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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1f94498 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #65160 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/65160) diff --git a/old/65160-0.txt b/old/65160-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 3678eac..0000000 --- a/old/65160-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1355 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Discoveries of John Lederer, by John -Lederer - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: The Discoveries of John Lederer - In three several Marches from Virginia to the East of Carolina, - and other parts of the Continent - -Author: John Lederer - -Translator: Sir William Talbot - -Release Date: April 25, 2021 [eBook #65160] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Steve Mattern and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at - https://www.pgdp.net - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE DISCOVERIES OF JOHN -LEDERER *** - - - - - -Licensed, - -Nov. 1. 1671. - -ROGER L’ESTRANGE. - - - - - THE - DISCOVERIES - OF - _JOHN LEDERER_, - In three several Marches from - VIRGINIA, - To the West of - Carolina, - And other parts of the Continent: - Begun in _March 1669_, and ended in _September 1670_. - Together with - A General MAP of the whole Territory - which he traversed. - - Collected and Translated out of Latine from his Discourse - and Writings, - By Sir _William Talbot_ Baronet. - - _Sed nos immensum spatiis confecimus æquor,_ - _Et jam tempus equum fumanti a solvere colla._ Virg. Georg. - - _London_, Printed by _J. C._ for _Samuel Heyrick_, at - Grays-Inne-gate in Holborn. 1672. - - - - -_The Epistle Dedicatory_ - - To the Right Honourable - _ANTHONY ~Lord ASHLEY~, - Baron ~Ashley~ of ~Wimborn St. Giles~, - Chancellor of his Majesties Exchequer, - Under-Treasurer of ~England~, - One of the Lords Commissioners of his Majesties - Treasury, one of the Lords of his - most Honourable Privie Council, - and one of the Lords Proprietors - of ~CAROLINA~._ - - - MY LORD, - -From this discourse it is clear that the long looked-for discovery of -the _Indian_ Sea does nearly approach; and _Carolina_, out of her happy -experience of your Lordships success in great undertakings, presumes that -the accomplishment of this glorious Designe is reserved for her. In order -to which, the _Apalatæan_ Mountains (though like the prodigious Wall -that divides _China_ and _Tartary_, they deny _Virginia_ passage into -the West Continent) stoop to your Lordships Dominions, and lay open a -Prospect into unlimited Empires; Empires that will hereafter be ambitious -of subjection to that noble Government which by your Lordships deep -wisdom and providence first projected, is now established in _Carolina_; -for it will appear that she flourishes more by the influence of that, -than the advantages she derives from her Climate and Soyl, which yet do -render her the Beauty and Envy of North-_America_. That all her glories -should be seen in this Draught, is not reasonably to be expected, since -the fate to my Author but once, and then too with a side-face; and -therefore I must own it was never by him designed for the Press, but -published by me, out of no other ambition than that of manifesting to the -world, that I am - - My Lord, - - Your Lordships most humble and obedient Servant, - - _William Talbot_. - - - - -TO THE READER. - - -_That a Stranger should presume (though with Sir ~William Berkly~’s -Commission) to go into those Parts of the ~American~ Continent where -~Englishmen~ never had been, and whither some refused to accompany him, -was, in ~Virginia~ look’d on as so great an insolence, that our Traveller -at his Return, instead of Welcom and Applause, met nothing but Affronts -and Reproaches; for indeed it was their part, that forsook him in the -Expedition, to procure him discredit that was a witness to theirs; -Therefore no industry was wanting to prepare Men with a prejudice against -him, and this their malice improved to such a general Animosity, that he -was not safe in ~Virginia~ from the outrage of the People, drawn into a -perswasion, that the Publick Levy of that year, went all to the expence -of his Vagaries. Forced by this storm into ~Maryland~, he became known to -me, though then ill-affected to the Man, by the stories that went about -of him: Nevertheless finding him, contrary to my expectation, a modest -ingenious person, & a pretty Scholar, I thought it common Justice to give -him an occasion of vindicating himself from what I had heard of him; -which truly he did with so convincing Reason and circumstance, as quite -abolished those former impressions in me, and made me desire this Account -of his Travels, which here you have faithfully rendred out of Latine -from his own Writings and Discourse, with an entire Map of the Territory -he traversed, copied from his own hand. All these I have compared with -~Indian~ Relations of those parts (though I never met with any ~Indian~ -that had followed a Southwest-Course so far as this ~German~) and finding -them agree, I thought the Printing of these Papers was no injury to the -Author, and might prove a Service to the Publick._ - - William Talbot. - - - - -[Illustration: A MAP OF THE WHOLE TERRITORY TRAVERSED BY JOHN LEDERER IN -HIS THREE MARCHES.] - - - - -THE - -Discoveries of JOHN LEDERER - -from _Virginia_ to the West of _Carolina_, and other parts of the -Continent. - - - - -_A General and brief Account of the North-~American~ Continent._ - - -North, as well as South-_America_, may be divided into three Regions: the -Flats, the Highlands, and the Mountains. The Flats (in Indian, _Ahkynt_) -is the Territory lying between the Eastern Coast, and the falls of the -great Rivers, that there run into the _Atlantick_ Ocean, in extent -generally taken Ninety miles. The Highlands (in Indian, _Ahkontshuck_) -begin at those falls, and determine at the foot of the great ridge -of Mountains that runs thorow the midst of this Continent, Northeast -and Southwest, called by the Spaniards _Apalatæi_, from the Nation -_Apalakin_; and by the Indians, _Pæmotinck_. According to the best of -my observation and conjecture, they lie parallel to the _Atlantick_ -Sea-coast, that bearing from _Canada_ to Cape _Florida_, Northeast and -Southwest, and then falling off due West as the Mountains do at _Sara_: -but here they take the name of _Suala_; _Sara_ in the _Warrennuncock_ -dialect being _Sasa_ or _Sualy_. - -The Flats, or _Ahkynt_, are by former Writers made so well known to -Christendom, that I will not stop the Reader here, with an unnecessary -description of them; but shall onely say, that by the rankness of the -Soyl, and salt moistness of the Air, daily discoveries of Fish-shells -three fathom deep in the earth, and Indian tradition; these parts are -supposed some Ages past to have lain under the Sea. - -The Highlands (or _Ahkontshuch_) though under the same Parallels, are -happie notwithstanding in a more temperate and healthful Air. The ground -is over-grown with under-wood in many places, and that so perplext and -interwoven with Vines, that who travels here, must sometimes cut through -his way. These Thickets harbour all sorts of beasts of prey, as Wolves, -Panthers, Leopards, Lions, _&c._ (which are neither so large nor so -fierce as those of _Asia_ and _Africa_) and small Vermine, as wilde Cats, -Foxes, Racoons. These parts were formerly possessed by the _Tacci_, -aliàs _Dogi_; but they are extinct; and the Indians now seated here, -are distinguished into the several Nations of _Mahoe_, _Nuntaneuck_, -aliàs _Nuntaly_, _Nabyssan_, _Sapon_, _Managog_, _Mangoack_, _Akenatzy_, -and _Monakin_, &c. One Language is common to them all, though they -differ in Dialects. The parts inhabited here are pleasant and fruitful, -because cleared of Wood, and laid open to the Sun. The Valleys feed -numerous herds of Deer and Elks larger then Oxen: these Valleys they call -_Savanæ_, being Marish grounds at the foot of the _Apalatæi_, and yearly -laid under water in the beginning of Summer by flouds of melted Snow -falling down from the Mountains. - -The _Apalatæan_ Mountains, called in Indian _Pæmotinck_, (or the -origine of the Indians) are barren Rocks, and therefore deserted by -all living creatures but Bears, who cave in the hollow Cliffs. Yet do -these Mountains shoot out to the Eastward great Promontories of rich -Land, known by the high and spreading trees which they bear: these -Promontories, because lower then the main Ridge, are called by the -Indians _Tanx-Pæmotinck_ (aliàs _Aquatt_). To the Northeast the Mountains -rise higher; and at _Sara_ they sink so low, that they are easily passed -over: but here (as was said before) they change their course and name, -running due West, and being called _Sualy_: now the _Sualian_ Mountains -rise higher and higher Westward. - - - - -_Of the Manners and Customs of the ~Indians~ inhabiting the Western parts -of ~Carolina~ and ~Virginia~._ - - -The Indians now seated in these parts, are none of those which the -English removed from _Virginia_, but a people driven by an Enemy from the -Northwest, and invited to sit down here by an Oracle above four hundred -years since, as they pretend: for the ancient inhabitants of _Virginia_ -were far more rude and barbarous, feeding onely upon raw flesh and fish, -until these taught them to plant Corn, and shewed them the use of it. - -But before I treat of their ancient Manners and Customs, it is necessary -I should shew by what means the knowledge of them hath been conveyed from -former ages to posterity. Three ways they supply their want of Letters: -first by Counters, secondly by Emblems or Hieroglyphicks, thirdly by -Tradition delivered in long Tales from father to son, which being -children they are made to learn by rote. - -For Counters, they use either Pebbles, or short scantlings of straw or -reeds. Where a Battel has been fought, or a Colony seated, they raise -a small Pyramid of these stones, consisting of the number slain or -transplanted. Their reeds and straws serve them in Religious Ceremonies: -for they lay them orderly in a Circle when they prepare for Devotion -or Sacrifice; and that performed, the Circle remains still, for it is -Sacriledge to disturb or to touch it: the disposition and sorting of the -straws and reeds, shew what kinde of Rites have there been celebrated, as -Invocation, Sacrifice, Burial, _&c._ - -The faculties of the minde and body they commonly express by Emblems. By -the figure of a Stag, they imply swiftness; by that of a Serpent, wrath; -of a Lion, courage; of a Dog, fidelity: by a Swan, they signifie the -_English_, alluding to their complexion, and flight over the Sea. - -An account of Time, and other things, they keep on a string or leather -thong tied in knots of several colours. I took particular notice of small -Wheels serving for this purpose amongst the _Oenocks_, because I have -heard that the _Mexicans_ use the same. Every Nation gives his particular -Ensigne or Arms: The _Sasquesahanaugh_ a Tarapine, or small Tortoise; the -_Akenatzy’s_ a Serpent; the _Nahyssanes_ three Arrows, _&c._ In this they -likewise agree with the _Mexican_ Indians. _Vid. Jos. à Costa._ - -They worship one God, Creator of all things, whom some call _Okæè_, -others _Mannith_: to him alone the High-priest, or _Periku_, offers -Sacrifice; and yet they believe he has no regard to sublunary -affairs, but commits the Government of Mankinde to lesser Deities, as -_Quiacosough_ and _Tagkanysough_, that is, good and evil Spirits: to -these the inferiour Priests pay their devotion and Sacrifice, at which -they make recitals, to a lamentable Tune, of the great things done by -their Ancestors. - -From four women, _viz._ _Pash_, _Sepoy_, _Askarin_, and _Maraskarin_, -they derive the Race of Mankinde; which they therefore divide into four -Tribes, distinguished under those several names. They very religiously -observe the degrees of Marriage, which they limit not to distance of -Kindred, but difference of Tribes, which are continued in the issue of -the Females: now for two of the same Tribe to match, is abhorred as -Incest, and punished with great severity. - -Their places of Burial they divide into four quarters, assigning to every -Tribe one: for, to mingle their bodies, even when dead, they hold wicked -and ominous. They commonly wrap up the corpse in beasts skins, and bury -with it Provision and Houshold stuff for its use in the other world. -When their great men die, they likewise slay prisoners of War to attend -them. They believe the transmigration of souls: for the Angry they say is -possest with the spirit of a Serpent; the Bloudy, with that of a Wolf; -the Timorous, of a Deer; the Faithful, of a Dog, _&c._ and therefore they -are figured by these Emblemes. - -_Elizium_, or the abode of their lesser Deities, they place beyond the -Mountains and Indian Ocean. - -Though they want those means of improving Humane Reason, which the -use of Letters affords us; let us not therefore conclude them wholly -destitute of Learning and Sciences: for by these little helps which they -have found, many of them advance their natural understandings to great -knowledge in Physick, Rhetorick, and Policie of Government: for I have -been present at several of their Consultations and Debates, and to my -admiration have heard some of their Seniors deliver themselves with as -much Judgement and Eloquence as I should have expected from men of Civil -education and Literature. - - - - -The First EXPEDITION, - -From the head of _Pemæoncock_, aliàs _York-River_ (due West) to the top -of the _Apalatæan_ Mountains. - - -Upon the ninth of _March 1669_ (with three Indians whose names were -_Magtakunh_, _Hopottoguoh_, and _Naunnugh_) I went out at the falls of -_Pemæoncock_, aliàs _York-River_ in _Virginia_, from an Indian Village -called _Shickehamany_, and lay that night in the Woods, encountring -nothing remarkable, but a Rattle-snake of an extraordinary, length and -thickness, for I judged it two yards and a half or better from head to -tail, and as big about as a mans arm: by the distention of her belly, we -believed her full with young; but having killed and opened her, found -there a small Squirrel whole; which caused in me a double wonder: first, -how a Reptile should catch so nimble a creature as a Squirrel; and having -caught it, how she could swallow it entire. The Indians in resolving my -doubts, plunged me into a greater astonishment, when they told me that -it was usual in these Serpents, when they lie basking in the Sun, to -fetch down these Squirrels from the tops of trees, by fixing their eye -stedfastly upon them; the horrour of which strikes such an affrightment -into the little beast, that he has no power to hinder himself from -tumbling down into the jaws of his enemy, who takes in all his sustenance -without chewing, his teeth serving him onely to offend withal. But I -rather believe what I have heard from others, that these Serpents climb -the trees, and surprise their prey in the nest. - -The next day falling into Marish grounds between _Pemæoncock_ and the -head of the River _Matapeneugh_, the heaviness of the way obliged me to -cross _Pemæoncock_, where its North and South-branch (called _Ackmick_) -joyn in one. In the Peninsula made by these two branches, a great Indian -King called _Tottopottoma_ was heretofore slain in Battel, fighting for -the Christians against the _Mahocks_ and _Nahyssans_, from whence it -retains his name to this day. Travelling thorow the Woods, a Doe seized -by a wild Cat crossed our way; the miserable creature being even spent -and breathless with the burden and cruelty of her rider, who having -fastned on her shoulder, left not sucking out her bloud until she sunk -under him: which one of the Indians perceiving, let flie a luckie Arrow, -which piercing him thorow the belly, made him quit his prey already -slain, and turn with a terrible grimas at us; but his strength and -spirits failing him, we escaped his revenge, which had certainly ensued, -were not his wound mortal. This creature is something bigger then our -English Fox, of a reddish grey colour, and in figure every way agreeing -with an ordinary Cat; fierce, ravenous and cunning: for finding the Deer -(upon which they delight most to prey) too swift for them, they watch -upon branches of trees, and as they walk or feed under, jump down upon -them. The Fur of the wilde Cat, though not very fine, is yet esteemed for -its vertue in taking away cold Aches and Pains, being worn next to the -body: their flesh, though rank as a Dogs, is eaten by the Indians. - -The eleventh and twelfth, I found the ways very uneven, and cumbred with -bushes. - -The thirteenth, I reached the first Spring of _Pemæoncock_, having -crossed the River four times that day, by reason of its many windings; -but the water was so shallow, that it hardly wet my horses pasterns. Here -a little under the surface of the earth, I found flat pieces of petrified -matter, of one side solid Stone, but on the other side Isinglas, which I -easily peeled off in flakes about four inches square: several of these -pieces, with a transparent Stone like Crystal that cut Glass, and a white -Marchasite that I purchased of the Indians, I presented to Sir _Wiliam -Berkley_ Governour of _Virginia_. - -The fourteenth of _March_, from the top of an eminent hill, I first -descried the _Apalatæan_ Mountains, bearing due West to the place I stood -upon: their distance from me was so great, that I could hardly discern -whether they were Mountains or Clouds, until my Indian fellow travellers -prostrating themselves in Adoration, howled out after a barbarous manner, -_Okée pœze_, i. e. _God is nigh_. - -The fifteenth of _March_, not far from this hill, passing over the -South-branch of _Rappahanock_-river, I was almost swallowed in a -Quicksand. Great herds of Red and Fallow Deer I daily saw feeding; and -on the hill-sides, Bears crashing Mast like Swine. Small Leopards I have -seen in the Woods, but never any Lions, though their skins are much worn -by the Indians. The Wolves in these parts are so ravenous, that I often -in the night feared my horse would be devoured by them, they would gather -up and howl so close round about him, though Tether’d to the same tree at -whose foot I my self and the Indians lay: but the Fires which we made, I -suppose, scared them from worrying us all. Beaver and Otter I met with at -every River that I passed; and the Woods are full of Grey Foxes. - -Thus I travelled all the sixteenth; and on the seventeenth of _March_ I -reached the _Apalatæi_. The Air here is very thick and chill; and the -waters issuing from the Mountain-sides, of a Blue colour, and Allumish -taste. - -The eighteenth of _March_, after I had in vain assayed to ride up, I -alighted, and left my horse with one of the Indians, whilst with the -other two I climbed up the Rocks, which were so incumbred with bushes -and brambles, that the ascent proved very difficult: besides, the first -precipice was so steep, that if I lookt down, I was immediately taken -with a swimming in my head; though afterwards the way was more easie. -The height of this Mountain was very extraordinary: for notwithstanding -I set out with the first appearance of light, it was late in the evening -before I gained the top, from whence the next morning I had a beautiful -prospect of the _Atlantick_-Ocean washing the _Virginian_-shore; but to -the North and West, my sight was suddenly bounded by Mountains higher -than that I stood upon. Here did I wander in Snow, for the most part, -till the Four and twentieth day of _March_, hoping to finde some passage -through the Mountains; but the coldness of the Air and Earth together, -seizing my Hands and Feet with numbness, put me to a _ne plus ultra_; and -therefore having found my _Indian_ at the foot of the Mountain with my -Horse, I returned back by the same way that I went. - - - - -The Second EXPEDITION, - -From the Falls of _Powhatan_, aliàs _James-River_, in _Virginia_, to -_Mahock_ in the _Apalatæan_ Mountains. - - -The twentieth of _May_ 1670, one Major _Harris_ and my self, with -twenty _Christian_ Horse, and five _Indians_, marched from the Falls of -_James-River_, in _Virginia_, towards the _Monakins_; and on the Two -and twentieth were welcomed by them with Volleys of Shot. Near this -Village we observed a Pyramid of stones piled up together, which their -Priests told us, was the Number of an _Indian_ Colony drawn out by Lot -from a Neighbour-Countrey over-peopled, and led hither by one _Monack_, -from whom they take the Name of _Monakin_. Here enquiring the way to -the Mountains, an ancient Man described with a staffe two paths on the -ground; one pointing to the _Mahocks_, and the other to the _Nahyssans_; -but my _English_ Companions slighting the _Indians_ direction, shaped -their course by the Compass due West, and therefore it fell out with us, -as it does with those Land-Crabs, that crawling backwards in a direct -line, avoid not the Trees that stand in their way, but climbing over -their very tops, come down again on the other side, and so after a days -labour gain not above two foot of ground. Thus we obstinately pursuing a -due West course, rode over steep and craggy Cliffs, which beat our Horses -quite off the hoof. In these Mountains we wandred from the Twenty fifth -of _May_ till the Third of _June_, finding very little sustenance for Man -or Horse; for these places are destitute both of Grain and Herbage. - -The third of _June_ we came to the South-branch of _James_-River, which -Major _Harris_ observing to run Northward, vainly imagined to be an Arm -of the Lake of _Canada_; and was so transported with this Fancy, that he -would have raised a Pillar to the Discovery, if the fear of the _Mahock -Indian_, and want of food, had permitted him to stay. Here I moved to -cross the River and march on; but the rest of the Company were so weary -of the enterprize, that crying out, _One and All_, they had offered -violence to me, had I not been provided with a private Commission from -the Governour of _Virginia_ to proceed, though the rest of the company -should abandon me; the sight of which laid their fury. - -The lesser Hills, or _Akontshuck_, are here unpassable, being both steep -and craggy: the Rocks seemed to me at a distance to resemble Eggs set up -an end. - -_James_-River is here as broad as it is about an hundred mile lower at -_Monakin_; the passage over is very dangerous, by reason of the rapid -Torrents made by Rocks and Shelves forcing the water into narrow Chanels. -From an observation which we made of straws and rotten chuncks hanging in -the boughs of Trees on the Bank, and two and twenty foot above water, we -argued that the melted Snow falling from the Mountains swelled the River -to that height, the Flood carrying down that rubbish which, upon the -abatement of the Inundation, remained in the Trees. - -The Air in these parts was so moist, that all our Biscuit became mouldy -and unfit to be eaten, so that some nicer stomachs, who at our setting -out laughed at my provision of _Indian_-meal parched, would gladly -now have shared with me: but I being determined to go upon further -Discoveries, refused to part with any of that which was to be my most -necessary sustenance. - - - - -_The Continuation of the ~Second Expedition~ from ~Mahock~, Southward, -into the Province of ~Carolina~._ - - -The fifth of _June_, my Company and I parted good friends, they back -again, and I with one _Sasquesahanough-Indian_, named _Jackzetavon_, -only, in pursuit of my first Enterprize, changing my course from West -to Southwest & by South, to avoid the Mountains. Major _Harris_ at -parting gave me a Gun, believing me a lost man, and given up as a prey to -_Indians_ or savage Beasts; which made him the bolder in _Virginia_ to -report strange things in his own praise and my disparagement, presuming -I would never appear to disprove him. This, I suppose, and no other, was -the cause that he did with so much industry procure me discredit and -odium; but I have lost nothing by it, but what I never studied to gain, -which is Popular applause. - -From the fifth, which was _Sunday_, until the ninth of _June_, I -travelled through difficult Ways, without seeing any Town or _Indian_; -and then I arrived at _Sapon_, a Village of the _Nahyssans_, about -an hundred miles distant from _Mahock_, scituate upon a branch of -_Shawan_, aliàs _Rorenock_-River; and though I had just cause to fear -these _Indians_, because they had been in continual Hostility with the -_Christians_ for ten years before; yet presuming that the Truck which -I carried with me would procure my welcome, I adventured to put my self -into their power, having heard that they never offer any injury to a -few persons from whom they apprehend no danger: nevertheless, they -examined me strictly whence I came, whither I went, and what my business -was. But after I had bestowed some trifles of Glass and Metal amongst -them, they were satisfied with reasonable answers, and I received with -all imaginable demonstrations of kindness, as offering of Sacrifice, a -complement shewed only to such as they design particularly to honour: -but they went further, and consulted their Godds whether they should not -admit me into their Nation and Councils, and oblige me to stay amongst -them by a Marriage with the Kings or some of their great Mens Daughters. -But I, though with much a-do, waved their courtesie, and got my Pastport, -having given my word to return to them within six months. - -_Sapon_ is within the limits of the Province of _Carolina_, and as -you may perceive by the Figure, has all the attributes requisite to a -pleasant and advantagious Seat; for though it stands high, and upon a dry -land, it enjoyes the benefit of a stately River, and a rich Soyl, capable -of producing many Commodities, which may hereafter render the Trade of it -considerable. - -Not far distant from hence, as I understood from the _Nahyssan_ Indians, -is their Kings Residence, called _Pintahæ_, upon the same River, and -happy in the same advantages both for pleasure and profit: which my -curiosity would have led me to see, were I not bound, both by Oath and -Commission, to a direct pursuance of my intended purpose of discovering a -passage to the further side of the Mountains. - -This Nation is governed by an absolute Monarch; the People of a high -stature, warlike and rich. I saw great store of Pearl unbored in their -little Temples, or Oratories, which they had won amongst other spoyls -from the Indians of _Florida_, and hold in as great esteem as we do. - -From hence, by the Indians instructions, I directed my course to -_Akenatzy_, an Island bearing South & by West, and about fifty miles -distant, upon a branch of the same River, from _Sapon_. The Countrey -here, though high, is level, and for the most part a rich soyl, as I -judged by the growth of the Trees; yet where it is inhabited by Indians, -it lies open in spacious Plains, and is blessed with a very healthful -Air, as appears by the age and vigour of the people; and though I -travelled in the month of _June_, the heat of the weather hindred me not -from Riding at all hours without any great annoyance from the Sun. By -easie journeys I landed at _Akenatzy_ upon the twelfth of _June_. The -current of the River is here so strong, that my Horse had much difficulty -to resist it; and I expected every step to be carried away with the -stream. - -This Island, though small, maintains many inhabitants, who are fix’d -here in great security, being naturally fortified with Fastnesses of -Mountains, and Water of every side. Upon the North-shore they yearly -reap great crops of Corn, of which they always have a twelve-months -Provision afore-hand, against an Invasion from their powerful Neighbours. -Their Government is under two Kings, one presiding in Arms, the other -in Hunting and Husbandry. They hold all things, except their Wives, in -common; and their custome in eating is, that every man in his turn feasts -all the rest; and he that makes the entertainment, is seated betwixt the -two Kings; where having highly commended his own chear, they carve and -distribute it amongst the guests. - -At my arrival here, I met four stranger-Indians, whose Bodies were -painted in various colours with figures of Animals whose likeness I had -never seen: and by some discourse and signes which passed between us, -I gathered that they were the only survivours of fifty, who set out -together in company from some great Island, as I conjecture, to the -Northwest; for I understood that they crossed a great Water, in which -most of their party perished by tempest, the rest dying in the Marishes -and Mountains by famine and hard weather, after a two-months travel by -Land and Water in quest of this Island of _Akenatzy_. - -The most reasonable conjecture that I can frame out of this Relation, -is, that these Indians might come from the Island of new _Albion_ or -_California_, from whence we may imagine some great arm of the Indian -Ocean or Bay stretches into the Continent towards the _Apalatæan_ -Mountains in the nature of a mid-land Sea, in which many of these Indians -might have perished. To confirm my opinion in this point, I have heard -several Indians testifie, that the Nation of _Rickohockans_, who dwell -not far to the Westward of the _Apalatæan_ Mountains, are seated upon a -Land, as they term it, of great Waves; by which I suppose they mean the -Sea-shore. - -The next day after my arrival at _Akenatzy_, a _Rickohockan_ Ambassadour, -attended by five Indians, whose faces were coloured with _Auripigmentum_ -(in which Mineral these parts do much abound) was received, and that -night invited to a Ball of their fashion; but in the height of their -mirth and dancing, by a smoke contrived for that purpose, the Room was -suddenly darkned, and for what cause I know not, the _Rickohockan_ -and his Retinue barbarously murthered. This struck me with such an -affrightment, that the very next day, without taking my leave of them, -I slunk away with my Indian Companion. Though the desire of informing -my self further concerning some Minerals, as _Auripigmentum, &c._ which -I there took special notice of, would have perswaded me to stay longer -amongst them, had not the bloody example of their treachery to the -_Rickohockans_ frighted me away. - -The fourteenth of _June_, pursuing a South-southwest course, sometimes by -a beaten path, and sometimes over hills and rocks, I was forc’d to take -up my quarters in the Woods: for though the _Oenock_-Indians, whom I then -sought, were not in a direct line above thirty odde miles distant from -_Akenatzy_, yet the Ways were such, and obliged me to go so far about, -that I reached not _Oenock_ until the sixteenth. The Country here, by the -industry of these Indians, is very open, and clear of wood. Their Town -is built round a field, where in their Sports they exercise with so much -labour and violence, and in so great numbers, that I have seen the ground -wet with the sweat that dropped from their bodies: their chief Recreation -is Slinging of stones. They are of mean stature and courage, covetous -and thievish, industrious to earn a peny; and therefore hire themselves -out to their neighbours, who employ them as Carryers or Porters. They -plant abundance of Grain, reap three Crops in a Summer, and out of their -Granary supply all the adjacent parts. These and the Mountain-Indians -build not their houses of Bark, but of Watling and Plaister. In Summer, -the heat of the weather makes them chuse to lie abroad in the night under -thin arbours of wilde Palm. Some houses they have of Reed and Bark; they -build them generally round: to each house belongs a little hovel made -like an oven, where they lay up their Corn and Mast, and keep it dry. -They parch their Nuts and Acorns over the fire, to take away their rank -Oyliness; which afterwards pressed, yeeld a milky liquor, and the Acorns -an Amber-colour’d Oyl. In these, mingled together, they dip their Cakes -at great Entertainments, and so serve them up to their guests as an -extraordinary dainty. Their Government is Democratick; and the Sentences -of their old men are received as Laws, or rather Oracles, by them. - -Fourteen miles West-Southwest of the _Oenocks_, dwell the -_Shackory_-Indians, upon a rich Soyl, and yet abounding in Antimony, -of which they shewed me considerable quantities. Finding them agree -with the _Oenocks_ in Customs and Manners, I made no stay here, but -passing thorow their Town, I travelled till the nineteenth of _June_; -and then after a two days troublesome Journey thorow Thickets and -Marish grounds, I arrived at _Watary_ above fourty miles distant, and -bearing West-Southwest to _Shakor_. This Nation differs in Government -from all the other Indians of these parts: for they are Slaves, rather -then Subjects to their King. Their present Monarch is a grave man, and -courteous to strangers: yet I could not without horrour behold his -barbarous Superstition, in hiring three youths, and sending them forth -to kill as many young women of their Enemies as they could light on, to -serve his son, then newly dead, in the other world, as he vainly fancyed. -These youths during my stay returned with skins torn off the heads and -faces of three young girls, which they presented to his Majestie, and -were by him gratefully received. - -I departed from _Watary_ the one and twentieth of _June_, and keeping a -West-course for near thirty miles, I came to _Sara_: here I found the -ways more level and easie. _Sara_ is not far distant from the Mountains, -which here lose their height, and change their course and name: for they -run due West, and receive from the Spaniards the name of _Suala_. From -these Mountains or Hills the Indians draw great quantities of _Cinabar_, -with which beaten to powder they colour their faces: this Mineral is of -a deeper Purple then _Vermilion_, and is the same which is in so much -esteem amongst Physitians, being the first element of Quicksilver. - -I did likewise, to my no small admiration, find hard cakes of white Salt -amongst them; but whether they were made of Sea-water, or taken out of -Salt-pits, I know not: but am apt to believe the later, because the Sea -is so remote from them. Many other rich Commodities and Minerals there -are undoubtedly in these parts, which if possessed by an ingenious and -industrious people, would be improved to vast advantages by Trade. But -having tied my self up to things onely that I have seen in my Travels, I -will deliver no Conjectures. - -_Lingua sile non est ultra narrabile quidquam._ - -These Indians are so indiscreetly fond of their children, that they will -not chastise them for any mischief or insolence. A little Boy had shot -an Arrow thorow my body, had I not reconciled him to me with gifts: and -all this anger was, because I spurred my horse out of another Arrows way -which he directed at him. This caused fetch a mutiny amongst the Youth of -the Town, that the Seniors taking my horse and self into protection, had -much ado (and that by intreaties and prayers, not commands) to appease -them. - -From _Sara_ I kept a South-Southwest course until the five and twentieth -of _June_, and then I reached _Wisacky_. This three-days march was more -troublesome to me then all my travels besides: for the direct way which I -took from _Sara_ to _Wisacky_ is over a continued Marish over-grown with -Reeds, from whose roots sprung knotty stumps as hard and sharp as Flint. -I was forc’d to lead my horse most part of the way, and wonder that he -was not either plunged in the Bogs, or lamed by those rugged knots. - -This Nation is subject to a neighbour-King residing upon the bank of a -great Lake called _Ushery_, invironed of all sides with Mountains, and -_Wisacky_ Marish; and therefore I will detain the Reader no longer with -the discourse of them, because I comprehend them in that of _Ushery_. - -The six and, twentieth of _June_, having crossed a fresh River which -runs into the Lake of _Ushery_, I came to the Town, which was more -populous then any I had seen before in my March. The King dwells some -three miles from it, and therefore I had no opportunity of seeing him -the two nights which I stayed there. This Prince, though his Dominions -are large and populous, is in continual fear of the _Oustack_-Indians -seated on the opposite side of the Lake; a people so addicted to Arms, -that even their women come into the field, and shoot Arrows over their -husbands shoulders, who shield them with Leathern Targets. The men it -seems should fight with Silver-Hatchets: for one of the _Usheryes_ told -me they were of the same metal with the Pomel of my Sword. They are a -cruel generation, and prey upon people, whom they either steal, or force -away from the _Usheryes_ in _Periago’s_, to sacrifice to their Idols. -The _Ushery_-women delight much in feather-ornaments, of which they have -great variety; but Peacocks in most esteem, because rare in those parts. -They are reasonably handsome, and have more of civility in their carriage -then I observed in the other Nations with whom I conversed; which is the -reason that the men are more effeminate and lazie. - -These miserable wretches are strangely infatuated with illusions of the -devil: it caused no small horrour in me, to see one of them wrythe his -neck all on one side, foam at the mouth, stand bare-foot upon burning -coals for near an hour, and then recovering his senses, leap out of the -fire without hurt, or signe of any. This I was an eye-witness of. - -The water of _Ushery_-lake seemed to my taste a little brackish; which -I rather impute to some Mineral-waters which flow into it, then to any -saltness it can take from the Sea, which we may reasonably suppose is a -great way from it. Many pleasant Rivulets fall into it, and it is stored -with great plenty of excellent fish. I judged it to be about ten leagues -broad: for were not the other shore very high, it could not be discerned -from _Ushery_. How far this Lake tends Westerly, or where it ends, I -could neither learn or guess. - -Here I made a days stay, to inform my self further in these Countries; -and understood both from the _Usheries_, and some _Sara_-Indians that -came to trade with them, that two-days journey and a half from hence to -the Southwest, a powerful Nation of Bearded men were seated, which I -suppose to be the Spaniards, because the Indians never have any; it being -an universal custom amongst them, to prevent their growth, by plucking -the young hair out by the roots. Westward lies a Government inhospitable -to strangers; and to the North, over the _Suala_-mountains, lay the -_Rickohockans_. I thought it not safe to venture my self amongst the -Spaniards, lest taking me for a Spy, they would either make me away, or -condemn me to a perpetual Slavery in their Mines. Therefore not thinking -fit to proceed further, the eight and twentieth of _June_ I faced about, -and looked homewards. - -To avoid _Wisacky_-Marish, I shaped my course Northeast; and after three -days travel over hilly ways, where I met with no path or road, I fell -into a barren Sandy desert, where I suffered miserably for want of water; -the heat of the Summer having drunk all the Springs dry, and left no -signe of any, but the Gravelly chanels in which they run: so that if now -and then I had not found a standing Pool, which provident Nature set -round with shady Oaks, to defend it from the ardour of the Sun, my Indian -companion, horse and self had certainly perished with thirst. In this -distress we travelled till the twelfth of _July_, and then found the head -of a River, which afterwards proved _Eruco_; in which we received not -onely the comfort of a necessary and seasonable refreshment, but likewise -the hopes of coming into a Country again where we might finde Game for -food at least, if not discover some new Nation or People. Nor did our -hopes fail us: for after we had crossed the River twice, we were led by -it upon the fourteenth of _July_ to the Town of _Katearas_, a place of -great Indian Trade and Commerce, and chief Seat of the haughty Emperour -of the _Toskiroro’s_, called _Kaskusara_, vulgarly _Kaskous_. His grim -Majestie, upon my first appearance, demanded my Gun and Shot; which I -willingly parted with, to ransom my self out of his clutches: for he was -the most proud imperious Barbarian that I met with in all my Marches. -The people here at this time seemed prepared for some extraordinary -Solemnity: for the men and the women of better sort had decked themselves -very fine with pieces of bright Copper in their hair and ears, and -about their arms and neck, which upon Festival occasions they use as -an extraordinary bravery: by which it should seem this Country is not -without rich Mines of Copper. But I durst not stay to inform my self -further in it, being jealous of some sudden mischief towards me from -_Kaskous_, his nature being bloudy, and provoked upon any slight occasion. - -Therefore leaving _Katearas_, I travelled through the Woods until the -sixteenth, upon which I came to _Kawitziokan_, an Indian town upon a -branch of _Rorenoke_-river, which here I passed over, continuing my -journey to Menchœrinck; and on the seventeenth departing from thence, -I lay all night in the Woods, and the next morning betimes going by -_Natoway_, I reached that evening _Apamatuck_ in _Virginia_, where I was -not a little overjoyed to see Christian faces again. - - - - -The third and last EXPEDITION, - -From the Falls of _Rappahanock_-River in _Virginia_, (due West) to the -top of the _Apalatæan_ Mountains. - - -On the twentieth of _August_ 1670, Col. _Catlet_ of _Virginia_ and my -self, with nine English Horse, and five Indians on foot, departed from -the house of one _Robert Talifer_, and that night reached the falls of -_Rappahanock_-river, in Indian _Mantepeuck_. - -The next day we passed it over where it divides into two branches North -and South, keeping the main branch North of us. - -The three and twentieth we found it so shallow, that it onely wet our -horses hoofs. - -The four and twentieth we travelled thorow the _Savanæ_ amongst vast -herds of Red and Fallow Deer which stood gazing at us; and a little -after, we came to the Promontories or Spurs of the _Apalatæan_-mountains. - -These _Savanæ_ are low grounds at the foot of the _Apalatæans_, which all -the Winter, Spring, and part of the Summer, lie under snow or water, when -the snow is dissolved, which falls down from the Mountains commonly about -the beginning of _June_; and then their verdure is wonderful pleasant to -the eye, especially of such as having travelled through the shade of the -vast Forest, come out of a melancholy darkness of a sudden, into a clear -and open skie. To heighten the beauty of these parts, the first Springs -of most of those great Rivers which run into the _Atlantick_ Ocean, or -_Cheseapeack_ Bay, do here break out, and in various branches interlace -the flowry Meads, whose luxurious herbage invites numerous herds of Red -Deer (for their unusual largeness improperly termed Elks by ignorant -people) to feed. The right Elk, though very common in _New Scotland_, -_Canada_, and those Northern parts, is never seen on this side of the -Continent: for that which the _Virginians_ call Elk’s, does not at all -differ from the Red Deer of _Europe_, but in his dimensions, which are -far greater: but yet the Elk in bigness does as far exceed them: their -heads, or horns, are not very different; but the neck of the Elk is so -short, that it hardly separates the head from the shoulders; which is the -reason that they cannot feed upon level ground but by falling on their -knees, though their heads be a yard-long: therefore they commonly either -brouse upon trees, or standing up to the belly in ponds or rivers feed -upon the banks: their Cingles or tails are hardly three inches long, I -have been told by a _New-England_-Gentleman, that the lips and nostrils -of this creature is the most delicious meat he ever tasted. As for the -Red Deer we here treat of, I cannot difference the taste of their flesh -from those in _Europe_. - -The six and twentieth of _August_ we came to the Mountains, where -finding no horse-way up, we alighted, and left our horses with two or -three Indians below, whilst we went up afoot. The ascent was so steep, -the cold so intense, and we so tired, that having with much ado gained -the top of one of the highest, we drank the Kings Health in Brandy, -gave the Mountain His name, and agreed to return back again, having no -encouragement from that prospect to proceed to a further discovery; since -from hence we saw another Mountain, bearing North and by West to us, of a -prodigious height: for according to an observation of the distance taken -by Col. _Catlet_, it could not be less then fifty leagues from the place -we stood upon. - -Here was I stung in my sleep by a Mountain-spider; and had not an Indian -suckt out the poyson, I had died: for receiving the hurt at the tip of -one of my fingers, the venome shot up immediately into my shoulder, and -so inflamed my side, that it is not possible to express my torment. The -means used by my Physician, was first a small dose of Snakeroot-powder, -which I took in a little water; and then making a kinde of Plaister of -the same, applied it neer to the part affected: when he had done so, -he swallowed some by way of Antidote himself, and suckt my fingers end -so violently, that I felt the venome retire back from my side into my -shoulder, and from thence down my arm: having thus sucked half a score -times, and spit as often, I was eased of all my pain, and perfectly -recovered. I thought I had been bit by a Rattle-snake, for I saw not what -hurt me: but the Indian found by the wound, and the effects of it, that -it was given by a Spider, one of which he shewed me the next day: it is -not unlike our great blue Spider, onely it is somewhat longer. I suppose -the nature of his poyson to be much like that of the _Tarantula_. - -I being thus beyond my hopes and expectation restored to my self, we -unanimously agreed to return back, seeing no possibility of passing -through the Mountains: and finding our Indians with our horses in the -place where we left them, we rode homewards without making any further -Discovery. - - - - -CONJECTURES of the Land beyond the _Apalatæan_ Mountains. - - -They are certainly in a great errour, who imagine that the Continent -of North-_America_ is but eight or ten days journey over from -the _Atlantick_ to the _Indian_ Ocean: which all reasonable men -must acknowledge, if they consider that Sir _France Drake_ kept -a West-Northwest course from _Cape Mendocino_ to _California_. -Nevertheless, by what I gathered from the stranger Indians at _Akenatzy_ -of their Voyage by Sea to the very Mountains from a far distant Northwest -Country, I am brought over to their opinion who think that the Indian -Ocean does stretch an Arm or Bay from _California_ into the Continent as -far as the _Apalatæan_ Mountains, answerable to the Gulfs of _Florida_ -and _Mexico_ on this side. Yet I am far from believing with some, that -such great and Navigable Rivers are to be found on the other side the -_Apalatæans_ falling into the Indian Ocean, as those which run from -them to the Eastward. My first reason is derived from the knowledge and -experience we already have of South-_America_, whose _Andes_ send the -greatest Rivers in the world (as the _Amazones_ and _Rio de la Plata_ -&c.) into the _Atlantick_, but none at all into the _Pacifique_ Sea. -Another Argument is, that all our Water-fowl which delight in Lakes and -Rivers, as Swans, Geese, Ducks, _&c._ come over the Mountains from the -Lake of _Canada_, when it is frozen over every Winter, to our fresh -Rivers; which they would never do, could they finde any on the other side -of the _Apalatæans_. - - - - -INSTRUCTIONS to such as shall march upon Discoveries into the -North-_American_ Continent. - - -Two breaches there are in the _Apalatæan_ Mountains, opening a passage -into the Western parts of the Continent. One, as I am informed by -Indians, at a place called _Zynodoa_, to the Norward; the other at -_Sara_, where I have been my self: but the way thither being thorow a -vast Forest, where you seldom fall into any Road or Path, you must shape -your course by a Compass; though some, for want of one, have taken their -direction from the North-side of the trees, which is distinguished from -the rest by quantities of thick Moss growing there. You will not meet -with many hinderances on horseback in your passage to the Mountains, but -where your course is interrupted by branches of the great Rivers, which -in many places are not Fordable; and therefore if you be unprovided of -means or strength to make a Bridge by felling trees across, you may be -forced to go a great way about: in this respect company is necessary, but -in others so inconvenient, that I would not advise above half a dozen, -or ten at the most, to travel together; and of these, the major part -Indians: for the Nations in your way are prone to jealousie and mischief -towards Christians in a considerable Body, and as courteous and hearty to -a few, from whom they apprehend no danger. - -When you pass thorow an even level Country, where you can take no -particular remarks from hill or waters to guide your self by when you -come back, you must not forget to notch the trees as you go along with -your small Hatchet, that in your return you may know when you fall into -the same way which you went. By this means you will be certain of the -place you are in, and may govern your course homeward accordingly. - -In stead of Bread, I used the meal of parched _Mayz_, i. e. Indian Wheat; -which when I eat, I seasoned with a little Salt. This is both more -portable and strengthning then Biscuit, and will suffer no mouldiness -by any weather. For other provisions, you may securely trust to your -Gun, the Woods being full of Fallow, and _Savanæ_ of Red-Deer, besides -great variety of excellent Fowl, as wilde Turkeys, Pigeons, Partridges, -Phesants, _&c._ But you must not forget to dry or barbecue some of these -before you come to the Mountains: for upon them you will meet with no -Game, except a few Bears. - -Such as cannot lie on the ground, must be provided with light Hamacks, -which hung in the trees, are more cool and pleasant then any bed -whatsoever. - -The Order and Discipline to be observed in this Expedition is, that -an Indian Scout or two march as far before the rest of the company as -they can in sight, both for the finding out provision, and discovery of -Ambushes, if any should be laid by Enemies. Let your other Indians keep -on the right and left hand, armed not onely with Guns, but Bills and -Hatchets, to build small Arbours or Cottages of boughs and bark of trees, -to shelter and defend you from the injuries of the weather. At nights it -is necessary to make great Fires round about the place where you take up -your lodging, as well to scare Wild-beasts away, as to purifie the air. -Neither must you fail to go the Round at the close of the evening: for -then, and betimes in the morning, the Indians put all their designes in -execution: in the night they never attempt any thing. - -When in the remote parts you draw near to an Indian Town, you must -by your Scouts inform your self whether they hold any correspondence -with the _Sasquesahanaughs_; for to such you must give notice of your -approach by a Gun; which amongst other Indians is to be avoided, because -being ignorant of their use, it would affright and dispose them to some -treacherous practice against you. - -Being arrived at a Town, enter no house until you are invited; and then -seem not afraid to be led in pinion’d like a prisoner: for that is a -Ceremony they use to friends and enemies without distinction. - -You must accept of an invitation from the Seniors, before that of young -men; and refuse nothing that is offered or set afore you: for they -are very jealous, and sensible of the least slighting or neglect from -strangers, and mindful of Revenge. - - - - -Touching TRADE with Indians. - - -If you barely designe a Home-trade with neighbour-Indians, for skins of -Deer, Beaver, Otter, Wild-Cat, Fox, Racoon, &c. your best Truck is a sort -of course Trading Cloth, of which a yard and a half makes a Matchcoat -or Mantle fit for their wear; as also Axes, Hoes, Knives, Sizars, and -all sorts of edg’d tools. Guns, Powder and Shot, _&c._ are Commodities -they will greedily barter for: but to supply the Indians with Arms and -Ammunition, is prohibited in all English Governments. - -In dealing with the Indians, you must be positive and at a word: for if -they perswade you to fall any thing in your price, they will spend time -in higgling for further abatements, and seldom conclude any Bargain. -Sometimes you may with Brandy or Strong liquor dispose them to an humour -of giving you ten times the value of your commodity; and at other times -they are so hide-bound, that they will not offer half the Market-price, -especially if they be aware that you have a designe to circumvent them -with drink, or that they think you have a desire to their goods; which -you must seem to slight and disparage. - -To the remoter Indians you must carry other kinde of Truck, as small -Looking-glasses, Pictures, Beads and Bracelets of glass, Knives, Sizars, -and all manner of gaudy toys and knacks for children, which are light and -portable. For they are apt to admire such trinkets, and will purchase -them at any rate, either with their currant Coyn of small shells, which -they call _Roanoack_ or _Peack_, or perhaps with Pearl, Vermilion, pieces -of Christal; and towards _Ushery_, with some odde pieces of Plate or -Buillon, which they sometimes receive in Truck from the _Oestacks_. - -Could I have foreseen when I set out, the advantages to be made by a -Trade with those remote Indians, I had gone better provided; though -perhaps I might have run a great hazard of my life, had I purchased -considerably amongst them, by carrying wealth unguarded through so many -different Nations of barbarous people: therefore it is vain for any man -to propose to himself, or undertake a Trade at that distance, unless he -goes with strength to defend, as well as an Adventure to purchase such -Commodities: for in such a designe many ought to joyn and go in company. - -Some pieces of Silver unwrought I purchased my self of the _Usheries_, -for no other end then to justifie this account I give of my Second -Expedition, which had not determined at _Ushery_, were I accompanied with -half a score resolute youths that would have stuck to me in a further -discovery towards the Spanish Mines. - - -FINIS. - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE DISCOVERIES OF JOHN LEDERER *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<table style='min-width:0; padding:0; margin-left:0; border-collapse:collapse'> - <tr><td>Title:</td><td>The Discoveries of John Lederer</td></tr> - <tr><td></td><td>In three several Marches from Virginia to the East of Carolina, and other parts of the Continent</td></tr> -</table> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: John Lederer</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Translator: Sir William Talbot</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: April 25, 2021 [eBook #65160]</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Steve Mattern and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net</div> - -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE DISCOVERIES OF JOHN LEDERER ***</div> - -<div class="figcenter larger" style="width: 500px;"> - -<img src="images/border.jpg" width="500" height="65" alt="" /> - -<p class="larger noindent">Licensed,</p> - -<p class="smaller">Nov. 1. 1671.</p> - -<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Roger L’Estrange.</span></p> - -<img src="images/border.jpg" width="500" height="65" alt="" /> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="tp"> - -<p class="titlepage"><span class="smaller">THE</span><br /> -<span class="larger">DISCOVERIES</span><br /> -<span class="smaller">OF</span><br /> -<i>JOHN LEDERER</i>,<br /> -In three several Marches from<br /> -<span class="larger">VIRGINIA,</span><br /> -To the West of<br /> -<span class="larger">Carolina,</span><br /> -And other parts of the Continent:<br /> -<span class="smaller">Begun in <i>March 1669</i>, and ended in <i>September 1670</i>.</span><br /> -Together with<br /> -<b>A General MAP of the whole Territory -which he traversed.</b></p> - -<div class="border-top"> - -<p class="center"><span class="smaller">Collected and Translated out of Latine from his Discourse and Writings,</span><br /> -By Sir <i>William Talbot</i> Baronet.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="border-top"> - -<div class="poetry-container smaller"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0"><i>Sed nos immensum spatiis confecimus æquor,</i></div> - <div class="verse indent2"><i>Et jam tempus equum fumanti a solvere colla.</i> Virg. Georg.</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -</div> - -<div class="border-top"> - -<p class="center smaller"><i>London</i>, Printed by <i>J. C.</i> for <i>Samuel Heyrick</i>, -at Grays-Inne-gate in Holborn. 1672.</p> - -</div> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak"><i>The Epistle Dedicatory</i></h2> - -</div> - -<p class="center">To the Right Honourable<br /> -<i><span class="larger"><span class="gesperrt">ANTHONY</span> <span class="antiqua">Lord <span class="smcap">Ashley</span></span>,</span><br /> -Baron <span class="antiqua">Ashley</span> of <span class="antiqua">Wimborn St. Giles</span>,<br /> -Chancellor of his Majesties Exchequer,<br /> -Under-Treasurer of <span class="antiqua">England</span>,<br /> -One of the Lords Commissioners of his Majesties<br /> -Treasury, one of the Lords of his<br /> -most Honourable Privie Council,<br /> -and one of the Lords Proprietors<br /> -of <span class="antiqua gesperrt">CAROLINA</span>.</i></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">My Lord</span>,</p> - -<div> -<img class="dropcap" src="images/dropcap-f.jpg" width="150" height="150" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="dropcap">From this discourse it is clear -that the long looked-for -discovery of the <i>Indian</i> Sea -does nearly approach; and -<i>Carolina</i>, out of her happy -experience of your Lordships -success in great undertakings, presumes -that the accomplishment of this glorious -Designe is reserved for her. In order to -which, the <i>Apalatæan</i> Mountains (though -like the prodigious Wall that divides <i>China</i> -and <i>Tartary</i>, they deny <i>Virginia</i> passage -into the West Continent) stoop to your -Lordships Dominions, and lay open a Prospect -into unlimited Empires; Empires that -will hereafter be ambitious of subjection -to that noble Government which by your -Lordships deep wisdom and providence -first projected, is now established in <i>Carolina</i>; -for it will appear that she flourishes -more by the influence of that, than the advantages -she derives from her Climate and -Soyl, which yet do render her the Beauty -and Envy of North-<i>America</i>. That all her -glories should be seen in this Draught, is -not reasonably to be expected, since the fate -to my Author but once, and then too with -a side-face; and therefore I must own it was -never by him designed for the Press, but -published by me, out of no other ambition -than that of manifesting to the world, that -I am</p> - -<p class="center">My Lord,</p> - -<p class="center">Your Lordships most humble and obedient Servant,</p> - -<p class="right"><i>William Talbot</i>.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smaller">TO THE</span><br /> -READER.</h2> - -</div> - -<div> -<img class="dropcap" src="images/dropcap-t.jpg" width="150" height="150" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="dropcap"><i>That a Stranger should presume -(though with Sir <span class="antiqua">William Berkly</span>’s -Commission) to go into those -Parts of the <span class="antiqua">American</span> Continent -where <span class="antiqua">Englishmen</span> never had been, and whither -some refused to accompany him, was, in -<span class="antiqua">Virginia</span> look’d on as so great an insolence, -that our Traveller at his Return, instead of -Welcom and Applause, met nothing but Affronts -and Reproaches; for indeed it was -their part, that forsook him in the Expedition, -to procure him discredit that was a -witness to theirs; Therefore no industry was -wanting to prepare Men with a prejudice -against him, and this their malice improved -to such a general Animosity, that he was not -safe in <span class="antiqua">Virginia</span> from the outrage of the People, -drawn into a perswasion, that the Publick -Levy of that year, went all to the expence -of his Vagaries. Forced by this storm -into <span class="antiqua">Maryland</span>, he became known to me, -though then ill-affected to the Man, by the -stories that went about of him: Nevertheless -finding him, contrary to my expectation, -a modest ingenious person, & a pretty Scholar, -I thought it common Justice to give him -an occasion of vindicating himself from -what I had heard of him; which truly he -did with so convincing Reason and circumstance, -as quite abolished those former impressions -in me, and made me desire this Account -of his Travels, which here you have -faithfully rendred out of Latine from his -own Writings and Discourse, with an entire -Map of the Territory he traversed, copied -from his own hand. All these I have compared -with <span class="antiqua">Indian</span> Relations of those parts -(though I never met with any <span class="antiqua">Indian</span> that -had followed a Southwest-Course so far as -this <span class="antiqua">German</span>) and finding them agree, I -thought the Printing of these Papers was no -injury to the Author, and might prove a -Service to the Publick.</i></p> - -<p class="right">William Talbot.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> -<a href="images/map.jpg"><img src="images/map-small.jpg" width="400" height="325" alt="" /></a> -<p class="caption">A MAP OF THE WHOLE TERRITORY TRAVERSED BY JOHN -LEDERER IN HIS THREE MARCHES.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_1"></a>[1]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<img src="images/header.jpg" width="500" height="180" alt="" /> -</div> - -<h1><span class="smaller">THE</span><br /> -Discoveries of <span class="smcap gesperrt">John Lederer</span><br /> -<span class="smaller">from <i>Virginia</i> to the West of <i>Carolina</i>,<br /> -and other parts of the Continent.</span></h1> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak"><i>A General and brief Account of the North-<span class="antiqua">American</span> -Continent.</i></h2> - -</div> - -<div> -<img class="dropcap" src="images/dropcap-n.jpg" width="150" height="150" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="dropcap">North, as well as South-<i>America</i>, may be divided -into three Regions: the Flats, the -Highlands, and the Mountains. The -Flats (in Indian, <i>Ahkynt</i>) is the Territory -lying between the Eastern Coast, and -the falls of the great Rivers, that there -run into the <i>Atlantick</i> Ocean, in extent generally taken -Ninety miles. The Highlands (in Indian, <i>Ahkontshuck</i>) -begin at those falls, and determine at the foot of the great -ridge of Mountains that runs thorow the midst of this Continent, -Northeast and Southwest, called by the Spaniards <i>Apalatæi</i>, -from the Nation <i>Apalakin</i>; and by the Indians, <i>Pæmotinck</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_2"></a>[2]</span> -According to the best of my observation and conjecture, -they lie parallel to the <i>Atlantick</i> Sea-coast, that -bearing from <i>Canada</i> to Cape <i>Florida</i>, Northeast and Southwest, -and then falling off due West as the Mountains do at -<i>Sara</i>: but here they take the name of <i>Suala</i>; <i>Sara</i> in the -<i>Warrennuncock</i> dialect being <i>Sasa</i> or <i>Sualy</i>.</p> - -<p>The Flats, or <i>Ahkynt</i>, are by former Writers made so well -known to Christendom, that I will not stop the Reader -here, with an unnecessary description of them; but shall -onely say, that by the rankness of the Soyl, and salt moistness -of the Air, daily discoveries of Fish-shells three fathom -deep in the earth, and Indian tradition; these parts are supposed -some Ages past to have lain under the Sea.</p> - -<p>The Highlands (or <i>Ahkontshuch</i>) though under the same -Parallels, are happie notwithstanding in a more temperate -and healthful Air. The ground is over-grown with under-wood -in many places, and that so perplext and interwoven -with Vines, that who travels here, must sometimes cut -through his way. These Thickets harbour all sorts of beasts -of prey, as Wolves, Panthers, Leopards, Lions, <i>&c.</i> (which -are neither so large nor so fierce as those of <i>Asia</i> and <i>Africa</i>) -and small Vermine, as wilde Cats, Foxes, Racoons. These -parts were formerly possessed by the <i>Tacci</i>, aliàs <i>Dogi</i>; but -they are extinct; and the Indians now seated here, are distinguished -into the several Nations of <i>Mahoe</i>, <i>Nuntaneuck</i>, aliàs -<i>Nuntaly</i>, <i>Nabyssan</i>, <i>Sapon</i>, <i>Managog</i>, <i>Mangoack</i>, <i>Akenatzy</i>, -and <i>Monakin</i>, &c. One Language is common to them -all, though they differ in Dialects. The parts inhabited here -are pleasant and fruitful, because cleared of Wood, and laid -open to the Sun. The Valleys feed numerous herds of Deer -and Elks larger then Oxen: these Valleys they call <i>Savanæ</i>, -being Marish grounds at the foot of the <i>Apalatæi</i>, and yearly -laid under water in the beginning of Summer by flouds -of melted Snow falling down from the Mountains.</p> - -<p>The <i>Apalatæan</i> Mountains, called in Indian <i>Pæmotinck</i>, -(or the origine of the Indians) are barren Rocks, and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_3"></a>[3]</span> -therefore deserted by all living creatures but Bears, who cave -in the hollow Cliffs. Yet do these Mountains shoot out to -the Eastward great Promontories of rich Land, known by -the high and spreading trees which they bear: these Promontories, -because lower then the main Ridge, are called by -the Indians <i>Tanx-Pæmotinck</i> (aliàs <i>Aquatt</i>). To the Northeast -the Mountains rise higher; and at <i>Sara</i> they sink so -low, that they are easily passed over: but here (as was said -before) they change their course and name, running due -West, and being called <i>Sualy</i>: now the <i>Sualian</i> Mountains -rise higher and higher Westward.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak"><i>Of the Manners and Customs of the <span class="antiqua">Indians</span> -inhabiting the Western parts of <span class="antiqua">Carolina</span> -and <span class="antiqua">Virginia</span>.</i></h2> - -</div> - -<p>The Indians now seated in these parts, are none of those -which the English removed from <i>Virginia</i>, but a people -driven by an Enemy from the Northwest, and invited to -sit down here by an Oracle above four hundred years since, -as they pretend: for the ancient inhabitants of <i>Virginia</i> -were far more rude and barbarous, feeding onely upon raw -flesh and fish, until these taught them to plant Corn, and -shewed them the use of it.</p> - -<p>But before I treat of their ancient Manners and Customs, -it is necessary I should shew by what means the knowledge -of them hath been conveyed from former ages to posterity. -Three ways they supply their want of Letters: first by -Counters, secondly by Emblems or Hieroglyphicks, thirdly -by Tradition delivered in long Tales from father to son, -which being children they are made to learn by rote.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_4"></a>[4]</span></p> - -<p>For Counters, they use either Pebbles, or short scantlings -of straw or reeds. Where a Battel has been fought, or a -Colony seated, they raise a small Pyramid of these stones, -consisting of the number slain or transplanted. Their reeds -and straws serve them in Religious Ceremonies: for they -lay them orderly in a Circle when they prepare for Devotion -or Sacrifice; and that performed, the Circle remains -still, for it is Sacriledge to disturb or to touch it: the disposition -and sorting of the straws and reeds, shew what -kinde of Rites have there been celebrated, as Invocation, Sacrifice, -Burial, <i>&c.</i></p> - -<p>The faculties of the minde and body they commonly express -by Emblems. By the figure of a Stag, they imply -swiftness; by that of a Serpent, wrath; of a Lion, courage; -of a Dog, fidelity: by a Swan, they signifie the <i>English</i>, -alluding to their complexion, and flight over the Sea.</p> - -<p>An account of Time, and other things, they keep on a -string or leather thong tied in knots of several colours. I -took particular notice of small Wheels serving for this -purpose amongst the <i>Oenocks</i>, because I have heard that the -<i>Mexicans</i> use the same. Every Nation gives his particular -Ensigne or Arms: The <i>Sasquesahanaugh</i> a Tarapine, or small -Tortoise; the <i>Akenatzy’s</i> a Serpent; the <i>Nahyssanes</i> three -Arrows, <i>&c.</i> In this they likewise agree with the <i>Mexican</i> -Indians. <i>Vid. Jos. à Costa.</i></p> - -<p>They worship one God, Creator of all things, whom -some call <i>Okæè</i>, others <i>Mannith</i>: to him alone the High-priest, -or <i>Periku</i>, offers Sacrifice; and yet they believe he has -no regard to sublunary affairs, but commits the Government -of Mankinde to lesser Deities, as <i>Quiacosough</i> and <i>Tagkanysough</i>, -that is, good and evil Spirits: to these the inferiour -Priests pay their devotion and Sacrifice, at which they -make recitals, to a lamentable Tune, of the great things -done by their Ancestors.</p> - -<p>From four women, <i>viz.</i> <i>Pash</i>, <i>Sepoy</i>, <i>Askarin</i>, and <i>Maraskarin</i>, -they derive the Race of Mankinde; which they<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_5"></a>[5]</span> -therefore divide into four Tribes, distinguished under those -several names. They very religiously observe the degrees of -Marriage, which they limit not to distance of Kindred, but -difference of Tribes, which are continued in the issue of the -Females: now for two of the same Tribe to match, is abhorred -as Incest, and punished with great severity.</p> - -<p>Their places of Burial they divide into four quarters, assigning -to every Tribe one: for, to mingle their bodies, even -when dead, they hold wicked and ominous. They -commonly wrap up the corpse in beasts skins, and bury with -it Provision and Houshold stuff for its use in the other -world. When their great men die, they likewise slay prisoners -of War to attend them. They believe the transmigration -of souls: for the Angry they say is possest with the -spirit of a Serpent; the Bloudy, with that of a Wolf; the -Timorous, of a Deer; the Faithful, of a Dog, <i>&c.</i> and -therefore they are figured by these Emblemes.</p> - -<p><i>Elizium</i>, or the abode of their lesser Deities, they place -beyond the Mountains and Indian Ocean.</p> - -<p>Though they want those means of improving Humane -Reason, which the use of Letters affords us; let us not -therefore conclude them wholly destitute of Learning and -Sciences: for by these little helps which they have found, -many of them advance their natural understandings to great -knowledge in Physick, Rhetorick, and Policie of Government: -for I have been present at several of their Consultations -and Debates, and to my admiration have heard some of -their Seniors deliver themselves with as much Judgement -and Eloquence as I should have expected from men of Civil -education and Literature.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6"></a>[6]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="The_First_Expedition">The First <span class="smcap gesperrt">Expedition</span>,<br /> -From the head of <i>Pemæoncock</i>, aliàs <i>York-River</i> -(due West) to the top of the <i>Apalatæan</i> -Mountains.</h2> - -</div> - -<p>Upon the ninth of <i>March 1669</i> (with three Indians -whose names were <i>Magtakunh</i>, <i>Hopottoguoh</i>, and -<i>Naunnugh</i>) I went out at the falls of <i>Pemæoncock</i>, aliàs -<i>York-River</i> in <i>Virginia</i>, from an Indian Village called <i>Shickehamany</i>, -and lay that night in the Woods, encountring nothing -remarkable, but a Rattle-snake of an extraordinary, -length and thickness, for I judged it two yards and a half or -better from head to tail, and as big about as a mans arm: -by the distention of her belly, we believed her full with -young; but having killed and opened her, found there a -small Squirrel whole; which caused in me a double wonder: -first, how a Reptile should catch so nimble a creature -as a Squirrel; and having caught it, how she could swallow -it entire. The Indians in resolving my doubts, plunged me -into a greater astonishment, when they told me that it was -usual in these Serpents, when they lie basking in the Sun, to -fetch down these Squirrels from the tops of trees, by fixing -their eye stedfastly upon them; the horrour of which strikes -such an affrightment into the little beast, that he has no -power to hinder himself from tumbling down into the jaws -of his enemy, who takes in all his sustenance without chewing, -his teeth serving him onely to offend withal. But I rather -believe what I have heard from others, that these Serpents -climb the trees, and surprise their prey in the nest.</p> - -<p>The next day falling into Marish grounds between <i>Pemæoncock</i> -and the head of the River <i>Matapeneugh</i>, the heaviness -of the way obliged me to cross <i>Pemæoncock</i>, where its North<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7"></a>[7]</span> -and South-branch (called <i>Ackmick</i>) joyn in one. In the -Peninsula made by these two branches, a great Indian King -called <i>Tottopottoma</i> was heretofore slain in Battel, fighting -for the Christians against the <i>Mahocks</i> and <i>Nahyssans</i>, from -whence it retains his name to this day. Travelling thorow -the Woods, a Doe seized by a wild Cat crossed our way; the -miserable creature being even spent and breathless with the -burden and cruelty of her rider, who having fastned on her -shoulder, left not sucking out her bloud until she sunk under -him: which one of the Indians perceiving, let flie a luckie -Arrow, which piercing him thorow the belly, made him quit -his prey already slain, and turn with a terrible grimas at us; -but his strength and spirits failing him, we escaped his revenge, -which had certainly ensued, were not his wound -mortal. This creature is something bigger then our English -Fox, of a reddish grey colour, and in figure every way -agreeing with an ordinary Cat; fierce, ravenous and cunning: -for finding the Deer (upon which they delight most -to prey) too swift for them, they watch upon branches of -trees, and as they walk or feed under, jump down upon -them. The Fur of the wilde Cat, though not very fine, is -yet esteemed for its vertue in taking away cold Aches and -Pains, being worn next to the body: their flesh, though -rank as a Dogs, is eaten by the Indians.</p> - -<p>The eleventh and twelfth, I found the ways very uneven, -and cumbred with bushes.</p> - -<p>The thirteenth, I reached the first Spring of <i>Pemæoncock</i>, -having crossed the River four times that day, by reason of -its many windings; but the water was so shallow, that it -hardly wet my horses pasterns. Here a little under the surface -of the earth, I found flat pieces of petrified matter, of -one side solid Stone, but on the other side Isinglas, which I easily -peeled off in flakes about four inches square: several of -these pieces, with a transparent Stone like Crystal that cut -Glass, and a white Marchasite that I purchased of the Indians, -I presented to Sir <i>Wiliam Berkley</i> Governour of <i>Virginia</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8"></a>[8]</span></p> - -<p>The fourteenth of <i>March</i>, from the top of an eminent -hill, I first descried the <i>Apalatæan</i> Mountains, bearing due -West to the place I stood upon: their distance from me was -so great, that I could hardly discern whether they were -Mountains or Clouds, until my Indian fellow travellers prostrating -themselves in Adoration, howled out after a barbarous -manner, <i>Okée pœze</i>, i. e. <i>God is nigh</i>.</p> - -<p>The fifteenth of <i>March</i>, not far from this hill, passing over -the South-branch of <i>Rappahanock</i>-river, I was almost -swallowed in a Quicksand. Great herds of Red and Fallow -Deer I daily saw feeding; and on the hill-sides, Bears crashing -Mast like Swine. Small Leopards I have seen in the -Woods, but never any Lions, though their skins are much -worn by the Indians. The Wolves in these parts are so ravenous, -that I often in the night feared my horse would be -devoured by them, they would gather up and howl so close -round about him, though Tether’d to the same tree at -whose foot I my self and the Indians lay: but the Fires -which we made, I suppose, scared them from worrying us -all. Beaver and Otter I met with at every River that I passed; -and the Woods are full of Grey Foxes.</p> - -<p>Thus I travelled all the sixteenth; and on the seventeenth -of <i>March</i> I reached the <i>Apalatæi</i>. The Air here is very -thick and chill; and the waters issuing from the Mountain-sides, -of a Blue colour, and Allumish taste.</p> - -<p>The eighteenth of <i>March</i>, after I had in vain assayed to -ride up, I alighted, and left my horse with one of the Indians, -whilst with the other two I climbed up the Rocks, -which were so incumbred with bushes and brambles, that -the ascent proved very difficult: besides, the first precipice -was so steep, that if I lookt down, I was immediately taken -with a swimming in my head; though afterwards the way -was more easie. The height of this Mountain was very -extraordinary: for notwithstanding I set out with the first -appearance of light, it was late in the evening before I gained -the top, from whence the next morning I had a beautiful<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_9"></a>[9]</span> -prospect of the <i>Atlantick</i>-Ocean washing the <i>Virginian</i>-shore; -but to the North and West, my sight was suddenly bounded -by Mountains higher than that I stood upon. Here did -I wander in Snow, for the most part, till the Four and -twentieth day of <i>March</i>, hoping to finde some passage -through the Mountains; but the coldness of the Air and -Earth together, seizing my Hands and Feet with numbness, -put me to a <i>ne plus ultra</i>; and therefore having found my -<i>Indian</i> at the foot of the Mountain with my Horse, I returned -back by the same way that I went.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak">The Second <span class="smcap gesperrt">Expedition</span>,<br /> -From the Falls of <i>Powhatan</i>, aliàs <i>James-River</i>, -in <i>Virginia</i>, to <i>Mahock</i> in the -<i>Apalatæan</i> Mountains.</h2> - -</div> - -<p>The twentieth of <i>May</i> 1670, one Major <i>Harris</i> and my -self, with twenty <i>Christian</i> Horse, and five <i>Indians</i>, -marched from the Falls of <i>James-River</i>, in <i>Virginia</i>, towards -the <i>Monakins</i>; and on the Two and twentieth -were welcomed by them with Volleys of Shot. Near this -Village we observed a Pyramid of stones piled up together, -which their Priests told us, was the Number of an <i>Indian</i> -Colony drawn out by Lot from a Neighbour-Countrey over-peopled, -and led hither by one <i>Monack</i>, from whom -they take the Name of <i>Monakin</i>. Here enquiring the way -to the Mountains, an ancient Man described with a staffe -two paths on the ground; one pointing to the <i>Mahocks</i>, -and the other to the <i>Nahyssans</i>; but my <i>English</i> Companions -slighting the <i>Indians</i> direction, shaped their course by -the Compass due West, and therefore it fell out with us, as<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_10"></a>[10]</span> -it does with those Land-Crabs, that crawling backwards in -a direct line, avoid not the Trees that stand in their way, -but climbing over their very tops, come down again on the -other side, and so after a days labour gain not above two -foot of ground. Thus we obstinately pursuing a due West -course, rode over steep and craggy Cliffs, which beat our -Horses quite off the hoof. In these Mountains we wandred -from the Twenty fifth of <i>May</i> till the Third of <i>June</i>, -finding very little sustenance for Man or Horse; for these -places are destitute both of Grain and Herbage.</p> - -<p>The third of <i>June</i> we came to the South-branch of -<i>James</i>-River, which Major <i>Harris</i> observing to run Northward, -vainly imagined to be an Arm of the Lake of <i>Canada</i>; -and was so transported with this Fancy, that he -would have raised a Pillar to the Discovery, if the fear of -the <i>Mahock Indian</i>, and want of food, had permitted him -to stay. Here I moved to cross the River and march on; but -the rest of the Company were so weary of the enterprize, -that crying out, <i>One and All</i>, they had offered violence to -me, had I not been provided with a private Commission -from the Governour of <i>Virginia</i> to proceed, though the rest -of the company should abandon me; the sight of which -laid their fury.</p> - -<p>The lesser Hills, or <i>Akontshuck</i>, are here unpassable, being -both steep and craggy: the Rocks seemed to me at a distance -to resemble Eggs set up an end.</p> - -<p><i>James</i>-River is here as broad as it is about an hundred -mile lower at <i>Monakin</i>; the passage over is very dangerous, -by reason of the rapid Torrents made by Rocks and Shelves -forcing the water into narrow Chanels. From an observation -which we made of straws and rotten chuncks hanging -in the boughs of Trees on the Bank, and two and twenty -foot above water, we argued that the melted Snow falling -from the Mountains swelled the River to that height, the -Flood carrying down that rubbish which, upon the abatement -of the Inundation, remained in the Trees.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11"></a>[11]</span></p> - -<p>The Air in these parts was so moist, that all our Biscuit -became mouldy and unfit to be eaten, so that some nicer -stomachs, who at our setting out laughed at my provision -of <i>Indian</i>-meal parched, would gladly now have shared with -me: but I being determined to go upon further Discoveries, -refused to part with any of that which was to be my most -necessary sustenance.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak"><i>The Continuation of the <span class="antiqua">Second Expedition</span><br /> -from <span class="antiqua">Mahock</span>, Southward, into the Province -of <span class="antiqua">Carolina</span>.</i></h2> - -</div> - -<p>The fifth of <i>June</i>, my Company and I parted good -friends, they back again, and I with one <i>Sasquesahanough-Indian</i>, -named <i>Jackzetavon</i>, only, in pursuit of my -first Enterprize, changing my course from West to Southwest -& by South, to avoid the Mountains. Major <i>Harris</i> -at parting gave me a Gun, believing me a lost man, and given -up as a prey to <i>Indians</i> or savage Beasts; which made -him the bolder in <i>Virginia</i> to report strange things in his -own praise and my disparagement, presuming I would never -appear to disprove him. This, I suppose, and no other, -was the cause that he did with so much industry procure me -discredit and odium; but I have lost nothing by it, but -what I never studied to gain, which is Popular applause.</p> - -<p>From the fifth, which was <i>Sunday</i>, until the ninth of -<i>June</i>, I travelled through difficult Ways, without seeing any -Town or <i>Indian</i>; and then I arrived at <i>Sapon</i>, a Village of -the <i>Nahyssans</i>, about an hundred miles distant from <i>Mahock</i>, -scituate upon a branch of <i>Shawan</i>, aliàs <i>Rorenock</i>-River; -and though I had just cause to fear these <i>Indians</i>, because -they had been in continual Hostility with the <i>Christians</i> for<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12"></a>[12]</span> -ten years before; yet presuming that the Truck which I -carried with me would procure my welcome, I adventured -to put my self into their power, having heard that they -never offer any injury to a few persons from whom they apprehend -no danger: nevertheless, they examined me strictly -whence I came, whither I went, and what my business -was. But after I had bestowed some trifles of Glass and -Metal amongst them, they were satisfied with reasonable -answers, and I received with all imaginable demonstrations -of kindness, as offering of Sacrifice, a complement shewed -only to such as they design particularly to honour: but they -went further, and consulted their Godds whether they -should not admit me into their Nation and Councils, and -oblige me to stay amongst them by a Marriage with the -Kings or some of their great Mens Daughters. But I, -though with much a-do, waved their courtesie, and got my -Pastport, having given my word to return to them within -six months.</p> - -<p><i>Sapon</i> is within the limits of the Province of <i>Carolina</i>, -and as you may perceive by the Figure, has all the attributes -requisite to a pleasant and advantagious Seat; for though it -stands high, and upon a dry land, it enjoyes the benefit of -a stately River, and a rich Soyl, capable of producing many -Commodities, which may hereafter render the Trade of it -considerable.</p> - -<p>Not far distant from hence, as I understood from the -<i>Nahyssan</i> Indians, is their Kings Residence, called <i>Pintahæ</i>, -upon the same River, and happy in the same advantages -both for pleasure and profit: which my curiosity would -have led me to see, were I not bound, both by Oath and -Commission, to a direct pursuance of my intended purpose -of discovering a passage to the further side of the Mountains.</p> - -<p>This Nation is governed by an absolute Monarch; the -People of a high stature, warlike and rich. I saw great store<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13"></a>[13]</span> -of Pearl unbored in their little Temples, or Oratories, which -they had won amongst other spoyls from the Indians of -<i>Florida</i>, and hold in as great esteem as we do.</p> - -<p>From hence, by the Indians instructions, I directed my -course to <i>Akenatzy</i>, an Island bearing South & by West, -and about fifty miles distant, upon a branch of the same River, -from <i>Sapon</i>. The Countrey here, though high, is level, -and for the most part a rich soyl, as I judged by the -growth of the Trees; yet where it is inhabited by Indians, -it lies open in spacious Plains, and is blessed with a very -healthful Air, as appears by the age and vigour of the people; -and though I travelled in the month of <i>June</i>, the heat -of the weather hindred me not from Riding at all hours -without any great annoyance from the Sun. By easie journeys -I landed at <i>Akenatzy</i> upon the twelfth of <i>June</i>. The -current of the River is here so strong, that my Horse had -much difficulty to resist it; and I expected every step to be -carried away with the stream.</p> - -<p>This Island, though small, maintains many inhabitants, -who are fix’d here in great security, being naturally fortified -with Fastnesses of Mountains, and Water of every side. Upon -the North-shore they yearly reap great crops of Corn, of -which they always have a twelve-months Provision afore-hand, -against an Invasion from their powerful Neighbours. -Their Government is under two Kings, one presiding -in Arms, the other in Hunting and Husbandry. They hold -all things, except their Wives, in common; and their custome -in eating is, that every man in his turn feasts all the -rest; and he that makes the entertainment, is seated betwixt -the two Kings; where having highly commended his own -chear, they carve and distribute it amongst the guests.</p> - -<p>At my arrival here, I met four stranger-Indians, whose -Bodies were painted in various colours with figures of Animals -whose likeness I had never seen: and by some discourse -and signes which passed between us, I gathered that -they were the only survivours of fifty, who set out together<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14"></a>[14]</span> -in company from some great Island, as I conjecture, to the -Northwest; for I understood that they crossed a great Water, -in which most of their party perished by tempest, the -rest dying in the Marishes and Mountains by famine and -hard weather, after a two-months travel by Land and Water -in quest of this Island of <i>Akenatzy</i>.</p> - -<p>The most reasonable conjecture that I can frame out of -this Relation, is, that these Indians might come from the -Island of new <i>Albion</i> or <i>California</i>, from whence we may -imagine some great arm of the Indian Ocean or Bay stretches -into the Continent towards the <i>Apalatæan</i> Mountains in the -nature of a mid-land Sea, in which many of these Indians -might have perished. To confirm my opinion in this point, -I have heard several Indians testifie, that the Nation of <i>Rickohockans</i>, -who dwell not far to the Westward of the <i>Apalatæan</i> -Mountains, are seated upon a Land, as they term it, of -great Waves; by which I suppose they mean the Sea-shore.</p> - -<p>The next day after my arrival at <i>Akenatzy</i>, a <i>Rickohockan</i> -Ambassadour, attended by five Indians, whose faces were coloured -with <i>Auripigmentum</i> (in which Mineral these parts -do much abound) was received, and that night invited -to a Ball of their fashion; but in the height of their mirth -and dancing, by a smoke contrived for that purpose, the -Room was suddenly darkned, and for what cause I know -not, the <i>Rickohockan</i> and his Retinue barbarously murthered. -This struck me with such an affrightment, that the very -next day, without taking my leave of them, I slunk away -with my Indian Companion. Though the desire of informing -my self further concerning some Minerals, as <i>Auripigmentum, -&c.</i> which I there took special notice of, would -have perswaded me to stay longer amongst them, had not -the bloody example of their treachery to the <i>Rickohockans</i> -frighted me away.</p> - -<p>The fourteenth of <i>June</i>, pursuing a South-southwest course, -sometimes by a beaten path, and sometimes over hills and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15"></a>[15]</span> -rocks, I was forc’d to take up my quarters in the Woods: -for though the <i>Oenock</i>-Indians, whom I then sought, were -not in a direct line above thirty odde miles distant from <i>Akenatzy</i>, -yet the Ways were such, and obliged me to go so -far about, that I reached not <i>Oenock</i> until the sixteenth. -The Country here, by the industry of these Indians, is very -open, and clear of wood. Their Town is built round a -field, where in their Sports they exercise with so much labour -and violence, and in so great numbers, that I have seen -the ground wet with the sweat that dropped from their bodies: -their chief Recreation is Slinging of stones. They -are of mean stature and courage, covetous and thievish, industrious -to earn a peny; and therefore hire themselves out -to their neighbours, who employ them as Carryers or Porters. -They plant abundance of Grain, reap three Crops in -a Summer, and out of their Granary supply all the adjacent -parts. These and the Mountain-Indians build not -their houses of Bark, but of Watling and Plaister. In Summer, -the heat of the weather makes them chuse to lie abroad -in the night under thin arbours of wilde Palm. Some houses -they have of Reed and Bark; they build them generally -round: to each house belongs a little hovel made like an -oven, where they lay up their Corn and Mast, and keep it -dry. They parch their Nuts and Acorns over the fire, to -take away their rank Oyliness; which afterwards pressed, -yeeld a milky liquor, and the Acorns an Amber-colour’d -Oyl. In these, mingled together, they dip their Cakes at -great Entertainments, and so serve them up to their guests -as an extraordinary dainty. Their Government is Democratick; -and the Sentences of their old men are received as -Laws, or rather Oracles, by them.</p> - -<p>Fourteen miles West-Southwest of the <i>Oenocks</i>, dwell the -<i>Shackory</i>-Indians, upon a rich Soyl, and yet abounding in -Antimony, of which they shewed me considerable quantities. -Finding them agree with the <i>Oenocks</i> in Customs and -Manners, I made no stay here, but passing thorow their<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_16"></a>[16]</span> -Town, I travelled till the nineteenth of <i>June</i>; and then -after a two days troublesome Journey thorow Thickets and -Marish grounds, I arrived at <i>Watary</i> above fourty miles -distant, and bearing West-Southwest to <i>Shakor</i>. This Nation -differs in Government from all the other Indians of these -parts: for they are Slaves, rather then Subjects to their King. -Their present Monarch is a grave man, and courteous to -strangers: yet I could not without horrour behold his barbarous -Superstition, in hiring three youths, and sending -them forth to kill as many young women of their Enemies -as they could light on, to serve his son, then newly dead, in -the other world, as he vainly fancyed. These youths during -my stay returned with skins torn off the heads and faces of -three young girls, which they presented to his Majestie, and -were by him gratefully received.</p> - -<p>I departed from <i>Watary</i> the one and twentieth of <i>June</i>, -and keeping a West-course for near thirty miles, I came to -<i>Sara</i>: here I found the ways more level and easie. <i>Sara</i> is -not far distant from the Mountains, which here lose their -height, and change their course and name: for they run -due West, and receive from the Spaniards the name of -<i>Suala</i>. From these Mountains or Hills the Indians draw -great quantities of <i>Cinabar</i>, with which beaten to powder -they colour their faces: this Mineral is of a deeper Purple -then <i>Vermilion</i>, and is the same which is in so much esteem -amongst Physitians, being the first element of Quicksilver.</p> - -<p>I did likewise, to my no small admiration, find hard cakes -of white Salt amongst them; but whether they were made -of Sea-water, or taken out of Salt-pits, I know not: but -am apt to believe the later, because the Sea is so remote from -them. Many other rich Commodities and Minerals there -are undoubtedly in these parts, which if possessed by an ingenious -and industrious people, would be improved to vast -advantages by Trade. But having tied my self up to things -onely that I have seen in my Travels, I will deliver no -Conjectures.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_17"></a>[17]</span></p> - -<p><i>Lingua sile non est ultra narrabile quidquam.</i></p> - -<p>These Indians are so indiscreetly fond of their children, -that they will not chastise them for any mischief or insolence. -A little Boy had shot an Arrow thorow my body, -had I not reconciled him to me with gifts: and all this anger -was, because I spurred my horse out of another Arrows -way which he directed at him. This caused fetch a mutiny -amongst the Youth of the Town, that the Seniors taking my -horse and self into protection, had much ado (and that by -intreaties and prayers, not commands) to appease them.</p> - -<p>From <i>Sara</i> I kept a South-Southwest course until the five -and twentieth of <i>June</i>, and then I reached <i>Wisacky</i>. This -three-days march was more troublesome to me then all my -travels besides: for the direct way which I took from <i>Sara</i> -to <i>Wisacky</i> is over a continued Marish over-grown with -Reeds, from whose roots sprung knotty stumps as hard and -sharp as Flint. I was forc’d to lead my horse most part of -the way, and wonder that he was not either plunged in the -Bogs, or lamed by those rugged knots.</p> - -<p>This Nation is subject to a neighbour-King residing upon -the bank of a great Lake called <i>Ushery</i>, invironed of all -sides with Mountains, and <i>Wisacky</i> Marish; and therefore -I will detain the Reader no longer with the discourse of -them, because I comprehend them in that of <i>Ushery</i>.</p> - -<p>The six and, twentieth of <i>June</i>, having crossed a fresh -River which runs into the Lake of <i>Ushery</i>, I came to the -Town, which was more populous then any I had seen before -in my March. The King dwells some three miles -from it, and therefore I had no opportunity of seeing him -the two nights which I stayed there. This Prince, though -his Dominions are large and populous, is in continual fear -of the <i>Oustack</i>-Indians seated on the opposite side of the -Lake; a people so addicted to Arms, that even their women -come into the field, and shoot Arrows over their husbands<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_18"></a>[18]</span> -shoulders, who shield them with Leathern Targets. -The men it seems should fight with Silver-Hatchets: for -one of the <i>Usheryes</i> told me they were of the same metal -with the Pomel of my Sword. They are a cruel generation, -and prey upon people, whom they either steal, or force -away from the <i>Usheryes</i> in <i>Periago’s</i>, to sacrifice to their -Idols. The <i>Ushery</i>-women delight much in feather-ornaments, -of which they have great variety; but Peacocks in -most esteem, because rare in those parts. They are reasonably -handsome, and have more of civility in their carriage -then I observed in the other Nations with whom I conversed; -which is the reason that the men are more effeminate -and lazie.</p> - -<p>These miserable wretches are strangely infatuated with illusions -of the devil: it caused no small horrour in me, to -see one of them wrythe his neck all on one side, foam at the -mouth, stand bare-foot upon burning coals for near an hour, -and then recovering his senses, leap out of the fire without -hurt, or signe of any. This I was an eye-witness of.</p> - -<p>The water of <i>Ushery</i>-lake seemed to my taste a little -brackish; which I rather impute to some Mineral-waters -which flow into it, then to any saltness it can take from the -Sea, which we may reasonably suppose is a great way from -it. Many pleasant Rivulets fall into it, and it is stored with -great plenty of excellent fish. I judged it to be about ten -leagues broad: for were not the other shore very high, it -could not be discerned from <i>Ushery</i>. How far this Lake -tends Westerly, or where it ends, I could neither learn or -guess.</p> - -<p>Here I made a days stay, to inform my self further in -these Countries; and understood both from the <i>Usheries</i>, -and some <i>Sara</i>-Indians that came to trade with them, that -two-days journey and a half from hence to the Southwest, -a powerful Nation of Bearded men were seated, which I -suppose to be the Spaniards, because the Indians never have -any; it being an universal custom amongst them, to prevent<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_19"></a>[19]</span> -their growth, by plucking the young hair out by the roots. -Westward lies a Government inhospitable to strangers; and -to the North, over the <i>Suala</i>-mountains, lay the <i>Rickohockans</i>. -I thought it not safe to venture my self amongst the -Spaniards, lest taking me for a Spy, they would either make -me away, or condemn me to a perpetual Slavery in their -Mines. Therefore not thinking fit to proceed further, -the eight and twentieth of <i>June</i> I faced about, and looked -homewards.</p> - -<p>To avoid <i>Wisacky</i>-Marish, I shaped my course Northeast; -and after three days travel over hilly ways, where I met -with no path or road, I fell into a barren Sandy desert, -where I suffered miserably for want of water; the heat of -the Summer having drunk all the Springs dry, and left no -signe of any, but the Gravelly chanels in which they run: -so that if now and then I had not found a standing Pool, -which provident Nature set round with shady Oaks, to defend -it from the ardour of the Sun, my Indian companion, -horse and self had certainly perished with thirst. In this -distress we travelled till the twelfth of <i>July</i>, and then found -the head of a River, which afterwards proved <i>Eruco</i>; in -which we received not onely the comfort of a necessary and -seasonable refreshment, but likewise the hopes of coming -into a Country again where we might finde Game for food -at least, if not discover some new Nation or People. Nor -did our hopes fail us: for after we had crossed the River -twice, we were led by it upon the fourteenth of <i>July</i> to the -Town of <i>Katearas</i>, a place of great Indian Trade and Commerce, -and chief Seat of the haughty Emperour of the -<i>Toskiroro’s</i>, called <i>Kaskusara</i>, vulgarly <i>Kaskous</i>. His grim -Majestie, upon my first appearance, demanded my Gun and -Shot; which I willingly parted with, to ransom my self -out of his clutches: for he was the most proud imperious -Barbarian that I met with in all my Marches. The people -here at this time seemed prepared for some extraordinary<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_20"></a>[20]</span> -Solemnity: for the men and the women of better sort had -decked themselves very fine with pieces of bright Copper in -their hair and ears, and about their arms and neck, which -upon Festival occasions they use as an extraordinary bravery: -by which it should seem this Country is not without -rich Mines of Copper. But I durst not stay to inform my -self further in it, being jealous of some sudden mischief towards -me from <i>Kaskous</i>, his nature being bloudy, and provoked -upon any slight occasion.</p> - -<p>Therefore leaving <i>Katearas</i>, I travelled through the -Woods until the sixteenth, upon which I came to <i>Kawitziokan</i>, -an Indian town upon a branch of <i>Rorenoke</i>-river, -which here I passed over, continuing my journey to -Menchœrinck; and on the seventeenth departing from -thence, I lay all night in the Woods, and the next morning -betimes going by <i>Natoway</i>, I reached that evening <i>Apamatuck</i> -in <i>Virginia</i>, where I was not a little overjoyed to see -Christian faces again.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak">The third and last <span class="smcap gesperrt">Expedition</span>,<br /> -From the Falls of <i>Rappahanock</i>-River in -<i>Virginia</i>, (due West) to the top of the -<i>Apalatæan</i> Mountains.</h2> - -</div> - -<p>On the twentieth of <i>August</i> 1670, Col. <i>Catlet</i> of <i>Virginia</i> -and my self, with nine English Horse, and five Indians -on foot, departed from the house of one <i>Robert Talifer</i>, -and that night reached the falls of <i>Rappahanock</i>-river, in -Indian <i>Mantepeuck</i>.</p> - -<p>The next day we passed it over where it divides into two<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_21"></a>[21]</span> -branches North and South, keeping the main branch North -of us.</p> - -<p>The three and twentieth we found it so shallow, that it -onely wet our horses hoofs.</p> - -<p>The four and twentieth we travelled thorow the <i>Savanæ</i> -amongst vast herds of Red and Fallow Deer which stood gazing -at us; and a little after, we came to the Promontories -or Spurs of the <i>Apalatæan</i>-mountains.</p> - -<p>These <i>Savanæ</i> are low grounds at the foot of the <i>Apalatæans</i>, -which all the Winter, Spring, and part of the -Summer, lie under snow or water, when the snow is dissolved, -which falls down from the Mountains commonly about -the beginning of <i>June</i>; and then their verdure is -wonderful pleasant to the eye, especially of such as having -travelled through the shade of the vast Forest, come out of -a melancholy darkness of a sudden, into a clear and open -skie. To heighten the beauty of these parts, the first -Springs of most of those great Rivers which run into the -<i>Atlantick</i> Ocean, or <i>Cheseapeack</i> Bay, do here break out, and -in various branches interlace the flowry Meads, whose luxurious -herbage invites numerous herds of Red Deer (for their -unusual largeness improperly termed Elks by ignorant people) -to feed. The right Elk, though very common in <i>New -Scotland</i>, <i>Canada</i>, and those Northern parts, is never seen on -this side of the Continent: for that which the <i>Virginians</i> -call Elk’s, does not at all differ from the Red Deer of <i>Europe</i>, -but in his dimensions, which are far greater: but yet -the Elk in bigness does as far exceed them: their heads, or -horns, are not very different; but the neck of the Elk is so -short, that it hardly separates the head from the shoulders; -which is the reason that they cannot feed upon level ground -but by falling on their knees, though their heads be a yard-long: -therefore they commonly either brouse upon trees, or -standing up to the belly in ponds or rivers feed upon the -banks: their Cingles or tails are hardly three inches long, -I have been told by a <i>New-England</i>-Gentleman, that the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_22"></a>[22]</span> -lips and nostrils of this creature is the most delicious meat he -ever tasted. As for the Red Deer we here treat of, I cannot -difference the taste of their flesh from those in <i>Europe</i>.</p> - -<p>The six and twentieth of <i>August</i> we came to the Mountains, -where finding no horse-way up, we alighted, and left -our horses with two or three Indians below, whilst we went -up afoot. The ascent was so steep, the cold so intense, and -we so tired, that having with much ado gained the top of -one of the highest, we drank the Kings Health in Brandy, -gave the Mountain His name, and agreed to return back -again, having no encouragement from that prospect to proceed -to a further discovery; since from hence we saw another -Mountain, bearing North and by West to us, of a prodigious -height: for according to an observation of the distance -taken by Col. <i>Catlet</i>, it could not be less then fifty -leagues from the place we stood upon.</p> - -<p>Here was I stung in my sleep by a Mountain-spider; and -had not an Indian suckt out the poyson, I had died: for receiving -the hurt at the tip of one of my fingers, the venome -shot up immediately into my shoulder, and so inflamed my -side, that it is not possible to express my torment. The -means used by my Physician, was first a small dose of Snakeroot-powder, -which I took in a little water; and then making -a kinde of Plaister of the same, applied it neer to the -part affected: when he had done so, he swallowed some by -way of Antidote himself, and suckt my fingers end so violently, -that I felt the venome retire back from my side into -my shoulder, and from thence down my arm: having thus -sucked half a score times, and spit as often, I was eased of -all my pain, and perfectly recovered. I thought I had been -bit by a Rattle-snake, for I saw not what hurt me: but the -Indian found by the wound, and the effects of it, that it -was given by a Spider, one of which he shewed me the next -day: it is not unlike our great blue Spider, onely it is somewhat -longer. I suppose the nature of his poyson to be much -like that of the <i>Tarantula</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_23"></a>[23]</span></p> - -<p>I being thus beyond my hopes and expectation restored -to my self, we unanimously agreed to return back, seeing -no possibility of passing through the Mountains: and finding -our Indians with our horses in the place where we left -them, we rode homewards without making any further -Discovery.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap gesperrt">Conjectures</span> of the Land beyond -the <i>Apalatæan</i> Mountains.</h2> - -</div> - -<p>They are certainly in a great errour, who imagine that -the Continent of North-<i>America</i> is but eight or ten -days journey over from the <i>Atlantick</i> to the <i>Indian</i> Ocean: -which all reasonable men must acknowledge, if they consider -that Sir <i>France Drake</i> kept a West-Northwest course -from <i>Cape Mendocino</i> to <i>California</i>. Nevertheless, by what -I gathered from the stranger Indians at <i>Akenatzy</i> of their -Voyage by Sea to the very Mountains from a far distant -Northwest Country, I am brought over to their opinion -who think that the Indian Ocean does stretch an Arm or -Bay from <i>California</i> into the Continent as far as the <i>Apalatæan</i> -Mountains, answerable to the Gulfs of <i>Florida</i> and -<i>Mexico</i> on this side. Yet I am far from believing with some, -that such great and Navigable Rivers are to be found on -the other side the <i>Apalatæans</i> falling into the Indian Ocean, -as those which run from them to the Eastward. My first -reason is derived from the knowledge and experience we -already have of South-<i>America</i>, whose <i>Andes</i> send the -greatest Rivers in the world (as the <i>Amazones</i> and <i>Rio de -la Plata</i> &c.) into the <i>Atlantick</i>, but none at all into the -<i>Pacifique</i> Sea. Another Argument is, that all our Water-fowl -which delight in Lakes and Rivers, as Swans, Geese,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_24"></a>[24]</span> -Ducks, <i>&c.</i> come over the Mountains from the Lake of -<i>Canada</i>, when it is frozen over every Winter, to our fresh -Rivers; which they would never do, could they finde any -on the other side of the <i>Apalatæans</i>.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak"><span class="smcap gesperrt">Instructions</span> to such as shall -march upon Discoveries into the -North-<i>American</i> Continent.</h2> - -</div> - -<p>Two breaches there are in the <i>Apalatæan</i> Mountains, opening -a passage into the Western parts of the Continent. -One, as I am informed by Indians, at a place called -<i>Zynodoa</i>, to the Norward; the other at <i>Sara</i>, where I have -been my self: but the way thither being thorow a vast Forest, -where you seldom fall into any Road or Path, you must -shape your course by a Compass; though some, for want of -one, have taken their direction from the North-side of the -trees, which is distinguished from the rest by quantities of -thick Moss growing there. You will not meet with many -hinderances on horseback in your passage to the Mountains, -but where your course is interrupted by branches of the -great Rivers, which in many places are not Fordable; and -therefore if you be unprovided of means or strength to -make a Bridge by felling trees across, you may be forced to -go a great way about: in this respect company is necessary, -but in others so inconvenient, that I would not advise above -half a dozen, or ten at the most, to travel together; -and of these, the major part Indians: for the Nations in -your way are prone to jealousie and mischief towards Christians -in a considerable Body, and as courteous and hearty -to a few, from whom they apprehend no danger.</p> - -<p>When you pass thorow an even level Country, where<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_25"></a>[25]</span> -you can take no particular remarks from hill or waters to -guide your self by when you come back, you must not -forget to notch the trees as you go along with your small -Hatchet, that in your return you may know when you -fall into the same way which you went. By this means you -will be certain of the place you are in, and may govern your -course homeward accordingly.</p> - -<p>In stead of Bread, I used the meal of parched <i>Mayz</i>, i. e. -Indian Wheat; which when I eat, I seasoned with a little -Salt. This is both more portable and strengthning then Biscuit, -and will suffer no mouldiness by any weather. For -other provisions, you may securely trust to your Gun, the -Woods being full of Fallow, and <i>Savanæ</i> of Red-Deer, besides -great variety of excellent Fowl, as wilde Turkeys, Pigeons, -Partridges, Phesants, <i>&c.</i> But you must not forget -to dry or barbecue some of these before you come to the -Mountains: for upon them you will meet with no Game, -except a few Bears.</p> - -<p>Such as cannot lie on the ground, must be provided with -light Hamacks, which hung in the trees, are more cool and -pleasant then any bed whatsoever.</p> - -<p>The Order and Discipline to be observed in this Expedition -is, that an Indian Scout or two march as far before the -rest of the company as they can in sight, both for the finding -out provision, and discovery of Ambushes, if any should -be laid by Enemies. Let your other Indians keep on the -right and left hand, armed not onely with Guns, but Bills -and Hatchets, to build small Arbours or Cottages of boughs -and bark of trees, to shelter and defend you from the injuries -of the weather. At nights it is necessary to make -great Fires round about the place where you take up your -lodging, as well to scare Wild-beasts away, as to purifie the -air. Neither must you fail to go the Round at the close of -the evening: for then, and betimes in the morning, the Indians -put all their designes in execution: in the night they -never attempt any thing.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_26"></a>[26]</span></p> - -<p>When in the remote parts you draw near to an Indian -Town, you must by your Scouts inform your self whether -they hold any correspondence with the <i>Sasquesahanaughs</i>; -for to such you must give notice of your approach by a Gun; -which amongst other Indians is to be avoided, because being -ignorant of their use, it would affright and dispose them -to some treacherous practice against you.</p> - -<p>Being arrived at a Town, enter no house until you are invited; -and then seem not afraid to be led in pinion’d like a -prisoner: for that is a Ceremony they use to friends and enemies -without distinction.</p> - -<p>You must accept of an invitation from the Seniors, before -that of young men; and refuse nothing that is offered -or set afore you: for they are very jealous, and sensible of -the least slighting or neglect from strangers, and mindful of -Revenge.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak">Touching <span class="smcap gesperrt">Trade</span> with Indians.</h2> - -</div> - -<p>If you barely designe a Home-trade with neighbour-Indians, -for skins of Deer, Beaver, Otter, Wild-Cat, Fox, -Racoon, &c. your best Truck is a sort of course Trading -Cloth, of which a yard and a half makes a Matchcoat or -Mantle fit for their wear; as also Axes, Hoes, Knives, Sizars, -and all sorts of edg’d tools. Guns, Powder and -Shot, <i>&c.</i> are Commodities they will greedily barter for: -but to supply the Indians with Arms and Ammunition, -is prohibited in all English Governments.</p> - -<p>In dealing with the Indians, you must be positive and at a -word: for if they perswade you to fall any thing in your -price, they will spend time in higgling for further abatements, -and seldom conclude any Bargain. Sometimes you<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_27"></a>[27]</span> -may with Brandy or Strong liquor dispose them to an humour -of giving you ten times the value of your commodity; -and at other times they are so hide-bound, that they -will not offer half the Market-price, especially if they be aware -that you have a designe to circumvent them with drink, -or that they think you have a desire to their goods; which -you must seem to slight and disparage.</p> - -<p>To the remoter Indians you must carry other kinde of -Truck, as small Looking-glasses, Pictures, Beads and Bracelets -of glass, Knives, Sizars, and all manner of gaudy toys -and knacks for children, which are light and portable. For -they are apt to admire such trinkets, and will purchase them -at any rate, either with their currant Coyn of small shells, -which they call <i>Roanoack</i> or <i>Peack</i>, or perhaps with Pearl, -Vermilion, pieces of Christal; and towards <i>Ushery</i>, with -some odde pieces of Plate or Buillon, which they sometimes -receive in Truck from the <i>Oestacks</i>.</p> - -<p>Could I have foreseen when I set out, the advantages to -be made by a Trade with those remote Indians, I had gone -better provided; though perhaps I might have run a great -hazard of my life, had I purchased considerably amongst -them, by carrying wealth unguarded through so many different -Nations of barbarous people: therefore it is vain for -any man to propose to himself, or undertake a Trade at that -distance, unless he goes with strength to defend, as well as -an Adventure to purchase such Commodities: for in such a -designe many ought to joyn and go in company.</p> - -<p>Some pieces of Silver unwrought I purchased my self of -the <i>Usheries</i>, for no other end then to justifie this account I -give of my Second Expedition, which had not determined -at <i>Ushery</i>, were I accompanied with half a score resolute -youths that would have stuck to me in a further discovery -towards the Spanish Mines.</p> - -<p class="titlepage">FINIS.</p> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE DISCOVERIES OF JOHN LEDERER ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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