposite to each other in the same plane in the usual manner; and a - third deposited in a plane parallel to that in which the other two - were placed, but 4½ inches below them. This circumstance led me to - imagine it was possible that there might be sometimes successive - circles of eggs in different planes. - - “I enclose three sketches which will convey to you a complete idea of - the form of the mound, and of the manner in which the eggs are placed - in it. These sketches were drawn by Mr. Knight, from a rude one of - mine, and are very accurate. - -[Illustration: - - No. 1. - - This sketch represents a section through the mound after the sand has - been cleared out in - such a manner that the eggs could all be removed, and the bottom of - the nest of leaves be laid - bare. It shows the form of the opening the natives make in the mound - when they rob it of its - eggs; this opening has however been continued below where the eggs are - placed, in order to - show the form of the interior nest. - - The pale tint represents that portion which is made of sand; the - darker tint the part which is - made of leaves, &c. -] - -[Illustration: - - No. 2. - - This sketch represents a section through the mound in its undisturbed - state; the pale tint - indicates the portion of sand, the darker tint the leaves, &c. -] - -[Illustration: - - No. 3. - - This sketch shows a bird’s eye view of the mound as seen from - above; the sand is supposed to have been so far thrown out as to - leave the tops of the eggs exposed, and to show them standing - upright in their relative positions. -] - - “One of the mounds of these birds which had been robbed of its eggs on - the 11th November, some of which were quite fresh, had two fresh eggs - laid in it on the 27th of the same month, and the birds were seen at - the nest on the morning of the 28th, apparently for the purpose of - laying, when the male bird was shot. - - “Sometimes several of these mounds are constructed close to one - another. I found two within 200 or 300 yards, and have seen five - within the distance of four or five miles. They were built in - precisely the same situations that I have seen them in other parts of - the continent, that is, in a sandy, scrubby country, the site of the - mound being in some little open glade, in the very thickest part of - the scrub. - - “The eggs are of a light pink, the colour being brightest and most - uniform when freshly laid. As the time of hatching approaches, they - become discoloured and marked in places with dark spots. - - The greatest length of these eggs is about 3‑6/10 inches. - The greatest breadth of these eggs is about 2‑2/10 inches. - Circumference in direction of length 10 inches. - Circumference in direction of breadth 7‑2/10 inches. - - “The temperature of the nests I have examined has always been warm; - not so much so, however, as I should have thought necessary for the - purpose of hatching eggs. - - “There are two great peculiarities about these eggs; the first is, - that both ends are of nearly the same size; which form is peculiarly - adapted to the position in which they are always placed; the egg being - compressed in every part as nearly as possible towards the axis, in - which the centre of gravity lies, there is the least possible tendency - to its equilibrium being destroyed when it is placed in a vertical - position. A second peculiarity is the extreme thinness of the shell, - and its consequent fragility. This is so great, that unless the egg is - handled with the greatest care, it is sure to be broken, and every - effort which has been made to hatch these eggs under domestic fowls - has failed, the egg having in every instance been broken by the bird - under which it was placed. - - “The native name for the bird on the Murray River is _Marrak-ko_ or - _Marra-ko_; in Western Australia the name of the bird is _Ngow-o_ or - _Ngow_. The name in Western Australia is given from the tuft on its - head, _Ngoweer_ meaning a tuft of feathers. - - “I have found this bird in different parts of that portion of - Australia included between the 26th and 36th parallels of south - latitude, and the 113th and 141st parallels of east longitude, and I - think that there is every probability that it inhabits a much wider - range. It is found in all the scrubby districts of South Australia. - - “Yours truly, G. GREY.” - - “December 14th. - - “P.S.—I have, by cross examination of several natives, elicited the - following account of this bird, and I am quite satisfied of its truth. - - “There is only one male and one female to each nest: they repair an - old nest, and do not build a new one; both assist in scratching the - sand to the nest. The female commences laying about the beginning of - September, or when the spear-grass begins to shoot. Both sexes - approach the nest together when the female is about to lay, and they - take an equal share in the labour of covering and uncovering the - mound. After every sunrise the female lays an egg, and lays altogether - from eight to ten. If the natives rob the nest, the female will lay - again in the same nest, but she will only lay the full number of eggs - twice in one summer. From the commencement of building, until the last - eggs are hatched, four moons elapse (this would give a very long - period of time before the eggs were hatched). The young one scratches - its way out alone; the mother does not assist it. They usually come - out one at a time; occasionally a pair appear together. The mother, - who is feeding in the scrub in the vicinity, hears its call and runs - to it. She then takes care of the young one as a European hen does of - its chick. When the young are all hatched the mother is accompanied by - eight or ten young ones, who remain with her until they are more than - half-grown. The male bird does not accompany them. The two sexes have - different calls: that of the female is constantly uttered while she - walks about in the scrub with her young ones. - - “The natives frequently find the eggs and nests, but they seldom see - the old birds, which are very timid and quick-sighted. They run very - fast, like the Emu, roost on trees, and live for a long time without - water, but drink when it rains. The natives state that the _Entozoæ_ - which I found in the bird mentioned above were unusual, and that it - must have been in ill health. - - “It is a remarkably stout, compact bird, and appears, when alive, to - have as large a body as the female turkey, but it is shorter on the - legs.” - -To this valuable account I may add the following, furnished by Mr. -Gilbert:— - - “Wongan Hills, Western Australia, September 28, 1842. - - “This morning I had the good fortune to penetrate into the dense - thicket I had been so long anxious to visit in search of the Leipoa’s - eggs, and had not proceeded far before the native who was with me told - me to keep a good look-out, as we were among the _Ngou-oo’s_ hillocks, - and in half an hour after we found one, around which the brush was so - thick that we were almost running over before seeing it; so anxious - was I to see the hidden treasures within that in my haste I threw - aside the black fellow and began scraping off the upper part of the - mound; this did not at all please him, and he became very indignant, - at the same time making me understand, ‘that as I had never seen this - nest before I had better trust to him to get out the eggs, or I - should, in my haste and impatience, certainly break them.’ I therefore - let him have his own way, and he began scraping off the earth very - carefully from the centre, throwing it over the side, so that the - mound very soon presented the appearance of a huge basin; about two - feet in depth of earth was in this way thrown off, when the large ends - of two eggs met my anxious gaze; both these eggs were resting on their - smaller apex, and the earth around them had to be very carefully - removed to avoid breaking the shell, which is extremely fragile when - first exposed to the atmosphere; this mound was about three feet in - height and seven to nine feet in circumference; the form, as left by - the bird, was in outline the segment of a circle. About a hundred - yards from this first nest we came upon a second, rather larger, of - the same external form and appearance; it contained three eggs. - Although we saw seven or eight more mounds, only these two contained - eggs; we were too early; a week later and we should doubtless have - found many more. To give you an idea of the place this bird chooses - for its remarkable mode of rearing its young, I will describe it as - nearly as I can:—The Wongan Hills are about thirteen hundred feet - above the level of the sea, in a north-north-east direction from - Drummond’s house in the Toodyay; their sides are thickly clothed with - a dense forest of _Eucalypti_; and at their base is a thicket, - extending for several miles, of upright-growing and thick, bushy - plants, so high in most parts that we could not see over their tops, - and so dense, that if we separated only for a few yards, we were - obliged to cooey, to prevent our straying from each other; this - thicket is again shadowed by a very curious species of dwarf - _Eucalyptus_ bearing yellow blossoms and growing from fifteen to - thirty feet in height, known to the natives as the spear-wood, and of - which they make their spears, digging sticks, dowaks, &c.; the whole - formation is a fine reddish ironstone gravel, and this the Leipoa - scratches up from several yards around, and thus forms its mound, to - be afterwards converted into a hot-bed for the reproduction of its - offspring. The interior of the mounds is composed of the finer - particles of the gravel mixed with vegetable matter, the fermentation - of which produces a warmth sufficient for the purpose of hatching. Mr. - Drummond, who had been for years accustomed to hot-beds in England, - gave it as his opinion that the heat around the eggs was about 80°. In - both the nests with eggs the White Ant was very numerous, making its - little covered galleries of earth around and attached to the shell, - thus showing a beautiful provision of Nature in preparing the - necessary tender food for the young bird when emerging from the shell; - one of the eggs I have preserved shows the White Ant’s tracks most - beautifully; the largest mound I saw, and which appeared as if in a - state of preparation for eggs, measured forty-five feet in - circumference, and if rounded in proportion on the top would have been - full five feet in height. I remarked in all the nests not ready for - the reception of eggs the inside or vegetable portion was always wet - and cold, and I imagine, from the state of others, that the bird turns - out the whole of the materials to dry before depositing its eggs and - covering them up with the soil; in both cases where I found eggs the - upper part of the mound was perfectly and smoothly rounded over, so - that any one passing it without knowing the singular habit of the bird - might very readily suppose it to be an ant-hill: mounds in this state - always contain eggs within, while those without eggs are not only - _not_ rounded over, but have the centres so scooped out that they form - a hollow. The eggs are deposited in a very different manner from those - of the Megapodius; instead of each being placed in a separate - excavation in different parts of the mound, they are laid directly in - the centre, all at the same depth, separated only by about three - inches of earth, and so placed as to form a circle. I regret we were - so early; had we been a week later, the probability is I should have - found the circle of eggs complete. Is it not singular that all the - eggs were equally fresh, as if their development was arrested until - the full number was deposited, so that the young might all appear - about the same time? No one considering the immense size of the egg - can for a moment suppose the bird capable of laying more than one - without at least the intermission of a day, and perhaps even more. The - average weight of the egg is eight ounces, and four of them on being - blown yielded nearly a pint and a half. Like those of the Megapodius, - they are covered with an epidermis-like coating, and are certainly as - large, being three inches and three quarters in length, by two and a - half in breadth; they vary in colour from a very light brown to a - light salmon. During the whole day we did not succeed in obtaining - sight of the bird, although we saw numerous tracks of its feet, and - many places where it had been scratching; we also saw its tracks on - the sand when crossing the dried beds of the swamps at least two miles - from the breeding thicket, which proves that the bird, in procuring - its food, does not confine itself to the brushes around its nest, but - merely resorts to them for the purpose of incubating. The native - informed us that the only chance of procuring the bird was by - stationing ourselves in sight of the mound at a little distance, and - remaining quiet and immoveable till it made its appearance at - sun-down; this I attempted, and, with the native, encamped within - twenty yards of the mound about an hour before sunset, taking the - precaution to conceal ourselves well with bushes from the quick eye of - the bird, but leaving just a sufficient opening to get a fair sight - with my gun; in a half-sitting, half-crouching position I thus - remained in breathless anxiety for the approach of the bird I had so - long wished to see, not daring to move a muscle, for fear of moving a - branch or making a noise by crushing a dead leaf, till I was so - cramped I could scarcely bear the pain in my limbs; the bird did not - however make its appearance, and the native, with the fear of wading - through the thicket in darkness (for there was no moon), became so - impatient, that he started up and began to talk so loud and make so - much noise, that I was compelled to give up all hopes of seeing the - bird that night; however, just as we were passing the mound we started - the bird from the opposite side, but from the denseness of the thicket - and the darkness closing around us, I had no chance of getting a shot - at it. Mr. Roe, the Surveyor-general, who examined several mounds - during his expedition to the interior in the year 1836, found the eggs - nearly ready to hatch in the month of November, and invariably seven - or eight in number; while another authority has informed me of an - instance of fourteen being taken from one mound.” - -In a subsequent letter Mr. Gilbert states that the flavour of the egg is -very similar to that of the Tortoise or Turtle, and that when mixed with -tea its similarity to the peculiar roughness and earthy flavour of that -of the Hawk’s-bill Turtle is very remarkable. - - - Genus MEGAPODIUS, _Quoy & Gaim._ - -The members of this genus inhabit all the Indian and Philippine Islands -and Australia. Mr. G. R. Gray informs me that “the females of some -species associate together in bands during the night and deposit their -eggs in a cavity which they dig to the depth of two or three feet; that -the successive deposits of eggs amount to a hundred or more and are left -to be hatched by the solar rays; that some cover them with sand and -others with the remains of plants; and that the eggs are extremely large -for the size of the birds, and are generally of a cinnamon colour.” - - 442. Megapodius tumulus, _Gould_ Vol. V. Pl. 79. - -The following interesting account of the breeding-places of this -remarkable bird has been transmitted to me by Mr. John M’Gillivray as -the result of his observations on Nogo or Megapodius Island in Endeavour -Straits. It will be seen that its range is more extensive than I had -assigned to it:— - -“The most southern locality known to me for this singular bird is -Haggerston Island (in lat. 12° 3′ south), where I observed several of -its mounds of very large size, but did not see any of the birds. During -the survey of Endeavour Straits in H.M.S. Bramble, I was more fortunate, -having succeeded in procuring both male and female on the island marked -‘Nogo’ upon the chart, where I resided for several days for that sole -purpose. On this small island, not more than half a mile in length, -rising at one extremity into a low rounded hill densely covered with -jungle (or what in New South Wales would be called ‘brush’), three -mounds, one of them apparently deserted before completion, were found. -The two others were examined by Mr. Jukes and myself. The most recent, -judging from the smoothness of its sides and the want of vegetable -matter, was situated upon the crest of the hill, and measured 8 feet in -height (or 13½ from the base of the slope to the summit) and 77 feet in -circumference. In this mound, after several hours’ hard digging into a -well-packed mass of earth, stones, decaying branches and leaves and -other vegetable matter, and the living roots of trees, we found numerous -fragments of eggs, besides one broken egg containing a dead and putrid -chick, and another whole one, which proved to be addled. All were -imbedded at a depth of _six feet_ from the nearest part of the surface, -at which place the heat produced by the fermentation of the mass was -considerable. The egg, 3¼ by 2⅛ inches, was dirty brown, covered with a -kind of epidermis, which easily chipped off, exposing a pure white -surface beneath. Another mound, situated at the foot of the hill close -to the beach, measured no less than 150 feet in circumference, and to -form this immense accumulation of materials the ground in the vicinity -had been scraped quite bare by the birds, and numerous shallow -excavations pointed out whence the materials had been derived. Its form -was an irregular oval, the flattened summit not being central as in the -first instance, but situated nearer the larger end, which was elevated -14 feet from the ground, the slope measuring in various directions 18, -21½, and 24 feet. At Port Lihou, in a small bay a few miles to the -westward, at Cape York and at Port Essington, I found other mounds which -were comparatively low, and appeared to have been dug into by the -natives. The great size the tumuli (which are probably the work of -several generations) have attained on Haggerston and Nogo Islands arises -doubtless from those places being seldom visited by the Aborigines. I -found several eggs of large size in the ovarium of a female shot in -August, while the condition of the oviduct showed that an egg had very -recently passed; hence it is probable that, in spite of their great -comparative size, one bird lays several; but whether each mound is -resorted to by more than one pair, I had not the means of ascertaining. - -“Few birds are more wary and less easily procured than the _Megapodius_; -it inhabits the belts of brush along the coast, and I never found the -tumulus at a greater distance from the sea than a few hundred yards. -When disturbed it seldom rises at once, unless on the margin of a -thicket, but runs off to some distance and then takes to wing, flying -heavily, but without any of the whirring noise of the true _Gallinaceæ_. -It seldom takes a long flight, and usually perches on a tree, remaining -there in a crouching attitude with outstretched neck, but flying off -again upon observing any motion made by its pursuer; and it is only by -cautiously creeping up under cover of the largest trees that it can be -approached within gunshot. As an example of its shyness, I may mention -that a party of three persons, scattered about in a small jungle on Nogo -Island, for the purpose of shooting the _Megapodius_, did not see a -single bird, although they put up several, one of which came towards me -and perched, unconscious of my presence, within 20 yards. At Port -Essington I have shot this bird among mangroves, the roots of which were -washed by the sea at high water; and Capt. F. P. Blackwood killed one -while running on the mud in a similar locality, in both instances close -to a mound. I never witnessed the escape of the young from the mound; -but one, as large as a quail, and covered with feathers, was brought to -Lieut. Ince by a native, who affirmed that he had dug it out along with -several eggs. - -“Iris yellowish brown; stomach a complete gizzard, being thick and -muscular, containing small quartz pebbles, small shells (_Helix_ and -_Bulimus_), and black seeds; intestine 34 inches in length, of the size -of a goosequill, and nearly uniform in thickness, much twisted and -contracted at intervals; cæcum slender, dilated at the extremity, and -4‑6/8 inches in length.” - - - Family TINAMIDÆ?, _G. R. Gray_. - -Subfamily TURNICINÆ, _G. R. Gray_. - - - Genus PEDIONOMUS, _Gould_. - -Generic characters. - -_Bill_ nearly as long as the head, straight, compressed towards the tip; -_nostrils_ basal, placed in a groove, and protected by an operculum; -_wings_ short and concave, first, second and third primaries equal in -length; tertiaries longer than the primaries; _tail_ nearly obsolete; -_tarsi_ elongated and defended in front with transverse scales; _toes_ -four in number, the hinder one feeble and placed high on the tarsus. - -Few of the discoveries I made in Australia interested me more than that -of the species forming the subject of the present genus, and of which -during my sojourn in the country I only obtained a male. Subsequently -Mr. Strange sent me another example, which from its much larger size and -the circumstance of its neck being adorned with a beautiful collar of -mingled black and white feathers, I considered a distinct species and -characterized it as such, under the name _P. torquatus_, and assigned -that of _microurus_ to the males or birds destitute of the collar, an -error which the observations of Sir George Grey and Mr. Strange have -enabled me to rectify, and which shows that this bird is another of the -anomalies so often met with in Australia, since, contrary to the general -rule, the female is a far finer and more conspicuously-coloured bird -than her mate. - -“You ask me,” says Sir George Grey, “to tell you something about -_Pedionomus_. There is but one species; you have described two, _P. -torquatus_ and _P. microurus_; the former is the female and the latter -is the male. We have now three of these birds in confinement, all -similar to your _P. torquatus_. We had four; the fourth, which died, was -like your _P. microurus_; and was certainly a male; they were all caught -in the same net, hence I infer that several females associate with one -male. - -“We have had several of these birds in confinement at different times; -they eat pounded wheat, raw and boiled rice, bread and flies; the latter -appear to be their favourite food. They soon become perfectly tame; the -three now in our possession we have had for upwards of four months. - -“These birds are migratory; they appear at Adelaide in June and -disappear about January; where they go has not yet been ascertained. -They never fly if they can avoid so doing, and are often caught by dogs; -when disturbed, they crouch down and endeavour to hide themselves in a -tuft of grass. When running about they are in the habit of raising -themselves in a nearly perpendicular position on the extremities of -their toes, so that the hinder part of the foot does not touch the -ground, and of taking a wide survey around them. The Emu sometimes -stands in a similar position. I have not yet ascertained anything -respecting their nests, eggs or time of breeding. The call of those we -have in confinement precisely resembles that of the Emu, not the -whistle, but the hollow-sounding noise like that produced by tapping on -a cask, which the Emu utters, but is of course much fainter.” - -The Plate therefore represents two females, and the appellation of -_microurus_ given to the male bird should be the one adopted. As the -male has not been figured, the following description of that sex is -given:— - -Crown of the head, back and upper surface mottled with black, brown and -fawn-colour, the latter occupying the external edge of the feathers, and -the black and brown forming alternate circular markings on each feather; -throat, neck, chest and flanks dull fawn-colour, the feathers of the -neck and chest blotched with brown; flanks marked with the same colour, -assuming the form of bars; tail-feathers almost invisible; centre of the -abdomen and under tail-coverts buffy-white, without spots or markings; -irides straw-yellow passing into black at the point; feet greenish -yellow. - -Total length, 4½ inches; _bill_, 11/16; _wing_, 3¼; _tarsi_, ⅞. - -Independently of the plains of South Australia formerly given as the -restricted habitat of this species, I have lately received a letter from -Mr. Strange of Sydney, in which he states a female had been procured in -the neighbourhood of Botany Bay. I am also in possession of an egg of -this bird, which in general character resembles that of _Turnix_; it is -somewhat suddenly contracted at the smaller end, the ground-colour is -stone-white, sprinkled with small blotches of umber-brown and -vinous-grey, the latter colour appearing as if beneath the surface of -the shell, the sprinkled markings predominating at the larger end; the -length of the egg is 1 inch and one-eighth by seven-eighths in breadth. - - 443. Pedionomus torquatus, _Gould_, female Vol. V. Pl. 80. - —— microurus, _Gould_, male. - - - Genus TURNIX, _Bonn_. - -However widely the members of this genus are dispersed, inhabiting as -one or other of them do all quarters of the Old World, Australia is the -great nursery of the race, since it is in that country that we find the -species more numerous than elsewhere; they not only inhabit every part -of the continent that has yet been explored, but they extend their range -to the islands adjacent to the coast and even to Van Diemen’s Land; some -species enjoy a wide range across the continent from east to west, while -others are very local; grassy plains and stony ridges thickly -interspersed with scrubs and grasses are the situations they frequent; -their eggs are invariably four in number, pointed in form, and very like -those of the Sandpipers; their only nest is a few grasses placed in a -hollow on the ground; in their habits and actions they differ -considerably from the Quails and Partridges, and, strange as it may -appear, approach more closely to the _Tringæ_, particularly to those -species with the more attenuated form of bill; when rising from almost -beneath your feet, they fly, especially the smaller species, straight -and with arrow-like swiftness to the distance of one or two hundred -yards, and then suddenly pitch to the ground. Their flesh, although -eatable, is dry and deficient in flavour when compared with that of the -Quails and Partridges. - - 444. Turnix melanogaster. - Hemipodius melanogaster, _Gould_ Vol. V. Pl. 81. - 445. Turnix varius. - Hemipodius varius Vol. V. Pl. 82. - 446. Turnix scintillans. - 447. Hemipodius scintillans, _Gould_ Vol. V. Pl. 83. - 448. Turnix melanotus. - Hemipodius melanotus, _Gould_ Vol. V. Pl. 84. - 449. Turnix castanotus. - Hemipodius castanotus, _Gould_ Vol. V. Pl. 85. - 450. Turnix pyrrhothorax. - Hemipodius pyrrhothorax, _Gould_ Vol. V. Pl. 86. - 451. Turnix velox. - Hemipodius velox, _Gould_ Vol. V. Pl. 87. - - - Family TETRAONIDÆ, _Leach_. - - - Genus COTURNIX, _Mœhr_. - -One true Quail is all that has yet been described as inhabiting -Australia; as might be expected, it is a denizen of the plains, as well -as of all the open districts of any extent where grass-lands occur; it -also resorts to the arable districts in great abundance. A difference -exists in specimens from the western and eastern coasts, the former -having a deep fawn or light rufous tint pervading the under surface; and -it is possible that this difference of colouring may be characteristic -of a second and distinct species. - - 452. Coturnix pectoralis, _Gould_ Vol. V. Pl. 88. - - - Genus SYNOÏCUS, _Gould_. - -Generic characters. - -As in _Perdix_, but with no spur on the tarsi, and the tail almost -obsolete. - -The great paucity of the _Gallinaceæ_ in Australia is very remarkable, -the members of the present genus being almost the only representatives -of that group of birds inhabiting the country. The similarity of the -habits and economy of these birds to those of the true Partridges, -particularly to our own well-known species the _Perdix cinerea_, allies -them more nearly to those birds than to the Quails. - -Grassy meads, the sides of rushy creeks, and districts clothed with -dense herbage, are the favourite resorts of these birds, which move -about in small coveys, and when flushed fly but a short distance before -they again alight. As an article of food they are all that can be -wished. - -Every part of the country, from Port Essington on the north to Van -Diemen’s Land on the south, is inhabited by one or other species of the -genus, which are, I doubt not, more numerous than I have represented, -for I feel confident that the bird found at Port Essington is quite -distinct from those of the south coast. - - 453. Synoïcus Australis Vol. V. Pl. 89. - 454. Synoïcus Diemenensis, _Gould_ Vol. V. Pl. 90. - 455. Synoïcus sordidus, _Gould_ Vol. V. Pl. 91. - 456. Synoïcus? Chinensis Vol. V. Pl. 92. - - - - - Order GRALLATORES, _Ill._ - - - Family STRUTHIONIDÆ, _Vig._ - - - Genus DROMAIUS, _Vieill._ - -I formerly entertained an opinion that there were two species of Emu -inhabiting Australia, but I have not had sufficient proofs that such is -the case. The small specimens in the possession of the Linnean Society -of London and in the Jardin des Plantes at Paris, may only be stunted -birds which had been kept in captivity, but as some doubt still remains -in my mind the subject should be kept in view. - - 457. Dromaius Novæ-Hollandiæ Vol. VI. Pl. 1. - - - Genus APTERYX, _Shaw_. - -New Zealand is the only country wherein the members of this genus now -exist; but they doubtless formerly ranged over that continent of which -the greater part is submerged beneath the surface of the ocean, and of -which a few isolated spots—New Zealand, Norfolk and Phillip Islands -among others—alone remain. - - 458. Apteryx Australis, _Shaw_ Vol. VI. Pl. 2. - 459. Apteryx Owenii, _Gould_ Vol. VI. Pl. 3. - - - Genus OTIS, _Linn._ - -A country better adapted than Australia for the members of this genus -can scarcely be imagined, yet singularly enough only one species has yet -been found there. Africa may be considered the cradle of the race, for -it is on that continent that they are most numerous; Europe and India -are also inhabited by various species. The _Otis nigriceps_ of the -plains of Upper India, and the _O. Australis_ are beautiful -representatives of each other in the respective countries they inhabit. - - 460. Otis Australis, _Gray_. - - _Otis Australis_, Gray in Griff. An. King., vol. iii. p. 305. - - Otis Australasianus, _Gould_ Vol. VI. Pl. 4. - -The range of this bird over the country is probably universal; both Dr. -Leichardt and Mr. Gilbert observed it within the tropical portion of -Australia, and Captain Sturt found it in the desert interior. - - - Family CHARADRIADÆ, _Leach_. - - - Genus ŒDICNEMUS, _Temm._ - -The Œdicnemi occur in Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia, in which -latter country one if not two species exist that are not found -elsewhere. - - 461. Œdicnemus grallarius Vol. VI. Pl. 5. - -The birds of this form inhabiting the northern coast have longer legs -and shorter wings, and I have no doubt are distinct; but I have not seen -a sufficient number of specimens to enable me to affirm that such is -actually the case. - - - Genus ESACUS, _Less._ - -The genera _Œdicnemus_ and _Esacus_ are merely modifications of the same -form; the variation in that of the bill being expressly adapted for -procuring the kinds of food upon which the species respectively subsist; -the _Œdicnemus_ frequenting the stony deserts of the interior of the -country feeds upon insects of various kinds, and the tender shoots of -herbage; while the _Esacus_, resorting to the salt-marshes and the -shores of the sea, lives upon crabs, mollusks and other marine animals. - - 462. Esacus magnirostris Vol. VI. Pl. 6. - -So far as our knowledge extends, the present bird is confined to the -shores of the northern and north-western parts of Australia. It is -beautifully represented in India by the _E. recurvirostris_, and these -two species are all that are known to ornithologists. - - - Genus HÆMATOPUS, _Linn._ - -I believe that there is no country in the world of any extent the shores -of which are not inhabited by one or other of the numerous species of -this genus; but it would seem that all those which exist in the southern -hemisphere are totally different from those of the northern. - -Two species inhabit Australia, viz. - - 463. Hæmatopus longirostris, _Vieill._ Vol. VI. Pl. 7. - 464. Hæmatopus fuliginosus, _Gould_ Vol. VI. Pl. 8. - - - Genus LOBIVANELLUS, _Strikl._ - -Two species of this beautiful form inhabit Australia, one the northern -and the other the southern parts of the country; I believe they are both -confined to this portion of the globe. Other species are found in India -and Africa. - - 465. Lobivanellus lobatus Vol. VI. Pl. 9. - 466. Lobivanellus personatus, _Gould_ Vol. VI. Pl. 10. - - - Genus SARCIOPHORUS, _Strickl._ - -A genus nearly allied to the last, and of which a single species -inhabits Australia; like _Lobivanellus_, it is an Old World form. - - 467. Sarciophorus pectoralis Vol. VI. Pl. 11. - - - Genus SQUATAROLA, _Cuv._ - -The single species of this genus inhabits Europe, Asia, North America -and Australia. - - 468. Squatarola Helvetica Vol. VI. Pl. 12. - - - Genus CHARADRIUS, _Linn._ - -The Australian fauna comprises two species of this form, of which one, -the _Charadrius veredus_, might, perhaps, with propriety be separated -into a distinct genus, or placed in that of _Eudromias_. - - 469. Charadrius xanthocheilus, _Wagl._ Vol. VI. Pl. 13. - 470. Charadrius veredus, _Gould_ Vol. VI. Pl. 14. - - - Genus EUDROMIAS, _Boie_. - -Of this genus of upland Plovers two species at least are known, viz. the -_E. morinellus_ of Europe and the _E. Australis_ of Australia. - - 471. Eudromias Australis, _Gould_ Vol. VI. Pl. 15. - -This bird inhabits the low hills and plains of the interior, a kind of -habitat precisely similar to that of its European prototype. - -Since my account of this species was written some additional information -has been acquired respecting it. - -“This singular bird,” says Captain Sturt, in the Appendix to his Account -of his recent expedition into the interior of South Australia, “made its -appearance in 1841 suddenly on the plains of Adelaide, seeming to have -come from the north. It occupied the sand-hills at the edge of the -Mangrove swamps and fed round the puddles of water on the plains. This -bird afforded my friend, Mr. Torrens, an abundant harvest, as it was -numerous round his house; but although some few have visited South -Australia every subsequent year, they have never appeared in such -numbers as on the first occasion. It runs very fast along the ground. -Mr. Browne and I met or rather crossed several flights of these birds in -August of 1845, going south. They were on the large open plains and were -very wild.” - - - Genus HIATICULA, _G. R. Gray_. - -Five species of this genus inhabit Australia, and others occur in New -Zealand, the Indian Islands, India, Europe, Africa and America, -consequently few genera have their members more widely dispersed. Almost -all the species found in Australia are peculiar to the country, and are -more numerous on the southern than they are on the northern parts of -that continent; shingly beaches and low flat shores are their principal -places of resort. - - 472. Hiaticula bicincta Vol. VI. Pl. 16. - 473. Hiaticula ruficapilla Vol. VI. Pl. 17. - 474. Hiaticula monacha Vol. VI. Pl. 18. - 475. Hiaticula inornata, _Gould_ Vol. VI. Pl. 19. - 476. Hiaticula nigrifrons Vol. VI. Pl. 20. - - - Genus ERYTHROGONYS, _Gould_. - -Generic characters. - -_Bill_ longer than the head, straight, rather depressed; _nostrils_ -basal, linear; _wings_ long and powerful, the first feather the longest; -tertiaries nearly as long as the primaries; _tail_ short and nearly -square; _legs_ long; _toes_ four in number, slender, the hind-toe -extremely diminutive and free, the outer toe united to the middle one -nearly to the first joint; thighs naked above the knee. - -The single species of this genus appears to be strictly Australian, for -I have never seen examples from any other country. - - 477. Erythrogonys cinctus, _Gould_ Vol. VI. Pl. 21. - -In structure, actions and economy this elegantly formed bird is very -nearly allied to the _Hiaticulæ_ on the one hand, and the _Schœnicli_ on -the other. - - - Genus GLAREOLA, _Briss._ - -I have for many years questioned the propriety of placing the -Pratincoles in the same group with the Plovers, or even in the same -order, believing them as I do to be a terrestrial form of the -Fissirostral birds. Linnæus placed them near the Swallows, and I think -he was right in so doing; and Mr. Blyth, one of the most philosophical -of ornithologists, entertains, I believe, the same opinion; but as -nearly all other writers have placed them with the _Charadriadæ_, I have -adopted their view of the subject, and have accordingly retained them in -that group. - -Species of this genus inhabit India, the Indian Islands, Europe and -Africa. - - 478. Glareola grallaria, _Temm._ Vol. VI. Pl. 22. - 479. Glareola Orientalis, _Leach_ Vol. VI. Pl. 23. - - - Family SCOLOPACIDÆ, _Vig._ - - - Genus HIMANTOPUS., _Briss._ - -Europe, India and Africa are inhabited by one, North America by a -second, South America by a third and perhaps a fourth, New Zealand by a -fifth, and Australia by a sixth species of this elegant but singular -genus; the Australian bird, which is more abundant in the southern than -in the northern parts of the country, is perhaps the finest and most -ornamental of the whole. - - 480. Himantopus leucocephalus, _Gould_ Vol. VI. Pl. 24. - 481. Himantopus Novæ-Zealandiæ Vol. VI. Pl. 25. - - - Genus CHLADORHYNCHUS, _G. R. Gray_. - -The only known species of this form is peculiar to Australia. - - 482. Chladorhynchus pectoralis Vol. VI. Pl. 26. - -Observed in great numbers by Captain Sturt, during his journey into the -interior, in the Appendix to which he says,—“This singular bird, with -legs so admirably adapted by their length for wading into the shallow -lakes and sheets of water, near which it is found, was seen in large -flocks. It was very abundant on Lepson’s Lake to the northward of -Cooper’s Creek; and on Strzelecki’s Creek it was sitting on the water -with other wild fowl making a singular plaintive whistle.” - - - Genus RECURVIROSTRA, _Linn._ - -This form, like that of _Himantopus_, is widely distributed over the -globe, since species inhabit America, Africa, Europe, India and -Australia, in which latter country, as in Europe, only one species is -found, viz. - - 483. Recurvirostra rubricollis, _Temm._ Vol. VI. Pl. 27. - - - Genus LIMOSA, _Briss._ - -Two very distinct species of this genus inhabit Australia, one the -southern and the other the northern divisions of the country; others -occur in Java, Sumatra, India, Africa, Europe and North America. - - 484. Limosa Melanuroïdes, _Gould_ Vol. VI. Pl. 28. - 485. Limosa uropygialis, _Gould_ Vol. VI. Pl. 29. - - - Genus SCHŒNICLUS, _Mœhr._ - -I have figured four species of this genus as inhabiting Australia, not -more than one, or at most two, of which, however, is or are peculiar to -that country. The species of this genus range over many degrees of -latitude, and occur in America as well as in most parts of the Old -World. - - 486. Schœniclus Australis Vol. VI. Pl. 30. - 487. Schœniclus albescens Vol. VI. Pl. 31. - 488. Schœniclus subarquatus Vol. VI. Pl. 32. - 489. Schœniclus magnus, _Gould_ Vol. VI. Pl. 33. - -This species, I believe, also inhabits India and Japan. - - - Genus TEREKIA, _Bonap._ - -The only known species of this form inhabits Java, Sumatra, India and -Europe, and as I killed a specimen in Australia that country must also -be included within its range. - - 490. Terekia cinerea Vol. VI. Pl. 34. - - - Genus ACTITIS, _Ill._ - -One species of this genus inhabits Australia, where it represents the -_Actitis hypoleucus_ of Europe and _Actitis macularius_ of America. - - 491. Actitis empusa, _Gould_ Vol. VI. Pl. 35. - - - Genus GLOTTIS, _Nils._ - -The only species of this genus found in Australia appears to me to be -identical with the _Glottis Glottoïdes_ of India. - - 492. Glottis Glottoïdes Vol. VI. Pl. 36. - - - Genus TOTANUS, _Bechst._ - -Of this genus two species are all that have yet been discovered in -Australia; one of these I have regarded as identical with the _Totanus -stagnatilis_ of Europe, and if this view be correct, then the range of -the species will extend from Asia to Australia; certain it is that I -have seen specimens from all the intermediate countries which are -strictly identical with the European bird. The second species is an -inhabitant of the north coast, and is allied to the _T. calidris_. - - 493. Totanus stagnatilis Vol. VI. Pl. 37. - 494. Totanus griseopygius, _Gould_ Vol. VI. Pl. 38. - - - Genus STREPSILAS, _Ill._ - -If any bird may be regarded as a Cosmopolite it is the Turnstone, for it -inhabits the sea-shores of every part of the globe. - - 495. Strepsilas Interpres Vol. VI. Pl. 39. - - - Genus SCOLOPAX, _Linn._ - -If the slight difference which occurs in the Snipes from Port Essington -on the north and from Van Diemen’s Land on the south be regarded as mere -local variations, then only one species of this form exists in -Australia. - - 496. Scolopax Australis, _Lath._ Vol. VI. Pl. 40. - -Captain Sturt informs us that this Snipe is common in South Australia, -but scarce in the interior of the country; that it breeds in great -numbers in the valley of Mypunga, but is only to be found in those -localities where the ground is constantly soft. - - - Genus RHYNCHÆA, _Cuv._ - -The few species comprised in this genus are widely dispersed over the -face of the globe; one inhabits the southernmost parts of America, -another South Africa, a third India, and a fourth Australia. They affect -different situations from those resorted to by the true Snipes, usually -selecting drier ground and knolls under low bushes contiguous to marshy -lands, where they can readily procure food and water. - - 497. Rhynchæa Australis, _Gould_ Vol. VI. Pl. 41. - -“This beautiful bird,” says Captain Sturt, “was very scarce in the -interior, and indeed is not common anywhere. Some three or four couples -visit my residence at Grange yearly, and remain in the high reeds at the -bottom of the creek, among which they doubtless breed, but I never found -one of their nests. They lie basking in the shade of a tree on the -sand-hills during the day, and separate when alarmed.” - - - Genus NUMENIUS, _Linn._ - -Three species of this form are found in Australia, to which part of the -globe they are confined, and wherein they represent the species -inhabiting the northern hemisphere, with which their habits, actions and -economy are strictly in accordance. - - 498. Numenius Australis, _Gould_ Vol. VI. Pl. 42. - 499. Numenius uropygialis, _Gould_ Vol. VI. Pl. 43. - 500. Numenius minutus, _Gould_ Vol. VI. Pl. 44. - - - Family ARDEIDÆ, _Leach_. - -Subfamily TANTALINÆ, _G. R. Gray_. - - - Genus GERONTICUS, _Wagl._ - -The three species of _Ibises_ inhabiting Australia have been separated -by ornithologists into as many genera, and the difference which exists -in their habits and economy tends to prove the propriety of their -subdivision; for while the _Geronticus_ congregates in flocks of -thousands and mainly subsists upon caterpillars, grasshoppers and -locusts, a kind of food which it readily obtains on the heated plains, -the _Threskiornis_ assembles in small companies of from four to six in -number and resorts to the rushy banks of the lagoons and other humid -situations, and feeds upon newts, frogs, lizards, snakes and fish, and -the _Falcinellus_ resorts to similar situations, but I have had no -opportunity of observing its habits. - - 501. Geronticus spinicollis Vol. VI. Pl. 45. - -I have never seen examples of this species from any other country than -Australia, which would therefore appear to be its restricted habitat. - - - Genus THRESKIORNIS, _G. R. Gray_. - - 502. Threskiornis strictipennis Vol. VI. Pl. 46. - -Found in most parts of Eastern Australia during wet seasons. - - 503. Falcinellus igneus Vol. VI. Pl. 47. - -This species is numerous in the northern and eastern districts of -Australia, whence its range extends throughout the whole of the islands -to India and Europe. - -Subfamily GRUINÆ, _G. R. Gray_. - - - Genus GRUS, _Linn._ - -Species of this genus inhabit Europe, Asia, Africa, North America and -Australia. - - 504. Grus Australasianus, _Gould_ Vol. VI. Pl. 48. - -The Australian Crane is a noble bird, and is deservedly admired both by -the Aborigines and Europeans. The eastern and northern parts of the -country are the only localities yet known to be inhabited by this fine -bird; future research may however find that it possesses a wider range. - -Subfamily PLATALEINÆ, _Bonap._ - - - Genus PLATALEA, _Linn._ - -Two species of this genus inhabit Australia, both of which are, I -believe, peculiar to that country, where they perform precisely the same -offices as their prototypes in Europe, Asia, Africa and America. - - 505. Platalea flavipes, _Gould_ Vol. VI. Pl. 49. - 506. Platalea regia, _Gould_ Vol. VI. Pl. 50. - -Subfamily CICONINÆ, _G. R. Gray_. - - - Genus MYCTERIA, _Linn._ - -The noble species of this genus inhabiting Australia is, I believe, -identical with the bird of the same form inhabiting India, and if such -be the case, then it enjoys a wide range of habitat. Africa and America -are inhabited by species belonging to this or to a very nearly allied -genus. - - 507. Mycteria Australis, _Lath._ Vol. VI. Pl. 51. - -Subfamily ARDEINÆ, _G. R. Gray_. - - - Genus ARDEA, _Linn._ - -The Herons range over every part of the globe. The sixteen species -inhabiting Australia include examples of the genera _Ardea_, _Herodias_, -_Nycticorax_, _Botaurus_ and _Ardetta_, and I think they should be still -further divided, the Reef Herons, _Herodias jugularis_, _H. Greyii_, &c. -differing considerably both in structure and habits from the other -members of the genus; the _Ardea pacifica_ and _A. Novæ-Hollandiæ_ also, -are not typical _Ardeæ_, but fill a station intermediate between the -true Herons and the Egrets. - - 508. Ardea pacifica, _Lath._ Vol. VI. Pl. 52. - -Numerous in the southern but rare within the tropical parts of -Australia. - - 509. Ardea Novæ-Hollandiæ, _Lath._ Vol. VI. Pl. 53. - -Frequents the whole of the southern coasts of Australia and Van Diemen’s -Land. - - 510. Ardea rectirostris, _Gould_ Vol. VI. Pl. 54. - -Found on the north coast of Australia, and I believe also in the Indian -Islands. - - 511. Ardea leucophæa, _Gould_ Vol. VI. Pl. 55. - -The range of this species, which is very rare in Australia, appears to -extend to the southern parts of India. - - - Genus HERODIAS, _Boie_. - -Nearly every part of the globe is tenanted by members of this genus. -Those inhabiting Australia are very nearly allied to, but I believe are -quite distinct from, the species found in India, Europe and America, and -of which they are the Australian representatives. - - 512. Herodias syrmatophorus, _Gould_ Vol. VI. Pl. 56. - 513. Herodias plumiferus, _Gould_ Vol. VI. Pl. 57. - 514. Herodias immaculata, _Gould_ Vol. VI. Pl. 58. - 515. Herodias pannosus, _Gould_ Vol. VI. Pl. 59. - 516. Herodias jugularis Vol. VI. Pl. 60. - 517. Herodias Greyii Vol. VI. Pl. 61. - 518. Herodias picata, _Gould_ Vol. VI. Pl. 62. - - - Genus NYCTICORAX, _Steph._ - -Europe, Africa and America are all inhabited by Night Herons; -consequently it is one of the most widely-distributed sections of the -family. - -The single Australian species of this well-defined genus is rendered -conspicuously different from all other known species by the cinnamon -colour of its back. - - 519. Nycticorax Caledonicus Vol. VI. Pl. 63. - -“Shot at Cape York and Port Essington, in which latter place it is -rather abundant. _Yangko_ of the Cape York aborigines, _Alăwool_ of the -Port Essington natives.”—_J. M’Gillivray._ - - - Genus BOTAURUS, _Steph._ - - 520. Botaurus Australis, _Gould_ Vol. VI. Pl. 64. - -The Australian Bittern is very similar to the European, _B. stellaris_. - - - Genus ARDETTA, _G. R. Gray_. - -The members of this genus of Mangrove Bitterns usually frequent the -extensive belts of mangroves and low dells covered with reed-beds and -dense herbage. - -Africa and America are each inhabited by birds of this form, one species -of which is also found in Europe, several in India and the adjacent -islands, and three in Australia, viz.— - - 521. Ardetta flavicollis Vol. VI. Pl. 65. - -This species is said to inhabit Java and India, and although I have -figured it under the name assigned to the Indian and Javanese bird, I am -still inclined to believe that it is distinct. - - 522. Ardetta macrorhyncha, _Gould_ Vol. VI. Pl. 66. - 523. Ardetta stagnatilis, _Gould_ Vol. VI. Pl. 67. - 524. Ardetta pusilla Vol. VI. Pl. 68. - -This species, with the little Bittern of the British Islands and several -others inhabiting Africa and America, would admit of being separated -into a distinct genus. - - - Family RALLIDÆ, _Leach_. - -Of this family no less than sixteen species inhabit Australia, and are -comprised in the following genera, viz. _Porphyrio_, _Fulica_, -_Gallinula_, _Rallus_ and _Porzana_, all of which are European forms; -and _Parra_, _Eulabeornis_ and _Tribonyx_: of the latter, the first is -common to India and the Indian Islands, and the other two are confined, -so far as we know, to Australia. - - - Genus PORPHYRIO, _Briss._ - - 525. Porphyrio melanotus, _Temm._ Vol. VI. Pl. 69. - 526. Porphyrio bellus, _Gould_ Vol. VI. Pl. 70. - - - Genus TRIBONYX, _DuBus_. - - 527. Tribonyx Mortieri, _DuBus_ Vol. VI. Pl. 71. - -Inhabits the southern parts of Australia and Van Diemen’s Land. - - 528. Tribonyx ventralis, _Gould_ Vol. VI. Pl. 72. - -Inhabits the interior of Australia. - -“This bird,” says Captain Sturt, “appeared suddenly in South Australia -in 1840. It came from the north, fresh flights coming up and pushing on -those which had preceded them. It was moreover evident that they had -been unaccustomed to the sight of man, for they dropped in great numbers -in the streets and gardens of Adelaide and ran about like fowls. At last -they increased so much in number as to swarm on all the waters and -creeks, doing great damage to the crops in their neighbourhood. They -took the entire possession of the creek near my house, and broke down -and wholly destroyed about an acre and a quarter of wheat as if cattle -had bedded on it. They made their first appearance in November, and left -in the beginning of March, gradually retiring northwards as they had -advanced.” - - - Genus GALLINULA, _Briss._ - -The true _Gallinulæ_ are very numerous, and are found in nearly every -part of the world. Australia is inhabited by a species peculiarly its -own, distributed over all the southern parts of the continent. - - 529. Gallinula tenebrosa, _Gould_ Vol. VI. Pl. 73. - -Nearly allied to, and a representative of, the Water-Hen of Europe, -_Gallinula chloropus_. - - - Genus FULICA, _Linn._ - -_Fulicæ_ are found in nearly every part of the great continents of -Europe, Asia, Africa and America, and one species in Australia. - - 530. Fulica Australis, _Gould_ Vol. VI. Pl. 74. - -This bird, which is strictly confined to Australia, is rather smaller -than its European ally. - - - Genus PARRA, _Linn._ - -A tropical form, the structure of which is admirably adapted for -progression over the aquatic plants and floating leaves of the lagoons -and inland waters it frequents and over which it passes with facility; -its expansive feet, spreading over a large surface of fallen grasses and -leaves, readily sustaining it, which they would not do were they of the -ordinary form. - -Species of this form are found in India, Africa and America. - - 531. Parra gallinacea, _Temm._ Vol. VI. Pl. 75. - -Inhabits the northern parts of Australia and New Guinea. - - - Genus RALLUS, _Linn._ - -We have here again a genus of birds the range of the species of which is -most extensive, for there is no country in which one or other of them is -not to be found. - - 532. Rallus pectoralis, _Cuv._ Vol. VI. Pl. 76. - 533. Rallus Lewinii, _Swains._ Vol. VI. Pl. 77. - - - Genus EULABEORNIS, _Gould_. - -Generic characters. - -_Bill_ longer than the head, nearly straight, but slightly curved -downwards; compressed laterally; _nostril_ long and open, situated in a -large groove which runs along the upper mandible for nearly two-thirds -of its length from the base; _wings_ rather short and feeble, very much -rounded; _tertiaries_ long, nearly reaching to the end of the wing; -_legs_ rather long, more powerful than in the genus _Rallus_; _toes_ not -so much lengthened as in that genus; _tail_ long cuneiform; the _webs_ -loose and of a decomposed character. - -A genus established for the reception of a singular species of Rail -inhabiting the north coast of Australia, and in which Mr. G. R. Gray has -since placed four other species from different localities. - - 534. Eulabeornis castaneoventris, _Gould_ Vol. VI. Pl. 78. - - - Genus PORZANA, _Vieill._ - -The _Porzanæ_ inhabit Europe, Africa, India and Australia; the four -species inhabiting the latter country are generally distributed, even -within the tropics. - - 535. Porzana fluminea, _Gould_ Vol. VI. Pl. 79. - 536. Porzana palustris, _Gould_ Vol. VI. Pl. 80. - 537. Porzana leucophrys, _Gould_ Vol. VI. Pl. 81. - 538. Porzana immaculata Vol. VI. Pl. 82. - - - - - Order NATATORES, _Ill._ - -Upon taking a general view of the birds of this Order inhabiting Europe -and Australia, our attention cannot fail to be arrested by some -remarkable contrasts which present themselves to our notice. I allude to -the great excess in the number of species of some of the principal -groups, and the paucity of others; for instance, of the true _Anatidæ_ -or Ducks, exclusive of the Mergansers, the European fauna comprises at -least forty species, while eighteen are all that are known in Australia; -of the _Laridæ_ or Gulls, exclusive of the Terns, twenty species inhabit -Europe, while three are all that are known in Australia; on the other -hand, sixteen species of Terns frequent the shores of Australia, while -only twelve resort to those of Europe; of the family _Procellaridæ_ or -Petrels, nearly forty species enliven the Australian seas, while seven -are all that are known to inhabit the seas of Europe; no Puffins or -Guillemots are found in the seas south of the Equator; while the -Penguins are unknown north of the line; and the Grebes and Cormorants -are equally numerous in both hemispheres. - - - Family ANATIDÆ, _Leach_. - - - Genus CEREOPSIS, _Lath._ - -But one species of this singular and strictly Australian form has yet -been discovered. - - 539. Cereopsis Novæ-Hollandiæ, _Lath._ Vol. VII. Pl. 1. - - - Genus ANSERANAS, _Less._ - -Like _Cereopsis_, this genus contains but a single species, which is -equally confined to Australia. - - 540. Anseranas melanoleuca Vol. VII. Pl. 2. - - - Genus BERNICLA, _Steph._ - -The Australian bird hitherto referred to this genus should certainly -receive a new generic appellation, since it does not agree either in -form or habits with the true _Berniclæ_. - - 541. Bernicla jubata Vol. VII. Pl. 3. - - - Genus NETTAPUS, _Brandt._ - -Of this beautiful genus of Pygmy Geese there are at least four species -known; one inhabiting Africa, one India, and two Australia. - - 542. Nettapus pulchellus, _Gould_ Vol. VII. Pl. 4. - 543. Nettapus albipennis, _Gould_. - Nettapus Coromandelianus Vol. VII. Pl. 5. - -I feel confident that the Australian bird which I have figured under the -name of _N. Coromandelianus_, is quite distinct from the Indian, and I -have therefore assigned it a new name. - -My figures are stated to be of the natural size, but this is an error: -they are considerably smaller. - - - Genus CYGNUS, _Linn._ - -Only one species, the _C. atratus_, is, I believe, found south of the -line; for the Black-necked Swan of Chili will doubtless prove to be -generically distinct. - - 544. Cygnus atratus Vol. VII. Pl. 6. - -This “rara avis in terris” is not only strictly confined to Australia, -but is so exclusively an inhabitant of the southern districts, that no -notice has been recorded of its having been seen in Torres’ Straits, or -on any part of the north coast. - - - Genus CASARCA, _Bonap._ - -This ornamental section of the _Anatidæ_ is not very numerous in -species. - - 545. Casarca Tadornoïdes Vol. VII. Pl. 7. - -A beautiful representative of the _C. rutila_ of Europe. - - - Genus TADORNA, _Leach_. - - 546. Tadorna Radjah Vol. VII. Pl. 8. - -An equally beautiful representative of the _T. Vulpanser_. - - - Genus ANAS, _Linn._ - -Of true Ducks three species are found in Australia. - - 547. Anas superciliosa, _Gmel._ Vol. VII. Pl. 9. - -This bird assimilates very closely in its structure and in its economy -to the _Anas Boschas_ of Europe, but in its plumage it is very -different. - - 548. Anas nævosa, _Gould_ Vol. VII. Pl. 10. - -A very singular Duck, perhaps more nearly allied to _Chaulelasmus_ than -to _Anas_. It is a very rare bird, and has only yet been seen on the -western and southern coasts of Australia; its true habitat is probably -the distant interior. - - 549. Anas punctata, _Cuv._ Vol. VII. Pl. 11. - -This species has much the appearance of the Teal (genus _Querquedula_), -but in its structure is nearly allied to the true ducks (genus _Anas_), -with which I have provisionally placed it. - - - Genus SPATULA, _Boie_. - -The great continents of America, Africa, Asia and Australia, are each -inhabited by one or more species of this restricted genus. - - 550. Spatula Rhynchotis Vol. VII. Pl. 12. - -This bird is, I believe, restricted to Australia. - - - Genus MALACORHYNCHUS, _Swains._ - -A very delicate form, of which the single species, confined to -Australia, is the only one known. - - 551. Malacorhynchus membranaceus Vol. VII. Pl. 13. - - - Genus DENDROCYGNA, _Swains._ - -This form is found in India, Africa, America and Australia: the bird I -have separated into a distinct genus, under the appellation of -_Leptotarsis_, should be included in this genus, the difference which it -presents being too slight to warrant their separation. - - 552. Dendrocygna arcuata Vol. VII. Pl. 14. - 553. Dendrocygna Eytoni. - Leptotarsis Eytoni, _Gould_ Vol. VII. Pl. 15. - -“Many of the reaches,” says Captain Stokes, when speaking of the river -Adelaide of the north-western part of Australia, “swarmed with wild -fowl, consisting almost wholly of ducks, which, from a habit of perching -on the trees, have received the name of Wood Ducks. Their singularly -long legs, with the web very much arched near the toes, gives great -pliability to the foot and a power of grasping, which enables them to -perch on trees. When on the wing they make a peculiar pleasing, -whistling sound, that can be heard at a great distance, and which -changes as they alight into a sort of chatter. Their perching on trees -is performed in a very clumsy manner, swinging and pitching to and fro. -We subsequently often found them on the rivers of the north coast, but -not within some miles of their mouths or near their upper waters, from -which it would appear that they inhabit certain reaches of the rivers -only; we never found them in swamps. The farthest south they were met -with was on the Albert River, in the Gulf of Carpentaria, in lat. 18° -S., which gives them a range of six and a half degrees of latitude over -the northern part of the continent. These ducks are the _Leptotarsis -Eytoni_ of Mr. Gould.” - - - Genus NYROCA, _Flem._ - -Two species at least of this genus are known, one inhabiting Europe and -India and the other Australia: both have the irides white. - - 554. Nyroca Australis, _Gould_ Vol. VII. Pl. 16. - - - Genus ERISMATURA, _Bonap._ - -The members of this genus, although but few in number, are found in -Europe, Asia, Africa, America and Australia. - - 555. Erismatura Australis Vol. VII. Pl. 17. - -This species, the only one of the genus inhabiting Australia, is, I -believe, strictly confined to the western parts of the country, as -hitherto it has not been seen elsewhere. - - - Genus BIZIURA, _Leach_. - -A genus of which only a single species is known to exist, and which is -singularly different from every other member of the family. It is -strictly Australian, and may be regarded as one of the anomalies of its -fauna. - - 556. Biziura lobata Vol. VII. Pl. 18. - - - Family LARIDÆ, _Leach_. - - - Genus LARUS, _Linn._ - -The members of this genus are distributed over the sea-shores of every -part of the globe. Only one species inhabits Australia, to which country -it is confined, and where it represents the _Larus marinus_ of Europe -and America. - - 557. Larus Pacificus Vol. VII. Pl. 19. - - - Genus XEMA, _Leach_. - -A genus of Gulls, the members of which are delicate in their structure, -elegant in their appearance, and graceful in all their actions. Many -species are found in Europe and America, and others inhabit Africa; one -species only has been characterized as Australian, but I believe that -another will be found in Torres’ Straits very similar to, but much -larger than, the _X. Jamesonii_ of the southern parts of that continent. - - 558. Xema Jamesonii Vol. VII. Pl. 20. - -Subfamily ——? - - - Genus LESTRIS, _Ill._ - -The high latitudes of both the northern and southern hemispheres are -frequented by parasitic Gulls. - -One species of this form has been found in the Australian seas, and -another has been discovered within the Antarctic circle. - - 559. Lestris Catarractes Vol. VII. Pl. 21. - -Although I have figured and described this Australian bird as identical -with the Skua Gull of Europe, it is likely that hereafter reasons may be -found for separating them. - -In a letter just arrived from Mr. J. M’Gillivray, dated on board H.M.S. -Rattlesnake, Feb. 6, 1848, that gentleman says, “The _Lestris -Catarractes_ was noticed on various occasions in different parts of the -South Indian Ocean; while off the Cape of Good Hope a solitary -individual and subsequently two in company were seen. I have observed it -following and hovering over a bait towing astern, and once saw it chase -a Cape Petrel and force it to alight on the water. This bird seldom -remained with us for more than half an hour at a time, during which it -made a few circular flights about the ship.” - -Subfamily STERNINÆ, _Bonap._ - -The members of this family inhabiting Australia and Europe are nearly -equal in number, and in each country examples of the same forms are -found to exist; the Australian fauna has also a _Gygis_ and an -_Onychoprion_ neither of which inhabit the European seas, and four -species of _Anoüs_, of which only one frequents the northern hemisphere. - - - Genus SYLOCHELIDON, _Brehm_. - - 560. Sylochelidon strenuus Vol. VII. Pl. 22. - -A representative of the _S. Caspius_ of Europe. - - - Genus THALASSEUS, _Boie_. - -The members of this genus, the type of which is the _T. Cantiacus_ of -the British Islands, are widely dispersed over most parts of the Old -World, and three distinct species inhabit Australia. - - 561. Thalasseus Pelecanoïdes Vol. VII. Pl. 23. - 562. Thalasseus poliocercus, _Gould_ Vol. VII. Pl. 24. - 563. Thalasseus Torresii, _Gould_ Vol. VII. Pl. 25. - -Since my account of this species was printed I have seen adult specimens -from Southern India, which country is in all probability its true -habitat. - - - Genus STERNA, _Linn._ - -The members of this genus, as now restricted, enjoy so wide a range over -the globe, that they may be said to be universally dispersed: three -species are found in Australia. - - 564. Sterna melanorhyncha, _Gould_ Vol. VII. Pl. 26. - 565. Sterna gracilis, _Gould_ Vol. VII. Pl. 27. - 566. Sterna melanauchen, _Temm._ Vol. VII. Pl. 28. - -“This beautiful bird,” says Mr. M’Gillivray, “is very local in its -breeding-places, the only one known to me being one of the ‘three -sand-banks’ near Sir Charles Hardy’s Islands. The eggs are two in -number, deposited in a slight hollow in the sand. I have seen this bird -on another neighbouring sand-bank, also on Solitary Island, near Cape -York, and in Endeavour Straits, but was unable to procure a specimen -from any of the three last-mentioned localities, on account of its -excessive shyness. It is one of the most noisy of the Terns, and I -generally saw it in small parties of half-a-dozen, or thereabouts. The -fully-fledged young of the year differs from the adult in having the -black on the head dark brown mottled with white, and the whole of the -upper surface and wings variegated with dark brownish grey.” - - - Genus STERNULA, _Boie_. - -Europe and Australia are both tenanted by little Terns, the specific -distinctness of which cannot be questioned, however much that of the -large Terns (genus _Sylochelidon_) may be: ought we not then to infer -that some peculiar law prevails, and that if one be distinct the other -is also? However that may be, it is certain that birds regarded as -identically the same, because no external difference is perceptible, -breed at opposite seasons in the two hemispheres, and that if the birds -of one hemisphere be brought and retained in the other, they continue to -moult their feathers and to breed at the same period that they would -have done had they remained in their native country. - - 567. Sternula Nereis, _Gould_ Vol. VII. Pl. 29. - - - Genus GELOCHELIDON, _Brehm_. - -It would be strange if this form did not exist in Australia, when all -the other European genera of Terns are found there; still I have no -other evidence of such being the case, than that of a specimen in the -collection of King’s College, London, which is said to be from Van -Diemen’s Land, and to which in the year 1837 I gave the name of _Sterna -macrotarsa_. - - 568. Gelochelidon macrotarsus, _Gould_. - - _Sterna macrotarsa_, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part V. p. 26; - and in Syn. Birds of Australia, Part II. - -Crown of the head and back of the neck black; all the upper surface and -primaries light silvery-grey; remainder of the plumage white; bill and -feet black. - -As I did not meet with this bird myself either in Van Diemen’s Land or -in any other of the Australian regions, I have not figured it. - - - Genus GYGIS, _Wagl._ - -One species of this Polynesian genus of Terns is found in Australia. - - 569. Gygis candida Vol. VII. Pl. 30. - - - Genus HYDROCHELIDON, _Boie_. - -The value of minor genera or subgenera, as naturalists may choose to -designate them, is much strengthened, when species, which have been -assigned to either of them from countries so distant from each other as -Australia and Europe, are found to possess similar habits, but differing -from those of the other members of the family. Thus the members of the -present little group inhabit the inland waters and marshes of both -countries; make their nests among the rushes, and lay thickly-marked -eggs, in both of which particulars they differ from the other Terns; the -generality of which deposit their eggs on the shingles of the sea-shore, -while others, the _Gygis candida_ for instance, lay their single egg on -the horizontal branch of a tree, so totally unprotected, that how it is -retained in its position during windy weather is a perfect mystery; -others again, such as the Noddies, bring together large masses of -sea-weed, which they either pile upon the swinging branch of a Mangrove -or on the jutting point of a rock. All these facts should be studied by -ornithologists before they discard subgenera proposed by their -fellow-labourers, and replace the species they may have so divided in -the genera of the older writers, who must necessarily have known less of -the subject; for wherever a difference occurs in the habits of the -members of any great family a variation more or less marked will be -found in their structure. So far as my own observations go, and they -have not been few, if I have read the great book of nature aright, the -genera, instead of being reduced, might with propriety be multiplied -without the risk of our being burthened with a genus for every species, -as some writers affect to fear would then be the case. - - 570. Hydrochelidon fluviatilis, _Gould_ Vol. VII. Pl. 31. - -A fine marsh Tern differing from its European prototypes _H. nigra_, _H. -leucoptera_ and _H. leucopareia_. - - - Genus ONYCHOPRION, _Wagl._ - -Of this form two species frequent the Australian seas. - - 571. Onychoprion fuliginosus Vol. VII. Pl. 32. - -Although I have figured one of the two Australian birds of this genus -under the above appellation, rather than run the risk of unnecessarily -adding to the number of species, I have no doubt it will prove to be -distinct from the American bird. - -“Found breeding in prodigious numbers on Raine’s Islet and Bramble Key -in May and June, associated with Noddies (_Anoüs stolidus_). The Sooty -Tern deposits its solitary egg in a slight excavation in the sand -without lining of any kind. The egg varies considerably in its markings. -After the party employed in building the beacon on Raine’s Islet had -been on shore about ten days, and the Terns had had their nests robbed -repeatedly, the birds collected into two or three large flocks and laid -their eggs in company, shifting their quarters repeatedly on finding -themselves continually molested; for new-laid eggs were much in request -among people who had for some time been living upon ship’s fare. By -sitting down and keeping quiet I have seen the poor birds dropping their -eggs within two yards of where I sat, apparently glad to get rid of -their burthen at all hazards. During the month of June 1844 about 1500 -dozen of eggs were procured by the party upon the Island. About the 20th -of June nearly one half of the young birds (hatched twenty-five or -thirty days previously) were able to fly, and many were quite strong -upon the wing. Great numbers of young birds unable to fly were killed -for the pot;—in one mess of twenty-two men the average number consumed -daily in June was fifty, and supposing the convicts (twenty in number) -to have consumed as many, 3000 young birds must have been killed in one -month; yet I could observe no sensible diminution of the number of -young, a circumstance which will give the reader some idea of the vast -numbers of birds of this species congregated on a mere vegetated -sand-bank like Raine’s Islet.”—_J. M’Gillivray._ - - 572. Onychoprion Panaya Vol. VII. Pl. 33. - - - Genus ANOÜS, _Leach_. - -Unlike other Terns which frequent the sea-shores and rivers, the Noddies -inhabit the wide ocean, far remote from land, and which, like the -Petrels, they seldom quit, except at the breeding season, when they -congregate in vast multitudes on small islands suited to the purpose. -Great nurseries of this kind are to be found in every ocean; in the -North Atlantic, one of the Tortugas, called Noddy Key, is a favourite -resort, and the Bahama Islands are another; in the South Pacific and -Indian Oceans, beside other situations, the Houtmann’s Abrolhos, off the -western coast of Australia, are resorted to in such immense numbers that -Mr. Gilbert was perfectly astonished at the multitudes with which he -found himself surrounded, upon landing on those remote and -little-explored islands. - - 573. Anoüs stolidus Vol. VII. Pl. 34. - -“The large Noddy,” says Mr. M’Gillivray, “is abundantly distributed over -Torres’ Straits, but I never met with it to the southward of Raine’s -Islet, on which, as at Bramble Key, it was found breeding in prodigious -numbers. Unlike its constant associate, the Sooty Tern, it constructs a -shallow nest of small twigs arranged in a slovenly manner, over which -are strewed about a handful of fragments of coral from the beach, -shells, and occasionally portions of tortoise-shell and bones of turtle. -The nest is sometimes placed upon the ground, but more usually upon -tufts of grass and other herbage, at about a foot from the ground.” - - 574. Anoüs melanops, _Gould_ Vol. VII. Pl. 35. - 575. Anoüs leucocapillus, _Gould_ Vol. VII. Pl. 36. - 576. Anoüs cinereus, _Gould_ Vol. VII. Pl. 37. - - - Family PROCELLARIDÆ, _Bonap._ - -There is perhaps no group of birds respecting which so much confusion -exists and the extent of whose range over the ocean is so little known, -as that forming the present family. - -Having, as I have before stated, paid much attention to these birds -during my voyages to and from Australia and in its neighbourhood, my -researches were rewarded by my obtaining a knowledge of at least forty -different species, nearly all of which are peculiar to the seas of the -southern hemisphere. The powers of flight with which these birds are -endowed are perfectly astonishing: they appear to be constantly -performing migrations round the globe from west to east; and Australia -lying in their tract, all the species may be found near its shores at -one or other season of the year. - -It is but natural to suppose that this great group of birds has been -created for some especial purpose, and may we not infer that they have -been placed in the Southern Ocean to prevent an undue increase of the -myriads of mollusks and other low marine animals with which those seas -abound, and upon which all the _Procellaridæ_ mainly subsist? - - - Genus DIOMEDEA, _Linn._ - -Of this genus, which comprises among its members the largest of the -Oceanic birds, three species range over the North Pacific Ocean; and six -others the seas southward of the equator. - - 577. Diomedea exulans, _Linn._ Vol. VII. Pl. 38. - -The weight of this species varies from seventeen to twenty pounds, and -the expanse of its extended wings averages the enormous breadth of 11 -feet. - - 578. Diomedea brachyura, _Temm._ Vol. VII. Pl. 39. - 579. Diomedea cauta, _Gould_ Vol. VII. Pl. 40. - 580. Diomedea culminata, _Gould_ Vol. VII. Pl. 41. - 581. Diomedea chlororhynchos, _Lath._ Vol. VII. Pl. 42. - 582. Diomedea melanophrys, _Temm._ Vol. VII. Pl. 43. - 583. Diomedea fuliginosa Vol. VII. Pl. 44. - 584. Diomedea gibbosa, _Gould_. - - _Diomedea gibbosa_, Gould in Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., vol. - xiii. p. 361. - -Face, ear-coverts, chin, abdomen, upper and under tail-coverts white; -the remainder of the plumage very dark brown, approaching on the -occiput, back of the neck and wings to black; bill yellowish -horn-colour, becoming darker at the tip and at the base; feet in the -dried specimen dark brown, but doubtless of a bluish grey, inclining to -flesh-colour in the living bird. - -The above is the description of a specimen in the collection of the -Zoological Society of London, to which it was presented by F. Debell -Bennett, Esq., who had procured it in the North Pacific. It differs from -every other that has come under my notice in the peculiar swollen and -raised form of the base of the upper mandible, which moreover advances -high upon the forehead. - - 585. Diomedea olivaceorhyncha, _Gould_. - - _Diomedea olivaceorhyncha_, Gould in Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., - vol. xiii. p. 361. - -I propose this name for a species, examples of which are wanting to our -collections, and of which a bill only has as yet come under my notice. -It is in the possession of Sir Wm. Jardine, Bart., is 3 inches and ⅜ths -long from the gape to the tip, of a uniform olive-green, and in form -more slender and elegant than that of the other members of the genus. -The locality in which it was procured is not known, but it is supposed -to have been obtained in the China seas. - -The last two species were not seen by me in the Australian seas, but are -given in order to complete a monograph of the _Diomedeæ_. - - - Genus PROCELLARIA, _Linn._ - -Of the fifteen species I have placed in this genus as now restricted, -figures of only eight have been given. - - 586. Procellaria gigantea Vol. VII. Pl. 45. - 587. Procellaria Æquinoctialis. - 588. Procellaria conspicillata, _Gould_ Vol. VII. Pl. 46. - 589. Procellaria hasitata, _Kuhl_. Vol. VII. Pl. 47. - 590. Procellaria Atlantica, _Gould_. - - _Procellaria Atlantica_, Gould in Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., - vol. xiii. p. 362. - -Male: the whole of the plumage deep chocolate-black; bill and feet -jet-black. - -This is one of the commonest species inhabiting the Atlantic, and no -ship passes between our shores and the Cape of Good Hope without -encountering it; it is a species respecting which very considerable -confusion exists in the writings of nearly all the older authors. It is -the _P. fuliginosa_ of Forster’s Drawings, No. 93 B, and the _P. -fuliginosa_ of Lichtenstein’s edition of Forster’s MSS. p. 23, which -term cannot be retained, as it had already been applied by Latham to a -very different bird from Otaheite; it is the _P. grisea_ of Kuhl but not -of Linnæus, who has given the term to another species, consequently -_grisea_ cannot be retained for it; and hence I have been induced to -give it a new appellation, and thereby prevent misapprehension for the -future. - - 591. Procellaria macroptera, _Smith_. - - _Procellaria macroptera_, Smith, Zool. of South Africa, Aves, pl. - 52. - -I think that a bird I killed in the seas off Van Diemen’s Land, where it -was tolerably abundant, and which differs from the last in being of a -larger size, in having much longer wings and a greyer face, may be -identical with the _P. macroptera_ of Smith, and I therefore retain it -under that appellation, in preference to assigning it a new name. - - 592. Procellaria Solandri, _Gould_. - - _Procellaria Solandri_, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part XII. p. - 57; and in Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., vol. xiii. p. 363. - -Head, back of the neck, shoulders, primaries and tail dark brown; back, -wing-coverts and upper tail-coverts slate-grey, each feather margined -with dark brown; face and all the under surface brown, washed with grey -on the abdomen; bill, tarsi, toes and membranes black. - -This is a remarkably robust and compact bird. I shot a single individual -in Bass’s Straits on the 13th of March 1839. M. Natterer thought that it -might be identical with the bird figured in Banks’s drawings, to which -Dr. Solander has affixed the term _melanopus_, an opinion in which I -cannot concur; I have therefore named it in honour of that celebrated -botanist. The specimen above described may possibly not be fully adult, -as the dark colouring of the under surface only occupies the extreme -tips of the feathers, the basal portions of which are snow-white. - - 593. Procellaria Glacialoïdes, _Smith_ Vol. VII. Pl. 48. - 594. Procellaria Lessonii, _Garn._ Vol. VII. Pl. 49. - 595. Procellaria mollis, _Gould_ Vol. VII. Pl. 50. - 596. Procellaria Cookii, _G. R. Gray_ Vol. VII. Pl. 51. - 597. Procellaria cœrulea, _Gmel._ Vol. VII. Pl. 52. - 598. Procellaria flavirostris, _Gould_. - - _Procellaria flavirostris_, Gould in Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., - vol. xiii. p. 365. - -Feathers of the head and all the upper surface brown with pearl edges, -fading into white on the tips of the upper tail-coverts; wings and tail -deep blackish brown; all the under surface pure white; the feathers of -the under surface of the shoulder with a streak of brown down the -centre; bill yellow, passing into dark horn-colour at the tip; tarsi and -feet fleshy white. - -This fine species was procured off the Cape of Good Hope, in lat. 36° -39′ S., long. 10° 3′ E., by His Excellency Governor Grey, on his passage -to South Australia. It is distinguished from its congeners by its much -larger size, and by the yellow colouring of the bill. The female is -somewhat smaller than her mate. - -This bird so nearly approaches in form the members of the genus -_Puffinus_, that it is almost questionable whether it should not be -included in that group. - - 599. Procellaria nivea, _Gmel._ - 600. Procellaria Antarctica, _Gmel._ - - - Genus DAPTION, _Steph._ - -A genus established for the reception of the _Procellaria Capensis_ of -Linnæus, a species abounding in all the temperate latitudes of the -southern seas. - - 601. Daption Capensis Vol. VII. Pl. 53. - - - Genus PRION, _Lacep._ - -A genus of fairy-like Petrels confined to the southern hemisphere: much -confusion exists respecting these birds, and they are so puzzling that I -regret to say I have not been able to throw any light upon the subject. - -Of the following species two only have been figured:— - - 602. Prion Turtur Vol. VII. Pl. 54. - 603. Prion vittatus Vol. VII. Pl. 55. - 604. Prion Banksii. - - _Pachyptila Banksii_, Smith, Zool. of South Africa, Aves, pl. 55. - - _Prion Banksii_, Gould in Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., vol. xiii. - p. 366. - -Found in the temperate latitudes of the Atlantic and Pacific, and I -believe in similar latitudes all round the globe. - - 605. Prion Ariel, _Gould_. - - _Prion Ariel_, Gould in Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., vol. xiii. p. - 366. - -I killed this species in Bass’s Straits, where it was rather numerous. - - - Genus PUFFINUS, _Briss._ - -The members of this genus inhabit the seas of both the northern and -southern hemisphere, but are nowhere more abundant than round Australia, -the fauna of which country comprises four species, which make one or -other of the groups of islands lying off the coast their great nurseries -or breeding-places. - - 606. Puffinus brevicaudus, _Brandt_ Vol. VII. Pl. 56. - -It will be seen that I have alluded in forcible terms to the great -abundance of this species in Bass’s Straits, in confirmation of which I -annex the following extract from Flinders’ Voyage, vol. i. p. 170:— - -“A large flock of Gannets was observed at daylight, and they were -followed by such a number of the sooty petrels as we had never seen -equalled. There was a stream of from fifty to eighty yards in depth, and -of three hundred yards or more in breadth; the birds were not scattered, -but were flying as compactly as a free movement of their wings seemed to -allow; and during a full _hour and a half_ this stream of Petrels -continued to pass without interruption, at a rate little inferior to the -swiftness of the Pigeon. On the lowest computation I think the number -could not have been less than a hundred millions. Taking the stream to -have been fifty yards deep by three hundred in width, and that it moved -at the rate of thirty miles an hour, and allowing nine cubic yards of -space to each bird, the number would amount to 151,500,000. The burrows -required to lodge this quantity of birds would be 75,750,000; and -allowing a square yard to each burrow, they would cover something more -than 18½ geographic square miles of ground.” - - 607. Puffinus carneipes, _Gould_ Vol. VII. Pl. 57. - 608. Puffinus sphenurus, _Gould_ Vol. VII. Pl. 58. - 609. Puffinus assimilis, _Gould_ Vol. VII. Pl. 59. - - - Genus PUFFINURIA, _Less._ - -One species of this genus inhabits the Australian seas. - - 610. Puffinuria Urinatrix Vol. VII. Pl. 60. - - - Genus THALASSIDROMA, _Vig._ - -The little tenants of the ocean belonging to this genus are so -universally dispersed, that they are found in all the seas except those -of the very high latitudes of both hemispheres. The Australian fauna is -particularly rich in birds of this form, inasmuch as no less than five -distinct species frequent the seas which wash the shores of that -country. - - 611. Thalassidroma marina, _Less._ Vol. VII. Pl. 61. - 612. Thalassidroma melanogaster, _Gould_ Vol. VII. Pl. 62. - 613. Thalassidroma leucogaster, _Gould_ Vol. VII. Pl. 63. - Thalassidroma Tropica, _Gould_. - - _Thalassidroma Tropica_, Gould in Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., - vol. xiii. p. 366. - -Head, back, wings, tail and breast dark sooty black; chin, under coverts -of the wings, abdomen, flanks, under tail-coverts, and a broad -crescent-shaped band across the upper tail-coverts snow-white; bill, -feet and legs black. - -Total length, 7¾ inches; bill, ⅞; wing, 6½; tail, 3½; tarsi, 1¾; middle -toe and nail, 1¼. - -I observed this species in the Atlantic, where it is confined to the -equatorial regions, being most abundant in the vicinity of the line. It -is the largest member of the genus with which I am acquainted, and is -rendered very conspicuous by the white mark on its throat. - - 614. Thalassidroma Nereis, _Gould_ Vol. VII. Pl. 64. - 615. Thalassidroma Wilsonii, _Bonap._ Vol. VII. Pl. 65. - - - Family PELECANIDÆ, _Leach_. - - - Genus PHALACROCORAX, _Briss._ - -The great family of the Cormorants, whose range is universal, are well -represented in Australia, since five species inhabit and are peculiar to -that country, where they perform precisely the same offices as the other -species of the genus do in Europe and America. - - 616. Phalacrocorax Carboïdes, _Gould_ Vol. VII. Pl. 66. - 617. Phalacrocorax sulcirostris Vol. VII. Pl. 67. - 618. Phalacrocorax hypoleucus Vol. VII. Pl. 68. - 619. Phalacrocorax leucogaster, _Gould_ Vol. VII. Pl. 69. - 620. Phalacrocorax melanoleucus, _Vieill._ Vol. VII. Pl. 70. - 621. Phalacrocorax punctatus Vol. VII. Pl. 71. - - - Genus ATTAGEN, _Mœhr_. - -Although I have figured but one, there are evidently two if not three -species of this genus which visit the Australian shores; but I have not -had sufficient opportunities to investigate the subject satisfactorily. - - 622. Attagen Ariel, _Gould_ Vol. VII. Pl. 72. - 623. Attagen Aquila? - - - Genus PHAËTON, _Linn._ - -The beautiful species of this form which graces the fauna of Australia, -ranges over the greater part of the Pacific Ocean, and among other -places retires to Norfolk Island and Raine’s Islet for the purpose of -breeding. - - 624. Phaëton phœnicurus Vol. VII. Pl. 73. - - - Genus PELECANUS, _Linn._ - -The members of this genus are very widely dispersed, since every great -country has one or more species assigned to it. That inhabiting -Australia is as fine and as beautifully marked as any other member of -the group. - - 625. Pelecanus conspicillatus, _Temm._ Vol. VII. Pl. 74. - - - Genus PLOTUS, _Linn._ - -Asia, Africa, America and Australia are each tenanted by a species of -this genus, the members of which, although few in number, are not well -understood nor are their specific differences easily decyphered. - - 626. Plotus Novæ-Hollandiæ, _Gould_ Vol. VII. Pl. 75. - - - Genus SULA, _Briss._ - -Four fine species of this genus appertain to the Australian fauna, since -they not only frequent the seas adjacent to the shores of that country, -but all of them resort to its rocks and islands for the purpose of -breeding. - -The genus comprises several other species which inhabit the sea coasts -of nearly every part of the globe. - - 627. Sula Australis, _Gould_ Vol. VII. Pl. 76. - -Inhabits the southern coast of Australia and Van Diemen’s Land, and is a -beautiful representative of the _Sula Bassana_ and _S. melanura_ of -Europe. - - 628. Sula personata, _Gould_ Vol. VII. Pl. 77. - -Common on the east coast. - - 629. Sula fusca, _Briss._ Vol. VII. Pl. 78. - -“This species of Booby,” says Mr. M’Gillivray, “is generally distributed -on the north-east and north coasts of New Holland; but I found it -breeding only upon Bramble Key, although I once, on Raine’s Islet, found -a solitary egg. The nest is slovenly made of dried herbage, a foot in -diameter, with scarcely any cavity, and contains two eggs, of which in -every instance one was clean and the other very dirty. The eggs, which -are white, vary considerably in size. The largest measured 2‑8/12 inches -by 1‑7/12; the smallest 2‑4½/12 by 1‑7½/12, and one of average size, 2½ -by 1¾ inches. Both sexes incubate, and the birds while sitting on their -eggs allowed of a very near approach, and before flying off disgorged -the contents of their stomachs, chiefly a species of _Clupea_ or -herring. I need scarcely add that their bite is very severe. During our -visits to Darnley Island I observed several tame Boobies among the -native villages, generally perched on the canoes hauled up on the beach. -These birds were allowed their full liberty, and after fishing in the -weirs upon the reefs until they had procured a sufficiency of food, -returned to the huts.” - -Inhabits the north coast. - - 630. Sula piscator, _Linn._ Vol. VII. Pl. 79. - -Inhabits the north coast. - - - Family COLYMBIDÆ, _Leach_. - - - Genus PODICEPS, _Lath._ - -There is no country of any extent wherein Grebes are not to be found; -and as their wing-powers are very limited, they are mostly stationary. - -I have elsewhere remarked how beautifully the European Grebes are -represented by those inhabiting Australia, and the truth of this remark -will be rendered at once apparent on reference to the Plates of the -following species:— - - 631. Podiceps Australis, _Gould_ Vol. VII. Pl. 80. - 632. Podiceps gularis, _Gould_ Vol. VII. Pl. 81. - - Podiceps Dominicus, var. Lath., Gen. Hist. vol. x. p. 32. - - 633. Podiceps poliocephalus, _Jard. & Selb._ Vol. VII. Pl. 82. - - - Family SPHENISCIDÆ, _Gould_. - -Of this southern group of birds three or four species have been known to -visit the shores of Van Diemen’s Land and the islands in Bass’s Straits, -which, in fact, constitute one of the great breeding-places of some of -the members of this family. - - - Genus EUDYPTES, _Vieill._ - - 634. Eudyptes chrysocome Vol. VII. Pl. 83. - - - Genus SPHENISCUS, _Briss._ - - 635. Spheniscus minor, _Temm._ Vol. VII. Pl. 84. - 636. Spheniscus Undina, _Gould_ Vol. VII. Pl. 85. - - - - - TABLE OF THE RANGE OR DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES. - - - ────────────────────┬─────────────┬──────────┬──────────┬────────── - │South-eastern│ │ │ - │ portion of │ South │Swan River│ Northern - Name of Species. │Australia or │Australia.│or Western│Australia. - │ New South │ │Australia.│ - │ Wales. │ │ │ - ────────────────────┼─────────────┼──────────┼──────────┼────────── - Aquila fucosa, │ * │ * │ * │ - _Cuv._ │ │ │ │ - —— Morphnoïdes, │ * │ │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Ichthyiaëtus │ * │ * │ * │ * - leucogaster │ │ │ │ - Haliastur │ │ │ │ - leucosternus, │ * │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— sphenurus │ * │ * │ * │ * - Pandion │ │ │ │ - leucocephalus, │ * │ * │ * │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Falco hypoleucus, │ │ * │ * │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— melanogenys, │ * │ * │ * │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— subniger, _Gray_ │ │ * │ │ - —— frontatus, │ * │ * │ * │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Ieracidea Berigora │ * │ * │ │ - —— occidentalis, │ │ * │ * │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Tinnunculus │ * │ * │ * │ * - Cenchroïdes │ │ │ │ - Astur Novæ-Hollandiæ│ * │ * │ │ - —— —— (albino) │ * │ * │ │ - —— radiatus │ * │ │ │ - —— approximans, │ * │ * │ │ - _Vig. & Horsf._ │ │ │ │ - —— cruentus, _Gould_│ │ │ * │ *? - Accipiter torquatus │ * │ * │ * │ * - Buteo melanosternon,│ * │ * │ * │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Milvus affinis, │ * │ * │ * │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— isurus, _Gould_ │ * │ * │ │ - Elanus axillaris │ * │ * │ * │ * - —— scriptus, _Gould_│ │ * │ │ * - Lepidogenys │ │ │ │ - subcristatus, │ * │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Circus assimilis, │ * │ * │ * │ - _Jard. & Selb._ │ │ │ │ - —— Jardinii, _Gould_│ * │ * │ │ - Strix castanops, │ │ │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— personata, _Vig._│ * │ * │ * │ * - —— tenebricosus, │ * │ │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— delicatulus, │ * │ * │ * │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Athene Boobook │ * │ * │ * │ *? - —— maculata │ * │ * │ │ - —— marmorata, │ │ * │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - ——? connivens │ * │ │ * │ - —— strenua, _Gould_ │ * │ │ │ - —— rufa, _Gould_ │ │ │ │ * - Ægotheles │ * │ * │ * │ - Novæ-Hollandiæ │ │ │ │ - —— leucogaster, │ │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Podargus │ * │ │ │ - megacephalus │ │ │ │ - —— humeralis, _Vig. │ * │ │ │ - & Horsf._ │ │ │ │ - —— Cuvieri, _Vig. & │ │ * │ │ - Horsf._ │ │ │ │ - —— brachypterus, │ │ * │ * │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— Phalænoïdes, │ │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— plumiferus, │ * │ │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Eurostopodus │ * │ │ │ - albogularis │ │ │ │ - —— guttatus │ * │ * │ * │ * - Caprimulgus │ │ │ │ * - macrurus, _Horsf._│ │ │ │ - Acanthylis caudacuta│ * │ │ │ - Cypselus Australis, │ * │ │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Atticora │ │ │ │ - leucosternon, │ * │ * │ * │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Hirundo neoxena, │ * │ * │ * │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Chelidon arborea │ * │ * │ * │ * - —— Ariel, _Gould_ │ * │ * │ * │ - Merops ornatus, │ * │ * │ * │ * - _Lath._ │ │ │ │ - Eurystomus │ │ │ │ - Australis, │ * │ │ │ * - _Swains._ │ │ │ │ - Dacelo gigantea │ * │ * │ │ - —— Leachii, _Vig. & │ │ │ │ * - Horsf._ │ │ │ │ - —— cervina, _Gould_ │ │ │ │ * - Halcyon sanctus, │ * │ * │ * │ * - _Vig. & Horsf._ │ │ │ │ - —— pyrrhopygia, │ * │ * │ * │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— sordidus, _Gould_│ * │ │ │ - —— MacLeayii, _Jard.│ * │ │ │ * - & Selby_ │ │ │ │ - Alcyone azurea │ * │ * │ │ - —— Diemenensis, │ │ │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— pulchra, _Gould_ │ │ │ │ * - —— pusilla │ │ │ │ * - Artamus sordidus │ * │ * │ * │ - —— minor, _Vieill._ │ * │ │ │ - —— cinereus, │ │ │ * │ * - _Vieill._ │ │ │ │ - —— albiventris, │ │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— personatus, │ │ * │ * │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— superciliosus, │ * │ * │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— leucopygialis, │ * │ * │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Dicæum hirundinaceum│ * │ * │ * │ - Pardalotus punctatus│ * │ * │ * │ - —— rubricatus, │ *? │ │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— quadragintus, │ │ │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— striatus │ * │ * │ * │ - —— affinis, _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— melanocephalus, │ * │ │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— uropygialis, │ │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Strepera graculina │ * │ │ │ - —— fuliginosa, │ │ * │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— arguta, _Gould_ │ │ * │ │ - —— Anaphonensis │ * │ │ * │ - —— melanoptera, │ │ * │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Gymnorhina Tibicen │ * │ │ *? │ - —— leuconota, │ * │ * │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— organicum, │ │ │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Cracticus │ │ │ │ - nigrogularis, │ * │ * │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— picatus, _Gould_ │ │ │ │ * - —— argenteus, │ │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— destructor │ * │ * │ │ - —— cinereus, _Gould_│ │ │ │ - —— leucopterus, │ │ * │ * │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— Quoyii │ │ │ │ * - Grallina Australis │ * │ * │ * │ * - Graucalus melanops │ * │ * │ * │ * - —— parvirostris, │ │ │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— mentalis, _Vig. &│ │ │ │ - Horsf._ │ │ │ │ - Graucalus │ │ │ │ - hypoleucus, │ │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— Swainsonii, │ * │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Pteropodocys │ │ │ │ - Phasianellus, │ * │ * │ * │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Campephaga Jardinii,│ * │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— Karu │ │ │ │ * - —— leucomela, _Vig. │ * │ │ │ - & Horsf._ │ │ │ │ - —— humeralis, │ * │ * │ * │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Pachycephala │ * │ * │ * │ - gutturalis │ │ │ │ - —— glaucura, _Gould_│ │ │ │ - —— melanura, _Gould_│ │ │ │ * - —— pectoralis │ * │ * │ * │ - —— falcata, _Gould_ │ │ │ │ * - —— Lanoïdes, _Gould_│ │ │ │ * - —— rufogularis, │ │ * │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— Gilbertii, │ │ * │ * │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— simplex, _Gould_ │ │ │ │ * - —— olivacea, _Vig. &│ * │ │ │ - Horsf._ │ │ │ │ - Colluricincla │ * │ * │ │ - harmonica │ │ │ │ - —— rufiventris, │ │ * │ * │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— brunnea, _Gould_ │ │ │ │ * - —— Selbii, _Jard._ │ │ │ │ - —— parvula, _Gould_ │ │ │ │ * - —— rufogaster, │ * │ │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Falcunculus │ * │ * │ │ - frontatus │ │ │ │ - —— leucogaster, │ │ │ * │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Oreoïca gutturalis │ * │ * │ * │ - Dicrurus bracteatus,│ * │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Rhipidura albiscapa,│ * │ * │ * │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— rufifrons │ * │ │ │ - —— Dryas, _Gould_ │ │ │ │ * - —— isura, _Gould_ │ │ │ │ * - —— Motacilloïdes, │ * │ * │ * │ - _Vig. & Horsf._ │ │ │ │ - —— picata, _Gould_ │ │ │ │ * - Seïsura inquieta │ * │ * │ * │ - Piezorhynchus │ │ │ │ * - nitidus, _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Myiägra plumbea, │ * │ │ │ - _Vig. & Horsf._ │ │ │ │ - —— concinna, _Gould_│ │ │ │ * - —— nitida, _Gould_ │ * │ │ │ - —— latirostris, │ │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Micrœca macroptera │ * │ * │ │ - —— assimilis, │ │ │ * │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— flavigaster, │ │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Monarcha carinata │ * │ │ │ - —— trivirgata │ * │ │ │ * - Gerygone │ │ │ │ - albogularis, │ * │ │ * │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— fuscus, _Gould_ │ * │ │ │ - —— culicivorus, │ │ │ * │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— magnirostris, │ │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— lævigaster, │ │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— chloronotus, │ │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Smicrornis │ │ │ │ - brevirostris, │ * │ * │ *? │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— flavescens, │ │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Erythrodryas │ │ * │ │ - rhodinogaster │ │ │ │ - —— rosea, _Gould_ │ * │ │ │ - Petroïca multicolor │ * │ * │ * │ - —— erythrogastra │ │ │ │ - —— Goodenovii │ * │ * │ * │ - —— phœnicea, _Gould_│ * │ * │ │ - —— bicolor, │ * │ * │ * │ - _Swains._ │ │ │ │ - —— fusca, _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— superciliosa, │ │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Drymodes │ │ │ │ - brunneopygia, │ │ * │ * │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Eöpsaltria Australis│ * │ │ │ - —— griseogularis, │ │ │ * │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— leucogaster, │ │ │ * │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Menura superba, │ * │ │ │ - _Dav._ │ │ │ │ - Psophodes crepitans │ * │ │ │ - —— nigrogularis, │ │ │ * │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Sphenostoma │ * │ * │ │ - cristata, _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Malurus cyaneus │ * │ * │ │ - —— longicaudus, │ │ │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— melanotus, │ │ * │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— splendens │ │ │ * │ - —— elegans, _Gould_ │ │ │ * │ - —— pulcherrimus, │ │ │ * │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— Lamberti, _Vig. &│ * │ │ │ - Horsf._ │ │ │ │ - —— leucopterus, │ * │ * │ * │ - _Quoy & Gaim._ │ │ │ │ - —— melanocephalus, │ * │ │ │ - _Vig. & Horsf._ │ │ │ │ - —— Brownii, _Vig. & │ * │ │ │ * - Horsf._ │ │ │ │ - Amytis textilis │ * │ │ │ - —— striatus, _Gould_│ * │ │ │ - —— macrourus, │ │ │ * │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Stipiturus │ * │ * │ * │ - malachurus │ │ │ │ - Dasyornis Australis,│ * │ │ │ - _Vig. & Horsf._ │ │ │ │ - —— longirostris, │ │ │ * │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Atrichia clamosa, │ │ │ * │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Sphenœacus │ * │ │ │ * - galactotes │ │ │ │ - —— gramineus, │ * │ * │ * │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Acrocephalus │ * │ * │ │ - Australis, _Gould_│ │ │ │ - —— longirostris, │ │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Hylacola pyrrhopygia│ * │ * │ │ - —— cauta, _Gould_ │ │ * │ │ - Cysticola magna, │ A │ │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— exilis │ * │ * │ │ - —— lineocapilla, │ │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— isura, _Gould_ │ * │ │ │ - —— ruficeps, _Gould_│ * │ │ │ - Sericornis │ │ │ │ - citreogularis, │ * │ │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— humilis, _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— osculans, _Gould_│ │ * │ │ - —— frontalis │ * │ * │ │ - —— lævigaster, │ │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— maculatus, │ * │ * │ * │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— magnirostris, │ * │ │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Acanthiza pusilla │ * │ │ │ - —— Diemenensis, │ │ │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— Ewingii, _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— uropygialis, │ * │ │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— apicalis, _Gould_│ │ │ * │ - —— pyrrhopygia, │ │ * │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— inornata, _Gould_│ │ * │ * │ - —— nana, _Vig. & │ * │ * │ │ - Horsf._ │ │ │ │ - —— lineata, _Gould_ │ * │ * │ │ - —— Reguloïdes, _Vig.│ * │ * │ │ - & Horsf._ │ │ │ │ - —— chrysorrhœa │ * │ * │ * │ - Ephthianura │ * │ * │ * │ - albifrons │ │ │ │ - —— aurifrons, │ * │ * │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— tricolor, _Gould_│ * │ │ │ - Xerophila leucopsis,│ │ * │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Pyrrholæmus │ │ * │ * │ - brunneus, _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Origma rubricata │ * │ │ │ - Calamanthus │ │ │ │ - fuliginosus │ │ │ │ - —— campestris, │ │ * │ * │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Chthonicola minima │ * │ * │ │ - Anthus Australis, │ * │ * │ * │ * - _Vig. & Horsf._ │ │ │ │ - Cincloramphus │ * │ │ │ - cruralis │ │ │ │ - —— cantillans, │ * │ * │ * │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— rufescens │ * │ * │ * │ * - Mirafra Horsfieldii,│ * │ │ │ *? - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Estrelda bella │ * │ │ │ - —— oculea │ │ │ * │ - —— Bichenovii │ * │ │ * │ - —— annulosa, _Gould_│ │ │ │ * - —— temporalis │ * │ * │ │ - —— Phaëton │ │ │ │ * - —— ruficauda, │ * │ │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— modesta, _Gould_ │ * │ │ │ - Amadina Lathamii │ * │ * │ │ - —— castanotis, │ * │ * │ * │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Poëphila Gouldiæ, │ │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— mirabilis, _Homb.│ │ │ │ * - & Jacq._ │ │ │ │ - —— acuticauda, │ │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— personata, │ │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— leucotis, _Gould_│ │ │ │ * - —— cincta, _Gould_ │ * │ │ │ - Donacola │ │ │ │ - castaneothorax, │ * │ │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— pectoralis, │ │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— flaviprymna, │ │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Emblema picta, │ │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Pitta strepitans, │ * │ │ │ - _Temm._ │ │ │ │ - —— Vigorsii, _Gould_│ │ │ │ * - —— Iris, _Gould_ │ │ │ │ * - Cinclosoma │ │ │ │ - punctatum, _Vig. &│ * │ * │ │ - Horsf._ │ │ │ │ - —— castanotus, │ │ * │ * │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— cinnamomeus, │ │ * │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Oreocincla lunulata │ * │ │ │ - Chlamydera maculata,│ * │ * │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— nuchalis │ │ │ │ * - Ptilonorhynchus │ │ │ │ - holosericeus, │ * │ │ │ - _Kuhl_ │ │ │ │ - —— Smithii, _Vig. & │ * │ │ │ - Horsf._ │ │ │ │ - Sericulus │ * │ │ │ - chrysocephalus │ │ │ │ - Oriolus viridis │ * │ │ │ - —— affinis, _Gould_ │ │ │ │ * - —— flavocinctus │ │ │ │ * - Sphecotheres │ │ │ │ - Australis, │ * │ │ │ - _Swains._ │ │ │ │ - Corcorax leucopterus│ * │ * │ │ - Struthidea cinerea, │ * │ * │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Corvus Coronoïdes, │ * │ * │ * │ * - _Vig. & Horsf._ │ │ │ │ - Neomorpha Gouldii, │ │ │ │ - _G. R. Gray_ │ │ │ │ - Pomatorhinus │ * │ │ │ - temporalis │ │ │ │ - —— rubeculus, │ │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— superciliosus, │ * │ * │ * │ - _Vig. & Horsf._ │ │ │ │ - Meliphaga │ * │ * │ │ - Novæ-Hollandiæ │ │ │ │ - —— longirostris, │ │ │ * │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— sericea, _Gould_ │ * │ │ │ - —— mystacalis, │ │ │ * │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— Australasiana │ * │ * │ │ - Glyciphila │ * │ * │ * │ - fulvifrons │ │ │ │ - —— albifrons, │ * │ * │ * │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— fasciata, _Gould_│ │ │ │ - —— ocularis, _Gould_│ * │ * │ * │ * - Ptilotis chrysotis │ * │ │ │ - —— sonorus, _Gould_ │ * │ * │ * │ - —— versicolor, │ │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— flavigula, │ │ │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— leucotis │ * │ │ *? │ - —— auricomis │ * │ │ │ - —— cratitius, │ │ * │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— ornatus, _Gould_ │ │ │ * │ - —— plumulus, _Gould_│ │ │ * │ - —— flavescens, │ │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— flava, _Gould_ │ │ │ │ * - —— penicillatus, │ * │ * │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— fusca, _Gould_ │ * │ │ │ - —— chrysops │ * │ * │ │ - —— unicolor, _Gould_│ │ │ │ * - Plectorhyncha │ │ │ │ - lanceolata, │ * │ │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Xanthomyza Phrygia │ * │ * │ │ - Melicophila picata, │ │ * │ * │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Entomophila picta, │ * │ │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— albogularis, │ │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— rufogularis, │ │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Acanthogenys │ │ │ │ - rufogularis, │ * │ * │ * │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Anthochæra inauris, │ │ │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— carunculata │ * │ * │ * │ - —— mellivora │ * │ * │ │ - —— lunulata, _Gould_│ │ │ * │ - Tropidorhynchus │ * │ │ │ - corniculatus │ │ │ │ - —— argenticeps, │ │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— citreogularis, │ * │ │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— sordidus, _Gould_│ │ │ │ - Acanthorhynchus │ * │ │ │ - tenuirostris │ │ │ │ - —— dubius, _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— superciliosus │ │ │ * │ - Myzomela │ * │ │ │ * - sanguineolenta │ │ │ │ - —— erythrocephala, │ │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— pectoralis, │ │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— nigra, _Gould_ │ * │ * │ * │ * - —— obscura, _Gould_ │ │ │ │ * - Entomyza cyanotis │ * │ │ │ - —— albipennis, │ │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Melithreptus │ │ │ │ - validirostris, │ │ │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— gularis, _Gould_ │ * │ * │ │ - —— lunulatus │ * │ * │ │ - —— chloropsis, │ │ │ * │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— albogularis, │ * │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— melanocephalus, │ │ │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Myzantha garrula │ * │ * │ │ - —— obscura, _Gould_ │ │ │ * │ - —— lutea, _Gould_ │ │ │ │ * - —— flavigula, │ * │ │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— melanophrys │ │ │ │ - Zosterops dorsalis, │ * │ * │ │ - _Vig. & Horsf._ │ │ │ │ - —— chloronotus, │ │ │ * │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— luteus, _Gould_ │ │ │ │ * - Cuculus optatus, │ │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— inornatus, _Vig. │ * │ * │ * │ - & Horsf._ │ │ │ │ - —— cineraceus, _Vig.│ * │ * │ * │ - & Horsf._ │ │ │ │ - —— insperatus, │ * │ │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— dumetorum │ │ │ │ * - Chrysococcyx │ * │ * │ * │ - osculans, _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— lucidus │ * │ * │ * │ * - Scythrops │ │ │ │ - Novæ-Hollandiæ, │ * │ │ │ * - _Lath._ │ │ │ │ - Eudynamys Flindersii│ * │ │ │ * - Centropus Phasianus │ * │ │ │ - —— macrourus │ │ │ │ * - —— melanurus │ │ │ │ * - Climacteris │ * │ * │ │ - scandens, _Temm._ │ │ │ │ - —— rufa, _Gould_ │ │ │ * │ - —— erythrops, │ * │ │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— melanotus, │ │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— melanura, _Gould_│ │ │ │ * - —— picumnus, _Temm._│ * │ * │ │ - Orthonyx │ │ │ │ - spinicaudus, │ * │ │ │ - _Temm._ │ │ │ │ - Ptiloris paradiseus,│ * │ │ │ * - _Swains._ │ │ │ │ - Sittella chrysoptera│ * │ │ │ - —— leucocephala, │ * │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— leucoptera, │ │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— pileata, _Gould_ │ │ * │ * │ - Cacatua galerita │ * │ * │ * │ * - —— Leadbeaterii │ * │ * │ * │ - —— sanguinea, │ │ * │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— Eos │ * │ * │ │ * - Licmetis nasicus │ * │ * │ │ - —— pastinator │ │ │ * │ - Nestor productus, │ │ │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Calyptorhynchus │ * │ │ │ - Banksii │ │ │ │ - —— macrorhynchus, │ │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— naso, _Gould_ │ │ │ * │ - —— Leachii │ * │ * │ │ - —— funereus │ * │ │ │ - —— xanthonotus, │ │ *? │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— Baudinii, _Vig._ │ │ │ * │ - Callocephalon │ * │ │ │ - galeatum │ │ │ │ - Polytelis │ * │ │ │ - Barrabandii │ │ │ │ - —— melanura │ │ * │ * │ - Aprosmictus │ * │ │ │ - scapulatus │ │ │ │ - —— erythropterus │ * │ │ │ * - Platycercus │ │ │ * │ - semitorquatus │ │ │ │ - —— Bauerii │ │ * │ │ - —— Barnardii, _Vig. │ * │ * │ │ - & Horsf._ │ │ │ │ - —— Adelaidiæ, │ │ * │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— Pennantii │ * │ * │ │ - —— flaviventris │ │ │ │ - —— flaveolus, │ * │ * │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— palliceps, _Vig._│ * │ │ │ - —— eximius │ * │ │ │ - —— splendidus, │ * │ │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— icterotis │ │ │ * │ - —— ignitus, _Lead._ │ *? │ │ │ - —— Brownii │ │ │ │ * - —— pileatus, _Vig._ │ │ │ * │ - Psephotus │ │ │ │ - hæmatogaster, │ * │ * │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— pulcherrimus, │ * │ │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— multicolor │ * │ * │ │ - —— hæmatonotus, │ * │ * │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Euphema chrysostoma │ *? │ │ │ - —— elegans, _Gould_ │ * │ * │ * │ - —— aurantia, _Gould_│ │ * │ │ - —— petrophila, │ │ * │ * │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— pulchella │ * │ │ │ - —— splendida, │ │ * │ * │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— Bourkii │ * │ * │ │ - Melopsittacus │ * │ * │ * │ * - undulatus │ │ │ │ - Nymphicus │ * │ * │ * │ * - Novæ-Hollandiæ │ │ │ │ - Pezoporus formosus │ * │ * │ * │ - Lathamus discolor │ * │ │ │ - Trichoglossus │ │ │ │ - Swainsonii, _Jard.│ * │ * │ │ - & Selby_ │ │ │ │ - —— rubritorquis, │ │ │ │ * - _Vig. & Horsf._ │ │ │ │ - Trichoglossus │ * │ │ │ - chlorolepidotus │ │ │ │ - —— versicolor, │ │ │ │ * - _Vig._ │ │ │ │ - —— concinnus │ * │ * │ │ - —— porphyrocephalus,│ │ * │ * │ - _Diet._ │ │ │ │ - —— pusillus │ * │ * │ │ - Ptilinopus │ │ │ │ - Swainsonii, │ * │ │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— Ewingii, _Gould_ │ │ │ │ * - —— superbus │ │ │ │ * - Carpophaga magnifica│ * │ │ │ - —— leucomela │ * │ │ │ - —— luctuosa │ │ │ │ * - Lopholaimus │ * │ │ │ - Antarcticus │ │ │ │ - Chalcophaps │ * │ │ │ - chrysochlora │ │ │ │ - —— longirostris │ │ │ │ * - Leucosarcia picata │ * │ │ │ - Phaps chalcoptera │ * │ * │ * │ * - —— elegans │ * │ * │ * │ - —— histrionica, │ * │ * │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Geophaps scripta │ * │ │ │ - —— Smithii │ │ │ │ * - —— plumifera, │ │ * │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Ocyphaps Lophotes │ * │ * │ │ - Petrophassa │ │ │ │ - albipennis, │ │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Geopelia humeralis │ * │ │ │ * - —— tranquilla, │ * │ * │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— placida, _Gould_ │ │ │ │ * - —— cuneata │ * │ * │ * │ * - Macropygia │ * │ │ │ - Phasianella │ │ │ │ - Didunculus │ │ │ │ - strigirostris │ │ │ │ - Talegalla Lathami │ * │ │ │ - Leipoa ocellata, │ │ * │ * │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Megapodius Tumulus, │ │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Pedionomus │ * │ * │ │ - torquatus, _Gould_│ │ │ │ - Turnix melanogaster,│ * │ │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— varius │ * │ * │ * │ - —— scintillans, │ │ │ * │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— melanotus, │ │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— castanotus, │ │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— pyrrhothorax, │ * │ * │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— velox, _Gould_ │ * │ * │ │ - Coturnix pectoralis,│ * │ * │ * │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Synoïcus Australis │ * │ * │ * │ - —— Diemenensis, │ │ │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— sordidus, _Gould_│ │ * │ │ - ——? Chinensis │ * │ * │ │ * - Dromaius │ * │ * │ * │ * - Novæ-Hollandiæ │ │ │ │ - Apteryx Australis, │ │ │ │ - _Shaw_ │ │ │ │ - —— Owenii, _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Otis Australis │ * │ * │ * │ * - Œdicnemus grallarius│ * │ * │ * │ *? - Esacus magnirostris │ │ │ │ * - Hæmatopus │ │ │ │ - longirostris, │ * │ * │ * │ * - _Vieill._ │ │ │ │ - Hæmatopus │ │ │ │ - fuliginosus, │ * │ * │ * │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Lobivanellus lobatus│ * │ * │ │ - —— personatus, │ │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Sarciophorus │ * │ * │ │ - pectoralis │ │ │ │ - Squatarola Helvetica│ * │ * │ * │ * - Charadrius │ │ │ │ - xanthocheilus, │ * │ * │ * │ * - _Wagl._ │ │ │ │ - —— veredus, _Gould_ │ * │ * │ │ - Eudromias Australis,│ │ * │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Hiaticula bicincta │ * │ │ │ - —— ruficapilla │ * │ * │ * │ * - —— monacha │ * │ * │ * │ - —— inornata, _Gould_│ * │ * │ * │ * - —— nigrifrons │ * │ * │ * │ - Erythrogonys │ * │ * │ │ - cinctus, _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Glareola grallaria, │ * │ │ │ * - _Temm._ │ │ │ │ - —— Orientalis, │ │ │ │ * - _Leach_ │ │ │ │ - Himantopus │ │ │ │ - leucocephalus, │ * │ * │ * │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— Novæ-Zelandiæ, │ │ │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Chladorhynchus │ │ * │ * │ - pectoralis │ │ │ │ - Recurvirostra │ │ │ │ - rubricollis, │ * │ * │ * │ * - _Temm._ │ │ │ │ - Limosa Melanuroïdes,│ │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— uropygialis, │ * │ * │ * │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Schœniclus Australis│ * │ * │ * │ * - —— albescens │ * │ * │ * │ * - —— subarquatus │ * │ * │ * │ * - —— magnus, _Gould_ │ │ │ * │ - Terekia cinerea │ * │ │ │ - Actitis empusa, │ * │ * │ * │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Glottis Glottoïdes │ * │ * │ * │ * - Totanus stagnatilis │ * │ │ │ - —— griseopygius, │ * │ │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Strepsilas Interpres│ * │ * │ * │ * - │ │ │ │ - Scolopax Australis, │ * │ * │ * │ * - _Lath._ │ │ │ │ - Rhynchæa Australis, │ * │ * │ * │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Numenius Australis, │ * │ * │ * │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— uropygialis, │ * │ * │ * │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— minutus, _Gould_ │ * │ │ * │ * - Geronticus │ * │ │ │ * - spinicollis │ │ │ │ - Threskiornis │ * │ │ │ * - strictipennis │ │ │ │ - Falcinellus igneus │ * │ * │ │ * - Grus Australasianus,│ * │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Platalea flavipes, │ * │ * │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— regia, _Gould_ │ * │ * │ │ * - Mycteria Australis, │ * │ │ │ * - _Lath._ │ │ │ │ - Ardea pacifica, │ * │ * │ * │ * - _Lath._ │ │ │ │ - —— Novæ-Hollandiæ, │ * │ * │ * │ - _Lath._ │ │ │ │ - —— rectirostris, │ │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— leucophæa, │ │ * │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Herodias │ │ │ │ - syrmatophorus, │ * │ * │ * │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— plumiferus, │ * │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— immaculatus, │ │ │ * │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— pannosus, _Gould_│ * │ │ │ - Herodias? jugularis │ * │ * │ * │ * - —— Greyi │ │ │ │ * - —— picata, _Gould_ │ │ │ │ * - Nycticorax │ * │ * │ * │ - Caledonicus │ │ │ │ - Botaurus Australis, │ * │ * │ * │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Ardetta flavicollis │ * │ * │ * │ * - —— macrorhyncha, │ * │ │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— stagnatilis, │ │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— pusilla │ * │ │ │ - Porphyrio melanotus,│ * │ * │ │ * - _Temm._ │ │ │ │ - —— bellus, _Gould_ │ │ │ * │ - Tribonyx Mortieri, │ │ │ │ - _DuBus_ │ │ │ │ - —— ventralis, │ * │ * │ * │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Gallinula tenebrosa,│ * │ * │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Fulica Australis, │ * │ * │ * │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Parra gallinacea, │ │ │ │ * - _Temm._ │ │ │ │ - Rallus pectoralis, │ * │ * │ * │ * - _Cuv._ │ │ │ │ - —— Lewinii, │ │ * │ * │ * - _Swains._ │ │ │ │ - Eulabeornis │ │ │ │ - castaneoventris, │ │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Porzana fluminea, │ * │ * │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— palustris, │ * │ * │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— leucophrys, │ │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - ——? immaculata │ * │ * │ * │ - Cereopsis │ │ │ │ - Novæ-Hollandiæ, │ * │ * │ │ - _Lath._ │ │ │ │ - Anseranas │ * │ * │ │ * - melanoleuca │ │ │ │ - Bernicla jubata │ * │ * │ * │ - Nettapus pulchellus,│ │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— albipennis, │ * │ │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Cygnus atratus │ * │ * │ * │ - Casarca Tadornoïdes │ * │ * │ * │ - Tadorna Radjah │ │ │ │ * - Anas superciliosa, │ * │ * │ * │ - _Gmel._ │ │ │ │ - —— nævosa, _Gould_ │ │ * │ * │ - —— punctata, _Cuv._ │ * │ * │ * │ - Spatula Rhynchotis │ * │ * │ * │ - Malacorhynchus │ * │ * │ * │ - membranaceus │ │ │ │ - Dendrocygna arcuata │ * │ │ │ * - —— Eytoni, _Gould_ │ │ * │ * │ * - Nyroca Australis, │ * │ * │ * │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Erismatura Australis│ │ │ * │ - Biziura lobata │ * │ * │ * │ - Larus Pacificus │ * │ * │ * │ - Xema Jamesonii │ * │ * │ * │ *? - Lestris Catarractes │ * │ * │ │ - Sylochelidon │ * │ * │ * │ - strenuus │ │ │ │ - Thalasseus │ │ │ │ * - Pelecanoïdes │ │ │ │ - —— poliocercus, │ * │ * │ * │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— Torresii, _Gould_│ │ │ │ * - Sterna │ │ │ │ - melanorhyncha, │ * │ * │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— gracilis, _Gould_│ │ │ * │ - —— melanauchen, │ │ │ │ * - _Temm._ │ │ │ │ - Sternula Nereis, │ * │ * │ * │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Gelochelidon │ │ │ │ - macrotarsus │ │ │ │ - Gygis candida │ │ │ │ * - Hydrochelidon │ │ │ │ - fluviatilis, │ * │ * │ * │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Onychoprion │ │ │ * │ * - fuliginosus? │ │ │ │ - —— Panaya │ │ │ * │ * - Anoüs stolidus │ * │ │ * │ * - —— melanops, _Gould_│ │ │ * │ - —— leucocapillus, │ │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— cinereus, _Gould_│ * │ │ │ * - Diomedea exulans, │ * │ * │ * │ - _Linn._ │ │ │ │ - —— brachyura, │ │ │ │ *? - _Temm._ │ │ │ │ - —— cauta, _Gould_ │ * │ * │ * │ - —— culminata, │ * │ * │ * │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— chlororhynchos, │ * │ * │ * │ - _Lath._ │ │ │ │ - —— melanophrys, │ * │ * │ * │ - _Temm._ │ │ │ │ - —— fuliginosa │ * │ * │ * │ - —— olivaceorhyncha, │ │ │ │ *? - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Procellaria gigantea│ * │ * │ * │ - —— Æquinoctialis │ │ │ │ - —— conspicillata, │ │ │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— hasitata, _Kuhl_ │ * │ * │ * │ - —— Atlantica, │ │ │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— macroptera, │ │ │ │ - _Smith_ │ │ │ │ - —— Solandrii, │ * │ * │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— Glacialoïdes, │ * │ │ │ - _Smith_ │ │ │ │ - —— Lessonii, _Garn._│ * │ * │ * │ - —— mollis, _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - │ │ │ │ - —— Cookii, _G. R. │ * │ * │ * │ - Gray_ │ │ │ │ - —— cœrulea, _Gmel._ │ * │ * │ * │ - —— flavirostris, │ │ │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— nivea, _Gmel._ │ │ │ │ - —— Antarctica, │ │ │ │ - _Gmel._ │ │ │ │ - Daption Capensis │ * │ * │ * │ - Prion Turtur │ * │ * │ * │ - —— vittatus, _Cuv._ │ * │ * │ * │ - —— Banksii │ * │ * │ * │ - —— Ariel, _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Puffinus │ │ │ │ - brevicaudus, │ * │ * │ * │ - _Brandt_ │ │ │ │ - —— carneipes, │ │ │ * │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— sphenurus, │ │ │ * │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— assimilis, │ * │ │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Puffinuria Urinatrix│ * │ * │ │ - Thalassidroma │ │ │ * │ - marina, _Less._ │ │ │ │ - —— melanogaster, │ * │ * │ * │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— leucogaster, │ * │ * │ * │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— Tropica, _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - │ │ │ │ - —— Nereis, _Gould_ │ * │ * │ * │ - —— Wilsonii, │ │ │ │ - _Bonap._ │ * │ * │ * │ - │ │ │ │ - Phalacrocorax │ * │ * │ * │ - Carboïdes, _Gould_│ │ │ │ - —— sulcirostris │ * │ * │ * │ - —— hypoleucus │ * │ * │ * │ - Phalacrocorax │ │ │ │ - leucogaster, │ * │ * │ │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— melanoleucus, │ * │ * │ * │ - _Vieill._ │ │ │ │ - —— punctatus │ │ │ │ - Attagen Ariel, │ * │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— Aquila? │ │ │ │ * - Phaëton phœnicurus │ * │ │ │ * - Pelecanus │ │ │ │ - conspicillatus, │ * │ * │ * │ * - _Temm._ │ │ │ │ - Plotus │ │ │ │ - Novæ-Hollandiæ, │ * │ * │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - Sula Australis, │ * │ * │ * │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— personata, │ * │ │ │ * - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— fusca, _Briss._ │ │ │ │ * - —— piscator, _Linn._│ │ │ │ * - Podiceps Australis, │ * │ * │ * │ - _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - —— gularis, _Gould_ │ * │ * │ * │ - —— poliocephalus, │ * │ * │ * │ - _Jard. & Selb._ │ │ │ │ - │ │ │ │ - Eudyptes chrysocome │ │ │ │ - │ │ │ │ - Spheniscus minor, │ * │ * │ * │ - _Temm._ │ │ │ │ - —— undina, _Gould_ │ │ │ │ - ────────────────────┴─────────────┴──────────┴──────────┴────────── - - ────────────────────┬────────┬──────────────────────┬────────────────── - │ │ │ - │ Van │ │ Number of Volume - Name of Species. │Diemen’s│ Extra Australian. │ and Plate. - │ Land. │ │ - │ │ │ - ────────────────────┼────────┼──────────────────────┼────────────────── - Aquila fucosa, │ * │ │Vol. I. Pl. 1. - _Cuv._ │ │ │ - —— Morphnoïdes, │ │ │— 2. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Ichthyiaëtus │ * │India and Africa? │— 3. - leucogaster │ │ │ - Haliastur │ │ │ - leucosternus, │ │ │— 4. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— sphenurus │ │ │— 5. - Pandion │ │ │ - leucocephalus, │ * │ │— 6. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Falco hypoleucus, │ │ │— 7. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— melanogenys, │ * │ │— 8. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— subniger, _Gray_ │ │ │— 9. - —— frontatus, │ * │ │— 10. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Ieracidea Berigora │ * │ │— 11. - —— occidentalis, │ │ │— 12. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Tinnunculus │ │ │— 13. - Cenchroïdes │ │ │ - Astur Novæ-Hollandiæ│ │ │— 14. - —— —— (albino) │ * │ │— 15. - —— radiatus │ │ │— 16. - —— approximans, │ * │ │— 17. - _Vig. & Horsf._ │ │ │ - —— cruentus, _Gould_│ │ │— 18. - Accipiter torquatus │ * │ │— 19. - Buteo melanosternon,│ │ │— 20. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Milvus affinis, │ * │ │— 21. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— isurus, _Gould_ │ │ │— 22. - Elanus axillaris │ │ │— 23. - —— scriptus, _Gould_│ │ │— 24. - Lepidogenys │ │ │ - subcristatus, │ │ │— 25. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Circus assimilis, │ * │ │— 26. - _Jard. & Selb._ │ │ │ - —— Jardinii, _Gould_│ │ │— 27. - Strix castanops, │ * │ │— 28. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— personata, _Vig._│ │ │— 29. - —— tenebricosus, │ │ │— 30. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— delicatulus, │ │ │— 31. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Athene Boobook │ * │ │— 32. - —— maculata │ * │ │— 33. - —— marmorata, │ │ │Intro., p. xxv. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - ——? connivens │ │ │Vol. I. Pl. 34. - —— strenua, _Gould_ │ │ │— 35. - —— rufa, _Gould_ │ │ │— 36. - Ægotheles │ │ │Vol. II. Pl. 1. - Novæ-Hollandiæ │ │ │ - —— leucogaster, │ │ │— 2. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Podargus │ │ │Intro., p. xxviii. - megacephalus │ │ │ - —— humeralis, _Vig. │ │ │Vol. II. Pl. 3. - & Horsf._ │ │ │ - —— Cuvieri, _Vig. & │ * │ │— 4. - Horsf._ │ │ │ - —— brachypterus, │ │ │Intro., p. xxvi. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— Phalænoïdes, │ │ │Vol. II. Pl. 5. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— plumiferus, │ │ │— 6. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Eurostopodus │ │ │— 7. - albogularis │ │ │ - —— guttatus │ │ │— 8. - Caprimulgus │ │Java │— 9. - macrurus, _Horsf._│ │ │ - Acanthylis caudacuta│ * │ │— 10. - Cypselus Australis, │ │ │Vol. II. Pl. 11. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Atticora │ │ │ - leucosternon, │ │ │— 12. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Hirundo neoxena, │ * │ │— 13. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Chelidon arborea │ * │ │— 14. - —— Ariel, _Gould_ │ │ │— 15. - Merops ornatus, │ │ │— 16. - _Lath._ │ │ │ - Eurystomus │ │ │ - Australis, │ │ │— 17. - _Swains._ │ │ │ - Dacelo gigantea │ │ │— 18. - —— Leachii, _Vig. & │ │ │— 19. - Horsf._ │ │ │ - —— cervina, _Gould_ │ │ │— 20. - Halcyon sanctus, │ │ │— 21. - _Vig. & Horsf._ │ │ │ - —— pyrrhopygia, │ │ │— 22. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— sordidus, _Gould_│ │ │— 23. - —— MacLeayii, _Jard.│ │ │— 24. - & Selby_ │ │ │ - Alcyone azurea │ │ │— 25. - —— Diemenensis, │ * │ │Intro., p. xxxi. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— pulchra, _Gould_ │ │ │Intro., p. xxxii. - —— pusilla │ │New Guinea. │Vol. II. Pl. 26. - Artamus sordidus │ * │ │— 27. - —— minor, _Vieill._ │ │ │— 28. - —— cinereus, │ │Timor │— 29. - _Vieill._ │ │ │ - —— albiventris, │ │ │— 30. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— personatus, │ │ │— 31. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— superciliosus, │ │ │— 32. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— leucopygialis, │ │ │— 33. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Dicæum hirundinaceum│ │ │— 34. - Pardalotus punctatus│ * │ │— 35. - —— rubricatus, │ │ │— 36. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— quadragintus, │ * │ │— 37. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— striatus │ │ │— 38. - —— affinis, _Gould_ │ * │ │— 39. - —— melanocephalus, │ │ │— 40. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— uropygialis, │ │ │— 41. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Strepera graculina │ │ │— 42. - —— fuliginosa, │ * │ │— 43. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— arguta, _Gould_ │ * │ │— 44. - —— Anaphonensis │ │ │— 45. - —— melanoptera, │ │ │Intro., p. xxxiv. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Gymnorhina Tibicen │ │ │Vol. II. Pl. 46. - —— leuconota, │ │ │— 47. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— organicum, │ * │ │— 48. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Cracticus │ │ │ - nigrogularis, │ │ │— 49. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— picatus, _Gould_ │ │ │— 50. - —— argenteus, │ │ │— 51. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— destructor │ │ │— 52. - —— cinereus, _Gould_│ * │ │Intro., p. xxxv. - —— leucopterus, │ │ │Intro., p. xxxv. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— Quoyii │ │New Guinea. │Vol. II. Pl. 53. - Grallina Australis │ │ │— 54. - Graucalus melanops │ │ │— 55. - —— parvirostris, │ * │ │Intro., p. xxxv. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— mentalis, _Vig. &│ * │ │Vol. II. Pl. 56. - Horsf._ │ │ │ - Graucalus │ │ │ - hypoleucus, │ │ │Vol. II. Pl. 57. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— Swainsonii, │ │ │— 58. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Pteropodocys │ │ │ - Phasianellus, │ │ │— 59. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Campephaga Jardinii,│ │ │— 60. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— Karu │ │New Guinea. │— 61. - —— leucomela, _Vig. │ │ │— 62. - & Horsf._ │ │ │ - —— humeralis, │ │ │— 63. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Pachycephala │ │ │— 64. - gutturalis │ │ │ - —— glaucura, _Gould_│ * │ │— 65. - —— melanura, _Gould_│ │ │— 66. - —— pectoralis │ │ │— 67. - —— falcata, _Gould_ │ │ │— 68. - —— Lanoïdes, _Gould_│ │ │— 69. - —— rufogularis, │ │ │— 70. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— Gilbertii, │ │ │— 71. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— simplex, _Gould_ │ │ │— 72. - —— olivacea, _Vig. &│ * │ │— 73. - Horsf._ │ │ │ - Colluricincla │ │ │— 74. - harmonica │ │ │ - —— rufiventris, │ │ │— 75. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— brunnea, _Gould_ │ │ │— 76. - —— Selbii, _Jard._ │ * │ │— 77. - —— parvula, _Gould_ │ │ │— 78. - —— rufogaster, │ │ │Intro., p. xxxvi. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Falcunculus │ │ │Vol. II. Pl. 79. - frontatus │ │ │ - —— leucogaster, │ │ │— 80. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Oreoïca gutturalis │ │ │— 81. - Dicrurus bracteatus,│ │ │— 82. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Rhipidura albiscapa,│ * │ │— 83. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— rufifrons │ │ │— 84. - —— Dryas, _Gould_ │ │ │Intro., p. xxxix. - —— isura, _Gould_ │ │ │Vol. II. Pl. 85. - —— Motacilloïdes, │ │ │— 86. - _Vig. & Horsf._ │ │ │ - —— picata, _Gould_ │ │ │Intro., p. xxxix. - Seïsura inquieta │ │ │Vol. II. Pl. 87. - Piezorhynchus │ │ │— 88. - nitidus, _Gould_ │ │ │ - Myiägra plumbea, │ │ │— 89. - _Vig. & Horsf._ │ │ │ - —— concinna, _Gould_│ │ │— 90. - —— nitida, _Gould_ │ * │ │— 91. - —— latirostris, │ │ │— 92. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Micrœca macroptera │ │ │— 93. - —— assimilis, │ │ │Intro., p. xl. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— flavigaster, │ │ │Vol. II. Pl. 94. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Monarcha carinata │ │ │— 95. - —— trivirgata │ │ │— 96. - Gerygone │ │ │ - albogularis, │ │ │— 97. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— fuscus, _Gould_ │ │ │— 98. - —— culicivorus, │ │ │— 99. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— magnirostris, │ │ │— 100. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— lævigaster, │ │ │— 101. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— chloronotus, │ │ │— 102. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Smicrornis │ │ │ - brevirostris, │ │ │— 103. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— flavescens, │ │ │— 104. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Erythrodryas │ * │ │Vol. II. . Pl. 1. - rhodinogaster │ │ │ - —— rosea, _Gould_ │ │ │— 2. - Petroïca multicolor │ * │ │— 3. - —— erythrogastra │ │Norfolk Island │— 4. - —— Goodenovii │ │ │— 5. - —— phœnicea, _Gould_│ * │ │— 6. - —— bicolor, │ │ │— 7. - _Swains._ │ │ │ - —— fusca, _Gould_ │ * │ │— 8. - —— superciliosa, │ │ │— 9. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Drymodes │ │ │ - brunneopygia, │ │ │— 10. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Eöpsaltria Australis│ │ │— 11. - —— griseogularis, │ │ │— 12. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— leucogaster, │ │ │— 13. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Menura superba, │ │ │— 14. - _Dav._ │ │ │ - Psophodes crepitans │ │ │— 15. - —— nigrogularis, │ │ │— 16. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Sphenostoma │ │ │— 17. - cristata, _Gould_ │ │ │ - Malurus cyaneus │ │ │— 18. - —— longicaudus, │ * │ │— 19. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— melanotus, │ │ │— 20. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— splendens │ │ │— 21. - —— elegans, _Gould_ │ │ │— 22. - —— pulcherrimus, │ │ │— 23. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— Lamberti, _Vig. &│ │ │— 24. - Horsf._ │ │ │ - —— leucopterus, │ │ │— 25. - _Quoy & Gaim._ │ │ │ - —— melanocephalus, │ │ │— 26. - _Vig. & Horsf._ │ │ │ - —— Brownii, _Vig. & │ │ │— 27. - Horsf._ │ │ │ - Amytis textilis │ │ │— 28. - —— striatus, _Gould_│ │ │— 29. - —— macrourus, │ │ │— 30. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Stipiturus │ * │ │— 31. - malachurus │ │ │ - Dasyornis Australis,│ │ │— 32. - _Vig. & Horsf._ │ │ │ - —— longirostris, │ │ │— 33. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Atrichia clamosa, │ │ │— 34. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Sphenœacus │ │ │— 35. - galactotes │ │ │ - —— gramineus, │ │ │— 36. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Acrocephalus │ │ │— 37. - Australis, _Gould_│ │ │ - —— longirostris, │ │ │— 38. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Hylacola pyrrhopygia│ │ │— 39. - —— cauta, _Gould_ │ │ │— 40. - Cysticola magna, │ │ │— 41. A - _Gould_ │ │ │ Unknown - —— exilis │ │ │— 42. - —— lineocapilla, │ │ │— 43. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— isura, _Gould_ │ │ │— 44. - —— ruficeps, _Gould_│ │ │— 45. - Sericornis │ │ │ - citreogularis, │ │ │— 46. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— humilis, _Gould_ │ * │ │— 47. - —— osculans, _Gould_│ │ │— 48. - —— frontalis │ │ │— 49. - —— lævigaster, │ │ │— 50. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— maculatus, │ │ │— 51. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— magnirostris, │ │ │— 52. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Acanthiza pusilla │ │ │Vol. II. . Pl. 53. - —— Diemenensis, │ * │ │— 54. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— Ewingii, _Gould_ │ * │ │— 55. - —— uropygialis, │ │ │— 56. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— apicalis, _Gould_│ │ │— 57. - —— pyrrhopygia, │ │ │— 58. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— inornata, _Gould_│ │ │— 59. - —— nana, _Vig. & │ │ │— 60. - Horsf._ │ │ │ - —— lineata, _Gould_ │ │ │— 61. - —— Reguloïdes, _Vig.│ │ │— 62. - & Horsf._ │ │ │ - —— chrysorrhœa │ * │ │— 63. - Ephthianura │ │ │— 64. - albifrons │ │ │ - —— aurifrons, │ │ │— 65. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— tricolor, _Gould_│ │ │— 66. - Xerophila leucopsis,│ │ │— 67. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Pyrrholæmus │ │ │— 68. - brunneus, _Gould_ │ │ │ - Origma rubricata │ │ │— 69. - Calamanthus │ * │ │— 70. - fuliginosus │ │ │ - —— campestris, │ │ │— 71. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Chthonicola minima │ │ │— 72. - Anthus Australis, │ * │ │— 73. - _Vig. & Horsf._ │ │ │ - Cincloramphus │ │ │— 74. - cruralis │ │ │ - —— cantillans, │ │ │— 75. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— rufescens │ │ │— 76. - Mirafra Horsfieldii,│ │ │— 77. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Estrelda bella │ * │ │— 78. - —— oculea │ │ │— 79. - —— Bichenovii │ │ │— 80. - —— annulosa, _Gould_│ │ │— 81. - —— temporalis │ │ │— 82. - —— Phaëton │ │ │— 83. - —— ruficauda, │ │ │— 84. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— modesta, _Gould_ │ │ │— 85. - Amadina Lathamii │ │ │— 86. - —— castanotis, │ │ │— 87. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Poëphila Gouldiæ, │ │ │— 88. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— mirabilis, _Homb.│ │ │— 89. - & Jacq._ │ │ │ - —— acuticauda, │ │ │— 90. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— personata, │ │ │— 91. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— leucotis, _Gould_│ │ │— 92. - —— cincta, _Gould_ │ │ │— 93. - Donacola │ │ │ - castaneothorax, │ │ │— 94. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— pectoralis, │ │ │— 95. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— flaviprymna, │ │ │— 96. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Emblema picta, │ │ │— 97. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Pitta strepitans, │ │ │Vol. IV. Pl. 1. - _Temm._ │ │ │ - —— Vigorsii, _Gould_│ │ │— 2. - —— Iris, _Gould_ │ │ │— 3. - Cinclosoma │ │ │ - punctatum, _Vig. &│ * │ │— 4. - Horsf._ │ │ │ - —— castanotus, │ │ │— 5. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— cinnamomeus, │ │ │— 6. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Oreocincla lunulata │ * │ │— 7. - Chlamydera maculata,│ │ │Vol. IV. Pl. 8. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— nuchalis │ │ │— 9. - Ptilonorhynchus │ │ │ - holosericeus, │ │ │— 10. - _Kuhl_ │ │ │ - —— Smithii, _Vig. & │ │ │— 11. - Horsf._ │ │ │ - Sericulus │ │ │— 12. - chrysocephalus │ │ │ - Oriolus viridis │ │ │— 13. - —— affinis, _Gould_ │ │ │Intro., p. liii. - —— flavocinctus │ │ │Vol. IV. Pl. 14. - Sphecotheres │ │ │ - Australis, │ │ │— 15. - _Swains._ │ │ │ - Corcorax leucopterus│ │ │— 16. - Struthidea cinerea, │ │ │— 17. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Corvus Coronoïdes, │ * │ │— 18. - _Vig. & Horsf._ │ │ │ - Neomorpha Gouldii, │ │New Zealand │— 19. - _G. R. Gray_ │ │ │ - Pomatorhinus │ │ │— 20. - temporalis │ │ │ - —— rubeculus, │ │ │— 21. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— superciliosus, │ │ │— 22. - _Vig. & Horsf._ │ │ │ - Meliphaga │ * │ │— 23. - Novæ-Hollandiæ │ │ │ - —— longirostris, │ │ │— 24. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— sericea, _Gould_ │ │ │— 25. - —— mystacalis, │ │ │— 26. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— Australasiana │ * │ │— 27. - Glyciphila │ * │ │— 28. - fulvifrons │ │ │ - —— albifrons, │ │ │— 29. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— fasciata, _Gould_│ │ │— 30. - —— ocularis, _Gould_│ │ │— 31. - Ptilotis chrysotis │ │ │— 32. - —— sonorus, _Gould_ │ │ │— 33. - —— versicolor, │ │ │— 34. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— flavigula, │ │ │— 35. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— leucotis │ │ │— 36. - —— auricomis │ │ │— 37. - —— cratitius, │ │ │— 38. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— ornatus, _Gould_ │ │ │— 39. - —— plumulus, _Gould_│ │ │— 40. - —— flavescens, │ │ │— 41. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— flava, _Gould_ │ │ │— 42. - —— penicillatus, │ │ │— 43. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— fusca, _Gould_ │ │ │— 44. - —— chrysops │ │ │— 45. - —— unicolor, _Gould_│ │ │— 46. - Plectorhyncha │ │ │ - lanceolata, │ │ │— 47. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Xanthomyza Phrygia │ │ │— 48. - Melicophila picata, │ │ │— 49. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Entomophila picta, │ │ │— 50. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— albogularis, │ │ │— 51. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— rufogularis, │ │ │— 52. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Acanthogenys │ │ │ - rufogularis, │ │ │— 53. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Anthochæra inauris, │ * │ │— 54. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— carunculata │ │ │— 55. - —— mellivora │ * │ │— 56. - —— lunulata, _Gould_│ │ │— 57. - Tropidorhynchus │ │ │Vol. IV. Pl. 58. - corniculatus │ │ │ - —— argenticeps, │ │ │— 59. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— citreogularis, │ │ │— 60. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— sordidus, _Gould_│ * │ │Intro., p. lviii. - Acanthorhynchus │ │ │Vol. IV. Pl. 61. - tenuirostris │ │ │ - —— dubius, _Gould_ │ * │ │Intro., p. lix. - —— superciliosus │ │ │Vol. IV. Pl. 62. - Myzomela │ │ │— 63. - sanguineolenta │ │ │ - —— erythrocephala, │ │ │— 64. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— pectoralis, │ │ │— 65. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— nigra, _Gould_ │ │ │— 66. - —— obscura, _Gould_ │ │ │— 67. - Entomyza cyanotis │ │ │— 68. - —— albipennis, │ │ │— 69. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Melithreptus │ │ │ - validirostris, │ * │ │— 70. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— gularis, _Gould_ │ │ │— 71. - —— lunulatus │ │ │— 72. - —— chloropsis, │ │ │— 73. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— albogularis, │ │ │— 74. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— melanocephalus, │ * │ │— 75. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Myzantha garrula │ * │ │— 76. - —— obscura, _Gould_ │ │ │— 77. - —— lutea, _Gould_ │ │ │— 78. - —— flavigula, │ │ │— 79. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— melanophrys │ * │ │— 80. - Zosterops dorsalis, │ * │ │— 81. - _Vig. & Horsf._ │ │ │ - —— chloronotus, │ │ │— 82. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— luteus, _Gould_ │ │ │— 83. - Cuculus optatus, │ │ │— 84. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— inornatus, _Vig. │ * │ │— 85. - & Horsf._ │ │ │ - —— cineraceus, _Vig.│ * │ │— 86. - & Horsf._ │ │ │ - —— insperatus, │ │ │— 87. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— dumetorum │ │ │Intro., p. lx. - Chrysococcyx │ │ │Vol. IV. Pl. 88. - osculans, _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— lucidus │ * │New Zealand? │— 89. - Scythrops │ │ │ - Novæ-Hollandiæ, │ │ │— 90. - _Lath._ │ │ │ - Eudynamys Flindersii│ │ │— 91. - Centropus Phasianus │ │ │— 92. - —— macrourus │ │ │Intro., p. lxi. - —— melanurus │ │ │Intro., p. lxi. - Climacteris │ │ │Vol. IV. Pl. 93. - scandens, _Temm._ │ │ │ - —— rufa, _Gould_ │ │ │— 94. - —— erythrops, │ │ │— 95. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— melanotus, │ │ │— 96. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— melanura, _Gould_│ │ │— 97. - —— picumnus, _Temm._│ │ │— 98. - Orthonyx │ │ │ - spinicaudus, │ │ │— 99. - _Temm._ │ │ │ - Ptiloris paradiseus,│ │ │— 100. - _Swains._ │ │ │ - Sittella chrysoptera│ │ │— 101. - —— leucocephala, │ │ │— 102. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— leucoptera, │ │ │— 103. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— pileata, _Gould_ │ │ │— 104. - Cacatua galerita │ * │ │Vol. V. Pl. 1. - —— Leadbeaterii │ │ │— 2. - —— sanguinea, │ │ │— 3. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— Eos │ │ │— 4. - Licmetis nasicus │ │ │— 5. - —— pastinator │ │ │Intro., p. lxiii. - Nestor productus, │ │Phillip Island. │Vol. V. Pl. 6. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Calyptorhynchus │ │ │— 7. - Banksii │ │ │ - —— macrorhynchus, │ │ │— 8. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— naso, _Gould_ │ │ │— 9. - —— Leachii │ │ │— 10. - —— funereus │ │ │— 11. - —— xanthonotus, │ * │ │— 12. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— Baudinii, _Vig._ │ │ │— 13. - Callocephalon │ * │ │— 14. - galeatum │ │ │ - Polytelis │ │ │— 15. - Barrabandii │ │ │ - —— melanura │ │ │— 16. - Aprosmictus │ │ │— 17. - scapulatus │ │ │ - —— erythropterus │ │ │— 18. - Platycercus │ │ │— 19. - semitorquatus │ │ │ - —— Bauerii │ │ │— 20. - —— Barnardii, _Vig. │ │ │— 21. - & Horsf._ │ │ │ - —— Adelaidiæ, │ │ │— 22. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— Pennantii │ │ │— 23. - —— flaviventris │ * │ │— 24. - —— flaveolus, │ │ │— 25. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— palliceps, _Vig._│ │ │— 26. - —— eximius │ * │ │— 27. - —— splendidus, │ │ │— 28. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— icterotis │ │ │— 29. - —— ignitus, _Lead._ │ │ │— 30. - —— Brownii │ │ │— 31. - —— pileatus, _Vig._ │ │ │— 32. - Psephotus │ │ │ - hæmatogaster, │ │ │— 33. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— pulcherrimus, │ │ │— 34. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— multicolor │ │ │— 35. - —— hæmatonotus, │ │ │— 36. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Euphema chrysostoma │ * │ │— 37. - —— elegans, _Gould_ │ │ │— 38. - —— aurantia, _Gould_│ * │ │— 39. - —— petrophila, │ │ │— 40. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— pulchella │ │ │— 41. - —— splendida, │ │ │— 42. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— Bourkii │ │ │— 43. - Melopsittacus │ │ │— 44. - undulatus │ │ │ - Nymphicus │ │ │— 45. - Novæ-Hollandiæ │ │ │ - Pezoporus formosus │ * │ │— 46. - Lathamus discolor │ * │ │— 47. - Trichoglossus │ │ │ - Swainsonii, _Jard.│ * │ │— 48. - & Selby_ │ │ │ - —— rubritorquis, │ │ │— 49. - _Vig. & Horsf._ │ │ │ - Trichoglossus │ │ │Vol. V. Pl. 50. - chlorolepidotus │ │ │ - —— versicolor, │ │ │— 51. - _Vig._ │ │ │ - —— concinnus │ * │ │— 52. - —— porphyrocephalus,│ │ │— 53. - _Diet._ │ │ │ - —— pusillus │ * │ │— 54. - Ptilinopus │ │ │ - Swainsonii, │ │ │— 55. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— Ewingii, _Gould_ │ │ │— 56. - —— superbus │ │ │— 57. - Carpophaga magnifica│ │ │— 58. - —— leucomela │ │ │— 59, - —— luctuosa │ │ │— 60. - Lopholaimus │ │ │— 61. - Antarcticus │ │ │ - Chalcophaps │ │ │— 62. - chrysochlora │ │ │ - —— longirostris │ │ │Intro., p. lxix. - Leucosarcia picata │ │ │Vol. V. Pl. 63. - Phaps chalcoptera │ * │ │— 64. - —— elegans │ * │ │— 65. - —— histrionica, │ │ │— 66. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Geophaps scripta │ │ │— 67. - —— Smithii │ │ │— 68. - —— plumifera, │ │ │— 69. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Ocyphaps Lophotes │ │ │— 70. - Petrophassa │ │ │ - albipennis, │ │ │— 71. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Geopelia humeralis │ │ │— 72. - —— tranquilla, │ │ │— 73. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— placida, _Gould_ │ │ │Intro., p. lxxi. - —— cuneata │ │ │Vol. V. Pl. 74. - Macropygia │ │ │— 75. - Phasianella │ │ │ - Didunculus │ │Samoan Islands │— 76. - strigirostris │ │ │ - Talegalla Lathami │ │ │— 77. - Leipoa ocellata, │ │ │— 78. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Megapodius Tumulus, │ │ │— 79. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Pedionomus │ │ │— 80. - torquatus, _Gould_│ │ │ - Turnix melanogaster,│ │ │— 81. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— varius │ * │ │— 82. - —— scintillans, │ │ │— 83. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— melanotus, │ │ │— 84. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— castanotus, │ │ │— 85. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— pyrrhothorax, │ │ │— 86. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— velox, _Gould_ │ │ │— 87. - Coturnix pectoralis,│ * │ │— 88. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Synoïcus Australis │ * │ │— 89. - —— Diemenensis, │ * │ │— 90. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— sordidus, _Gould_│ │ │— 91. - ——? Chinensis │ │Ind. Isl. and China │— 92. - Dromaius │ * │ │Vol. VI. Pl. 1. - Novæ-Hollandiæ │ │ │ - Apteryx Australis, │ │New Zealand │— 2. - _Shaw_ │ │ │ - —— Owenii, _Gould_ │ │New Zealand │— 3. - Otis Australis │ │ │— 4. - Œdicnemus grallarius│ │ │— 5. - Esacus magnirostris │ │ │— 6. - Hæmatopus │ │ │ - longirostris, │ * │ │— 7. - _Vieill._ │ │ │ - Hæmatopus │ │ │ - fuliginosus, │ * │ │Vol. VI. Pl. 8. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Lobivanellus lobatus│ * │ │— 9. - —— personatus, │ │ │— 10. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Sarciophorus │ * │ │— 11. - pectoralis │ │ │ - Squatarola Helvetica│ * │ │— 12. - Charadrius │ │ │ - xanthocheilus, │ * │ │— 13. - _Wagl._ │ │ │ - —— veredus, _Gould_ │ │ │— 14. - Eudromias Australis,│ │ │— 15. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Hiaticula bicincta │ * │ │— 16. - —— ruficapilla │ * │ │— 17. - —— monacha │ * │ │— 18. - —— inornata, _Gould_│ * │ │— 19. - —— nigrifrons │ │ │— 20. - Erythrogonys │ │ │— 21. - cinctus, _Gould_ │ │ │ - Glareola grallaria, │ │ │— 22. - _Temm._ │ │ │ - —— Orientalis, │ │ │— 23. - _Leach_ │ │ │ - Himantopus │ │ │ - leucocephalus, │ │ │— 24. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— Novæ-Zelandiæ, │ │New Zealand │— 25. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Chladorhynchus │ │ │— 26. - pectoralis │ │ │ - Recurvirostra │ │ │ - rubricollis, │ * │ │— 27. - _Temm._ │ │ │ - Limosa Melanuroïdes,│ │ │— 28. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— uropygialis, │ * │ │— 29. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Schœniclus Australis│ * │ │— 30. - —— albescens │ * │ │— 31. - —— subarquatus │ * │ │— 32. - —— magnus, _Gould_ │ │Japan │— 33. - Terekia cinerea │ │India and Europe │— 34. - Actitis empusa, │ │ │— 35. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Glottis Glottoïdes │ * │ │— 36. - Totanus stagnatilis │ │India and Europe │— 37. - —— griseopygius, │ │ │— 38. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Strepsilas Interpres│ * │The sea-coasts of all │— 39. - │ │ countries │ - Scolopax Australis, │ * │ │— 40. - _Lath._ │ │ │ - Rhynchæa Australis, │ │ │— 41. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Numenius Australis, │ * │ │— 42. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— uropygialis, │ * │ │— 43. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— minutus, _Gould_ │ │ │— 44. - Geronticus │ │ │— 45. - spinicollis │ │ │ - Threskiornis │ │ │— 46. - strictipennis │ │ │ - Falcinellus igneus │ │ │— 47. - Grus Australasianus,│ │ │— 48. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Platalea flavipes, │ │ │— 49. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— regia, _Gould_ │ │ │— 50. - Mycteria Australis, │ │ │— 51. - _Lath._ │ │ │ - Ardea pacifica, │ │ │— 52. - _Lath._ │ │ │ - —— Novæ-Hollandiæ, │ * │ │— 53. - _Lath._ │ │ │ - —— rectirostris, │ │Borneo? │— 54. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— leucophæa, │ │India? │— 55. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Herodias │ │ │ - syrmatophorus, │ │ │— 56. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— plumiferus, │ │ │— 57. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— immaculatus, │ │ │— 58. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— pannosus, _Gould_│ │ │— 59. - Herodias? jugularis │ │New Zealand │Vol. VI. Pl. 60. - —— Greyi │ │ │— 61. - —— picata, _Gould_ │ │ │— 62. - Nycticorax │ * │ │— 63. - Caledonicus │ │ │ - Botaurus Australis, │ * │ │— 64. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Ardetta flavicollis │ │ │— 65. - —— macrorhyncha, │ │ │— 66. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— stagnatilis, │ │ │— 67. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— pusilla │ │ │— 68. - Porphyrio melanotus,│ * │ │— 69. - _Temm._ │ │ │ - —— bellus, _Gould_ │ │ │— 70. - Tribonyx Mortieri, │ │ │— 71. - _DuBus_ │ │ │ - —— ventralis, │ │ │— 72. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Gallinula tenebrosa,│ │ │— 73. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Fulica Australis, │ │ │— 74. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Parra gallinacea, │ │New Guinea │— 75. - _Temm._ │ │ │ - Rallus pectoralis, │ * │ │— 76. - _Cuv._ │ │ │ - —— Lewinii, │ │ │— 77. - _Swains._ │ │ │ - Eulabeornis │ │ │ - castaneoventris, │ │ │— 78. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Porzana fluminea, │ * │ │— 79. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— palustris, │ * │ │— 80. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— leucophrys, │ │ │— 81. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - ——? immaculata │ * │ │— 82. - Cereopsis │ │ │ - Novæ-Hollandiæ, │ * │ │Vol. VII. Pl. 1. - _Lath._ │ │ │ - Anseranas │ │ │— 2. - melanoleuca │ │ │ - Bernicla jubata │ │ │— 3. - Nettapus pulchellus,│ │ │— 4. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— albipennis, │ │ │— 5. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Cygnus atratus │ * │ │— 6. - Casarca Tadornoïdes │ * │ │— 7. - Tadorna Radjah │ │ │— 8. - Anas superciliosa, │ * │ │— 9. - _Gmel._ │ │ │ - —— nævosa, _Gould_ │ │ │— 10. - —— punctata, _Cuv._ │ * │ │— 11. - Spatula Rhynchotis │ * │ │— 12. - Malacorhynchus │ * │ │— 13. - membranaceus │ │ │ - Dendrocygna arcuata │ │ │— 14. - —— Eytoni, _Gould_ │ │ │— 15. - Nyroca Australis, │ * │ │— 16. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Erismatura Australis│ │ │— 17. - Biziura lobata │ * │ │— 18. - Larus Pacificus │ * │ │— 19. - Xema Jamesonii │ * │ │— 20. - Lestris Catarractes │ * │ │— 21. - Sylochelidon │ * │ │— 22. - strenuus │ │ │ - Thalasseus │ │ │— 23. - Pelecanoïdes │ │ │ - —— poliocercus, │ * │ │— 24. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— Torresii, _Gould_│ │India │— 25. - Sterna │ │ │ - melanorhyncha, │ * │ │— 26. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— gracilis, _Gould_│ │ │— 27. - —— melanauchen, │ │Indian Islands │— 28. - _Temm._ │ │ │ - Sternula Nereis, │ * │ │— 29. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Gelochelidon │ *? │ │Intro., p. xcv. - macrotarsus │ │ │ - Gygis candida │ │ │Vol. VII. Pl. 30. - Hydrochelidon │ │ │ - fluviatilis, │ │ │— 31. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Onychoprion │ │ │— 32. - fuliginosus? │ │ │ - —— Panaya │ │ │— 33. - Anoüs stolidus │ │ │— 34. - —— melanops, _Gould_│ │ │— 35. - —— leucocapillus, │ │ │— 36. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— cinereus, _Gould_│ │ │— 37. - Diomedea exulans, │ * │Southern Ocean │— 38. - _Linn._ │ │ │ - —— brachyura, │ │N. Pacific Ocean? │— 39. - _Temm._ │ │ │ - —— cauta, _Gould_ │ * │ │— 40. - —— culminata, │ * │Southern Ocean │— 41. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— chlororhynchos, │ * │Southern Ocean │— 42. - _Lath._ │ │ │ - —— melanophrys, │ * │Southern Ocean │— 43. - _Temm._ │ │ │ - —— fuliginosa │ * │Southern Ocean │— 44. - —— olivaceorhyncha, │ │N. Pacific Ocean? │Intro., p. xcvii. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Procellaria gigantea│ * │ │Vol. VII. Pl. 45. - —— Æquinoctialis │ *? │S. Indian Ocean │Intro., p. xcvii. - —— conspicillata, │ * │S. Indian Ocean │Vol. VII. Pl. 46. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— hasitata, _Kuhl_ │ * │Southern Ocean │— 47. - —— Atlantica, │ *? │S. Pacific and S. │Intro., p. xcvii. - _Gould_ │ │ Atlantic Oceans │ - —— macroptera, │ *? │South Pacific │Intro., p. xcviii. - _Smith_ │ │ │ - —— Solandrii, │ * │ │Intro., p. xcviii. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— Glacialoïdes, │ * │New Zealand and S. │Vol. VII. Pl. 48. - _Smith_ │ │ Pacific │ - —— Lessonii, _Garn._│ * │ │— 49. - —— mollis, _Gould_ │ *? │S. Indian and S. │— 50. - │ │ Atlantic Oceans │ - —— Cookii, _G. R. │ * │ │— 51. - Gray_ │ │ │ - —— cœrulea, _Gmel._ │ * │Southern Ocean │— 52. - —— flavirostris, │ *? │S. Indian Ocean │Intro., p. xcviii. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— nivea, _Gmel._ │ *? │Antarctic Seas │Intro., p. xcviii. - —— Antarctica, │ *? │Antarctic Seas │Intro., p. xcviii. - _Gmel._ │ │ │ - Daption Capensis │ * │Southern Ocean │Vol. VII. Pl. 53. - Prion Turtur │ * │Southern Ocean │— 54. - —— vittatus, _Cuv._ │ * │Southern Ocean │— 55. - —— Banksii │ * │Southern Ocean │Intro., p. xcix. - —— Ariel, _Gould_ │ │Bass’s Straits │Intro., p. xcix. - Puffinus │ │ │ - brevicaudus, │ * │ │Vol. VII. Pl. 56. - _Brandt_ │ │ │ - —— carneipes, │ │ │— 57. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— sphenurus, │ │ │— 58. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— assimilis, │ │ │— 59. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Puffinuria Urinatrix│ * │ │— 60. - Thalassidroma │ │ │— 61. - marina, _Less._ │ │ │ - —— melanogaster, │ * │S. Indian Ocean │— 62. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— leucogaster, │ * │S. Indian Ocean │— 63. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— Tropica, _Gould_ │ │Tropic, in the │Intro., p. c. - │ │ Atlantic │ - —— Nereis, _Gould_ │ * │ │Vol. VII. Pl. 64. - —— Wilsonii, │ │S. Ocean and the │ - _Bonap._ │ * │ temperate Lat. of │— 65. - │ │ the northern │ - Phalacrocorax │ * │ │— 66. - Carboïdes, _Gould_│ │ │ - —— sulcirostris │ │ │— 67. - —— hypoleucus │ │New Zealand? │— 68. - Phalacrocorax │ │ │ - leucogaster, │ * │ │Vol. VII. Pl. 69. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— melanoleucus, │ * │ │— 70. - _Vieill._ │ │ │ - —— punctatus │ │New Zealand │— 71. - Attagen Ariel, │ │ │— 72. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— Aquila? │ │ │Intro., p. c. - Phaëton phœnicurus │ │ │Vol. VII. Pl. 73. - Pelecanus │ │ │ - conspicillatus, │ * │ │— 74. - _Temm._ │ │ │ - Plotus │ │ │ - Novæ-Hollandiæ, │ │ │— 75. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - Sula Australis, │ * │ │— 76. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— personata, │ │ │— 77. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— fusca, _Briss._ │ │ │— 78. - —— piscator, _Linn._│ │ │— 79. - Podiceps Australis, │ * │ │— 80. - _Gould_ │ │ │ - —— gularis, _Gould_ │ * │ │— 81. - —— poliocephalus, │ * │ │— 82. - _Jard. & Selb._ │ │ │ - │ │The I. of Tristan │ - Eudyptes chrysocome │ * │ D’Acunha, St. Paul’s│— 83. - │ │ and Amsterdam │ - Spheniscus minor, │ * │ │— 84. - _Temm._ │ │ │ - —— undina, _Gould_ │ * │ │— 85. - ────────────────────┴────────┴──────────────────────┴────────────────── - -On a review of the above Table it will be seen that 385 species inhabit -New South Wales, 289 South Australia, 243 Western Australia, 230 -Northern Australia, and 181 Van Diemen’s Land; and that of these, 88 are -peculiar to New South Wales; 16 to South Australia; 36 to Western -Australia; 105 to Northern Australia, and 32 to Van Diemen’s Land. - -The great excess in the number of species inhabiting New South Wales is -doubtless attributable to the singular belt of luxuriant vegetation, -termed brushes, which stretches along the southern and south-eastern -coasts between the ranges and the sea, and which is tenanted by a fauna -peculiarly its own. - -Although this part of the continent is inhabited by a larger number of -species than any other, it is a remarkable fact that the species -peculiar to Northern Australia are much more numerous than those -peculiar to New South Wales. - -It is curious to observe also, that while Southern Australia is -inhabited by a much larger number of species than Western Australia, -those peculiar to the former are not half so numerous as those peculiar -to the latter. - -The more southern position, and consequently colder climate of Van -Diemen’s Land, will readily account for the paucity of species found in -that island. - -By the term peculiar, I do not mean to convey the idea that the birds -are strictly confined to the respective countries, but that as yet they -have not been found elsewhere. - - - - - LIST OF PLATES - VOLUME I. - - - Aquila fucosa, _Cuv._ Wedge-tailed Eagle 1 - —— Morphnoïdes, _Gould_ Little Australian Eagle 2 - Ichthyiaëtus leucogaster White-bellied Sea Eagle 3 - Haliaster leucosternus, _Gould_ White-breasted Sea Eagle 4 - —— sphenurus Whistling Eagle 5 - Pandion leucocephalus, _Gould_ White-headed Osprey 6 - Falco hypoleucus, _Gould_ Grey Falcon 7 - —— melanogenys, _Gould_ Black-cheeked Falcon 8 - —— subniger, _Gray_ Black Falcon 9 - —— frontatus, _Gould_ White-fronted Falcon 10 - Ieracidea Berigora Brown Hawk 11 - —— occidentalis, _Gould_ Western Brown Hawk 12 - Tinnunculus Cenchroïdes Nankeen Kestril 13 - Astur Novæ-Hollandiæ New Holland Goshawk 14 - —— —— (albino) White Goshawk 15 - —— radiatus Radiated Goshawk 10 - —— approximans, _Vig. & Horsf._ Australian Goshawk 17 - —— cruentus, _Gould_ West Australian Goshawk 18 - Accipiter torquatus Collared Sparrow Hawk 19 - Buteo melanosternon, _Gould_ Black-breasted Buzzard 20 - Milvus affinis, _Gould_ Allied Kite 21 - —— isurus, _Gould_ Square-tailed Kite 22 - Elanus axillaris Black-shouldered Kite 23 - —— scriptus, _Gould_ Letter-winged Kite 24 - Lepidogenys subcristatus, _Gould_ Crested Hawk 25 - Circus assimilis, _Jard. & Selb._ Allied Harrier 26 - —— Jardinii, _Gould_ Jardine’s Harrier 27 - Strix castanops, _Gould_ Chestnut-faced Owl 28 - —— personata, _Vig._ Masked Barn Owl 29 - —— tenebricosus, _Gould_ Sooty Owl 30 - —— delicatulus, _Gould_ Delicate Owl 31 - Athene Boobook Boobook Owl 32 - —— maculata Spotted Owl 33 - ——? connivens Winking Owl 34 - —— strenua, _Gould_ Powerful Owl 35 - —— rufa, _Gould_ Rufous Owl 36 - -[Illustration: - - AQUILA FUCOSA: _Cuv_: - - _J. Gould and H. C. Richter del^t_ _C. Hallmandel Imp._ -] - - - - - AQUILA FUCOSA, _Cuv._ - Wedge-tailed Eagle. - - - _Mountain Eagle of New South Wales_, Collins, New South Wales, vol. - ii. pl. in p. 288. - - _Falco fucosus_, Cuv. Règn. Anim., 1st Edit. pl. 3. f. 1.—Temm. Pl. - Col. 32. - - _Aquila fucosa_, Cuv. Règn. Anim., 2nd Edit. pl. 3. f. 1.—Vig. and - Horsf. in Linn. Trans., vol. xv. p. 188.—Less. Traité d’Orn., p. - 39.—Steph. Cont. Shaw’s Gen. Zool., vol. xiv. p. 16. - - _Aquila albirostris_, Vieill. 2nde Edit, du Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., - tom. i. p. 229.—Ib. Ency. Méth. Orn., 3ieme part, p. 1191? - - _Wol-dja_, Aborigines of the mountain and lowland districts of Western - Australia. - - _Eagle Hawk_, Colonists of New South Wales. - -This noble bird is so universally spread over the southern portion of -Australia, that it is quite unnecessary for me to enter more minutely -into detail respecting the extent of its range, than to say that it is -equally distributed over the whole of the country from Swan River on the -west to Moreton Bay on the east; it is also as numerous in Van Diemen’s -Land, and on all the larger islands in Bass’s Straits, being of course -more plentiful in such districts as are suited to its habits, and where -the character of the country is congenial to the animals upon which it -subsists. I have not yet seen it in any collection, either from the -northern portion of Australia or any other country. In all probability -it will hereafter be found to extend its range as far towards the -tropics in the southern hemisphere as the Golden Eagle (_Aquila -chrysaëta_) does in the northern: the two birds are, in fact, beautiful -analogues of each other in their respective habitats, and doubtless -perform similar offices in the great scheme of creation. - -All that has been said by previous writers respecting the courage, power -and rapacity of the one applies with equal force to the other; in size -they are also nearly alike, but the lengthened and wedge-shaped form of -its tail gives to the Australian bird a far more pleasing and elegant -contour. - -I find by my notes that one of those I killed weighed nine pounds, and -measured six feet eight inches from tip to tip of the opposite pinions; -but far larger individuals than this have, I should say, come under my -notice. The natural disposition of the Wedge-tailed Eagle leads it to -frequent the interior portion of the country rather than the shores or -the neighbourhood of the sea. It preys indiscriminately on all the -smaller species of Kangaroo which tenant the plains and the open crowns -of the hills; and whose retreats, from the wonderful acuteness of its -vision, it descries while soaring and performing those graceful -evolutions and circles in the air, so frequently seen by the residents -of the countries it inhabits: neither is the noble Bustard, whose weight -is twice that of its enemy, and who finds a more secure asylum on the -extensive plains of the interior than most animals, safe from its -attacks; its tremendous stoop and powerful grasp, in fact, carry -inevitable destruction to its victim, be it ever so large and -formidable. The breeders of sheep find in this bird an enemy which -commits extensive ravages among their lambs, and consequently in its -turn it is persecuted unrelentingly by the shepherds of the -stock-owners, who employ every artifice in their power to effect its -extirpation, and in Van Diemen’s Land considerable rewards are offered -for the accomplishment of the same end. The tracts of untrodden ground -and the vastness of the impenetrable forests will, however, for a long -series of years to come afford it an asylum, secure from the inroads of -the destroying hand of man; still with every one waging war upon it, its -numbers must necessarily be considerably diminished. For the sake of the -refuse thrown away by the Kangaroo hunters it will often follow them for -many miles, and even for days together. I clearly ascertained that -although it mostly feeds upon living prey, it does not refuse to devour -carrion or animals almost in a state of putridity. During one of my -journeys into the interior to the northward of Liverpool Plains, I saw -no less than thirty or forty assembled together around the carcase of a -dead bullock, some gorged to the full, perched upon the neighbouring -trees, the rest still in the enjoyment of the feast. - -Those nests that I had opportunities of observing were placed on the -most inaccessible trees, and were of a very large size, nearly flat, and -built of sticks and boughs. The eggs, I regret to say, I could never -procure, although I have shot the birds from their aerie, in which there -were eggs, but which it was quite impossible to obtain; no one but the -aborigines, of which none remain in Van Diemen’s Land, being capable of -ascending such trees, many of which rise to more than a hundred feet -before giving off a branch. - -The adults have the head, throat, and all the upper and under surface -blackish brown, stained on the edges and extremities of many of the -feathers, particularly the wing and upper tail-coverts with pale brown; -back and sides of the neck rusty-red; irides hazel; cere and space round -the eye yellowish white; bill yellowish horn-colour, passing into black -at the tip; feet light yellow. - -The young have the head and back of the neck deep fawn-colour, striated -with lighter; all the feathers of the upper surface largely tipped and -stained with fawn and rusty-red; tail indistinctly barred near the -extremity; throat and breast blackish brown, each feather largely tipped -with rufous; the abdomen blackish brown. - -The figure is about one-third of the natural size. - -[Illustration: - - AQUILA MORPHNOÏDES: _Gould_ - - _J. Gould and H. C. Richter, del^t_ _C. Hullmandel Imp._ -] - - - - - AQUILA MORPHNOÏDES, _Gould_. - Little Australian Eagle. - - _Aquila Morphnoïdes_, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part VIII. p. 161. - -I shall perhaps better convey an idea of the rarity of this small but -true species of _Aquila_, by stating that the specimen from which the -accompanying drawing was made, and which forms part of my own -collection, is the only one I have ever seen either living or dead. It -is the second species of the genus known to inhabit Australia, and it is -singular that while the Wedge-tailed Eagle is so common, the present -species should be so rare, or, perhaps, so restricted in its range of -habitat. This Eagle is as clearly an analogue of the _Aquila pennata_ of -Europe, as the Wedge-tailed Eagle is of the Golden. Its specific -distinctions from _Aq. pennata_ are its large size, the total absence of -the white mark on the shoulder, and the cere and feet being of a -lead-colour instead of yellowish-olive. - -The part of Australia where I shot the specimen above alluded to, was -Yarrundi on the River Hunter, on a portion of Mr. Coxen’s estate near -Tooloogan. I was led to the discovery of the bird by finding its nest -containing a single egg, upon which it had been sitting for some time. I -regret to add, that although I several times visited the nest after -killing the bird, all my attempts at procuring the other sex were -entirely unsuccessful. The nest was of a large size and was placed close -to the hole, about one-fourth of the height from the top of one of the -highest gum-trees; the egg was bluish white with very faint traces of -brown blotchings, two inches and two lines long by one inch and nine -lines broad. - -Face, crown of the head and throat blackish brown, tinged with rufous, -giving it a striated appearance, bounded in front above the nostrils -with whitish; feathers at the back of the head, which are lengthened -into a short occipital crest, back of the head, back, and sides of the -neck, all the under surface, thighs and under tail-coverts rufous, all -but the thighs and under tail-coverts with a stripe of black down the -centre of each feather; back, rump and wings brown, the centre of the -wing lighter; primaries brownish black, becoming darker at the tip, and -barred throughout with greyish buff, which is conspicuous on the under -surface, but scarcely perceptible on the upper, except at the base of -the inner webs; under surface of the wing mottled with reddish brown and -black; tail mottled greyish brown, crossed by seven or eight distinct -bars of blackish brown, the tips being lighter; cere and bill -lead-colour, passing into black at the tip; eye reddish hazel, -surrounded by a narrow blackish brown eyelash; feet and toes very light -lead-colour. - -The figure is about three-fourths of the natural size. - -[Illustration: - - ICHTHYIAËTUS LEUCOGASTER. - - _J & E Gould del^t_ _C. Hullmandel Imp._ -] - - - - - ICHTHYIAËTUS LEUCOGASTER. - White-bellied Sea-eagle. - - _Falco leucogaster_, Lath. Ind. Orn., vol. i. p. 13.—Gmel. Linn., vol. - i. p. 157.—Temm. Pl. Col. 49. - - _White-bellied Eagle_, Lath. Gen. Syn., vol. i. p. 33.—Ib. Gen. Hist., - vol. i. p. 242. - - _Haliæetus leucogaster_, Gould, Syn. Birds of Australia, Part III. - - _—— —— sphenurus_, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part V. 1837, p. - 138.—Ib. Syn. Birds of Australia, Part III. young. - -I have little doubt that this noble species of Sea-eagle will be found -to extend its range over all those portions of the Australian continent -that present situations suitable to its peculiar habits. It has been -observed along the whole southern coast, from Moreton Bay on the east to -Swan River on the west, including Tasmania and all the small islands in -Bass’s Straits. It has neither the boldness nor the courage of the -Wedge-tailed Eagle, _Aquila fucosa_, whose quarry is frequently the -Kangaroo and the Bustard; and although, at first sight, its appearance -would warrant the supposition that it pursues the same means for -obtaining living prey as the true _Pandion_, by the act of submersion, -yet I can affirm that this is not the case, and that it never plunges -beneath the surface of the water, but depends almost entirely for its -subsistence upon the dead Cetacea, fish, etc., that may be thrown up by -the sea and left on the shore by the receding waves; to which, in all -probability, are added living mollusks and other lower marine animals: -its peculiar province is consequently the sea-shore, and it especially -delights to take up its abode on the borders of small bays and inlets of -the sea, and rivers as high as they are influenced by the tide; -nevertheless, it is to be met with, though more rarely, on the borders -of lakes and inland streams, but never in the forests or sterile plains -of the interior. As it is almost invariably seen in pairs, it would -appear to be permanently mated; each pair inhabiting a particular bay or -inlet, to the exclusion of others of the same species. Unless disturbed -or harassed, the White-bellied Sea-eagle does not shun the abode of man, -but becomes fearless and familiar. Among the numerous places in which I -observed it was the Cove of Sydney, where one or two were daily seen -performing their aërial gyrations above the shipping and over the tops -of the houses: if I mistake not, they were the same pair of birds that -found a safe retreat in Elizabeth Bay, skirting the property of -Alexander Macleay, Esq., and where they might be frequently seen perched -on the bare limb of a tree by the water’s edge, forming an interesting -and ornamental addition to the scene. In Tasmania it is especially -abundant in D’Entrecasteaux Channel, and along the banks of the Derwent -and the Tamar; and there was scarcely one of the little islets in Bass’s -Straits but was inhabited by a pair of these birds, which, in these -cases, subsisted in a great measure on the Petrels and Penguins, which -resort there in great numbers to breed, and which are very easily -captured. - -With regard to the nidification of the White-bellied Sea-eagle, I could -not fail to remark how readily the birds accommodate themselves to the -different circumstances in which they are placed; for while on the main -land they invariably construct their large flat nest on a fork of the -most lofty trees, on the islands, where not a tree is to be found, it is -placed on the flat surface of a large stone, the materials of which it -is formed being twigs and branches of the Barilla, a low shrub which is -there plentiful. While traversing the woods in Recherche Bay, I observed -a nest of this species near the top of a noble stringy bark tree -(_Eucalyptus_), the bole of which measured forty-one feet round, and was -certainly upwards of 200 feet high; this had probably been the site of a -nest for many years, being secure even from the attacks of the natives, -expert as they are at climbing. On a small island, of about forty acres -in extent, opposite the settlement of Flinders, I shot a fully-fledged -young bird, which was perched upon the cone of a rock; and I then, for -the first time, discovered my error in characterizing, in the -“Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London,” and in my “Synopsis,” -the bird in this state as a different species, under the name of -_Haliæetus sphenurus_, an error which I take this opportunity to -correct. The eggs are almost invariably two in number, of a dull white, -faintly stained with reddish brown, two inches and nine lines long, by -two inches and three lines broad. - -This Sea-eagle may be frequently seen floating about in the air above -its hunting ground, in circles, with the tips of its motionless wings -turned upwards; the great breadth and roundness of the pinions, and the -shortness of the neck and tail, giving it no inapt resemblance to a -large butterfly. - -The sexes are alike in plumage, but the female is considerably larger -than her mate. - -Adults have the head, neck, all the under surface, and the terminal -third of the tail-feathers white; primaries and base of the tail -blackish brown, the remainder of the plumage grey; irides dark brown; -bill bluish horn-colour, with the tip black; cere, lores, and horny -space over the eye bluish lead-colour slightly tinged with green; legs -and feet yellowish white; nails black. - -The young have the head, back of the neck and throat light buff; all the -upper surface and wings light chocolate-brown, each feather tipped with -buffy white; tail light buffy white at the base, passing into deep brown -towards the tip, which is white; chest brown, each feather margined with -buff; abdomen mingled buff and brown, the latter colour occupying the -margins of the feathers; under tail-coverts, and the under surface of -the tail-feathers white; bill brown; feet yellowish white. - -The Plate represents an old and a young bird, the former about half the -natural size. - -[Illustration: - - HALIASTUR LEUCOSTERNUS. - - _J. Gould and H. C. Richter del et lith._ _C. Hullmandel Imp._ -] - - - - - HALIASTUR LEUCOSTERNUS, _Gould_. - White-breasted Sea-Eagle. - - _White-breasted Rufous Eagle_, Lath. Gen. Hist., vol. i. p. 218. - - _Haliæëtus leucosternus_, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part V. p. - 138; and in Syn. Birds of Australia, Part III. - - _Girrenera_, Aborigines of New South Wales. - - _Me-ne-̏u-roo_, Aborigines of the Cobourg Peninsula. - -In size and in the general markings of its plumage, this beautiful -species is more closely allied to the _Falco Ponticerianus_ of Latham, -than to any other; but the total absence of the coloured stripe down the -centre of the white feathers which clothe the head, neck and breast of -the Australian bird, at once distinguishes it from its Indian ally. - -The White-breasted Sea Eagle is very common on the northern and eastern -portions of Australia, where it takes up its abode in the most secluded -and retired parts of bays and inlets of the sea. Upon one occasion only -did I meet with it within the colony of New South Wales, but I have -several times received specimens from Moreton Bay; the individual -alluded to above was observed soaring over the brushes of the Lower -Hunter. The chief food of this species is fish, which it captures either -by plunging down or by dexterously throwing out its foot while flying -close to the surface of the water; such fish as swim near the surface -being of course the only ones that become a prey to it: sometimes the -captured fish is borne off to the bird’s favourite perch, which is -generally a branch overhanging the water, while at others, particularly -if the bird be disturbed, it is borne aloft in circles over the head of -the intruder and devoured while the bird is on the wing, with apparent -ease. Its flight is slow and heavy near the ground, but at a -considerable elevation it is easy and buoyant. - -“This species,” says Mr. Gilbert in his notes from Port Essington, “is -pretty generally spread throughout the Peninsula and the neighbouring -islands, and may be said to be tolerably abundant. It breeds from the -beginning of July to the end of August. I succeeded in finding two -nests, each of which contained two eggs, but I am told that three are -sometimes found. The nest is formed of sticks with fine twigs or coarse -grass as a lining; it is about two feet in diameter and built in a -strong fork of the dead part of a tree: both of those I found were about -thirty feet from the ground and about two hundred yards from the beach. -The eggs, which are two inches and two lines in length by one inch and -eight lines in breadth, are of a dirty white, having the surface spread -over with numerous hair-like streaks and very minute dots of reddish -brown, the former prevailing and assuming the form of hieroglyphics; -these singular markings being most numerous at one end, sometimes at the -larger at others at the smaller, the difference even occurring in the -two eggs of the same nest.” - -The sexes are so much alike in colour that it is by the greater size of -the female alone that they are to be distinguished; the young, on the -other hand, differ considerably from the adult. - -Head, neck, chest and upper part of the abdomen snow white; back, wings, -lower part of the abdomen, thighs, upper and under tail-coverts rich -chestnut red; first six primaries chestnut at the base and black at the -tip; tail-feathers chestnut red on their upper surface, lighter beneath, -the eight central feathers tipped with greyish white; irides light -reddish yellow; cere pale yellowish white; orbits smoke-grey; upper -mandible light ash-grey at the base, passing into sienna-yellow and -terminating at the tip in light horn-colour; under mandible smoke-grey; -tarsi cream-yellow, much brighter on all the large scales on the front -of the tarsi and toes. - -The figures are those of an adult and a young bird two-thirds of the -natural size. - -[Illustration: - - HALIASTUR? SPHENURUS. - - _J. Gould and H. C. Richter del et lith._ _C. Hullmandel Imp._ -] - - - - - HALIASTUR? SPHENURUS. - Whistling Eagle. - - _Milvus sphenurus_, Vieill. 2nde Edit, du Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., - tom. xx. p. 564.—Ibid. Gal. des Ois., tom. i. p. 41. pl. 15.—Ibid. - Ency. Méth. Orn., Part III. p. 1204. - - _Haliæetus canorus_, Vig. and Horsf. in Linn. Trans., vol. xv. p. - 187.—Gould, in Syn. Birds of Australia, Part III. - - _Moru and Wirwin_, Aborigines of New South Wales. - - _En-̏na-jook_, Aborigines of the Cobourg Peninsula. - - _J̏an-doo_, Aborigines of the lowland districts of Western Australia. - - _Whistling Hawk_, Colonists of New South Wales. - - _Little Swamp Eagle_, Colonists of Western Australia. - -This species of Eagle has been observed in every portion of Australia -yet visited by Europeans, but is more abundant in New South Wales than -in any other part of the continent; I have never yet seen an example -from Van Diemen’s Land, and I am consequently led to believe that it -rarely if ever visits that island. As might be expected from its almost -universal diffusion, the _Haliastur? sphenurus_ is not a migratory bird; -at least in New South Wales it is equally as numerous in summer as it is -in winter; not that it is to be observed in the same locality at all -times, the greater or lesser abundance of its favourite food inducing it -to wander from one district to another, wherever the greatest supply is -to be procured. Displaying none of the courage or intrepidity of the -true Eagles, it never attacks animals of a large size; but preys upon -carrion, small and feeble quadrupeds, birds, lizards, insects and fish, -and while on the one hand it is the pest of the poultry yard, on the -other no species of the _Falconidæ_ effects more good during the fearful -visitations of the caterpillar, a scourge of no infrequent occurrence in -Australia. In 1839 it was my lot to witness the inroad of vast swarms of -caterpillars in the region of the Upper Hunter River, and at the same -time I observed many hundreds of the Whistling Eagle assembled on the -Downs near Scone preying solely on them, thus tending in a great measure -to check their progress, and certainly to lessen their numbers; so -partial, in fact, is the Whistling Eagle to this kind of food that the -appearance of one is the certain prelude to the appearance of the other. -The _Haliastur? sphenurus_ is little alarmed by the presence of man, and -when sitting on the branches of low trees, will often admit of a near -approach even to within a few feet: as an evidence of its indifference, -I may mention that, having winged a very rare Tern on the surface of a -lagoon, a Whistling Eagle immediately descended and carried it off; and -although this circumstance took place at a very short distance from me, -neither the shouts of the natives nor of myself deterred the Eagle from -bearing off the bird in triumph, to my extreme vexation. It is generally -to be seen in pairs, inhabiting alike the brushes near the coast and the -forests of the interior of the country. It is incessantly hovering over -the harbours, and sides of rivers and lagoons, for any floating animal -substance that may present itself on the surface of the water or be cast -on the banks; and it is nowhere more common or more generally to be seen -than over the harbour of Port Jackson. Its flight, when high in the air, -is buoyant and easy, and it frequently soars to a great altitude, -uttering at the same time a shrill whistling cry, from which -circumstance it has obtained from the colonists the name of the -Whistling Hawk, and by which it is at once distinguished from all the -other members of the family inhabiting Australia. - -The nest, which is constructed of sticks and fibrous roots, is -frequently built on the topmost branches of the lofty _Casuarinæ_, -growing by the sides of creeks and rivers. The eggs, which are laid -during the months of November and December, are usually two in number, -but sometimes single; they are two inches and three lines long by one -inch and nine lines broad, and are of a bluish white slightly tinged -with green, the few brown markings with which they are varied being very -obscure and appearing as if beneath the surface of the shell. I once -found a nest of this species in the side of which had been constructed -that of the beautiful little Finch called _Amadina Lathami_, and both -birds sitting on their respective eggs close beside each other; and both -would doubtless have reared their progenies had I not robbed the nests -of their contents to enrich my collection. - -The Whistling Eagle presents the usual difference in the size of the -sexes, but in respect to colour no variation is observable; the plumage -of the young, on the contrary, as shown by the front figure on the -Plate, presents a striking contrast to that of the adult, rendering it -by far the handsomer bird during the first autumn of its existence. - -Head, neck and all the under surface light sandy brown, each feather -margined with a darker colour; feathers of the back and wings brown, -margined with greyish white; primaries blackish brown; tail greyish -brown; cere and bill brownish white, gradually becoming darker towards -the tip of the latter; legs pale bluish white; irides bright hazel. - -The figures represent an old and a young bird about two-thirds of the -natural size. - -[Illustration: - - PANDION LEUCOCEPHALA: _Gould_ - - _J. Gould and H. C. Richter del et lith._ _C. Hullmandel Imp._ -] - - - - - PANDION LEUCOCEPHALUS, _Gould_. - White-headed Osprey. - - _Pandion leucocephalus_, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part V. p. 138; - and in Syn. Birds of Australia, Part III. - - _Yoon-dȍor-doo_, Aborigines of the lowland districts of Western - Australia. - - _Jȍor-joot_, Aborigines of Port Essington. - - _Little Fish Hawk_, Colonists of New South Wales. - - _Fish Hawk_, Colonists of Swan River. - -The White-headed Osprey, though not an abundant species, is generally -diffused over every portion of Australia suited to its habits; I myself -shot it in Recherche Bay, at the extreme south of Van Diemen’s Land; and -Mr. Gilbert found it breeding both at Swan River on the western, and at -Port Essington on the northern shores of Australia. Like its near allies -of Europe and America, of which it is a beautiful representative in the -southern hemisphere, it takes up its abode on the borders of rivers, -lakes, inlets of the sea, and the small islands lying off the coast. Its -food consists entirely of living fish, which it procures precisely after -the manner of the other members of the genus, by plunging down upon its -victim from a considerable height in the air with so true an aim as -rarely to miss its object, although an immersion to a great depth is -sometimes necessary to effect its accomplishment. Its prey when secured -is borne off to its usual resting-place and devoured at leisure. -Wilson’s elegant description of the habits and manners of the American -bird is in fact equally descriptive of those of the present species. -Independently of its white head, this species differs from its near -allies in the much lighter colouring of the tarsi, which are yellowish -white slightly tinged with grey. - -The nest being of great size is a very conspicuous object; it is -composed of sticks varying from the size of a finger to that of the -wrist, and lined with the softer kinds of sea-weed. It is usually placed -on the summit of a rock, but is sometimes constructed on the top of a -large _Eucalyptus_; always in the vicinity of water. A nest observed by -Mr. Gilbert in Rottnest Island measured fifteen feet in circumference. -The eggs are two in number, of a yellowish white, boldly spotted and -blotched with deep rich reddish brown, which colour in some specimens is -so dark as to be nearly black; other specimens again are clouded with -large blotches of purple, which appear as if beneath the surface of the -shell. The medium length of the eggs is two inches and five lines, and -the breadth one inch and nine lines. - -When near the water its flight is heavy and flapping, but when soaring -aloft at a great altitude its actions are the most easy and graceful -imaginable, at one moment appearing motionless, and at another -performing a series of beautiful curves and circles, apparently for mere -enjoyment; for from the great height at which they are executed it is -hardly to be conceived that the bird can be watching the motions of its -finny prey in the waters beneath. - -Crown of the head, back of the neck, throat, abdomen, thighs and under -tail-coverts white; feathers of the chest mottled with brown, and with a -dark brown mark down the centre; ear-coverts and sides of the neck dark -brown; back, wings and tail clove brown, each feather of the back with a -narrow circle of white at its extremity; primaries black; bill black; -cere and base of the bill bluish lead-colour; feet pale bluish white; -irides primrose-yellow in some, bright orange in others; claws black. - -The figure is about two-thirds of the natural size. - -[Illustration: - - FALCO HYPOLEUCOS: _Gould_ - - _J. Gould and H. C. Richter del et lith._ _Hullmandel & Walton Imp._ -] - - - - - FALCO HYPOLEUCUS, _Gould_. - Grey Falcon. - - _Falco hypoleucus_, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part VIII. p. 162. - - _Boorh-ga_, Aborigines of Moore’s River in Western Australia. - -Of this rare and beautiful Falcon I have seen only four examples, three -of which are in my own collection, and the fourth in that of the Earl of -Derby. The specimen from which my description in the “Proceedings of the -Zoological Society” was taken, was presented to Mr. Gilbert by Mr. L. -Burgess, who stated that he had killed it over the mountains, about -sixty miles from Swan River; subsequently it was obtained by Mr. Gilbert -himself in the vicinity of Moore’s River in Western Australia; and my -friend Captain Sturt had the good fortune to secure a male and a female -during his late adventurous journey into the interior of South -Australia. “They were shot at the Depôt on a Sunday in May 1845, just -after service; they had been soaring very high, but at length one -descended to the trees on the creek, and coming within range was shot; -when the other proceeding to look after its companion was also killed. -It must be a scarce bird, for no others were seen.” - -The acquisition of the _Falco hypoleucus_ is highly interesting, as -adding another species to the true or typical Falcons, and as affording -another proof of the beautiful analogies which exist between certain -groups of the southern and northern hemispheres; this bird being as -clearly a representative of the Jerfalcon of Europe, as the _Falco -melanogenys_ is of the Peregrine, and the _Falco frontatus_ of the -Hobby; but as I have more fully entered into this subject in my -observations on the genus, it is unnecessary again to detail them here. - -The adult has the whole of the upper and under surface and wings grey, -with a narrow line of black down the centre of each feather; a narrow -ring of black nearly surrounding the eyes; primaries brownish black, -which colour assumes a pectinated form on a mottled grey ground on the -inner webs of those feathers; tail-coverts grey, barred with brownish -grey; tail dark brownish grey, crossed with bars of dark brown; irides -dark brown; cere, orbits, gape, base of the bill, legs and feet -brilliant orange-yellow; the yellow becoming paler from the base of the -bill, until it meets the black tips of both mandibles; claws black. - -The young birds have the upper surface mottled brown and grey, and the -under surface nearly white, and more strongly marked with black than in -the adult. - -The Plate represents the two sexes of the natural size. - -[Illustration: - - FALCO MELANOGENYS: _Gould_. - - _J. & E. Gould del et lith._ _C. Hullmandel Imp._ -] - - - - - FALCO MELANOGENYS, _Gould_. - Black-cheeked Falcon. - - _Falco Peregrinus_, Vig. and Horsf. in Linn. Trans., vol. xv. p. 183. - - _Falco melanogenys_, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part V. p. 139; and - in Syn. Birds of Australia, Part III. - - _Blue Hawk_, Colonists of Western Australia. - - _Wolga_, Aborigines of New South Wales. - - _Gwet-ul-bur_, Aborigines of the mountain and lowland districts of - Western Australia. - -The present bird, like the _F. hypoleucus_, may be classed among the -noble Falcons, being closely allied both to the Peregrine of Europe and -the Duck-Hawk of North America, to both of which it assimilates also in -its bold and rapacious habits, a character which renders it a favourite -with the Aborigines, who admire it for its courage in attacking and -conquering birds much larger than itself. Like its American congener it -preys eagerly upon ducks, and Mr. Gilbert informs me that he has seen it -attack and carry off the _Nyroca Australis_, a species at least half as -heavy again as itself. Thus we find in this Falcon a bird well adapted -for the sport of Falconry, which though fallen into disuse in Europe, -may at some future time be revived in this new and rising country, since -its lagoons and water-courses are well stocked with herons and cranes, -and its vast plains are admirably suited to such pastime. The -introduction of hounds for the purpose of chasing the native dog (Dingo) -and the Kangaroo has already taken place in Australia, and perhaps it is -not too much to look forward to the time when the noble science of -Falconry shall be resorted to by the colonists. A finer mews of birds -could not be formed in any country than in Australia, with such typical -Falcons as the _F. hypoleucus_, _F. melanogenys_ and _F. frontatus_. - -The present bird is universally dispersed over the whole southern -portion of Australia, including Van Diemen’s Land, and probably future -research will discover that its range extends over all parts of the -continent. It gives preference to steep rocky cliffs, and the sides of -precipitous gullies, rather than to fertile and woodland districts, but -especially seeks such rocky localities as are washed by the sea, or are -in the neighbourhood of inland lakes and rivers. In such situations it -dwells in pairs throughout the year, much after the manner of the -Peregrine. Its nest is placed in those parts of the rocks that are most -precipitous and inaccessible. The eggs are two in number; their -ground-colour is buff, but which is scarcely perceptible from the -predominance of the blotching of deep reddish chestnut, with which it is -marbled all over; they are two inches and one line long, by one inch and -seven and a half lines broad. - -The stomach is large and membranous; and the food consists of birds, -principally of the Duck tribe. - -The sexes present the usual difference in size, the male being -considerably smaller than the female, as will be seen in the -accompanying illustration. - -The male has the head, cheeks, and back of the neck deep brownish black; -the feathers of the upper surface, wings and tail alternately crossed -with equal-sized bands of deep grey and blackish brown; outer edges of -the primaries uniform blackish brown, their inner webs obscurely barred -with light buff; throat and chest delicate fawn-colour, passing into -reddish grey on the abdomen; tail-feathers ornamented with an -oval-shaped spot of dark brown; abdomen, flanks, under surface of the -wing, and under tail-coverts reddish grey, crossed by numerous irregular -bars of blackish brown; bill light bluish lead-colour at the tip, -becoming much lighter at the base; cere, legs and feet yellow; claws -black. - -The female differs from the male in being larger in all her proportions, -and in having the throat and chest more richly tinted with fulvous, -which colour also extends over the abdomen, the feathers of which are -not so strongly barred with brown as in the male. - -The figures are those of a male and a female of the natural size. - -[Illustration: - - FALCO SUBNIGER: _Gray_. - - _J. Gould and H. C. Richter del et lith._ _Hullmandel & Walton Imp._ -] - - - - - FALCO SUBNIGER, _Gray_. - Black Falcon. - - _Falco subniger_, Gray in Ann. Nat. Hist. 1843, p. 371.—Gray and - Mitch. Gen. of Birds, pl. 8.—List of Birds in Brit. Mus. Coll., part - i. 2nd edit. p. 50. - - _Falco ( Hierofalco) subniger_, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 76. - -All that I am able to communicate respecting this rare species of Falcon -is that I have seen four examples, which were killed in South Australia; -no particulars of its habits have yet been recorded: it was observed by -Captain Sturt during his expedition into the interior of that country, -and he has favoured me with a note, in which he says, “This well-shaped -and rapid bird was killed at the Depôt, where both male and female were -procured, but it was by no means common, only two others having been -seen.” - -It is a fine and powerful species, and is doubtless very destructive to -birds and the smaller quadrupeds. - -The entire plumage dark sooty brown, becoming paler on the edges of the -feathers of the upper surface; chin whitish; irides dark brown; cere -yellow; bill lead-colour; legs and feet leaden yellow; claws black. - -The figure represents a female, which is one-third larger than the male, -of the natural size. - -[Illustration: - - FALCO FRONTATUS: _Gould_. - - _J. & E. Gould del et lith._ _C. Hullmandel Imp._ -] - - - - - FALCO FRONTATUS, _Gould_. - White-fronted Falcon. - - _Falco frontatus_, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part V. p. 139. - - _Wow-oo_, Aborigines of the Murray in Western Australia. - - _Little Falcon_, Colonists of Western Australia. - -This, one of the least of the true Falcons found in Australia, is -universally spread over the southern portion of that country, including -Van Diemen’s Land and the islands in Bass’s Straits. As its long pointed -wings clearly indicate, it possesses great and rapid powers of flight; -and I have frequently been amused by pairs of this bird following my -course over the plains for days together, in order to pounce down on the -Quails as they rose before me. If I had wished to witness Falconry in -perfection I could not have had a better opportunity than on these -occasions, when it was interesting to observe how instinctively the -Falcons performed their gyrations just above the dogs, in preparation -for the stoop; and on those vast plains where there was not a tree or -any other object to obstruct either the flight of the bird or our view -of the chase, nothing could be more beautiful in its way than the -actions of this species when pursuing the swift-flying Quail, which, -although quickly overtaken, often evades the stroke of its enemy by -suddenly dropping to the ground among the grasses. - -The White-fronted Falcon is not a migratory species in any of the -colonies. I succeeded in finding several of its nests, both in Van -Diemen’s Land and on the continent: the situations of all those I -observed were near the tops of the most lofty and generally inaccessible -trees; they were rather large structures, being fully equal in size to -that of a Crow, slightly concave in form, outwardly built of sticks, and -lined with the inner bark of trees and other soft materials: the eggs -are either two or three in number, of a light buff, blotched and marbled -all over with dark buff, one inch and ten lines long by one inch and -four lines broad. - -The stomach is rather muscular and capacious, and its food consists of -small birds and insects. - -Forehead greyish white; crown of the head, cheeks, ear-coverts, and all -the upper surface uniform dark bluish grey; internal webs of the -primaries, except the tips, numerously barred with oval-shaped markings -of buff; two centre tail-feathers grey, transversely barred with obscure -markings of black; the remainder of the feathers on each side -alternately barred with lines of dark grey and reddish chestnut; throat -and chest white, tinged with buff, the feathers of the chest marked down -the centre with a stripe of brown; the whole of the under surface and -thighs dull reddish orange; irides blackish brown; bill bluish -lead-colour, becoming black at the tip; cere, base of the upper -mandible, legs and feet yellow; claws black. - -The sexes exhibit the usual difference in size, the female being much -the largest. The plumage of the young differs from that of the adult in -being more rusty and the markings less defined, in the feathers of the -wings and tail being margined with rufous, and in the whole of the under -surface being washed more deeply with rufous than the adult. - -The Plate represents an adult and young bird of the natural size. - -[Illustration: - - IERACIDEA BERIGORA. - - _J. Gould and H. C. Richter del et lith._ _C. Hullmandel Imp._ -] - - - - - IERACIDEA BERIGORA. - Brown Hawk. - - _Falco Berigora_, Vig. and Horsf. in Linn. Trans., vol. xv. p. 184. - - _Ieracidea Berigora_, Gould, Syn. Birds of Australia, Part III. - - _Berigora_, Aborigines of New South Wales. - - _Orange-speckled Hawk_ of the Colonists. - - _Brown Hawk_, Colonists of Van Diemen’s Land. - -This species is universally distributed over Van Diemen’s Land and New -South Wales. It is represented in western and north-western Australia by -a nearly allied species, to which I have given the name of -_occidentalis_. In its disposition it is neither so bold nor so daring -as the typical Falcons, and while it partakes much of the habits and -actions of the true Kestrils, particularly in the mode in which it -hovers in the air, it also often soars and skulks about after the manner -of the Harriers. Although it sometimes captures and preys upon birds and -small quadrupeds, its principal food consists of carrion, reptiles and -insects; the crops of several that I dissected were literally crammed -with the latter kind of food. It is generally to be met with in pairs, -but at those seasons when hordes of caterpillars infest the newly-sprung -herbage it congregates in flocks of many hundreds; a fact I myself -witnessed during the spring of 1840, when the downs near Yarrundi, on -the Upper Hunter, were infested with this noxious insect, which spread -destruction throughout the entire district. By the settlers this bird is -considered one of the pests of the country, but it was clear to me that -whatever injury it may inflict by now and then pilfering the -newly-hatched chickens from the poultry-yard is amply compensated for by -the havoc it commits among the countless myriads of the destructive -caterpillar. After the morning meal it perches on the dead branches of -the neighbouring _Eucalypti_ until hunger again impels it to exert -itself for a further supply. To give an idea of the numbers of this bird -to be met with at one time, I may state that I have frequently seen from -ten to forty on a single tree, so sluggish and indisposed to fly that -any number of specimens might have been secured. - -So much difference occurs in the plumage of this species, that unless -the changes it undergoes are known to him, the ornithologist would be -apt to consider that there were more than one species; a close attention -to the subject has, however, convinced me that the contrary is the case, -and that in the countries which I have stated to constitute the true -habitat of this bird there is but one species. During the first autumn -the dark markings are of a much deeper hue, and the lighter parts more -tinged with yellow than in the adult state, when the upper surface -becomes of a uniform brown, and the white of the under surface tinged -with yellow. - -The sexes are nearly alike in colour, but the female is the largest in -size. I discovered the _Ieracidea Berigora_ breeding in the months of -October and November both in Van Diemen’s Land and New South Wales, the -nests in both countries being placed on the highest branches of the -lofty _Eucalypti_. - -The nest is similar in size to that of a Crow, it is composed outwardly -of sticks, and lined with strips of stringy bark, leaves, &c.; the eggs, -which are two, and sometimes three in number, vary so much in colour, -that they are seldom found alike, even in the same nest; they are also -longer or of a more oval shape than those of the generality of Falcons; -the prevailing colour is,—the ground buffy white, covered nearly all -over with reddish brown: in some specimens an entire wash of this colour -extends over nearly half the egg, while in others it is blotched or -freckled in small patches over the surface generally: their medium -length is two inches and two lines, and breadth one inch and six lines. - -Crown of the head ferruginous brown, with a fine black line down the -centre of each feather; a streak of black from the base of the lower -mandible down each side of the cheek; ear-coverts brown; throat, chest, -centre of the abdomen, and under tail-coverts pale buff, with a fine -line of brown down each side of the shaft of every feather; flanks -ferruginous, each feather crossed with spots of buffy white; thighs dark -brown, crossed like the flanks but with redder spots; centre of the back -reddish brown; scapularies and wing-coverts brown, crossed with -conspicuous bars and spots of ferruginous; tail brown, crossed with -ferruginous bars, and tipped with light brown; primaries blackish brown, -margined on their inner webs with large oval-shaped spots of buff; bill -light lead colour, passing into black at the tip; cere and orbits pale -bluish lead colour; irides very dark brown; feet very light lead-colour. - -The figures represent the two sexes of the natural size. - -[Illustration: - - IERACIDEA OCCIDENTALIS: _Gould_. - - _J. Gould and H. C. Richter del et lith._ _C. Hullmandel Imp._ -] - - - - - IERACIDEA OCCIDENTALIS, _Gould_. - Western Brown Hawk. - - _Ieracidea occidentalis_, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., June 25, 1844. - - _K̏ar-gyne_, Aborigines of the lowland and mountain districts of - Western Australia. - -Hitherto ornithologists, and among them myself, have regarded the Common -Brown Hawks, which occur so numerously in collections from Australia, as -referrible to one and the same species,—an opinion founded principally -upon the circumstance of the members of this genus being subject to a -greater number of changes of plumage from youth to maturity than any -other; observation, however, aided by dissection, and that too of very -many examples, and at all seasons of the year, has convinced me that -there are two species, which appear to occupy opposite portions of the -continent; the present bird, as its name implies, being confined to the -western, and the _I. Berigora_ to the eastern. Both species are -occasionally found in South Australia, but the latter is the most -abundant, and here it would seem that they inosculate. - -The present bird is very generally spread over the Swan River -Settlement, and in its habits and economy closely assimilates to its -representative in New South Wales. It feeds upon birds, lizards, -insects, caterpillars, and carrion. Its smaller size renders it a -somewhat less formidable enemy to the farm-yard, still it requires -considerable vigilance to check its depredations upon the broods of -poultry, ducks, &c. - -As its smaller legs, more compact body and lengthened pointed wings -would indicate, it flies with ease, making long sweeps and beautiful -curves, which are often performed near the ground. It loves to dwell -among swampy places, which at all times afford it an abundant supply of -lizards, frogs, newts, &c. - -It breeds in September and October. - -The nest is formed of dried sticks and is usually constructed in thickly -foliaged trees, sometimes near the ground, but more frequently on the -topmost branches of the highest gums; the eggs, which are generally two, -but sometimes three in number, differ very much in their markings, the -rich brown pervading the surface in some more than in others; those in -my collection measure two inches long by one and a half broad. - -Crown of the head, back and scapularies rusty brown, with a narrow -stripe of black down the centre; rump deep rusty brown, crossed by broad -bands of dark brown, the tip of each feather buffy white; wings very -dark brown; the inner webs of the primaries with a series of large -spots, assuming the form of bars of a deep rusty brown near the shaft, -and fading into buffy white on the margin; wing-coverts tipped with -rusty red; spurious wing with a row of rusty spots on either side of the -shaft; tail dark brown, crossed by numerous broad irregular bars of -rusty red, and tipped with pale buff; ear-coverts and a stripe running -down from the angle of the lower mandible dark brown; chin, all the -under surface, and a broad band which nearly encircles the neck pale -buffy white, with a fine line of dark brown down the centre; thighs deep -rust-red, each feather with a line of black down the centre and tipped -with buffy white; irides reddish brown; eyelid straw-yellow; orbits -bluish flesh-colour; bill bluish lead-colour, becoming black at the tip; -cere pale yellow; legs and feet light ashy grey, excepting the scales in -front of the tarsi, which are dull yellowish white. - -The Plate represents an adult male and female rather less than the size -of life. - -[Illustration: - - TINNUNCULUS CENCROÏDES. - - _J. Gould and H. C. Richter del et lith._ _C. Hullmandel Imp._ -] - - - - - TINNUNCULUS CENCROÏDES - Nankeen Kestril. - - _Falco Cencroïdes_, Vig. and Horsf. in Linn. Trans., vol. xv. p. 183. - - _Nankeen Hawk_, of the Colonists. - -Ornithologists will not fail to observe how beautifully the present bird -represents in Australia the well-known Kestril of the British Islands, -to which it closely assimilates in many of its actions and in much of -its economy. - -So far as is yet known, this elegant Kestril is not only confined to -Australia, but its habitat is even restricted to the south-eastern -portion of that continent. I observed it to be tolerably abundant in -every part of New South Wales, and also on the plains of the interior in -the neighbourhood of the river Namoi. A large collection of birds from -South Australia, kindly forwarded to me by T. C. Eyton, Esq., also -contained examples. - -Mr. Caley states that it is a migratory species, but I am inclined to -differ from this opinion; his specimens were procured in New South Wales -in May and June, while mine were obtained at the opposite season of -December, when it was breeding in many of the large gum-trees on the -rivers Mokai and Namoi; probably some districts are deserted for a short -time, and such others resorted to as may furnish it with a more abundant -supply of its natural food, and this circumstance may have led him to -consider it to be migratory. - -The flight of the Nankeen Kestril differs from that of its European ally -in being more buoyant and easy, the bird frequently suspending itself in -the air without the slightest motion of the wings: it also flies much -higher, and having arrived at a great height flies round in a series of -circles, these flights being often performed during the hottest part of -the day; a circumstance which leads me to suppose that some kind of -insect food was the object of the search, it being well known that in -mid-day insects ascend to a much greater altitude than at any other -time. - -The sexes present the usual differences in their markings, the female -having all the upper surface alternately barred with buff and brown, -while the male is furnished with a more uniform tint. I once took four -fully-fledged young from the hole of a tree by the side of a lagoon at -Brezi, in the interior of New South Wales; I also observed nests which I -believe were constructed by this bird, but which were placed on the -branches in the ordinary way of the members of this group. - -The male has the forehead white; head and back of the neck reddish grey, -with the shaft of each feather black; back, scapularies and wing-coverts -cinnamon-red, with a small oblong patch of black near the extremity of -each feather; primaries, secondaries and greater coverts dark brown, -slightly fringed with white; the base of the inner webs of these -feathers white, into which the dark colouring proceeds in a series of -points, resembling the teeth of a large saw; face white, with a slight -moustache of dark brown from each angle of the mouth; chest and flanks -buffy white, with the shaft of each feather dark brown; abdomen and -under tail-coverts white; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers for -two-thirds of their length from the base grey; remaining portion of all -but the two centre feathers white, crossed near the tip by a broad -distinct band of deep black, the band being narrow, and only on the -inner web of the external feather; bill horn-colour near the base, black -towards the tip; base of the under mandible yellowish; cere and orbits -yellowish orange; legs orange. - -The female has all the upper surface, wings and tail cinnamon-red; each -feather of the former with a dark patch of brown in the centre, assuming -the shape of arrow-heads on the wing-coverts; the scapularies -irregularly barred with the same, and the tail with an irregular band -near the extremity; throat, vent and under tail-coverts white; remainder -of the under surface reddish buff, with a stripe of brown down the -centre of each feather. - -The figures represent the two sexes of the natural size. - -[Illustration: - - ASTUR NOVÆ-HOLLANDIÆ. - - _J. Gould and H. C. Richter del et lith._ _C. Hullmandel Imp._ -] - - - - - ASTUR NOVÆ-HOLLANDIÆ. - New Holland Goshawk. - - _Astur Raii_, Vig. and Horsf. in Linn. Trans., vol. xv. p. 180. - - _Falco clarus_, Lath. Ind. Orn. Supp., p. 13?—Shaw, Gen. Zool., vol. - vii. p. 184? - - _Fair Falcon_, Lath. Gen. Syn. Supp., vol. ii. p. 54?—Lath. Gen. - Hist., vol. i. p. 226? - -The only part of Australia in which I have met with this species is New -South Wales, where it would appear to evince a preference for the dense -and luxuriant brushes near the coast; but so little has at present been -ascertained respecting its economy, range and habits, that its history -is nearly a blank—even whether it is migratory or not is unknown. That -it breeds in the brushes of the district above mentioned is certain, for -I recollect seeing a brood of young ones in the possession of Alexander -Walker Scott, Esq., of Newcastle on the Hunter, a gentleman much -attached to the study of the natural productions of Australia. These -young birds differed but little in colour from the fully adult specimens -in my collection, except that the transverse markings of the breast were -much darker and of a more arrow-shaped form; which markings become -fainter and more linear as the bird advances in age. - -The sexes present the usual difference in size, but in colour and -markings they closely assimilate. - -All the upper surface grey; throat and all the under surface white, -crossed with numerous irregular grey bars; cere yellowish orange; feet -yellow; bill and claws black. - -The irides of the young are brown. - -The figures represent the two sexes of the natural size, the smaller -bird being the male. - -[Illustration: - - ASTUR NOVÆ-HOLLANDIÆ. - - _White Variety?_ - - _J. Gould and H. C. Richter del et lith._ _C. Hullmandel Imp._ -] - - - - - ASTUR NOVÆ-HOLLANDIÆ, _Vig. and Horsf., Albino_ - White Goshawk. - - _Lacteous Eagle_, Lath. Gen. Hist., vol. i. p. 216. - - _Astur Novæ-Hollandiæ_, Vig. and Horsf. in Linn. Trans., vol. xv. p. - 179.—Gould in Syn. of Birds of Australia, Part III. - - _Astur albus_, Jard. and Selb. Ill. Orn., vol. i. pl. 1. - - _Falco Novæ-Hollandiæ_, Lath. Ind. Orn., vol. i. p. 16.—Gmel. Syst. - Nat., vol. i. p. 264.—Daud., vol. ii. p. 56. - - _Falco albus_, Shaw in White’s Voy., pl. in p. 260.—Ib. Gen. Zool., - vol. vii. p. 92. - - _New Holland White Eagle_, Lath. Gen. Syn., vol. i. p. 40.—Ib. Supp., - p. 12.—Ib. Gen. Hist., vol. i. p. 217.—White’s Voy., pl. in p. 260. - - _Goo-loo-bee_, Aborigines of New South Wales, _Latham_. - - _White Hawk_, of the Colonists. - -Although I feel convinced that the white bird to which the name _Falco -Novæ-Hollandiæ_ has been constantly applied by the older writers is -merely an albino of the species figured on the preceding plate, I have -been induced to give a representation of it here, in order to show what -synonyms have reference to that state of plumage, as well as to depict -one of the most ornamental and beautiful of the _Falconidæ_ inhabiting -Australia. As I have before stated, the range of the grey bird would -seem to be confined to New South Wales: on the other hand, the white -bird is not only found in the same districts, but is also very -generally, though sparingly, distributed over Van Diemen’s Land, a fact -which might induce many persons to consider it to be a distinct species; -I am however inclined, with Cuvier, to believe it to be merely an albino -variety, now become permanent,—an event of very rare occurrence among -animals in a state of nature. The diversity in the colouring of the -irides of the many individuals that have come under my notice would -materially tend to confirm this opinion, some having the irides bright -yellow, and others brown; a splendid female I shot under Mount -Wellington in Van Diemen’s Land had the irides bright crimson, like -those of the albinos of many other animals; while another equally fine -female, in the possession of the Hon. Henry Elliot, at Government House, -had the irides bright yellow. - -In the size and admeasurements of the various parts of either sex of the -white and grey birds no difference whatever can be detected, another -reason for believing them to be the same; for wherever a specific -difference is found to exist, it is always accompanied by a difference -in the dimensions of the whole or parts of the structure. - -A knowledge of the nidification of this and the preceding bird, and of -the state of their plumage from youth to maturity, would greatly tend to -settle the question of their identity. - -The disposition of Mr. Elliot’s bird was fierce and wild in the extreme, -exhibiting none of the docility of the true Falcons, but displaying all -the ferocity so characteristic of the group to which it belongs. - -The sexes differ very considerably in size, the male being scarcely more -than half the size of the female. - -The whole of the plumage pure white; cere and legs yellow; bill and -claws black. - -The figures represent the two sexes of the natural size. - -[Illustration: - - ASTUR RADIATUS. - - _J. Gould and H. C. Richter del et lith._ _C. Hullmandel Imp._ -] - - - - - ASTUR RADIATUS. - Radiated Goshawk. - - _Falco radiatus_, Lath. Ind. Orn. Supp., p. xii.—Shaw, Gen. Zool., - vol. vii. p. 177. - - _Radiated Falcon_, Lath. Gen. Syn. Supp., vol. ii. p. 53. pl. - cxxi.—Ib. Gen. Hist., vol. i. p. 222. pl. xi. - - _Haliaëtus Calei_, Vig. and Horsf. in Linn. Trans., vol. xv. p. 186. - -The bird here represented I conceive to be the true _Falco radiatus_ of -Latham; it is but little known to ornithologists, from the circumstance -that few specimens only have been sent to Europe. It inhabits the dense -brushes bordering the rivers Manning and Clarence on the eastern coast -of New South Wales, and doubtless enjoys a much greater range than we -are at present acquainted with. It is the largest of the Goshawks -inhabiting Australia, far exceeding in size the _Astur palumbarius_ of -Europe. In some parts of its structure it differs considerably from the -typical Asturs, particularly in the lengthened form of the middle toe, -in which respect it resembles the true Accipiters; in its plumage it -somewhat differs from both those forms, the markings of most of the -feathers taking a longitudinal instead of a transverse direction; these -differences may hereafter be considered of sufficient importance to -warrant its separation into a distinct genus, but for the present I have -retained it with the other Goshawks in that of _Astur_. Of its habits -and economy nothing whatever is known. - -The male has the whole of the upper surface blackish brown, each feather -broadly margined with rust-red; wings brown, crossed by narrow bands of -darker brown; tail greyish brown, crossed by irregular bands of dark -brown; shafts of the quills and tail buffy-brown; throat buff, deepening -into the rich rust-red of the under surface of the shoulder and the -whole of the under surface; all the feathers of the under surface with a -narrow stripe of black down the centre; thighs and under tail-coverts -rust-red without stripes. - -The female resembles her mate in colour and in the disposition of the -markings, but has the striæ of the under surface broader and more -conspicuous. - -The figures are those of a male and a female about two-thirds of the -natural size. - -[Illustration: - - ASTUR APPROXIMANS _Vig. & Horsf._ - - _J. Gould and H. C. Richter, del^t_ _C. Hullmandel Imp._ -] - - - - - ASTUR APPROXIMANS, _Vig. and Horsf._ - Australian Goshawk. - - _Falco radiatus_, Temm. Pl. Col. 123, young. - - _Astur radiatus_, Vig. and Horsf. in Linn. Trans., vol. xv. p. 181, - young male. - - _Astur fasciatus_, Ib., adult male and female. - - _Astur approximans_, Ib., young female.—Gould in Syn. Birds of - Australia, Part III. - - _Bilbil_, Aborigines of New South Wales. - -Among the whole perhaps of the Australian birds, certainly among the -Australian _Falconidæ_ we are presented with no species the scientific -appellation of which is involved in so much confusion as is that of the -present bird. This confusion has arisen from two causes: first, authors -have erroneously considered it to be identical with the _Falco radiatus_ -of Latham, from which it is entirely distinct; and secondly, the -difference which exists between the plumage of the adult and young is so -great as to have led to a false multiplication of species, and -consequently of specific names. Seven specimens of this Hawk form part -of the collection of the Linnean Society, and are those from which -Messrs. Vigors and Horsfield took their descriptions of _Astur -radiatus_, _A. fasciatus_ and _A. approximans_: on a careful examination -of these specimens, I am satisfied that they are all referable to the -present bird; _A. radiatus_, of which there are two specimens, being the -young male; _A. fasciatus_, of which there are three specimens, the -adult; one an adult male, the other two adult females; and _A. -approximans_, of which there are two specimens, the young female. I have -retained the term _approximans_ in preference to either of the others, -because _radiatus_ actually belongs to another species, and the -employment of _fasciatus_ might hereafter lead to its being confounded -with the “Fasciated Falcon,” an Indian species described under that name -by Dr. Latham. - -From the number of synonyms quoted above, it might readily be supposed -that this bird is very common, and such is in reality the case, for it -is one of the most abundant and generally dispersed of the Hawks -inhabiting New South Wales and Van Diemen’s Land. It is a species which -ranges pretty far north, but on the western coast its place appears to -be supplied by the _Astur cruentus_. The country between South Australia -and Moreton Bay may be considered its true habitat; and there it is a -stationary resident. - -The Australian Goshawk is a bold, powerful, and most sanguinary species, -feeding upon birds, reptiles, and small quadrupeds. It may often be seen -lurking about the poultry-yard of the settler, and dealing destruction -among the young stock of every kind; daring when at large, and morose -and sullen when captured, it never becomes tame and familiar like the -true Falcons, but retains its ferocity to the last. - -Its nest is usually built on a large swamp-oak (_Casuarina_), growing on -the side of a brook, but I have occasionally met with it on the -gum-trees (_Eucalypti_) in the forest at a considerable distance from -water; it is of a large size, and is composed of sticks and lined with -gum-leaves. The eggs are generally three in number, of a bluish white, -smeared over with blotches of brownish buff; they are one inch and ten -lines long by one inch and five lines broad. - -The male, which is considerably less than the female in size, has the -crown of the head and nape of the neck leaden grey; on the back of the -neck an obscure collar of rufous brown; the remainder of the upper -surface, wings and tail deep greyish brown; the latter numerously barred -with brown of a deeper tint; inner webs of the primaries and secondaries -greyish white, barred with dark brown; throat greyish brown; breast and -all the under surface rufous brown, crossed with numerous white fasciæ, -which are bounded on each side with an obscure line of dark brown; -thighs rufous, crossed by numerous irregular white lines; irides bright -yellowish orange, surrounded by a yellowish lash; inside of the mouth -blue, except the centre of the roof, which is black; gape and base of -the bill olive-green, interspersed with hair-like feathers; tip of the -cere greenish yellow; base of the mandibles pale blue; culmen and tips -black; legs and feet yellow; claws black. - -The young differ considerably from the adult, having the feathers of the -head and back of the neck dark brown, margined with rufous brown; the -remainder of the upper surface deep brown, each feather with a -crescent-shaped mark of rufous at the extremity; tail brown, crossed -with obscure bars of a darker tint, and tipped with whitish brown; inner -webs of the primaries fawn-colour, barred with dark brown; throat buffy -white, with a stripe of dark brown down the centre of each feather; -breast buffy white, each feather crossed by two bands of dark brown, the -last of which assumes a triangular form; abdomen and flanks buffy white, -crossed by irregular bands of dark brown, which are blotched with rufous -brown in the centre; thighs and under tail-coverts pale rufous, crossed -by similar bands; irides beautiful yellow; cere, base of the bill and -gape bluish lead-colour; point of the bill blackish brown; legs -gamboge-yellow. - -The Plate represents an adult male and female of the natural size. - -[Illustration: - - ASTUR CRUENTUS: _Gould_. - - _J. Gould and H. C. Richter del et lith._ _Hullmandel & Walton Imp._ -] - - - - - ASTUR CRUENTUS, _Gould_. - West-Australian Gos-Hawk. - - _Astur cruentus_, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., 1842. - - _K̏il-lin-g̏il-lee_ and _Mat-wȅl-itch_, Aborigines of the mountain - districts of Western Australia. - - _Goȍd-jee-lum_, Aborigines around Perth, Western Australia. - -This Hawk is intermediate in size between the _Astur approximans_ and -_Accipiter torquatus_; it is of a more grey or blue colour on the back, -and has the transverse lines on the breast narrower and of a more rufous -tint. It precisely resembles the first-mentioned bird in the rounded -form of the tail, in the short powerful tarsus, and in the more -abbreviated middle toe, which is much longer in the _Accipiter -torquatus_. - -The _Astur cruentus_ is a very common species in Western Australia, -particularly in the York district and at the Murray. Like its congener, -it is a remarkably bold and sanguinary species, often visiting the -farm-yard and carrying off fowls and pigeons with much apparent ease. - -It breeds in October and the two following months, making a nest of -dried sticks on the horizontal fork of a gum or mahogany tree. - -The sexes and young present precisely the same differences, both in size -and plumage, that are observable in their near ally. - -The male has the crown of the head and occiput dark slate-colour; sides -of the face grey; at the back of the neck a collar of chestnut-red; -back, wings and tail slaty brown, the brown hue predominating on the -back, and the slate-colour upon the other parts; inner webs of the -primaries fading into white at the base, and crossed by bars of -slate-colour, the interspaces freckled with buff; the inner webs of the -tail-feathers are marked in a precisely similar manner; chin buffy -white; the whole of the under surface rust-red, crossed by numerous -narrow semicircular bands of white; irides bright yellow; cere dull -yellow; bill black at the tip, blue at the base; legs and feet pale -yellow; claws black. - -The female differs in having all the upper surface brown; the chestnut -band at the back of the neck wider, but not so rich in colour; in all -other respects she resembles her mate. - -The Plate represents the two sexes of the natural size. - -[Illustration: - - ACCIPITER TORQUATUS: _Vig. & Horsf._ - - _J. Gould and H. C. Richter, del^t_ _C. Hullmandel Imp._ -] - - - - - ACCIPITER TORQUATUS, _Vig. and Horsf._ - Collared Sparrow Hawk. - - _Falco torquatus_, Cuv.—Temm. Pl. Col., 43 adult, 93 young. - - _Accipiter torquatus_, Vig. and Horsf. in Linn. Trans., vol. xv. p. - 182.—Shaw, Gen. Zool., vol. xiii. p. 30, pl. 33.—Gould, Syn. Birds - of Australia, Part III. fig. 2. - - _Falco nisus_, Lath. Ind. Orn. Supp., p. xi.? - - _New Holland Sparrow Hawk_, Lath. Gen. Syn. Supp., vol. ii. p. 51?; - and Gen. Hist., vol. i. p. 223? - - _Nisus australis_, Less. Traité d’Orn., p. 61. - - _Bilbil_, Aborigines of New South Wales. - - _J̏il-lee-j̏il-lee_, Aborigines of the lowland and - - _̏Min-min_ of the Aborigines of the mountain districts of Western - Australia. - - _Little Hawk_, Colonists of Swan River. - -This species is especially abundant in Van Diemen’s Land and New South -Wales, and would appear to enjoy a wide extent of range, since I have -either seen or received specimens of it from every part of Australia -with the single exception of the north coast. - -In its habits and disposition it has all the characteristics of its -European ally, the _Accipiter Fringillarius_, whose boldness and daring -spirit while in pursuit of its quarry have been so often described that -they are familiar to every one; the sexes also exhibit the same -disparity of size, the female being nearly as large and powerful again -as her mate; hence the Swift-flying Quail and the numerous species of -Honey-eaters upon which they feed, find in her a most powerful enemy. -For rapidity of flight and unerring aim, however, she is even surpassed -by her more feeble mate, who may frequently be observed at one moment -skimming quietly over the surface of the ground, and the next -impetuously dashing through the branches of the trees in fearless -pursuit of his prey, which from the quickness of his abrupt turns rarely -eludes the attack. Mr. Caley mentions as an instance of its boldness, -that he once witnessed it in the act of darting at a Blue Mountain -Parrot, which was suspended in a cage from the bough of a mulberry-tree, -within a couple of yards of his door. - -The nest is rather a large structure, composed of sticks, and lined with -fibrous roots and a few leaves of the gum-tree; it is usually placed in -the fork of a swamp oak (_Casuarina_) or other trees growing on the -banks of creeks and rivers, but is occasionally to be met with in the -depths of the forests. The eggs are generally three in number, of a -bluish white, in some instances stained and smeared over with blotches -of buff; in others I have observed square-formed spots, and a few -hair-like streaks of deep brown: their medium length is one inch and six -lines by one inch and two lines in breadth. - -Head, all the upper surface, wings and tail deep brownish grey, the tail -indistinctly barred with deep brown; on the back of the neck an obscure -collar of reddish brown; throat, the under surface and thighs rufous, -crossed by numerous narrow bars of white, the red predominating on the -thighs; under surface of the wings and tail grey, distinctly barred with -dark brown, which is deepest on the former; irides and eyelash yellow; -cere and gape yellowish green; base of the bill lead-colour, tip black; -legs yellow slightly tinged with green. - -The young male has the cere and gape olive-yellow; irides and eyelash -primrose-yellow. - -The figures are those of a male and a female of the natural size. - -[Illustration: - - BUTEO MELANOSTERNON: _Gould_. - - _J. Gould and H. C. Richter, del^t._ _C. Hullmandel Imp._ -] - - - - - BUTEO MELANOSTERNON, _Gould_. - Black-breasted Buzzard. - - _Buteo melanosternon_, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part VIII. p. - 162. - - _G̏oo-dap_, Aborigines of the mountain districts of Western Australia. - -If we examine the Australian members of the family of _Falconidæ_, we -cannot fail to observe that it comprises representatives of most of the -forms inhabiting similar latitudes in the northern hemisphere; no -example of the genus _Buteo_ had, however, been recorded as an -inhabitant of Australia until I discovered the present species, which is -more nearly allied to the _Buteo Jackall_ of the Cape of Good Hope and -the Red-tailed Buzzard (_Buteo Borealis_) of America than to any other. -It is a fine and noble species, and although it does not appear to be -common in any part of the colonies, it ranges over all the southern -portion of the country. I have received it from Swan River, and procured -it myself during my journey into the interior of New South Wales, about -two hundred miles northwards of Sydney; I have also a specimen which was -killed on the Liverpool Plains by one of the natives in my party. - -The Black-breasted Buzzard generally flies high in the air, through -which it soars in large circles, much after the manner of the -Wedge-tailed Eagle; its black breast and the large white mark at the -base of the primaries being very conspicuous when seen from beneath. - -The sexes are alike in colouring but present the usual difference in -size, the male being the smallest. - -Crown of the head, face, chin, chest and centre of the abdomen deep -black, passing into chestnut-red on the flanks, thighs and under -tail-coverts; back of the head chestnut-red, becoming black in the -centre of each feather; shoulders whitish buff; all the upper surface -deep brownish black, margined with chestnut-red; primaries white at the -base, deep black for the remainder of their length; cere and base of the -bill purplish flesh-colour, passing into black at the tip; irides -wood-brown; feet white tinged with lilac. - -The Plate represents a male about two-thirds of the natural size. - -[Illustration: - - MILVUS AFFINIS: _Gould_. - - _J. Gould and H. C. Richter, del^t._ _C. Hullmandel Imp._ -] - - - - - MILVUS AFFINIS, _Gould_. - Allied Kite. - - _Milvus affinis_, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part V. p. 140; and in - Syn. Birds of Australia, Part III. - - _E-le-nid-jul_, Aborigines of Port Essington. - -With the single exception of Van Diemen’s Land, this Kite is universally -dispersed over all the Australian Colonies, and is equally as common at -Port Essington, on the north coast, as it is on the southern portions of -the country. - -Its confident and intrepid disposition renders it familiar to every one, -and not unfrequently costs it its life, as it fearlessly enters the -farm-yard of the settler, and if unopposed, impudently deals out -destruction to the young poultry, pigeons, &c. tenanting it. It is also -a constant attendant at the camps of the Aborigines and the hunting -parties of the settlers, perching on the small trees immediately -surrounding them, and patiently waiting for the refuse or offal. The -temerity of one individual was such, that it even disputed my right to a -Bronze-winged Pigeon that had fallen before my gun, for which act, I am -now almost ashamed to say, it paid the penalty of its life; on -reflection I asked myself why should advantage have been taken of the -confident disposition implanted in the bird by its Maker, particularly -too when it was in a part of the country where no white man had taken up -his abode and assumed a sovereign right over all that surrounds him. - -The flight of this bird, which is closely allied in character to that of -the _Milvus ater_ of Europe, is much less protracted and soaring than -that of the typical Kites; the bird is also much more arboreal in its -habits, skulking about the forest after the manner of the true Buzzards. -Great numbers have been observed hovering over the smoke of the -extensive fires so common in Australia, closely watching for Lizards and -any of the smaller mammalia that may have fallen victims to the flames, -or have been driven by the heat from their lurking places. - -In the southern parts of Australia this bird is a stationary species; I -did not, however, succeed in procuring its eggs, or any account of its -nidification. - -The sexes are so nearly alike that the single figure in the accompanying -Plate will serve for a representation of both. - -Feathers of the head, and the back and sides of the neck reddish fawn -colour, with a central stripe of dark blackish brown; all the upper -surface glossy brown inclining to chocolate, and passing into reddish -brown on the wing-coverts, the shaft of each feather being black, and -the extreme tip pale brown; primaries black; secondaries blackish brown; -tail, which is slightly forked, brown, crossed by several indistinct -bars of a darker tint, and each feather tipped with greyish white; -throat brownish fawn colour, with the stem of each feather black; the -remainder of the under surface rufous brown, with a central line of dark -brown on each feather, which is broadest and most conspicuous on the -chest; cere, gape and base of the lower mandible yellow; upper mandible -and point of the lower black; tarsi and toes yellow; claws black; irides -very dark brown. - -The figure is about two-thirds of the natural size. - -[Illustration: - - MILVUS ISURUS: _Gould_. - - _J. & E. Gould del^t._ _C. Hullmandel Imp._ -] - - - - - MILVUS ISURUS, _Gould_. - Square-tailed Kite. - - _Milvus isurus_, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part V. 1837, p. - 140.—Ib. Syn. Birds of Australia, Part III. - - _Ge-durn-mul-uk_ and _Mar-arl_, Aborigines of the mountain districts - of Western Australia. - - _Kite_, of the Colonists. - -This new species, although possessing the short feet, long wings, and -other characters of the true Kites, may at once be distinguished from -all the other members of that group by the square form of its tail. I -met with it in various parts of New South Wales, and on the plains of -the interior, still it is by no means abundant, and persons who had been -long resident in the colony knew but little about it. I had, however, -the good fortune not only to kill the bird myself, but, in one instance, -to find its nest, from which I shot the female. I have also received two -specimens from Swan River, which shows that, although the species may be -thinly scattered over the country, it nevertheless enjoys an extensive -range of habitat. It is a true Kite in all its manners, at one time -soaring high above the trees of the forest, and at others hunting over -the open wastes in search of food. - -The nest which I found near Scone, in the month of November, was of a -large size, built exteriorly of sticks, and lined with leaves and the -inner bark of the gum-trees: it contained two eggs, the ground colour of -which was buffy white; one was faintly freckled with rufous, becoming -much deeper at the smaller end, while the other was very largely -blotched with reddish brown; they were somewhat round in form, one inch -and eleven lines long by one inch and seven lines broad. - -In his notes from Western Australia, Mr. John Gilbert remarks, that it -is there “always found in thickly-wooded places. Its flight at times is -rapid, and it soars high for a great length of time. I found a nest on -the 10th of November, 1839; it contained two young ones scarcely -feathered, and was formed of sticks on a lofty horizontal branch of a -white gum-tree, in a dense forest about four miles to the eastward of -the Avon. I have not observed it in the lowlands, but it appears to be -tolerably abundant in the interior. The stomach is membranous and very -capacious: the food mostly birds.” - -Forehead and space over the eye buffy white, each feather tipped and -marked down the shaft with black; crown of the head, back and sides of -the neck, throat, shoulders, both above and beneath, and the under -surface generally reddish orange; the feathers on the crown and the back -of the head, like those of the forehead, marked longitudinally and -tipped with black, but in no part are these markings so widely spread as -on the chest, whence they suddenly diminish, and are altogether lost on -the abdomen, the uniformity of which, particularly on the flanks, is -broken by obscure transverse bands of a lighter colour; upper part of -the back and scapularies deep blackish brown; tips of the primaries on -the upper surface dark brown, obscurely banded with black; internal web -of the basal portion of the primaries, together with the stem and under -surface generally, greyish white; secondaries dark brown banded with -black, the remainder of the wing light brown, the edges of the feathers -being still lighter; rump and upper tail-coverts white, with transverse -bands of brown and buff; tail brownish grey, and nearly square in form, -all the feathers, except the two outer on each side, marked with about -four obscure narrow bands of black, the whole tipped with black; irides -very pale yellow, freckled with light rufous; cere, base of the bill and -feet greyish white; culmen and tip of the bill and claws black. - -The female has the same character of markings as the male, but is -readily distinguished by her great superiority in size. - -The figure is that of a male two-thirds of the natural size. - -[Illustration: - - ELANUS AXILLARIS. - - _J. Gould and H. C. Richter, del^t._ _C. Hullmandel Imp._ -] - - - - - ELANUS AXILLARIS. - Black-shouldered Kite. - - _Falco axillaris_, Lath. Ind. Orn., Supp., vol. ii. p. 42.—Shaw Gen. - Zool., vol. vii. p. 173.—Vieill. 2nde Edit. du Nouv. Diet. d’Hist. - Nat., tom. iv. p. 453. - - _Circus axillaris_, Vieill. Ency. Méth., Part. III. p. 1212. - - _Elanus notatus_, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part V. p. 141; and in - Syn. Birds of Australia, Part IV. - -A more careful comparison of the birds from various parts of the world, -which have hitherto been classed under the old specific name of _Falco -(Elanus) melanopterus_, has shown that, instead of their being all -identical, each quarter of the globe is inhabited by its own peculiar -species; and that although they all bear a general resemblance to each -other, they each possess well-defined characters, by which they may be -readily distinguished: in their habits, as might be supposed, they are -as closely allied as in general appearance. - -The species here represented is a summer visitant to the southern -portions of the Australian continent, over which it is very widely but -thinly dispersed, being found at Swan River on the west coast, at -Moreton Bay on the east, and over all the intervening country; I have -never seen it in collections from Java, although Sir William Jardine -states that it is an inhabitant of that island, neither have I yet seen -it from Van Diemen’s Land. - -In its disposition it is much less courageous than the other members of -the Australian _Falconidæ_ and, as its feeble bill and legs would -indicate, lives more on insects and reptiles than on birds or -quadrupeds. - -I very often observed it flying above the tops of the highest trees, and -where it appeared to be hawking about for insects; it was also sometimes -to be seen perched upon the dead and leafless branches of the gums, -particularly such as were isolated from the other trees of the forest, -whence it could survey all around. - -While under the Liverpool range I shot a young bird of this species that -had not long left the nest; which proves that it had been bred within -the colony of New South Wales, but I could never obtain any information -respecting the nest and eggs. - -The sexes closely assimilate to each other in colouring. The young -differ in having the feathers of the upper surface tipped with -buffy-brown. - -The adults have the eye encircled by a narrow ring of black; forehead, -sides of the face and under surface of the body pure white; back of the -neck, back, scapularies, and upper tail-coverts delicate grey; a -jet-black mark commences at the shoulders, and extends over the greater -portion of the wing; under surface of the shoulders pure white, below -which an oval spot of jet black; primaries dark grey above, brownish -black beneath; tail greyish white; bill black; cere and legs pale -yellow; irides reddish orange. - -The figures are those of a male and a female of the natural size. - -[Illustration: - - ELANUS INSCRIPTUS: _Gould_. - - _J. Gould and H. C. Richter, del^t._ _C. Hullmandel Imp._ -] - - - - - ELANUS SCRIPTUS, _Gould_. - Letter-winged Kite. - - _Elanus scriptus_, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., June 28, 1842. - -I have nothing more to communicate respecting this new species of -_Elanus_, than that I found a single specimen of it among a collection -of skins that had been sent from South Australia. In size it -considerably exceeds the Black-shouldered Kite, from which it also -differs in the colouring of the upper surface, which is much darker and -washed with reddish brown, the same part in the other species being -delicate grey; the principal character, however, by which it may be -distinguished, not only from its Australian relative, but from every -other member of the genus yet discovered, is the great extent of the -black mark on the under surface of the wing, which following the line of -the bones from the body to the pinion, assumes when the wing is spread -the form of the letter V, or if both wings are seen at the same time -that of a W, divided in the centre by the body; which circumstance has -suggested the specific name I have applied to it. - -It will be admitted by every one that this new species is an interesting -addition to the Australian _Falconidæ_, a group, of which the Fauna of -that country is more meagre in species than any similar extent of -country known. - -Forehead and line over the eye white; head and all the upper surface -dark grey, washed with reddish brown; wing-coverts deep glossy black; -primaries greyish brown, becoming nearly white on their webs, all but -the first two or three margined with white at the tip; secondaries -brownish grey on the outer web, white on the inner and at the extremity; -tertiaries brownish grey; two centre tail-feathers grey; the remaining -tail-feathers pale brown on their outer webs, and white on the inner; -lores black; all the under surface and edge of the shoulder white; on -the under surface of the wing, following the line of the bones, a broad -mark of black, assuming the form of the letter V; bill black; cere and -legs yellow; claws black; irides orange. - -The figure is of the natural size. - -[Illustration: - - LEPIDOGENYS SUBCRISTATUS: _Gould_ - - _J. Gould and H. C. Richter del et lith._ _C. Hullmandel Imp._ -] - - - - - LEPIDOGENYS SUBCRISTATUS, _Gould_. - Crested Hawk. - - _Lepidogenys subcristatus_, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part V. p. - 140; and in Syn. Birds of Australia, Part III. - -I regret to say that I am not sufficiently acquainted with this singular -species to give any account of its habits and economy, but, judging from -the feebleness of its bill and talons and the shortness of its tarsi, I -conceive that it principally preys upon insects and their larvæ; and it -is not improbable that honey and the larvæ of bees and ants, which -abound in Australia, may form a portion of its food. Any information on -this head that may have been ascertained by residents in Australia -would, if made known, be of the highest interest to ornithologists, as -an addition to the history of this singular form among the _Falconidæ_. -Its extreme rarity, however, will, I fear, tend much to prevent the -acquirement of this desirable information. - -I saw it soaring high in the air over the plains in the neighbourhood of -the Namoi, but never sufficiently near to admit of a successful shot. -All the specimens I have seen were collected either at Moreton Bay or on -the banks of the Clarence. - -As little or no difference exists in the plumage of the specimens I have -examined, I presume that the sexes are very similar. - -Crown of the head, sides of the face, ear-coverts, and upper part of the -back brownish grey; occiput and lengthened occipital plumes blackish -brown; back and scapulars brown; wings uniform dark brownish grey above, -beneath silvery grey; primaries and secondaries crossed by several -bands, and largely terminated with black; rump and upper tail-coverts -chocolate-brown; tail brownish grey above, lighter beneath, crossed by -three narrow bands of black near the base, and deeply terminated with -the same colour; throat, chest, part of the shoulder, and under -tail-coverts greyish white tinged with rufous; abdomen, flanks and -thighs buffy white, crossed with conspicuous narrow bands of reddish -chestnut; bill bluish horn-colour; tarsi yellowish. - -The Plate pourtrays the bird of the natural size. - -[Illustration: - - CIRCUS ASSIMILIS: _Jard. & Selb._ - - _J. Gould and H. C. Richter del et lith._ _C. Hullmandel Imp._ -] - - - - - CIRCUS ASSIMILIS, _Jard. and Selb._ - Allied Harrier. - - _Circus assimilis_, Jard. and Selb. Ill. Orn., vol. ii. pl. 51. - - _Swamp Hawk_, of the Colonists. - -The _Circus assimilis_ may be regarded as the commonest of the Harriers -inhabiting New South Wales and South Australia; it also occurs, but in -smaller numbers, in Van Diemen’s Land. Another Harrier is rather -abundantly dispersed over all the localities suitable to its existence -in Western Australia, and it is just possible that they may prove to be -mere varieties of each other; if such should be the case, the whole of -the southern portion of the coast of Australia, from east to west, must -be included within the range of its habitat; still, without further -evidence in favour of this supposition, I should consider them to be -distinct species; and if this opinion is well-founded, the two species -will be found to inosculate in the latitude of Spencer’s and St. -Vincent’s Gulfs, as, in the collections lately forwarded to me by Mr. -Harvey of Port Lincoln, I found two or three individuals precisely -identical with those from Swan River. In size the _Circus assimilis_ is -but little inferior to the Marsh Harrier (_Circus æruginosus_) of -Europe, to which it offers a great resemblance in its habits and -economy; being generally seen flying slowly and somewhat heavily near -the surface of the ground, evincing a partiality to lagoons and marshy -places, situations which offer it a greater variety and abundance of -food than any other; the principal part of its food consists of -reptiles, small mammalia and birds. I several times observed this -species in the lagoons near Clarence Plains in Van Diemen’s Land, as -well as in all similar situations in almost every part of New South -Wales I visited. - -I was not so fortunate as to find the nest of this Harrier,—a knowledge -of its form and of the colour of its eggs is therefore yet to be -ascertained. That it breeds in the localities in which I observed it I -have little doubt, from the circumstance of the adults paying regular -and hourly visits to the marshes in search of food, which was doubtless -borne away to their young. When in a state of quiescence, this species, -like the other Harriers, perches on some elevation in the open plain -rather than among the trees of the forest; the trunk of a fallen tree, a -large stone, or small hillock, being among its favourite resting-places. - -The sexes offer the usual differences in the larger size of the female; -the markings of that sex are also rather less well-defined, and have not -so much of the grey colouring as the male. - -Head and all the upper surface rich dark brown; the feathers at the back -of the neck margined with reddish buff; face light reddish brown; facial -disc buffy white, with a dark stripe down the centre of each feather; -all the under surface buffy white, which is deepest on the lower part of -the abdomen and thighs, each feather with a streak of brown down the -centre; upper tail-coverts and base of the tail-feathers white; -remaining length of the tail-feathers brownish grey; irides reddish -orange; eyelash and cere pale yellow; bill dark brown, becoming light -blue at the base; tarsi greenish white; feet bright orange; claws dark -brown. - -The female differs in being of a larger size and of a darker brown, -particularly on the under surface, and in having the tail of a deeper -tint and obscurely barred. - -The figures are about two-thirds of the natural size. - -[Illustration: - - CIRCUS JARDINII: _Gould_. - - _J. Gould and H. C. Richter del. et lith._ _C. Hullmandel Imp._ -] - - - - - CIRCUS JARDINII, _Gould_. - Jardine’s Harrier. - - _Circus Jardinii_, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part V. p. 141; and - in Syn. Birds of Australia, Part III. - -This very beautiful Harrier, which is distinguished from every other -species of the genus at present known by the spotted character of its -plumage, is plentifully dispersed over every portion of New South Wales, -wherever localities favourable to the existence of the Harrier tribe -occur, such as extensive plains, wastes, and luxuriant grassy flats -between the hills in mountainous districts. The extent of its range over -the Australian continent has not yet been ascertained, and I have never -observed it from any other portion of the country than that mentioned -above, nor do specimens occur in collections formed in other parts. - -In the third part of my “Synopsis of the Birds of Australia,” I -expressed an opinion that the _Circus assimilis_ of Messrs. Jardine and -Selby’s “Illustrations of Ornithology” was merely the young of the -present species: this opinion, however, my visit to Australia proved to -be erroneous; the _Circus assimilis_, as will be seen on reference to -the preceding plate, proving to be entirely distinct. The present noble -bird has been named in honour of Sir William Jardine, Bart., one of the -authors of the work above mentioned; and which, as well as his other -valuable publications connected with the science of ornithology, are -well known to every zoologist. - -To describe the economy of the Jardine’s Harrier would be merely to -repeat what has been said respecting that of the former species. Like -the other members of the genus, it flies lazily over the surface of the -plains, intently seeking for lizards, snakes, small quadrupeds and -birds; and when not pressed by hunger, reposes on some dried stick, -elevated knoll, or stone, from which it can survey all around. Although -I observed this species in all parts of the Hunter in summer, when -others of the _Falconidæ_ were breeding, I did not succeed in procuring -its eggs, or obtain any satisfactory information respecting its -nidification; in all probability its nest is constructed on or near the -ground, on the scrubby crowns of the low, open, sterile hills that -border the plains. - -The sexes present considerable difference in size, but are very similar -in their markings; both are spotted, but the female is by far the finest -bird in every respect. - -Crown of the head, cheeks and ear-coverts dark chestnut, each feather -having a mark of brown down the centre; facial disc, back of the neck, -upper part of the back, and chest uniform dark grey; lower part of the -back and scapulars dark grey, most of the feathers being blotched and -marked at the tips with two faint spots of white, one on each side of -the stem; shoulders, under surface of the wing, abdomen, thighs and -under tail-coverts rich chestnut, the whole of the feathers beautifully -spotted with white, the spots regularly disposed down each web, and -being largest and most distinct on the abdomen; greater and lesser -wing-coverts brownish grey, irregularly barred and tipped with a lighter -colour; secondaries dark grey, crossed with three narrow lines of dark -brown, and tipped with a broad band of the same colour, the extreme tips -being paler; primaries black for two-thirds of their length, their bases -brownish buff; upper tail-coverts brown, barred and tipped with greyish -white; tail alternately barred with conspicuous bands of dark brown and -grey, the brown band nearest the extremity being the broadest, the -extreme tips greyish white; irides bright orange-yellow; cere -olive-yellow; bill blue at the base, black at the culmen and tips; legs -yellow. - -The young has the whole of the upper surface nearly uniform dark brown, -the tail more numerously barred, and the feathers of the chest and upper -part of the abdomen striated, instead of spotted with white: in other -respects it resembles the adults. - -The front figure represents the female and the other the male, about -two-thirds of the natural size. - -[Illustration: - - STRIX CASTANOPS: _Gould_. - - _Gould and H. C. Richter del et lith._ _Hullmandel & Walton Imp._ -] - - - - - STRIX CASTANOPS, _Gould_. - Chestnut-faced Owl. - - _Strix castanops_, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part IV. p. 140; and - in Syn. Birds of Australia, Part III. - -Van Diemen’s Land is the native country of this Owl, a species -distinguished from all the other members of the genus _Strix_, as now -restricted, by its great size and powerful form; few of the Raptorial -birds, in fact, with the exception of the Eagles, are more formidable or -more sanguinary in disposition than the bird here represented. - -Forests of large but thinly scattered trees, skirting plains and open -districts, constitute its natural habitat. Strictly nocturnal in its -habits, as night approaches it sallies forth from the hollows of the -large gum-trees, and flaps slowly and noiselessly over the plains and -swamps in search of its prey, which, as is the case with the other -members of the genus, consists of rats and small quadrupeds generally, -numerous species of which abound in the country wherein it is destined -by nature to dwell. - -I regret that the brevity of my stay in Van Diemen’s Land did not admit -of sufficient opportunities for observing this bird in its native -haunts, and of making myself acquainted with the various changes which -take place in the colouring of its plumage. Much variety in this respect -exists among the specimens in my collection; occasioned not so much by a -difference in the form of the markings, as by a difference in the hue of -the wash of colour which pervades the face, neck, under surface and -thighs. In some specimens the face, all the under surface and the thighs -are deep rusty yellow; in others the same parts are slightly washed with -buff, while others again have the face of a dark reddish buff -approaching to chestnut, and the under surface much lighter; I have also -seen others with the facial feathers lighter than those of the body, -and, lastly, some with the face and all the under surface pure white, -with the exception of the black spots which are to be found in all. -Whether the white or the tawny plumage is the characteristic of the -adult, or whether these changes are influenced by season, are points -that might be easily cleared up by persons resident in Van Diemen’s -Land, and I would invite those who may be favourably situated for -observation to fully investigate the subject and make known the results. - -I found the white variety far less numerous than the others; and so much -smaller in size, as almost to induce a belief that they were distinct. - -The sexes differ very considerably in size, the female being by far the -largest, and in every way more powerful than the male: the stroke of her -foot and the grasp of her talons must be immediate death to any animal, -from the size of the little Opossum Mouse to the largest of the -Kangaroo-rats, upon which latter animals it is probable that future -research will prove it sometimes subsists. - -Fascial disc deep chestnut, becoming deeper at the margin and encircled -with black; upper surface, wings and tail fine rufous brown, each -feather irregularly and broadly barred with dark brown, with a few -minute white spots on the head and shoulders; under surface uniform deep -sandy brown; sides of the neck and flanks sparingly marked with round -blackish spots; thighs and legs the same, but destitute of spots; bill -yellowish brown; feet light yellow. - -The Plate represents the two sexes of the natural size. - -[Illustration: - - STRIX PERSONATA: _Vig._ - - _J. Gould and H. C. Richter del et lith._ _Hullmandel & Walton Imp._ -] - - - - - STRIX PERSONATA, _Vig._ - Masked Barn Owl. - - _Strix personata_, Vig. in Proc. of Com. of Sci., and Corr. of Zool. - Soc., Part I. p. 60.—Gould in Syn. Birds of Australia, Part III. - - _Strix Cyclops_, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part IV. p. 140; and in - Syn. Birds of Australia, Part III.? - -It will be recollected that the habitat of the _Strix castanops_ is Van -Diemen’s Land, to which island it is probably restricted; on the other -hand, the bird here figured, although nearly allied to the preceding, -not only differs in so many essential characters as to leave little -doubt in my mind of its being specifically distinct, but is confined to -the continent of Australia, over which it enjoys a wide range. With the -exception of the north coast, I have received specimens from every part -of the country. During my visit to the interior of South Australia, -numerous individuals fell to my gun, which upon comparison presented no -material variation in their colour or markings from others killed in New -South Wales and Swan River. - -If I were puzzled with respect to the changes to which the _Strix -castanops_ is apparently subject, I am not less so with those of the -present bird; for although I find the tawny and buff colouring of the -face and under surface is generally lighter, I also find a diversity in -the colouring of the different parts of the under surface; I have -specimens in my cabinet with the face, all the under surface and the -ground-colour of the upper pure white, and prior to my visit to -Australia I characterized specimens thus coloured as a distinct species -under the name of _Strix Cyclops_, but I have now some reason to believe -them to be fully adult males of the bird here figured. I may remark, -that out of the numerous examples I killed in South Australia in the -month of June, I did not meet with one in the white plumage. - -The _Strix personata_ is almost a third smaller than the _S. castanops_, -and as the sexes of both species bear a relative proportion in size, the -male of the one is about equal to the female of the other. The white -spottings of the upper surface of the former are larger than those of -the latter, and the surrounding patches of dark brown and buff are not -so deep, giving the whole of that part of the bird a more marbled or -speckled appearance. - -Pale buff; the upper part of the head, the back and the wings variegated -with dark brown, and sparingly dotted with white; under surface paler -with a few brown spots; tail buff, undulated with brown fascia; facial -disc purplish buff, margined with deep brown spots; bill pale -horn-colour; toes yellow. - -The figures represent the two sexes of the natural size. - -[Illustration: - - STRIX TENEBRICOSUS: _Gould_. - - _J. Gould and H. C. Richter del et lith._ _Hullmandel & Walton Imp._ -] - - - - - STRIX TENEBRICOSUS, _Gould_. - Sooty Owl. - - _Strix tenebricosus_, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part XIII. p. 80. - -A fine specimen of this species is comprised in the collection of the -British Museum, and a second example graces my own; its habitat is -undoubtedly the dense brushes of the east coast of Australia, where, -like other Owls, it remains secluded during the day, and sallies forth -at night in search of its natural prey. It is a fine and powerful -species, and the rarest of the Australian members of the genus to which -it belongs, from all of which it is conspicuously distinguished by the -dark sooty hue of its plumage, and by the primaries being of one colour, -or destitute of the bars common to all the other species. - -Facial disc sooty grey, becoming much deeper round the eyes; upper -surface brownish black, with purplish reflexions, and with a spot of -white near the tip of each feather; wings and tail of the same hue but -paler, the feathers of the wing of a uniform tint, without bars, those -of the tail faintly freckled with narrow bars of white; under surface -brownish black, washed with buff, and with the white marks much less -decided; legs mottled brown and white; irides dark brown; bill -horn-colour; feet yellowish. - -The figure is of the natural size. - -[Illustration: - - STRIX DELICATULIS: _Gould_. - - _J. Gould and H. C. Richter del et lith._ _Hullmandel & Walton Imp._ -] - - - - - STRIX DELICATULUS, _Gould_. - Delicate Owl. - - _Strix delicatulus_, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part IV., 1836, p. - 140; and in Syn. Birds of Australia, Part III. - - _Y̏on-ja_, Aborigines of the lowlands of Western Australia. - -This is the least of the Australian Owls belonging to that section of -the group to which the generic term of _Strix_ has been restricted; it -is also the one most generally distributed. I observed it in almost -every part of New South Wales that I visited; it is a common bird in -South Australia, and I have also seen specimens of it from Port -Essington. It has not yet been found in the colony of Swan River, nor -can it be included in the fauna of Van Diemen’s Land. Although good -specific differences are found to exist, it is very nearly allied to the -Barn Owl (_Strix flammea_) of our own island, and, as might be naturally -expected, the habits, actions and general economy of the two species are -as similar as is their outward appearance: mice and other small mammals, -which are very numerous, are preyed upon as its natural food. To attempt -a description of its noiseless flight, its mode of capturing its prey, -or of its general habits, would be merely to repeat what has been so -often and so ably written relative to the Barn Owl of Europe. - -Although the plumage of youth and that of maturity do not differ so -widely in this species as in the other Australian members of the genus, -the fully adult bird may always be distinguished by the spotless and -snowy whiteness of the breast, and by the lighter colouring of the upper -surface. - -Facial disc white, margined with buff; upper surface light greyish brown -tinged with yellow, very thickly and delicately pencilled with spots of -brownish black and white; wings pale buff lightly barred with pale -brown, marked along the outer edge and extremities with zigzag -pencillings of the same, each primary having a terminal spot of white; -tail resembles the primaries, except that the terminal white spot is -indistinct, and the outer feathers are almost white; under surface -white, sparingly marked about the chest and flanks with small brownish -dots; legs and thighs white; bill horn-colour; feet yellowish. - -The figure is of the natural size. - -[Illustration: - - ATHENE BOOBOOK. - - _J. Gould and H. C. Richter del et lith._ _Hullmandel & Walton Imp._ -] - - - - - ATHENE BOOBOOK. - Boobook Owl. - - _Strix Boobook_, Lath. Ind. Orn. Suppl., p. xv. no. 9.—Shaw, Gen. - Zool., vol. vii. p. 262. - - _Boobook Owl_, Lath. Gen. Hist., vol. i. p. 362. no. 66.—Id. Gen. Syn. - Suppl., vol. ii. p. 64. - - _Noctua Boobook_, Vig. and Horsf. in Linn. Trans., vol. xv. p. 188. - - _Athene Boobook_, Gould in Syn. Birds of Australia, Part I. - - _Buck-buck_, Aborigines of New South Wales. - - _Goȍr-goȍr-da_, Aborigines of Western Australia. - - _Mȅl-in-de-ye_, Aborigines of Port Essington. - - _Koor-koo_, Aborigines of South Australia. - - _Brown_ or _Cuckoo-Owl_ of the Colonists. - -I have seen individuals of this Owl from every one of the Australian -colonies, all presenting similar characters, with the exception of those -from Port Essington, which differ from the others in being a trifle -smaller in size and paler in colour. - -In Van Diemen’s Land this species is seldom seen, while it is very -common throughout the whole length of the southern coast of the -continent. It appears to inhabit alike the brushes and the plains, that -is, those plains which are studded with belts of trees. It is no unusual -occurrence to observe it on the wing in the day-time in search of -insects and small birds, upon which it mainly subsists. It may be -readily distinguished from _Athene maculata_ by its larger size, and by -the spotted markings of its plumage; features which will be at once -perceived by a reference to the figures of the two species. - -The flight of this bird is tolerably rapid, and as it passed through the -shrubby trees that cover the vast area of the belts of the Murray, it -strongly reminded me of a woodcock. In such places as those I have last -mentioned, travellers frequently flush it from off the ground, to which, -after a flight of one or two hundred yards, it either descends again or -takes shelter in any thickly-foliaged trees that may be at hand, when it -can neither be easily seen nor forced from its retreat. - -It breeds in the holes of the large gum-trees, during the months of -November and December, and lays three eggs on the rotten surface of the -wood, without any kind of nest. Three eggs procured on the 8th of -November, by my useful companion Natty, were in a forward state of -incubation; their contour was unusually round, the medium length of the -three being one inch and seven lines, and the breadth one inch and four -lines. They were perfectly white, as is ever the case with the eggs of -owls. - -“The native name of this bird,” says Mr. Caley, “is _Buck-buck_, and it -may be heard nearly every night during winter uttering a cry -corresponding with the sound of that word. Although this cry is known to -every one, yet the bird itself is known but to few; and it cost me -considerable time and trouble before I could satisfy myself of its -identity. The note of the bird is somewhat similar to that of the -European _Cuckoo_, and the colonists have hence given it that name. The -lower order of settlers in New South Wales are led away by the idea that -everything is the reverse in that country to what it is in England; and -the _Cuckoo_, as they call this bird, singing by night is one of the -instances they point out.” I believe that its note is never uttered -during the day-time. - -The sexes offer but little difference in the colouring of their plumage, -but the female is the largest in size. A great diversity is found to -exist in the colouring of the irides; some being yellowish white, others -greenish yellow, and others brown. - -Its food is very much varied, but consists principally of small birds -and insects of various orders, particularly locusts and other -Neuroptera. - -Fore part of the facial disc greyish white, each feather tipped with -black; hinder part dark brown; head, all the upper surface, wings and -tail reddish brown; the wing-coverts, scapularies, and inner webs of the -secondaries spotted with white; primaries and tail-feathers irregularly -barred with light reddish brown, the spaces between the bars becoming -buffy white on the under surface; breast and all the under surface -rufous, irregularly blotched with white, which predominates on the -abdomen; thighs deep tawny buff; irides light brown in some, greenish -brown inclining to yellow in others; cere bluish grey; feet lead-colour. - -The figures are male and female of the natural size. - -[Illustration: - - ATHENE MACULATA. - - _J. Gould and H. C. Richter del et lith._ _Hullmandel & Walton Imp._ -] - - - - - ATHENE MACULATA. - Spotted Owl. - - _Noctua maculata_, Vig. and Horsf. in Linn. Trans., vol. xv. p. 189. - - _Athene maculata_, Gould in Syn. Birds of Australia, Part III. - -This species is very generally distributed over Van Diemen’s Land; it -also inhabits South Australia and New South Wales, but in far less -numbers. It generally takes up its abode in the thickly-foliaged trees -of the woods and gulleys, and usually selects those that are most -shielded from the heat and light of the sun. - -Little or no difference is observable in the habits and economy of this -species and those of the diurnal Owls of Europe. The whole day is spent -in a state of drowsiness bordering on sleep, from which, however, it can -be easily aroused. Its visual powers are sufficiently strong to enable -it to face the light, and even to hunt for its food in the day-time. -Like other members of the genus it preys chiefly upon small birds and -insects, which, from the more than ordinary rapidity of its movements, -are captured with great facility. - -The sexes are precisely alike in colour, and differ but little in size; -the female is however the largest. - -The drawing in the accompanying Plate was made from a pair of living -examples which I kept for some time during my stay at Hobart Town, and -which bore confinement so contentedly, that had an opportunity presented -itself I might easily have sent them alive to England. - -Facial disc white, each of the feathers immediately above the bill with -the shafts and tips black; head and all the upper surface brown, the -scapularies and secondaries numerously spotted with white; tail brown, -crossed by irregular bands of a lighter tint, which become nearly white -on the outer feathers; chest and all the under surface brown, blotched -and spotted with tawny and white; primaries brown, crossed with bands of -a lighter tint; thighs tawny buff; bill dark horn-colour; irides yellow; -feet yellowish. - -The figures are of the natural size. - -[Illustration: - - ATHENE CONNIVENS. - - _J. Gould and H. C. Richter del et lith._ _C. Hullmandel Imp._ -] - - - - - ATHENE? CONNIVENS. - Winking Owl. - - _Falco connivens_, Lath. Ind. Orn. Supp., p. xii.—Shaw, Gen. Zool., - vol. vii. p. 186. - - _Winking Falcon_, Lath. Gen. Syn. Supp., vol. ii. p. 53.—Ib. Gen. - Hist., vol. i. p. 221. - - _Athene? fortis_, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part V. p. 141; and in - Syn. Birds of Australia, Part III. - - _Goora-a-gang_, Aborigines of New South Wales. - - _Wool-bȍo-gle_, Aborigines of the mountain district of Western - Australia. - -The range of this fine Owl appears to extend over the whole of the -southern coast of Australia. I have received it from Swan River and from -nearly every part of New South Wales; specimens from these distant -localities differ a little in their plumage; those obtained in Western -Australia being rather lighter in colour, and having the markings less -clear and defined than those from New South Wales. There is no -difference in the plumage of the sexes, but the female is somewhat the -largest in size. - -Brushes, wooded gulleys, and the sides of creeks are its favourite -places of resort; it is consequently not so restricted in the localities -it chooses as the _Athene strenua_, which I have never known to leave -the brushes. It sallies forth early in the evening, and even flies with -perfect use of vision during the mid-day sun, when roused and driven -from the trees upon which it has been sleeping. I have frequently -observed it in the day-time among the thick branches of the _Casuarinæ_ -which border the creeks. - -It will be seen, on reference to the synonyms, that I described this -bird in the “Proceedings of the Zoological Society,” and figured it in -my “Synopsis” under the specific name of _fortis_; but I have since -ascertained, through the kindness of the Earl of Derby in affording me -the use and inspection of the three volumes of drawings of Australian -Birds, formerly in the possession of the late A. B. Lambert, Esq., that -it is identical with the Winking Falcon of Latham; any seeming -inattention on my part in describing an apparently new Owl without -consulting that author will I hope be readily excused, as few -ornithologists would think of looking for the description of this bird -under the genus _Falco_. - -Face and throat greyish white; crown of the head and all the upper -surface dark brown, tinged with purple; scapularies, secondaries and -greater wing-coverts spotted with white; primaries alternately barred -with dark and greyish brown, the light marks on the outer edges -approaching to white; tail dark brown, transversely barred with six or -seven lines of greyish white, the extreme tips of all the feathers -terminating with the same; the whole of the under surface mottled brown -and white, the latter occupying the outer edges of the feathers; tarsi -clothed to the toes, and mottled brown and fawn-colour; irides bright -yellow; cere yellowish olive; bill light yellowish horn-colour; toes -long, yellow, and covered with fine hairs. - -The figure is about four-fifths of the natural size. - -[Illustration: - - ATHENE? STRENUA: _Gould_. - - _J. Gould and H. C. Richter del et lith._ _C. Hullmandel Imp._ -] - - - - - ATHENE STRENUA, _Gould_. - Powerful Owl. - - _Athene strenua_, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part V. p. 142; and in - Syn. Birds of Australia, Part III. - -With the exception of the Eagles, _Aquila fucosa_ and _Ichthyiaëtus -leucogaster_, this is the most powerful of the Raptorial birds yet -discovered in Australia. Its strength is prodigious, and woe to him who -ventures to approach its clutch when wounded. So far as I have been able -to ascertain, the habitat of the _Athene strenua_ is confined to New -South Wales; at all events no examples occur in collections made in any -other part of Australia. It is strictly an inhabitant of the brushes, -particularly of those which stretch along the coast from Port Philip to -Moreton Bay. I have also obtained it in the interior on the precipitous -sides of the Liverpool range, which are known to the colonists by the -name of the cedar brushes, where the silence of night is frequently -broken by its hoarse loud mournful note, which more resembles the -bleating of an ox than any other sound I can compare it to. During the -day it reposes under the canopy of the thickest trees, from which -however it is readily roused, when it glides down the gulleys with -remarkable swiftness; the manner in which so large a bird threads the -trees while flying with such velocity is indeed truly astonishing. - -Its food consists of birds and quadrupeds, of which the brushes furnish -a plentiful supply. In the stomach of one I dissected in the Liverpool -range were the remains of a bird and numerous green seed-like berries, -resembling small peas; but whether they had formed the contents of the -stomach of a bird or quadruped the Owl had devoured, or whether the -large Owls of Australia, which certainly offer some difference in their -structure from every other group of the family, live partly on berries -and fruits, it would be interesting to know; a fact which can only be -ascertained by residents in the country. - -The bill of this species stands out from the face very prominently; it -has also a smaller head and more diminutive eyes than the _Athene -connivens_, although it is a much larger bird. - -The sexes differ but little in the colouring of the plumage or in size. - -Crown of the head, all the upper surface, wings and tail dark -clove-brown, crossed by numerous bars of broccoli-brown, which become -much larger, lighter, and more conspicuous on the lower part of the -back, the inner edges of the secondaries and of the tail; face, throat, -and upper part of the chest buff, with a large patch of dark brown down -the centre of each feather; the remainder of the under surface white, -slightly tinged with buff, and crossed with irregular bars of brown; -bill light blue at the base, passing into black at the tip; feet pale -gamboge-yellow; toes covered with whitish hairs; irides yellow; cere -greenish olive. - -The Plate represents the bird about two-thirds of the natural size, with -a young Koala (_Phascolarctos fuscus_, Desm.) in its claws, an animal -very common in the brushes. - -[Illustration: - - ATHENE RUFA: _Gould_. - - .ta h:47 r:23 s='' - _J. Gould and H. C. Richter del et lith._ | _Hullmandel & Walton Imp._ - .ta- - -] - - - - - ATHENE RUFA, _Gould_. - Rufous Owl. - - _Athene rufa_, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., February 24, 1846. - - _Ng̏or-gork_, Aborigines of Port Essington. - -A single specimen of this fine Owl was obtained at Port Essington by Mr. -Gilbert, who shot it in a thicket amidst the swamps in the neighbourhood -of the settlement. It is a most powerful species, fully equalling in -size the _Athene strenua_, from which however it is at once -distinguished by the more rufous tint of its plumage and by the more -numerous and narrower barring of the breast. No other specimen was -procured during Mr. Gilbert’s residence in the colony, neither have the -collections transmitted from that locality since his departure furnished -us with additional examples. - -Facial disc dark brown; all the upper surface dark brown, crossed by -numerous narrow bars of reddish brown; the tints becoming paler and the -barrings larger and more distinct on the lower part of the body, wings -and tail; all the under surface sandy red, crossed by numerous bars of -reddish brown; the feathers of the throat with a line of brown down the -centre; vent, legs and thighs of a paler tint, with the bars more -numerous but not so decided; bill horn-colour; cere, eyelash and feet -yellow, the latter slightly clothed with feathers; irides light yellow. - -The figure is of the natural size. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES - - - 1. Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling. - 2. 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